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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Rice

Damien Rice

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Juniper","2.2 Solo career","3 Discography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Irish musician This article is about the Irish musician. For the Australian actor, see Damian Rice. Damien RiceRice performing in 2010Background informationBorn (1973-12-07) 7 December 1973 (age 50)Dublin, IrelandOriginCelbridge, IrelandGenresFolkindie rockfolk rockOccupation(s)MusiciansingersongwriterInstrument(s)VocalsguitarpianobassdrumsclarinetYears active1991–presentLabelsVector RecordingsWarner Bros.DRM14th FloorWebsitedamienrice.comMusical artist Damien George Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish musician, singer and songwriter. He began his career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper, who were signed to Polygram Records in 1997. The band enjoyed moderate success in Ireland with two released singles, "The World is Dead" and "Weatherman". After leaving the band in 1998, Rice worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo career. The rest of Juniper went on to perform under the name Bell X1. In 2002, Rice released his debut album, O. It reached No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart, won the Shortlist Music Prize, and generated three top 30 singles in the UK. He released his second album, 9, in 2006. After eight years of various collaborations, Rice released his third studio album, My Favourite Faded Fantasy, in 2014. He has contributed music to charitable projects such as Songs for Tibet, the Enough Project, and the Freedom Campaign. Early life Rice was born in Dublin on 7 December 1973, the son of George and Maureen Rice. He grew up in Celbridge, County Kildare where he attended Salesian College. He is the second cousin of Irish singer Stevie Mann and English composer David Arnold. Career Juniper Rice formed the rock band Juniper along with Paul Noonan, Dominic Philips, David Geraghty and Brian Crosby in 1991. The band met whilst they were schoolmates in Celbridge. After touring throughout Ireland, they released their debut EP Manna in 1995. Based in Straffan, the band continued touring and signed a six album record deal with PolyGram. Their recording projects generated the singles "Weatherman" and "The World is Dead", which received favourable reviews. They also recorded a song named "Tongue", which was later released on the Bell X1 album Music in Mouth. The song "Volcano" was also written with Juniper but not released. It was later released by both Bell X1, on the album "Neither am I", and on Rice's debut album O. After achieving some of his musical goals with Juniper, Rice became frustrated with the artistic compromises required by the record label, and he left the band in 1998. He moved to Italy, where he settled in Tuscany and took up farming for a time, then returned to Ireland before busking around Europe. He returned to Italy a second time and gave a demo recording to his second cousin, English composer David Arnold, who then provided him with a mobile recording studio. Solo career Rice performing at the 2007 Coachella Festival In 2001, Rice's song "The Blower's Daughter" made a top-40 chart. Over the next year he continued to record his album with guitarist Mark Kelly, New York drummer Tom Osander aka Tomo, Paris pianist Jean Meunier, London producer David Arnold, County Meath vocalist Lisa Hannigan and cellist Vyvienne Long. Rice then embarked on a tour of Ireland with Hannigan, Tomo, Vyvienne, Mark and Dublin bassist Shane Fitzsimons. In 2002, Rice's debut album O was released in Ireland, the UK and the United States. The album peaked at No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart and remained on the chart for 97 weeks, selling 650,000 copies in the US. The album won the Shortlist Music Prize and the songs "Cannonball" and "Volcano" became top 30 hits in the UK. In 2005, Rice participated in the Freedom Campaign, the Burma Campaign UK, and the U.S. Campaign for Burma to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. He campaigned for her release by writing the song "Unplayed Piano", which he performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2006, Rice released his second album, 9, which was recorded during the two previous years. 2007 was a year of touring with Rice appearing at England's Glastonbury Festival and the Rock Werchter festival in Belgium In 2008 he contributed the song "Making Noise" for the album Songs for Tibet: The Art of Peace in support of the 14th Dalai Lama and Tibet. In 2010, Rice contributed the song "Lonely Soldier" to the Enough Project and played at the Iceland Inspires concert held in Hljómskálagarðurinn near Reykjavík centrum. Records released in the UK, Europe and other countries were published by 14th Floor Records via Warner Music. In spring 2011, Rice featured on the debut album by French actress and singer Melanie Laurent. He appears on two tracks on her debut album En t'attendant while collaborating on a total of five tracks which feature on the album. In May 2013, Rice told the audience at the South Korea Seoul Jazz Festival 2013 that he was working on a new album. On 4 September 2014, Rice's official Twitter account announced his third album, My Favourite Faded Fantasy, to be released on 31 October. On his official website the date given for the official release was 3 November 2014. The album, featuring the first single "I Don't Want To Change You", was released worldwide on 10 November 2014 to critical acclaim from NPR's Robin Hilton and the London Evening Standard. In 2020, Rice covered Sia's "Chandelier", with his cover appearing on the Songs for Australia benefit album. While giving a concert in Valencia, Spain, in late July 2023, Rice found out that Sinéad O'Connor had died because the audience shouted it at him. After taking a moment to take in this news, he then proceeded to play "Nothing Compares 2 U" as a tribute to O'Connor. Discography Main article: Damien Rice discography Studio albums O (2002) 9 (2006) My Favourite Faded Fantasy (2014) See also List of songs performed by Damien Rice References ^ Ross, Alex (29 October 2021). "Ed Sheeran confirms his next album is ready to drop 🙌". KISS. Retrieved 10 November 2021. fellow singer-songwriter Damien Rice had been a huge inspiration ^ "Damien Rice". Spotify. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ "iTunes Store (pre-order)". iTunes Store. Retrieved 8 September 2014. ^ "FAQ – Where was Damien born and where did he grow up?". DamienRice.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007. ^ a b c "Damien Rice – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 September 2009. ^ a b "Should We Talk About The Weather?". Hot Press. Retrieved 12 September 2009. (Fee for article) ^ a b "The story of O". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ a b "Official Charts Company for O". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ a b "Damien Rice Readies second album". Billboard. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Damien Rice singles placement". irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi the world's only imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize recipient". The Burma Campaign UK. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2007. ^ "Damien Rice releases new single in support of Aung San Suu Kyi". Burma Campaign UK. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2021. ^ Newsdesk, The Hot Press. "Damien Rice participates in Nobel Peace Prize ceremony". Hotpress. Retrieved 23 December 2021. ^ "9 – Release info". DamienRice.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007. ^ "Damien Rice's 2007 Concert History". Concert Archives. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ E-Online (22 July 2008) Sting, Matthews, Mayer Gamer for Tibet Than Beijing Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Raise Hope for Congo". Raisehopeforcongomusic.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ "Inspired By Iceland". Inspired By Iceland. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ "FAQ at". Damienrice.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ "Music". Damien Rice. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ "New Album Confirmation". Retrieved 19 May 2013 – via YouTube. ^ "Album information". Damienrice.com/. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ "Damien Rice finds out about Sinead O'Connor's death during a concert in Valencia and sings NC2U". Retrieved 13 August 2023 – via YouTube. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Damien Rice. Damien Rice – Official website Damien Rice – Official MySpace page vteDamien Rice Discography Songs Studio albums O 9 My Favourite Faded Fantasy Compilations B-Sides Singles "The Blower's Daughter" "Cannonball" "Woman Like a Man" "Unplayed Piano" "9 Crimes" "Dogs" Related articles Juniper Bell X1 Lisa Hannigan Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

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For the Australian actor, see Damian Rice.Musical artistDamien George Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish musician, singer and songwriter.[1] He began his career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper, who were signed to Polygram Records in 1997. The band enjoyed moderate success in Ireland with two released singles, \"The World is Dead\" and \"Weatherman\".[2] After leaving the band in 1998, Rice worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo career. The rest of Juniper went on to perform under the name Bell X1.In 2002, Rice released his debut album, O. It reached No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart, won the Shortlist Music Prize, and generated three top 30 singles in the UK. He released his second album, 9, in 2006. After eight years of various collaborations, Rice released his third studio album, My Favourite Faded Fantasy, in 2014.[3] He has contributed music to charitable projects such as Songs for Tibet, the Enough Project, and the Freedom Campaign.","title":"Damien Rice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Celbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celbridge"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stevie Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Mann"},{"link_name":"David Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-5"}],"text":"Rice was born in Dublin on 7 December 1973, the son of George and Maureen Rice. He grew up in Celbridge, County Kildare where he attended Salesian College.[4] He is the second cousin of Irish singer Stevie Mann and English composer David Arnold.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paul Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Noonan"},{"link_name":"David Geraghty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geraghty"},{"link_name":"Brian Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Crosby_(composer)"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Play"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTPRESS-6"},{"link_name":"Straffan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straffan"},{"link_name":"PolyGram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolyGram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTPRESS-6"},{"link_name":"Bell X1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YAHOO-7"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YAHOO-7"},{"link_name":"David Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-5"}],"sub_title":"Juniper","text":"Rice formed the rock band Juniper along with Paul Noonan, Dominic Philips, David Geraghty and Brian Crosby in 1991. 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It was later released by both Bell X1, on the album \"Neither am I\", and on Rice's debut album O.After achieving some of his musical goals with Juniper, Rice became frustrated with the artistic compromises required by the record label, and he left the band in 1998.[7] He moved to Italy, where he settled in Tuscany and took up farming for a time, then returned to Ireland before busking around Europe.[7] He returned to Italy a second time and gave a demo recording to his second cousin, English composer David Arnold, who then provided him with a mobile recording studio.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Damien_Rice_@_Coachella_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coachella Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Blower's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blower%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-5"},{"link_name":"Tom 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Rice then embarked on a tour of Ireland with Hannigan, Tomo, Vyvienne, Mark and Dublin bassist Shane Fitzsimons.In 2002, Rice's debut album O was released in Ireland, the UK and the United States.[8] The album peaked at No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart and remained on the chart for 97 weeks, selling 650,000 copies in the US.[8][9] The album won the Shortlist Music Prize and the songs \"Cannonball\" and \"Volcano\" became top 30 hits in the UK.[9][10]In 2005, Rice participated in the Freedom Campaign, the Burma Campaign UK, and the U.S. Campaign for Burma to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[11] He campaigned for her release by writing the song \"Unplayed Piano\", which he performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo.[12][13]In 2006, Rice released his second album, 9, which was recorded during the two previous years.[14] 2007 was a year of touring with Rice appearing at England's Glastonbury Festival and the Rock Werchter festival in Belgium[15] In 2008 he contributed the song \"Making Noise\" for the album Songs for Tibet: The Art of Peace in support of the 14th Dalai Lama and Tibet.[16]In 2010, Rice contributed the song \"Lonely Soldier\" to the Enough Project[17] and played at the Iceland Inspires concert held in Hljómskálagarðurinn near Reykjavík centrum.[18] Records released in the UK, Europe and other countries were published by 14th Floor Records via Warner Music.[19] In spring 2011, Rice featured on the debut album by French actress and singer Melanie Laurent. He appears on two tracks on her debut album En t'attendant while collaborating on a total of five tracks which feature on the album.[20] In May 2013, Rice told the audience at the South Korea Seoul Jazz Festival 2013 that he was working on a new album.[21]On 4 September 2014, Rice's official Twitter account announced his third album, My Favourite Faded Fantasy, to be released on 31 October. On his official website the date given for the official release was 3 November 2014.[22] The album, featuring the first single \"I Don't Want To Change You\", was released worldwide on 10 November 2014 to critical acclaim from NPR's Robin Hilton and the London Evening Standard.[citation needed]In 2020, Rice covered Sia's \"Chandelier\", with his cover appearing on the Songs for Australia benefit album.While giving a concert in Valencia, Spain, in late July 2023, Rice found out that Sinéad O'Connor had died because the audience shouted it at him. After taking a moment to take in this news, he then proceeded to play \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" as a tribute to O'Connor.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_(Damien_Rice_album)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(Damien_Rice_album)"},{"link_name":"My Favourite Faded Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Favourite_Faded_Fantasy"}],"text":"Studio albumsO (2002)\n9 (2006)\nMy Favourite Faded Fantasy (2014)","title":"Discography"}]

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[{"title":"List of songs performed by Damien Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_By_Damien_Rice"}]

[{"reference":"Ross, Alex (29 October 2021). \"Ed Sheeran confirms his next album is ready to drop 🙌\". KISS. Retrieved 10 November 2021. fellow singer-songwriter Damien Rice had been a huge inspiration","urls":[{"url":"https://planetradio.co.uk/kiss/entertainment/music/ed-sheeran-next-album-complete/","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran confirms his next album is ready to drop 🙌\""}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Rice\". Spotify. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/artist/14r9dR01KeBLFfylVSKCZQ","url_text":"\"Damien Rice\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes Store (pre-order)\". iTunes Store. Retrieved 8 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/album/my-favourite-faded-fantasy/id915106298?ign-mpt=uo%3D4","url_text":"\"iTunes Store (pre-order)\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ – Where was Damien born and where did he grow up?\". DamienRice.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502083031/http://www.damienrice.com/faq.html","url_text":"\"FAQ – Where was Damien born and where did he grow up?\""},{"url":"http://www.damienrice.com/faq.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Rice – Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p557508","url_text":"\"Damien Rice – Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Should We Talk About The Weather?\". Hot Press. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotpress.com/archive/416531.html","url_text":"\"Should We Talk About The Weather?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press","url_text":"Hot Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The story of O\". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070220112647/http://music.yahoo.com/library/default.asp?m=content&add=interview&i=12063810&","url_text":"\"The story of O\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo","url_text":"Yahoo"},{"url":"http://music.yahoo.com/library/default.asp?m=content&add=interview&i=12063810&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts Company for O\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/archive/official-albums-chart/","url_text":"\"Official Charts Company for O\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Rice Readies second album\". Billboard. 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Retrieved 24 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313065931/http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Aung San Suu Kyi the world's only imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize recipient\""},{"url":"http://www.actionburma.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Rice releases new single in support of Aung San Suu Kyi\". Burma Campaign UK. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://burmacampaign.org.uk/damien-rice-releases-new-single-in-support-of-aung-san-suu-kyi/","url_text":"\"Damien Rice releases new single in support of Aung San Suu Kyi\""}]},{"reference":"Newsdesk, The Hot Press. \"Damien Rice participates in Nobel Peace Prize ceremony\". Hotpress. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotpress.com/music/damien-rice-participates-in-nobel-peace-prize-ceremony-2842993","url_text":"\"Damien Rice participates in Nobel Peace Prize ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 – Release info\". DamienRice.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070518043107/http://www.damienrice.com/music.php?ref=110","url_text":"\"9 – Release info\""},{"url":"http://www.damienrice.com/music.php?ref=110","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Rice's 2007 Concert History\". Concert Archives. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/damien-rice?page=3&year=2007","url_text":"\"Damien Rice's 2007 Concert History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231015204834/https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/damien-rice?page=3&year=2007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Raise Hope for Congo\". Raisehopeforcongomusic.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Oppenheimer

Andrés Oppenheimer

["1 Early life and education","2 Awards and recognition","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]

Argentinian journalist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Andrés Oppenheimer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Andrés Oppenheimer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andrés OppenheimerBornBuenos Aires, ArgentinaAlma materColumbia UniversityOccupationJournalistOrganizationThe Miami Herald Andrés Oppenheimer (born in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is the editor and syndicated foreign affairs columnist with The Miami Herald, anchor of "Oppenheimer Presenta" on CNN En Español, and author of seven books, several of which have been published in English, Spanish, Portuguese and Japanese. His column, "The Oppenheimer Report," appears twice a week in The Miami Herald and more than 60 U.S. and international newspapers, including the Miami Herald, El Mundo of Spain, La Nación of Argentina, Reforma of Mexico, El Mercurio of Chile and El Comercio of Peru. He is the author of Saving the Americas (Random House, 2007) and six other books, and is a regular political analyst with CNN en Español. His previous jobs at The Miami Herald included Mexico City bureau chief, foreign correspondent, and business writer. He previously worked for five years with The Associated Press in New York, and has contributed on a free-lance basis to The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Republic, the BBC, CBS’ “60 Minutes”, and El Pais of Spain. He was selected by the Forbes Media Guide as one of the “500 most important journalists” of the United States in 1993, and by Poder Magazine as one of the “100 most powerful people” in Latin America in 2002 and 2008. Early life and education Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he studied law at the University of Buenos Aires before moving to the United States in 1976 through a fellowship from the World Press Institute. After a year at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, he obtained a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University in New York City in 1978. He has honorary PhD degrees from Galileo University of Guatemala (2004), Domingo Savio University of Bolivia (2011), and ESAN University of Peru (2014). Awards and recognition Oppenheimer is the co-winner of the 1987 Pulitzer Prize as a member of The Miami Herald team that uncovered the Iran-Contra scandal. He won the Inter-American Press Association Award twice (1989 and 1994), and the 1997 award of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. He is the winner of the 1993 Ortega y Gasset Award of Spain's daily El País, the 1998 Maria Moors Cabot Award of Columbia University, the 2001 King of Spain Award, given out by the Spanish news agency EFE and King Juan Carlos I of Spain, the Overseas Press Club Award in 2002, and the Suncoast Emmy award from the National Academy of Television, Arts and Sciences in 2006. Bibliography Saving the Americas: The Dangerous Decline of Latin America and What the U.S. Must Do Bordering on Chaos: Guerrillas, Stockholders, Politicians and Mexico's Road to Prosperity Crónicas de héroes y bandidos Ojos vendados: Estados Unidos y el negocio de la corrupción en América Latina Cuentos chinos: El engaño de Washington, la mentira populista y la esperanza de América Latina Basta de historias!: La obsesión latinoamericana con el pasado y las doce claves del futuro Crear o Morir: La Esperanza de América Latina y las 5 Claves de la Innovación ¡Sálvese Quien Pueda!: El futuro del trabajo en la era de la automatización References External links Columns at the Miami Herald Biography from The Wharton School PBS Frontline Interview The Oppenheimer Report blog vteNexstar Media Groupsorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC KAMC 1 KCAU-TV KMID KODE-TV 1 KSVI KTKA-TV 1 KTVX WATE-TV WAWV-TV 1 WBOY-TV 2 WDHN WEHT WGNO WHTM-TV WIVT WJBF WJET-TV WJHL-TV 2 WKRN-TV WLAJ 1 WMBB WOTV WRIC-TV WSYR-TV WTEN WTNH WTRF-TV 2 WTVO 1 WUTR 1 WVNY 1 WWTI WYTV 1 CBS KELO-TV / KCLO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV KGPE KLAS-TV KLBK-TV KLFY-TV KLST KOIN KOLR 1 KREX-TV / KREY-TV KRQE / KBIM-TV / KREZ-TV KTAB-TV KVEO-TV 2 KXMB-TV / KXMC-TV / KXMD-TV / KXMA-TV 2 WANE-TV WBTW WCIA WFRV-TV WHBF-TV WHNT-TV WHLT WIAT WIVB-TV WJHL-TV WJTV WKBN-TV WKRG-TV WLNS-TV WMBD-TV WNCN WNCT-TV WOWK-TV WPRI-TV WRBL WREG-TV WROC-TV WSPA-TV WTAJ-TV WTRF-TV WTTV / WTTK WVNS-TV WYOU 1 The CW (O&O) KASN 1 KAUT-TV KAZT-TV / KAZT-CD 1 KELO-TV / KCLO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV 2 KDAF KGCW KGET-TV 2 KHON-TV / KHAW-TV / KAII-TV 2 KIAH KNVA 1 KPLR-TV KRCW-TV KRON-TV KSVI 2 KTKA-TV 1, 2 KTLA KUCW KWBQ / KRWB-TV 1 KWGN-TV KXMB-TV 2 / KXMC-TV 2 / KXMD-TV 2 / KXMA-TV KXTU-LD WBDT 1 WBRL-CD WCBD-TV 2 WDCW WFNA WHDF WHLT 2 WJTV 2 WLAJ 1, 2 WMBB1, 2 WNAC-TV 1, 2 WNCT-TV 2 WNLO WNOL-TV WOTV 2 WPIX 1 WPHL-TV WSAV-TV 2 WTTA WTVW 1 WWCW WWLP / WFXQ-CD 2 WWTI 2 WYCW Fox KARD KCIT 1 KDVR / KFCT KFQX 1 KFTA-TV KFXK-TV 1 KHON-TV / KHAW-TV / KAII-TV KHMT 1 KJTL 1 KLJB 1 KLRT-TV 1 KMSS-TV 1 KPEJ-TV 1 KRBK KRQE / KBIM-TV / KREZ-TV 2 KSWB-TV KTMJ-CD KTVI KTXL KWKT-TV KXRM-TV WDAF-TV WDKY-TV WFFF-TV WFXP 1 WFXR WFXV WGHP WGMB-TV WJKT WJZY WJW WLAX / WEUX WNAC-TV 1 WNTZ-TV WQRF-TV WVBT WVNS-TV 2 WXIN WXXA-TV 1 WYFX-LD WYZZ-TV 1 MyNetworkTV KARZ-TV KASY-TV 1 KBVO / KBVO-CD KCPN-LD KELO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV KGJT-CD KHII-TV / KGMD-TV / KGMV KJBO-LD KOZL-TV KSHV-TV KTPN-LD KXNW KYLE-TV WBTW WCIX WCTX WJMN-TV WMYT-TV WNTZ-TV WPNY-LD WPRI-TV 2 WSAV-TV 2 WSNN-LD WTRF-TV 2 WTVO 1, 2 WVNS-TV 2 WXSP-CD WYTV-DT2 1, 2 NBC KAMR-TV KARK-TV KETK-TV KFDX-TV KFOR-TV KGET-TV KNWA-TV KRBC-TV 1 KSAN-TV 1 KSEE KSNF KSNT KSNW / KSNC / KSNG / KSNK / KSNL-LD KTAL-TV KTSM-TV KTVE 1 KVEO-TV KXAN-TV WAVY-TV WBGH-CD WBOY-TV WBRE-TV WCBD-TV WCMH-TV WDTN WETM-TV WFLA-TV WHO-DT WOOD-TV WSAV-TV WTWO WVLA-TV 1 WWLP / WFXQ-CD Other stations Antenna TV KGBT-TV Telemundo KKEY-LP KTAB-TV 2 Independent KUSI-TV KZUP-CD WDVM WGN-TV AM Radio WGN TV channels Broadcast Antenna TV The CW (75%) Rewind TV Cable Cooking Channel (30%) Food Network (30%) NewsNation TV programs Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics Banfield The Donlon Report Eye Opener KTLA Morning News NewsFix NewsNation Prime WGN Morning News WGN Sports Yule Log Other assets Border Report The Hill Zap2it TV by the Numbers TV CMS company Lakana LIN Digital Online ad company Yashi Former assets CLTV Acquisitions Communications Corporation of America Grant Broadcasting Media General LIN Media New Vision Television Park Communications Spartan Communications Young Broadcasting Newport Television Tribune Media Tribune Broadcasting Local TV LLC Renaissance Broadcasting WGN America West Virginia Media Holdings 1 Nexstar operates these stations under an SSA. 2 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Other IdRef

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He has honorary PhD degrees from Galileo University of Guatemala (2004), Domingo Savio University of Bolivia (2011), and ESAN University of Peru (2014).","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Iran-Contra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra"},{"link_name":"Ortega y Gasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortega_y_Gasset"},{"link_name":"Maria Moors Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Moors_Cabot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"EFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE"},{"link_name":"King Juan Carlos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos_I"}],"text":"Oppenheimer is the co-winner of the 1987 Pulitzer Prize as a member of The Miami Herald team that uncovered the Iran-Contra scandal. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendiola_(surname)

Mendiola (surname)

[]

Mendiola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Christopher Mendiola (born 1990), Guam footballer Dennis Mendiola, American investment banker and chief executive Jessy Mendiola (born 1992), Filipino actress Jim Mendiola, American screenwriter and film director Joseph M. Mendiola, Northern Mariana Islands politician Raúl Mendiola (born 1994), Mexican footballer Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Mendiola. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics

Weightlifting at the 1972 Summer Olympics

["1 Medal summary","2 Medal table","3 References","4 Sources"]

Weightlifting at the Olympics Weightliftingat the Games of the XX OlympiadVenueMessegeländeDates27 August - 6 September 1972Competitors188 from 54 nations← 19681976 → Weightlifting at the1972 Summer OlympicsMen52 kg56 kg60 kg67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kg90 kg110 kg+110 kgvte The weightlifting competition at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich consisted of nine weight classes, all for men only. Two new weight classes were introduced at these Games (flyweight and super heavyweight), marking the first changes to the Olympic program since 1952. This was the last year that the clean and press was included as one of the lifts. Medal summary Games Gold Silver Bronze 52 kgdetails Zygmunt Smalcerz Poland Lajos Szűcs Hungary Sándor Holczreiter Hungary 56 kgdetails Imre Földi Hungary Mohammad Nassiri Iran Gennadi Chetin Soviet Union 60 kgdetails Norair Nurikyan Bulgaria Dito Shanidze Soviet Union János Benedek Hungary 67.5 kgdetails Mukharby Kirzhinov Soviet Union Mladen Kutchev Bulgaria Zbigniew Kaczmarek Poland 75 kgdetails Yordan Bikov Bulgaria Mohamed Traboulsi Lebanon Anselmo Silvino Italy 82.5 kgdetails Leif Jenssen Norway Norbert Ozimek Poland György Horváth Hungary 90 kgdetails Andon Nikolov Bulgaria Atanas Shopov Bulgaria Hans Bettembourg Sweden 110 kgdetails Jaan Talts Soviet Union Aleksandr Kraichev Bulgaria Stefan Grützner East Germany +110 kgdetails Vasiliy Alekseyev Soviet Union Rudolf Mang West Germany Gerd Bonk East Germany Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Bulgaria (BUL)33062 Soviet Union (URS)31153 Hungary (HUN)11354 Poland (POL)11135 Norway (NOR)10016 Iran (IRI)0101 Lebanon (LIB)0101 West Germany (FRG)01019 East Germany (GDR)002210 Italy (ITA)0011 Sweden (SWE)0011Totals (11 entries)99927 References ^ "Weightlifting at the 1972 Munich Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Sources "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 December 2006. vte Events at the 1972 Summer Olympics (Munich) Archery Athletics Basketball Badminton (demonstration) Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Volleyball Water polo Water skiing (demonstration) Weightlifting Wrestling vteWeightlifting at the Summer Olympics 1896 1900 1904 1906 (Intercalated) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists List of Olympic records List of Olympic venues

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of medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"List of Olympic records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"List of Olympic venues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_weightlifting"}],"text":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\". 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_(documentary_series)

Watergate (TV series)

["1 Episodes","2 Production","3 Reception","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]

British TV series or programme WatergateGenreDocumentaryBased onWatergate: The Corruption and Fall of Richard Nixon by Fred EmeryDirected byMick GoldNarrated byFred EmeryComposerTim SousterCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes5ProductionProducersNorma PercyPaul MitchellProduction companyBrian Lapping Productions for BBCOriginal releaseNetworkBBC2 (UK)Discovery (USA)Release8 May (1994-05-08) –5 June 1994 (1994-06-05) Watergate is a documentary series co-produced by the BBC and Discovery, broadcast in 1994. It was based on the book Watergate: The Corruption and Fall of Richard Nixon, by Fred Emery. The series was directed by Mick Gold and produced by Paul Mitchell and Norma Percy. The British version was broadcast on BBC2 from 8 May to 5 June 1994, and narrated by Fred Emery. It was broadcast as five episodes of 50 minutes each. In the United States, the series premiered on August 7, 1994 and was narrated by Daniel Schorr in three parts, with two episodes shown back-to-back for the first two parts. Episodes Britain: Break-in (8 May 1994) Cover-up (15 May 1994) Scapegoat (22 May 1994) Massacre (29 May 1994) Impeachment (5 June 1994) USA: A Third Rate Burglary (7 August 1994) The Conspiracy Crumbles (14 August 1994) The Fall of a President (21 August 1994) Production Norma Percy and Brian Lapping pioneered a documentary style of investigating recent international events which involved interviewing senior participants from presidents downwards and succinct editing to juxtapose their eye-witness accounts. Early successes include Breakthrough at Reykjavik in 1987 and The Death of Yugoslavia in 1995. Watergate featured exclusive interviews with many of the key participants in the events, including H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, John Dean and G. Gordon Liddy as well as former President Gerald Ford. Percy and Lapping had originally been intrigued by the conspiracy theory that it had been Dean who organised the cover-up, not the Committee for the Re-Election of the President. However, their investigations only served to underline that the truth had already been found; said Percy in an interview with The New York Times in May 1994: "The guilty party wasn't one wayward aide. It was the President of the United States in the White House Oval Office who did it." Among the frankest of the conspirators interviewed, an unrepentant Liddy had served the longest sentence in jail and so talked explicitly about his role. He was filmed at home while sitting in front of his sizeable collection of firearms, describing "how he had been ready, if ordered, to go straight out and kill Jack Anderson, the Washington D.C. columnist." At one point he was filmed wielding one of his pistols before the TV camera. It was made clear that, at the time of filming, the gun collection was registered in his wife’s name, since he was ineligible for a license. Following Liddy’s death in 2021, BBC4 started repeating the series on 14 April in the UK. Reception Reviewing the series, Jeff Silverman wrote in Variety: "Twenty years after Richard Nixon resigned the presidency in disgrace, this stunningly conceived and realized documentary miniseries brilliantly chronicles the events — and their inevitability — that led to the national nightmare Watergate. Funny, tragic, pathetic and probing, docu dramatically stares down Watergate’s smoking gun and makes its ultimate conclusion perfectly clear: Nixon’s the one. Still. Now more than ever." Awards Watergate won a 1995 News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Historical Programming. References ^ Schmidt, William E. (19 May 1994). "Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare". New York Times. NYC. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ Bunce, Alan (29 July 1994). "Discovery, BBC Take A Look at Watergate". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ Richard Zoglin (8 August 1994). "TELEVISION: Nixon Without Nostalgia". Time. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2011. ^ Walter Goodman (6 August 1994). "TELEVISION REVIEW; Principal Players of Watergate Reprise Perfidies and Inanities". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2011. ^ Ron Miller (7 August 1994). "Watergate - 20 Years Later". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 23 May 2011. ^ a b William E. Schmidt (16 May 1994). "Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Kopel, David B.; Blackman, Paul H. (1997). No More Wacos: What's Wrong with Federal Law Enforcement and how to Fix it. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781573921251. His wife has a federal firearms license but he does not, because of a disputed burglary conviction from 1964. ^ "Watergate: ep1, Break-In". BBC. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ Silverman, Jeff (31 July 1994). "Review: Watergate". Variety. Retrieved 24 July 2016. ^ Awards for Watergate at IMDb External links Watergate at IMDb Watergate (TV series) archives at the University of London vteRichard Nixon 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953) U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950) Pre-presidency Checkers speech Vice presidency 1958 motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 Presidency(timeline) Transition First inauguration Second inauguration "Bring Us Together" Silent majority 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit State of the Union Address 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 VP confirmation of Gerald Ford Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Foreign policy International trips Nixon Doctrine Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor" Vietnamization Cold War period Linkage policy Tar Baby Option 1972 visit to China Shanghai Communiqué 1973 Chilean coup d'état Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Operation CHAOS Space exploration Domestic policy Family Assistance Plan Revised Philadelphia Plan Minority Business Development Agency Native American policy Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Education Amendments of 1972 Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants Title IX Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 National Cancer Act of 1971 End Stage Renal Disease Program Supplemental Security Income Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Shafer Commission War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Cannabis policy Federal Contested Elections Act Federal Election Campaign Act 1970 VRA Amendments District of Columbia Home Rule Act Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 Congressional Research Service Economic policy Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 Nixon shock Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 Smithsonian Agreement Occupational Safety and Health Act National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible exposure limit U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Consumer Product Safety Act Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act Securities Investor Protection Act Securities Investor Protection Corporation Tax Reform Act of 1969 Alternative minimum tax Revenue Act of 1971 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 Agricultural Act of 1970 Farm Credit Act of 1971 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 Federal Energy Administration Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act Environmentalpolicy Council on Environmental Quality Environmental Quality Improvement Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Amendments of 1970 Clean Water Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants New Source Performance Standards Noise Control Act Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Zone Management Act Coastal Zone Management Program Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Endangered Species Act of 1969 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Water Resources Development Act of 1974 Watergate Timeline Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone Saturday Night Massacre CRP White House Plumbers Watergate Seven Enemies List list of opponents White House tapes United States v. Nixon (1974) Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process "I am not a crook" Resignation Pardon Life andpolitics Richard Nixon Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Birthplace and boyhood home "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration (1977) Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) Death and state funeral Books Six Crises (1962) Bibliography ElectionsU.S. House 1946 1948 U.S. Senate 1950 Vice Presidential 1952 campaign selection convention election transition 1956 campaign convention election Presidential 1960 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Kennedy transition 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention election 1972 campaign primaries convention election Gubernatorial 1962 Popularculture "Nixon goes to China" Millhouse (1971 film) An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) Richard (1972 film) Another Nice Mess (1972 film) Four More Years (1972 film) Impeach the President (1973 song) The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) White House Madness (1975 film) All the President's Men (1976 film) The Public Burning (1977 novel) Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) Secret Honor (1984 film) Nixon in China (1987 opera) The Final Days (1989 film) Nixon (1995 film) Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) Futurama (1999 TV series) Dick (1999 film) Nixon's China Game (2000 film) Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) Black Dynamite (2009 film) "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode) Our Nixon (2013 film) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) Crooked (2015 novel) Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) The Post (2017 film) Watergate (2019 board game) U.S. postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Richard Nixon mask Staff Jack Brennan (aide de camp) Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) Manolo Sanchez (valet) Rose Mary Woods (secretary) Family Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife) Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) Francis A. Nixon (father) Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) Donald Nixon (brother) Edward Nixon (brother) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → ← Alben W. Barkley Lyndon B. Johnson → Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"Fred Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Emery_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Mick Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Gold"},{"link_name":"Norma Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Percy"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Schorr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schorr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeWatergate is a documentary series co-produced by the BBC and Discovery, broadcast in 1994. It was based on the book Watergate: The Corruption and Fall of Richard Nixon, by Fred Emery. The series was directed by Mick Gold and produced by Paul Mitchell and Norma Percy.The British version was broadcast on BBC2 from 8 May to 5 June 1994, and narrated by Fred Emery. It was broadcast as five episodes of 50 minutes each.[1] In the United States, the series premiered on August 7, 1994 and was narrated by Daniel Schorr[2] in three parts, with two episodes shown back-to-back for the first two parts.","title":"Watergate (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Britain:Break-in (8 May 1994)\nCover-up (15 May 1994)\nScapegoat (22 May 1994)\nMassacre (29 May 1994)\nImpeachment (5 June 1994)USA:A Third Rate Burglary (7 August 1994)\nThe Conspiracy Crumbles (14 August 1994)\nThe Fall of a President (21 August 1994)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Lapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lapping"},{"link_name":"The Death of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"H. R. Haldeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Haldeman"},{"link_name":"John Ehrlichman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ehrlichman"},{"link_name":"John Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dean"},{"link_name":"G. Gordon Liddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Committee for the Re-Election of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resurrecting-6"},{"link_name":"Jack Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(columnist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resurrecting-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Norma Percy and Brian Lapping pioneered a documentary style of investigating recent international events which involved interviewing senior participants from presidents downwards and succinct editing to juxtapose their eye-witness accounts. Early successes include Breakthrough at Reykjavik in 1987 and The Death of Yugoslavia in 1995. Watergate featured exclusive interviews with many of the key participants in the events, including H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, John Dean and G. Gordon Liddy as well as former President Gerald Ford.[3][4][5]Percy and Lapping had originally been intrigued by the conspiracy theory that it had been Dean who organised the cover-up, not the Committee for the Re-Election of the President. However, their investigations only served to underline that the truth had already been found; said Percy in an interview with The New York Times in May 1994: \"The guilty party wasn't one wayward aide. It was the President of the United States in the White House Oval Office who did it.\"[6]Among the frankest of the conspirators interviewed, an unrepentant Liddy had served the longest sentence in jail and so talked explicitly about his role. He was filmed at home while sitting in front of his sizeable collection of firearms, describing \"how he had been ready, if ordered, to go straight out and kill Jack Anderson, the Washington D.C. columnist.\"[6] At one point he was filmed wielding one of his pistols before the TV camera. It was made clear that, at the time of filming, the gun collection was registered in his wife’s name, since he was ineligible for a license.[7]Following Liddy’s death in 2021, BBC4 started repeating the series on 14 April in the UK.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Reviewing the series, Jeff Silverman wrote in Variety: \"Twenty years after Richard Nixon resigned the presidency in disgrace, this stunningly conceived and realized documentary miniseries brilliantly chronicles the events — and their inevitability — that led to the national nightmare Watergate. Funny, tragic, pathetic and probing, docu dramatically stares down Watergate’s smoking gun and makes its ultimate conclusion perfectly clear: Nixon’s the one. Still. Now more than ever.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"News & Documentary Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Documentary_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Watergate won a 1995 News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Historical Programming.[10]","title":"Awards"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Schmidt, William E. (19 May 1994). \"Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare\". New York Times. NYC. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/16/movies/resurrecting-an-american-tragedy-bbc-series-lays-watergate-bare.html","url_text":"\"Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bunce, Alan (29 July 1994). \"Discovery, BBC Take A Look at Watergate\". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0729/29131.html/%28page%29/2","url_text":"\"Discovery, BBC Take A Look at Watergate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor","url_text":"The Christian Science Monitor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston","url_text":"Boston"}]},{"reference":"Richard Zoglin (8 August 1994). \"TELEVISION: Nixon Without Nostalgia\". Time. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082118/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981225-1,00.html","url_text":"\"TELEVISION: Nixon Without Nostalgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981225-1,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walter Goodman (6 August 1994). \"TELEVISION REVIEW; Principal Players of Watergate Reprise Perfidies and Inanities\". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/movies/television-review-principal-players-of-watergate-reprise-perfidies-and-inanities.html","url_text":"\"TELEVISION REVIEW; Principal Players of Watergate Reprise Perfidies and Inanities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ron Miller (7 August 1994). \"Watergate - 20 Years Later\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-08-07/entertainment/9408040788_1_nixon-watergate-scandal-watergate-building","url_text":"\"Watergate - 20 Years Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"William E. Schmidt (16 May 1994). \"Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare\". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/16/movies/resurrecting-an-american-tragedy-bbc-series-lays-watergate-bare.html","url_text":"\"Resurrecting an American Tragedy, BBC Series Lays Watergate Bare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kopel, David B.; Blackman, Paul H. (1997). No More Wacos: What's Wrong with Federal Law Enforcement and how to Fix it. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781573921251. His wife has a federal firearms license but he does not, because of a disputed burglary conviction from 1964.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l5LaAAAAMAAJ&q=g+%22gordon+liddy%22+%22His+wife+has+a+federal+firearms+license+but+he+does+not,+because+of+a+disputed+burglary+conviction+from+1964%22","url_text":"No More Wacos: What's Wrong with Federal Law Enforcement and how to Fix it"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573921251","url_text":"9781573921251"}]},{"reference":"\"Watergate: ep1, Break-In\". BBC. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000v4bn","url_text":"\"Watergate: ep1, Break-In\""}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Jeff (31 July 1994). \"Review: Watergate\". Variety. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/watergate-1200437789/","url_text":"\"Review: Watergate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables

Plaine des Sables

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 21°13′48″S 55°39′36″E / 21.23000°S 55.66000°E / -21.23000; 55.66000Volcanic plateau of Réunion, France View of the Plaine des Sables from the Pas des Sables. The Plaine des Sables (English: "Sands Plain") is a volcanic plateau in the mountains of Réunion. Part of the Piton de la Fournaise massif, this volcanic desert is situated at the border of Saint-Joseph and Sainte-Rose, within Réunion National Park. References ^ "Plaine des Sables". Discover Reunion. Retrieved 10 September 2021. ^ "Plaine des sables". Cartedelareunion.fr. Retrieved 10 September 2021. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plaine des Sables. 21°13′48″S 55°39′36″E / 21.23000°S 55.66000°E / -21.23000; 55.66000 This Réunion location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"View of the Plaine des Sables from the Pas des Sables.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Plaine_des_Sables_2015.jpg/220px-Plaine_des_Sables_2015.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diagnosis_of_intersex

Genetic diagnosis of intersex

["1 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","2 Prenatal hormone treatment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Bibliography"]

Intersex topics Human rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Definitions Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more... Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature People Religion Military US Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States See also Hermaphrodite Children's rights Genital modification and mutilation Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Anti-gender movement Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences vte Intersex people are born with natural variations in physical and sex characteristics including those of the chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". Such variations may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows the elimination of embryos and fetuses with intersex traits and thus has an impact on discrimination against intersex people. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Further information: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) refers to genetic evaluation of embryos and oocytes prior to implantation. When used to screen for a specific genetic condition, the method also makes it possible to select embryos with intersex conditions for termination. Some national authorities, such as the UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority, maintain lists of conditions for which PGD is permissible, including intersex conditions such as 5 alpha reductase deficiency, androgen insensitivity syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and others. Surgical interventions on children with intersex conditions are contentious and may lead to selection for other traits like same sex attraction. Robert Sparrow states that intersex conditions are comparable to sexual orientation in that harms may be associated with a "hostile social environment". He concluded that the acceptability of elimination of intersex conditions has "uncomfortable" implications for "other nonpathological human variations" that do not affect physical health. Organisation Intersex International Australia has quoted research showing pregnancy termination rates of up to 88% in 47,XXY even while the World Health Organization describes the trait as "compatible with normal life expectancy", and "often undiagnosed". In 2014, it called for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to prohibit such interventions, noting a "close entanglement of intersex status, gender identity and sexual orientation in social understandings of sex and gender norms, and in medical and medical sociology literature". In 2016, the organization wrote about the sponsorship of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) events by IVF clinics in Australia, stating that, in addition to ethical issues raised by the elimination of intersex traits, "sponsorship of "LGBTI" events by such businesses raises more ethical issues still, including the nature of community and comprehension of issues relating to intersex bodily diversity". In response to Sparrow, Georgiann Davis argues that such discrimination fails to recognize that many people with intersex traits led full and happy lives, and that the "intersex community is only "invisible" to those who choose to ignore it", while "the medical profession, not the intersex trait itself, is a major source of the social and psychological harm that perpetuates intersex stigmatization and the "hostile social environment" that individuals with intersex traits encounter". Jeff Nisker links the elimination of intersex conditions to their pathologization, describing how "nce a difference becomes a medical disorder to which the medical profession is dedicating time and resources to prevent, procedures to this end become endowed with appropriateness". Jason Behrmann and Vardit Ravitsky state: "Parental choice against intersex may ... conceal biases against same-sex attractedness and gender nonconformity." In 2014, Morgan Carpenter expressed concern about intersex variations appeared in a list by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority of "serious" "genetic conditions" that may be de-selected in the United Kingdom. These include 5-alpha-reductase deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome, traits evident in elite Olympic-level women athletes and "the world's first openly intersex mayor". In 2015, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people, remarking on a right to life: Intersex people's right to life can be violated in discriminatory "sex selection" and "preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics". Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics. Prenatal hormone treatment Currently, prenatal testing and hormone treatment to prevent the physical and behavioral expression of intersex traits is available. In 1990, a paper by Heino Meyer-Bahlburg titled Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality? was published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. It examined the use of "prenatal hormone screening or treatment for the prevention of homosexuality" using research conducted on foetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other traits. Alice Dreger, Ellen Feder, and Anne Tamar-Mattis describe how research published by Saroj Nimkarn and Maria New in 2010 constructs "low interest in babies and men – and even interest in what they consider to be men's occupations and games – as "abnormal", and potentially preventable with prenatal dexamethasone". The authors state that "weak and unsupported conclusions" of investigations into the attempted "prevention of benign behavioral sex variations" indicates gaps in the ethical management of clinical research. In 2012, Hirvikoski and others described a lack of long-term follow-up studies of individuals exposed to prenatal treatment, and the results of a 10-year Swedish study of 43 mothers and children. The authors found evidence of unacceptable side-effects in their study, including neurological consequences. Treatment with dexamethasone was discontinued in Sweden. See also Intersex medical interventions Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Sex selection Vaginal anomalies Notes ^ UN Committee against Torture; UN Committee on the Rights of the Child; UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities; UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Juan Méndez, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Dainius Pῡras, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; Dubravka Šimonoviæ, Special Rapporteur on violence against women its causes and consequences; Marta Santos Pais, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Violence against Children; African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights; Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (October 24, 2016), "Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge", Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ^ "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016. ^ Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. US: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1405-1. ^ Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. US: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3. ^ a b Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority, PGD conditions licensed by the HFEA, archived from the original on 2018-02-18, retrieved 2018-02-17 ^ a b Sparrow, Robert (October 2013). "Gender Eugenics? The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 29–38. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828115. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024804. S2CID 41857961. ^ Radicioni, A F; Ferlin, A; Balercia, G; Pasquali, D; Vignozzi, L; Maggi, M; Foresta, C; Lenzi, A (2010). "Consensus statement on diagnosis and clinical management of Klinefelter syndrome". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 33 (11): 839–850. doi:10.1007/BF03350351. hdl:11573/74687. PMID 21293172. S2CID 25392141. ^ "Gender and Genetics". World Health Organization Genomic resource centre. Archived from the original on June 10, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Carpenter, Morgan; Organisation Intersex International Australia (April 30, 2014). Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007. Organisation Intersex International Australia (Report). Sydney. ^ Organisation Intersex International Australia (July 10, 2016). "LGBTI sponsorship and the elimination of intersex traits". Retrieved 2017-07-02. ^ Davis, Georgiann (October 2013). "The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095. ^ Nisker Jeff (2013). "Informed Choice and PGD to Prevent "Intersex Conditions"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 47–49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828125. PMID 24024809. S2CID 6085229. ^ Behrmann, Jason; Ravitsky, Vardit (October 2013). "Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not "Straight" Forward". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 39–41. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828131. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024805. S2CID 27065247. ^ a b Carpenter, Morgan (July 18, 2014). "Morgan Carpenter at LGBTI Human Rights in the Commonwealth conference". Glasgow. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Rebecca Jordan-Young; Peter Sonksen; Katrina Karkazis (2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348: g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650. ^ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper ^ a b Nimkarn, Saroj; New, Maria I. (April 2010). "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1192 (1): 5–11. Bibcode:2010NYASA1192....5N. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05225.x. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 20392211. S2CID 38359933. ^ a b Hirvikoski, Tatja; Nordenström, Anna; Wedell, Anna; Ritzén, Martin; Lajic, Svetlana (June 2012). "Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment of Children at Risk for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: The Swedish Experience and Standpoint". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 97 (6): 1881–1883. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1222. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 22466333. ^ Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (1 June 1999). "What Causes Low Rates of Child-Bearing in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 84 (6): 1844–1847. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5718. PMID 10372672. ^ Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L. (January 1990). "Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality?". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1 (4): 279–283. doi:10.1089/cap.1990.1.279. ISSN 1044-5463. ^ Dreger, Alice; Feder, Ellen K.; Tamar-Mattis, Anne (September 2012). "Prenatal Dexamethasone for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Ethics Canary in the Modern Medical Mine". Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 9 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1007/s11673-012-9384-9. ISSN 1176-7529. PMC 3416978. PMID 22904609. Bibliography Behrmann, Jason; Ravitsky, Vardit (October 2013). "Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not "Straight" Forward". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 39–41. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828131. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024805. S2CID 27065247. Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper Davis, Georgiann (October 2013). "The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095. Nisker, Jeff (October 2013). "Informed Choice and PGD to Prevent "Intersex Conditions"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 47–49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828125. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024809. S2CID 6085229. Organisation Intersex International Australia; Carpenter, Morgan (April 2014). "Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007". Sydney. Sparrow, Robert (October 2013). "Gender Eugenics? The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 29–38. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828115. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024804. S2CID 41857961. vteAssisted reproductive technologyInfertility Female Male LGBT Fertility clinic Fertility testing Fertility tourism Male infertility crisis Fertility medication Estrogen antagonists aromatase inhibitor clomifene FSH GnRH agonists Gonadotropins menotropins hCG In vitro fertilisation (IVF) and expansions Assisted zona hatching Autologous endometrial coculture Cytoplasmic transfer Embryo transfer Gestational carrier In vitro maturation Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Oocyte selection Ovarian hyperstimulation Partner-assisted reproduction Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Transvaginal ovum retrieval Zygote intrafallopian transfer Other methods Artificial insemination Ovulation induction Cryopreservation embryos oocyte ovarian tissue semen Gamete intrafallopian transfer Reproductive surgery Vasectomy reversal Selective reduction Sex selection Surrogacy Donation Donor registration Donor Sibling Registry Egg donation Embryo Sperm Semen collection Sperm bank Ova bank Ethics Accidental incest Fertility fraud Genetic diagnosis of intersex Religious response to ART Mitochondrial donation Sex selection Related Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"sex characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_characteristics"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"gonads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad"},{"link_name":"sex hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormones"},{"link_name":"genitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital"},{"link_name":"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un-2016-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfe-fact-2"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"XY-male and XX-female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Money-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreger-4"},{"link_name":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"}],"text":"Intersex people are born with natural variations in physical and sex characteristics including those of the chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, \"do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies\".[1][2] Such variations may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female.[3][4] Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows the elimination of embryos and fetuses with intersex traits and thus has an impact on discrimination against intersex people.","title":"Genetic diagnosis of intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"implantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)"},{"link_name":"5 alpha reductase deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_alpha_reductase_deficiency"},{"link_name":"androgen insensitivity syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome"},{"link_name":"congenital adrenal hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hfea-5"},{"link_name":"Surgical interventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sparrow2013-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sparrow2013-6"},{"link_name":"Organisation Intersex International Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia"},{"link_name":"pregnancy termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"47,XXY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"LGBTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTI"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oii2016-10"},{"link_name":"Georgiann Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiann_Davis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nisker-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behrmann2013-13"},{"link_name":"Morgan Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Authority"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carpenter2014-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hfea-5"},{"link_name":"5-alpha-reductase deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-alpha-reductase_deficiency"},{"link_name":"androgen insensitivity syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome"},{"link_name":"intersex mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Briffa_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carpenter2014-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Further information: Preimplantation genetic diagnosisPreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) refers to genetic evaluation of embryos and oocytes prior to implantation. When used to screen for a specific genetic condition, the method also makes it possible to select embryos with intersex conditions for termination. Some national authorities, such as the UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority, maintain lists of conditions for which PGD is permissible, including intersex conditions such as 5 alpha reductase deficiency, androgen insensitivity syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and others.[5]Surgical interventions on children with intersex conditions are contentious and may lead to selection for other traits like same sex attraction.[6] Robert Sparrow states that intersex conditions are comparable to sexual orientation in that harms may be associated with a \"hostile social environment\". He concluded that the acceptability of elimination of intersex conditions has \"uncomfortable\" implications for \"other nonpathological human variations\" that do not affect physical health.[6]Organisation Intersex International Australia has quoted research showing pregnancy termination rates of up to 88% in 47,XXY even while the World Health Organization describes the trait as \"compatible with normal life expectancy\", and \"often undiagnosed\".[7][8] In 2014, it called for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to prohibit such interventions, noting a \"close entanglement of intersex status, gender identity and sexual orientation in social understandings of sex and gender norms, and in medical and medical sociology literature\".[9] In 2016, the organization wrote about the sponsorship of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) events by IVF clinics in Australia, stating that, in addition to ethical issues raised by the elimination of intersex traits, \"sponsorship of \"LGBTI\" events by such businesses raises more ethical issues still, including the nature of community and comprehension of issues relating to intersex bodily diversity\".[10]In response to Sparrow, Georgiann Davis argues that such discrimination fails to recognize that many people with intersex traits led full and happy lives, and that the \"intersex community is only \"invisible\" to those who choose to ignore it\", while \"the medical profession, not the intersex trait itself, is a major source of the social and psychological harm that perpetuates intersex stigmatization and the \"hostile social environment\" that individuals with intersex traits encounter\".[11] Jeff Nisker links the elimination of intersex conditions to their pathologization, describing how \"[o]nce a difference becomes a medical disorder to which the medical profession is dedicating time and resources to prevent, procedures to this end become endowed with appropriateness\".[12]Jason Behrmann and Vardit Ravitsky state: \"Parental choice against intersex may ... conceal biases against same-sex attractedness and gender nonconformity.\"[13] In 2014, Morgan Carpenter expressed concern about intersex variations appeared in a list by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority of \"serious\" \"genetic conditions\" that may be de-selected in the United Kingdom.[14][5] These include 5-alpha-reductase deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome, traits evident in elite Olympic-level women athletes and \"the world's first openly intersex mayor\".[14][15]In 2015, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people, remarking on a right to life:Intersex people's right to life can be violated in discriminatory \"sex selection\" and \"preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics\". Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics.[16]","title":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimkarn2010-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirvik2012-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Heino Meyer-Bahlburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heino_Meyer-Bahlburg"},{"link_name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychopharmacology"},{"link_name":"congenital adrenal hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Alice Dreger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dreger"},{"link_name":"Anne Tamar-Mattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Tamar-Mattis"},{"link_name":"Maria New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_New"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimkarn2010-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dreger2012-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirvik2012-18"}],"text":"Currently, prenatal testing and hormone treatment to prevent the physical and behavioral expression of intersex traits is available.[17][18][19] In 1990, a paper by Heino Meyer-Bahlburg titled Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality? was published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. It examined the use of \"prenatal hormone screening or treatment for the prevention of homosexuality\" using research conducted on foetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other traits.[20]Alice Dreger, Ellen Feder, and Anne Tamar-Mattis describe how research published by Saroj Nimkarn and Maria New in 2010 constructs \"low interest in babies and men – and even interest in what they consider to be men's occupations and games – as \"abnormal\", and potentially preventable with prenatal dexamethasone\".[17] The authors state that \"weak and unsupported conclusions\" of investigations into the attempted \"prevention of benign behavioral sex variations\" indicates gaps in the ethical management of clinical research.[21]In 2012, Hirvikoski and others described a lack of long-term follow-up studies of individuals exposed to prenatal treatment, and the results of a 10-year Swedish study of 43 mothers and children. The authors found evidence of unacceptable side-effects in their study, including neurological consequences. Treatment with dexamethasone was discontinued in Sweden.[18]","title":"Prenatal hormone treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-un-2016_1-0"},{"link_name":"UN Committee against Torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture#Committee_against_Torture"},{"link_name":"UN Committee on the Rights of the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child"},{"link_name":"UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities"},{"link_name":"Juan Méndez, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_E._M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"\"Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E"},{"link_name":"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unfe-fact_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf"},{"link_name":"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Money_3-0"},{"link_name":"Money, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money"},{"link_name":"Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/manwomanboygirl00mone"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-1405-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1405-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dreger_4-0"},{"link_name":"Domurat Dreger, Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dreger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-00189-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00189-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hfea_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hfea_5-1"},{"link_name":"PGD conditions licensed by the HFEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180218150624/https://www.hfea.gov.uk/pgd-conditions/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hfea.gov.uk/pgd-conditions/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sparrow2013_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sparrow2013_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gender Eugenics? The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//research.monash.edu/en/publications/083bdf94-36bc-41fe-8995-fcc8164ff350"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828115"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1526-5161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24024804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024804"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41857961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41857961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Journal of Endocrinological 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End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge\", Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights\n\n^ \"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex\" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.\n\n^ Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. US: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1405-1.\n\n^ Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. US: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3.\n\n^ a b Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority, PGD conditions licensed by the HFEA, archived from the original on 2018-02-18, retrieved 2018-02-17\n\n^ a b Sparrow, Robert (October 2013). \"Gender Eugenics? The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 29–38. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828115. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024804. S2CID 41857961.\n\n^ Radicioni, A F; Ferlin, A; Balercia, G; Pasquali, D; Vignozzi, L; Maggi, M; Foresta, C; Lenzi, A (2010). \"Consensus statement on diagnosis and clinical management of Klinefelter syndrome\". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 33 (11): 839–850. doi:10.1007/BF03350351. hdl:11573/74687. PMID 21293172. S2CID 25392141.\n\n^ \"Gender and Genetics\". World Health Organization Genomic resource centre. Archived from the original on June 10, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2014.\n\n^ Carpenter, Morgan; Organisation Intersex International Australia (April 30, 2014). Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007. Organisation Intersex International Australia (Report). Sydney.\n\n^ Organisation Intersex International Australia (July 10, 2016). \"LGBTI sponsorship and the elimination of intersex traits\". Retrieved 2017-07-02.\n\n^ Davis, Georgiann (October 2013). \"The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095.\n\n^ Nisker Jeff (2013). \"Informed Choice and PGD to Prevent \"Intersex Conditions\"\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 47–49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828125. PMID 24024809. S2CID 6085229.\n\n^ Behrmann, Jason; Ravitsky, Vardit (October 2013). \"Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not \"Straight\" Forward\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 39–41. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828131. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024805. S2CID 27065247.\n\n^ a b Carpenter, Morgan (July 18, 2014). \"Morgan Carpenter at LGBTI Human Rights in the Commonwealth conference\". Glasgow. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Rebecca Jordan-Young; Peter Sonksen; Katrina Karkazis (2014). \"Sex, health, and athletes\". BMJ. 348: g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650.\n\n^ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper\n\n^ a b Nimkarn, Saroj; New, Maria I. (April 2010). \"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1192 (1): 5–11. Bibcode:2010NYASA1192....5N. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05225.x. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 20392211. S2CID 38359933.\n\n^ a b Hirvikoski, Tatja; Nordenström, Anna; Wedell, Anna; Ritzén, Martin; Lajic, Svetlana (June 2012). \"Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment of Children at Risk for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: The Swedish Experience and Standpoint\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 97 (6): 1881–1883. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1222. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 22466333.\n\n^ Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (1 June 1999). \"What Causes Low Rates of Child-Bearing in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 84 (6): 1844–1847. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5718. PMID 10372672.\n\n^ Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L. (January 1990). \"Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality?\". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1 (4): 279–283. doi:10.1089/cap.1990.1.279. ISSN 1044-5463.\n\n^ Dreger, Alice; Feder, Ellen K.; Tamar-Mattis, Anne (September 2012). \"Prenatal Dexamethasone for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Ethics Canary in the Modern Medical Mine\". Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 9 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1007/s11673-012-9384-9. ISSN 1176-7529. PMC 3416978. PMID 22904609.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828131"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1526-5161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24024805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024805"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27065247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27065247"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original"},{"link_name":"Davis, Georgiann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiann_Davis"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828119"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1526-5161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24024811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024811"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7331095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7331095"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828125"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1526-5161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24024809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024809"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6085229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6085229"},{"link_name":"Organisation Intersex International Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia"},{"link_name":"Carpenter, Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"\"Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oii.org.au/25621/submission-ethics-genetic-selection-intersex-traits/"},{"link_name":"\"Gender Eugenics? 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surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_surgery"},{"link_name":"Vasectomy reversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasectomy_reversal"},{"link_name":"Selective reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_reduction"},{"link_name":"Sex selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_selection"},{"link_name":"Surrogacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"},{"link_name":"Donor registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_registration"},{"link_name":"Donor Sibling Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_Sibling_Registry"},{"link_name":"Egg donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_donation"},{"link_name":"Embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_donation"},{"link_name":"Sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation"},{"link_name":"Semen collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_collection"},{"link_name":"Sperm bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank"},{"link_name":"Ova bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank"},{"link_name":"Accidental incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_incest"},{"link_name":"Fertility fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_fraud"},{"link_name":"Genetic diagnosis of intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Religious response to ART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"Mitochondrial donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_donation"},{"link_name":"Sex selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_selection"},{"link_name":"Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction"}],"text":"Behrmann, Jason; Ravitsky, Vardit (October 2013). \"Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not \"Straight\" Forward\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 39–41. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828131. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024805. S2CID 27065247.\nCouncil of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper\nDavis, Georgiann (October 2013). \"The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095.\nNisker, Jeff (October 2013). \"Informed Choice and PGD to Prevent \"Intersex Conditions\"\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 47–49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828125. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024809. S2CID 6085229.\nOrganisation Intersex International Australia; Carpenter, Morgan (April 2014). \"Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007\". Sydney.\nSparrow, Robert (October 2013). \"Gender Eugenics? The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 29–38. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828115. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024804. S2CID 41857961.vteAssisted reproductive technologyInfertility\nFemale\nMale\nLGBT\nFertility clinic\nFertility testing\nFertility tourism\nMale infertility crisis\nFertility medication\nEstrogen antagonists\naromatase inhibitor\nclomifene\nFSH\nGnRH agonists\nGonadotropins\nmenotropins\nhCG\nIn vitro fertilisation (IVF) and expansions\nAssisted zona hatching\nAutologous endometrial coculture\nCytoplasmic transfer\nEmbryo transfer\nGestational carrier\nIn vitro maturation\nIntracytoplasmic sperm injection\nOocyte selection\nOvarian hyperstimulation\nPartner-assisted reproduction\nPreimplantation genetic diagnosis\nTransvaginal ovum retrieval\nZygote intrafallopian transfer\nOther methods\nArtificial insemination\nOvulation induction\nCryopreservation\nembryos\noocyte\novarian tissue\nsemen\nGamete intrafallopian transfer\nReproductive surgery\nVasectomy reversal\nSelective reduction\nSex selection\nSurrogacy\nDonation\nDonor registration\nDonor Sibling Registry\nEgg donation\nEmbryo\nSperm\nSemen collection\nSperm bank\nOva bank\nEthics\nAccidental incest\nFertility fraud\nGenetic diagnosis of intersex\nReligious response to ART\nMitochondrial donation\nSex selection\nRelated\nReproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg/180px-Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Intersex medical interventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions"},{"title":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"},{"title":"Sex selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_selection"},{"title":"Vaginal anomalies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_anomalies"}]

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The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiann_Davis","url_text":"Davis, Georgiann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828119","url_text":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161","url_text":"1526-5161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024811","url_text":"24024811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7331095","url_text":"7331095"}]},{"reference":"Nisker Jeff (2013). \"Informed Choice and PGD to Prevent \"Intersex Conditions\"\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 47–49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828125. PMID 24024809. S2CID 6085229.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2013.828125","url_text":"10.1080/15265161.2013.828125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024809","url_text":"24024809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6085229","url_text":"6085229"}]},{"reference":"Behrmann, Jason; Ravitsky, Vardit (October 2013). \"Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not \"Straight\" Forward\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 39–41. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828131. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024805. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics

Norway at the Olympics

["1 1904 Summer Olympics","2 Hosted Games","3 Medal tables","3.1 Medals by Summer Games","3.2 Medals by Winter Games","3.3 Records","3.4 Medals by summer sport","3.5 Medals by winter sport","4 Summary by sport","4.1 Athletics","4.2 Sailing","4.3 Shooting","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Sporting event delegationNorway at theOlympicsIOC codeNORNOCNorwegian Olympic Committee and Confederation of SportsWebsitewww.idrettsforbundet.no (in Norwegian)MedalsRanked 9th Gold 209 Silver 186 Bronze 173 Total 568 Summer appearances19001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter appearances192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games Norway first participated at the Summer Olympics in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow when they participated in the American-led boycott and, as previously thought, the 1904 Games in St. Louis, United States. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, it was discovered that wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen, who were Norwegian expatriates in America whose medals at the 1904 Summer Olympics were previously attributed to United States, still held Norwegian citizenship at the time of the games. They won the gold medals in the wrestling welterweight and heavyweight events respectively. Norwegian athletes have won a total of 160 medals at the Summer Olympics, with sailing and shooting as the top medal-producing sports. At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 405 total medals including 148 gold medals, both considerably more than any other nation in Winter Olympic history. More than half of these medals have come from cross-country skiing and speed skating. Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games. The National Olympic Committee for Norway was created and recognized in 1900. 1904 Summer Olympics The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian-American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States (both were Norwegian immigrants to the US); each won a gold medal. In 2012, Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, and that Hansen, who was registered as an "alien" (foreigner) as late as 1925, probably never received American citizenship. The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians. In May 2013, it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC's medal database. In July 2021, the IOC modified data in the official database, recognizing Ericksen and Hansen as having competed for Norway. Hosted Games Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions. Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1952 Winter Olympics Oslo 14 – 25 February 30 694 22 1994 Winter Olympics Lillehammer 12 – 27 February 67 1,737 61 Medal tables See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table *Purple border color indicates tournament was held on home soil. Medals by Summer Games Games Athletes  Gold  Silver  Bronze Total Rank 1896 Athens did not participate 1900 Paris 7 0 2 3 5 16 1904 St. Louis 2 2 0 0 2 7 1908 London 69 2 3 3 8 8 1912 Stockholm 190 3 2 5 10 8 1920 Antwerp 194 13 9 9 31 6 1924 Paris 62 5 2 3 10 7 1928 Amsterdam 52 1 2 1 4 19 1932 Los Angeles 5 0 0 0 0 – 1936 Berlin 70 1 3 2 6 18 1948 London 81 1 3 3 7 19 1952 Helsinki 102 3 2 0 5 10 1956 Melbourne 22 1 0 2 3 22 1960 Rome 40 1 0 0 1 21 1964 Tokyo 26 0 0 0 0 – 1968 Mexico City 46 1 1 0 2 25 1972 Munich 112 2 1 1 4 21 1976 Montreal 66 1 1 0 2 21 1980 Moscow did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 103 0 1 2 3 28 1988 Seoul 70 2 3 0 5 21 1992 Barcelona 83 2 4 1 7 22 1996 Atlanta 98 2 2 3 7 30 2000 Sydney 93 4 3 3 10 19 2004 Athens 52 5 0 1 6 17 2008 Beijing 85 3 5 1 9 22 2012 London 66 2 1 1 4 35 2016 Rio de Janeiro 62 0 0 4 4 74 2020 Tokyo 85 4 2 2 8 20 2024 Paris future event 2028 Los Angeles 2032 Brisbane Total 61 52 50 163 21 Medals by Winter Games Games Athletes  Gold  Silver  Bronze Total Rank 1924 Chamonix 14 4 7 6 17 1 1928 St. Moritz 25 6 4 5 15 1 1932 Lake Placid 19 3 4 3 10 2 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 31 7 5 3 15 1 1948 St. Moritz 49 4 3 3 10 1 1952 Oslo 73 7 3 6 16 1 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 45 2 1 1 4 7 1960 Squaw Valley 29 3 3 0 6 4 1964 Innsbruck 58 3 6 6 15 3 1968 Grenoble 65 6 6 2 14 1 1972 Sapporo 67 2 5 5 12 7 1976 Innsbruck 42 3 3 1 7 4 1980 Lake Placid 64 1 3 6 10 8 1984 Sarajevo 58 3 2 4 9 6 1988 Calgary 63 0 3 2 5 12 1992 Albertville 80 9 6 5 20 3 1994 Lillehammer 88 10 11 5 26 2 1998 Nagano 76 10 10 5 25 2 2002 Salt Lake City 77 13 5 7 25 1 2006 Turin 69 2 8 9 19 13 2010 Vancouver 99 9 8 6 23 4 2014 Sochi 134 11 6 9 26 2 2018 Pyeongchang 109 14 14 11 39 1 2022 Beijing 84 16 8 13 37 1 2026 Milan–Cortina future event Total 148 134 123 405 1 Records The most gold and total medals in the history of the Winter Olympics (148 and 405) The most gold medals won in a single Winter Olympics (16 in 2022) The most total medals won in a single Winter Olympics (39 in 2018) Medals by summer sport SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Sailing1711432 Shooting1381132 Athletics87823 Canoeing64414 Wrestling4228 Rowing37818 Handball2237 Cycling2024 Boxing1225 Gymnastics1214 Football1023 Beach volleyball1001 Triathlon1001 Weightlifting1001 Taekwondo0202 Swimming0112 Equestrian0101 Fencing0101 Tennis0011Totals (19 entries)615049160 *This table does not include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics. Medals by winter sport   Leading in that sportSportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Cross country skiing524334129 Speed skating28293087 Biathlon22181555 Nordic combined1512835 Ski jumping12101436 Alpine skiing11141540 Freestyle skiing42410 Figure skating3216 Curling1225 Snowboarding0415Totals (10 entries)148136124408 *This table includes three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics. Summary by sport Athletics Norway's Olympic debut in 1900 included two track and field athletes; Carl Albert Andersen won a bronze medal in the pole vault. Games Athletes Events Gold Silver Bronze Total 1900 Paris 2 4/23 0 0 1 1 Total 9 6 8 23 Sailing Norway made its sailing debut in 1908. Games No. Sailors Events Gold Silver Bronze Total Ranking 1896 Scheduled but event wasn't held 1900 0 0/13 0 0 0 0 1904 Not Scheduled 1908 5 1/4 0 0 0 0 1912 18 3/4 2 0 0 2 1 1916 Games Cancelled 1920 59 11/14 7 3 1 11 1 1924 9 3/3 2 1 0 3 1 1928 10 3/3 1 1 0 2 1 1932 0 0/4 0 0 0 0 1936 14 4/4 0 2 0 2 5 1940 Games Cancelled 1944 Games Cancelled 1948 13 4/5 1 0 0 1 3 1952 12 4/5 1 2 0 3 2 1956 6 2/5 0 0 0 0 1960 9 4/5 1 0 0 1 4 1964 9 4/5 0 0 0 0 1968 11 5/5 0 1 0 1 5 1972 13 6/6 0 0 0 0 1976 6 3/6 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0/6 0 0 0 0 1984 7 4/7 0 0 0 0 1988 7 4/8 0 1 0 1 9 1992 14 8/10 1 0 0 1 6 1996 8 5/10 0 0 1 1 19 2000 9 5/11 0 0 1 1 13 2004 8 5/11 1 0 0 1 8 2008 9 6/11 0 0 0 0 2012 6 5/10 0 0 0 0 2016 6 5/10 0 0 0 0 2020 8 6/10 0 0 1 1 16 Total 17 11 4 32 3 Shooting Norway made its shooting debut in 1900. Ole Østmo earned medals in two of the free rifle positions, contributing to an individual three-position bronze and a team silver. Games Shooters Events Gold Silver Bronze Total 1900 Paris 5 5/9 0 2 2 4 Total 13 8 11 32 See also List of flag bearers for Norway at the Olympics Category:Olympic competitors for Norway Norway at the Paralympics References ^ "Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie". NRK. 14 August 2012. ^ "USA-guld 1904 var Norges". Svenska Dagbladet. 14 August 2012. ^ "Norges OL-historie skrives på nytt". Nettavisen. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013. ^ "Team Norway - Profile | Beijing 2022 Olympics". Archived from the original on 2022-02-12. Retrieved 2022-02-12. External links "Norway". International Olympic Committee. 16 September 2021. "Norway". Olympedia.com. "Olympic Analytics/NOR". olympanalyt.com. vteNorway at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games19001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Norway hosted the 1952 and 1994 Winter Olympics. Norway did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott  vteNational Olympic Committees that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Summer Winter Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Unified Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia Germany East West United Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo Rhodesia Russia Russian Empire Soviet Union Unified Team Olympic Athletes from Russia Russian Olympic Committee Saar Serbia and Montenegro Yemen North South Yugoslavia Olympic Games portal vte National sports teams of Norway Alpine ski Badminton Bandy M W Baseball Basketball M M U20 M U18 M U16 W W U20 W U18 W U16 Beach handball Beach soccer Cricket M W Field hockey Floorball M W Football M M B M U21 M U20 M U19 M U17 W W U19 W U17 Futsal Handball M M-J M-Y W W-J W-Y Ice hockey M M-J M U18 W W U18 Ice sledge Pitch and putt Rugby league Rugby union M W M 7 Speedway M U21 Softball Tennis M W Volleyball M MU-21 MU-19 W WU-20 WU-18 Wheelchair handball Olympics Paralympics European Games

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"American-led boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_boycott_of_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1904 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Ericksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ericksen"},{"link_name":"Bernhoff Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhoff_Hansen"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_welterweight"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_heavyweight"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"Norway first participated at the Summer Olympics in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow when they participated in the American-led boycott and, as previously thought, the 1904 Games in St. Louis, United States. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, it was discovered that wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen, who were Norwegian expatriates in America whose medals at the 1904 Summer Olympics were previously attributed to United States, still held Norwegian citizenship at the time of the games. They won the gold medals in the wrestling welterweight and heavyweight events respectively.Norwegian athletes have won a total of 160 medals at the Summer Olympics, with sailing and shooting as the top medal-producing sports. At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 405 total medals including 148 gold medals, both considerably more than any other nation in Winter Olympic history. More than half of these medals have come from cross-country skiing and speed skating. Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games.The National Olympic Committee for Norway was created and recognized in 1900.","title":"Norway at the Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Charles Ericksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ericksen"},{"link_name":"Bernhoff Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhoff_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian-American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States (both were Norwegian immigrants to the US); each won a gold medal. In 2012, Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, and that Hansen, who was registered as an \"alien\" (foreigner) as late as 1925, probably never received American citizenship. The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians.[1][2] In May 2013, it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC's medal database.[3] In July 2021, the IOC modified data in the official database, recognizing Ericksen and Hansen as having competed for Norway.","title":"1904 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions.","title":"Hosted Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-time Olympic Games medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"1896 Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1900 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1904 St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1908 London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"1912 Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"1920 Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1924 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1928 Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1932 Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"1936 Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1948 London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"1952 Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1956 Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"1960 Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1964 Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"1968 Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"1972 Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"1976 Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1980 Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1984 Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"1988 Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"1992 Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1996 Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2000 Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"2004 Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2012 London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"2024 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2028 Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2032 Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1924 Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"1928 St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1932 Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"1948 St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"1952 Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1960 Squaw Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"1964 Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1968 Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1972 Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"1976 Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1980 Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1984 Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"1988 Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1992 Albertville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"1994 Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1998 Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2002 Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"2006 Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"2010 Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2014 Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2018 Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2022 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"2026 Milan–Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"}],"text":"See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table*Purple border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.Medals by Summer Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\n Gold\n\n Silver\n\n Bronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n 1896 Athens\ndid not participate\n\n\n 1900 Paris\n7\n0\n2\n3\n5\n16\n\n\n 1904 St. Louis\n2\n2\n0\n0\n2\n7\n\n\n 1908 London\n69\n2\n3\n3\n8\n8\n\n\n 1912 Stockholm\n190\n3\n2\n5\n10\n8\n\n\n 1920 Antwerp\n194\n13\n9\n9\n31\n6\n\n\n 1924 Paris\n62\n5\n2\n3\n10\n7\n\n\n 1928 Amsterdam\n52\n1\n2\n1\n4\n19\n\n\n 1932 Los Angeles\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n 1936 Berlin\n70\n1\n3\n2\n6\n18\n\n\n 1948 London\n81\n1\n3\n3\n7\n19\n\n\n 1952 Helsinki\n102\n3\n2\n0\n5\n10\n\n\n 1956 Melbourne\n22\n1\n0\n2\n3\n22\n\n\n 1960 Rome\n40\n1\n0\n0\n1\n21\n\n\n 1964 Tokyo\n26\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n 1968 Mexico City\n46\n1\n1\n0\n2\n25\n\n\n 1972 Munich\n112\n2\n1\n1\n4\n21\n\n\n 1976 Montreal\n66\n1\n1\n0\n2\n21\n\n\n 1980 Moscow\ndid not participate\n\n\n 1984 Los Angeles\n103\n0\n1\n2\n3\n28\n\n\n 1988 Seoul\n70\n2\n3\n0\n5\n21\n\n\n 1992 Barcelona\n83\n2\n4\n1\n7\n22\n\n\n 1996 Atlanta\n98\n2\n2\n3\n7\n30\n\n\n 2000 Sydney\n93\n4\n3\n3\n10\n19\n\n\n 2004 Athens\n52\n5\n0\n1\n6\n17\n\n\n 2008 Beijing\n85\n3\n5\n1\n9\n22\n\n\n 2012 London\n66\n2\n1\n1\n4\n35\n\n\n 2016 Rio de Janeiro\n62\n0\n0\n4\n4\n74\n\n\n 2020 Tokyo\n85\n4\n2\n2\n8\n20\n\n\n 2024 Paris\nfuture event\n\n\n 2028 Los Angeles\n\n\n 2032 Brisbane\n\n\nTotal\n61\n52\n50\n163\n21\n\n\n\nMedals by Winter Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\n Gold\n\n Silver\n\n Bronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n 1924 Chamonix\n14\n4\n7\n6\n17\n1\n\n\n 1928 St. Moritz\n25\n6\n4\n5\n15\n1\n\n\n 1932 Lake Placid\n19\n3\n4\n3\n10\n2\n\n\n 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen\n31\n7\n5\n3\n15\n1\n\n\n 1948 St. Moritz\n49\n4\n3\n3\n10\n1\n\n\n 1952 Oslo\n73\n7\n3\n6\n16\n1\n\n\n 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo\n45\n2\n1\n1\n4\n7\n\n\n 1960 Squaw Valley\n29\n3\n3\n0\n6\n4\n\n\n 1964 Innsbruck\n58\n3\n6\n6\n15\n3\n\n\n 1968 Grenoble\n65\n6\n6\n2\n14\n1\n\n\n 1972 Sapporo\n67\n2\n5\n5\n12\n7\n\n\n 1976 Innsbruck\n42\n3\n3\n1\n7\n4\n\n\n 1980 Lake Placid\n64\n1\n3\n6\n10\n8\n\n\n 1984 Sarajevo\n58\n3\n2\n4\n9\n6\n\n\n 1988 Calgary\n63\n0\n3\n2\n5\n12\n\n\n 1992 Albertville\n80\n9\n6\n5\n20\n3\n\n\n 1994 Lillehammer\n88\n10\n11\n5\n26\n2\n\n\n 1998 Nagano\n76\n10\n10\n5\n25\n2\n\n\n 2002 Salt Lake City\n77\n13\n5\n7\n25\n1\n\n\n 2006 Turin\n69\n2\n8\n9\n19\n13\n\n\n 2010 Vancouver\n99\n9\n8\n6\n23\n4\n\n\n 2014 Sochi\n134\n11\n6\n9\n26\n2\n\n\n 2018 Pyeongchang\n109\n14\n14\n11\n39\n1\n\n\n 2022 Beijing\n84\n16\n8\n13\n37\n1\n\n\n 2026 Milan–Cortina\nfuture event\n\n\nTotal\n148\n134\n123\n405\n1","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16 in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"39 in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1920 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway_at_the_Olympics&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Cross country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_skiing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Freestyle skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1920 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Records","text":"The most gold and total medals in the history of the Winter Olympics (148 and 405)\nThe most gold medals won in a single Winter Olympics (16 in 2022)\nThe most total medals won in a single Winter Olympics (39 in 2018)Medals by summer sport[edit]\nSportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Sailing1711432 Shooting1381132 Athletics87823 Canoeing64414 Wrestling4228 Rowing37818 Handball2237 Cycling2024 Boxing1225 Gymnastics1214 Football1023 Beach volleyball1001 Triathlon1001 Weightlifting1001 Taekwondo0202 Swimming0112 Equestrian0101 Fencing0101 Tennis0011Totals (19 entries)615049160\n*This table does not include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.\n\n\n\nMedals by winter sport[edit]\n  Leading in that sportSportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Cross country skiing524334129 Speed skating28293087 Biathlon22181555 Nordic combined1512835 Ski jumping12101436 Alpine skiing11141540 Freestyle skiing42410 Figure skating3216 Curling1225 Snowboarding0415Totals (10 entries)148136124408\n*This table includes three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.[4]","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary by sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Albert Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Albert_Andersen"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Norway's Olympic debut in 1900 included two track and field athletes; Carl Albert Andersen won a bronze medal in the pole vault.","title":"Summary by sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sailing","text":"Norway made its sailing debut in 1908.","title":"Summary by sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Østmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_%C3%98stmo"}],"sub_title":"Shooting","text":"Norway made its shooting debut in 1900. Ole Østmo earned medals in two of the free rifle positions, contributing to an individual three-position bronze and a team silver.","title":"Summary by sport"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of flag bearers for Norway at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Norway_at_the_Olympics"},{"title":"Category:Olympic competitors for Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Olympic_competitors_for_Norway"},{"title":"Norway at the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Paralympics"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Cardinals_seasons

List of Arizona Cardinals seasons

["1 Legend","2 Season records","3 References"]

This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Cardinals. The Cardinals are an American football franchise competing as a member of the West division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Cardinals were founded in 1898 in Chicago as an amateur team, the Morgan Athletic Club. They became the Racine Street Normals shortly afterward. In 1901, owner Chris O'Brien acquired some used jerseys from the University of Chicago for the Normals. O'Brien believed that the jerseys had faded so much that they were more cardinal red than maroon, and changed the team's name to the Racine Cardinals. The team disbanded in 1906, but were refounded in 1913. The team did not play in 1918 due to World War I, but were refounded after the Armistice and have played continuously ever since. The team was a charter member of the American Professional Football Association, forerunner of the NFL, in 1920. To avoid confusion with a team from Racine, Wisconsin who joined the renamed NFL in 1922, the team changed its name to the Chicago Cardinals. The team moved to St. Louis, Missouri as the St. Louis Cardinals in 1960, then to their current home of Phoenix, Arizona in 1988. After playing as the Phoenix Cardinals from 1988 to 1993, the team took its current name in 1994. The Cardinals and Chicago Bears are the only two charter members of the NFL still playing in the league today. Through the heritage of the Morgan Athletic Club, the Cardinals also claim to be the oldest professional football team in the country. The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals' franchise from 1920 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. Legend (#) The order of league championship won by the franchise Finish Final position in league, division, or conference T-# Finished tied in that position with one or more teams W Wins L Losses T Ties MVP National Football League Most Valuable Player Award COY National Football League Coach of the Year Award SB MVP Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award OPOY National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award DPOY National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award OROY National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award DROY National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award WP MOY Walter Payton Man of the Year Award NFL champion (1920–1969) Super Bowl champion (1970–present) Conference champion Division champion Wild Card berth Qualified for playoffs Season records Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Head coaches Finish W L T Racine / Chicago Cardinals 1920 1920 APFA 4th 6 2 2 The APFA/NFL did not hold playoff games until 1932 Paddy Driscoll 1921 1921 APFA 9th 3 3 2 1922 1922 NFL 3rd 8 3 0 1923 1923 NFL 6th 8 4 0 Arnold Horween 1924 1924 NFL 8th 5 4 1 1925 1925 NFL 1st 11 2 1 Named NFL Champions (1) Norman Barry 1926 1926 NFL 10th 5 6 1 The APFA/NFL did not hold playoff games until 1932 1927 1927 NFL 9th 3 7 1 Guy Chamberlin 1928 1928 NFL 9th 1 5 0 Fred Gillies 1929 1929 NFL 4th 6 6 1 Dewey Scanlon 1930 1930 NFL 7th 5 6 2 Ernie Nevers 1931 1931 NFL 4th 5 4 0 Ernie Nevers (5–3) LeRoy Andrews (0–1) 1932 1932 NFL 7th 2 6 2 Jack Chevigny 1933 1933 NFL Western 5th 1 9 1 Paul J. Schissler 1934 1934 NFL Western 4th 5 6 0 1935 1935 NFL Western T-3rd 6 4 2 Milan Creighton 1936 1936 NFL Western 4th 3 8 1 1937 1937 NFL Western 4th 5 5 1 1938 1938 NFL Western 5th 2 9 0 1939 1939 NFL Western 5th 1 10 0 Ernie Nevers 1940 1940 NFL Western 5th 2 7 2 Jimmy Conzelman 1941 1941 NFL Western 4th 3 7 1 1942 1942 NFL Western 4th 3 8 0 1943 1943 NFL Western 4th 0 10 0 Phil Handler Card-Pitt 1944 1944 NFL Western 5th 0 10 0 Phil Handler & Walt Kiesling Chicago Cardinals 1945 1945 NFL Western 5th 1 9 0 Phil Handler 1946 1946 NFL Western T-3rd 6 5 0 Jimmy Conzelman 1947 1947 NFL Western 1st 9 3 0 Won NFL Championship (2) (Eagles) 28–21 Jimmy Conzelman (COY) 1948 1948 NFL Western 1st 11 1 0 Lost NFL Championship (at Eagles) 0–7 Pat Harder (MVP) 1949 1949 NFL Western 3rd 6 5 1 Phil Handler & Buddy Parker 1950 1950 NFL American 5th 5 7 0 Curly Lambeau 1951 1951 NFL American 6th 3 9 0 Curly Lambeau (2–8)Phil Handler & Cecil Isbell (1–1) 1952 1952 NFL American T-5th 4 8 0 Joe Kuharich 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 6th 1 10 1 Joe Stydahar 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 6th 2 10 0 1955 1955 NFL Eastern T-4th 4 7 1 Ray Richards 1956 1956 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 5 0 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 6th 3 9 0 1958 1958 NFL Eastern T-5th 2 9 1 Pop Ivy 1959 1959 NFL Eastern 6th 2 10 0 St. Louis Cardinals 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 4th 6 5 1 Pop Ivy 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 4th 7 7 0 Pop Ivy (5–7)Ray Willsey & Ray Prochaska & Chuck Drulis (2–0) 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 6th 4 9 1 Wally Lemm 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 3rd 9 5 0 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 2nd 9 3 2 Won Playoff Bowl (vs. Packers) 24–17 1965 1965 NFL Eastern T-5th 5 9 0 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 4th 8 5 1 Charley Winner 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 3rd 6 7 1 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 2nd 9 4 1 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 3rd 4 9 1 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 5 1 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 4th 4 9 1 Bob Hollway 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 4th 4 9 1 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 4th 4 9 1 Don Coryell 1974 1974 NFL NFC East 1st 10 4 0 Lost Divisional playoffs (at Vikings) 14–30 Don Coryell (COY) 1975 1975 NFL NFC East 1st 11 3 0 Lost Divisional playoffs (at Rams) 23–35 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 3rd 10 4 0 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 7 0 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Bud Wilkinson 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Ottis Anderson (OROY) Bud Wilkinson (3–10)Larry Wilson (2–1) 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Jim Hanifan 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 5th 7 9 0 1982 1982 NFL NFC 6th 5 4 0 Lost First Round playoffs (at Packers) 16–41 1983 1983 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 7 1 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 5th 4 11 1 Gene Stallings 1987 1987 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 8 0 Phoenix Cardinals 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Gene Stallings 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Gene Stallings (5–6)Hank Kuhlmann (0–5) 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Joe Bugel 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 5th 4 12 0 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 5th 4 12 0 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Arizona Cardinals 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Buddy Ryan 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 5th 4 12 0 1996 1996 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Simeon Rice (DROY) Vince Tobin 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 5th 4 12 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Won Wild Card playoffs (at Cowboys) 20–7Lost Divisional playoffs (at Vikings) 21–41 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 5th 3 13 0 Vince Tobin (2–5)Dave McGinnis (1–8) 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Dave McGinnis 2002 2002 NFL NFC West 4th 5 11 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC West 4th 4 12 0 Anquan Boldin (OROY) 2004 2004 NFL NFC West 3rd 6 10 0 Dennis Green 2005 2005 NFL NFC West 3rd 5 11 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC West 4th 5 11 0 2007 2007 NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 Ken Whisenhunt 2008 2008 NFL NFC West 1st 9 7 0 Won Wild Card playoffs (Falcons) 30–24Won Divisional playoffs (at Panthers) 33–13Won NFC Championship (Eagles) 32–25Lost Super Bowl XLIII (vs. Steelers) 23–27 Kurt Warner (WP MOY) 2009 2009 NFL NFC West 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card playoffs (Packers) 51–45 (OT)Lost Divisional playoffs (at Saints) 14–45 2010 2010 NFL NFC West 4th 5 11 0 2011 2011 NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 2012 2012 NFL NFC West 4th 5 11 0 2013 2013 NFL NFC West 3rd 10 6 0 Bruce Arians 2014 2014 NFL NFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card playoffs (at Panthers) 16–27 Bruce Arians (COY) 2015 2015 NFL NFC West 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional playoffs (Packers) 26–20 (OT) Lost NFC Championship (at Panthers) 15–49 2016 2016 NFL NFC West 2nd 7 8 1 Larry Fitzgerald (WP MOY) 2017 2017 NFL NFC West 3rd 8 8 0 2018 2018 NFL NFC West 4th 3 13 0 Steve Wilks 2019 2019 NFL NFC West 4th 5 10 1 Kyler Murray (OROY) Kliff Kingsbury 2020 2020 NFL NFC West 3rd 8 8 0 2021 2021 NFL NFC West 2nd 11 6 0 Lost Wild Card playoffs (at Rams) 11–34 2022 2022 NFL NFC West 4th 4 13 0 2023 2023 NFL NFC West 4th 4 13 0 Jonathan Gannon Totals 165 248 25 Chicago Cardinals regular season record (1920–1943; 1945–1959) 0 10 0 Card-Pitt regular season record (1944) 186 202 14 St. Louis Cardinals regular season record (1960–1987) 32 64 0 Phoenix Cardinals regular season record (1988–1993) 202 279 2 Arizona Cardinals regular season record (1994–2023) 585 803 41 All-time regular season record (1920–2023) 7 10 — All-time postseason record (1932–2023) 592 813 41 All-time regular season and postseason record (1920–2023) 2 NFL Championships, 1 Conference Championship, 7 Division Championships References "Arizona Cardinals History". CBS Sportsline. Retrieved May 20, 2008. "Arizona Cardinals Franchise Page". pro football reference.com. Retrieved April 15, 2012. vteArizona Cardinals Founded in 1898 Played in Chicago (1920–1959), St. Louis (1960–1987), and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993) Based in Glendale, Arizona Headquartered in Tempe, Arizona Franchise History in Chicago in St. Louis Seasons Head coaches Players Quarterbacks First-round draft picks Stadiums Normal Park Comiskey Park Wrigley Field Forbes Field Soldier Field Busch Stadium Busch Memorial Stadium Mountain America Stadium State Farm Stadium Culture Chris O'Brien Charles Bidwill Bill Bidwill Red Sea Big Red (mascot) Jerry Maguire Lore 1925 Chicago Cardinals–Milwaukee Badgers scandal 1925 NFL Championship controversy Card-Pitt Million Dollar Backfield Chicago Cardinals–Toronto Argonauts exhibition game Fútbol Americano "They are who we thought they were!" Hail Murray Rivalries Chicago Bears Kansas City Chiefs (former) Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Division championships (7) 1947 1948 1974 1975 2008 2009 2015 Conference championships (1) 2008 League championships (2) 1925 1947 Retired numbers 8 40 77 88 99 Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: West Division Category vteArizona Cardinals seasonsPlayed in Chicago (1920–1959), St. Louis (1960–1987), and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Bold indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl victoryItalics indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance vteNFL team season listsAFCAFC EastAFC NorthAFC SouthAFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Las Vegas Raiders Los Angeles Chargers NFCNFC EastNFC NorthNFC SouthNFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Commanders Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chris O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_O%27Brien_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football"},{"link_name":"cardinal red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(color)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_APFA_season"},{"link_name":"Racine, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"}],"text":"The Cardinals were founded in 1898 in Chicago as an amateur team, the Morgan Athletic Club. They became the Racine Street Normals shortly afterward. In 1901, owner Chris O'Brien acquired some used jerseys from the University of Chicago for the Normals. O'Brien believed that the jerseys had faded so much that they were more cardinal red than maroon, and changed the team's name to the Racine Cardinals. The team disbanded in 1906, but were refounded in 1913. The team did not play in 1918 due to World War I, but were refounded after the Armistice and have played continuously ever since. The team was a charter member of the American Professional Football Association, forerunner of the NFL, in 1920. To avoid confusion with a team from Racine, Wisconsin who joined the renamed NFL in 1922, the team changed its name to the Chicago Cardinals. The team moved to St. Louis, Missouri as the St. Louis Cardinals in 1960, then to their current home of Phoenix, Arizona in 1988. After playing as the Phoenix Cardinals from 1988 to 1993, the team took its current name in 1994.The Cardinals and Chicago Bears are the only two charter members of the NFL still playing in the league today. Through the heritage of the Morgan Athletic Club, the Cardinals also claim to be the oldest professional football team in the country.The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals' franchise from 1920 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.","title":"List of Arizona Cardinals seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season records"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"http://www.sportsline.com/nfl/teams/history/ARI","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Cardinals History\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/crd/","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Cardinals Franchise Page\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_asset

Heritage asset

["1 Accounting definition","2 Planning definition","3 Cultural definition","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

A heritage asset is an item which has value because of its contribution to a nation's society, knowledge and/or culture. Such items are usually physical assets, but some countries also use the term in relation to intangible social and spiritual inheritance. The term is found in several contexts: In a formal accounting sense In the UK planning process It is used by museums and artistic and cultural organisations to describe collections in their care. Accounting definition A tangible asset with historical, artistic, scientific, technological, geophysical or environmental qualities that is held and maintained principally for its contribution to knowledge and culture. Heritage assets are accounted for as a distinct category because their value is unlikely to be fully reflected in a financial value or price. Many are unique, meaning their value may increase, rather than depreciate, even if their physical condition deteriorates. Also, heritage assets may incur high costs to maintain them and their life might be measured in hundreds of years. Heritage assets are often described as 'inalienable', because the holder cannot sell or dispose of them without external consent. These restrictions may be formed in law, for example, trust law relating to a charity's governing documents. Some argue that inalienability means that assets held in trust are not actually assets of the organisation that holds them. However, the UK Financial Reporting Council states that inalienable assets meet the definition of an asset because they may be used to generate income (e.g. attracting visitors to a museum) and have service potential. The UK government publishes a list of heritage assets that are tax exempt. Planning definition The term 'heritage asset' is used in the UK to describe a range of geographical components of the historic environment which have been positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. These include listed buildings; old buildings that are not listed but still have local historical importance; scheduled monuments; war memorials; historic wreck sites; parks; historic gardens; conservation areas, archaeological sites and so on. They also include places and properties that are not formally protected through the designation system, and certain historic landscapes. The term 'heritage asset' is often used as a convenient collective term for all these items. Not all heritage assets are legally protected through the designation system. UK heritage protection practice also allows for buildings or other assets to be granted a status as a "non-designated heritage asset":Non-designated heritage assets are buildings, monuments, sites, places, areas or landscapes identified by plan-making bodies as having a degree of heritage significance meriting consideration in planning decisions but which do not meet the criteria for designated heritage assets. Only those that have special interest or national importance are protected through a range of separate pieces of legislation as either scheduled monuments; listed buildings; registered parks and gardens; registered battlefields; historic wrecks or conservation areas. However, many locally important heritage assets, which do not meet the criteria for national designation, are noted in local council lists, on local 'heritage asset registers' and on 'Historic Environment Records'. These are referred to in local and regional planning policies. 'Heritage environment records' (HERs) are also sometimes called 'Sites and Monuments Records'. Two-thirds of all heritage assets are said to be privately owned, which reflects the fact that they are often small houses and local sites, rather than just big public buildings. The Penfold Review of non-planning consents agreed that the recommendations outlined in the Draft Heritage Protection Bill 2009 should be adopted. This would result in a simpler (and hopefully faster and less expensive) planning system. Cultural definition The term heritage asset is less commonly used within a cultural context. The UK Highways Agency has developed a series of Cultural Heritage Assets Management Plans (CHAMP) which are designed to protect and enhance the historic environment surrounding the Strategic Road Network. Manchester University uses the term 'cultural asset' for its museums and art gallery collections. The term is more frequently used in Canada and Australia where it refers to works of art, rituals, ceremonies and aural heritage (i.e. stories and folklore). See also Cultural heritage Sites and monuments record References ^ Tasmania: Defining Heritage Assets, archived from the original on 15 January 2012, retrieved 6 Jan 2012 ^ Accounts Standard Board, June 2009, FRS 30 Financial Reporting Standard 'Heritage Assets' ISBN 978-1-84798-206-3 ^ "Draft Heritage Protection Bill' (2009)" (PDF). Department of Culture, Media and Sport. Retrieved 5 January 2011. ^ "Financial reporting standard 30: Accounts Standard Board June 2009 30 Financial Reporting Standard". Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "Financial Reporting Of Heritage Assets In Annual Accounts". Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "Tax exempt heritage assets". Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ Department for Communities and Local Government, Planning Policy Statement 5 'Planning for the Historic Environment, 2010 ^ Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities and Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, Historic Environment: Non-designated heritage assets, last updated 23 July 2019, accessed 16 September 2023 ^ "Heritage Asset Register" (PDF). Oxford City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ "Historic Environment Records". Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "House of Commons Heritage assets debate". Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ "Draft Heritage Protection Bill" (PDF). Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ Adrian Penfold. "Penfold Review of non-planning consents". Retrieved 5 January 2012. ^ "Cultural Heritage Assets Management Plans". Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ "Cultural asset liaison activities". Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ "Cultural Stewardship". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ Professor Ross Gibson. "What is a Cultural Asset?". Sydney College of the Arts. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012. External links Introductions to Heritage Assets vteCultural heritage and historic preservationTopics and issues Agents of deterioration Archival processing Archaeological science Archaeology Archive Bioarchaeology Calendar (archives) Conservation and restoration of cultural property Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property Conservation science (cultural property) Collecting Collection (museum) Collection catalog Collections maintenance Collections management Collections management system Cultural heritage Cultural heritage management Cultural property Cultural property documentation Cultural property exhibition Cultural property imaging Cultural property storage Cultural resources management Database preservation Deaccessioning (museum) Digital library Digital photograph restoration Digital preservation Disaster preparedness (cultural property) Film preservation Finding aid Fonds Found in collection Heritage asset Heritage science Inherent vice Intangible cultural heritage Integrated pest management (cultural property) Inventory (library and archive) Inventory (museum) Media preservation Midden Mold control and prevention (library and archive) Museum Optical media preservation Preservation (library and archive) Preservation metadata Preservation survey Provenance Repatriation Ruins Sustainable preservation Treasure Web archiving Roles and expertise Archivist Art dealer Art handler Auctioneer Collection manager Conservator-restorer Conservation scientist Conservation technician Curator Exhibition designer Mount maker Objects conservator Paintings conservator Photograph conservator Preservationist Registrar (cultural property) Textile conservator Methods and techniques Aging (artwork) Anastylosis Arrested decay Cradling (paintings) Cultural property radiography Detachment of wall paintings Desmet method Display case Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment Historic paint analysis Inpainting Kintsugi Leafcasting Lining of paintings Mass deacidification Overpainting Paleo-inspiration Paper splitting Reconstruction (architecture) Rissverklebung Textile stabilization Transfer of panel paintings UVC-based preservation VisualAudio Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property by item type Archaeological sites Frescos Heritage railways Historic gardens Outdoor artworks Outdoor bronze objects Outdoor murals Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property by item type Aircraft Ancient Greek pottery Bone, horn, and antler objects Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera Ceramic objects Clocks Copper-based objects Feathers Film Flags and banners Fur objects Glass objects Herbaria Human remains Illuminated manuscripts Insect specimens Iron and steel objects Ivory objects Judaica Lacquerware Leather objects Lighthouses Metals Musical instruments Neon objects New media art Paintings Painting frames Panel paintings Papyrus Parchment Performance art Photographs Photographic plates Plastic objects Rail vehicles Road vehicles Shipwreck artifacts Silver objects South Asian household shrines Stained glass Taxidermy Textiles Tibetan thangkas Time-based media art Totem poles Vinyl discs Woodblock prints Wooden artifacts Wooden furniture Intangible cultural heritage preservation Ancient music Applied folklore Dance notation Early music Endangered language Ethnochoreology Ethnomusicology Ethnopoetics Family folklore Folklore Folk art Folk dance Folk etymology Folk instrument Folk medicine Folk music Folk process Folk play Foodways Folklore studies Heritage language Heritage language learning Indigenous intellectual property Indigenous culture Indigenous language Language death Language preservation Language revitalization Living history Oral history preservation Preservation of meaning Primitive music Tradition preservation Traditional knowledge Notableprojects Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Conservation-restoration of Ecce Homo by Elías García Martínez Conservation-restoration of The Gross Clinic by Thomas Eakins Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper Pompeian frescoes Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The term is found in several contexts:In a formal accounting sense[2]\nIn the UK planning process[3]\nIt is used by museums and artistic and cultural organisations to describe collections in their care.","title":"Heritage asset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"costs to maintain them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_costs"},{"link_name":"trust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Financial Reporting Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Reporting_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A tangible asset with historical, artistic, scientific, technological, geophysical or environmental qualities that is held and maintained principally for its contribution to knowledge and culture.[4]Heritage assets are accounted for as a distinct category because their value is unlikely to be fully reflected in a financial value or price. Many are unique, meaning their value may increase, rather than depreciate, even if their physical condition deteriorates. Also, heritage assets may incur high costs to maintain them and their life might be measured in hundreds of years.Heritage assets are often described as 'inalienable', because the holder cannot sell or dispose of them without external consent. These restrictions may be formed in law, for example, trust law relating to a charity's governing documents. Some argue that inalienability means that assets held in trust are not actually assets of the organisation that holds them.[5] However, the UK Financial Reporting Council states that inalienable assets meet the definition of an asset because they may be used to generate income (e.g. attracting visitors to a museum) and have service potential.The UK government publishes a list of heritage assets that are tax exempt.[6]","title":"Accounting definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"conservation areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sites and Monuments Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sites_and_Monuments_Record"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The term 'heritage asset' is used in the UK to describe a range of geographical components of the historic environment which have been positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions.These include listed buildings; old buildings that are not listed but still have local historical importance; scheduled monuments; war memorials; historic wreck sites; parks; historic gardens; conservation areas, archaeological sites and so on. They also include places and properties that are not formally protected through the designation system, and certain historic landscapes.[7] The term 'heritage asset' is often used as a convenient collective term for all these items.Not all heritage assets are legally protected through the designation system. UK heritage protection practice also allows for buildings or other assets to be granted a status as a \"non-designated heritage asset\":Non-designated heritage assets are buildings, monuments, sites, places, areas or landscapes identified by plan-making bodies as having a degree of heritage significance meriting consideration in planning decisions but which do not meet the criteria for designated heritage assets.[8]Only those that have special interest or national importance are protected through a range of separate pieces of legislation as either scheduled monuments; listed buildings; registered parks and gardens; registered battlefields; historic wrecks or conservation areas. However, many locally important heritage assets, which do not meet the criteria for national designation, are noted in local council lists, on local 'heritage asset registers' and on 'Historic Environment Records'. These are referred to in local and regional planning policies.[9]\n'Heritage environment records' (HERs) are also sometimes called 'Sites and Monuments Records'.[10]Two-thirds of all heritage assets are said to be privately owned, which reflects the fact that they are often small houses and local sites, rather than just big public buildings.[11]The Penfold Review of non-planning consents agreed that the recommendations outlined in the Draft Heritage Protection Bill 2009[12] should be adopted. This would result in a simpler (and hopefully faster and less expensive) planning system.[13]","title":"Planning definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highways Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The term heritage asset is less commonly used within a cultural context. The UK Highways Agency has developed a series of Cultural Heritage Assets Management Plans (CHAMP) which are designed to protect and enhance the historic environment surrounding the Strategic Road Network.[14] Manchester University uses the term 'cultural asset' for its museums and art gallery collections.[15]The term is more frequently used in Canada and Australia where it refers to works of art,[16] rituals, ceremonies and aural heritage (i.e. stories and folklore).[17]","title":"Cultural definition"}]

[]

[{"title":"Cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"title":"Sites and monuments record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sites_and_monuments_record"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_accepted_for_use_with_SI

Non-SI units mentioned in the SI

["1 Units officially accepted for use with the SI","2 Other units defined but not officially sanctioned","3 Changes to units mentioned in the SI","4 See also","5 Notes and references","5.1 Notes","5.2 References"]

Unit accepted for use in the International System of Units While the International System of Units (SI) is used throughout the world in all fields, many non-SI units continue to be used in the scientific, technical, and commercial literature. Some units are deeply embedded in history and culture, and their use has not been entirely replaced by their SI alternatives. The authority behind the SI system, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, recognised and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI. While not an SI-unit, the litre may be used with SI units. It is equivalent to (10 cm)3 = (1 dm)3 = 10−3 m3. Some units of time, angle, and legacy non-SI units have a long history of use. Most societies have used the solar day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and, unlike the foot or the pound, these were the same regardless of where they were being measured. The radian, being 1/2π of a revolution, has mathematical advantages but is rarely used for navigation. Further, the units used in navigation around the world are similar. The tonne, litre, and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units, having been given unique symbols. The catalogued units are given below. Most of these, in order to be converted to the corresponding SI unit, require conversion factors that are not powers of ten. Some common examples of such units are the customary units of time, namely the minute (conversion factor of 60 s/min, since 1 min = 60 s), the hour (3600 s), and the day (86400 s); the degree (for measuring plane angles, 1° = π⁄180 rad); and the electronvolt (a unit of energy, 1 eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J). This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI) but are otherwise mentioned in the SI Brochure, listed as being accepted for use alongside SI-units, or for explanatory purposes. Units officially accepted for use with the SI Name Symbol Quantity Value in SI units minute min time 1 min = 60 s hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s day d 1 d = 24 h = 1440 min = 86400 s astronomical unit au length 1 au = 149597870700 m degree ° plane angle and phase angle 1° = (π⁄180) rad arcminute ′ 1′ = (1⁄60)° = (π⁄10800) rad arcsecond ″ 1″ = (1⁄60)′ = (1⁄3600)° = (π⁄648000) rad hectare ha area 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10000 m2 litre l, L volume 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 0.001 m3 tonne t mass 1 t = 1 Mg = 1000 kg dalton Da 1 Da = 1.66053906892(52)×10−27 kg electronvolt eV energy 1 eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J neper Np logarithmic ratio quantity 1 Np = 1 bel, decibel B, dB — The SI prefixes can be used with several of these units, but not, for example, with the non-SI units of time. Other units defined but not officially sanctioned The following table lists units that are effectively defined in sidenotes and footnotes in the 9th SI brochure. Units that are mentioned without a definition or that occur in historical material recorded in the appendices are not included. Name Symbol Quantity Equivalent official unit gal Gal acceleration 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 0.01 m/s2 unified atomic mass unit u mass 1 u = 1 Da volt-ampere reactive var reactive power 1 var = 1 VA Changes to units mentioned in the SI With the publication of each edition of the SI brochure, the list of non-SI units listed in tables changed compared to the preceding SI brochures. The table below compares the status of each unit for which the status has changed between editions of the SI Brochure. Name Symbol 1st–3rd SI Brochures 4–6th SI Brochures 7th SI Brochure 8th SI Brochure 9th SI Brochure astronomical unit au accepted omitted accepted accepted accepted parsec pc accepted omitted omitted omitted omitted neper Np omitted omitted accepted listed accepted bel B omitted omitted accepted listed accepted decibel dB omitted omitted omitted listed accepted unified atomic mass unit u accepted accepted accepted accepted footnote dalton Da omitted omitted footnote accepted accepted natural unit (n.u.) of speed c0 omitted omitted omitted listed omitted n.u. of action ħ omitted omitted omitted listed omitted n.u. of mass me omitted omitted omitted listed omitted n.u. of time ħ⁄(mec02) omitted omitted omitted listed omitted atomic unit (a.u.) of charge e omitted omitted omitted listed omitted a.u. of mass me omitted omitted omitted listed omitted a.u. of action ħ omitted omitted omitted listed omitted a.u. of length a0 omitted omitted omitted listed omitted a.u. of energy Eh omitted omitted omitted listed omitted a.u. of time ħ⁄Eh omitted omitted omitted listed omitted nautical mile M temporary temporary temporary listed omitted knot kn temporary temporary temporary listed omitted ångström Å temporary temporary temporary listed omitted are a temporary temporary temporary omitted omitted hectare ha temporary temporary temporary accepted accepted barn b temporary temporary temporary listed omitted bar bar temporary temporary temporary listed omitted standard atmosphere atm temporary listed listed omitted omitted gal Gal temporary temporary listed listed footnote curie Ci temporary temporary listed omitted omitted roentgen R temporary temporary listed omitted omitted rad rad temporary temporary listed omitted omitted rem rem omitted temporary listed omitted omitted erg erg listed listed listed listed omitted dyne dyn listed listed listed listed omitted poise P listed listed listed listed omitted stokes st listed listed listed listed omitted maxwell Mx listed listed listed listed omitted gauss G listed listed listed listed omitted ørsted Oe listed listed listed listed omitted phot ph listed listed listed listed omitted fermi listed listed listed omitted omitted metric carat listed listed listed omitted omitted torr Torr listed listed listed omitted omitted kilogram-force kgf listed listed omitted omitted omitted calorie cal listed listed listed omitted omitted micron μ listed listed listed omitted omitted x-unit xu listed listed omitted omitted omitted stilb sb listed listed omitted omitted omitted gamma (Mass) γ listed listed listed omitted omitted γ (magnetic flux density) γ listed listed omitted omitted omitted lambda λ listed listed omitted omitted omitted jansky Jy omitted omitted listed omitted omitted millimetre of mercury mmHg omitted omitted omitted listed omitted In this table, the status descriptions have the following meanings: "accepted": The unit is accepted for use with the SI. "temporary": The unit is accepted for use with the SI, but is planned to be phased out. "listed": The unit is defined in a table of units in the brochure but not accepted for use with the SI. "footnote": The unit is defined in a footnote or side note, without any mention in the main text. "omitted": There is no mention of the unit in the brochure, excluding historical appendices. See also International System of Quantities International vocabulary of metrology Metric prefix SI base unit SI derived unit Notes and references Notes ^ A footnote in the 9th SI Brochure gives an exact definition of the dalton. ^ This is a unit employed in geodesy and geophysics to express acceleration due to gravity. ^ The unified mass unit (u) is a synonym of the dalton (Da). In edition 9 (2019) of the SI Brochure, the unified mass unit is no longer listed as being accepted for use with SI units, though it notes its equivalence with the dalton in a footnote. In edition 8 (2006), both names were mentioned in parallel. In edition 7 (1998), position was the reverse of that in edition 9. Earlier editions mentioned only u. ^ The symbol given for the astronomical unit changed from ua in the 8th to au in the 9th SI Brochure. References ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16 ^ a b c Bureau international des poids et mesures, "Non-SI units that are accepted for use with the SI", in: Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed. (Sèvres: 2019), ISBN 9789282222720, c. 4, pp. 145–146. ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron volt". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ^ Bureau international des poids et mesures, Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed. (Sèvres: Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre, 2006‑05), ISBN 9282222136. vteSI unitsBase units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute and second of arc neper tonne See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Historical definitions of the SI base units 2019 redefinition System of units of measurement Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"},{"link_name":"General Conference on Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIBrochure-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CubeLitre.svg"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"radian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"litre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bipm-2"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bipm-2"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bipm-2"}],"text":"While the International System of Units (SI) is used throughout the world in all fields, many non-SI units continue to be used in the scientific, technical, and commercial literature. Some units are deeply embedded in history and culture, and their use has not been entirely replaced by their SI alternatives. The authority behind the SI system, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, recognised and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI.[1]While not an SI-unit, the litre may be used with SI units. It is equivalent to (10 cm)3 = (1 dm)3 = 10−3 m3.Some units of time, angle, and legacy non-SI units have a long history of use. Most societies have used the solar day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and, unlike the foot or the pound, these were the same regardless of where they were being measured. The radian, being 1/2π of a revolution, has mathematical advantages but is rarely used for navigation. Further, the units used in navigation around the world are similar. The tonne, litre, and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units, having been given unique symbols. The catalogued units are given below.[2]Most of these, in order to be converted to the corresponding SI unit, require conversion factors that are not powers of ten. Some common examples of such units are the customary units of time, namely the minute (conversion factor of 60 s/min, since 1 min = 60 s), the hour (3600 s), and the day (86400 s); the degree (for measuring plane angles, 1° = π⁄180 rad); and the electronvolt (a unit of energy, 1 eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J).[2]This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI) but are otherwise mentioned in the SI Brochure,[2] listed as being accepted for use alongside SI-units, or for explanatory purposes.","title":"Non-SI units mentioned in the SI"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The SI prefixes can be used with several of these units, but not, for example, with the non-SI units of time.","title":"Units officially accepted for use with the SI"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following table lists units that are effectively defined in sidenotes and footnotes in the 9th SI brochure. Units that are mentioned without a definition or that occur in historical material recorded in the appendices are not included.","title":"Other units defined but not officially sanctioned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"With the publication of each edition of the SI brochure, the list of non-SI units listed in tables changed compared to the preceding SI brochures.[5] The table below compares the status of each unit for which the status has changed between editions of the SI Brochure.In this table, the status descriptions have the following meanings:\"accepted\": The unit is accepted for use with the SI.\n\"temporary\": The unit is accepted for use with the SI, but is planned to be phased out.\n\"listed\": The unit is defined in a table of units in the brochure but not accepted for use with the SI.\n\"footnote\": The unit is defined in a footnote or side note, without any mention in the main text.\n\"omitted\": There is no mention of the unit in the brochure, excluding historical appendices.","title":"Changes to units mentioned in the SI"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-u-Da_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ A footnote in the 9th SI Brochure gives an exact definition of the dalton.\n\n^ This is a unit employed in geodesy and geophysics to express acceleration due to gravity.\n\n^ The unified mass unit (u) is a synonym of the dalton (Da). In edition 9 (2019) of the SI Brochure, the unified mass unit is no longer listed as being accepted for use with SI units, though it notes its equivalence with the dalton in a footnote. In edition 8 (2006), both names were mentioned in parallel. In edition 7 (1998), position was the reverse of that in edition 9. Earlier editions mentioned only u.\n\n^ The symbol given for the astronomical unit changed from ua in the 8th to au in the 9th SI Brochure.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIBrochure_1-0"},{"link_name":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"The International System of Units (SI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-822-2213-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bipm_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bipm_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bipm_2-2"},{"link_name":"Bureau international des poids et mesures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_international_des_poids_et_mesures"},{"link_name":"Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789282222720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282222720"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-physconst-mu_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?u"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-physconst-eV_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"2022 CODATA Value: electron volt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?evj"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Bureau 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units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"candela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_System_Of_Units_Logo_.png"},{"link_name":"Derived units with special names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit"},{"link_name":"becquerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel"},{"link_name":"coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb"},{"link_name":"degree Celsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"farad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad"},{"link_name":"gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)"},{"link_name":"henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)"},{"link_name":"hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"link_name":"katal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit)"},{"link_name":"lux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux"},{"link_name":"newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"ohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm"},{"link_name":"pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"radian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)"},{"link_name":"sievert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert"},{"link_name":"steradian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steradian"},{"link_name":"tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)"},{"link_name":"volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Other accepted units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"astronomical unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day"},{"link_name":"decibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel"},{"link_name":"degree of arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour"},{"link_name":"litre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute"},{"link_name":"minute and second of arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc"},{"link_name":"neper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Conversion of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units"},{"link_name":"Metric prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix"},{"link_name":"Historical definitions of the SI base units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"2019 redefinition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"System of units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:SI_units"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16\n\n^ a b c Bureau international des poids et mesures, \"Non-SI units that are accepted for use with the SI\", in: Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed. (Sèvres: 2019), ISBN 9789282222720, c. 4, pp. 145–146.\n\n^ \"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant\". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.\n\n^ \"2022 CODATA Value: electron volt\". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.\n\n^ Bureau international des poids et mesures, Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed. (Sèvres: Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre, 2006‑05), ISBN 9282222136.vteSI unitsBase units\nampere\ncandela\nkelvin\nkilogram\nmetre\nmole\nsecond\nDerived units with special names\nbecquerel\ncoulomb\ndegree Celsius\nfarad\ngray\nhenry\nhertz\njoule\nkatal\nlumen\nlux\nnewton\nohm\npascal\nradian\nsiemens\nsievert\nsteradian\ntesla\nvolt\nwatt\nweber\nOther accepted units\nastronomical unit\ndalton\nday\ndecibel\ndegree of arc\nelectronvolt\nhectare\nhour\nlitre\nminute\nminute and second of arc\nneper\ntonne\nSee also\nConversion of units\nMetric prefixes\nHistorical definitions of the SI base units\n2019 redefinition\nSystem of units of measurement\n\n Category","title":"Notes and references"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinki:EXTEND

Jinki: Extend

["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 \"Angel\" Members","2.2 Kyomu","2.3 Others","3 Media","3.1 Manga","3.2 Anime","3.3 Video games","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

Japanese manga series This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The sources need to be moved out of the lead section and into the article's body per WP:LEAD. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is missing information about media involving the two manga series and their anime adaptation. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (August 2015) Jinki: ExtendNorth American cover of the first DVD volumeジンキ・エクステンドGenreMecha MangaJinkiWritten byShirō TsunashimaPublished bySquare EnixEnglish publisherNA: ADV MangaMagazineMonthly Gangan WingDemographicShōnenOriginal runJanuary 26, 2000 – September 29, 2001Volumes4 MangaWritten byShirō TsunashimaPublished byMag GardenEnglish publisherNA: ADV MangaMagazineMonthly Comic BladeDemographicShōnenOriginal runFebruary 28, 2002 – June 30, 2006Volumes9 Anime television seriesDirected byMasahiko MurataProduced bySchreck HedwickMakoto TakigasakiShigeru TateishiWritten byNaruhisa ArakawaMusic byKenji KawaiStudioFeelLicensed byNA: FunimationOriginal networkTV AsahiEnglish networkUK: Propeller TVOriginal run January 5, 2005 – March 23, 2005Episodes13 Jinki: Extend (Japanese: ジンキ・エクステンド, Hepburn: Jinki Ekusutendo) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shirō Tsunashima. The story revolves around two girls who end up piloting giant humanoid robots called "Jinki" (which translates to "man-machine") and the manipulation behind the scenes that drew them inexorably together in a final battle. It takes place in two parts, in Venezuela during 1988 (Jinki), and in Tokyo, Japan in 1991 (Jinki: Extend). An anime television series adaptation animated by Feel aired from January to March 2005. The 13th episode never aired on television and was released as an OVA. This title was picked up in North America by ADV Films for $91,000, who released the series in three volumes and box set. However, in 2008, the title along with over thirty other ADV titles were transferred to Funimation. Plot Aoba loves to make model robots. One day she is taken to a secret base where she saw first a new mecha. It is design to fight the Ancient Jinki. Characters "Angel" Members Aoba Tsuzaki (津崎 青葉, Tsuzaki Aoba) Voiced by: Fumiko Orikasa (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski (English) Main pilot of Moribito Type-02 during the Venezuela arc and the protagonist of the original Jinki manga series and the Jinki: Extend anime. An avid plastic modeler and only daughter of Tsuzaki Shizuka. She would be "kidnapped" by Ryouhei Ogawara of the special "Angel" unit in Venezuela and join it to combat the Kodai-Jinki (Ancient Jinki) that were appearing rapidly all over the Table Mountain. In the manga, she and Ryouhei are childhood friends from many years earlier, while in the anime they apparently are not. Ryouhei Ogawara (小河原 両兵, Ogawara Ryōhei) Voiced by: Takuma Takewaka (Japanese); Jason Douglas (English) One of the members of "Angel" and a former Jinki pilot. He is the only son of Genta Ogawara and is rash and short-tempered. His loyalty to his family and friends however, is second to none. When Genta was slain by Kokushou, Ryouhei vowed to avenge his father, and as seen in the J:E arcs, he would be traveling around searching for a "Katana user". During J:E, he would replace Genta as the leader of "Angel". During the Lost Years arc, Ryouhei would pilot the Moribito Type-0 in search of his father's slayer. In the manga, he and Aoba are childhood friends from many years earlier, while in the anime they apparently are not. It is also notable that while in the anime Ryouhei seemed to play only a support role, in the manga he plays a much larger role in the story. Akao Hiiragi (柊赤緒, Hiiragi Akao) Voiced by: Yuuna Inamura (Japanese); Jessica Boone (English) Main pilot of Moribito Type-02 during the Tokyo arc and is the protagonist for the J:E manga series. She is a serious girl that made her a group of hitojyogi. Akao is an amnesiac and does not remember anything from before 3 years ago, which was about the same time the events of the Venezuela arc happened. Akao is in fact a clone of Genta's late wife Akana Ogawara, created by Kokushou out of spite for his former mentor. Shizuka Tsuzaki (津崎 静花, Tsuzaki Shizuka) Voiced by: Satsuki Yukino (Japanese); Monica Rial (English) Leader of "Angel". Shizuka leads the members of Angel against the mysterious Kodai-Jinki, and she is also the mother of Aoba. Shizuka ordered Aoba's kidnapping because she believed Aoba's cognate abilities would benefit Angel. Her true intentions however, was to turn Aoba into a killing machine that would follow her and Kokushou in destroying the world. The reasons behind this weren't explained in the anime, but was elaborated in detail in the manga series, specifically in volume 7 of Jinki: Extend. After the events in the Venezuela arc, the trauma dealt to her during the conflict turned her into a human vegetable, and her life was eventually used to create the clone, Shiva. Genta Ogawara (小河原 現太, Ogawara Genta) Voiced by: Rokurō Naya (Japanese); John Swasey (English) Leader of "Angel" after Shizuka, and former Jinki pilot as well as having first rate skills with the sword. He trains Aoba seriously. Genta is Ryouhei's father and close acquaintance of Shizuka. Genta would later die from a mortal wound caused by his former student, Kokushou, once known as Hino Hakuya, in a duel. Genta also once piloted the Moribito Type-0, prototype of Moribito Type-01. Elny Tachibana (エルニィ立花) Voiced by: Tomoko Kawakami (Japanese); Cynthia Martinez (English) A young tomboy genius with IQ over 300 and grand-daughter to one of Angel's former Jinki scientists. Elny is a budding Jinki technician as well as an able Jinki pilot. Her favorite sport is soccer. Elny first met Aoba and Ryouhei in Venezuela when they were escaping from the military with Moribito's core. With Elny's help, the two were able to rebuild Moribito and fight again. In J:E, Elny pilots the Brocken Touja. Satsuki Kawamoto (川本 さつき, Kawamoto Satsuki) Voiced by: Ai Nonaka (Japanese); Allison Sumrall (English) A young Cognate who works at an Inn and makes her debut in the J:E arc. Satsuki is the young sister of Jinki technician Kawamoto Hiroshi, and loves her brother dearly. Being weak and pacifistic, Satsuki would almost fall prey to the efforts of the predatory Karis Nohman of the Hachishoujin although she would be rescued by Ryouhei and members of the Tokyo division of Angel. Satsuki would later pilot the jinki Nana-Two Light. Mel J. Vanette (メル・J・ヴァネット) Voiced by: Junko Minagawa (Japanese); Christine Auten (English) A mysterious woman bent on revenge. In the anime, she was after J. Harn, a member of the Hachishoujin, to avenge the death of her younger brother, Cecil. In the manga however, she was also after J. Harn, but as revenge for the betrayal he wrought on her (as she does not have a younger brother in the manga). Her true name is Michelle E. Harn. Mel J. is an expert marksman whose skills were taught by her former mentor J. Harn. In the manga, Mel J. has the ability to regenerate wounds and damage at an accelerated rate. She pilots the silver-plated Schneigar Touja. Minami Kousaka (黄坂 南, Kōsaka Minami) Voiced by: Yoshino Takamori (Japanese); Shelley Calene-Black (English) During Jinki, Minami was the chief of Heavens' recovery team in Kanaiman Angel. In J:E, she was "Angel"'s representative and helps coordinate everything. The more playful Minami of the Jinki arc was replaced with the more serious and responsible adult that she becomes in the J:E arc. During the Venezuela arc, Minami was the upper operator of the Nana-Two Way Custom. Rui Kousaka (黄坂 ルイ, Kōsaka Rui) Voiced by: Yukari Tamura (Japanese); Luci Christian (English) A "cool" girl is the best way to describe her. Although Rui bears the same surname as Minami, they are in fact not at all related. Rui was put into Minami's care when her father Cole Window, former chief of Heavens' recovery team, lost his life to avenge his friends. Minami treats Rui as if she was her own daughter. When Rui first appeared in the Venezuela arc, she would challenge Aoba many times to become the main pilot of the Moribito. The two would become friends through the process, but their rivalry never ends. Rui pilots the Nana-Two Way Custom with Minami during the Venezuela arc, but she will switch to the Nana-Two Mild in the Tokyo arc. Hiroshi Kawamoto (川本 宏, Kawamoto Hiroshi) Voiced by: Daisuke Hirakawa (Japanese); Chris Patton (English) One of the many technicians of Angel's Kanaiman branch "Heavens". Kouse (こうせ, Kōse) Voiced by: Mamoru Miyano (Japanese); Blake Shepard (English) In the anime Kouse is an orphan who, under Shizuka's care, is trained to be a Jinki pilot and cold-blooded killer. She would send him to "test" Aoba in the anime. In the manga however, Kouse was not related to Shizuka in any way, and although he was still an orphan, he was a member of the military, and worked with Shouse (who did not appear in the anime) to stop the autonomous actions of "Angel" in Venezuela. In either case, Aoba befriends him and they work together to stop Kokushou in the manga. In the anime, he would be shot by Shizuka and although he was wounded he does not die from it. Kouse pilots with Shouse, the Jinki "Schneigar CX". In J:E, Kouse is a Jinki test-pilot as well as regular member of "Angel". In what little appearances he made in J:E, he was last seen piloting the prototype flight/transformation-capable Jinki called D-77 Masamune. Shouse (しょうせ, Shōse) Shouse appears only in the manga. He is a red-headed member of the Venezuelan military, and is Kouse's partner as a Jinki operator. He too would later join "Angel", but would leave the battlefield, and acts as Angel's Uliman branch's intelligence operative; basically a spy. Kyomu Kokushou Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); John Gremillion (English) Formerly known as Hino Hakuya. Former student of Ogawara Genta, pilot of the Moribito Type-01 as well as leader of Kyomu and Aoba's father. Kokushou (meaning Dark General), wasn't always so hating of the world. Kokushou in anime As a child, Hakuya was in love with Akana. Later in jealous rage he tried to kill Genta. Instead, Akana threw herself to stop Hakuya, dying in the process. This drives Hakuya on a nihilistic quest to destroy the world. Soon after killing Akana accidentally, Hakuya rapes Shizuka. Kokushou in manga As a young boy, Hino Hakuya lead a bright and happy life as a Jinki test pilot, and with the love of his life, Tsuzaki Shizuka by his side, nothing was better. However, he would one day be scarred when the Venezuelan military holds Shizuka hostage so that he would crush a peaceful riot with the brutal murderous force of a Jinki, the Moribito Type-01. When he returned to base, he learns that Shizuka had been raped by the soldiers, and in his rage, slaughtered everyone else he saw. Hakuya would come to the conclusion that Jinki are evil, and he set out to kill every living Jinki scientist to cleanse the world of it. In the ensuing chaos, Hakuya would kill many, until he faced his former mentor, Ogawara Genta, in a Jinki battle. Hakuya would be blinded in that battle and though he lost, he would from then on curse the living and promised the destruction of all. Thus Kokushou was born. Kokushou would gather a group of elite soldiers, and create the Hachishoujin. He created the clones, Shiva, and Akao, and with aid from unknown benefactors, he was supplied with many Jinki and bio soldiers to achieve his ends. Kokushou pilots the Moribito Type-01 in the manga. In the anime however, he was seen only to have piloted the Kiribito Core. Shiva Voiced by: Akiko Hiramatsu (Japanese); Kira Vincent-Davis (English) The apparent leader of the Hachishoujin as well as a member herself. She serves Kokushou without question and is in fact, the clone of the late Tsuzaki Shizuka. In the anime, she pilots a black Moribito Type-01, but in the manga, she pilots the Kiribito Core (and thus possibly the Kiribto Zai as well, but that has yet to be revealed.) During the Lost Years arc, Shiva pilots the jinki called Black Rondo. In this arc, Shiva is gravely wounded in combat against Ogawara Ryouhei in the Moribito Type-0, suffering severe damage to her reproductive organs. Whether or not these injuries will have any effect on the plot or story is unknown, although a comment made by Yao after he rescues Shiva suggests this. According to official sources, "Shiva", is the correct spelling of her name, though the more popular version "Shiba" is used by many fans. Karis Nohman An enhanced human and extreme woman hater. He is sadistic to no end and would go into a frenzy if his target is female. He pilots the customized Bargoil Scissor. Hamad Voiced by: Shinji Kawada (Japanese); Greg Ayres (English) In the anime and manga, Hamad is a member of the Hachishoujin. In the anime however, he was just a simple sex lusting pervert who disobeyed Shiva's commands and was killed for it. In the manga he was a bit more, though still not far from being his anime counterpart. Hamad excels at hypnotism and combat with cloth, and often teams up with Karis. Hamad's Jinki is called K-Ma. Cecil A young boy genius and a member of the Hachishoujin. He feels an affinity for Elny, who like himself, is a young genius, who feels alone and misunderstood in the world of adults. Although Elny would persuade him to change sides, he would refuse the offer and leave. His Jinki is able to transform into a helicopter-esque flying machine, but has yet to be named. Cecil appears in the anime with the same character design but only in Mel's flashback memories as her younger brother, and not as a member of the Hachishoujin. It is suggested that Cecil will later become Dr. Over from LIFE:ERRORS, which is one of Tsunashima-sensei's earlier works. Barkus Vogeil A giant of a man and another member of the Hachishou. He holds the belief that only those who win are those who are allowed to rule, and those who lose are doomed to follow. When he was defeated by Akao in volume 2 of the manga, his heart was changed and he decides to once again head back into the baseball field. He pilots the Jinki called O-Jaoga. Barkus does not appear in the anime. Julie Julie makes her appearance in volume 4 of the manga, and is yet another member of the Hachishoujin. She first appears as a new teacher at the school where Akao goes to, but later reveals to the party that she is in fact, a member of Kyomu. Julie's Jinki is the feminine figured Co-Shaparl. She also appears only in the manga. Yao The oldest Hachishoujin member who once fought against a younger Ogawara Genta when he lived as a hermit. His Jinki, has only shown appearance once in the Lost Years arc in Chapter 47 where it fires some sort of flash grenade to blind Ogawara Ryouhei and rescue a wounded Shiva. Outside of a Jinki, Yao attacks with taoist magic. Yao does not appear in the anime. J. Hearn Voiced by: Takaya Kuroda (Japanese); Jay Hickman (English) In the anime, J. Hearn is a member of the Hachishoujin, and is the man responsible for Mel J.'s young brother, Cecil's, death. In the manga, he is also a member of the Hachishou. J. Hearn was once Mel J's surrogate brother, and taught her everything he knew. One day 3 years ago in Venezuela, he betrayed her, and left her for dead. This has led to Mel J's obsessive search for him. J. Harn pilots a black Schneigar Touja called Dark Schneigar. Others Arma Jirou Jirou is the armadillo that Aoba befriends in the manga. In the anime, it can be seen at the beginning of each episode where it tells the viewers not to watch anime too close to the TV. Daving Soule A Lieutenant General of the Venezuelan military who oversaw Rui's Cognate training after Angel was disbanded after the events in 1988. He takes a fancy to Minami, but isn't very good with the words for it. He also took part in the creation of the Hachishoujin and Kyomu after he was approached by Tsuzaki Shizuka and Kokushou. It is also revealed in the manga that Daving was present at both the original testing of the prototype Jinki models, as well as the incident where Tsuzaki Shizuka was taken hostage by the military to force Hino Hakuya into piloting Moribito Type-2. After proposing to Kousaka Minami, Daving was killed in battle in the operation to hold off Kyomu's initial advance towards Caracas in the Lost Years Arc when he used his own Jinki, the White Rondo, as a marker beacon for a nuclear strike which leveled the city and eliminated Kyomu's Jinki forces. Akana Ogawara Voiced by: Yuuna Inamura (Japanese); Jessica Boone (English) One of a team of developers responsible for the creation of Jinki. She and Ogawara Genta would fall in love upon meeting and the two would be married soon after. However, when Hino Hakuya started killing everyone involved with Jinki, Ogawara Genta would step in to defend his wife. Though he was successful at defeating Hakuya's Moribito Type-01, Hakuya would attack him from behind and Akana, who saw what Genta could not, stepped in between to protect him. Hakuya would kill Akana before leaving a wounded and grieving Genta. Media This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015) Manga In early 2007, the series was dropped from the pages of its publisher, Mag Garden, for many reasons, one of which was Tsunashima disagreeing with the editor-in-chief of Monthly Comic Blade regarding the mecha of the manga. The series eventually restarted in the Dengeki Moeoh magazine published by MediaWorks. Anime An anime television series adaptation animated by Feel aired from January to March 2005. The 13th episode never aired on television and was released as an OVA. This title was picked up in North America by ADV Films for $91,000, who released the series in three volumes and box set. However, in 2008, the title along with over thirty other ADV titles were transferred to Funimation. Video games Giga would go on to create multiple adult games in the franchise on PC, complete with art by Tsunashima himself. They include 2010's Jinki Extend Re:Vision, a retelling of the Extend manga, 2020's Jinki Resurrection, a sequel to the Extend manga's Complete Edition, and 2022's Jinki Unlimited. Reception This section needs expansion with: reviews from Anime News Network, and Mania. You can help by adding to it. (December 2011) "If you have the same strange urge for girls and robots that I do, you're all but guaranteed to enjoy this one." — Kevin Gifford, Newtype USA. References ^ "ADV Launches Kanon January 1". Anime News Network. November 13, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "Jinki: Extend Dropped From Comic Blade". Anime News Network. January 17, 2007. ^ "Sirou Tunasima's Jinki to Restart in Dengeki Moeoh". Anime News Network. June 26, 2007. ^ "ADV Court Documents Reveal Amounts Paid for 29 Anime Titles". Anime News Network. January 30, 2012. ^ "Funimation Picks Up Over 30 Former AD Vision Titles". Anime News Network. July 4, 2008. ^ Martin, Theron (October 2, 2006). "Jinki: Extend Vol. 1". Anime News Network. ^ Kimlinger, Carl (2007-02-23). "Jinki: Extend DVD 3". Anime News Network. ^ Chavez, Eduardo M. (July 6, 2004). "Jinki: Extend Vol. #01". Mania. Demand Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. ^ Beveridge, Chris (August 30, 2006). "Jinki: Extend Vol. #1". Mania. Demand Media. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. ^ Beveridge, Chris (January 3, 2007). "Jinki: Extend Vol. #3". Mania. Demand Media. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. ^ Thomas, Mark (July 2, 2008). "Jinki: Extend Complete Collection". Mania. Demand Media. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. ^ Gifford, Kevin (September 2006). "Jinki: Extend Volume 1". Newtype USA. Vol. 5, no. 9. Houston, Texas, United States: A.D. Vision. p. 152. ISSN 1541-4817. External links Official website Archived 2021-01-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese) TV Asahi's Jinki: Extend website (in Japanese) Funimation's Jinki: Extend website Archived 2013-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Jinki Extend Re:Vision Official Eroge Website (in Japanese) Jinki: Extend (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Jinki Extend Re:Vision at The Visual Novel Database vteMonthly Gangan Wing series Jinki (2000–01) Mahoraba (2000–06) Spiral: Alive (2001–02) Dear (2002–07) My Bride Is a Mermaid (2002–09) Enchanter (2002–08) Princess Ninja Scroll: Tenka Musō (2002–03) Kamui (2003–06) Alice on Deadlines (2004–06) Natsu no Arashi! (2006–09) vteFeelTelevision series Jinki: Extend (2005) Futakoi Alternative (2005) Da Capo: Second Season (2005) Otoboku: Maidens Are Falling For Me! (2006) Nagasarete Airantō (2007) Da Capo II (2007) Da Capo II: Second Season (2008) Corpse Princess: Aka (2008) Corpse Princess: Kuro (2009) Kanamemo (2009) Kiss×sis (2010) Yosuga no Sora (2010) Fortune Arterial: Akai Yakusoku (2010) Mayo Chiki! (2011) Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father! (2012) So, I Can't Play H! (2012) Minami-ke: Tadaima (2013) A Simple Thinking About Blood Type (2013–2016) Outbreak Company (2013) Locodol (2014) Jinsei (2014) In Search of the Lost Future (2014) My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU Too! (2015) Bikini Warriors (2015) Suzakinishi the Animation (2015) Makura no Danshi (2015) Dagashi Kashi (2016) Please Tell Me! Galko-chan (2016) This Art Club Has a Problem! (2016) Tsuki ga Kirei (2017) Hinamatsuri (2018) Island (2018) YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World (2019) My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU Climax (2020) Dropout Idol Fruit Tart (2020) Remake Our Life! (2021) The Yakuza's Guide to Babysitting (2022) Spy Classroom (2023) OVAs Strait Jacket (2007–2008) Kiss×sis (2008–2015) Fortune Arterial: Akai Yakusoku (2011) Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father! (2012–2015) Minami-ke: Omatase (2012) So, I Can't Play H! (2013) Minami-ke: Natsuyasumi (2013) Locodol (2014–2016) My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU Too! (2016) Bikini Warriors (2016–2018) Please Tell Me! Galko-chan (2017) ONA Augmented Reality Girls Trinary (2017) Category

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The story revolves around two girls who end up piloting giant humanoid robots called \"Jinki\" (which translates to \"man-machine\") and the manipulation behind the scenes that drew them inexorably together in a final battle. It takes place in two parts, in Venezuela during 1988 (Jinki), and in Tokyo, Japan in 1991 (Jinki: Extend). An anime television series adaptation animated by Feel aired from January to March 2005. The 13th episode never aired on television and was released as an OVA. This title was picked up in North America by ADV Films for $91,000, who released the series in three volumes and box set. However, in 2008, the title along with over thirty other ADV titles were transferred to Funimation.","title":"Jinki: Extend"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aoba loves to make model robots. One day she is taken to a secret base where she saw first a new mecha. It is design to fight the Ancient Jinki.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fumiko Orikasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Orikasa"},{"link_name":"Brittney Karbowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittney_Karbowski"},{"link_name":"plastic modeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_model"},{"link_name":"Takuma Takewaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuma_Takewaka"},{"link_name":"Jason Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Yuuna Inamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuna_Inamura"},{"link_name":"Jessica Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Boone"},{"link_name":"amnesiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"Satsuki Yukino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuki_Yukino"},{"link_name":"Monica Rial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Rial"},{"link_name":"Rokurō Naya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokur%C5%8D_Naya"},{"link_name":"John Swasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swasey"},{"link_name":"Tomoko Kawakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Kawakami"},{"link_name":"tomboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomboy"},{"link_name":"Ai Nonaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Nonaka"},{"link_name":"Allison Sumrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Sumrall"},{"link_name":"pacifistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"Junko Minagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Minagawa"},{"link_name":"Christine Auten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Auten"},{"link_name":"Yoshino Takamori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshino_Takamori"},{"link_name":"Shelley Calene-Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Calene-Black"},{"link_name":"Yukari Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukari_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Luci Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci_Christian"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Hirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Hirakawa"},{"link_name":"Chris Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Patton"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Miyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Miyano"},{"link_name":"Blake Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Shepard"}],"sub_title":"\"Angel\" Members","text":"Aoba Tsuzaki (津崎 青葉, Tsuzaki Aoba)\nVoiced by: Fumiko Orikasa (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski (English)\nMain pilot of Moribito Type-02 during the Venezuela arc and the protagonist of the original Jinki manga series and the Jinki: Extend anime. An avid plastic modeler and only daughter of Tsuzaki Shizuka. She would be \"kidnapped\" by Ryouhei Ogawara of the special \"Angel\" unit in Venezuela and join it to combat the Kodai-Jinki (Ancient Jinki) that were appearing rapidly all over the Table Mountain. In the manga, she and Ryouhei are childhood friends from many years earlier, while in the anime they apparently are not.\nRyouhei Ogawara (小河原 両兵, Ogawara Ryōhei)\nVoiced by: Takuma Takewaka (Japanese); Jason Douglas (English)\nOne of the members of \"Angel\" and a former Jinki pilot. He is the only son of Genta Ogawara and is rash and short-tempered. His loyalty to his family and friends however, is second to none. When Genta was slain by Kokushou, Ryouhei vowed to avenge his father, and as seen in the J:E arcs, he would be traveling around searching for a \"Katana user\". During J:E, he would replace Genta as the leader of \"Angel\". During the Lost Years arc, Ryouhei would pilot the Moribito Type-0 in search of his father's slayer. In the manga, he and Aoba are childhood friends from many years earlier, while in the anime they apparently are not. It is also notable that while in the anime Ryouhei seemed to play only a support role, in the manga he plays a much larger role in the story.\nAkao Hiiragi (柊赤緒, Hiiragi Akao)\nVoiced by: Yuuna Inamura (Japanese); Jessica Boone (English)\nMain pilot of Moribito Type-02 during the Tokyo arc and is the protagonist for the J:E manga series. She is a serious girl that made her a group of hitojyogi. Akao is an amnesiac and does not remember anything from before 3 years ago, which was about the same time the events of the Venezuela arc happened. Akao is in fact a clone of Genta's late wife Akana Ogawara, created by Kokushou out of spite for his former mentor.\nShizuka Tsuzaki (津崎 静花, Tsuzaki Shizuka)\nVoiced by: Satsuki Yukino (Japanese); Monica Rial (English)\nLeader of \"Angel\". Shizuka leads the members of Angel against the mysterious Kodai-Jinki, and she is also the mother of Aoba. Shizuka ordered Aoba's kidnapping because she believed Aoba's cognate abilities would benefit Angel. Her true intentions however, was to turn Aoba into a killing machine that would follow her and Kokushou in destroying the world. The reasons behind this weren't explained in the anime, but was elaborated in detail in the manga series, specifically in volume 7 of Jinki: Extend. After the events in the Venezuela arc, the trauma dealt to her during the conflict turned her into a human vegetable, and her life was eventually used to create the clone, Shiva.\nGenta Ogawara (小河原 現太, Ogawara Genta)\nVoiced by: Rokurō Naya (Japanese); John Swasey (English)\nLeader of \"Angel\" after Shizuka, and former Jinki pilot as well as having first rate skills with the sword. He trains Aoba seriously. Genta is Ryouhei's father and close acquaintance of Shizuka. Genta would later die from a mortal wound caused by his former student, Kokushou, once known as Hino Hakuya, in a duel. Genta also once piloted the Moribito Type-0, prototype of Moribito Type-01.\nElny Tachibana (エルニィ立花)\nVoiced by: Tomoko Kawakami (Japanese); Cynthia Martinez (English)\nA young tomboy genius with IQ over 300 and grand-daughter to one of Angel's former Jinki scientists. Elny is a budding Jinki technician as well as an able Jinki pilot. Her favorite sport is soccer. Elny first met Aoba and Ryouhei in Venezuela when they were escaping from the military with Moribito's core. With Elny's help, the two were able to rebuild Moribito and fight again. In J:E, Elny pilots the Brocken Touja.\nSatsuki Kawamoto (川本 さつき, Kawamoto Satsuki)\nVoiced by: Ai Nonaka (Japanese); Allison Sumrall (English)\nA young Cognate who works at an Inn and makes her debut in the J:E arc. Satsuki is the young sister of Jinki technician Kawamoto Hiroshi, and loves her brother dearly. Being weak and pacifistic, Satsuki would almost fall prey to the efforts of the predatory Karis Nohman of the Hachishoujin although she would be rescued by Ryouhei and members of the Tokyo division of Angel. Satsuki would later pilot the jinki Nana-Two Light.\nMel J. Vanette (メル・J・ヴァネット)\nVoiced by: Junko Minagawa (Japanese); Christine Auten (English)\nA mysterious woman bent on revenge. In the anime, she was after J. Harn, a member of the Hachishoujin, to avenge the death of her younger brother, Cecil. In the manga however, she was also after J. Harn, but as revenge for the betrayal he wrought on her (as she does not have a younger brother in the manga). Her true name is Michelle E. Harn. Mel J. is an expert marksman whose skills were taught by her former mentor J. Harn. In the manga, Mel J. has the ability to regenerate wounds and damage at an accelerated rate. She pilots the silver-plated Schneigar Touja.\nMinami Kousaka (黄坂 南, Kōsaka Minami)\nVoiced by: Yoshino Takamori (Japanese); Shelley Calene-Black (English)\nDuring Jinki, Minami was the chief of Heavens' recovery team in Kanaiman Angel. In J:E, she was \"Angel\"'s representative and helps coordinate everything. The more playful Minami of the Jinki arc was replaced with the more serious and responsible adult that she becomes in the J:E arc. During the Venezuela arc, Minami was the upper operator of the Nana-Two Way Custom.\nRui Kousaka (黄坂 ルイ, Kōsaka Rui)\nVoiced by: Yukari Tamura (Japanese); Luci Christian (English)\nA \"cool\" girl is the best way to describe her. Although Rui bears the same surname as Minami, they are in fact not at all related. Rui was put into Minami's care when her father Cole Window, former chief of Heavens' recovery team, lost his life to avenge his friends. Minami treats Rui as if she was her own daughter. When Rui first appeared in the Venezuela arc, she would challenge Aoba many times to become the main pilot of the Moribito. The two would become friends through the process, but their rivalry never ends. Rui pilots the Nana-Two Way Custom with Minami during the Venezuela arc, but she will switch to the Nana-Two Mild in the Tokyo arc.\nHiroshi Kawamoto (川本 宏, Kawamoto Hiroshi)\nVoiced by: Daisuke Hirakawa (Japanese); Chris Patton (English)\nOne of the many technicians of Angel's Kanaiman branch \"Heavens\".\nKouse (こうせ, Kōse)\nVoiced by: Mamoru Miyano (Japanese); Blake Shepard (English)\nIn the anime Kouse is an orphan who, under Shizuka's care, is trained to be a Jinki pilot and cold-blooded killer. She would send him to \"test\" Aoba in the anime. In the manga however, Kouse was not related to Shizuka in any way, and although he was still an orphan, he was a member of the military, and worked with Shouse (who did not appear in the anime) to stop the autonomous actions of \"Angel\" in Venezuela. In either case, Aoba befriends him and they work together to stop Kokushou in the manga. In the anime, he would be shot by Shizuka and although he was wounded he does not die from it. Kouse pilots with Shouse, the Jinki \"Schneigar CX\". In J:E, Kouse is a Jinki test-pilot as well as regular member of \"Angel\". In what little appearances he made in J:E, he was last seen piloting the prototype flight/transformation-capable Jinki called D-77 Masamune.\nShouse (しょうせ, Shōse)\nShouse appears only in the manga. He is a red-headed member of the Venezuelan military, and is Kouse's partner as a Jinki operator. He too would later join \"Angel\", but would leave the battlefield, and acts as Angel's Uliman branch's intelligence operative; basically a spy.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daisuke Namikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa"},{"link_name":"John Gremillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gremillion"},{"link_name":"nihilistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism"},{"link_name":"rapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Akiko Hiramatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Hiramatsu"},{"link_name":"Kira Vincent-Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Vincent-Davis"},{"link_name":"reproductive organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womb"},{"link_name":"sadistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"Shinji Kawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Kawada"},{"link_name":"Greg Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ayres"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"flash grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade#Stun"},{"link_name":"Takaya Kuroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya_Kuroda"},{"link_name":"Jay Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hickman_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Kyomu","text":"Kokushou\nVoiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); John Gremillion (English)\nFormerly known as Hino Hakuya. Former student of Ogawara Genta, pilot of the Moribito Type-01 as well as leader of Kyomu and Aoba's father. Kokushou (meaning Dark General), wasn't always so hating of the world.\nKokushou in anime\nAs a child, Hakuya was in love with Akana. Later in jealous rage he tried to kill Genta. Instead, Akana threw herself to stop Hakuya, dying in the process. This drives Hakuya on a nihilistic quest to destroy the world. Soon after killing Akana accidentally, Hakuya rapes Shizuka.\nKokushou in manga\nAs a young boy, Hino Hakuya lead a bright and happy life as a Jinki test pilot, and with the love of his life, Tsuzaki Shizuka by his side, nothing was better. However, he would one day be scarred when the Venezuelan military holds Shizuka hostage so that he would crush a peaceful riot with the brutal murderous force of a Jinki, the Moribito Type-01. When he returned to base, he learns that Shizuka had been raped by the soldiers, and in his rage, slaughtered everyone else he saw. Hakuya would come to the conclusion that Jinki are evil, and he set out to kill every living Jinki scientist to cleanse the world of it. In the ensuing chaos, Hakuya would kill many, until he faced his former mentor, Ogawara Genta, in a Jinki battle. Hakuya would be blinded in that battle and though he lost, he would from then on curse the living and promised the destruction of all.\nThus Kokushou was born. Kokushou would gather a group of elite soldiers, and create the Hachishoujin. He created the clones, Shiva, and Akao, and with aid from unknown benefactors, he was supplied with many Jinki and bio soldiers to achieve his ends. Kokushou pilots the Moribito Type-01 in the manga. In the anime however, he was seen only to have piloted the Kiribito Core.\nShiva\nVoiced by: Akiko Hiramatsu (Japanese); Kira Vincent-Davis (English)\nThe apparent leader of the Hachishoujin as well as a member herself. She serves Kokushou without question and is in fact, the clone of the late Tsuzaki Shizuka. In the anime, she pilots a black Moribito Type-01, but in the manga, she pilots the Kiribito Core (and thus possibly the Kiribto Zai as well, but that has yet to be revealed.) During the Lost Years arc, Shiva pilots the jinki called Black Rondo. In this arc, Shiva is gravely wounded in combat against Ogawara Ryouhei in the Moribito Type-0, suffering severe damage to her reproductive organs. Whether or not these injuries will have any effect on the plot or story is unknown, although a comment made by Yao after he rescues Shiva suggests this. According to official sources, \"Shiva\", is the correct spelling of her name, though the more popular version \"Shiba\" is used by many fans.\nKaris Nohman\nAn enhanced human and extreme woman hater. He is sadistic to no end and would go into a frenzy if his target is female. He pilots the customized Bargoil Scissor.\nHamad\nVoiced by: Shinji Kawada (Japanese); Greg Ayres (English)\nIn the anime and manga, Hamad is a member of the Hachishoujin. In the anime however, he was just a simple sex lusting pervert who disobeyed Shiva's commands and was killed for it. In the manga he was a bit more, though still not far from being his anime counterpart. Hamad excels at hypnotism and combat with cloth, and often teams up with Karis. Hamad's Jinki is called K-Ma.\nCecil\nA young boy genius and a member of the Hachishoujin. He feels an affinity for Elny, who like himself, is a young genius, who feels alone and misunderstood in the world of adults. Although Elny would persuade him to change sides, he would refuse the offer and leave. His Jinki is able to transform into a helicopter-esque flying machine, but has yet to be named. Cecil appears in the anime with the same character design but only in Mel's flashback memories as her younger brother, and not as a member of the Hachishoujin. It is suggested that Cecil will later become Dr. Over from LIFE:ERRORS, which is one of Tsunashima-sensei's earlier works.\nBarkus Vogeil\nA giant of a man and another member of the Hachishou. He holds the belief that only those who win are those who are allowed to rule, and those who lose are doomed to follow. When he was defeated by Akao in volume 2 of the manga, his heart was changed and he decides to once again head back into the baseball field. He pilots the Jinki called O-Jaoga. Barkus does not appear in the anime.\nJulie\nJulie makes her appearance in volume 4 of the manga, and is yet another member of the Hachishoujin. She first appears as a new teacher at the school where Akao goes to, but later reveals to the party that she is in fact, a member of Kyomu. Julie's Jinki is the feminine figured Co-Shaparl. She also appears only in the manga.\nYao\nThe oldest Hachishoujin member who once fought against a younger Ogawara Genta when he lived as a hermit. His Jinki, has only shown appearance once in the Lost Years arc in Chapter 47 where it fires some sort of flash grenade to blind Ogawara Ryouhei and rescue a wounded Shiva. Outside of a Jinki, Yao attacks with taoist magic. Yao does not appear in the anime.\nJ. Hearn\nVoiced by: Takaya Kuroda (Japanese); Jay Hickman (English)\nIn the anime, J. Hearn is a member of the Hachishoujin, and is the man responsible for Mel J.'s young brother, Cecil's, death. In the manga, he is also a member of the Hachishou. J. Hearn was once Mel J's surrogate brother, and taught her everything he knew. One day 3 years ago in Venezuela, he betrayed her, and left her for dead. This has led to Mel J's obsessive search for him. J. Harn pilots a black Schneigar Touja called Dark Schneigar.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"Yuuna Inamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuna_Inamura"},{"link_name":"Jessica Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Boone"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Arma Jirou\nJirou is the armadillo that Aoba befriends in the manga. In the anime, it can be seen at the beginning of each episode where it tells the viewers not to watch anime too close to the TV.\nDaving Soule\nA Lieutenant General of the Venezuelan military who oversaw Rui's Cognate training after Angel was disbanded after the events in 1988. He takes a fancy to Minami, but isn't very good with the words for it. He also took part in the creation of the Hachishoujin and Kyomu after he was approached by Tsuzaki Shizuka and Kokushou. It is also revealed in the manga that Daving was present at both the original testing of the prototype Jinki models, as well as the incident where Tsuzaki Shizuka was taken hostage by the military to force Hino Hakuya into piloting Moribito Type-2. After proposing to Kousaka Minami, Daving was killed in battle in the operation to hold off Kyomu's initial advance towards Caracas in the Lost Years Arc when he used his own Jinki, the White Rondo, as a marker beacon for a nuclear strike which leveled the city and eliminated Kyomu's Jinki forces.\nAkana Ogawara\nVoiced by: Yuuna Inamura (Japanese); Jessica Boone (English)\nOne of a team of developers responsible for the creation of Jinki. She and Ogawara Genta would fall in love upon meeting and the two would be married soon after. However, when Hino Hakuya started killing everyone involved with Jinki, Ogawara Genta would step in to defend his wife. Though he was successful at defeating Hakuya's Moribito Type-01, Hakuya would attack him from behind and Akana, who saw what Genta could not, stepped in between to protect him. Hakuya would kill Akana before leaving a wounded and grieving Genta.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mag Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag_Garden"},{"link_name":"Monthly Comic Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Comic_Blade"},{"link_name":"mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dengeki Moeoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Daioh"},{"link_name":"MediaWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWorks_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Manga","text":"In early 2007, the series was dropped from the pages of its publisher, Mag Garden, for many reasons, one of which was Tsunashima disagreeing with the editor-in-chief of Monthly Comic Blade regarding the mecha of the manga.[2] The series eventually restarted in the Dengeki Moeoh magazine published by MediaWorks.[3]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Feel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_(animation_studio)"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"ADV Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D._Vision"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"An anime television series adaptation animated by Feel aired from January to March 2005. The 13th episode never aired on television and was released as an OVA. This title was picked up in North America by ADV Films for $91,000,[4] who released the series in three volumes and box set. However, in 2008, the title along with over thirty other ADV titles were transferred to Funimation.[5]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_(brand)"},{"link_name":"adult games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroge"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Giga would go on to create multiple adult games in the franchise on PC, complete with art by Tsunashima himself. They include 2010's Jinki Extend Re:Vision, a retelling of the Extend manga, 2020's Jinki Resurrection, a sequel to the Extend manga's Complete Edition, and 2022's Jinki Unlimited.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtype USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtype_USA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"\"If you have the same strange urge for girls and robots that I do, you're all but guaranteed to enjoy this one.\" — Kevin Gifford, Newtype USA.[12]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria

Clitoria

["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Naming of the genus","1.2 Species","2 Distribution","3 Uses","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]

Genus of legumes Clitoria Clitoria ternatea Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Clade: Millettioids Tribe: Phaseoleae Subtribe: Clitoriinae Genus: ClitoriaL. Species 66; see text. Synonyms Clitoriastrum Heist. (1748), not validly publ. Macrotrullion Klotzsch (1849), nom. nud. Martia Leandro (1819 publ. 1821), nom. illeg. Martiusia Schult. (1822) Nauchea J.T.Descourt. (1826) Neurocarpum Desv., (1813) Rhombifolium Rich. ex DC. (1825) Ternatea Mill., (1825), not validly publ. Vexillaria Eaton (1817), nom. superfl. Clitoria is a genus of mainly tropical and subtropical, insect-pollinated flowering pea vines. Taxonomy Naming of the genus See also: List of taxa named after human genitals This genus was named after the human clitoris, for the flowers bear a resemblance to the vulva. The first reference to the genus, which includes an illustration of the plant, was made in 1678 by Jakób Breyne, a Polish naturalist, who described it as Flos clitoridis ternatensibus, meaning 'Ternatean flower of the clitoris'. Many vernacular names of these flowers in different languages are similarly based on references to female external genitalia. Controversies existed in the past among botanists regarding the good taste of the naming of the genus. The analogy drew sharp criticism from botanists such as James Edward Smith in 1807, Amos Eaton in 1817, Michel Étienne Descourtilz in 1826, and Eaton and Wright in 1840. Some less explicit alternatives, like Vexillaria (Eaton 1817) and Nauchea (Descourtilz 1826), were proposed, but they failed to prosper, and the name Clitoria has survived to this day. Species Blue and white varieties of Clitoria ternatea As of June 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: Clitoria amazonum Mart. ex Benth. Clitoria andrei Fantz Clitoria annua J.Graham Clitoria arborea Benth. Clitoria arborescens R.Br. Clitoria australis Benth. Clitoria brachycalyx Harms Clitoria brachystegia Benth. Clitoria canescens Pittier ex Fantz Clitoria cavalcantei Fantz Clitoria cearensis Huber Clitoria chanondii Chuakul Clitoria cordiformis Fantz Clitoria cordobensis Burkart Clitoria coriacea Schery Clitoria dendrina Pittier Clitoria densiflora (Benth.) Benth. Clitoria epetiolata Burkart Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard Clitoria falcata Lam. Clitoria flagellaris (Benth.) Benth. Clitoria flexuosa Fantz Clitoria fragrans Small Clitoria froesii Fantz Clitoria glaberrima Pittier Clitoria guianensis (Aubl.) Benth. Clitoria hanceana Hemsl. Clitoria hermannii Fantz Clitoria heterophylla Lam. Clitoria humilis Rose Clitoria irwinii Fantz Clitoria javanica Miq. Clitoria javitensis (Kunth) Benth. Clitoria juninensis Fantz Clitoria kaessneri Harms Clitoria kaieteurensis Fantz Clitoria lasciva Bojer ex Benth. Clitoria laurifolia Poir. Clitoria leptostachya Benth. Clitoria linearis Gagnep. Clitoria macrophylla Wall. ex Benth. Clitoria magentea Fantz Clitoria mariana L. Clitoria mexicana Link Clitoria monticola Brandegee Clitoria moyobambensis Fantz Clitoria mucronulata Benth. Clitoria nana Benth. Clitoria nervosa Herzog Clitoria obidensis Huber Clitoria pendens Fantz Clitoria pilosula Wall. ex Benth. Clitoria plumosa Fantz Clitoria polystachya Benth. Clitoria pozuzoensis J.F.Macbr. Clitoria sagotii Fantz Clitoria selloi Benth. Clitoria simplicifolia (Kunth) Benth. Clitoria snethlageae Ducke Clitoria speciosa Cav. Clitoria steyermarkii Fantz Clitoria stipularis Benth. Clitoria ternatea L. Clitoria triflora S.Watson Clitoria tunuhiensis Fantz Clitoria woytkowskii Fantz Distribution These plants are native to tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the world, ranging through the temperate and tropical Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, southern China, and Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Uses The most widely known species of the genus is Clitoria ternatea, also known as butterfly pea. It is used as an herbal medicine, and it is used as food, as well. Its roots are used in ayurveda Hindu medicine. Gallery The shape of the Clitoria flowers has inspired the name of the genus Clitoria mariana flower Clitoria ternatea, known as Neel Aporajita in Bangladesh Thai Khao tom sweet colored blue with Clitoria ternatea flowers Clitoria tea See also Centrosema List of taxa named after human genitals References ^ a b c d "Clitoria L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-06-24. ^ "Clitoria L." Catalogue of Life. Retrieved March 25, 2023. ^ Fantz, Paul R. (2000). "Nomenclatural Notes on the Genus Clitoria for the Flora North American Project". Castanea. 65 (2): 89–92. JSTOR 4034108. ^ Breyne, Jakób (1678). Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum centuria prima (in Latin). Biblioteca Digital del Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid: David-Fridericus Rhetius. ^ Clitoria ternatea ^ Fantz, Paul R. (1991). "Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae)". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 511–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930715. JSTOR 4255394. S2CID 38939748. ^ Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M (2008). "The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-From traditional use to scientific assessment". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 120 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009. PMID 18926895. ^ Fantz, Paul R. (1991). "Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae)". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 511–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930715. JSTOR 4255394. S2CID 38939748. ^ "Flora and Fauna Web: Clitoria ternatea L." ^ Pantazi, Chloe (February 26, 2016). "Watch this tea dramatically change from deep blue to vibrant red with a squeeze of lemon". Business Insider Deutchsland. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2016. ^ "APARËJITË (Root)" (PDF). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I Volume II). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. pp. 10–11. Further reading Rai KS, Murthy KD, Karanth KS, Rao MS (July 2001). "Clitoria ternatea (Linn) root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 45 (3): 305–13. PMID 11881569. Data related to Clitoria at Wikispecies Media related to Clitoria at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersClitoria Wikidata: Q2472930 Wikispecies: Clitoria APDB: 189543 APNI: 72528 CoL: 3R58 EPPO: 1CXCG FloraBase: 21553 FoC: 107378 GBIF: 2946499 GRIN: 2709 iNaturalist: 82325 IPNI: 30007650-2 IRMNG: 1278389 ITIS: 26540 NCBI: 43365 NZOR: 71e27bc8-8072-49ca-b5e9-15da396cd2f5 Open Tree of Life: 404237 PLANTS: CLITO POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007650-2 Tropicos: 40010528 WFO: wfo-4000008644

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_30007650-2-1"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"pea vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faboideae"}],"text":"Clitoria is a genus of mainly tropical and subtropical,[1] insect-pollinated flowering pea vines.","title":"Clitoria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of taxa named after human genitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals"},{"link_name":"clitoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"Jakób Breyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Breyne"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ternatean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"good taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_taste"},{"link_name":"James Edward Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Amos Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Michel Étienne Descourtilz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_%C3%89tienne_Descourtilz"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wright_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Naming of the genus","text":"See also: List of taxa named after human genitalsThis genus was named after the human clitoris, for the flowers bear a resemblance to the vulva. The first reference to the genus, which includes an illustration of the plant, was made in 1678 by Jakób Breyne, a Polish naturalist, who described it as Flos clitoridis ternatensibus, meaning 'Ternatean flower of the clitoris'.[3][4]\nMany vernacular names of these flowers in different languages are similarly based on references to female external genitalia.[5]Controversies existed in the past among botanists regarding the good taste of the naming of the genus. The analogy drew sharp criticism from botanists such as James Edward Smith in 1807, Amos Eaton in 1817, Michel Étienne Descourtilz in 1826, and Eaton and Wright in 1840. Some less explicit alternatives, like Vexillaria (Eaton 1817) and Nauchea (Descourtilz 1826), were proposed, but they failed to prosper, and the name Clitoria has survived to this day.[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clitoria_ternatea_Blanco2.301.png"},{"link_name":"Clitoria ternatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_30007650-2-1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria amazonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_amazonum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria andrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_andrei"},{"link_name":"Clitoria annua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_annua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria arborea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_arborea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria arborescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_arborescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_australis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria brachycalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_brachycalyx&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria brachystegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_brachystegia"},{"link_name":"Clitoria canescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_canescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria cavalcantei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_cavalcantei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria cearensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_cearensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria chanondii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_chanondii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria cordiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_cordiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria cordobensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_cordobensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria coriacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_coriacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria dendrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_dendrina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria densiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_densiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria epetiolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_epetiolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria fairchildiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_fairchildiana"},{"link_name":"Clitoria falcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_falcata"},{"link_name":"Clitoria flagellaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_flagellaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria flexuosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_flexuosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria fragrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_fragrans"},{"link_name":"Clitoria froesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_froesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria glaberrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_glaberrima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria guianensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_guianensis"},{"link_name":"Clitoria hanceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_hanceana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria hermannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_hermannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria heterophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_heterophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria humilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_humilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria irwinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_irwinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria javanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_javanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria javitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_javitensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria juninensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_juninensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria kaessneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_kaessneri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria kaieteurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_kaieteurensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria lasciva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_lasciva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria laurifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_laurifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria leptostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_leptostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria linearis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_linearis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_macrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria magentea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_magentea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria mariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_mariana"},{"link_name":"Clitoria mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_mexicana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria monticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_monticola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria moyobambensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_moyobambensis"},{"link_name":"Clitoria mucronulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_mucronulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_nana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_nervosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria obidensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_obidensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria pendens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_pendens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria pilosula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_pilosula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria plumosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_plumosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria polystachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_polystachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria pozuzoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_pozuzoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria sagotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_sagotii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria selloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_selloi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria simplicifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_simplicifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria snethlageae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_snethlageae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_speciosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria steyermarkii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_steyermarkii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria stipularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_stipularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria ternatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea"},{"link_name":"Clitoria triflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_triflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria tunuhiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clitoria_tunuhiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clitoria woytkowskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_woytkowskii"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Blue and white varieties of Clitoria ternateaAs of June 2021[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[1]Clitoria amazonum Mart. ex Benth.\nClitoria andrei Fantz\nClitoria annua J.Graham\nClitoria arborea Benth.\nClitoria arborescens R.Br.\nClitoria australis Benth.\nClitoria brachycalyx Harms\nClitoria brachystegia Benth.\nClitoria canescens Pittier ex Fantz\nClitoria cavalcantei Fantz\nClitoria cearensis Huber\nClitoria chanondii Chuakul\nClitoria cordiformis Fantz\nClitoria cordobensis Burkart\nClitoria coriacea Schery\nClitoria dendrina Pittier\nClitoria densiflora (Benth.) Benth.\nClitoria epetiolata Burkart\nClitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard\nClitoria falcata Lam.\nClitoria flagellaris (Benth.) Benth.\nClitoria flexuosa Fantz\nClitoria fragrans Small\nClitoria froesii Fantz\nClitoria glaberrima Pittier\nClitoria guianensis (Aubl.) Benth.\nClitoria hanceana Hemsl.\nClitoria hermannii Fantz\nClitoria heterophylla Lam.\nClitoria humilis Rose\nClitoria irwinii Fantz\nClitoria javanica Miq.\nClitoria javitensis (Kunth) Benth.\nClitoria juninensis Fantz\nClitoria kaessneri Harms\nClitoria kaieteurensis Fantz\nClitoria lasciva Bojer ex Benth.\nClitoria laurifolia Poir.\nClitoria leptostachya Benth.\nClitoria linearis Gagnep.\nClitoria macrophylla Wall. ex Benth.\nClitoria magentea Fantz\nClitoria mariana L.\nClitoria mexicana Link\nClitoria monticola Brandegee\nClitoria moyobambensis Fantz\nClitoria mucronulata Benth.\nClitoria nana Benth.\nClitoria nervosa Herzog\nClitoria obidensis Huber\nClitoria pendens Fantz\nClitoria pilosula Wall. ex Benth.\nClitoria plumosa Fantz\nClitoria polystachya Benth.\nClitoria pozuzoensis J.F.Macbr.\nClitoria sagotii Fantz\nClitoria selloi Benth.\nClitoria simplicifolia (Kunth) Benth.\nClitoria snethlageae Ducke\nClitoria speciosa Cav.\nClitoria steyermarkii Fantz\nClitoria stipularis Benth.\nClitoria ternatea L.\nClitoria triflora S.Watson\nClitoria tunuhiensis Fantz\nClitoria woytkowskii Fantz","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_30007650-2-1"}],"text":"These plants are native to tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the world, ranging through the temperate and tropical Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, southern China, and Western Australia and the Northern Territory.[1]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clitoria ternatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mukherjee-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessInsider-10"},{"link_name":"ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The most widely known species of the genus is Clitoria ternatea, also known as butterfly pea. It is used as an herbal medicine,[7][8] and it is used as food, as well.[9][10] Its roots are used in ayurveda Hindu medicine.[11]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clitoria_MS4124.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clitoria_(447419053).jpg"},{"link_name":"Clitoria mariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_mariana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neel_Aporajita_(Clitoria_ternatea)_in_Shantinagar,_Dhaka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clitoria ternatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khao_tom-dok_anchan53.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Khao tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_tea.jpg"}],"text":"The shape of the Clitoria flowers has inspired the name of the genus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClitoria mariana flower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClitoria ternatea, known as Neel Aporajita in Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThai Khao tom sweet colored blue with Clitoria ternatea flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClitoria tea","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11881569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11881569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Clitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clitoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Clitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clitoria"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q2472930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2472930"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Clitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Clitoria"},{"link_name":"189543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/189543"},{"link_name":"APNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index"},{"link_name":"72528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/72528"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3R58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3R58"},{"link_name":"EPPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code"},{"link_name":"1CXCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CXCG"},{"link_name":"FloraBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FloraBase"},{"link_name":"21553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21553"},{"link_name":"FoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)"},{"link_name":"107378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107378"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2946499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2946499"},{"link_name":"GRIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"2709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=2709"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"82325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/82325"},{"link_name":"IPNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"30007650-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/n/30007650-2"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"1278389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1278389"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"26540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26540"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"43365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=43365"},{"link_name":"71e27bc8-8072-49ca-b5e9-15da396cd2f5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/71e27bc8-8072-49ca-b5e9-15da396cd2f5"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"404237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=404237"},{"link_name":"PLANTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants"},{"link_name":"CLITO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CLITO"},{"link_name":"POWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007650-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30007650-2"},{"link_name":"Tropicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos"},{"link_name":"40010528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40010528"},{"link_name":"WFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online"},{"link_name":"wfo-4000008644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000008644"}],"text":"Rai KS, Murthy KD, Karanth KS, Rao MS (July 2001). \"Clitoria ternatea (Linn) root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats\". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 45 (3): 305–13. PMID 11881569.Data related to Clitoria at Wikispecies\n Media related to Clitoria at Wikimedia CommonsTaxon identifiersClitoria\nWikidata: Q2472930\nWikispecies: Clitoria\nAPDB: 189543\nAPNI: 72528\nCoL: 3R58\nEPPO: 1CXCG\nFloraBase: 21553\nFoC: 107378\nGBIF: 2946499\nGRIN: 2709\niNaturalist: 82325\nIPNI: 30007650-2\nIRMNG: 1278389\nITIS: 26540\nNCBI: 43365\nNZOR: 71e27bc8-8072-49ca-b5e9-15da396cd2f5\nOpen Tree of Life: 404237\nPLANTS: CLITO\nPOWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007650-2\nTropicos: 40010528\nWFO: wfo-4000008644","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Blue and white varieties of Clitoria ternatea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Clitoria_ternatea_Blanco2.301.png/240px-Clitoria_ternatea_Blanco2.301.png"}]

[{"title":"Centrosema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosema"},{"title":"List of taxa named after human genitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals"}]

[{"reference":"\"Clitoria L.\" Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007650-2","url_text":"\"Clitoria L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clitoria L.\" Catalogue of Life. Retrieved March 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9CKD6","url_text":"\"Clitoria L.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life","url_text":"Catalogue of Life"}]},{"reference":"Fantz, Paul R. (2000). \"Nomenclatural Notes on the Genus Clitoria for the Flora North American Project\". Castanea. 65 (2): 89–92. JSTOR 4034108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4034108","url_text":"4034108"}]},{"reference":"Breyne, Jakób (1678). Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum centuria prima [Exotic and other less-known plants of the first century] (in Latin). Biblioteca Digital del Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid: David-Fridericus Rhetius.","urls":[{"url":"https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/10814/?offset=#page=144&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=","url_text":"Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum centuria prima"}]},{"reference":"Fantz, Paul R. (1991). \"Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae)\". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 511–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930715. JSTOR 4255394. S2CID 38939748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02930715","url_text":"10.1007/BF02930715"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255394","url_text":"4255394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38939748","url_text":"38939748"}]},{"reference":"Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M (2008). \"The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-From traditional use to scientific assessment\". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 120 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009. PMID 18926895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2008.09.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18926895","url_text":"18926895"}]},{"reference":"Fantz, Paul R. (1991). \"Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae)\". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 511–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930715. JSTOR 4255394. S2CID 38939748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02930715","url_text":"10.1007/BF02930715"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255394","url_text":"4255394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38939748","url_text":"38939748"}]},{"reference":"\"Flora and Fauna Web: Clitoria ternatea L.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/special-pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=1372","url_text":"\"Flora and Fauna Web: Clitoria ternatea L.\""}]},{"reference":"Pantazi, Chloe (February 26, 2016). \"Watch this tea dramatically change from deep blue to vibrant red with a squeeze of lemon\". Business Insider Deutchsland. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231310/https://www.businessinsider.de/watch-this-magic-tea-change-colour-video-2016-2?r=US&IR=T","url_text":"\"Watch this tea dramatically change from deep blue to vibrant red with a squeeze of lemon\""},{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.de/watch-this-magic-tea-change-colour-video-2016-2?r=US&IR=T","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"APARËJITË (Root)\" (PDF). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I Volume II). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. pp. 10–11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ayurveda.hu/api/API-Vol-2.pdf","url_text":"\"APARËJITË (Root)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare","url_text":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"}]},{"reference":"Rai KS, Murthy KD, Karanth KS, Rao MS (July 2001). \"Clitoria ternatea (Linn) root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats\". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 45 (3): 305–13. PMID 11881569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11881569","url_text":"11881569"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_and_the_Gun

Aristotle and the Gun

["1 Publication history","2 Plot summary","3 Reception","4 Importance","5 References"]

Short story by L. Sprague de Camp"Aristotle and the Gun"Short story by L. Sprague de CampFrank Kelly Freas's illustration of thestory in Astounding Science-FictionCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Science fictionPublicationPublished inAstounding Science-FictionMedia typePrint (Magazine)Publication dateFebruary, 1958 "Aristotle and the Gun" is a time travel and alternate history science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. Publication history The story was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction for February, 1958, and first appeared in book form in de Camp's collection A Gun for Dinosaur and Other Imaginative Tales (Doubleday, 1963). It later appeared in the paperback edition of the collection published by Curtis Books in 1969, and the subsequent de Camp collections Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories (Five Star, 2002), and Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005), as well as the anthologies Alpha Three (Ballantine Books, 1972), Space Mail, Volume II (Fawcett Crest, 1982), Analog: Writers' Choice (Davis Publications, 1983, Robert Adams' Book of Alternate Worlds (Signet Books, 1987), The Legend Book of Science Fiction (Legend, 1991), Modern Classics of Science Fiction (St. Martin's Press, 1992), Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History (Del Rey Books, 1998), and Futures Past (Ace Books, 2006). The first stand-alone edition of the story was published in paperback by Positronic Publishing in April, 2013. The story has also been translated into German. Plot summary The lonely and misanthropic scientist Sherman Weaver has a central role in a secret US government project to build a time machine. The project succeeds, and a prototype device is constructed. However, before it can be tested, the government, alarmed at Weaver's report that small changes in history might have profound consequences and completely change the present-day world, decides to abort the project. Weaver is ordered to dismantle the machine, but rather than obey, he takes matters into his own hands by using the machine to project himself back to the era of Philip II of Macedon. There, he hopes to meet Aristotle. Believing that the influential ancient philosopher's lack of interest in experiment retarded scientific progress through much of subsequent history, Weaver aims to nudge the savant in what he considers the proper direction. His intention is to create a different 20th century dominated by super-science, hundreds of years in advance of ours. Weaver pretends to be a conventional traveler from India. Equipped with modern marvels, he attempts to demonstrate to his new acquaintance, Aristotle, the value of experimentation in furtherance of knowledge. His task is complicated by the malicious mischief of Aristotle's students, the coterie of young Prince Alexander (subsequently Alexander the Great), and by coming under suspicion of being a spy for the Great King of Persia against whom Philip is preparing to go to war. Ultimately forced to defend himself with a handgun he has brought, Weaver is on the point of being executed for espionage and murder, but he is snapped back into the present, as the effects of his time projection wear off. Weaver finds himself in a world very different from the one he left but not in the way he hoped. Aristotle, convinced that the tedious accumulation of experimental knowledge is beneath the dignity of civilized philosophers and that it is a waste of time attempting to catch up to "India" in that regard, turns out to have come down strongly against the notion in his writings. The result is a backward present of petty states, roughly at the level of late medieval principalities in our own history, considerably behind Weaver's original timeline in technology. His own United States is not even a dream, with its physical confines being controlled by various Amerindian nations influenced by the civilization of the Old World but having long since thrown off any subjection to it. Enslaved in one such state, Weaver is delivered from endless drudgery only after many years, when his scholarly talents are finally recognized. The narrative of the story is set forth by Weaver in a lengthy letter to an acquaintance curious as to his remarkable background in which he concludes that he would have done better to leave well enough alone. Reception Critic P. Schuyler Miller called the story "even better" than de Camp's "A Gun for Dinosaur" in its recreation of Aristotle's Macedonia as seen through modern eyes, and its twist in the alternate time-track theme." Don D'Ammassa rated the piece one of de Camp's "best stories", and placed it among those "of particular note" among de Camp's "many memorable short stories." Roland Green, writing for Booklist, called it of "outstanding merit" and one of the author's "vintage short pieces." To Tom Easton, it "is a classic exposition of the time-travel paradox," and de Camp "always one of my favorite SF&F writers." Harry Turtledove called the story "a fine specimen of the for-want-of-a-nail story: a small change in the past producing enormous ramifications as the centuries roll by," with "things so easy as the thought they would be ... a common theme in de Camp's work." Importance "Aristotle and the Gun" is one of de Camp's most notable works. Like his first significant work of alternate history, the novel Lest Darkness Fall (1939), the story posits a world changed as the result of time travel, and like his other major work in the field, "The Wheels of If" (1940) it reveals the long-term consequences of the historical change. For de Camp himself, however, its publication marked the beginning of a lengthy departure from the science fiction field, and pointed the way to the historical novels of the ancient world he would write during the next ten years, beginning with An Elephant for Aristotle (1958), which serves as an interesting counterpoint to the present story. The development is indeed to some degree foreshadowed in the present story itself, with its meticulously researched depiction of the Classical Greek and Hellenistic milieu for which de Camp clearly had strong interest and empathy and also when seen through the eyes of its own native-born denizens and without a time traveler in attendance. De Camp would write no more science fiction until 1977. References ^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, pages 123-124. ^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 62. ^ a b c Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 124. ^ Aristotle and the Gun title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ Miller, P. Schuyler. "The Reference Library." In Analog Science Fact - Science Fiction, v. 71, no. 5, July 1963, p. 90. ^ D'Ammassa, Don. "Critical Mass." In Science Fiction Chronicle, v. 24, iss. 8, August 2002, p. 39. ^ D'Ammassa, Don. "de CAMP, L. Sprague." In Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers, Third Edition, Noelle Watson, Paul E. Schellinger, eds., Chicago: St. James Press, c1991, p. 192. ^ Green, Roland. "de Camp, L. Sprague. Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories." In Booklist, September 1, 2002, p. 170. ^ Easton, Tom. "The Reference Library." In Analog Science Fiction and Fact, v. 123, no. 3, March 2003, pp. 138-139. ^ Turtledove, Harry. "Introduction." In Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp, 2005, p. 12. ^ "Locus Online News: L. Sprague de Camp, 1907 - 2000" vteL. Sprague de CampViagens InterplanetariasKrishna "Finished" (1949) The Queen of Zamba (1949) The Hand of Zei (1950) "Perpetual Motion" (1950) "Calories" (1951) The Virgin of Zesh (1953) The Tower of Zanid (1958) The Hostage of Zir (1977) The Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) The Bones of Zora (1983) The Swords of Zinjaban (1991) Kukulkan The Stones of Nomuru (1988) The Venom Trees of Sunga (1992) Other "The Animal-Cracker Plot" (1949) "The Colorful Character" (1949) "Git Along!" (1950) "The Inspector's Teeth" (1950) "Summer Wear" (1950) The Continent Makers (1951) "The Galton Whistle" (1951) Rogue Queen (1951) Harold Shea "The Roaring Trumpet" (1940) "The Mathematics of Magic" (1940) The Castle of Iron (1941/50) The Wall of Serpents (1953) The Green Magician (1954) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1990) Sir Harold of Zodanga (1995) Pusadian The Tritonian Ring (1951) "The Eye of Tandyla" (1951) "The Owl and the Ape" (1951) "The Hungry Hercynian" (1953) "The Stronger Spell" (1953) "Ka the Appalling" (1958) "The Rug and the Bull" (1974) "The Stone of the Witch Queen" (1977) Novarian The Goblin Tower (1968) The Clocks of Iraz (1971) "The Emperor's Fan" (1973) The Fallible Fiend (1973) The Unbeheaded King (1983) The Honorable Barbarian (1989) Neo-Napolitanian The Incorporated Knight (1987) The Pixilated Peeress (1991) ConanNovels Conan and the Spider God (1980) Conan of the Isles (1968) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Buccaneer (1971) Conan the Liberator (1979) The Return of Conan (1957) Short stories "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" (1973) "The Treasure of Tranicos" (1953) "Black Tears" (1968) "The Blood-Stained God" (1955) "The Castle of Terror" (1969) "The City of Skulls" (1967) "The Curse of the Monolith" (1968) "Drums of Tombalku" (1966) The Flame Knife (1955/81) "The Frost Giant's Daughter" Conan (1953) "The Gem in the Tower" (1978) "The God in the Bowl" (1952) "The Hall of the Dead" (1967) "Hawks Over Shem" (1955) "The Ivory Goddess" (1978) "The Lair of the Ice Worm" (1969) "Legions of the Dead" (1978) "Moon of Blood" (1978) "The People of the Summit" (1970/78) "Red Moon of Zembabwei" (1974) "The Road of the Eagles" (1955) "Shadows in the Dark" (1978) "Shadows in the Skull" (1975) "The Snout in the Dark" (1969) "The Star of Khorala" (1978) "The Thing in the Crypt" (1967) "The Witch of the Mists" (1972) "Wolves Beyond the Border" (1967) Other speculative fictionNovels The Carnelian Cube (1948) Genus Homo (1950) The Glory That Was (1960) The Great Fetish (1978) Land of Unreason (1942) Lest Darkness Fall (1941) None but Lucifer (1939) Solomon's Stone (1942) Short stories "Aristotle and the Gun" (1958) "The Blue Giraffe" (1939) "The Command" (1938) "The Contraband Cow" (1942) "Cornzan the Mighty" (1955) "Divide and Rule" (1939) "The Egg" (1956) "Employment" (1939) "The Gnarly Man" (1939) "The Guided Man" (1952) "A Gun for Dinosaur" (1956) "The Hardwood Pile" (1940) "The Hibited Man" (1949) "Hyperpilosity" (1938) "In-Group" (1952) "Internal Combustion" (1956) "The Isolinguals" (1937) "Judgment Day" (1955) "Let's Have Fun" (1957) "Living Fossil" (1939) "The Merman" (1938) "Nothing in the Rules" (1939) "The Reluctant Shaman" (1947) "The Saxon Pretender" (1952) "The Space Clause" (1952) "The Stolen Dormouse" (1941) "Throwback" (1949) "The Wheels of If" (1940) Historical fiction The Dragon of the Ishtar Gate (1961) The Arrows of Hercules (1965) An Elephant for Aristotle (1958) The Bronze God of Rhodes (1960) The Golden Wind (1969) Fiction edited The Wolf Leader (1950) Swords and Sorcery (1963) The Spell of Seven (1965) Conan the Warrior (1967) The Fantastic Swordsmen (1967) Conan the Conqueror (1967) Warlocks and Warriors (1970) 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1972) Tales Beyond Time (1973) NonfictionScience andhistory Inventions and Their Management (1937) The Evolution of Naval Weapons (1947) Antarctic Conquest (1949) Engines (1959) The Heroic Age of American Invention (1961) Man and Power (1961) Energy and Power (1962) The Ancient Engineers (1963) Ancient Ruins and Archaeology (1964) Elephant (1964) Spirits, Stars, and Spells (1966) The Story of Science in America (1967) The Day of the Dinosaur (1968) The Great Monkey Trial (1968) Darwin and His Great Discovery (1972) Great Cities of the Ancient World (1972) The Ragged Edge of Science (1980) The Fringe of the Unknown (1983) The Ape-Man Within (1995) Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants (1996) Lit crit andbiography Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages (1975) The Conan Reader (1968) Dark Valley Destiny (1983) Lands Beyond (1952) Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (1976) Lost Continents (1954) Lovecraft: A Biography (1975) The Miscast Barbarian (1975) Science-Fiction Handbook (1953/75) Time and Chance (1996) Nonfiction edited The Conan Swordbook (1969) The Conan Grimoire (1972) To Quebec and the Stars (1976) The Blade of Conan (1979) The Spell of Conan (1980) Poetry Demons and Dinosaurs (1970) Heroes and Hobgoblins (1981) Phantoms and Fancies (1972) Collections The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens (1953) The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid (1983) The Incomplete Enchanter (1941) Wall of Serpents (1960) The Compleat Enchanter (1975) The Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989) The Enchanter Reborn (1992) The Exotic Enchanter (1995) The Mathematics of Magic (2007) The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales (1953) The Reluctant King (1985) Conan (1967) The Conan Chronicles (1989) The Conan Chronicles 2 (1990) Conan of Aquilonia (1977) Conan of Cimmeria (1969) Conan the Adventurer (1966) Conan the Avenger (1968) Conan the Freebooter (1968) Conan the Swordsman (1978) Conan the Usurper (1967) Conan the Wanderer (1968) Sagas of Conan (2004) Tales of Conan (1955) The Treasure of Tranicos (1980) Aristotle and the Gun (2002) The Best of L. Sprague de Camp (1978) Divide and Rule (1948) Footprints on Sand (1981) A Gun for Dinosaur (1963) The Purple Pterodactyls (1980) The Reluctant Shaman (1970) Rivers of Time (1993) Scribblings (1972) Sprague de Camp's New Anthology (1953) Tales from Gavagan's Bar (1953/78) The Undesired Princess (1951) The Virgin & the Wheels (1976) The Wheels of If (1948) Years in the Making (2005) About de Camp GURPS Planet Krishna (1997) The Enchanter Completed (2005)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"}],"text":"\"Aristotle and the Gun\" is a time travel and alternate history science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp.","title":"Aristotle and the Gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astounding Science-Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin123124-1"},{"link_name":"A Gun for Dinosaur and Other Imaginative Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gun_for_Dinosaur_and_Other_Imaginative_Tales"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin62-2"},{"link_name":"Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_and_the_Gun_and_Other_Stories"},{"link_name":"Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_the_Making:_the_Time-Travel_Stories_of_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"NESFA Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESFA_Press"},{"link_name":"Alpha Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_3_(Robert_Silverberg_anthology)"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin124-3"},{"link_name":"Space Mail, Volume II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Mail,_Volume_II"},{"link_name":"Fawcett Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawcett_Publications"},{"link_name":"Analog: Writers' Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog:_Writers%27_Choice"},{"link_name":"Davis Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Publications"},{"link_name":"Robert Adams' Book of Alternate Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adams%27_Book_of_Alternate_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Signet Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_Books"},{"link_name":"The Legend Book of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_Book_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"Modern Classics of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_Book_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_Not_Taken:_Tales_of_Alternate_History"},{"link_name":"Del Rey Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rey_Books"},{"link_name":"Futures Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_Past"},{"link_name":"Ace Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Books"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isfdb-4"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin124-3"}],"text":"The story was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction for February, 1958,[1] and first appeared in book form in de Camp's collection A Gun for Dinosaur and Other Imaginative Tales (Doubleday, 1963). It later appeared in the paperback edition of the collection published by Curtis Books in 1969,[2] and the subsequent de Camp collections Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories (Five Star, 2002), and Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005), as well as the anthologies Alpha Three (Ballantine Books, 1972),[3] Space Mail, Volume II (Fawcett Crest, 1982), Analog: Writers' Choice (Davis Publications, 1983, Robert Adams' Book of Alternate Worlds (Signet Books, 1987), The Legend Book of Science Fiction (Legend, 1991), Modern Classics of Science Fiction (St. Martin's Press, 1992), Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History (Del Rey Books, 1998), and Futures Past (Ace Books, 2006).[4] The first stand-alone edition of the story was published in paperback by Positronic Publishing in April, 2013. The story has also been translated into German.[3]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Great King of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III"},{"link_name":"Amerindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Old World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World"}],"text":"The lonely and misanthropic scientist Sherman Weaver has a central role in a secret US government project to build a time machine. The project succeeds, and a prototype device is constructed. However, before it can be tested, the government, alarmed at Weaver's report that small changes in history might have profound consequences and completely change the present-day world, decides to abort the project. Weaver is ordered to dismantle the machine, but rather than obey, he takes matters into his own hands by using the machine to project himself back to the era of Philip II of Macedon. There, he hopes to meet Aristotle.Believing that the influential ancient philosopher's lack of interest in experiment retarded scientific progress through much of subsequent history, Weaver aims to nudge the savant in what he considers the proper direction. His intention is to create a different 20th century dominated by super-science, hundreds of years in advance of ours.Weaver pretends to be a conventional traveler from India. Equipped with modern marvels, he attempts to demonstrate to his new acquaintance, Aristotle, the value of experimentation in furtherance of knowledge. His task is complicated by the malicious mischief of Aristotle's students, the coterie of young Prince Alexander (subsequently Alexander the Great), and by coming under suspicion of being a spy for the Great King of Persia against whom Philip is preparing to go to war. Ultimately forced to defend himself with a handgun he has brought, Weaver is on the point of being executed for espionage and murder, but he is snapped back into the present, as the effects of his time projection wear off.Weaver finds himself in a world very different from the one he left but not in the way he hoped. Aristotle, convinced that the tedious accumulation of experimental knowledge is beneath the dignity of civilized philosophers and that it is a waste of time attempting to catch up to \"India\" in that regard, turns out to have come down strongly against the notion in his writings. The result is a backward present of petty states, roughly at the level of late medieval principalities in our own history, considerably behind Weaver's original timeline in technology. His own United States is not even a dream, with its physical confines being controlled by various Amerindian nations influenced by the civilization of the Old World but having long since thrown off any subjection to it. Enslaved in one such state, Weaver is delivered from endless drudgery only after many years, when his scholarly talents are finally recognized.The narrative of the story is set forth by Weaver in a lengthy letter to an acquaintance curious as to his remarkable background in which he concludes that he would have done better to leave well enough alone.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Schuyler Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller"},{"link_name":"A Gun for Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gun_for_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Don D'Ammassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_D%27Ammassa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roland Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_J._Green"},{"link_name":"Booklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tom Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Easton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Critic P. Schuyler Miller called the story \"even better\" than de Camp's \"A Gun for Dinosaur\" in its recreation of Aristotle's Macedonia as seen through modern eyes, and its twist in the alternate time-track theme.\"[5] Don D'Ammassa rated the piece one of de Camp's \"best stories\",[6] and placed it among those \"of particular note\" among de Camp's \"many memorable short stories.\"[7] Roland Green, writing for Booklist, called it of \"outstanding merit\" and one of the author's \"vintage short pieces.\"[8] To Tom Easton, it \"is a classic exposition of the time-travel paradox,\" and de Camp \"always one of my favorite SF&F writers.\"[9] Harry Turtledove called the story \"a fine specimen of the for-want-of-a-nail story: a small change in the past producing enormous ramifications as the centuries roll by,\" with \"things [not] so easy as the [protagonist] thought they would be ... a common theme in de Camp's work.\"[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall"},{"link_name":"The Wheels of If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheels_of_If"},{"link_name":"An Elephant for Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Elephant_for_Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin124-3"}],"text":"\"Aristotle and the Gun\" is one of de Camp's most notable works.[11] Like his first significant work of alternate history, the novel Lest Darkness Fall (1939), the story posits a world changed as the result of time travel, and like his other major work in the field, \"The Wheels of If\" (1940) it reveals the long-term consequences of the historical change.For de Camp himself, however, its publication marked the beginning of a lengthy departure from the science fiction field, and pointed the way to the historical novels of the ancient world he would write during the next ten years, beginning with An Elephant for Aristotle (1958), which serves as an interesting counterpoint to the present story. The development is indeed to some degree foreshadowed in the present story itself, with its meticulously researched depiction of the Classical Greek and Hellenistic milieu for which de Camp clearly had strong interest and empathy and also when seen through the eyes of its own native-born denizens and without a time traveler in attendance. De Camp would write no more science fiction until 1977.[3]","title":"Importance"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_winter

Russian Winter

["1 Winter as a contributing factor to military defeat","2 Examples","2.1 Swedish invasion of 1708","2.2 French invasion of 1812","2.3 Allied intervention in Russia, winter 1918–19","2.4 German invasion of 1941","3 Winter effects on warfare","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

"General Winter" and "General Frost" redirect here. For other uses, see Russian Winter (disambiguation), General Winter (disambiguation), and General Frost (disambiguation). Winter in Russia in the context of military campaigns "General Winter", from a 1916 front page illustration of the French periodical Le Petit Journal Russian Winter, sometimes personified as "General Frost" or "General Winter", is an aspect of the climate of Russia that has contributed to military failures of several invasions of Russia and the Soviet Union. Mud is a related contributing factor that impairs military maneuvering in Russia and elsewhere, and is sometimes personified as "General Mud". Russians call those muddy conditions rasputitsa, which occur with autumnal rains and spring thaws in Russia and make transport over unimproved roads difficult. Winter as a contributing factor to military defeat Russians used skis in the third Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508). In his study of winter warfare in Russia, author Allen F. Chew concludes that "General Winter" was a 'substantial contributing factor'—not a decisive one—in the military failures of both Napoleon's invasion of the Russian Empire and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. He notes that Napoleon's army was already suffering significant attrition before winter, owing to lack of supplies, disease, desertions and casualties of war. Likewise, Hitler's Wehrmacht had already suffered 734,000 casualties and was running low on supplies in November 1941, before the arrival of winter. Examples Swedish invasion of 1708 Main article: Swedish invasion of Russia In the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden invaded the Russian Empire, crossing the Vistula on 1 January 1708. The Russians retreated, adopting a scorched-earth policy. The winter of 1708–1709 was the most brutal of the 18th century, so severe that the seaport of Venice froze during the Great Frost of 1709. Charles' 35,000 troops were crippled, and by the spring of 1709 only 19,000 were left. The Battle of Poltava in the Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate in late June 1709 sealed the end of the Swedish Empire. French invasion of 1812 Main article: French invasion of Russia Charles Minard's graph showing the strength of the Grande Armée as it marched to Moscow and back, with temperature (in Réaumur) plotted on the lower graph for the return journey. –30 degrees Réaumur = –37.5 °C = –35.5 °F The Night Bivouac of Napoleon's Army during retreat from Russia in 1812. Napoleon's Grande Armée of 610,000 men invaded Russia, heading through territory of today's Belarus towards Moscow, in the beginning of summer on 24 June 1812. The Russian army retreated before the French and again burnt their crops and villages, denying the enemy their use. Napoleon's army was ultimately reduced to 100,000. His army suffered further, even more disastrous losses on the retreat from Moscow, which started in October. Multiple sources concur that winter and its aftermath was only a contributing factor to Napoleon's defeat and retreat. To counter claims that the French defeat resulted from winter weather, Denis Davydov published a military historical analysis, titled "Was it Frost that Devastated the French Army in 1812?", wherein he demonstrated that the French suffered casualties in battles during relatively mild weather and outlined multiple causes for their defeat. He drew on both his direct observations and on those of foreign commentators, including French authors. According to Chew in 1981, the main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée, initially at least 378,000 strong, "diminished by half during the first eight weeks of his invasion, before the major battle of the campaign. This decrease was partly due to garrisoning supply centres, but disease, desertions, and casualties sustained in various minor actions caused thousands of losses. At the Battle of Borodino, about 110 km from Moscow, on 7 September 1812—the only major engagement fought in Russia—Napoleon could muster no more than 135,000 troops and he lost at least 30,000 of them to gain a narrow and pyrrhic victory almost 600 miles inside hostile territory. The sequels were his uncontested and self-defeating occupation of Moscow and his humiliating retreat, which began on 19 October, before the first severe frosts later that month and the first snow on 5 November." Lieven cites the difficulty of finding food for troops and forage for horses in winter as an important contributing factor. Allied intervention in Russia, winter 1918–19 Main article: Siberian Intervention During the Northern Russian expedition of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Archangelsk region, both sides, the Allied forces and the Bolshevik Red Army knew or quickly learned the principles of winter warfare and applied them whenever possible. However both sides had their resources strained and at times one side or other suffered the severe consequences of underpreparedness, but Chew concluded that winter did not provide a decisive advantage to any of the combatants. German invasion of 1941 Main article: Operation Barbarossa During World War II, the Wehrmacht lacked necessary supplies, such as winter uniforms, due to the many delays in the German army's movements. At the same time, Hitler's plans for the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, actually miscarried before the onset of severe winter weather. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter. Thus, they failed to make adequate preparations for a possible winter campaign, such as the distribution of warm clothing and winterization of vehicles and lubricants. In fact his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties (about 23% of its average strength of 3,200,000) during the first five months of the invasion before the winter started in recently occupied Poland and Soviet Belarus, Ukraine, and western Russia. On 27 November 1941, Eduard Wagner, the Quartermaster General of the German Army, reported that "We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and material. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter." Also of note is the fact that the unusually early winter of 1941 cut short the rasputitsa season, improving logistics in early November, with the weather still being only mildly cold. Winter effects on warfare Main article: Cold-weather warfare In his 1981 paper, Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies, Chew draws on experiences from the Allied intervention in northern Russia during the winter of 1918–19, the destruction of the Soviet 44th Motorized Rifle Division, and German–Soviet war during World War II to derive winter warfare factors pertaining to military tactics, materiel and personnel: Tactics – Defensive positions are highly advantageous because of the ability to maintain warmth and protection, compared to attacking in winter cold. Mobility and logistical support are often restricted by snow, requiring plowing or compacting it to accommodate wide-tracked vehicles or sleds. Infantry movement in deep snow requires skis or snowshoes to avoid exhaustion. Sound carries well over crusted snow, diminishing the element of surprise. Explosives are useful for excavating foxholes and larger shelters in frozen ground. Attacking field kitchens and encampments deprives the enemy of food and shelter. Rapid removal of the wounded from the battlefield is essential to their survival in the cold. Materiel – Weapons and vehicles require special lubricants to operate at low temperatures. Mines are unreliable in winter, owing to deep snow that may cushion the fuse or form an ice bridge over the detonator. Personnel – Proper winter clothing is required to maintain body heat and to avoid such cold injuries as frostbite. Troop efficiency and survival requires either making use of available shelter or providing portable shelter. Sandy Woodward, Royal Navy task force commander during the Falklands War, which was fought before the oncoming South Atlantic winter, remarked in his memoirs, "I thought then, for the first time, about the arrival of General Winter. If he had been here ten days ago, he would not have been much help to the Args , dug in on the heights with no chance of their High Command getting their air forces into the skies. But I think he would’ve finished us." See also Russia portal History of Russia Graveyard of empires Winter War References ^ Вадим Серов, ed. (2003). "Генерал Мороз ". Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений . Локид-Пресс (Lokid Press). ISBN 5-320-00427-3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chew, Allen F. (December 1981). "Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies" (PDF). Leavenworth Papers (5). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. ISSN 0195-3451. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2016-12-10. ^ A General History of the Civil War: The Southern Point of View. Pelican Publishing. 2008. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-4556-0477-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ Overy, Richard (2013-11-05). New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945: The Coverage from the Battlefield to the Home Front. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ Frost, R.I. (2000). The Northern Wars, 1558–1721. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 9780582064294. ^ a b Lieven, Dominic (2010). Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace. Penguin. p. 656. ISBN 978-1-101-42938-9. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2017-05-29. ^ a b Davydov, Denis (1835). Мороз ли истребил французскую армию в 1812 году? (Was it Frost that Devastated the French Army in 1812?) (in Russian). IQ Publishing Solutions LLC. p. 20. ISBN 978-5-4478-3819-5. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2017-05-29. ^ Palmer, Michael A. (2010). The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945. Zenith Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-76033-780-6. ^ Woodward, Sandy (1982). One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 334. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter in Russia.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Winter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Winter_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"General Winter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Winter_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"General Frost (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Frost_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Petit Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"climate of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rasputitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasputitsa"}],"text":"\"General Winter\" and \"General Frost\" redirect here. For other uses, see Russian Winter (disambiguation), General Winter (disambiguation), and General Frost (disambiguation).Winter in Russia in the context of military campaigns\"General Winter\", from a 1916 front page illustration of the French periodical Le Petit JournalRussian Winter, sometimes personified as \"General Frost\"[1] or \"General Winter\",[2] is an aspect of the climate of Russia that has contributed to military failures of several invasions of Russia and the Soviet Union. Mud is a related contributing factor that impairs military maneuvering in Russia and elsewhere, and is sometimes personified as \"General Mud\".[3][4] Russians call those muddy conditions rasputitsa, which occur with autumnal rains and spring thaws in Russia and make transport over unimproved roads difficult.","title":"Russian Winter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._V._Ivanov._Campaign_of_Muscovites._XVI_century._(1903).jpg"},{"link_name":"third Muscovite–Lithuanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Third_war_(1507%E2%80%931508)"},{"link_name":"winter warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_warfare"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hitler's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"}],"text":"Russians used skis in the third Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508).In his study of winter warfare in Russia, author Allen F. Chew concludes that \"General Winter\" was a 'substantial contributing factor'—not a decisive one—in the military failures of both Napoleon's invasion of the Russian Empire and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. He notes that Napoleon's army was already suffering significant attrition before winter, owing to lack of supplies, disease, desertions and casualties of war. Likewise, Hitler's Wehrmacht had already suffered 734,000 casualties and was running low on supplies in November 1941, before the arrival of winter.[2]","title":"Winter as a contributing factor to military defeat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Charles XII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"scorched-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Great Frost of 1709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-5"}],"sub_title":"Swedish invasion of 1708","text":"In the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden invaded the Russian Empire, crossing the Vistula on 1 January 1708. The Russians retreated, adopting a scorched-earth policy. The winter of 1708–1709 was the most brutal of the 18th century, so severe that the seaport of Venice froze during the Great Frost of 1709. Charles' 35,000 troops were crippled, and by the spring of 1709 only 19,000 were left. The Battle of Poltava in the Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate in late June 1709 sealed the end of the Swedish Empire.[5]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minard.png"},{"link_name":"Réaumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bivouac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camp"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"invaded Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieven-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davydov-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"Denis Davydov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Davydov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davydov-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"pyrrhic victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieven-6"}],"sub_title":"French invasion of 1812","text":"Charles Minard's graph showing the strength of the Grande Armée as it marched to Moscow and back, with temperature (in Réaumur) plotted on the lower graph for the return journey. –30 degrees Réaumur = –37.5 °C = –35.5 °FThe Night Bivouac of Napoleon's Army during retreat from Russia in 1812.Napoleon's Grande Armée of 610,000 men invaded Russia, heading through territory of today's Belarus towards Moscow, in the beginning of summer on 24 June 1812. The Russian army retreated before the French and again burnt their crops and villages, denying the enemy their use. Napoleon's army was ultimately reduced to 100,000. His army suffered further, even more disastrous losses on the retreat from Moscow, which started in October. Multiple sources concur that winter and its aftermath was only a contributing factor to Napoleon's defeat and retreat.[6][7][2]To counter claims that the French defeat resulted from winter weather, Denis Davydov published a military historical analysis, titled \"Was it Frost that Devastated the French Army in 1812?\", wherein he demonstrated that the French suffered casualties in battles during relatively mild weather and outlined multiple causes for their defeat. He drew on both his direct observations and on those of foreign commentators, including French authors.[7]According to Chew in 1981, the main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée, initially at least 378,000 strong, \"diminished by half during the first eight weeks of his invasion, before the major battle of the campaign. This decrease was partly due to garrisoning supply centres, but disease, desertions, and casualties sustained in various minor actions caused thousands of losses. At the Battle of Borodino, about 110 km from Moscow, on 7 September 1812—the only major engagement fought in Russia—Napoleon could muster no more than 135,000 troops and he lost at least 30,000 of them to gain a narrow and pyrrhic victory almost 600 miles inside hostile territory. The sequels were his uncontested and self-defeating occupation of Moscow and his humiliating retreat, which began on 19 October, before the first severe frosts later that month and the first snow on 5 November.\"[2] Lieven cites the difficulty of finding food for troops and forage for horses in winter as an important contributing factor.[6]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Russian expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Russia_Intervention"},{"link_name":"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Archangelsk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangelsk_gubernia"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"}],"sub_title":"Allied intervention in Russia, winter 1918–19","text":"During the Northern Russian expedition of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Archangelsk region, both sides, the Allied forces and the Bolshevik Red Army knew or quickly learned the principles of winter warfare and applied them whenever possible. However both sides had their resources strained and at times one side or other suffered the severe consequences of underpreparedness, but Chew concluded that winter did not provide a decisive advantage to any of the combatants.[2]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"winterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"Eduard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_general"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"rasputitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasputitsa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"}],"sub_title":"German invasion of 1941","text":"During World War II, the Wehrmacht lacked necessary supplies, such as winter uniforms, due to the many delays in the German army's movements. At the same time, Hitler's plans for the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, actually miscarried before the onset of severe winter weather. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter. Thus, they failed to make adequate preparations for a possible winter campaign, such as the distribution of warm clothing and winterization of vehicles and lubricants.[8] In fact his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties (about 23% of its average strength of 3,200,000) during the first five months of the invasion before the winter started in recently occupied Poland and Soviet Belarus, Ukraine, and western Russia.[2] On 27 November 1941, Eduard Wagner, the Quartermaster General of the German Army, reported that \"We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and material. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter.\"[2] Also of note is the fact that the unusually early winter of 1941 cut short the rasputitsa season, improving logistics in early November, with the weather still being only mildly cold.[2]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied intervention in northern Russia during the winter of 1918–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"44th Motorized Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"military tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chew-2"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"foxholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhole_(military)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Argentines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In his 1981 paper, Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies, Chew draws on experiences from the Allied intervention in northern Russia during the winter of 1918–19, the destruction of the Soviet 44th Motorized Rifle Division, and German–Soviet war during World War II to derive winter warfare factors pertaining to military tactics, materiel and personnel:[2]Tactics – Defensive positions are highly advantageous because of the ability to maintain warmth and protection, compared to attacking in winter cold. Mobility and logistical support are often restricted by snow, requiring plowing or compacting it to accommodate wide-tracked vehicles or sleds. Infantry movement in deep snow requires skis or snowshoes to avoid exhaustion. Sound carries well over crusted snow, diminishing the element of surprise. Explosives are useful for excavating foxholes and larger shelters in frozen ground. Attacking field kitchens and encampments deprives the enemy of food and shelter. Rapid removal of the wounded from the battlefield is essential to their survival in the cold.\nMateriel – Weapons and vehicles require special lubricants to operate at low temperatures. Mines are unreliable in winter, owing to deep snow that may cushion the fuse or form an ice bridge over the detonator.\nPersonnel – Proper winter clothing is required to maintain body heat and to avoid such cold injuries as frostbite. Troop efficiency and survival requires either making use of available shelter or providing portable shelter.Sandy Woodward, Royal Navy task force commander during the Falklands War, which was fought before the oncoming South Atlantic winter, remarked in his memoirs, \"I thought then, for the first time, about the arrival of General Winter. If he had been here ten days ago, he would not have been much help to the Args [Argentines], dug in on the heights with no chance of their High Command getting their air forces into the skies. But I think he would’ve finished us.\"[9]","title":"Winter effects on warfare"}]

[{"image_text":"\"General Winter\", from a 1916 front page illustration of the French periodical Le Petit Journal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/General_Winter.jpg/220px-General_Winter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russians used skis in the third Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/S._V._Ivanov._Campaign_of_Muscovites._XVI_century._%281903%29.jpg/220px-S._V._Ivanov._Campaign_of_Muscovites._XVI_century._%281903%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Minard's graph showing the strength of the Grande Armée as it marched to Moscow and back, with temperature (in Réaumur) plotted on the lower graph for the return journey. –30 degrees Réaumur = –37.5 °C = –35.5 °F","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minard.png/220px-Minard.png"},{"image_text":"The Night Bivouac of Napoleon's Army during retreat from Russia in 1812.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg/220px-Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Russia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia"},{"title":"History of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"title":"Graveyard of empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires"},{"title":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"}]

[{"reference":"Вадим Серов, ed. (2003). \"Генерал Мороз [General Frost]\". Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений [Encyclopedic dictionary of catchphrases and expressions]. Локид-Пресс (Lokid Press). ISBN 5-320-00427-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-320-00427-3","url_text":"5-320-00427-3"}]},{"reference":"Chew, Allen F. (December 1981). \"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies\" (PDF). Leavenworth Papers (5). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. ISSN 0195-3451. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2016-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/chew.pdf","url_text":"\"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-3451","url_text":"0195-3451"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214232231/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/chew.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A General History of the Civil War: The Southern Point of View. Pelican Publishing. 2008. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-4556-0477-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_aNaIYacISUC&dq=%22General+Mud%22&pg=PA151","url_text":"A General History of the Civil War: The Southern Point of View"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0477-7","url_text":"978-1-4556-0477-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220309204933/https://books.google.com/books?id=_aNaIYacISUC&dq=%22General+Mud%22&pg=PA151","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Overy, Richard (2013-11-05). New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945: The Coverage from the Battlefield to the Home Front. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdpAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22General+Mud%22&pg=PT1205","url_text":"New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945: The Coverage from the Battlefield to the Home Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60376-377-6","url_text":"978-1-60376-377-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220309204932/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdpAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22General+Mud%22&pg=PT1205","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frost, R.I. (2000). The Northern Wars, 1558–1721. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 9780582064294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582064294","url_text":"9780582064294"}]},{"reference":"Lieven, Dominic (2010). Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace. Penguin. p. 656. ISBN 978-1-101-42938-9. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2017-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BAWbz1iPIfoC&pg=PT663","url_text":"Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-42938-9","url_text":"978-1-101-42938-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003060714/https://books.google.com/books?id=BAWbz1iPIfoC&pg=PT663","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davydov, Denis (1835). Мороз ли истребил французскую армию в 1812 году? (Was it Frost that Devastated the French Army in 1812?) (in Russian). IQ Publishing Solutions LLC. p. 20. ISBN 978-5-4478-3819-5. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2017-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Davydov","url_text":"Davydov, Denis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv74CAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Мороз ли истребил французскую армию в 1812 году? (Was it Frost that Devastated the French Army in 1812?)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4478-3819-5","url_text":"978-5-4478-3819-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200819140322/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv74CAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Michael A. (2010). The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945. Zenith Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-76033-780-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76033-780-6","url_text":"978-0-76033-780-6"}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Sandy (1982). One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 334.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Woodward","url_text":"Woodward, Sandy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Ribeiro_(police_officer)

Julio Ribeiro (police officer)

["1 Career","2 1986 assassination attempt","3 1991 assassination attempt","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]

Indian police officer Julio Francis Ribeiro21st Police Commissioner of MumbaiIn office25 February 1982 – 6 June 1986 Personal detailsBorn (1929-05-05) 5 May 1929 (age 95)Awards Padma Bhushan President's Police Medal for Distinguished ServicePolice Medal for Meritorious ServiceMilitary serviceYears of service1953–1989 Julio Francis Ribeiro (born 5 May 1929, in Bombay) is a retired Indian police officer and civil servant. He held increasingly responsible positions during his career, and led the Punjab Police during part of the Punjab insurgency periods. In 1987, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award for his services. Julio Ribeiro being welcomed by the US Consul General, Peter Haas at the 2011 US National Day Celebrations in Mumbai Career Ribeiro joined the Indian Police Service in 1953 and rose to be the Commissioner of Mumbai Police from 1982 to 1986. He was promoted to Director General of Central Reserve Police Force, then to Director General Police of Gujarat. Ribeiro served as Director General of Punjab Police during its worst years of terrorism in Punjab. The New York Times reported that in the 1980s, Ribeiro led the Punjab police in a "ferocious crackdown" on Sikh militants, in a policy christened "bullet for bullet" by Arun Nehru. He held positions such as Special Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Adviser to the Governor of Punjab. Ribeiro also served as Indian Ambassador to Romania from 1989 until 1993. In August 1991, Ribeiro was attacked and wounded in a Bucharest assassination attempt by gunmen identified as Punjabi Sikhs. In an April 2006 interview with The Tribune, Julio Ribeiro explained that "It has been a role reversal for me... from fighting militants to fighting the corrupt administration." He went on to explain that while he had been offered positions in government, "Fighting with guns was no longer my cup of tea; and I wanted to work for the people of my city, Mumbai. I wanted to be useful to lower socio-economic classes, and thus decided to work at the grass roots level." He also serves as non-executive Director to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals and as a Director of IIT Corporate Services Ltd. He is usually interviewed for his views on communal harmony. 1986 assassination attempt Main article: Attempted assassination of Julio Ribeiro In the early morning of 3 October 1986, 6 men in police disguise, identified in the press as Sikh militants attacked Ribeiro inside the headquarters of Punjab Police in the city of Jalandhar, Punjab, India. One guard was killed. Ribeiro, his wife, and four other police and paramilitary officers were injured. Ribeiro's wound was minor, but his wife was hospitalized. All six attackers escaped in a waiting truck. The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) later claimed responsibility of this attack. KCF leader Labh Singh allegedly led the assassination attempt. 1991 assassination attempt In August 1991, Ribeiro, then Indian Ambassador to Romania was attacked and wounded in a Bucharest assassination attempt by gunmen identified as Punjabi Sikhs. Personal life Julio Ribeiro is married to Melba Ribeiro, has two daughters Nina and Anna, and lives in Mumbai, India. Ribeiro titled his autobiography Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer. References ^ "Padma Bhushan Awardees". india.gov.in. 1987. Retrieved 1 June 2009. ^ a b c GARGAN, EDWARD (10 October 1991). "ENVOY OF ROMANIA ABDUCTED IN INDIA". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ a b Gupta, G. V. "Bullet-for-bullet is not my baby". The Tribune (India). Retrieved 3 August 2009. ^ a b c "Board of Directors". Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ a b "World IN BRIEF — ROMANIA — Gunmen Wound India Ambassador". Los Angeles Times. 21 August 1991. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ Khanna, Ruchika M. (27 April 2006). "Ribeiro fighting corrupt administration". The Tribune. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ Julio Ribeiro in conversation with Teesta Setalvad (Full Interview) ^ a b https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNETAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kgYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4036,1046106&dq=ribeiro+sikh ^ a b Walia, Varinder (25 January 2002). "Panjwar village hums with poll activity". The Tribune. Retrieved 30 September 2009. ...who was responsible for the attack on Mr J.F. Rebeiro, the then DGP... ^ a b The Windsor Star (24 April 2008). "India files complaint over 'martyrs' parade". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2009. One of those featured – Gen. Labh Singh – led the assassination attempt on the director-general of Punjab police, Julio Ribeiro, in 1986. ^ Belle, G.G. (3 October 1986). "Disguised Sikhs attack compound of police chief". The Free-Lance Star. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2009. ^ "Boca Raton News – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "The Free Lance-Star – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ Tempest, Rone (4 October 1986). "Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack". Los Angeles Times. ^ "The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ Sikh Extremists Open Fire On Top Punjab Police Official ^ Ribeiro, Julio (1 February 1998). Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer (2 (paperback) ed.). Penguin Books Australia Ltd. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-14-027140-9. External links Profile of Julio Ribeiro Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Khanna, Ruchika M. (27 April 2006). "Ribeiro fighting corrupt administration". The Tribune. Retrieved 31 May 2009. Karna Scholarship Trustees page accessed 21 April 2008 Archived 3 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)1980 Sunil Gavaskar 1981 Vainu Bappu Prafulla Desai A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Gopinath Mohanty Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya Amritlal Nagar Mrinal Sen Avabai Bomanji Wadia 1982 Jasbir Singh Bajaj S. Balachander Gottipati Brahmayya Rani Gaidinliu Khadim Hussain Khan Stella Kramrisch Jal Minocher Mehta Grace Morley Syed Zahoor Qasim Kamal Ranadive P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri Jhabarmal Sharma Ajit Ram Verma 1983 Richard Attenborough Doraiswamy Iyengar V. G. Jog K. Sankaran Nair Prem Nazir Swraj Paul, Baron Paul Dr. Rajkumar K. G. Ramanathan Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala Subodh Chandra Sengupta Adi M. Sethna Arun Kumar Sharma Benudhar Sharma Bhalindra Singh Umrao Singh 1984 Horace Alexander Michael Ferreira Sivaji Ganesan Jnan Prakash Ghosh Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Hosur Narasimhaiah Sripada Pinakapani Ishwari Prasad B. C. Sanyal Marie Seton Archana Sharma Obaid Siddiqi Natwar Singh Ganda Singh Vijay Tendulkar Baldev Upadhyaya 1985 Durga Das Basu Shiba P. Chatterjee Eknath Vasant Chitnis Virender Lal Chopra Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Santidev Ghosh Bhimsen Joshi Tribhuvandas Luhar Sadat Abul Masud Kalanidhi Narayanan Bernard Peters Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Gopala Ramanujam S. Ramaseshan Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry Amarjit Singh Gurbachan Singh Talib Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Srinivasan Varadarajan 1986 Pushpa Mittra Bhargava Ela Bhatt Manohar Lal Chibber Nasir Aminuddin Dagar V. Krishnamurthy Jean Riboud Sidney Dillon Ripley Rajeev Sethi Martand Singh C. Venkataraman Sundaram Badri Nath Tandon Gulshan Lal Tandon R. K. Trivedi 1987 Balamani Amma Kishori Amonkar Nikhil Banerjee Roddam Narasimha R. D. Pradhan Annada Shankar Ray Julio Ribeiro Man Mohan Sharma Laxmi Prasad Sihare Farokh Udwadia Mohammad Yunus 1988 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Ram Prakash Bambah Kartar Singh Duggal Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Abid Hussain Shreyans Prasad Jain Kelucharan Mohapatra Bal Ram Nanda Akkineni Nageswara Rao Pratury Trirumala Rao Renuka Ray B. V. Sreekantan Satya Pal Wahi 1989 Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Girija Devi K. K. Hebbar Girilal Jain Anna Rajam Malhotra M. V. Mathur Ashesh Prosad Mitra Russi Mody Suresh Shankar Nadkarni Narinder Singh Randhawa Yoshio Sakurauchi Lakshman Singh Prakash Narain Tandon # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"police officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Punjab Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)"},{"link_name":"Punjab insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Bhushan-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribeiro_Haas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"}],"text":"Julio Francis Ribeiro (born 5 May 1929, in Bombay) is a retired Indian police officer and civil servant.\nHe held increasingly responsible positions during his career, and led the Punjab Police during part of the Punjab insurgency periods.\nIn 1987, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award for his services.[1]Julio Ribeiro being welcomed by the US Consul General, Peter Haas at the 2011 US National Day Celebrations in Mumbai","title":"Julio Ribeiro (police officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Mumbai Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Police"},{"link_name":"Director General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_general_of_police"},{"link_name":"Central Reserve Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Director General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_general_of_police"},{"link_name":"Punjab Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytenvoy-2"},{"link_name":"Arun Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfbnotmine-3"},{"link_name":"Secretary to the Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BODBIO-4"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latshot-5"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytenvoy-2"},{"link_name":"The Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune2006-6"},{"link_name":"Glenmark Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenmark_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BODBIO-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ribeiro joined the Indian Police Service in 1953 and rose to be the Commissioner of Mumbai Police from 1982 to 1986.\nHe was promoted to Director General of Central Reserve Police Force, then to Director General Police of Gujarat.Ribeiro served as Director General of Punjab Police during its worst years of terrorism in Punjab.\nThe New York Times reported that in the 1980s, Ribeiro led the Punjab police in a \"ferocious crackdown\" on Sikh militants, in a policy christened \"bullet for bullet\"[2] by Arun Nehru.[3]He held positions such as Special Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Adviser to the Governor of Punjab.Ribeiro also served as Indian Ambassador to Romania[4] from 1989 until 1993.\nIn August 1991, Ribeiro was attacked and wounded in a Bucharest assassination attempt by gunmen[5] identified as Punjabi Sikhs.[2]In an April 2006 interview with The Tribune, Julio Ribeiro explained that \"It has been a role reversal for me... from fighting militants to fighting the corrupt administration.\"\nHe went on to explain that while he had been offered positions in government, \"Fighting with guns was no longer my cup of tea; and I wanted to work for the people of my city, Mumbai. I wanted to be useful to lower socio-economic classes, and thus decided to work at the grass roots level.\"[6]He also serves as non-executive Director to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals and as a Director of IIT Corporate Services Ltd.[4] He is usually interviewed for his views on communal harmony.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.google.com-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walia-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Windsor_Star-10"},{"link_name":"Punjab Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.google.com-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Khalistan Commando Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Labh Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labh_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walia-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Windsor_Star-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the early morning of 3 October 1986, 6 men in police disguise, identified in the press as Sikh militants[8][9][10] attacked Ribeiro inside the headquarters of Punjab Police in the city of Jalandhar, Punjab, India.[11] One guard was killed. Ribeiro, his wife, and four other police and paramilitary officers were injured. Ribeiro's wound was minor, but his wife was hospitalized.[8][12][13][14] All six attackers escaped in a waiting truck.[15] The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) later claimed responsibility of this attack.[16] KCF leader Labh Singh allegedly led the assassination attempt.[9][10][17]","title":"1986 assassination attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BODBIO-4"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latshot-5"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytenvoy-2"}],"text":"In August 1991, Ribeiro, then Indian Ambassador to Romania[4]\nwas attacked and wounded in a Bucharest assassination attempt by gunmen[5] identified as Punjabi Sikhs.[2]","title":"1991 assassination attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfbnotmine-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Julio Ribeiro is married to Melba Ribeiro, has two daughters Nina and Anna, and lives in Mumbai, India.[citation needed]Ribeiro titled his autobiography Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer.[3][18]","title":"Personal life"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Padma Bhushan Awardees\". india.gov.in. 1987. Retrieved 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=400","url_text":"\"Padma Bhushan Awardees\""}]},{"reference":"GARGAN, EDWARD (10 October 1991). \"ENVOY OF ROMANIA ABDUCTED IN INDIA\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/10/world/envoy-of-romania-abducted-in-india.html","url_text":"\"ENVOY OF ROMANIA ABDUCTED IN INDIA\""}]},{"reference":"Gupta, G. V. \"Bullet-for-bullet is not my baby\". The Tribune (India). Retrieved 3 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar07/book.htm#1","url_text":"\"Bullet-for-bullet is not my baby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. 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The Tribune. Retrieved 30 September 2009. ...who was responsible for the attack on Mr J.F. Rebeiro, the then DGP...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020125/punjab1.htm","url_text":"\"Panjwar village hums with poll activity\""}]},{"reference":"The Windsor Star (24 April 2008). \"India files complaint over 'martyrs' parade\". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2009. One of those featured – Gen. Labh Singh – led the assassination attempt on the director-general of Punjab police, Julio Ribeiro, in 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123142933/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=4e9019ee-c9cd-4459-8a1f-e4f08238125e","url_text":"\"India files complaint over 'martyrs' parade\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=4e9019ee-c9cd-4459-8a1f-e4f08238125e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Belle, G.G. (3 October 1986). \"Disguised Sikhs attack compound of police chief\". The Free-Lance Star. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713072745/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pNAVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2BMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6467,1005649&dq=ribeiro+attack+headquarters","url_text":"\"Disguised Sikhs attack compound of police chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free-Lance_Star","url_text":"The Free-Lance Star"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pNAVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6467,1005649&dq=ribeiro+attack+headquarters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boca Raton News – Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9PEPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4966,638725&dq=ribeiro+sikh","url_text":"\"Boca Raton News – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a7ISAAAAIBAJ&pg=2548,967763&dq=ribeiro+sikh","url_text":"\"Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Free Lance-Star – Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=43EQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6635,476265&dq=ribeiro+sikh","url_text":"\"The Free Lance-Star – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Tempest, Rone (4 October 1986). \"Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-10-04/news/mn-4029_1_sikh-terrorism","url_text":"\"Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Maisonneuve

Collège de Maisonneuve

["1 Partnerships","2 History","3 Programs","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°33′02″N 73°33′13″W / 45.55056°N 73.55361°W / 45.55056; -73.55361Public college in Montreal, Quebec This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Collège de Maisonneuve" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Collège de MaisonneuveTypepublicEstablished1929Students6,700 studentsUndergraduatespre-university students; technicalLocationMontreal, Quebec, CanadaCampusUrbanSports teamsVikingsColoursBlack and Purple    AffiliationsACCC, CCAA, QSSFWebsitewww.cmaisonneuve.qc.ca/ Collège de Maisonneuve (or Cégep de Maisonneuve) is a francophone public pre-university and technical college located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Partnerships The College is affiliated with the ACCC, and CCAA. History Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve In 1967, several institutions were merged and became public ones, when the Quebec system of public colleges was created. Collège de Maisonneuve was named after Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. On the 5 of May 1973 the Société Générale des Étudiants et Étudiantes du Collège de Maisonneuve (SoGÉÉCoM) was created. It is still the association of Maisonneuve students. Programs Main article: College education in Quebec The college offers two types of programs: pre-university and technical. The pre-university programs, which take two years to complete, cover the subject matters which roughly correspond to the additional year of high school given elsewhere in Canada, as well as an introductory specialization that generally happens in freshman year, in preparation for a chosen field in university. The technical programs, which take three years to complete, applies to students who wish to pursue a skilled trade. In addition, continuing education and services to business are provided. See also List of colleges in Quebec Higher education in Quebec References External links http://www.cmaisonneuve.qc.ca/ https://sogeecom.org/a-propos/histoire/annees-70/ 45°33′02″N 73°33′13″W / 45.55056°N 73.55361°W / 45.55056; -73.55361 vteUniversities in QuebecUniversité du Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue Chicoutimi Montréal Outaouais Rimouski Trois-Rivières ENAP ÉTS INRS TÉLUQ Other universities Bishop's Concordia Laval McGill Macdonald Montréal HEC Polytechnique Sherbrooke See also Template:Colleges in Quebec Wikimedia Commons has media related to Collège de Maisonneuve. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz place This Canadian university, college, or tertiary institution–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filthy/Gorgeous

Filthy/Gorgeous

["1 Music video","2 Track listings","3 Credits and personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 Release history","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

2005 single by Scissor Sisters "Filthy/Gorgeous"Single by Scissor Sistersfrom the album Scissor Sisters B-side"Take Me Out"ReleasedJanuary 3, 2005 (2005-01-03)Studio 5D (Brooklyn, New York) The Shed (New York) GenreHi-NRGLength3:47Label Universal (US) Polydor (worldwide) Songwriter(s) Jason Sellards Scott Hoffman Ana Lynch Producer(s)Scissor SistersScissor Sisters singles chronology "Mary" (2004) "Filthy/Gorgeous" (2005) "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'" (2006) Official audio"Filthy/Gorgeous" on YouTube "Filthy/Gorgeous" is a song by American pop-rock band Scissor Sisters. It is the seventh track on their self-titled debut album. Released as the album's fifth and final single in the United Kingdom on January 3, 2005, the song peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's first British top-five single. It also reached number one on the UK Dance Chart and on the US Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. In Australia, it peaked at number 29 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and in Ireland, it reached number 13. Music video Two versions of the music video, directed by John Cameron Mitchell, were made: a full-length, raunchier version featuring semi-explicit scenes in a sex club, and an edited version where those scenes are shown more briefly, out of context, and occasionally obscured. Some scenes are removed completely. Track listings UK CD single (986 979-9) "Filthy/Gorgeous" – 3:48 "Filthy/Gorgeous" (Paper Faces vocal mix edit) – 4:26 "Mary" (Mylo mix) – 5:53 "Filthy/Gorgeous" (gorgeous video) UK 12-inch picture disc (986 980-1) A1. "Filthy/Gorgeous" – 3:48 A2. "Filthy/Gorgeous" (I Love You – See You Next Tuesday mix) – 5:28 B1. "Filthy/Gorgeous" (Paper Faces mix) – 8:53 UK DVD single (986 980-0) "Filthy/Gorgeous" (filthy video) "Filthy/Gorgeous" – 3:47 Australasian CD single (987 120-7) "Filthy/Gorgeous" – 3:48 "Take Me Out" – 4:32 "Filthy/Gorgeous" (Paper Faces vocal mix edit) – 4:26 "Filthy/Gorgeous" (I Love You – See You Next Tuesday mix) – 5:28 Credits and personnel Credits are lifted from the UK CD single liner notes and the Scissor Sisters album booklet. Studios Recorded at 5D Studios (Brooklyn, New York) and The Shed (New York) Personnel Scissor Sisters – performance, production, mixing Jake Shears – writing (as Jason Sellards) Babydaddy – writing (as Scott Hoffman), recording (5D) Ana Matronic – writing (as Ana Lynch) Del Marquis – guitar Paddy Boom – drums Ayan Pal – bass Daniel Wise – recording (The Shed) Neil Harris – mixing Spooky – art direction, illustration Fury – art direction, design Charts Weekly charts Chart (2005) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 29 Ireland (IRMA) 13 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 74 Scotland (OCC) 5 UK Singles (OCC) 5 UK Dance (OCC) 1 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 1 US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) 16 Year-end charts Chart (2005) Position UK Singles (OCC) 129 US Dance Club Play (Billboard) 12 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United Kingdom January 3, 2005 12-inch vinylCD Polydor United States February 14, 2005 Contemporary hit radio Universal Australia April 25, 2005 CD Polydor In popular culture This song appeared on the soundtrack to Tony Hawk's American Wasteland and also is the theme to the NBC show Kath & Kim. It was also used in the 2006 film It's a Boy Girl Thing and the 2014 film Dumb and Dumber To. See also List of number-one dance singles of 2005 (U.S.) References ^ Zaleski, Annie (March 15, 2017). "Scissor Sisters". Houston Press. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "Scissor Sisters – Scissor Sisters". AllMusic. Retrieved January 18, 2021. ^ a b "Scissor Sisters: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 18, 2021. ^ "Video Premiere: Scissor Sisters "Filthy, Gorgeous"". Arjan Writes. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b Filthy/Gorgeous (UK CD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 979-9.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Filthy/Gorgeous (UK 12-inch picture disc). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 980-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Filthy/Gorgeous (UK DVD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 980-0.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Filthy/Gorgeous (Australasian CD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 987 120-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scissor Sisters (US CD album booklet). Universal Records. 2004. B0002772-02. ^ "Scissor Sisters – Filthy / Gorgeous". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Filthy/Gorgeous". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 17, 2020. ^ "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 8, saptamina 28.02 – 6.03, 2005" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on May 14, 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2020. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ "Scissor Sisters Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ "Scissor Sisters Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2005" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ "2005 The Year in Music & Touring: Hot Dance Club Play Singles". Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 52. December 24, 2005. p. YE-58. ^ "British single certifications – Scissor Sisters – Filthy/Gorgeous". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ "New Releases: Singles 03.01.05". Music Week. December 18, 2004. p. 23. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1593. February 11, 2005. p. 27. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 25th April 2005" (PDF). ARIA. April 25, 2005. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland Soundtrack Song List". IGN. February 7, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "It's a Boy Girl Thing - Soundtracks". IMDb. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Dumb and Dumber To - Soundtracks". IMDb. Retrieved April 24, 2021. External links Official website Underground Illusion - The Ultimate Scissor Sisters Database vteScissor Sisters Jake Shears Babydaddy Ana Matronic Del Marquis Randy Real Paddy Boom Studio albums Scissor Sisters Ta-Dah Night Work Magic Hour Singles "Electrobix" "Laura" "Comfortably Numb" "Take Your Mama" "Mary" "Filthy/Gorgeous" "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'" "Land of a Thousand Words" "She's My Man" "Kiss You Off" "Fire with Fire" "Any Which Way" "Invisible Light" "Only the Horses" "Baby Come Home" "Let's Have a Kiki" "Swerlk" Other songs "Us and Them" "Do the Strand" "Shady Love" Video albums We Are Scissor Sisters... And So Are You Hurrah! A Year of Ta-Dah Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations K-Mart Disco Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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In Australia, it peaked at number 29 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and in Ireland, it reached number 13.","title":"Filthy/Gorgeous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"John Cameron Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Two versions of the music video, directed by John Cameron Mitchell, were made: a full-length, raunchier version featuring semi-explicit scenes in a sex club, and an edited version where those scenes are shown more briefly, out of context, and occasionally obscured. Some scenes are removed completely.[4]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd-5"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(Scissor_Sisters_song)"},{"link_name":"Mylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylo"},{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_types_of_gramophone_records#Picture_discs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Take Me Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_(song)"}],"text":"UK CD single (986 979-9)[5]\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" – 3:48\n\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (Paper Faces vocal mix edit) – 4:26\n\"Mary\" (Mylo mix) – 5:53\n\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (gorgeous video)UK 12-inch picture disc (986 980-1)[6]A1. \"Filthy/Gorgeous\" – 3:48\nA2. \"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (I Love You – See You Next Tuesday mix) – 5:28\nB1. \"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (Paper Faces mix) – 8:53UK DVD single (986 980-0)[7]\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (filthy video)\n\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" – 3:47Australasian CD single (987 120-7)[8]\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" – 3:48\n\"Take Me Out\" – 4:32\n\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (Paper Faces vocal mix edit) – 4:26\n\"Filthy/Gorgeous\" (I Love You – See You Next Tuesday mix) – 5:28","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scissor Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Scissor Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Jake Shears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Shears"},{"link_name":"Babydaddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babydaddy"},{"link_name":"Ana Matronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Matronic"},{"link_name":"Del Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Marquis"},{"link_name":"Paddy Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Boom"}],"text":"Credits are lifted from the UK CD single liner notes and the Scissor Sisters album booklet.[5][9]StudiosRecorded at 5D Studios (Brooklyn, New York) and The Shed (New York)PersonnelScissor Sisters – performance, production, mixing\nJake Shears – writing (as Jason Sellards)\nBabydaddy – writing (as Scott Hoffman), recording (5D)\nAna Matronic – writing (as Ana Lynch)\nDel Marquis – guitar\nPaddy Boom – drums\nAyan Pal – bass\nDaniel Wise – recording (The Shed)\nNeil Harris – mixing\nSpooky – art direction, illustration\nFury – art direction, design","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filthy/Gorgeous&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Scissor_Sisters-10"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-11"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-13"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-3"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-14"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Scissor_Sisters-15"},{"link_name":"Dance/Mix Show Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceairplay_Scissor_Sisters-16"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filthy/Gorgeous&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[10]\n\n29\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[11]\n\n13\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[12]\n\n74\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[13]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[3]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[14]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[15]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[16]\n\n16\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[17]\n\n129\n\n\nUS Dance Club Play (Billboard)[18]\n\n12","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_American_Wasteland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kath & Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kath_%26_Kim_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"It's a Boy Girl Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Boy_Girl_Thing"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dumb and Dumber To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumb_and_Dumber_To"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"This song appeared on the soundtrack to Tony Hawk's American Wasteland [23] and also is the theme to the NBC show Kath & Kim. It was also used in the 2006 film It's a Boy Girl Thing [24] and the 2014 film Dumb and Dumber To.[25]","title":"In popular culture"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2005 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_2005_(U.S.)"}]

[{"reference":"Zaleski, Annie (March 15, 2017). \"Scissor Sisters\". Houston Press. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski","url_text":"Zaleski, Annie"},{"url":"https://www.houstonpress.com/music/scissor-sisters-6543921","url_text":"\"Scissor Sisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press","url_text":"Houston Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Scissor Sisters – Scissor Sisters\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/scissor-sisters-mw0000209575","url_text":"\"Scissor Sisters – Scissor Sisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Premiere: Scissor Sisters \"Filthy, Gorgeous\"\". Arjan Writes. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arjanwrites.com/arjanwrites/2005/01/video_premiere_.html","url_text":"\"Video Premiere: Scissor Sisters \"Filthy, Gorgeous\"\""}]},{"reference":"Filthy/Gorgeous (UK CD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 979-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters","url_text":"Scissor Sisters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records","url_text":"Polydor Records"}]},{"reference":"Filthy/Gorgeous (UK 12-inch picture disc). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 980-1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Filthy/Gorgeous (UK DVD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 986 980-0.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Filthy/Gorgeous (Australasian CD single liner notes). Scissor Sisters. Polydor Records. 2005. 987 120-7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scissor Sisters (US CD album booklet). Universal Records. 2004. B0002772-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters_(album)","url_text":"Scissor Sisters"}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 8, saptamina 28.02 – 6.03, 2005\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on May 14, 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050514170602/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10157.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 8, saptamina 28.02 – 6.03, 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10157.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2005\" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved January 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2005.pdf","url_text":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKChartsPlus","url_text":"UKChartsPlus"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 The Year in Music & Touring: Hot Dance Club Play Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 52. December 24, 2005. p. YE-58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Scissor Sisters – Filthy/Gorgeous\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17947-2217-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Scissor Sisters – Filthy/Gorgeous\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles 03.01.05\". Music Week. December 18, 2004. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1593. February 11, 2005. p. 27. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2005/RR-2005-02-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 25th April 2005\" (PDF). ARIA. April 25, 2005. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050519140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050520-0000/issue791.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 25th April 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue791.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland Soundtrack Song List\". IGN. February 7, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://au.ign.com/faqs/2007/tony-hawks-american-wasteland-soundtrack-song-list-802345","url_text":"\"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland Soundtrack Song List\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's a Boy Girl Thing - Soundtracks\". IMDb. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482527/soundtrack","url_text":"\"It's a Boy Girl Thing - Soundtracks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dumb and Dumber To - Soundtracks\". IMDb. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2096672/soundtrack","url_text":"\"Dumb and Dumber To - Soundtracks\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWevdbtJMXg","external_links_name":"\"Filthy/Gorgeous\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstonpress.com/music/scissor-sisters-6543921","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Sisters\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/scissor-sisters-mw0000209575","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Sisters – Scissor Sisters\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14492/Scissor-Sisters","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Sisters: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.arjanwrites.com/arjanwrites/2005/01/video_premiere_.html","external_links_name":"\"Video Premiere: Scissor Sisters \"Filthy, Gorgeous\"\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Scissor+Sisters&titel=Filthy+/+Gorgeous&cat=s","external_links_name":"Scissor Sisters – Filthy / Gorgeous\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Filthy%2FGorgeous","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Filthy/Gorgeous\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050514170602/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10157.html","external_links_name":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 8, saptamina 28.02 – 6.03, 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10157.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20050115/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/20050115/104/","external_links_name":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Scissor-Sisters/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Sisters Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Scissor-Sisters/chart-history/DNC","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Sisters Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2005\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17947-2217-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Scissor Sisters – Filthy/Gorgeous\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2005/RR-2005-02-11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050519140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050520-0000/issue791.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 25th April 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue791.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://au.ign.com/faqs/2007/tony-hawks-american-wasteland-soundtrack-song-list-802345","external_links_name":"\"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland Soundtrack Song List\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482527/soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"It's a Boy Girl Thing - Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2096672/soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Dumb and Dumber To - Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"http://www.scissorsisters.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060905082011/http://www.undergroundillusion.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Underground Illusion - The Ultimate Scissor Sisters Database"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f45abc1b-d81c-3ed3-ba8a-f6cfa1e914d0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_use_registration

Concurrent use registration

["1 Statutory basis","1.1 Use in commerce prior to an adverse filing for registration","1.2 Likelihood of confusion","2 Procedure to acquire","3 Geographic divisions","4 Impact","5 References","6 Sources"]

Federal trademark registration of the same trademark to two or more unrelated parties Official seal of the USPTO A concurrent use registration, in United States trademark law, is a federal trademark registration of the same trademark to two or more unrelated parties, with each party having a registration limited to a distinct geographic area. Such a registration is achieved by filing a concurrent use application (or by converting an existing application to a concurrent use application) and then prevailing in a concurrent use proceeding before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ("TTAB"), which is a judicial body within the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO"). A concurrent use application may be filed with respect to a trademark which is already registered or otherwise in use by another party, but may be allowed to go forward based on the assertion that the existing use can co-exist with the new registration without causing consumer confusion. The authority for this type of registration is set forth in the Lanham Act, which permits concurrent use registration where the concurrent use applicant made a good-faith adoption of the mark prior to the registrant filing an application for registration. Such registrations are most commonly achieved by agreement of the parties involved, although the USPTO must still determine that no confusion will be caused. Statutory basis The authority of the USPTO to issue a concurrent use registration is set forth in the Lanham Act, section 2 (d), enacted in 1947 and coded at 15 U.S.C. § 1052, which states in relevant part: Provided: That if the Director determines that confusion, mistake, or deception is not likely to result from the continued use by more than one person of the same or similar marks under conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the marks or the goods on or in connection with which such marks are used, concurrent registrations may be issued to such persons when they have become entitled to use such marks as a result of their concurrent lawful use in commerce prior to (1) the earliest of the filing dates of the applications pending or of any registration issued under this Act; (2) July 5, 1947, in the case of registrations previously issued under the Act of March 3, 1881, or February 20, 1905, and continuing in full force and effect on that date; or (3) July 5, 1947, in the case of applications filed under the Act of February 20, 1905, and registered after July 5, 1947. Use prior to the filing date of any pending application or a registration shall not be required when the owner of such application or registration consents to the grant of a concurrent registration to the applicant. Concurrent registrations may also be issued by the Director when a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined that more than one person is entitled to use the same or similar marks in commerce. In issuing concurrent registrations, the Director shall prescribe conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the mark or the goods on or in connection with which such mark is registered to the respective persons. The headquarters of the United States Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, Virginia, where Concurrent Use applications are evaluated. Through these provisions, the Act effectively places three requirements on marks for which a later applicant seeks a concurrent use registration: 1) the later applicant must have used the mark in commerce prior to the time that the earlier registrant filed its application for registration, unless the senior registrant consents to the junior user's registration; 2) the later applicant's use in commerce must have been lawful 3) concurrent use of the marks must not result in a likelihood of confusion. The statute essentially codifies the Tea Rose-Rectanus doctrine, established by the United States Supreme Court in two cases decided in 1916 and 1918. The Court had established in those cases that a junior user of a mark that is geographically remote from the senior user of the mark may establish priority over a senior user's claim to the mark in the junior user's area. Any party may voluntarily limit the geographic scope of its application while conceding the rights of another party to a different geographic territory. A concurrent use application may not be filed based on a party's intent to use a mark, but must rely on actual use in commerce. The concurrent use application must identify all other parties who are entitled to use the mark, and provide the names and addresses of the parties identified. Instead of making the usual assertion that no other party has the right to use the mark, the applicant must assert that no other party "except as specified in the application" has such a right. Where two or more geographically unrestricted applications are pending at the same time, and no registration has yet been issued, the USPTO will proceed with the earliest application, and put all later applications on hold pending a determination on the earliest. Use in commerce prior to an adverse filing for registration By the terms of the Act, the critical dates with respect to concurrent registration are the date of the applicant's first use and the earliest filing date of any other registrant. In other words, as the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure ("TBMP") states, "an application seeking concurrent registration through a concurrent use proceeding normally must assert a date of first use in commerce prior to the earliest application filing date of the application(s)... involved in the proceeding." The Lanham Act requires that an Applicant's use in commerce must have been lawful. The TTAB (and its predecessor, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ("CCPA")) has read this to mean that the applicant's use must not have infringed another party's use at the time that applicant adopted its mark. Therefore, one potential pitfall facing applicant is that "enerally, concurrent rights arise when a party, in good faith, and without knowledge of a prior party's use in another geographic area, adopts and uses the same or similar mark for the same or similar goods or services within its own geographic area." The mere fact that an applicant's use was geographically remote from a registrant or other opposer's use does not establish good faith, as "courts have generally held that the remote use defense... is unavailable where the junior user adopts a substantially identical mark in a remote geographic area with full knowledge of the senior user's prior use elsewhere." However, the TTAB has also previously held that "mere knowledge of the existence of the prior user should not, by itself, constitute bad faith." Likelihood of confusion The factors under which the TTAB evaluates the likelihood of confusion were established in In re E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., and are commonly referred to as the "du Pont factors". The thirteen du Pont factors are: (1) The similarity or dissimilarity of the marks in their entireties as to appearance, sound, connotation and commercial impression. (2) The similarity or dissimilarity and nature of the goods or services as described in an application or registration or in connection with which a prior mark is in use. (3) The similarity or dissimilarity of established, likely-to-continue trade channels. (4) The conditions under which and buyers to whom sales are made, i.e. "impulse" vs. careful, sophisticated purchasing. (5) The fame of the prior mark (sales, advertising, length of use). (6) The number and nature of similar marks in use on similar goods. (7) The nature and extent of any actual confusion. (8) The length of time during and conditions under which there has been concurrent use without evidence of actual confusion. (9) The variety of goods on which a mark is or is not used (house mark, "family" mark, product mark). (10) The market interface between applicant and the owner of a prior mark: (a) a mere "consent" to register or use. (b) agreement provisions designed to preclude confusion, i.e. limitations on continued use of the marks by each party. (c) assignment of mark, application, registration and good will of the related business. (d) laches and estoppel attributable to owner of prior mark and indicative of lack of confusion. (11) The extent to which applicant has a right to exclude others from use of its mark on its goods. (12) The extent of potential confusion, i.e., whether de minimis or substantial. (13) Any other established fact probative of the effect of use. In many instances, only a few of the categories will be applicable to the facts of the case before the TTAB. Procedure to acquire The procedures to acquire such a registration are set forth in the TBMP Chapter 1100. They are initiated when a concurrent use application is submitted to the USPTO, which will initiate a concurrent use proceeding to determine if the applicant is entitled to such registration. An existing application that has been denied registration because of a conflict with an existing mark may be converted into a concurrent use application against that existing mark. In either case, the applicant must assert that its mark was used in commerce before the owner of the existing registration, called the "senior registrant", had filed its own application for registration. The applicant must also demonstrate that the marks can both be used in their specific geographic areas without causing a likelihood of confusion. The USPTO will contact the senior registrant to inform that party of the claim against their mark. The proceeding in which the respective rights of the parties are determined is like a trial in which the applicant must submit evidence showing that the applicant had adopted the mark in good faith, that the applicant had adopted the mark prior to the senior registrant's date of registration, and that the confusion is not likely. The senior registrant may present evidence to the contrary, in order to prevent the loss of control over the use of the registered mark in the applicant's claimed territory. Both parties may take discovery in the form of requests for admission, interrogatories, requests for production, and depositions. As with a regular trial, the TTAB may be called upon to resolve disputes over whether discovery requests are overbroad, and whether discovery responses are inadequate. The senior registrant in such a proceeding has ample incentive to oppose the grant of a concurrent use registration, because a registered trademark is presumed to apply throughout the entire United States. Thus, the grant of a concurrent use registration carves out some geographic territory from the senior registrant's exclusive control. As 15 U.S.C. § 1052 (d) indicates, a concurrent use registration may also be issued "when a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined that more than one person is entitled to use the same or similar marks in commerce." As a matter of right, the TTAB will issue such a registration pursuant to a court order that an applicant has the right to use its mark in certain geographic area. Where a court has issued such an order, a concurrent use proceeding is not needed, as evidence has already been taken in the court proceeding, and the rights of the parties have already been determined. Most concurrent use proceedings result in a legal settlement between the parties. Frequently, one party will surrender its concurrent use claim and instead receive a trademark license from the other party. In other situations, each party may agree to geographic limitations on its use of the mark at issue, which the TTAB will honor if the settlement stipulates to facts which show that no confusion is likely. A benefit of such an agreement is that the parties can agree to terms beyond the scope of the TTAB's decision, such as specific restrictions on time and place of advertising, or modifications to the appearance of either mark. However, irrespective of the agreement reached, the TTAB must still make an independent finding that no consumer confusion is likely to result from the concurrent use registration. Even if both parties assert that no confusion is likely, the TTAB may still make findings of fact which demonstrate that confusion is likely, and deny registration to the junior user of the mark. A pivotal factor in assessing the likelihood of confusion in such a circumstance "is whether the parties whose marks are in question have agreed, in some form, to memorialize methods of avoiding confusion." In that case, the court held that such an agreement "is viewed in light of the parties' interests and the prevailing marketplace", further stating: The weight to be given more detailed agreements should be substantial. Thus when those most familiar with use in the marketplace and most interested in precluding confusion enter agreements designed to avoid it, the scales of evidence are clearly tilted. It is at least difficult to maintain a subjective view that confusion will occur when those directly concerned say it won't. A mere assumption that confusion is likely will rarely prevail against uncontroverted evidence from those on the firing line that it is not. Furthermore, the issuance of concurrent use registrations need not prevent either party from engaging in advertising or other activities which might result in the incidental publication of one registrant's mark in the territory of the other registrant. In the Amalgamated Bank case, the Federal Circuit found acceptable a term in the agreement that "nothing in this agreement will preclude Amalgamated New York from conducting advertising which might enter in the State of Illinois or from dealing with customers who happen to be located in the State of Illinois." Courts have similarly held that a concurrent use registration does not curtail either party from advertising over the Internet, particularly where the junior user includes a disclaimer of some form on their website. Geographic divisions A concurrent use registration can be very detailed in the geographic divisions laid down. It may, for example, allow one party to own the right to use a mark within a fifty-mile radius around a handful of selected cities or counties, while the other party owns the right to use the same mark everywhere else in the country. It may even divide the rights to use a mark within a particular city by reference to roads or other landmarks in that city. The TTAB succinctly describes its territorial analysis in Weiner King, Inc. v. Wiener King Corp.: Turning to the fundamental question in this case, i.e., who gets what territory, this court has suggested certain criteria which are helpful in resolving this question. In In re Beatrice Foods Co.... this court noted that actual use in a territory was not necessary to establish rights in that territory, and that the inquiry should focus on the party's (1) previous business activity; (2) previous expansion or lack thereof; (3) dominance of contiguous areas; (4) presently-planned expansion; and, where applicable (5) possible market penetration by means of products brought in from other areas. The TTAB has found that in concurrent use proceedings, "he area for which registration is sought is usually more extensive than the area in which applicant is actually using the mark." "As a general rule, a prior user of a mark is entitled to a registration covering the entire United States limited only to the extent that the subsequent user can establish that no likelihood of confusion exists and that it has concurrent rights in its actual area of use, plus its area of natural expansion." Between lawful concurrent users of the same mark in geographically separate markets, the senior registrant has the right to maintain his registration for at least those market areas in which it is using the mark. However, the senior registrant does not always maintain the right to use the mark in territories not yet occupied by either party. In Pinocchio's Pizza, for example, the first applicant (but the junior user of the mark in commerce) owned one small restaurant in Maryland and had expressed no plans for expansion, while the second applicant (but senior user of the mark in commerce) owned multiple restaurants in Texas and was planning aggressive expansion. The TTAB held that "purpose of the statute is best served by granting applicant a registration for the entire United States except for registrant's trading area." The TTAB therefore restricted the first applicant's registration to permit exclusive use in Maryland, and within 50 miles of the first applicant's restaurant in areas crossing into other states. Furthermore, although the general rule provides that the entire United States should be covered by the respective registrations, it is permissible for parties to a proceeding to resolve the issue of territorial rights in a way that leaves some part of the country uncovered entirely. In a contested proceeding In re Beatrice Foods Co., the court held that the senior user of a mark was entitled to a registration covering the entire United States, outside of the junior user's area of actual use. However, the court went on to say: The foregoing is not intended to imply that the Patent Office is required to issue registrations covering the whole of the United States in all circumstances. Certainly the applicant or applicants may always request territorially restricted registrations. In addition, in carrying out the Commissioner's duty under the proviso of § 2(d) of determining whether confusion, mistake or deception is likely to result from the continued concurrent use of a mark by two or more parties, it may be held that such likelihood will be prevented only when each party is granted a very limited territory with parts of the United States granted to no one. The few courts that have considered the antitrust implications of concurrent use registration have determined that it does not raise any violation of antitrust laws. Although it is considered a violation of such laws for companies to agree to divide up geographic territories for the sale of goods, concurrent use agreements dividing up trademark territories are specifically provided for by Congress. Furthermore, even with such an agreement in place, a company can still sell competing products in the trademark territory of another company, so long as the intruding party sells that product under a different mark. Impact The availability of concurrent use registration is not commonly invoked, even where the applicant might stand an excellent chance of demonstrating the existence of geographically distinct markets. Proceedings before the TTAB, like proceedings before any court, can be expensive and time-consuming. A contested concurrent use proceeding may last for two or three years before the resolution of a claim, and the outcome will remain uncertain until the end. The outcome of the proceeding will then be subject to an appeal before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or to a collateral challenge in a United States District Court. Perhaps the most notable instance of a continuing concurrent use registration is that of Holiday Inn. Although the national chain owns numerous trademark registrations, there is one registration for an unrelated "Holiday Inn" which is "restricted to the area comprising the town of Myrtle Beach, S.C.". The Myrtle Beach hotel had used that name since the 1940s, and initiated a concurrent use proceeding in 1970. While this proceeding was pending, the national chain commenced an action in the United States District Court. The concurrent use proceeding was suspended during the pendency of the federal litigation, which resulted in a judgment in 1973 authorizing the Myrtle Beach hotel to use a distinctive, noninfringing Holiday Inn service mark within the Town of Myrtle Beach. The concurrent use proceeding resumed, and in 1976, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals awarded the Myrtle Beach hotel a federal trademark registration. Even where a concurrent use registration is issued, the parties may eventually come to an agreement under which one party will surrender its registration. In some instances, a party will simply happen to cease using the mark in favor of a new brand name, and the registration will lapse. In other cases, the larger company will eventually acquire the smaller. A final note is that concurrent use registration was devised before the advent of the Internet, which serves to diminish geographic distinctions between sellers. John L. Welch, a Harvard-educated attorney who writes a well-known blog on the proceedings of the TTAB, has noted that "vigorously contested proceedings may well make it clear that concurrent use registrations are, in this Internet Age, a dying breed". References ^ Hanover Star Milling Co. v. Metcalf, 240 U.S. 403 (1916) (the "Tea Rose" case), and United Drug Co. v. Theodore Rectanus Co., 248 U.S. 90 (1918). ^ TMEP § 1207.04(a), Concurrent Use – In General. ^ TMEP § 1207.04(b), Filing Basis of Application Seeking Concurrent Use. ^ a b TMEP § 1207.04(d)(i), Requirements for All Concurrent Use Applications. ^ TMEP § 1208.01, Priority for Publication or Issue Based on Effective Filing Date. ^ TBMP § 1103.01(b) (2004). The TBMP has twelve chapters, numbered 100 through 1200; Chapter 1100 is dedicated entirely to the subject of "Concurrent Use Proceedings". ^ a b TBMP § 1103.01(d)(2). ^ Woman's World Shops Inc. v. Lane Bryant Inc., 1988 TTAB LEXIS 72 (TTAB 1988). ^ Weiner King, Inc. v. Wiener King Corp., 615 F.2d 512, 522 (CCPA 1980) (applicant did not know of a prior use of the mark at the time it was adopted, but the applicant expanded the use of its mark after learning of the prior use). ^ In re E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357, 177 USPQ 563 (CCPA 1973). ^ In re E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357, 1361 (CCPA 1973). ^ Cheryl L. Slay, in Brian E. Banner, Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2007 Cumulative Supplement (2007) p. 35. ^ Amalgamated Bank of New York v. Amalgamated Trust & Savings Bank, 842 F.2d 1270, 1273 (Fed. Cir. 1988). ^ Id., citing In re E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357, 1362-63 (CCPA 1973); Bongrain International (American) Corp. v. Delice de France Inc., 811 F.2d 1479 (Fed. Cir. 1987). ^ Amalgamated Bank, 842 F.2d at 1272. ^ Weiner King, Inc. v. Wiener King Corp., 615 F.2d 512, 523 (CCPA 1980). ^ Pinocchio's Pizza, Inc. v. Sandra, Inc., 11 USPQ2d 1227 (TTAB 1989). ^ In re Beatrice Foods Co.,57 C.C.P.A. 1302, 1310 (C.C.P.A. 1970). ^ See, e.g., VMG Enterprises, Inc. v. F. Quesada & Franco, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 648 (D.P.R. 1992). ^ Holiday Inns, Inc. v. Holiday Inn, 364 F. Supp. 775, 786-87 (D.S.C.1973), aff'd 1974 U.S. App. LEXIS 8226, 182 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 129 (4th Cir. 1974). ^ Holiday Inn v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 534 F.2d 312 (C.C.P.A.1976). ^ John L. Welch, TTABlog, TTAB Issues Rare Concurrent Use Decision in "HUBCAP HEAVEN" Dispute, February 10, 2005. Sources Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure, § 1207.04, "Concurrent Use Registration". Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure, Chapter 1100, "Concurrent Use Proceedings". vteTrademark lawConcepts Distinctiveness Dilution Generic trademark Passing off Concurrent use Priority right Coexistence agreement Confusing similarity Functionality doctrine Initial interest confusion Good faith doctrine Fair use Secondary liability Nominative use Disparagement Reputation parasitism Cybersquatting Parallel import Well-known trademark Treaties Paris Convention Madrid Agreement Madrid Protocol TRIPS Singapore Treaty Community Trade Mark Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy Country Australia Canada China European Union Hong Kong India Ireland Japan Oman Philippines United Kingdom United States TypesStandard Registered trademark Service mark Trade dress Unregistered trademark Wordmark Non-standard Certification marks Chartered marks Collective trademarks Defensive trademarks Electronic registration marks Font trademark Ghost marks Geographical indication Protected designation of origin Non-conventional Colour trademarks Hologram trademarks Motion trademarks Scent trademarks Shape trademarks Sound trademarks Related Brand Emblem Logo Bodies WIPO International Trademark Association EUIPO USPTO ICANN Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt CIPO Symbols Registered trademark symbol Service mark symbol Unregistered trademark symbol Disputes Budweiser Debian–Mozilla Stolichnaya Ugg boots Washington Redskins Related Trademark attorney Trademark examiner Trademark infringement Trademark share Trademark troll World Trademark Review Category:Trademark law Case laws WP:MOS/Trademarks

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office.svg"},{"link_name":"United States trademark law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"trademark registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_registration"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(law)"},{"link_name":"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Lanham Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham_Act"}],"text":"Federal trademark registration of the same trademark to two or more unrelated partiesOfficial seal of the USPTOA concurrent use registration, in United States trademark law, is a federal trademark registration of the same trademark to two or more unrelated parties, with each party having a registration limited to a distinct geographic area. Such a registration is achieved by filing a concurrent use application (or by converting an existing application to a concurrent use application) and then prevailing in a concurrent use proceeding before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (\"TTAB\"), which is a judicial body within the United States Patent and Trademark Office (\"USPTO\"). A concurrent use application may be filed with respect to a trademark which is already registered or otherwise in use by another party, but may be allowed to go forward based on the assertion that the existing use can co-exist with the new registration without causing consumer confusion.The authority for this type of registration is set forth in the Lanham Act, which permits concurrent use registration where the concurrent use applicant made a good-faith adoption of the mark prior to the registrant filing an application for registration. Such registrations are most commonly achieved by agreement of the parties involved, although the USPTO must still determine that no confusion will be caused.","title":"Concurrent use registration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanham Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham_Act"},{"link_name":"15 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1052","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1052"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error"},{"link_name":"deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usptojamesmadisonbuildingsouthside.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"likelihood of confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_of_confusion"},{"link_name":"Tea Rose-Rectanus doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Rose-Rectanus_doctrine"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"intent to use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intent_to_use&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMEP120704di-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMEP120704di-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The authority of the USPTO to issue a concurrent use registration is set forth in the Lanham Act, section 2 (d), enacted in 1947 and coded at 15 U.S.C. § 1052, which states in relevant part:Provided: That if the Director determines that confusion, mistake, or deception is not likely to result from the continued use by more than one person of the same or similar marks under conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the marks or the goods on or in connection with which such marks are used, concurrent registrations may be issued to such persons when they have become entitled to use such marks as a result of their concurrent lawful use in commerce prior to \n(1) the earliest of the filing dates of the applications pending or of any registration issued under this Act;\n(2) July 5, 1947, in the case of registrations previously issued under the Act of March 3, 1881, or February 20, 1905, and continuing in full force and effect on that date; or\n(3) July 5, 1947, in the case of applications filed under the Act of February 20, 1905, and registered after July 5, 1947.\nUse prior to the filing date of any pending application or a registration shall not be required when the owner of such application or registration consents to the grant of a concurrent registration to the applicant. Concurrent registrations may also be issued by the Director when a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined that more than one person is entitled to use the same or similar marks in commerce. In issuing concurrent registrations, the Director shall prescribe conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the mark or the goods on or in connection with which such mark is registered to the respective persons.The headquarters of the United States Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, Virginia, where Concurrent Use applications are evaluated.Through these provisions, the Act effectively places three requirements on marks for which a later applicant seeks a concurrent use registration:1) the later applicant must have used the mark in commerce prior to the time that the earlier registrant filed its application for registration, unless the senior registrant consents to the junior user's registration;\n2) the later applicant's use in commerce must have been lawful\n3) concurrent use of the marks must not result in a likelihood of confusion.The statute essentially codifies the Tea Rose-Rectanus doctrine, established by the United States Supreme Court in two cases decided in 1916 and 1918.[1] The Court had established in those cases that a junior user of a mark that is geographically remote from the senior user of the mark may establish priority over a senior user's claim to the mark in the junior user's area.Any party may voluntarily limit the geographic scope of its application while conceding the rights of another party to a different geographic territory.[2] A concurrent use application may not be filed based on a party's intent to use a mark, but must rely on actual use in commerce.[3] The concurrent use application must identify all other parties who are entitled to use the mark, and provide the names and addresses of the parties identified.[4] Instead of making the usual assertion that no other party has the right to use the mark, the applicant must assert that no other party \"except as specified in the application\" has such a right.[4]Where two or more geographically unrestricted applications are pending at the same time, and no registration has yet been issued, the USPTO will proceed with the earliest application, and put all later applications on hold pending a determination on the earliest.[5]","title":"Statutory basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board_Manual_of_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBMP110301d2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Use in commerce prior to an adverse filing for registration","text":"By the terms of the Act, the critical dates with respect to concurrent registration are the date of the applicant's first use and the earliest filing date of any other registrant. In other words, as the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure (\"TBMP\") states, \"an application seeking concurrent registration through a concurrent use proceeding normally must assert a date of first use in commerce prior to the earliest application filing date of the application(s)... involved in the proceeding.\"[6]The Lanham Act requires that an Applicant's use in commerce must have been lawful. The TTAB (and its predecessor, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (\"CCPA\")) has read this to mean that the applicant's use must not have infringed another party's use at the time that applicant adopted its mark. Therefore, one potential pitfall facing applicant is that \"[g]enerally, concurrent rights arise when a party, in good faith, and without knowledge of a prior party's use in another geographic area, adopts and uses the same or similar mark for the same or similar goods or services within its own geographic area.\"[7]The mere fact that an applicant's use was geographically remote from a registrant or other opposer's use does not establish good faith, as \"courts have generally held that the remote use defense... is unavailable where the junior user adopts a substantially identical mark in a remote geographic area with full knowledge of the senior user's prior use elsewhere.\"[8] However, the TTAB has also previously held that \"mere knowledge of the existence of the prior user should not, by itself, constitute bad faith.\"[9]","title":"Statutory basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_(law)"},{"link_name":"laches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(equity)"},{"link_name":"estoppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Likelihood of confusion","text":"The factors under which the TTAB evaluates the likelihood of confusion were established in In re E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,[10] and are commonly referred to as the \"du Pont factors\".The thirteen du Pont factors are:(1) The similarity or dissimilarity of the marks in their entireties as to appearance, sound, connotation and commercial impression.\n(2) The similarity or dissimilarity and nature of the goods or services as described in an application or registration or in connection with which a prior mark is in use.\n(3) The similarity or dissimilarity of established, likely-to-continue trade channels.\n(4) The conditions under which and buyers to whom sales are made, i.e. \"impulse\" vs. careful, sophisticated purchasing.\n(5) The fame of the prior mark (sales, advertising, length of use).\n(6) The number and nature of similar marks in use on similar goods.\n(7) The nature and extent of any actual confusion.\n(8) The length of time during and conditions under which there has been concurrent use without evidence of actual confusion.\n(9) The variety of goods on which a mark is or is not used (house mark, \"family\" mark, product mark).\n(10) The market interface between applicant and the owner of a prior mark:\n(a) a mere \"consent\" to register or use.\n(b) agreement provisions designed to preclude confusion, i.e. limitations on continued use of the marks by each party.\n(c) assignment of mark, application, registration and good will of the related business.\n(d) laches and estoppel attributable to owner of prior mark and indicative of lack of confusion.\n(11) The extent to which applicant has a right to exclude others from use of its mark on its goods.\n(12) The extent of potential confusion, i.e., whether de minimis or substantial.\n(13) Any other established fact probative of the effect of use.[11]In many instances, only a few of the categories will be applicable to the facts of the case before the TTAB.","title":"Statutory basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TBMP Chapter 1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uspto.gov/trademarks/process/appeal/Chapter_1100_2014.pdf"},{"link_name":"likelihood of confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_of_confusion"},{"link_name":"discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(law)"},{"link_name":"requests for admission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_admission"},{"link_name":"interrogatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatories"},{"link_name":"requests for production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_production"},{"link_name":"depositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(law)"},{"link_name":"court order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_order"},{"link_name":"legal settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_settlement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"trademark license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trademark_license&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"consumer confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_confusion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"}],"text":"The procedures to acquire such a registration are set forth in the TBMP Chapter 1100. They are initiated when a concurrent use application is submitted to the USPTO, which will initiate a concurrent use proceeding to determine if the applicant is entitled to such registration. An existing application that has been denied registration because of a conflict with an existing mark may be converted into a concurrent use application against that existing mark. In either case, the applicant must assert that its mark was used in commerce before the owner of the existing registration, called the \"senior registrant\", had filed its own application for registration. The applicant must also demonstrate that the marks can both be used in their specific geographic areas without causing a likelihood of confusion.The USPTO will contact the senior registrant to inform that party of the claim against their mark. The proceeding in which the respective rights of the parties are determined is like a trial in which the applicant must submit evidence showing that the applicant had adopted the mark in good faith, that the applicant had adopted the mark prior to the senior registrant's date of registration, and that the confusion is not likely. The senior registrant may present evidence to the contrary, in order to prevent the loss of control over the use of the registered mark in the applicant's claimed territory. Both parties may take discovery in the form of requests for admission, interrogatories, requests for production, and depositions. As with a regular trial, the TTAB may be called upon to resolve disputes over whether discovery requests are overbroad, and whether discovery responses are inadequate.The senior registrant in such a proceeding has ample incentive to oppose the grant of a concurrent use registration, because a registered trademark is presumed to apply throughout the entire United States. Thus, the grant of a concurrent use registration carves out some geographic territory from the senior registrant's exclusive control.As 15 U.S.C. § 1052 (d) indicates, a concurrent use registration may also be issued \"when a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined that more than one person is entitled to use the same or similar marks in commerce.\" As a matter of right, the TTAB will issue such a registration pursuant to a court order that an applicant has the right to use its mark in certain geographic area. Where a court has issued such an order, a concurrent use proceeding is not needed, as evidence has already been taken in the court proceeding, and the rights of the parties have already been determined.Most concurrent use proceedings result in a legal settlement between the parties.[12] Frequently, one party will surrender its concurrent use claim and instead receive a trademark license from the other party. In other situations, each party may agree to geographic limitations on its use of the mark at issue, which the TTAB will honor if the settlement stipulates to facts which show that no confusion is likely. A benefit of such an agreement is that the parties can agree to terms beyond the scope of the TTAB's decision, such as specific restrictions on time and place of advertising, or modifications to the appearance of either mark. However, irrespective of the agreement reached, the TTAB must still make an independent finding that no consumer confusion is likely to result from the concurrent use registration. Even if both parties assert that no confusion is likely, the TTAB may still make findings of fact which demonstrate that confusion is likely, and deny registration to the junior user of the mark.A pivotal factor in assessing the likelihood of confusion in such a circumstance \"is whether the parties whose marks are in question have agreed, in some form, to memorialize methods of avoiding confusion.\"[13] In that case, the court held that such an agreement \"is viewed in light of the parties' interests and the prevailing marketplace\", further stating:The weight to be given more detailed agreements should be substantial. Thus when those most familiar with use in the marketplace and most interested in precluding confusion enter agreements designed to avoid it, the scales of evidence are clearly tilted. It is at least difficult to maintain a subjective view that confusion will occur when those directly concerned say it won't. A mere assumption that confusion is likely will rarely prevail against uncontroverted evidence from those on the firing line that it is not.[14]Furthermore, the issuance of concurrent use registrations need not prevent either party from engaging in advertising or other activities which might result in the incidental publication of one registrant's mark in the territory of the other registrant. In the Amalgamated Bank case, the Federal Circuit found acceptable a term in the agreement that \"nothing in this agreement will preclude Amalgamated New York from conducting advertising which might enter in the State of Illinois or from dealing with customers who happen to be located in the State of Illinois.\"[15] Courts have similarly held that a concurrent use registration does not curtail either party from advertising over the Internet, particularly where the junior user includes a disclaimer of some form on their website.","title":"Procedure to acquire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBMP110301d2-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A concurrent use registration can be very detailed in the geographic divisions laid down. It may, for example, allow one party to own the right to use a mark within a fifty-mile radius around a handful of selected cities or counties, while the other party owns the right to use the same mark everywhere else in the country. It may even divide the rights to use a mark within a particular city by reference to roads or other landmarks in that city.The TTAB succinctly describes its territorial analysis in Weiner King, Inc. v. Wiener King Corp.:[16]Turning to the fundamental question in this case, i.e., who gets what territory, this court has suggested certain criteria which are helpful in resolving this question. In In re Beatrice Foods Co.... this court noted that actual use in a territory was not necessary to establish rights in that territory, and that the inquiry should focus on the party's (1) previous business activity; (2) previous expansion or lack thereof; (3) dominance of contiguous areas; (4) presently-planned expansion; and, where applicable (5) possible market penetration by means of products brought in from other areas.The TTAB has found that in concurrent use proceedings, \"[t]he area for which registration is sought is usually more extensive than the area in which applicant is actually using the mark.\"[7] \"As a general rule, a prior user of a mark is entitled to a registration covering the entire United States limited only to the extent that the subsequent user can establish that no likelihood of confusion exists and that it has concurrent rights in its actual area of use, plus its area of natural expansion.\"[17]Between lawful concurrent users of the same mark in geographically separate markets, the senior registrant has the right to maintain his registration for at least those market areas in which it is using the mark. However, the senior registrant does not always maintain the right to use the mark in territories not yet occupied by either party. In Pinocchio's Pizza, for example, the first applicant (but the junior user of the mark in commerce) owned one small restaurant in Maryland and had expressed no plans for expansion, while the second applicant (but senior user of the mark in commerce) owned multiple restaurants in Texas and was planning aggressive expansion. The TTAB held that \"purpose of the statute is best served by granting [the second] applicant a registration for the entire United States except for registrant's trading area.\" The TTAB therefore restricted the first applicant's registration to permit exclusive use in Maryland, and within 50 miles of the first applicant's restaurant in areas crossing into other states.Furthermore, although the general rule provides that the entire United States should be covered by the respective registrations, it is permissible for parties to a proceeding to resolve the issue of territorial rights in a way that leaves some part of the country uncovered entirely. In a contested proceeding In re Beatrice Foods Co., the court held that the senior user of a mark was entitled to a registration covering the entire United States, outside of the junior user's area of actual use. However, the court went on to say:The foregoing is not intended to imply that the Patent Office is required to issue registrations covering the whole of the United States in all circumstances. Certainly the applicant or applicants may always request territorially restricted registrations. In addition, in carrying out the Commissioner's duty under the proviso of § 2(d) of determining whether confusion, mistake or deception is likely to result from the continued concurrent use of a mark by two or more parties, it may be held that such likelihood will be prevented only when each party is granted a very limited territory with parts of the United States granted to no one.[18]The few courts that have considered the antitrust implications of concurrent use registration have determined that it does not raise any violation of antitrust laws. Although it is considered a violation of such laws for companies to agree to divide up geographic territories for the sale of goods, concurrent use agreements dividing up trademark territories are specifically provided for by Congress. Furthermore, even with such an agreement in place, a company can still sell competing products in the trademark territory of another company, so long as the intruding party sells that product under a different mark.[19]","title":"Geographic divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"John L. Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_L._Welch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The availability of concurrent use registration is not commonly invoked, even where the applicant might stand an excellent chance of demonstrating the existence of geographically distinct markets. Proceedings before the TTAB, like proceedings before any court, can be expensive and time-consuming. A contested concurrent use proceeding may last for two or three years before the resolution of a claim, and the outcome will remain uncertain until the end. The outcome of the proceeding will then be subject to an appeal before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or to a collateral challenge in a United States District Court.Perhaps the most notable instance of a continuing concurrent use registration is that of Holiday Inn. Although the national chain owns numerous trademark registrations, there is one registration for an unrelated \"Holiday Inn\" which is \"restricted to the area comprising the town of Myrtle Beach, S.C.\". The Myrtle Beach hotel had used that name since the 1940s, and initiated a concurrent use proceeding in 1970. While this proceeding was pending, the national chain commenced an action in the United States District Court. The concurrent use proceeding was suspended during the pendency of the federal litigation, which resulted in a judgment in 1973 authorizing the Myrtle Beach hotel to use a distinctive, noninfringing Holiday Inn service mark within the Town of Myrtle Beach.[20] The concurrent use proceeding resumed, and in 1976, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals awarded the Myrtle Beach hotel a federal trademark registration.[21]Even where a concurrent use registration is issued, the parties may eventually come to an agreement under which one party will surrender its registration. In some instances, a party will simply happen to cease using the mark in favor of a new brand name, and the registration will lapse. In other cases, the larger company will eventually acquire the smaller.A final note is that concurrent use registration was devised before the advent of the Internet, which serves to diminish geographic distinctions between sellers. John L. Welch, a Harvard-educated attorney who writes a well-known blog on the proceedings of the TTAB, has noted that \"vigorously contested proceedings may well make it clear that concurrent use registrations are, in this Internet Age, a dying breed\".[22]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T120704"},{"link_name":"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080513063442/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/ttab/tbmp/1100.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trademark_law"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Trademark_law"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Trademark law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Distinctiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_distinctiveness"},{"link_name":"Dilution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_dilution"},{"link_name":"Generic trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"Passing off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_off"},{"link_name":"Concurrent use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Priority right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_right"},{"link_name":"Coexistence agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_mark_coexistence_agreement"},{"link_name":"Confusing similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusing_similarity"},{"link_name":"Functionality doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionality_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Initial interest confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_interest_confusion"},{"link_name":"Good faith doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Rose_%E2%80%93_Rectanus_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use_(U.S._trademark_law)"},{"link_name":"Secondary liability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_liability"},{"link_name":"Nominative use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_use"},{"link_name":"Disparagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparagement"},{"link_name":"Reputation parasitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_parasitism"},{"link_name":"Cybersquatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersquatting"},{"link_name":"Parallel import","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_import"},{"link_name":"Well-known trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark#Well-known_status"},{"link_name":"Paris Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property"},{"link_name":"Madrid Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Madrid Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Protocol"},{"link_name":"TRIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights"},{"link_name":"Singapore Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Treaty_on_the_Law_of_Trademarks"},{"link_name":"Community Trade Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Trade_Mark"},{"link_name":"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_trade_mark_law"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_law_of_China"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_trademark_law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_Law_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_classification"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_(Nice)_Classification_of_Goods_and_Services"},{"link_name":"Registered trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademark"},{"link_name":"Service mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_mark"},{"link_name":"Trade dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_dress"},{"link_name":"Unregistered trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unregistered_trademark"},{"link_name":"Wordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordmark"},{"link_name":"Certification marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_mark"},{"link_name":"Chartered marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_mark"},{"link_name":"Collective trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_trademark"},{"link_name":"Defensive trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_trademark"},{"link_name":"Electronic registration marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_registration_mark"},{"link_name":"Font trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces"},{"link_name":"Ghost marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_mark"},{"link_name":"Geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"Protected designation of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"Non-conventional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-conventional_trademark"},{"link_name":"Colour trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_trade_mark"},{"link_name":"Hologram trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologram_trademark"},{"link_name":"Motion trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_trademark"},{"link_name":"Scent trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_trademark"},{"link_name":"Shape trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_trademark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sound trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_trademark"},{"link_name":"Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem"},{"link_name":"Logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"WIPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"International Trademark Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trademark_Association"},{"link_name":"EUIPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Intellectual_Property_Office"},{"link_name":"USPTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt"},{"link_name":"CIPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Intellectual_Property_Office"},{"link_name":"Registered trademark symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol"},{"link_name":"Service mark symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_mark_symbol"},{"link_name":"Unregistered trademark symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_symbol"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Debian–Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian%E2%80%93Mozilla_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Stolichnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolichnaya_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Ugg boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugg_boots_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Trademark attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_attorney"},{"link_name":"Trademark examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_examiner"},{"link_name":"Trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"Trademark share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_share"},{"link_name":"Trademark troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_troll"},{"link_name":"World Trademark Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trademark_Review"},{"link_name":"Category:Trademark law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Case laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trademark_case_law"},{"link_name":"WP:MOS/Trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks"}],"text":"Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure, § 1207.04, \"Concurrent Use Registration\".\nTrademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure, Chapter 1100, \"Concurrent Use Proceedings\".vteTrademark lawConcepts\nDistinctiveness\nDilution\nGeneric trademark\nPassing off\nConcurrent use\nPriority right\nCoexistence agreement\nConfusing similarity\nFunctionality doctrine\nInitial interest confusion\nGood faith doctrine\nFair use\nSecondary liability\nNominative use\nDisparagement\nReputation parasitism\nCybersquatting\nParallel import\nWell-known trademark\nTreaties\nParis Convention\nMadrid Agreement\nMadrid Protocol\nTRIPS\nSingapore Treaty\nCommunity Trade Mark\nUniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy\nCountry\nAustralia\nCanada\nChina\nEuropean Union\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIreland\nJapan\nOman\nPhilippines\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nTypesStandard\nRegistered trademark\nService mark\nTrade dress\nUnregistered trademark\nWordmark\nNon-standard\nCertification marks\nChartered marks\nCollective trademarks\nDefensive trademarks\nElectronic registration marks\nFont trademark\nGhost marks\nGeographical indication\nProtected designation of origin\nNon-conventional\nColour trademarks\nHologram trademarks\nMotion trademarks\nScent trademarks\nShape trademarks\nSound trademarks\nRelated\nBrand\nEmblem\nLogo\nBodies\nWIPO\nInternational Trademark Association\nEUIPO\nUSPTO\nICANN\nDeutsches Patent- und Markenamt\nCIPO\nSymbols\nRegistered trademark symbol\nService mark symbol\nUnregistered trademark symbol\nDisputes\nBudweiser\nDebian–Mozilla\nStolichnaya\nUgg boots\nWashington Redskins\nRelated\nTrademark attorney\nTrademark examiner\nTrademark infringement\nTrademark share\nTrademark troll\nWorld Trademark Review\n\nCategory:Trademark law\nCase laws\nWP:MOS/Trademarks","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

[{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1052","external_links_name":"§ 1052"},{"Link":"http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/process/appeal/Chapter_1100_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"TBMP Chapter 1100"},{"Link":"http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T120704","external_links_name":"TMEP § 1207.04(a)"},{"Link":"http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T120704","external_links_name":"TMEP § 1207.04(b)"},{"Link":"http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T120704","external_links_name":"TMEP § 1207.04(d)(i)"},{"Link":"http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T1208","external_links_name":"TMEP § 1208.01"},{"Link":"http://thettablog.blogspot.com/2005/02/ttab-issues-rare-concurrent-use.html","external_links_name":"John L. Welch, TTABlog, TTAB Issues Rare Concurrent Use Decision in \"HUBCAP HEAVEN\" Dispute"},{"Link":"http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/1200.htm#_T120704","external_links_name":"Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513063442/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/ttab/tbmp/1100.pdf","external_links_name":"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvla

Suvla

["1 Popular references","2 References"]

Coordinates: 40°18′11″N 26°13′48″E / 40.3031°N 26.23°E / 40.3031; 26.23Bay on the coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in western Turkey This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Suvla" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) View of Suvla from Battleship Hill Suvla (Greek: Σούβλα) is a bay on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey, south of the Gulf of Saros. On 6 August 1915, it was the site for the Landing at Suvla Bay by the British IX Corps as part of the August Offensive during the Battle of Gallipoli. The landing and others at various points along the peninsula were designed to capture the peninsula from Turkish troops defending it, and to open the Dardanelles Straits to Allied warships, thus facilitating a planned naval attack on Constantinople (Istanbul). The Gallipoli campaign ended in failure and high casualties for the Allied side, which included numbers of Australian, New Zealand, Indian, Irish, French, and Newfoundland troops. The area is notable for viticulture and winemaking. The well-known wine producer "Suvla" is located here. Popular references Suvla is mentioned in the Irish Rebel song "The Foggy Dew", second verse: "It was better to die 'neath an Irish sky than at Suvla or Sedd el Bahr", and third verse: "But their lonely graves are by Suvla's waves or the fringe of the Great North Sea". Suvla Bay also features in "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda", the oft-covered song by Eric Bogle. "Suvla Bay" was a popular Australian song (composer unidentified) in 1949, and was recorded by artists like Reg Lindsey, Ray Kernaghan, Frank Ifield and Slim Dusty. Suvla is also mentioned in the song "The Connaught Rangers": "At Suvla and at Sud el Bar, we fought your every bloody war..." Suvla is also mentioned in the traditional Newfoundland song "Recruiting Sergeant": "And on the sands of Suvla, they entered into hell" "The Bay of Suvla" is a song performed by Canadian folk-punk band The Dreadnoughts, released November 11th, 2017, as a tribute to World War One. References ^ "Çanakkale'den Yepyeni Bir Şarap Markası: 'Suvla'" (in Turkish). Çanakkale'nin Rehberi. Retrieved 2015-07-28. 40°18′11″N 26°13′48″E / 40.3031°N 26.23°E / 40.3031; 26.23 This geographical article about a location in Çanakkale Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallipolimap2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suvla_from_Battleship_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Saros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros"},{"link_name":"Landing at Suvla Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay"},{"link_name":"British IX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"August Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr-1"}],"text":"Bay on the coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in western TurkeyView of Suvla from Battleship HillSuvla (Greek: Σούβλα) is a bay on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey, south of the Gulf of Saros.On 6 August 1915, it was the site for the Landing at Suvla Bay by the British IX Corps as part of the August Offensive during the Battle of Gallipoli. The landing and others at various points along the peninsula were designed to capture the peninsula from Turkish troops defending it, and to open the Dardanelles Straits to Allied warships, thus facilitating a planned naval attack on Constantinople (Istanbul). The Gallipoli campaign ended in failure and high casualties for the Allied side, which included numbers of Australian, New Zealand, Indian, Irish, French, and Newfoundland troops.The area is notable for viticulture and winemaking. The well-known wine producer \"Suvla\" is located here.[1]","title":"Suvla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Foggy Dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foggy_Dew_(Irish_ballad)"},{"link_name":"Sedd el Bahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedd_el_Bahr"},{"link_name":"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Eric Bogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bogle"},{"link_name":"Reg Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reg_Lindsey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ray Kernaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kernaghan"},{"link_name":"Frank Ifield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ifield"},{"link_name":"Slim Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Dusty"},{"link_name":"The Connaught Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Connaught_Rangers"},{"link_name":"The Dreadnoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreadnoughts"}],"text":"Suvla is mentioned in the Irish Rebel song \"The Foggy Dew\", second verse: \"It was better to die 'neath an Irish sky than at Suvla or Sedd el Bahr\", and third verse: \"But their lonely graves are by Suvla's waves or the fringe of the Great North Sea\".\nSuvla Bay also features in \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\", the oft-covered song by Eric Bogle.\n\"Suvla Bay\" was a popular Australian song (composer unidentified) in 1949, and was recorded by artists like Reg Lindsey, Ray Kernaghan, Frank Ifield and Slim Dusty.\nSuvla is also mentioned in the song \"The Connaught Rangers\": \"At Suvla and at Sud el Bar, we fought your every bloody war...\"\nSuvla is also mentioned in the traditional Newfoundland song \"Recruiting Sergeant\": \"And on the sands of Suvla, they entered into hell\"\n\"The Bay of Suvla\" is a song performed by Canadian folk-punk band The Dreadnoughts, released November 11th, 2017, as a tribute to World War One.","title":"Popular references"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wingo

David Wingo

["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

American songwriter and composer David WingoGenresSoundtrackOccupation(s)ComposerYears active2000s–presentWebsitewww.david-wingo.comMusical artist David Wingo is an American film and television composer. He is known for his collaborations with directors David Gordon Green and Jeff Nichols. Career Wingo began his career writing film scores for his childhood best friend, director David Gordon Green, including George Washington (2000) and All the Real Girls (2003). His score for Take Shelter (2011), was nominated for a Discovery Of The Year Award at the World Soundtrack Awards. As the composer of the HBO dark comedy series Barry (2018–2023), he was nominated for the 2019 Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score). He has also recorded three albums with his band, Ola Podrida. Filmography Film Year Title Director Notes 2000 George Washington David Gordon Green Co-composed with Michael Linnen 2001 Manic Jordan Melamed 2003 All the Real Girls David Gordon Green 2006 The Guatemalan Handshake Todd Rohal 2007 Snow Angels David Gordon Green Co-composed with Jeff McIlwain Great World of Sound Craig Zobel 2009 Gentlemen Broncos Jared Hess 2010 Gerrymandering Jeff Reichert Documentary film 2011 Take Shelter Jeff Nichols The Sitter David Gordon Green Co-composed with Jeff McIlwain 2012 Mud Jeff Nichols 2013 Prince Avalanche David Gordon Green Co-composed with Explosions in the Sky Joe Co-composed with Jeff McIlwain 2014 Alex of Venice Chris Messina Manglehorn David Gordon Green Co-composed with Explosions in the Sky 2015 Maggie Henry Hobson Our Brand Is Crisis David Gordon Green 2016 Midnight Special Jeff Nichols Loving 2017 Brigsby Bear Dave McCary 2018 State Like Sleep Meredith Danluck Co-composed with Jeff McIlwain 2019 The Report Scott Z. Burns 2023 The Exorcist: Believer David Gordon Green Co-composed with Amman Abbasi The Bikeriders Jeff Nichols Television Year Title Notes 2018–2020 Kidding 2018–2023 Barry 2019: Emmy nominated for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series 2021–2023 Mayans M.C. References ^ "15 Questions with David Wingo". 15 Questions. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ "David Wingo: The Hit (Making) Man behind Barry". Score It Magazine. 25 September 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ "World Soundtrack Awards Discovery of the Year Nominations Announced". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ Hill, Libby (September 14, 2019). "Complete Creative Arts Emmy Awards 2019 Winners List: 'Game of Thrones' Torches Competitors". IndieWire. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ Brown, Marisa. "Ola Podrida - Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ Deusner, Stephen. "Ola Podrida play More than Movie Music". Paste. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2023. Further reading Freeman, Doug (May 24, 2013). "David Wingo: film music, indie rock, and the future". Austin Chronicle. External links David Wingo at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Israel United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about a United States composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_cooperative

Food cooperative

["1 History","2 Economic structure","2.1 Pricing","2.2 Tax policy","2.3 Comparison with CSA","3 Scale of cooperatives in the United States","4 Formation of a food cooperative","5 Benefits","5.1 Market benefits","5.2 Agricultural sector benefits","5.3 Consumer benefits","6 Geography","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 Further reading"]

A food cooperative or food co-op is a food distribution outlet organized as a cooperative, rather than a private or public company. Food cooperatives are usually consumer cooperatives, where the decisions regarding the production and distribution of its food are chosen by its members. Like all cooperatives, food cooperatives are often based on the 7 Rochdale Principles, and they typically offer natural foods. Decisions about how to run a cooperative are not made by outside shareholders, therefore cooperatives often exhibit a higher degree of social responsibility than their corporate analogues. In the United States, the National Cooperative Grocers (NCG) is a cooperative federation that is composed of 146 food cooperatives. History The cooperative movement started in the 19th century and the first notable food cooperative was started in Rochdale, England by industrial weavers known as the Rochdale Pioneers. The origination of the modern cooperative movement began in the 1960s when many "second wave" cooperatives started. The goals of these cooperatives were to provide an organic and anti-corporate alternative to chain grocery stores. Food cooperatives began to emerge in major cities and college towns, catering to the food-conscious. Co-op members made the decision of what foods to buy and how to purchase and distribute it. Between 1969 and 1979, close to 10,000 food co-ops were established. A comparison of economic flows and ownership structure for a food cooperative and corporate grocery store Economic structure A key aspect of the food cooperative model is the socialization of potential profit associated with running a grocery store. In a typical food production model, a store is owned by a company, which is in turn managed by either a board of directors and shareholders if the company is publicly owned, or a collection of private individuals if it is not. A food cooperative, in contrast, is directly owned by both its employees and its members, people who shop at the cooperative and who typically pay a nominal fee for joining. When the store makes a profit, much as with a corporation, these profits are either divided among the members or reinvested in the business. These decisions are often made by a board, for which any member of the cooperative can run. In general, membership is open to any community member, with stores adopting official policies of nondiscrimination. However, some cooperatives will limit membership to a certain geographic area, such as a state. A food cooperative in Ames, Iowa. Pricing Each cooperative has a different fee structure, typically determined by its management, but in general, members of the public will have the option of purchasing a membership that will yield discounted prices on food, as well as a vote on decisions. A key difference with corporations is that while voting power on corporate decisions is in proportion to the number of shares owned, nearly all cooperatives operate according to the “one member, one vote” principle. Tax policy In the US, cooperatives are taxed differently than small businesses. Earnings of the cooperative itself are not subject to business taxes; however, any profits made by the individual members are treated as income and as such are subject to income taxes. Comparison with CSA In contrast, a similar program, community supported agriculture, socializes the risks associated with growing the food, transferring it from the growers to consumers. These two programs often work in concert in rural areas, and are associated with each other by consumers. However, in a CSA program, the consumer is purchasing a limited ownership in the farm, the production of the food, instead of the grocery store, the distribution of the food. Scale of cooperatives in the United States Food cooperatives in various forms operate on a large scale in the United States, occupying a noticeable part of the grocery market, albeit with large geographic variation. One study found that grocery cooperatives claim 485,000 total members in the United States, with 325 total stores. However, differences in definition can lead to measurement discrepancies, depending on what exactly one defines as a food based cooperative, since many cooperatives operate in the food sector, but are not restricted to groceries. For example, “Farm supply and marketing” cooperative members totaled 2.484 million in the US. Formation of a food cooperative Cooperatives are generally formed by a core group of members who form the initial governing body. These members must contribute enough in initial membership fees to get the grocery store off the ground and finance startup costs, such as purchasing a store, which can be a significant challenge for the cooperative model. The logistical and financial obstacles associated with planning a store and establishing a distribution network are significant, especially when no individual owns the store. This contrasts with typical corporate grocery stores, which can be financed using debt or equity, and whose owners can eventually reap a profit to recoup their investment. Nevertheless, cooperatives claim higher levels of success than for-profit businesses: after 5 years, 90% of cooperatives are still in business, compared to 3-5% of businesses. Benefits Market benefits Cooperatives have potential spillover effects on the rest of the grocery store market. According to researchers at the University of Wisconsin, “Cooperatives play a key role in agricultural markets not only because they account for a significant fraction of economic activity in this sector, but also because they are believed to generate a pro-competitive effect in imperfectly competitive markets.” The grocery market, in particular, is often not very competitive in geographically isolated areas, with only enough consumer base to support one major supermarket. In response to high prices caused by this monopoly, a cooperative may spring up, supported by a network of consumers looking for lower prices. Because the profits are redistributed to the members, a traditional grocery store must reduce its profits in order to compete. Lastly, some studies indicate the spillover benefits to the community are significant. One found that “For every $1,000 spent at a food co-op, $1,606 goes to the local economy; for every $1 million in sales, 9.3 jobs are created”. Agricultural sector benefits Academic research has described the benefits cooperatives can have in economically connected sectors, namely food production: “Cooperatives play other socially beneficial roles in the agricultural sector. They provide an opportunity for farmers to share risk and to control managerial decision-making for their direct benefit. Additionally, they offer a credence attribute — farmer ownership — which can be attached to farm commodities, thus providing additional value to some consumers.” Consumer benefits Another potential benefit to members is the different niche of the food market often occupied by cooperatives. Cooperatives often have a focus on local, organic, or otherwise more sustainably sourced products. Consumers often support the local ownership of the cooperative model, in contrast to many grocery store chains owned by multinational corporations. Geography In the United States, food cooperatives are more common in the northern states of the US, with Vermont, Minnesota, and Wisconsin having the highest concentrations. Vermont, in particular, has a concentration three times higher than any other state. Food cooperatives are commonly co-located with higher incomes, higher educational attainment, the presence of land trusts, and population over age 65. In the United States, there are a number of regional associations of food cooperatives. These associations can provide logistical support, a distribution network, or operate under the franchise model, which can provide a recognizable brand. See also Cooperative Consumers' cooperative Community-supported agriculture Food conspiracy List of food cooperatives Minnesota Food Cooperative Wars Vegetable box scheme Footnotes ^ The food cooperative. Guardian.co.uk. 8 December 2005. ^ a b Greenberg, Brian; Watts, Linda S. (2009). Social History of the United States, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 157. ISBN 9781851099030. ^ a b c "What is a Co-op? – Neighboring Food Co-op Association". nfca.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06. ^ a b c "What Is a Food Co-op and Is It Worth Joining? - Costs, Benefits & Drawbacks". www.moneycrashers.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06. ^ Yang, Shang-Ho. "The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers" (PDF). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting. ^ a b Deller, Steven. "Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives. ^ "Food Co-op Finder". Grocery Story: The Promise of Food Co-ops in the Age of Grocery Giants. Retrieved 2022-10-04. ^ a b "Food co-op FAQ and feasibility" (PDF). ^ a b c d "The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives | Grassroots Economic Organizing". www.geo.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06. ^ a b c "Farm Supply and Marketing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives". reic.uwcc.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-06. ^ a b c Young, Seth T. (2014). "The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States". International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities. 6 (2): 2. doi:10.7710/2168-0620.1025. ISSN 2168-0620. Further reading Anne Meis Knupfer, Food Co-ops in America: Communities, Consumption, and Economic Democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013. vteCooperatives and mutual organizationsOrganizationsBy governancePrimary cooperative (list) Consumer Worker (list) Purchasing Retailer Federation (list) International Co-operative Alliance Cooperative wholesale society By productBanking Credit union Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association Building society Housing Building Cohousing Student housing Housing society egalitarian commune Agricultural Collective farming Reforestation Winemaking Wheat pool Utility (list) Community wind energy Electric Telephone Broadband Insurance Health insurance cooperative Mutual insurance Other Food list Recycling Platform Media Social services Other Friendly society Agent-owned company Stokvel Artel TopicsIdentity Rochdale Principles ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity Political andeconomic theories Co-operative economics Cooperative federalism Distributism Economic democracy Guild socialism Mutualism Neo-capitalism Owenism Social enterprise Socialism Socially responsible investing Solidarity economy Key theorists G. D. H. Cole Charles Gide David Griffiths William King Robert Owen Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen David Schweickart Rochdale Pioneers Beatrice Webb By region Canada Ukraine United Kingdom United States Political parties Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Canada) United Farmers of Alberta (Canada) Co-operative Party (UK) Nepal Co-operative Party History of the cooperative movement .coop

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Earnings of the cooperative itself are not subject to business taxes; however, any profits made by the individual members are treated as income and as such are subject to income taxes.[4]","title":"Economic structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community supported agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Comparison with CSA","text":"In contrast, a similar program, community supported agriculture, socializes the risks associated with growing the food, transferring it from the growers to consumers. These two programs often work in concert in rural areas, and are associated with each other by consumers.[5] However, in a CSA program, the consumer is purchasing a limited ownership in the farm, the production of the food, instead of the grocery store, the distribution of the food.","title":"Economic structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"Food cooperatives in various forms operate on a large scale in the United States, occupying a noticeable part of the grocery market, albeit with large geographic variation. One study found that grocery cooperatives claim 485,000 total members in the United States, with 325 total stores.[6][7] However, differences in definition can lead to measurement discrepancies, depending on what exactly one defines as a food based cooperative, since many cooperatives operate in the food sector, but are not restricted to groceries. For example, “Farm supply and marketing” cooperative members totaled 2.484 million in the US.[6]","title":"Scale of cooperatives in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"text":"Cooperatives are generally formed by a core group of members who form the initial governing body. These members must contribute enough in initial membership fees to get the grocery store off the ground and finance startup costs, such as purchasing a store, which can be a significant challenge for the cooperative model.[8] The logistical and financial obstacles associated with planning a store and establishing a distribution network are significant, especially when no individual owns the store.[8] This contrasts with typical corporate grocery stores, which can be financed using debt or equity, and whose owners can eventually reap a profit to recoup their investment. Nevertheless, cooperatives claim higher levels of success than for-profit businesses: after 5 years, 90% of cooperatives are still in business, compared to 3-5% of businesses.[9]","title":"Formation of a food cooperative"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"sub_title":"Market benefits","text":"Cooperatives have potential spillover effects on the rest of the grocery store market. According to researchers at the University of Wisconsin, “Cooperatives play a key role in agricultural markets not only because they account for a significant fraction of economic activity in this sector, but also because they are believed to generate a pro-competitive effect in imperfectly competitive markets.”[10] The grocery market, in particular, is often not very competitive in geographically isolated areas, with only enough consumer base to support one major supermarket. In response to high prices caused by this monopoly, a cooperative may spring up, supported by a network of consumers looking for lower prices. Because the profits are redistributed to the members, a traditional grocery store must reduce its profits in order to compete.[10] Lastly, some studies indicate the spillover benefits to the community are significant. One found that “For every $1,000 spent at a food co-op, $1,606 goes to the local economy; for every $1 million in sales, 9.3 jobs are created”.[9]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"}],"sub_title":"Agricultural sector benefits","text":"Academic research has described the benefits cooperatives can have in economically connected sectors, namely food production: “Cooperatives play other socially beneficial roles in the agricultural sector. They provide an opportunity for farmers to share risk and to control managerial decision-making for their direct benefit. Additionally, they offer a credence attribute — farmer ownership — which can be attached to farm commodities, thus providing additional value to some consumers.”[10]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"sub_title":"Consumer benefits","text":"Another potential benefit to members is the different niche of the food market often occupied by cooperatives. Cooperatives often have a focus on local, organic, or otherwise more sustainably sourced products.[9] Consumers often support the local ownership of the cooperative model, in contrast to many grocery store chains owned by multinational corporations.[9]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"regional associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_States#Retailers'_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"franchise model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising"}],"text":"In the United States, food cooperatives are more common in the northern states of the US, with Vermont, Minnesota, and Wisconsin having the highest concentrations.[11] Vermont, in particular, has a concentration three times higher than any other state.[11] Food cooperatives are commonly co-located with higher incomes, higher educational attainment, the presence of land trusts, and population over age 65.[11] In the United States, there are a number of regional associations of food cooperatives. These associations can provide logistical support, a distribution network, or operate under the franchise model, which can provide a recognizable brand.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The food cooperative.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/dec/08/ethicalfood"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SocialHistory_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SocialHistory_2-1"},{"link_name":"Social History of the United States, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&q=food+cooperatives+history&pg=RA7-PA157"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781851099030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099030"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"What is a Co-op? – Neighboring Food Co-op Association\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nfca.coop/definition/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"What Is a Food Co-op and Is It Worth Joining? - Costs, Benefits & Drawbacks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.moneycrashers.com/food-coop-costs-benefits-drawbacks/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/170480/2/AAEA%202014%20Manuscript.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cccd.coop/sites/default/files/resources/UWiscReportFULL.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Food Co-op Finder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//grocerystory.coop/food-co-op-directory"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Food co-op FAQ and feasibility\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uwcc.wisc.edu/pdf/Feasibility%20FAQ%20and%20Checklists.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_9-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives | Grassroots Economic Organizing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geo.coop/story/benefits-and-impacts-cooperatives"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_10-2"},{"link_name":"\"Farm Supply and Marketing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reic.uwcc.wisc.edu/agricultural/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:6_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:6_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:6_11-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//commons.pacificu.edu/ijurca/vol6/iss2/2/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.7710/2168-0620.1025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.7710%2F2168-0620.1025"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2168-0620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2168-0620"}],"text":"^ The food cooperative. Guardian.co.uk. 8 December 2005.\n\n^ a b Greenberg, Brian; Watts, Linda S. (2009). Social History of the United States, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 157. ISBN 9781851099030.\n\n^ a b c \"What is a Co-op? – Neighboring Food Co-op Association\". nfca.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\n^ a b c \"What Is a Food Co-op and Is It Worth Joining? - Costs, Benefits & Drawbacks\". www.moneycrashers.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\n^ Yang, Shang-Ho. \"The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers\" (PDF). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting.\n\n^ a b Deller, Steven. \"Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives.\n\n^ \"Food Co-op Finder\". Grocery Story: The Promise of Food Co-ops in the Age of Grocery Giants. Retrieved 2022-10-04.\n\n^ a b \"Food co-op FAQ and feasibility\" (PDF).\n\n^ a b c d \"The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives | Grassroots Economic Organizing\". www.geo.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\n^ a b c \"Farm Supply and Marketing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\". reic.uwcc.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\n^ a b c Young, Seth T. (2014). \"The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States\". International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities. 6 (2): 2. doi:10.7710/2168-0620.1025. ISSN 2168-0620.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Co-operatives"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"},{"link_name":"Cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"mutual organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_organization"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative"},{"link_name":"Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"Purchasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_federation"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations"},{"link_name":"International Co-operative Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Cooperative wholesale society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society"},{"link_name":"Banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_banking"},{"link_name":"Credit union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_union"},{"link_name":"Mutual savings bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank"},{"link_name":"Savings and loan association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association"},{"link_name":"Building society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_society"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Cohousing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohousing"},{"link_name":"Student housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Housing society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_society"},{"link_name":"egalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarian_community"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"},{"link_name":"Agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Collective farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming"},{"link_name":"Reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Wheat pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_cooperative"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"Community wind energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_wind_energy"},{"link_name":"Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_broadband"},{"link_name":"Health insurance cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Mutual insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_insurance"},{"link_name":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"Recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Friendly society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_society"},{"link_name":"Agent-owned company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-owned_company"},{"link_name":"Stokvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokvel"},{"link_name":"Artel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artel"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Principles"},{"link_name":"ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity"},{"link_name":"Co-operative economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_economics"},{"link_name":"Cooperative federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_federalism"},{"link_name":"Distributism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributism"},{"link_name":"Economic democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_democracy"},{"link_name":"Guild socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_socialism"},{"link_name":"Mutualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)"},{"link_name":"Neo-capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-capitalism"},{"link_name":"Owenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owenism"},{"link_name":"Social enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_enterprise"},{"link_name":"Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Socially responsible investing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing"},{"link_name":"Solidarity economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_economy"},{"link_name":"G. D. H. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._H._Cole"},{"link_name":"Charles Gide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gide"},{"link_name":"David Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)"},{"link_name":"William King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen"},{"link_name":"David Schweickart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schweickart"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Webb"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_co-operative_movement"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation"},{"link_name":"United Farmers of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Party"},{"link_name":"Nepal Co-operative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party"},{"link_name":"History of the cooperative movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement"},{"link_name":".coop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.coop"}],"text":"Anne Meis Knupfer, Food Co-ops in America: Communities, Consumption, and Economic Democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013.vteCooperatives and mutual organizationsOrganizationsBy governancePrimary cooperative (list)\nConsumer\nWorker (list)\nPurchasing\nRetailer\nFederation (list)\nInternational Co-operative Alliance\nCooperative wholesale society\nBy productBanking\nCredit union\nMutual savings bank\nSavings and loan association\nBuilding society\nHousing\nBuilding\nCohousing\nStudent housing\nHousing society\negalitarian\ncommune\nAgricultural\nCollective farming\nReforestation\nWinemaking\nWheat pool\nUtility (list)\nCommunity wind energy\nElectric\nTelephone\nBroadband\nInsurance\nHealth insurance cooperative\nMutual insurance\nOther\nFood\nlist\nRecycling\nPlatform\nMedia\nSocial services\nOther\nFriendly society\nAgent-owned company\nStokvel\nArtel\nTopicsIdentity\nRochdale Principles\nICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity\nPolitical andeconomic theories\nCo-operative economics\nCooperative federalism\nDistributism\nEconomic democracy\nGuild socialism\nMutualism\nNeo-capitalism\nOwenism\nSocial enterprise\nSocialism\nSocially responsible investing\nSolidarity economy\nKey theorists\nG. D. H. Cole\nCharles Gide\nDavid Griffiths\nWilliam King\nRobert Owen\nFriedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen\nDavid Schweickart\nRochdale Pioneers\nBeatrice Webb\nBy region\nCanada\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nPolitical parties\nCo-operative Commonwealth Federation (Canada)\nUnited Farmers of Alberta (Canada)\nCo-operative Party (UK)\nNepal Co-operative Party\n\nHistory of the cooperative movement\n.coop","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A comparison of economic flows and ownership structure for a food cooperative and corporate grocery store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Foodcoopstructure1.jpg/220px-Foodcoopstructure1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A food cooperative in Ames, Iowa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ames_Iowa_food_cooperative.jpg/220px-Ames_Iowa_food_cooperative.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"title":"Consumers' cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative"},{"title":"Community-supported agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture"},{"title":"Food conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_conspiracy"},{"title":"List of food cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives"},{"title":"Minnesota Food Cooperative Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Food_Cooperative_Wars"},{"title":"Vegetable box scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_box_scheme"}]

[{"reference":"Greenberg, Brian; Watts, Linda S. (2009). Social History of the United States, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 157. ISBN 9781851099030.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&q=food+cooperatives+history&pg=RA7-PA157","url_text":"Social History of the United States, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099030","url_text":"9781851099030"}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Co-op? – Neighboring Food Co-op Association\". nfca.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://nfca.coop/definition/","url_text":"\"What is a Co-op? – Neighboring Food Co-op Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is a Food Co-op and Is It Worth Joining? - Costs, Benefits & Drawbacks\". www.moneycrashers.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moneycrashers.com/food-coop-costs-benefits-drawbacks/","url_text":"\"What Is a Food Co-op and Is It Worth Joining? - Costs, Benefits & Drawbacks\""}]},{"reference":"Yang, Shang-Ho. \"The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers\" (PDF). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting.","urls":[{"url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/170480/2/AAEA%202014%20Manuscript.pdf","url_text":"\"The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers\""}]},{"reference":"Deller, Steven. \"Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives.","urls":[{"url":"https://cccd.coop/sites/default/files/resources/UWiscReportFULL.pdf","url_text":"\"Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food Co-op Finder\". Grocery Story: The Promise of Food Co-ops in the Age of Grocery Giants. Retrieved 2022-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://grocerystory.coop/food-co-op-directory","url_text":"\"Food Co-op Finder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food co-op FAQ and feasibility\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/pdf/Feasibility%20FAQ%20and%20Checklists.pdf","url_text":"\"Food co-op FAQ and feasibility\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives | Grassroots Economic Organizing\". www.geo.coop. Retrieved 2018-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geo.coop/story/benefits-and-impacts-cooperatives","url_text":"\"The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives | Grassroots Economic Organizing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farm Supply and Marketing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\". reic.uwcc.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://reic.uwcc.wisc.edu/agricultural/","url_text":"\"Farm Supply and Marketing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Seth T. (2014). \"The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States\". International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities. 6 (2): 2. doi:10.7710/2168-0620.1025. ISSN 2168-0620.","urls":[{"url":"http://commons.pacificu.edu/ijurca/vol6/iss2/2/","url_text":"\"The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7710%2F2168-0620.1025","url_text":"10.7710/2168-0620.1025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2168-0620","url_text":"2168-0620"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hull_(fullback)

Mike Hull (fullback)

["1 Biography","1.1 Professional career","2 Law career"]

American football player (born 1945) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mike Hull" fullback – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mike HullNo. 33, 25Date of birth (1945-01-02) January 2, 1945 (age 79)Place of birthLa Crescenta, California, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)FullbackHeight6 ft 3 in (191 cm)Weight220 lb (100 kg)US collegeUSCNFL draft1968 / Round: 1 / Pick: 16Drafted byChicago BearsCareer historyAs player1968–1970Chicago Bears1971–1974Washington Redskins Career highlights and awards National champion (1967) Career statsPlaying stats at NFL.comPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Michael Bruce Hull (born January 2, 1945) is a former American football fullback that played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Southern California and was one of five USC Trojans players taken in the first round of the 1968 NFL Draft after his senior year. Biography Hull started his football career at 14 yrs old on the bench, as a reserve offensive tackle for Clark Junior H.S., which is now Crescenta Valley High School ("CVHS"). When in tenth grade, Hull was moved to starting tight-end, and defensive end. In his junior year, as the Falcon team began its first year of varsity football, Hull was moved to tailback by Head Coach Gary Hess, in the Falcon's single-wing offense. He returned the opening kickoff 88 yards for a touchdown the first time he touched the ball in a varsity regular season game and gained 142 yards rushing on just ten carries, not including his kickoff return. In his senior year at CVHS Hull earned First-team All-League honors, amassing over 1,000 yards total offense. In the last game beating Burbank HS, Mike had 137 yds. rushing, on 20 carries, with just 70 yds passing. He also ran the high and low hurdles, long jumped and ran the relays on the Falcon track team. At the close of his career at CVHS Hull was also the student body president, and held every Falcon varsity football rushing and total offense record. He was recruited by several university teams but decided to start locally at Glendale College and gain some experience in the T-formation, where he matured into a versatile fullback/halfback. He was named the offensive MVP Running Back, and All-Conference, on Glendale's Western Conference Championship Bowl team, before heading to the University of Southern California in the spring to run track as a Trojan freshman. At USC, Hull converted to full-time fullback, working himself into a starting role for the Trojans for three years, playing on two Rose Bowl teams and the 1967 USC National Championship Team. Between his sophomore year blocking for Heisman Trophy winner, Mike Garrett, and his senior year blocking for future Heisman winner O. J. Simpson, Hull led the USC Rose Bowl team in rushing avg. with 6.7 yds. per carry, winning the "Roy Bullet Baker" award as the Trojans' Most Valuable back. He was also selected as the Most Valuable Player in the USC vs. UCLA game, while rushing for 147 yds on 14 carries against the Bruins. Professional career Hull was drafted in the first round of the 1968 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears, the 16th player selected. He played for the Bears for three years, suffering through the Brian Piccolo tragedy, though helping All Pro and future Hall of Famer Gale Sayers, as the lead blocker. In 1971 Hull was traded to the Washington Redskins for three players, joining coach George Allen's "Over-the-Hill-Gang". He played in 86 consecutive games with the Redskins over five NFL seasons, six NFL playoff games, the NFL Championship and the Super Bowl, where he was a Special Teams leader. Law career After seven years in the NFL, Hull started his law school education at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., earning his Juris Doctor degree in 1979. He became an Assistant Corporation Counsel for the District of Columbia, and then became an Assistant US Attorney for the US, a prosecutor for the United States. He met his wife Connie, then a lawyer representing the NFL, married and had a daughter, Michelle. After 20 years in the East as a professional football player, law student and lawyer, he moved back with Connie and Michelle to Southern California, where his son, Thomas, was born. His other son, Ernie, from a prior marriage, graduated from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, has his Masters from Pepperdine University. Mike joined Coldwell Banker in 1989 and has been guiding the Southwest team ever since. He retired in July 2020. Mike now resides in San Clemente, California, with wife Connie and their daughter Michelle, who graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University and from Columbia Law School, in New York. vte1968 NFL draft first-round selections Ron Yary Bob Johnson Claude Humphrey Russ Washington Fred Carr Dennis Byrd Kevin Hardy Larry Csonka Haven Moses Mike Taylor Greg Landry Jim Smith MacArthur Lane Tim Rossovich Forrest Blue Mike Hull Lee White Jim Hill Mo Moorman Dennis Homan Marvin Upshaw George Daney John Williams Earl McCullouch Eldridge Dickey Bill Lueck Doug Crusan vteChicago Bears first-round draft picks Stydahar McDonald Gray Luckman Osmanski Turner Harmon Standlee Scott Albert Steuber Evans Lund Lujack Fenimore Kindt Layne Bumgardner D. Harris Hunsinger Morrison B. Williams Stone Schroeder Dooley B. Anderson Wallace Drzewiecki Schriewer Leggett Howley Clark R. Davis Ditka Bull Behrman Evey Butkus Sayers DeLong Rice Phillips Hull Mayes Moore Antoine Clemons Chambers Bryant Gallagher Payton Lick Albrecht Hampton A. Harris Wilson Van Horne McMahon Covert Gault Marshall Perry N. Anderson Harbaugh Muster W. Davis Woolford Armstrong Carrier Thomas Spellman Conway Thierry Salaam W. Harris Enis McNown Urlacher Terrell Colombo Haynes Grossman T. Harris Benson Olsen Ch. Williams Carimi McClellin Long Fuller White Floyd Trubisky Smith Fields Wright Ca. Williams Odunze vteChicago Bears 1968 NFL draft selections Mike Hull Bob Wallace Major Hazelton Wayne Mass Alan Bush Cecil Turner Jim Schmedding Willie Holman Wayne Bell Sam Moore Fred Davis Rich Coady Emilio Vallez Willie Dearion Harold Gargus Rich Jaeger Jim Murphy Gene Layton vte1967 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions 2 Steve Sogge 7 Mike Holmgren 17 Mike Battle 22 Earl McCullouch 32 O. J. Simpson 56 Jimmy Gunn 74 Mike Taylor 77 Ron Yary 84 Bob Klein 88 Tim Rossovich Dennis Crane Bill Hayhoe Mike Hull Head coach: John McKay Assistant coaches: Dick Coury Craig Fertig Phil Krueger

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He played college football at the University of Southern California and was one of five USC Trojans players taken in the first round of the 1968 NFL Draft after his senior year.","title":"Mike Hull (fullback)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Community_College_(California)"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"}],"text":"Hull started his football career at 14 yrs old on the bench, as a reserve offensive tackle for Clark Junior H.S., which is now Crescenta Valley High School (\"CVHS\"). When in tenth grade, Hull was moved to starting tight-end, and defensive end. In his junior year, as the Falcon team began its first year of varsity football, Hull was moved to tailback by Head Coach Gary Hess, in the Falcon's single-wing offense. He returned the opening kickoff 88 yards for a touchdown the first time he touched the ball in a varsity regular season game and gained 142 yards rushing on just ten carries, not including his kickoff return.In his senior year at CVHS Hull earned First-team All-League honors, amassing over 1,000 yards total offense. In the last game beating Burbank HS, Mike had 137 yds. rushing, on 20 carries, with just 70 yds passing. He also ran the high and low hurdles, long jumped and ran the relays on the Falcon track team. At the close of his career at CVHS Hull was also the student body president, and held every Falcon varsity football rushing and total offense record.He was recruited by several university teams but decided to start locally at Glendale College and gain some experience in the T-formation, where he matured into a versatile fullback/halfback. He was named the offensive MVP Running Back, and All-Conference, on Glendale's Western Conference Championship Bowl team, before heading to the University of Southern California in the spring to run track as a Trojan freshman.At USC, Hull converted to full-time fullback, working himself into a starting role for the Trojans for three years, playing on two Rose Bowl teams and the 1967 USC National Championship Team. Between his sophomore year blocking for Heisman Trophy winner, Mike Garrett, and his senior year blocking for future Heisman winner O. J. Simpson, Hull led the USC Rose Bowl team in rushing avg. with 6.7 yds. per carry, winning the \"Roy Bullet Baker\" award as the Trojans' Most Valuable back. He was also selected as the Most Valuable Player in the USC vs. UCLA game, while rushing for 147 yds on 14 carries against the Bruins.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1968 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Gale Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Sayers"},{"link_name":"George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_(American_football_coach)"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"Hull was drafted in the first round of the 1968 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears, the 16th player selected. He played for the Bears for three years, suffering through the Brian Piccolo tragedy, though helping All Pro and future Hall of Famer Gale Sayers, as the lead blocker.In 1971 Hull was traded to the Washington Redskins for three players, joining coach George Allen's \"Over-the-Hill-Gang\". He played in 86 consecutive games with the Redskins over five NFL seasons, six NFL playoff games, the NFL Championship and the Super Bowl, where he was a Special Teams leader.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_University"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1968_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1968_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"1968 NFL draft first-round selections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL/AFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Ron Yary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Yary"},{"link_name":"Bob 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Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Harris_(defensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Van Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Van_Horne"},{"link_name":"McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Covert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Covert"},{"link_name":"Gault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Gault"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"N. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Harbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harbaugh"},{"link_name":"Muster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Muster"},{"link_name":"W. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Davis_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Woolford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnell_Woolford"},{"link_name":"Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carrier_(safety)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Thomas_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Spellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Spellman"},{"link_name":"Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Conway"},{"link_name":"Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thierry"},{"link_name":"Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaan_Salaam"},{"link_name":"W. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Harris_(cornerback)"},{"link_name":"Enis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Enis"},{"link_name":"McNown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade_McNown"},{"link_name":"Urlacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Urlacher"},{"link_name":"Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Terrell_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Haynes_(defensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Grossman"},{"link_name":"T. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommie_Harris"},{"link_name":"Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Benson"},{"link_name":"Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Olsen_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Ch. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(offensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Carimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Carimi"},{"link_name":"McClellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_McClellin"},{"link_name":"Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Long"},{"link_name":"Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Fuller"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Trubisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Trubisky"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquan_Smith"},{"link_name":"Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fields"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnell_Wright"},{"link_name":"Ca. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Williams"},{"link_name":"Odunze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Odunze"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chicago_Bears_1968_NFL_draft_picks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_Bears_1968_NFL_draft_picks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_Bears_1968_NFL_draft_picks"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"1968 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Mike Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bob Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wallace_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Major Hazelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Hazelton"},{"link_name":"Wayne Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Mass"},{"link_name":"Cecil Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Turner"},{"link_name":"Jim Schmedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Schmedding"},{"link_name":"Willie Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Holman"},{"link_name":"Rich Coady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Coady_(center)"},{"link_name":"Emilio Vallez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Vallez"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1967_USC_Trojans_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1967_USC_Trojans_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1967_USC_Trojans_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"1967 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_USC_Trojans_football_team"},{"link_name":"Steve Sogge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sogge"},{"link_name":"Mike Holmgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Holmgren"},{"link_name":"Mike Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Battle"},{"link_name":"Earl McCullouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_McCullouch"},{"link_name":"O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Mike Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Taylor_(offensive_tackle)"},{"link_name":"Ron Yary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Yary"},{"link_name":"Bob Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Klein"},{"link_name":"Tim Rossovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rossovich"},{"link_name":"Dennis Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Crane"},{"link_name":"Bill Hayhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hayhoe"},{"link_name":"Mike Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dick Coury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Coury"},{"link_name":"Craig Fertig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fertig"},{"link_name":"Phil Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Krueger_(American_football)"}],"text":"After seven years in the NFL, Hull started his law school education at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., earning his Juris Doctor degree in 1979. He became an Assistant Corporation Counsel for the District of Columbia, and then became an Assistant US Attorney for the US, a prosecutor for the United States. He met his wife Connie, then a lawyer representing the NFL, married and had a daughter, Michelle. After 20 years in the East as a professional football player, law student and lawyer, he moved back with Connie and Michelle to Southern California, where his son, Thomas, was born. His other son, Ernie, from a prior marriage, graduated from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, has his Masters from Pepperdine University. Mike joined Coldwell Banker in 1989 and has been guiding the Southwest team ever since. He retired in July 2020. Mike now resides in San Clemente, California, with wife Connie and their daughter Michelle, who graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University and from Columbia Law School, in New York.vte1968 NFL draft first-round selections\nRon Yary\nBob Johnson\nClaude Humphrey\nRuss Washington\nFred Carr\nDennis Byrd\nKevin Hardy\nLarry Csonka\nHaven Moses\nMike Taylor\nGreg Landry\nJim Smith\nMacArthur Lane\nTim Rossovich\nForrest Blue\nMike Hull\nLee White\nJim Hill\nMo Moorman\nDennis Homan\nMarvin Upshaw\nGeorge Daney\nJohn Williams\nEarl McCullouch\nEldridge Dickey\nBill Lueck\nDoug CrusanvteChicago Bears first-round draft picks\nStydahar\nMcDonald\nGray\nLuckman\nOsmanski\nTurner\nHarmon\nStandlee\nScott\nAlbert\nSteuber\nEvans\nLund\nLujack\nFenimore\nKindt\nLayne\nBumgardner\nD. Harris\nHunsinger\nMorrison\nB. Williams\nStone\nSchroeder\nDooley\nB. Anderson\nWallace\nDrzewiecki\nSchriewer\nLeggett\nHowley\nClark\nR. Davis\nDitka\nBull\nBehrman\nEvey\nButkus\nSayers\nDeLong\nRice\nPhillips\nHull\nMayes\nMoore\nAntoine\nClemons\nChambers\nBryant\nGallagher\nPayton\nLick\nAlbrecht\nHampton\nA. Harris\nWilson\nVan Horne\nMcMahon\nCovert\nGault\nMarshall\nPerry\nN. Anderson\nHarbaugh\nMuster\nW. Davis\nWoolford\nArmstrong\nCarrier\nThomas\nSpellman\nConway\nThierry\nSalaam\nW. Harris\nEnis\nMcNown\nUrlacher\nTerrell\nColombo\nHaynes\nGrossman\nT. Harris\nBenson\nOlsen\nCh. Williams\nCarimi\nMcClellin\nLong\nFuller\nWhite\nFloyd\nTrubisky\nSmith\nFields\nWright\nCa. Williams\nOdunzevteChicago Bears 1968 NFL draft selections\nMike Hull\nBob Wallace\nMajor Hazelton\nWayne Mass\nAlan Bush\nCecil Turner\nJim Schmedding\nWillie Holman\nWayne Bell\nSam Moore\nFred Davis\nRich Coady\nEmilio Vallez\nWillie Dearion\nHarold Gargus\nRich Jaeger\nJim Murphy\nGene Laytonvte1967 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions\n2 Steve Sogge\n7 Mike Holmgren\n17 Mike Battle\n22 Earl McCullouch\n32 O. J. Simpson\n56 Jimmy Gunn\n74 Mike Taylor\n77 Ron Yary\n84 Bob Klein\n88 Tim Rossovich\nDennis Crane\nBill Hayhoe\nMike Hull\nHead coach: John McKay\nAssistant coaches: Dick Coury\nCraig Fertig\nPhil Krueger","title":"Law career"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizo_Son

Taizo Son

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Boards and honors","4 References"]

Korean-Japanese businessman (born 1972) Taizo SonBorn (1972-09-29) September 29, 1972 (age 51)Tosu, Saga, JapanEducationUniversity of TokyoOccupation(s)President & CEO of Mistletoe, Inc Chairman of GungHo Taizo Son (孫泰蔵 손태장, born September 29, 1972) is a Japanese businessman of Korean ancestry. He is CEO of Mistletoe, a company that he founded in 2013, and chairman of mobile gaming company GungHo, which he founded in 2002. GungHo's market value in 2013 was $10.4 billion, making Son a billionaire. He is the youngest brother of SoftBank magnate Masayoshi Son. Early life Taizo was born in Tosu City, Saga Prefecture, Japan. After he graduated from a secondary school connected to Kurume University, he enrolled into the University of Tokyo and studied business administration. While he was still considering his career after graduation, his older brother Masayoshi asked him to join the Yahoo Japan project, where he met Jerry Yang, co-founder of Yahoo. Taizo pitched Yang his idea of how to efficiently launch Yahoo Japan. Eventually the position of content development leader was given to Taizo although he was still a student. During the project Taizo successfully managed 100 staff and launched Yahoo Japan within 3 months. Career In 1998 he co-founded Onsale, a company which later became GungHo. He then managed the company as CEO and it went public on Nippon New Market Hercules (which later became JASDAQ) on March 9, 2005. The company’s market value in 2013 was $10.4 billion due to its gaming mobile app Puzzle & Dragons which was the top revenue earning app globally for the year. In 2009 he founded a seed stage accelerator MOVIDA JAPAN which supported 47 startups. Some of those startups are translimit, flier, trippiece, nana music, U-NOTE, and Shiroyagi Corporation. The company finished offering its seed acceleration program in June 2014. The investment function has been separated into a venture capital fund Genuine Startups. In 2013 he founded Mistletoe, a hub for startups and the overall entrepreneurial ecosystem. With the company he and his members provide learning opportunities for entrepreneurs, facilitate startup communities, invest in and support startup companies and venture capitals. Son relocated to Singapore in 2018 and was one of the co-founders of the business and innovation hub, SPECTRUM. In 2023, he and Mistletoe director Atsushi Taira co-founded The Edgeof, an ecosystem builder and venture capital entity, and in the same year The Edgeof acquired SoftBank Ventures Asia, a wholly-owned SoftBank subsidiary, in order to establish a pan-Asian ecosystem for pioneering startups. Boards and honors He serves on the board of ETIC, an institute which provides young people with opportunities to develop their capabilities as social entrepreneurs. References ^ a b "Billionaire Taizo Son Emerges With 'Puzzle & Dragons' App". Bloomberg. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ "【ベンチャー三国志】vol.8 孫泰蔵、死に物狂いでヤフー立ち上げ／モビーダジャパンＣＥＯ 孫泰蔵". Kigyoka Club. Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ "ガンホーの歴史". GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ "STARTUPS". MOVIDA JAPAN Inc. Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ "Billionaire Taizo Son among key members of Spectrum, a super high-powered business club, in Singapore". The Peak Magazine. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-18. ^ "The Edgeof to Acquire SoftBank Ventures Asia to Establish Pan-Asian Ecosystem for Pioneering Startups". SoftBank Group Corp. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2024-03-19. ^ "ETIC". Retrieved 2015-04-21. Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Susanne

USS Susanne

["1 See also"]

USS Susanne has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to: USS Susanne (SP-411), a patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919 USS Susanne (SP-832), the proposed name and designation for a vessel the Navy considered for service during World War I but never acquired See also USS Suzanne (SP-510) List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_Thailand_Party

Rak Thailand Party

["1 References","2 External links"]

Political party in Thailand Rak Thailand Party พรรครักประเทศไทยLove Thailand PartyLeaderSurapon VejchakornSecretary-GeneralSuphatsara NarayamFounded18 February 2010Dissolved11 April 2019HeadquartersKhlong Toei, Bangkok, ThailandIdeologyConservative liberalismNationalismPolitical positionCentre-rightWebsitehttp://www.chuvitonline.comPolitics of ThailandPolitical partiesElections The Rak Thailand Party (Thai: พรรครักประเทศไทย, Phak Rak Prathet Thai, English: Love Thailand Party) was a political party in Thailand. It was founded in 2011, by Chuwit Kamolvisit, a major massage parlor owner. In campaign for the 2011 general election, the party was noted for its anti-corruption and protest canvass, presenting leader Chuwit as the "Angry Man". Eventually and to Chuwit's own surprise, the party won 3.07% of the party-list votes and could occupy four of the 500 seats in the House of Representatives. The party's MPs sat on the opposition benches, together with their colleagues, the Democrats. The Election Commission dissolved the party on 11 April 2019. References ^ "ประกาศนายทะเบียนพรรคการเมือง เรื่อง รับจดแจ้งการจัดตั้งพรรครักประเทศไทย" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "Rak Thailand leader Chuwit votes", Bangkok Post, 3 July 2011, retrieved 16 July 2011 ^ "Poll success takes Chuwit by surprise", Bangkok Post, 5 July 2011, retrieved 16 July 2011 ^ "'ชูวิทย์' ประกาศตัวเป็น 'ฝ่ายค้าน' ส่งปาร์ตี้ลิสต์พรรค รปท". Thairath.co.th. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ ""ชูวิทย์"เปิดตัวพรรครักประเทศไทย ลั่นขอเป็นฝ่ายค้านตรวจสอบรัฐบาล". RYT9. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "ประกาศกกต.สั่งยุบทิ้งพรรค'ชูวิทย์ - ลีน่า จัง'". Thai Post. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. External links Official website (in Thai) vtePolitical parties in Thailand Represented in Parliament (500) Move Forward Party (148) Pheu Thai Party (141) Bhumjaithai Party (71) Palang Pracharath Party (40) United Thai Nation Party (36) Democrat Party (25) Chart Thai Pattana Party (10) Prachachat Party (9) Thai Sang Thai Party (6) Chart Pattana Party (3) Peu Thai Rumphalang Party (2) Fair Party (2) Thai Liberal Party (1) New Democracy Party (1) New Party (1) Party of Thai Countries (1) New Social Power Party (1) Thai Teacher's for People Party (1) Thai Progress Party (1) Extra-parliamentary Thai Citizen Party New Aspiration Party Phalang Burapha Party Defunct parties People's Party (1926–1957) Communist Party of Thailand (1942–1990s, banned since 1948) Seri Manangkhasila Party (1955–1957) National Socialist Party (1957–1958) United Thai People's Party (1968–1971) Socialist Party of Thailand (1974–1976) Social Justice Party (1974–1976) Socialist United Front Party (1974–1976) New Force Party (1974–1988) Thai Nation Party (1974–2008) Social Action Party (1974–2018) Palang Dharma Party (1988–2007) Justice Unity Party (1992) Liberal Party (1992–1993) National Development Party (1992–2005) Thai Rak Thai Party (1998–2007) People's Power Party (1998–2008) Pracharaj Party (2006–2018) Neutral Democratic Party (2007–2008) Matubhum Party (2008–2018) New Politics Party (2009–2013) Thai Raksa Chart Party (2009–2019) Commoner Party of Thailand (2014–2019) Rak Thailand Party (2010-2019) Rak Santi Party (2011–2019) People Reform Party (2018–2019) Mahachon Party (1998–2020) Future Forward Party (2018–2020) Puea Pandin Party (2007–2023) Politics of Thailand Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about a Thai political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzgrund

Itzgrund

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 50°07′N 10°54′E / 50.117°N 10.900°E / 50.117; 10.900Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyItzgrund MunicipalitySaint Wolfgang Church in Kaltenbrunn Coat of armsLocation of Itzgrund within Coburg district Itzgrund Show map of GermanyItzgrund Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 50°07′N 10°54′E / 50.117°N 10.900°E / 50.117; 10.900CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionOberfranken DistrictCoburg Subdivisions6 OrtsteileGovernment • Mayor (2020–26) Nina Liebermann (CSU)Area • Total33.08 km2 (12.77 sq mi)Highest elevation450 m (1,480 ft)Lowest elevation250 m (820 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total2,372 • Density72/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes96274Dialling codes09533 teilw. 09573Vehicle registrationCOWebsitewww.itzgrund.de Itzgrund (valley of the Itz) is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany. References ^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021. ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011). ^ "COBRA DA CAPELLO - COCCUS" Encyclopaedia Americana. A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences. Volume 3 Retrieved 2015-09-06. vteTowns and municipalities in Coburg (district) Ahorn Bad Rodach Dörfles-Esbach Ebersdorf bei Coburg Großheirath Grub am Forst Itzgrund Lautertal Meeder Neustadt bei Coburg Niederfüllbach Rödental Seßlach Sonnefeld Untersiemau Weidhausen Weitramsdorf Coat of Arms of Coburg district Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Coburg district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Musa_Khan

Qaleh-ye Musa Khan

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 32°36′37″N 50°58′04″E / 32.61028°N 50.96778°E / 32.61028; 50.96778Village in Isfahan, IranQaleh-ye Musa Khan قلعه موسي خانvillageQaleh-ye Musa KhanCoordinates: 32°36′37″N 50°58′04″E / 32.61028°N 50.96778°E / 32.61028; 50.96778Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyTiran and KarvanBakhshCentralRural DistrictRezvaniyehPopulation (2006) • Total119Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Qaleh-ye Musa Khan (Persian: قلعه موسي خان, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Mūsá Khān and Qal‘eh Mūsá Khān; also known as Ghal‘eh Moosa Khan) is a village in Rezvaniyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Tiran and Karvan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 119, in 41 families. References ^ Qaleh-ye Musa Khan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3078988" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Tiran and Karvan CountyCapital Tiran DistrictsCentralCities Rezvanshahr Tiran Rural Districts and villagesRezvaniyeh Abpuneh Ahmadabad Allahabad Azizabad Esfidvajan Industrial Complex Fazlabad Hasanabad-e Abrizeh Hasanabad-e Kohneh Hellab Hojjatabad Jaja Kahriz-e Lotfi Kotiabad Kowhan Qaleh-ye Arab Qaleh-ye Musa Khan Qareh Tappeh Rahmatabad Shahrak-e Kowhan Var Posht Human Jafarabad Juju Khamiran Kharmanan Kheyrabad Tonderan Var Posht KarvanCities Asgaran Rural Districts and villagesKarvan-e Olya(Upper Karvan) Alvar Cheshmeh-ye Ahmad Reza Darreh Bid Dowlatabad Dowtu Gonahran Kord-e Olya Kord-e Sofla Qaleh-ye Nazer Taqiabad Karvan-e Sofla(Lower Karvan) Abgarm Afjan Aliabad-e Karvan Budan Golab Hasanabad-e Olya Hasanabad-e Vosta Hoseynabad Mehdiabad Mirabad Mobarakeh Mohammadiyeh Nasimabad Qahrizjan Qasemabad Suran Iran portal This Tiran and Karvan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tracey_(British-American_television_producer)

Michael Tracey (producer)

["1 Education","2 JonBenét Ramsey case","3 Other works","4 References","5 External links"]

British-American academic and television producer Not to be confused with Michael Tracey (journalist). Michael Tracey (born August 1948) is a British-American academic and television producer with a specialty in public service broadcasting. He acquired notability as a result of his tenure as the head of the Broadcasting Research Unit in London, a British think tank dealing with media issues, and later with his investigative reporting on the death of JonBenét Ramsey. He is the author of The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting and the Production of Political Television. He is currently a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Education Tracey earned a bachelor's of arts in politics from the University of Exeter in 1971, followed by a PhD in mass communications in 1974 from the University of Leicester. From 1981 to 1988, he was the director of the Broadcasting Research Unit in London. He has been a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder since 1988. JonBenét Ramsey case Tracey is the producer of three documentaries about the death of JonBenét Ramsey. He has been a strong advocate for the innocence of JonBenét's parents and critical of the media frenzy that implicated the parents. On July 9, 2008, twelve years after the murder, DNA evidence corroborated that it was not the parents, but an unidentified man, who was responsible. Tracey has been "considered a notorious developer of false leads" by "Internet sleuths investigating the JonBenét Ramsey case". In his documentary Who Killed the Pageant Queen?, which aired June 16, 2004 in the United Kingdom, Tracey "claimed to have stunning new evidence that was leading police to a previously unidentified 'prime suspect'". According to Tracey, police were trying to find this suspect, but they were stymied "because he had gone 'underground'". However, based on details in the documentary, a viewer determined this "suspect" was John Steven Gigax. Gigax was an acquaintance of Michael Helgoth, who was briefly considered a suspect, but Gigax had not gone into hiding, and Tom Bennett of the Boulder District Attorney's office stated that Gigax was never a suspect. Tracey later identified John Mark Karr to law enforcement as a person who should be investigated in the Ramsey case. Karr's confession to the crime earned widespread attention, but DNA tests later ruled him out as a suspect. Tracey and Karr corresponded extensively; Tracey contacted Boulder law enforcement and worked with them as an informant, which ultimately led to their decision to charge Karr with the murder. Radio host Peter Boyles called Tracey an "opportunist" who "has perpetuated the JonBenét mystery for his own benefit", while Paul Voakes, dean of the University of Colorado at Boulder journalism school, "defended Tracey as an altruistic investigator". Other works Tracey was once a columnist for the Rocky Mountain News. References ^ "Michael Tracey". University of Colorado Boulder. 5 August 2014. ^ "Michael Tracey" (PDF). University of Colorado at Boulder. Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ a b "Report: CU Professor Has History Of False Leads In Ramsey Case". Denver7 (TheDenverChannel.com). September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Ryckman, Lisa (July 10, 2008). "DNA points JonBenet case in new direction". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Ortega, Tony (August 17, 2006). "JonBenet Flimsy". Broward Palm Beach New Times. ^ "Boulder DA: Karr Did Not Kill JonBenet". Denver7 (TheDenverChannel.com). August 30, 2006. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. ^ Meyers, Cheryl (January 1, 2007). "The Hungry Toad". 5280. Denver, CO. External links University of Colorado, Boulder faculty web page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Academics ORCID Other IdRef

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On July 9, 2008, twelve years after the murder, DNA evidence corroborated that it was not the parents, but an unidentified man, who was responsible.[4]Tracey has been \"considered a notorious developer of false leads\" by \"Internet sleuths investigating the JonBenét Ramsey case\". In his documentary Who Killed the Pageant Queen?, which aired June 16, 2004 in the United Kingdom, Tracey \"claimed to have stunning new evidence that was leading police to a previously unidentified 'prime suspect'\". According to Tracey, police were trying to find this suspect, but they were stymied \"because he had gone 'underground'\".[3] However, based on details in the documentary, a viewer determined this \"suspect\" was John Steven Gigax. Gigax was an acquaintance of Michael Helgoth, who was briefly considered a suspect, but Gigax had not gone into hiding, and Tom Bennett of the Boulder District Attorney's office stated that Gigax was never a suspect.[5]Tracey later identified John Mark Karr to law enforcement as a person who should be investigated in the Ramsey case. Karr's confession to the crime earned widespread attention, but DNA tests later ruled him out as a suspect. Tracey and Karr corresponded extensively; Tracey contacted Boulder law enforcement and worked with them as an informant, which ultimately led to their decision to charge Karr with the murder.[6] Radio host Peter Boyles called Tracey an \"opportunist\" who \"has perpetuated the JonBenét mystery for his own benefit\", while Paul Voakes, dean of the University of Colorado at Boulder journalism school, \"defended Tracey as an altruistic investigator\".[7]","title":"JonBenét Ramsey case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"columnist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tracey was once a columnist for the Rocky Mountain News.[citation needed]","title":"Other works"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrsi

Thyrsus

["1 Religious and ceremonial use","2 Symbolism","3 Literature","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Wand or staff carried during Hellenic festivals and ceremonies For other uses, see Thyrsus (disambiguation). Antinous holding the thyrsus while posed as Dionysus (Museo Pio-Clementino) In Ancient Greece a thyrsus (/ˈθɜːrsəs/) or thyrsos (/ˈθɜːrsɒs/; Ancient Greek: θύρσος) was a wand or staff of giant fennel (Ferula communis) covered with ivy vines and leaves, sometimes wound with taeniae and topped with a pine cone, artichoke, fennel, or by a bunch of vine-leaves and grapes or ivy-leaves and berries, carried during Hellenic festivals and religious ceremonies. The thyrsus is typically associated with the Greek god Dionysus, and represents a symbol of prosperity, fertility, and hedonism similarly to Dionysus. Religious and ceremonial use In Greek religion, the staff was carried by the devotees of Dionysus. Euripides wrote that honey dripped from the thyrsos staves that the Bacchic maenads carried. The thyrsus was a sacred instrument at religious rituals and fêtes. The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of leaves. Hence his thyrsus is called "a spear enveloped in vine-leaves", and its point was thought to incite to madness. Symbolism The thyrsus, associated with the followers of Dionysus (the satyrs, thiasus, and maenads or Bacchantes), is a symbol of prosperity, fertility, hedonism, and pleasure/enjoyment in general. The thyrsus was tossed in the Bacchic dance: Pentheus: The thyrsus—in my right hand shall I hold it? Or thus am I more like a Bacchanal? Dionysus: In thy right hand, and with thy right foot raise it. Sometimes the thyrsus was displayed in conjunction with a kantharos wine cup, another symbol of Dionysus, forming a male-and-female combination. Literature Thyrsus staff tied with taenia and topped with a pine cone In the Iliad, Diomedes, one of the leading warriors of the Achaeans, mentions the thyrsus while speaking to Glaucus, one of the Lycian commanders in the Trojan army, about Lycurgus, the king of Scyros: He it was that/drove the nursing women who were in charge/of frenzied Bacchus through the land of Nysa,/and they flung their thyrsi on the ground as/murderous Lycurgus beat them with his oxgoad. The thyrsus is explicitly attributed to Dionysus and his followers in Euripides's play, The Bacchae, a Greek tragedy describing the degradation of Thebes in vindication for the sullied name of Dionysus's mortal mother. The story surrounds the murder of the young king and indoctrination of all of the Theban women into Dionysus's cult, with the thyrsus serving as a badge of sorts for members. To raise my Bacchic shout, and clothe all who respond/ In fawnskin habits, and put my thyrsus in their hands–/ The weapon wreathed with ivy-shoots... Euripides also writes, "There's a brute wildness in the fennel-wands—Reverence it well."Plato describes the hedonistic connotation of the thyrsus, and thereby Dionysus, in his philosophical Phaedo: I conceive that the founders of the mysteries had a real meaning and were not mere triflers when they intimated in a figure long ago that he who passes unsanctified and uninitiated into the world below will live in a slough, but that he who arrives there after initiation and purification will dwell with the gods. For 'many', as they say in the mysteries, 'are the thyrsus bearers, but few are the mystics', – meaning, as I interpret the words, the true philosophers.In Part II of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles tries to catch a Lamia, only to find out that she is an illusion and instead holds a thyrsus. The play contains major themes of sin and hedonism, and makes connection to Dionysus through the thyrsus: Well, then, a tall one I will catch... And now a thyrsus-pole I snatch! Only a pine-cone as its head.Robert Browning mentions the thyrsus in passing in The Bishop Orders His Tomb at St Praxed's Church, as the dying bishop confuses Christian piety with classical extravagance. Ovid talks about Bacchus carrying a thyrsus and his followers doing the same in his Metamorphoses Book III, which is a retelling of The Bacchae. The bas-relief in bronze ye promised me,/Those Pans and nymphs ye wot of, and perchance/Some tripod, thyrsus, with a vase or so. Gallery A Maenad using her thyrsos to ward off a Satyr, Attic red-figure kylix, c. 480 BC Roman relief showing a Maenad holding a thyrsus, 120–140 AD. Prado Museum, Madrid. A mural of a striding Satyr carrying the thyrsus painted in the 1st century AD. Archaeological park of Baiae. Bacchus Triumphant by John Reinhard Weguelin (1882) A Bacchant holding a thyrsus: Malice by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1899) See also Cult of Dionysus Notes ^ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), THYRSUS". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-13. ^ Olszewski, Edward (2019). "Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 163 (2): 153–173. ISSN 2326-9243. Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus ^ Moulton, Carroll (1998). Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Gale. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780684805030. ^ Euripides, Bacchae, 711. ^ Diodorus. iii. 64, iv. 4; Macrobius. Sat. i. 19. ^ Ovid. Met. iii, 667 ^ Hor. Carm. ii. 19. 8; Ovid. Amor. iii 1. 23, iii. 15. 17, Trist. iv. 1. 43.; Brunk, Anal. iii. 201; Orph. Hymn. xlv. 5, 1. 8. ^ Ioannis Kakridis, Ελληνική μυθολογία Εκδοτική Αθηνών 1987 (in Greek) ^ The Bacchae ^ Homer. "The Iliad". The Internet Classics Archive. VI. 132–137. Retrieved 2021-05-21. ^ Euripides (1972). The Bacchae and Other Plays. Translated by Vellacott, Philip (Rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-044044-5. OCLC 618722. ^ Plato. "Phaedo". The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2021-05-21. ^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust. II. pp. 7775–7777. ^ Browning, Robert (2010). Robert Browning : selected poems. John Woolford, Daniel Karlin, Joseph Phelan. Harlow, England. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-317-86491-2. OCLC 869374843.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) References Casadio, Giovanni; Johnston, Patricia A., Mystic Cults in Magna Graecia, University of Texas Press, 2009 Ferdinand Joseph M. de Waele, The magic staff or rod in Græco-Italian antiquity, Drukkerij Erasmus, 1927 Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thyrsus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 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Diomedes Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Menelaus Narcissus Nestor Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Otrera Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Groups Argonauts Calydonian hunters Epigoni Seven against Thebes Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyls Cimmerian Cumaean Delphic Erythraean Hellespontine Libyan Persian Phrygian Samian Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Other mortals Aegeus Aegisthus Agamemnon Andromache Andromeda Antigone Augeas Briseis Cassiopeia Creon of Thebes Chryseis Chrysothemis Clytemnestra Damocles Deidamia Deucalion Electra Eteocles Europa Gordias Hecuba Helen of Troy Hellen The Heracleidae Hermione Hippolyta Io Iphigenia Ismene Jocasta Laius Lycian peasants Lycaon The Maenads Memnon Messapian shepherds Midas Minos Myrrha Neoptolemus Niobe Orestes Paris Patroclus Penelope Phoenix Polybus of Corinth Polynices Priam Pylades Pyrrha Telemachus Troilus UnderworldEntrances to the underworldRivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes/swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Charoniums Charonium at Aornum Charonium at Acharaca Ploutonion Ploutonion at Acharaca Ploutonion at Eleusis Ploutonion at Hierapolis Necromanteion (necromancy temple) Necromanteion of Acheron Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Isles of the Blessed Mourning Fields Tartarus Judges Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Campe Cerberus Residents Anticlea Danaïdes Eurydice Ixion Ocnus Salmoneus The Shades Sisyphus Tantalus Tiresias Titans Tityos Visitors Dionysus Heracles Hermes Odysseus Orpheus Pirithous Psyche Theseus Symbols/objects Bident Cap of invisibility Charon's obol Animals, daemons, and spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Menoetius MythicalBeingsLists Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures Minor figures Trojan War Minor spirits Daemon Agathodaemon Cacodaemon Eudaemon Nymph Satyr Beasts / creatures Centaur Centaurides Ichthyocentaur Cyclops Dragon Drakaina Echidna Giant Gorgon Harpy Hecatonchires Hippocampus Horses of Helios Lamia Phoenix Python Siren Scylla and Charybdis Sphinx Typhon Captured / slain by heroes Calydonian boar Cerberus Cerynian Hind Chimera Cretan Bull Crommyonian Sow Erymanthian boar Khalkotauroi Lernaean Hydra Mares of Diomedes Medusa Minotaur Nemean lion Orthrus Polyphemus Stymphalian birds Talos Teumessian fox Tribes Achaeans Amazons Anthropophagi Bebryces Cicones Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Laestrygonians Lapiths Lotus-eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Spartoi Telchines Places / Realms Aethiopia Ara Colchis Erytheia Hyperborea Ismarus Ithaca Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Phlegra Scheria Scythia 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mythology in popular culture Modern understanding of Greek mythology

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thyrsus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrsus_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinous"},{"link_name":"Museo Pio-Clementino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"/ˈθɜːrsəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˈθɜːrsɒs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wand"},{"link_name":"staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_of_office"},{"link_name":"Ferula communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferula_communis"},{"link_name":"ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy"},{"link_name":"taeniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainia_(costume)"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"artichoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artichoke"},{"link_name":"fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"Hellenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"prosperity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"hedonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Thyrsus (disambiguation).Antinous holding the thyrsus while posed as Dionysus (Museo Pio-Clementino)In Ancient Greece a thyrsus (/ˈθɜːrsəs/) or thyrsos (/ˈθɜːrsɒs/; Ancient Greek: θύρσος) was a wand or staff of giant fennel (Ferula communis) covered with ivy vines and leaves, sometimes wound with taeniae and topped with a pine cone, artichoke, fennel, or by a bunch of vine-leaves and grapes or ivy-leaves and berries, carried during Hellenic festivals and religious ceremonies.[1][2] The thyrsus is typically associated with the Greek god Dionysus, and represents a symbol of prosperity, fertility, and hedonism similarly to Dionysus.[3]","title":"Thyrsus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"devotees of Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiasus"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"maenads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"fêtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In Greek religion, the staff was carried by the devotees of Dionysus. Euripides wrote that honey dripped from the thyrsos staves that the Bacchic maenads carried.[4] The thyrsus was a sacred instrument at religious rituals and fêtes.The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of leaves.[5] Hence his thyrsus is called \"a spear enveloped in vine-leaves\",[6] and its point was thought to incite to madness.[7]","title":"Religious and ceremonial use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"satyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr"},{"link_name":"thiasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiasus"},{"link_name":"maenads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad"},{"link_name":"prosperity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"hedonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"kantharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantharos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The thyrsus, associated with the followers of Dionysus (the satyrs, thiasus, and maenads or Bacchantes), is a symbol of prosperity, fertility, hedonism, and pleasure/enjoyment in general.[8] The thyrsus was tossed in the Bacchic dance:Pentheus: The thyrsus—in my right hand shall I hold it?\nOr thus am I more like a Bacchanal?\nDionysus: In thy right hand, and with thy right foot raise it.[9]Sometimes the thyrsus was displayed in conjunction with a kantharos wine cup, another symbol of Dionysus, forming a male-and-female combination.[citation needed]","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyrsus.jpg"},{"link_name":"taenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainia_(costume)"},{"link_name":"pine cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Diomedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedes"},{"link_name":"Achaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)"},{"link_name":"Glaucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucus_(son_of_Hippolochus)"},{"link_name":"Lycian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia"},{"link_name":"Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycomedes_of_Scyros"},{"link_name":"Scyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyros"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"The Bacchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bacchae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Phaedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust"},{"link_name":"Mephistopheles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephistopheles"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Pans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)"},{"link_name":"nymphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"tripod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Thyrsus staff tied with taenia and topped with a pine coneIn the Iliad, Diomedes, one of the leading warriors of the Achaeans, mentions the thyrsus while speaking to Glaucus, one of the Lycian commanders in the Trojan army, about Lycurgus, the king of Scyros:He it was that/drove the nursing women who were in charge/of frenzied Bacchus through the land of Nysa,/and they flung their thyrsi on the ground as/murderous Lycurgus beat them with his oxgoad.[10]The thyrsus is explicitly attributed to Dionysus and his followers in Euripides's play, The Bacchae, a Greek tragedy describing the degradation of Thebes in vindication for the sullied name of Dionysus's mortal mother. The story surrounds the murder of the young king and indoctrination of all of the Theban women into Dionysus's cult, with the thyrsus serving as a badge of sorts for members.To raise my Bacchic shout, and clothe all who respond/ In fawnskin habits, and put my thyrsus in their hands–/ The weapon wreathed with ivy-shoots... Euripides also writes, \"There's a brute wildness in the fennel-wands—Reverence it well.\"[11]Plato describes the hedonistic connotation of the thyrsus, and thereby Dionysus, in his philosophical Phaedo:I conceive that the founders of the mysteries had a real meaning and were not mere triflers when they intimated in a figure long ago that he who passes unsanctified and uninitiated into the world below will live in a slough, but that he who arrives there after initiation and purification will dwell with the gods. For 'many', as they say in the mysteries, 'are the thyrsus bearers, but few are the mystics', – meaning, as I interpret the words, the true philosophers.[12]In Part II of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles tries to catch a Lamia, only to find out that she is an illusion and instead holds a thyrsus. The play contains major themes of sin and hedonism, and makes connection to Dionysus through the thyrsus:Well, then, a tall one I will catch... And now a thyrsus-pole I snatch! Only a pine-cone as its head.[13]Robert Browning mentions the thyrsus in passing in The Bishop Orders His Tomb at St Praxed's Church, as the dying bishop confuses Christian piety with classical extravagance. Ovid talks about Bacchus carrying a thyrsus and his followers doing the same in his Metamorphoses Book III, which is a retelling of The Bacchae.The bas-relief in bronze ye promised me,/Those Pans and nymphs ye wot of, and perchance/Some tripod, thyrsus, with a vase or so.[14]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mainade_satyros_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2654.jpg"},{"link_name":"Attic red-figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-figure_pottery"},{"link_name":"kylix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_(Museo_del_Prado)_04b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prado Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satyr_carrying_the_thyrsus.jpg"},{"link_name":"mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Baiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Reinhard_Weguelin_%E2%80%93_Bacchus_Triumphant_(1882).jpg"},{"link_name":"John Reinhard Weguelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reinhard_Weguelin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_Mailice_(1899).jpg"},{"link_name":"William-Adolphe Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau"}],"text":"A Maenad using her thyrsos to ward off a Satyr, Attic red-figure kylix, c. 480 BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoman relief showing a Maenad holding a thyrsus, 120–140 AD. Prado Museum, Madrid.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA mural of a striding Satyr carrying the thyrsus painted in the 1st century AD. Archaeological park of Baiae.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBacchus Triumphant by John Reinhard Weguelin (1882)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Bacchant holding a thyrsus: Malice by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1899)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), THYRSUS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=thyrsus-cn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/article/915077"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2326-9243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2326-9243"},{"link_name":"Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/attachments/Olszewski.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780684805030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684805030"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Bacchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchae"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Diodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus"},{"link_name":"Macrobius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Kakridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kakridis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Bacchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bacchae"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The Iliad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.6.vi.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"The Bacchae and Other Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/618722"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-044044-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044044-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"618722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/618722"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Phaedo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedo.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning : selected poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/869374843"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-317-86491-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86491-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"869374843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/869374843"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"^ \"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), THYRSUS\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-13.\n\n^ Olszewski, Edward (2019). \"Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 163 (2): 153–173. ISSN 2326-9243. Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus\n\n^ Moulton, Carroll (1998). Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Gale. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780684805030.\n\n^ Euripides, Bacchae, 711.\n\n^ Diodorus. iii. 64, iv. 4; Macrobius. Sat. i. 19.\n\n^ Ovid. Met. iii, 667\n\n^ Hor. Carm. ii. 19. 8; Ovid. Amor. iii 1. 23, iii. 15. 17, Trist. iv. 1. 43.; Brunk, Anal. iii. 201; Orph. Hymn. xlv. 5, 1. 8.\n\n^ Ioannis Kakridis, Ελληνική μυθολογία Εκδοτική Αθηνών 1987 (in Greek)\n\n^ The Bacchae\n\n^ Homer. \"The Iliad\". The Internet Classics Archive. VI. 132–137. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\n\n^ Euripides (1972). The Bacchae and Other Plays. Translated by Vellacott, Philip (Rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-044044-5. OCLC 618722.\n\n^ Plato. \"Phaedo\". The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\n\n^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust. II. pp. 7775–7777.\n\n^ Browning, Robert (2010). Robert Browning : selected poems. John Woolford, Daniel Karlin, Joseph Phelan. Harlow, England. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-317-86491-2. OCLC 869374843.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Antinous holding the thyrsus while posed as Dionysus (Museo Pio-Clementino)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg/300px-Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thyrsus staff tied with taenia and topped with a pine cone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Thyrsus.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Cult of Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus"}]

[{"reference":"\"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), THYRSUS\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=thyrsus-cn","url_text":"\"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), THYRSUS\""}]},{"reference":"Olszewski, Edward (2019). \"Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 163 (2): 153–173. ISSN 2326-9243.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/article/915077","url_text":"\"Dionysus's Enigmatic Thyrsus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2326-9243","url_text":"2326-9243"}]},{"reference":"Moulton, Carroll (1998). Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Gale. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780684805030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684805030","url_text":"9780684805030"}]},{"reference":"Homer. \"The Iliad\". The Internet Classics Archive. VI. 132–137. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.6.vi.html","url_text":"\"The Iliad\""}]},{"reference":"Euripides (1972). The Bacchae and Other Plays. Translated by Vellacott, Philip (Rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-044044-5. OCLC 618722.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/618722","url_text":"The Bacchae and Other Plays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044044-5","url_text":"0-14-044044-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/618722","url_text":"618722"}]},{"reference":"Plato. \"Phaedo\". The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedo.html","url_text":"\"Phaedo\""}]},{"reference":"Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust. II. pp. 7775–7777.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Browning, Robert (2010). Robert Browning : selected poems. John Woolford, Daniel Karlin, Joseph Phelan. Harlow, England. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-317-86491-2. OCLC 869374843.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869374843","url_text":"Robert Browning : selected poems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86491-2","url_text":"978-1-317-86491-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869374843","url_text":"869374843"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Thyrsus\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thyrsus","url_text":"Thyrsus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%931998_Massachusetts_legislature

1997–1998 Massachusetts legislature

["1 Senators","2 Representatives","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

180thMassachusetts General Court ←179th 181st→OverviewLegislative bodyGeneral CourtTermJanuary 1997 (1997-01) –  () SenateMembers40 PresidentTom BirminghamMajority LeaderThomas C. NortonMajority WhipLinda MelconianMinority LeaderBrian LeesMinority WhipRichard TiseiParty controlDemocratHouseMembers160SpeakerThomas FinneranMajority LeaderWilliam P. Nagle Jr.Majority WhipBarbara GardnerMinority LeaderDavid PetersMinority WhipFrancis L. MariniParty controlDemocrat Thomas Birmingham, Senate president.Thomas Finneran, House speaker.Leaders of the Massachusetts General Court, 1997-1998. The 180th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1997 and 1998 during the governorships of Bill Weld and Paul Cellucci. Thomas F. Birmingham served as president of the Senate and Thomas M. Finneran served as speaker of the House. Senators portrait name date of birth district Matthew J. Amorello March 15, 1958 2nd Worcester Robert A. Antonioni July 15, 1958 Robert A. Bernstein March 22, 1961 Frederick Berry December 20, 1949 Tom Birmingham August 4, 1949 Stephen Brewer February 10, 1948 Edward J. Clancy Jr. June 30, 1950 Robert Creedon November 13, 1942 Robert Durand February 28, 1953 Susan Fargo August 27, 1942 Robert Havern III July 17, 1949 Robert L. Hedlund July 12, 1961 Cheryl Jacques February 17, 1962 James Jajuga December 12, 1946 Brian A. Joyce September 5, 1962 Bill Keating (politician) September 6, 1952 Michael Knapik February 11, 1963 Brian Lees July 25, 1953 Stephen F. Lynch March 31, 1955 David P. Magnani May 24, 1944 Linda Melconian Mark Montigny June 20, 1961 Richard T. Moore August 7, 1943 Michael W. Morrissey August 2, 1954 Therese Murray October 10, 1947 Thomas C. Norton December 11, 1934 Andrea F. Nuciforo Jr. February 26, 1964 John D. O'Brien Jr. 1960 Marc Pacheco October 29, 1952 Steven C. Panagiotakos November 26, 1959 Lois Pines August 16, 1940 Henri S. Rauschenbach October 9, 1947 Stan Rosenberg October 12, 1949 Charles E. Shannon Jr. August 31, 1943 Bruce Tarr January 2, 1964 Richard Tisei August 13, 1962 Warren Tolman October 23, 1959 Robert Travaglini July 20, 1952 Marian Walsh 1954 Dianne Wilkerson May 2, 1955 Representatives portrait name date of birth district Steven Angelo June 8, 1952 9th Essex Michael G. Bellotti March 21, 1963 John Binienda June 22, 1947 Daniel E. Bosley December 9, 1953 Arthur Broadhurst September 28, 1964 John Businger February 5, 1945 Antonio Cabral January 26, 1955 Michael P. Cahill December 12, 1961 Thomas Cahir September 19, 1952 Christine Canavan January 25, 1950 Gale D. Candaras 1949 Paul Caron November 15, 1955 Paul Casey February 26, 1961 Harriette L. Chandler December 20, 1937 Evelyn Chesky August 20, 1933 Vincent P. Ciampa April 15, 1945 Forrester Clark November 30, 1934 Carol Cleven November 2, 1928 David B. Cohen (mayor) September 2, 1947 Edward G. Connolly August 22, 1928 Robert Correia January 3, 1939 Geraldine Creedon September 26, 1945 Brian Cresta April 22, 1969 Donna Cuomo March 19, 1947 Walter DeFilippi October 3, 1926 Robert DeLeo (politician) March 27, 1950 Paul C. Demakis July 9, 1953 Brian Dempsey (politician) September 30, 1966 Salvatore DiMasi August 11, 1945 David Donnelly June 7, 1956 Carol A. Donovan June 5, 1937 James H. Fagan October 13, 1947 Christopher Fallon June 7, 1953 Robert Fennell June 26, 1956 Barry Finegold March 3, 1971 Kevin L. Finnegan June 1, 1964 Thomas Finneran January 2, 1950 Kevin W. Fitzgerald 1950 Nancy Flavin June 26, 1950 Gloria Fox March 18, 1942 Paul Frost April 25, 1970 Joseph Gallitano April 12, 1946 William C. Galvin October 18, 1956 Barbara Gardner January 19, 1941 Colleen Garry July 21, 1962 David Gately September 27, 1955 Ronald Gauch February 13, 1938 Thomas N. George May 2, 1938 Anthony Giglio January 28, 1941 Guy Glodis February 15, 1969 Emile Goguen March 16, 1933 Thomas Golden Jr. March 5, 1971 Shirley Gomes January 23, 1940 William G. Greene Jr. April 24, 1940 Patrick Guerriero March 3, 1968 Cele Hahn March 21, 1942 Paul Haley June 9, 1953 Geoff Hall (politician) October 10, 1948 Robert S. Hargraves October 14, 1936 Lida E. Harkins January 24, 1944 Jack Hart (state senator) April 21, 1961 Shirley Owens Hicks April 22, 1942 Christopher Hodgkins August 24, 1957 Kevin Honan June 5, 1958 Barbara Hyland October 17, 1943 Frank Hynes December 23, 1940 M. Paul Iannuccillo May 1, 1963 Patricia D. Jehlen October 14, 1943 Bradley Jones Jr. January 9, 1965 Louis Kafka November 28, 1945 Rachel Kaprielian June 24, 1968 Jay R. Kaufman May 4, 1947 Daniel F. Keenan February 15, 1961 Shaun P. Kelly March 13, 1964 Thomas P. Kennedy August 15, 1951 Kay Khan June 22, 1941 John C. Klimm November 5, 1955 Brian Knuuttila February 22, 1957 Robert Koczera November 25, 1953 Peter Koutoujian September 17, 1961 Paul Kujawski August 26, 1953 Stephen Kulik August 3, 1950 Patrick Landers September 20, 1959 Harold M. Lane, Jr. August 24, 1938 Peter J. Larkin December 23, 1953 Stephen LeDuc February 29, 1968 Edward LeLacheur June 1, 1925 John Lepper December 22, 1934 Jacqueline Lewis May 3, 1945 Maryanne Lewis 1963 John A. Locke (Massachusetts politician) November 27, 1962 Ronald Mariano October 31, 1946 Francis L. Marini March 5, 1949 Jim Marzilli May 8, 1958 Thomas M. McGee December 15, 1955 Joseph B. McIntyre April 11, 1957 William McManus January 26, 1963 Joan Menard September 6, 1935 John Merrigan May 2, 1961 Jim Miceli March 25, 1935 Charles A. Murphy August 11, 1965 Dennis M. Murphy September 12, 1962 Kevin J. Murphy (politician) November 27, 1952 Mary Jeanette Murray December 24, 1924 William P. Nagle Jr. June 10, 1951 Harold Naughton Jr. July 4, 1960 Janet O'Brien Thomas J. O'Brien (Massachusetts politician) March 15, 1964 Eugene O'Flaherty July 20, 1968 Marie Parente May 22, 1928 Anne Paulsen August 8, 1936 Vincent Pedone March 15, 1967 David Peters (politician) March 1, 1954 Douglas W. Petersen March 7, 1948 George N. Peterson Jr. July 8, 1950 Thomas Petrolati March 16, 1957 Kevin Poirier July 7, 1940 Susan Pope October 9, 1942 Ruth Provost August 9, 1949 John F. Quinn April 7, 1963 William Reinstein March 26, 1929 Pam Resor 1942 Charlotte Golar Richie December 11, 1958 Michael Rodrigues (politician) May 30, 1959 Mary Rogeness May 18, 1941 John H. Rogers October 22, 1964 J. Michael Ruane December 10, 1927 Byron Rushing July 29, 1942 Angelo Scaccia September 29, 1942 Anthony M. Scibelli October 16, 1911 Emanuel Serra June 12, 1945 Mary Jane Simmons May 14, 1953 John P. Slattery April 5, 1958 Theodore C. Speliotis August 20, 1953 Jo Ann Sprague November 3, 1931 Harriett Stanley March 30, 1950 John Stasik June 5, 1942 John Stefanini March 23, 1964 Douglas Stoddart March 5, 1952 Ellen Story October 17, 1941 William M. Straus June 26, 1956 David B. Sullivan June 6, 1953 Joseph Sullivan (mayor) March 1, 1959 Benjamin Swan September 18, 1933 Kathleen Teahan June 11, 1947 Alvin Thompson May 15, 1939 A. Stephen Tobin July 3, 1956 Steven Tolman October 2, 1954 Timothy J. Toomey Jr. June 7, 1953 Philip Travis July 2, 1940 Eric Turkington August 12, 1947 David Tuttle James E. Vallee July 24, 1966 Anthony Verga April 26, 1935 Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician) May 7, 1960 Patricia Walrath August 11, 1941 Marty Walsh April 10, 1967 Alice Wolf December 24, 1933 See also 105th United States Congress List of Massachusetts General Courts References ^ "Length of Legislative Sessions". Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2009. p. 348+. ^ a b "Composition of the Massachusetts State Senate", Resources on Massachusetts Political Figures in the State Library, Mass.gov, archived from the original on June 6, 2020 ^ "Composition of the State of Massachusetts House of Representatives", Resources on Massachusetts Political Figures in the State Library, Mass.gov, archived from the original on June 6, 2020 ^ "The 180th General Court of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts". State.ma.us. Archived from the original on February 13, 1998. ^ a b 1997–1998 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c d "Register of the Executive and Legislative Departments of the Government of Massachusetts, 1997-1998" (PDF), Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts – via State Library of Massachusetts Further reading Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1997. hdl:2452/40812. External links Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. "1996 State Senate General Election". Sec.state.ma.us. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. "1996 State Representative General Election". Sec.state.ma.us. Massachusetts General Court, Bills (Legislative Documents) and Journals: 1997-1998, hdl:2452/630104 Massachusetts Acts and Resolves: 1997, hdl:2452/119335 Massachusetts Acts and Resolves: 1998, hdl:2452/119336 vteMassachusetts General Courts by year convened    1 (1780) 2 (1781) 3 (1782) 4 (1783) 5 (1784) 6 (1785) 7 (1786) 8 (1787) 9 (1788) 10 (1789) 11 (1790) 12 (1791) 13 (1792) 14 (1793) 15 (1794) 16 (1795) 17 (1796) 18 (1797) 19 (1798) 20 (1799) 21 (1800) 22 (1801) 23 (1802) 24 (1803) 25 (1804) 26 (1805) 27 (1806) 28 (1807) 29 (1808) 30 (1809) 31 (1810) 32 (1811) 33 (1812) 34 (1813) 35 (1814) 36 (1815) 37 (1816) 38 (1817) 39 (1818) 40 (1819) 41 (1820) 42 (1821) 43 (1822) 44 (1823) 45 (1824) 46 (1825) 47 (1826) 48 (1827) 49 (1828) 50 (1829) 51 (1830) 52 (1831) 53 (1832) 54 (1833) 55 (1834) 56 (1835) 57 (1836) 58 (1837) 59 (1838) 60 (1839) 61 (1840) 62 (1841) 63 (1842) 64 (1843) 65 (1844) 66 (1845) 67 (1846) 68 (1847) 69 (1848) 70 (1849) 71 (1850) 72 (1851) 73 (1852) 74 (1853) 75 (1854) 76 (1855) 77 (1856) 78 (1857) 79 (1858) 80 (1859) 81 (1860) 82 (1861) 83 (1862) 84 (1863) 85 (1864) 86 (1865) 87 (1866) 88 (1867) 89 (1868) 90 (1869) 91 (1870) 92 (1871) 93 (1872) 94 (1873) 95 (1874) 96 (1875) 97 (1876) 98 (1877) 99 (1878) 100 (1879) 101 (1880) 102 (1881) 103 (1882) 104 (1883) 105 (1884) 106 (1885) 107 (1886) 108 (1887) 109 (1888) 110 (1889) 111 (1890) 112 (1891) 113 (1892) 114 (1893) 115 (1894) 116 (1895) 117 (1896) 118 (1897) 119 (1898) 120 (1899) 121 (1900) 122 (1901) 123 (1902) 124 (1903) 125 (1904) 126 (1905) 127 (1906) 128 (1907) 129 (1908) 130 (1909) 131 (1910) 132 (1911) 133 (1912) 134 (1913) 135 (1914) 136 (1915) 137 (1916) 138 (1917) 139 (1918) 140 (1919) 141 (1920) 142 (1921) 143 (1923) 144 (1925) 145 (1927) 146 (1929) 147 (1931) 148 (1933) 149 (1935) 150 (1937) 151 (1939) 152 (1941) 153 (1943) 154 (1945) 155 (1947) 156 (1949) 157 (1951) 158 (1953) 159 (1955) 160 (1957) 161 (1959) 162 (1961) 163 (1963) 164 (1965) 165 (1967) 166 (1969) 167 (1971) 168 (1973) 169 (1975) 170 (1977) 171 (1979) 172 (1981) 173 (1983) 174 (1985) 175 (1987) 176 (1989) 177 (1991) 178 (1993) 179 (1995) 180 (1997) 181 (1999) 182 (2001) 183 (2003) 184 (2005) 185 (2007) 186 (2009) 187 (2011) 188 (2013) 189 (2015) 190 (2017) 191 (2019) 192 (2021) 193 (2023) Commons vteDistricts of the Massachusetts General CourtSenate Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st, 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st, 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st, 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st, 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st, 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Worcester: 1st, 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts HouseBarnstable1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5thBerkshire1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4thBristol1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14thCape and IslandsBarnstable, Dukes and NantucketEssex  1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thFranklin1st, 2ndHampden1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thHampshire1st, 2nd, 3rdMiddlesex1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37thNorfolk  1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15thPlymouth1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thSuffolk1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19thWorcester1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thDefunct districts  Former districts Commons vteGovernment of MassachusettsLegislative General Court Senate (Members, President) House of Representatives (Members, Speaker) Executive Governor (List) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court (Judges) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation

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[{"title":"105th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"List of Massachusetts General Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_General_Courts"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Maneuver

The Grand Maneuver

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

1955 film Les Grandes ManœuvresThe Grand ManeuverFilm posterDirected byRené ClairWritten byRené Clair (screenplay and dialogue)Jérôme Géronimi (adaptation)Jean Marsan (adaptation)Produced byRené ClairAndré DavenStarringMichèle MorganGérard PhilipeCinematographyRobert LefebvreEdited byLouisette HautecoeurDenise NatotMusic byGeorges Van ParysProductioncompaniesFilmsonorRizzoli FilmS.E.C.A.CinételDistributed byCinédisRelease date 26 October 1955 (1955-10-26) Running time107 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBox office$39.8 million5,302,963 admissions (France) The Grand Maneuver (French: Les Grandes Manœuvres) is a 1955 French comedy-drama romance film written and directed by René Clair, and starring Michèle Morgan and Gérard Philipe. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Summer Manoeuvres, and in the United States under the title The Grand Maneuver. It is a romantic comedy-drama set in a French provincial town just before World War I, and it was René Clair's first film to be made in colour. Plot Armand de la Verne, a lieutenant in the French cavalry and a notorious seducer, undertakes a bet that he will "obtain the favours" of a woman selected secretly by lot, before his company departs for its summer manoeuvres in a month's time. His target turns out to be Marie-Louise Rivière, a Parisian divorcée who runs a milliner's shop, and who is also being courted by the serious and respectable Victor Duverger. Marie Louise's growing attraction towards Armand is tempered by her discoveries about his reputation, while Armand's calculated strategy becomes undermined by his genuine emotions. A subplot follows the parallel but simpler courtship of Armand's friend and fellow officer Félix and Lucie, the young daughter of a photographer. Cast Michèle Morgan as Marie-Louise Rivière Gérard Philipe as Le lieutenant Armand de la Verne Jean Desailly as Victor Duverger Pierre Dux as Le Colonel Jacques Fabbri as L'ordonnance d'Armand Jacques François as Rodolphe Yves Robert as Le lieutenant Félix Leroy Brigitte Bardot as Lucie Lise Delamare as Juliette Duverger Jacqueline Maillan as Jeanne Duverger, une soeur de Victor Magali Noël as Thérèse, la chanteuse (as Magali Noel) Simone Valère as Gisèle Monnet (as Simone Valere) Catherine Anouilh as Alice, la fille du préfet Madeleine Barbulée as La dame au chapeau jaune Dany Carrel as Rose-Mousse Gabrielle Fontan as Mélanie, la bonne des Duverger Viviane Gosset as La colonelle Judith Magre as Emilienne Arlette Thomas as Amélie, la bonne de Marie-Louise Raymond Cordy as Le photographe Olivier Hussenot as Le préfet Jacques Jouanneau as L'ordonnance de Félix Jacques Morel as Monsieur Monnet Palau as Arthur (as Pierre Palau) Claude Rich as Le fiancé d'Alice Daniel Sorano as Le maître d'armes Production In René Clair's own words, "Love is the only concern of Les Grandes Manœuvres", and he added that the film was one of the countless variations to be made on the inexhaustible theme of Don Juan. The film is set in a French garrison town in the period just before the First World War, the end of the Belle Époque. Describing the origins of the film, Clair said, "Having passed a part of my childhood near Versailles, I could not forget the cavalry officers, their galloping in the forest of Viroflay, the rumors of their adventures, a duel which the newspapers talked about and in which two of those officers died...." Elsewhere he commented, "For me it is a very sentimental film, even more sentimental because it is situated in the period of my childhood. I put into it things that I saw." Clair's aim was to create a portrait of provincial life in the years before 1914, and close attention was paid to the fashions of the period and the rituals of military life. Les Grandes Manœuvres was Clair's first film in colour, a medium he had wanted to use since his time in England in the late 1930s, because, he stated, "it would enable him to keep reality at a distance" The production designer, Léon Barsacq, created sets in which muted colours were dominant, with furniture and accessories in black or white, and costumes mainly in beige or brown; they even sprayed the leaves of trees with yellow so that their shade of green would not be too bright. The only bold colour permitted was red, the red of the military uniforms. The film's budget was 222 million old francs; of this, Clair's salary was 20 million and Gérard Philipe's was 18 million. Filming began at the Studios de Boulogne on 28 April 1955, and continued until 2 July, after which the film was completed rapidly; editing had been largely determined during shooting, with few alternative shots being taken. However, Clair hesitated between different endings for the film, two of which were actually filmed and shown to groups of friends to gauge their reaction. Although several favoured the more bitter and tragic ending, Clair adopted the one that was more delicate and low-key, as being more in keeping with his own manner. Even so, it was the first of his films which "ended badly", and thus marked a departure in his style. Reception The first screening of Les Grandes Manœuvres took place in Moscow, on 17 October 1955, as part of the first "French Film Week" (Semaine du cinéma français). (This provoked one attack in a French newspaper which criticised its selection for the USSR because it suggested that the French army had nothing better to do than to pursue female conquests. Clair had fuelled this complaint by declaring at his Moscow press conference that in life there was nothing more serious than love.) The French première took place in Paris on 26 October 1955, and was generally well received by both press and public. Those critics who were less than enthusiastic were at any rate respectful. Several of Clair's longtime supporters thought that it was his best film. One of the few hostile reactions came from Claude Mauriac who objected that the performance of Gérard Philipe made a sympathetic character out of a complaisant seducer. André Bazin observed that the film was "like those classics which do not claim originality in their material, only in the manner in which they move the pieces on the chess-board.... Les Grandes Manœuvres begins as vaudeville, continues as comedy, reaches drama, and culminates in tragedy." A positive review by Jacques Doniol-Valcroze appeared in France-Observateur in November 1955 in which he wrote that everything about the film reminded him of an operetta: "We smile, laugh, are astonished, smile again and feel our hearts ache it would be a mistake to underestimate Les Grandes Manoeuvres, as I understand some people have." The film won two important French prizes, the Prix Louis-Delluc and the Prix Méliès. Among English-language reviewers, there was consistency in their appreciation of Clair's wit and the visual elegance of his use of colour on the one hand, but on the other a disappointment at his perceived failure to bring sufficient emotional engagement to the film's later scenes. In the words of one British review, Les Grandes Manœuvres was "an exceptionally finished and civilised entertainment not the least of its assets is the impeccable taste with which Clair, for the first time, manipulates colour"; but, "in negotiating the change to a serious ending, the film is less than wholly satisfactory". Another said, "The film begins beautifully... The gently stylised movements, the light and even rhythm, set own personal tone of comedy.... Later developments, however, demand more than he seems prepared to give... it fails to convey human passions suddenly taking over." This was echoed by an American reviewer: " has shown true artistry in his use of pastel and vivid hues to capture even the nuances of dress, décor and elegance of a pre-World War I garrison town.... is a fragile and compassionate but rarely moving delineation of the grand passion." An Irish review agreed that, "Rene Clair's Summer Manoeuvres is anything but a deeply "committed" film, and survives chiefly for its evocation of period.... does not quite compass the violent change from manners to passion...". A more sympathetic summary appeared in The Times: "Les Grandes Manoeuvres is a sigh for lost youth, for a lost generation, and for, perhaps, l'amour, as against love, and its only failing is that, in enchanting the senses, it fails to touch the heart." In 1974, the film was given an out-of-competition screening at the Cannes Film Festival. Clair himself considered Les Grandes Manœuvres (along with Le silence est d'or) to be the best of his post-war films. However, it appeared at a time when the classical studio-bound style of French cinema which Clair represented was coming under attack from a new generation of French critics and filmmakers, and henceforth his films were generally less well received. References ^ "Les Grandes Maneuvres (1955)- JPBox-Office". Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Box Office Success of Gerard Philipe films". Box Office Story. ^ René Clair, Four Screenplays; translated from the French by Piergiuseppe Bozzetti. (New York: Orion Press, 1970). p.323. ^ René Clair, Four Screenplays; translated from the French by Piergiuseppe Bozzetti. (New York: Orion Press, 1970). p.436. ^ Michel Aubriant & Hervé Le Boterf, "Entretien avec René Clair", in Cinémonde, 2 mai 1957, p.33; quoted in translation by Celia McGerr, René Clair. (Boston: Twayne, 1980). p.199. ^ a b Georges Charensol & Roger Régent, 50 Ans de cinéma avec René Clair. (Paris: Éditions de la Table Ronde, 1979). p.178. ^ a b Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.356. ^ "... proclame qu'elle lui servira à s'éloigner de la réalité": Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.356. ^ Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.3. ^ Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.358; p.440. ^ Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.358. ^ Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.361-362. ^ Georges Charensol & Roger Régent, 50 Ans de cinéma avec René Clair. (Paris: Éditions de la Table Ronde, 1979). p.181. ^ Georges Charensol and Georges Sadoul, quoted in Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.361-362; Jean de Baroncelli, writing in Le Monde: "Un enchantement. Un ravissement"; quoted by Georges Charensol & Roger Régent, 50 Ans de cinéma avec René Clair. (Paris: Éditions de la Table Ronde, 1979). p.181. ^ Claude Mauriac, "Lovelace et Iseult", in Le Figaro littéraire. 5 November 1955; quoted by Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.361-362. ^ André Bazin, "L'Univers de René Clair", in L'Éducation nationale, 10 November 1955; quoted by Pierre Billard, Le Mystère René Clair. (Paris: Plon, 1998). p.363-364. ^ Quoted in Jean Douchet, French New Wave. (New York: D.A.P, 1999). p.27. ISBN 1-56466-057-5 ^ "Les Grandes Manœuvres (Summer Manoeuvres)", in Monthly Film Bulletin, Feb. 1956, pp.15-16. ^ Gavin Lambert, "Les Grandes Manœuvres", in Sight & Sound, vol.25(3), Winter 1955/56, pp.146-147. ^ A.H. Weiler, "The Grand Maneuver", in The New York Times, 2 October 1956. Retrieved 11 August 2012. ^ Peter Connolly, review, in The Furrow (Maynooth, Ireland), Vol. 7, No. 11 (Nov. 1956), pp. 693-697. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ "Les Grandes Manoeuvres", in The Times (London), 10 January 1956, p.5, col.3. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Les Grandes Manoeuvres". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ Celia McGerr, René Clair. (Boston: Twayne, 1980). p.199. ^ David Thomson, A New Biographical Dictionary of Film. (London: Little, Brown, 2002). p.161. External links Les Grandes Manoeuvres at IMDb Les Grandes Manoeuvres at AllMovie Les Grandes Manœuvres at Films de France vteFilms directed by René ClairFeature films The Crazy Ray (1924) The Phantom of the Moulin Rouge (1925) The Imaginary Voyage (1926) The Prey of the Wind (1927) The Italian Straw Hat (1928) Two Timid Souls (1928) Under the Roofs of Paris (1930) Le Million (1931) À Nous la Liberté (1931) Bastille Day (1933) The Last Billionaire (1934) The Ghost Goes West (1935) Break the News (1938) The Flame of New Orleans (1941) I Married a Witch (1942) It Happened Tomorrow (1944) And Then There Were None (1945) Man About Town (1947) Beauty and the Devil (1950) Beauties of the Night (1952) The Grand Maneuver (1955) Gates of Paris (1957) All the Gold in the World (1961) The Lace Wars (1965) Short films &Anthologies Entr'acte (1924) Forever and a Day (1943, segment "1897") Three Fables of Love (1962, segment "Les Deux Pigeons")

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"romance film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"René Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair"},{"link_name":"Michèle Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Gérard Philipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Philipe"}],"text":"The Grand Maneuver (French: Les Grandes Manœuvres) is a 1955 French comedy-drama romance film written and directed by René Clair, and starring Michèle Morgan and Gérard Philipe. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Summer Manoeuvres, and in the United States under the title The Grand Maneuver. It is a romantic comedy-drama set in a French provincial town just before World War I, and it was René Clair's first film to be made in colour.","title":"The Grand Maneuver"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Armand de la Verne, a lieutenant in the French cavalry and a notorious seducer, undertakes a bet that he will \"obtain the favours\" of a woman selected secretly by lot, before his company departs for its summer manoeuvres in a month's time. His target turns out to be Marie-Louise Rivière, a Parisian divorcée who runs a milliner's shop, and who is also being courted by the serious and respectable Victor Duverger. Marie Louise's growing attraction towards Armand is tempered by her discoveries about his reputation, while Armand's calculated strategy becomes undermined by his genuine emotions. A subplot follows the parallel but simpler courtship of Armand's friend and fellow officer Félix and Lucie, the young daughter of a photographer.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michèle Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Gérard Philipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Philipe"},{"link_name":"Jean Desailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Desailly"},{"link_name":"Pierre Dux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dux"},{"link_name":"Jacques Fabbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fabbri"},{"link_name":"Jacques François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Yves Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Robert"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Bardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot"},{"link_name":"Lise Delamare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Delamare"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Maillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Maillan"},{"link_name":"Magali Noël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magali_No%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Simone Valère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Val%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Dany Carrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Carrel"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Fontan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Fontan"},{"link_name":"Judith Magre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Magre"},{"link_name":"Arlette Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlette_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Raymond Cordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cordy"},{"link_name":"Olivier Hussenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Hussenot"},{"link_name":"Jacques Jouanneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Jouanneau"},{"link_name":"Jacques Morel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Morel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Palau"},{"link_name":"Claude Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Rich"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sorano"}],"text":"Michèle Morgan as Marie-Louise Rivière\nGérard Philipe as Le lieutenant Armand de la Verne\nJean Desailly as Victor Duverger\nPierre Dux as Le Colonel\nJacques Fabbri as L'ordonnance d'Armand\nJacques François as Rodolphe\nYves Robert as Le lieutenant Félix Leroy\nBrigitte Bardot as Lucie\nLise Delamare as Juliette Duverger\nJacqueline Maillan as Jeanne Duverger, une soeur de Victor\nMagali Noël as Thérèse, la chanteuse (as Magali Noel)\nSimone Valère as Gisèle Monnet (as Simone Valere)\nCatherine Anouilh as Alice, la fille du préfet\nMadeleine Barbulée as La dame au chapeau jaune\nDany Carrel as Rose-Mousse\nGabrielle Fontan as Mélanie, la bonne des Duverger\nViviane Gosset as La colonelle\nJudith Magre as Emilienne\nArlette Thomas as Amélie, la bonne de Marie-Louise\nRaymond Cordy as Le photographe\nOlivier Hussenot as Le préfet\nJacques Jouanneau as L'ordonnance de Félix\nJacques Morel as Monsieur Monnet\nPalau as Arthur (as Pierre Palau)\nClaude Rich as Le fiancé d'Alice\nDaniel Sorano as Le maître d'armes","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Belle Époque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charensol178-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billard356-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Léon Barsacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Barsacq"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billard356-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Studios de Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billancourt_Studios"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charensol178-6"}],"text":"In René Clair's own words, \"Love is the only concern of Les Grandes Manœuvres\", and he added that the film was one of the countless variations to be made on the inexhaustible theme of Don Juan.[3] The film is set in a French garrison town in the period just before the First World War, the end of the Belle Époque. Describing the origins of the film, Clair said, \"Having passed a part of my childhood near Versailles, I could not forget the cavalry officers, their galloping in the forest of Viroflay, the rumors of their adventures, a duel which the newspapers talked about and in which two of those officers died....\"[4] Elsewhere he commented, \"For me it is a very sentimental film, even more sentimental because it is situated in the period of my childhood. I put into it things that I saw.\"[5]Clair's aim was to create a portrait of provincial life in the years before 1914, and close attention was paid to the fashions of the period and the rituals of military life.[6][7] Les Grandes Manœuvres was Clair's first film in colour, a medium he had wanted to use since his time in England in the late 1930s, because, he stated, \"it would enable him to keep reality at a distance\"[8] The production designer, Léon Barsacq, created sets in which muted colours were dominant, with furniture and accessories in black or white, and costumes mainly in beige or brown; they even sprayed the leaves of trees with yellow so that their shade of green would not be too bright. The only bold colour permitted was red, the red of the military uniforms.[7]The film's budget was 222 million old francs; of this, Clair's salary was 20 million and Gérard Philipe's was 18 million.[9]Filming began at the Studios de Boulogne on 28 April 1955, and continued until 2 July, after which the film was completed rapidly; editing had been largely determined during shooting, with few alternative shots being taken.[10] However, Clair hesitated between different endings for the film, two of which were actually filmed and shown to groups of friends to gauge their reaction. Although several favoured the more bitter and tragic ending, Clair adopted the one that was more delicate and low-key, as being more in keeping with his own manner.[11] Even so, it was the first of his films which \"ended badly\", and thus marked a departure in his style.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charensol181-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Claude Mauriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mauriac"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"André Bazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bazin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jacques Doniol-Valcroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doniol-Valcroze"},{"link_name":"operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Prix Louis-Delluc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Delluc_Prize"},{"link_name":"Prix Méliès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-23"},{"link_name":"Le silence est d'or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_About_Town_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"new generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The first screening of Les Grandes Manœuvres took place in Moscow, on 17 October 1955, as part of the first \"French Film Week\" (Semaine du cinéma français). (This provoked one attack in a French newspaper which criticised its selection for the USSR because it suggested that the French army had nothing better to do than to pursue female conquests. Clair had fuelled this complaint by declaring at his Moscow press conference that in life there was nothing more serious than love.)[12] The French première took place in Paris on 26 October 1955, and was generally well received by both press and public.[13] Those critics who were less than enthusiastic were at any rate respectful. Several of Clair's longtime supporters thought that it was his best film.[14] One of the few hostile reactions came from Claude Mauriac who objected that the performance of Gérard Philipe made a sympathetic character out of a complaisant seducer.[15] André Bazin observed that the film was \"like those classics which do not claim originality in their material, only in the manner in which they move the pieces on the chess-board.... Les Grandes Manœuvres begins as vaudeville, continues as comedy, reaches drama, and culminates in tragedy.\"[16] A positive review by Jacques Doniol-Valcroze appeared in France-Observateur in November 1955 in which he wrote that everything about the film reminded him of an operetta: \"We smile, laugh, are astonished, smile again and feel our hearts ache [-] it would be a mistake to underestimate Les Grandes Manoeuvres, as I understand some people have.\"[17]The film won two important French prizes, the Prix Louis-Delluc and the Prix Méliès.Among English-language reviewers, there was consistency in their appreciation of Clair's wit and the visual elegance of his use of colour on the one hand, but on the other a disappointment at his perceived failure to bring sufficient emotional engagement to the film's later scenes. In the words of one British review, Les Grandes Manœuvres was \"an exceptionally finished and civilised entertainment [and] not the least of its assets is the impeccable taste with which Clair, for the first time, manipulates colour\"; but, \"in negotiating the change to a serious ending, the film is less than wholly satisfactory\".[18] Another said, \"The film begins beautifully... The gently stylised movements, the light and even rhythm, set [Clair's] own personal tone of comedy.... Later developments, however, demand more than he seems prepared to give... it fails to convey human passions suddenly taking over.\"[19] This was echoed by an American reviewer: \"[Clair] has shown true artistry in his use of pastel and vivid hues to capture even the nuances of dress, décor and elegance of a pre-World War I garrison town.... [The film] is a fragile and compassionate but rarely moving delineation of the grand passion.\"[20] An Irish review agreed that, \"Rene Clair's Summer Manoeuvres is anything but a deeply \"committed\" film, and survives chiefly for its evocation of period.... [The film] does not quite compass the violent change from manners to passion...\".[21] A more sympathetic summary appeared in The Times: \"Les Grandes Manoeuvres is a sigh for lost youth, for a lost generation, and for, perhaps, l'amour, as against love, and its only failing is that, in enchanting the senses, it fails to touch the heart.\"[22]In 1974, the film was given an out-of-competition screening at the Cannes Film Festival.[23]Clair himself considered Les Grandes Manœuvres (along with Le silence est d'or) to be the best of his post-war films.[24] However, it appeared at a time when the classical studio-bound style of French cinema which Clair represented was coming under attack from a new generation of French critics and filmmakers, and henceforth his films were generally less well received.[25]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-wave_infrared

Infrared

["1 Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum","2 Nature","3 Regions","3.1 Visible limit","3.2 Commonly used subdivision scheme","3.3 CIE division scheme","3.4 ISO 20473 scheme","3.5 Astronomy division scheme","3.6 Sensor response division scheme","3.7 Telecommunication bands","4 Heat","5 Applications","5.1 Night vision","5.2 Thermography","5.3 Hyperspectral imaging","5.4 Other imaging","5.5 Tracking","5.6 Heating","5.7 Cooling","5.8 Communications","5.9 Spectroscopy","5.10 Thin film metrology","5.11 Meteorology","5.12 Climatology","5.13 Astronomy","5.14 Cleaning","5.15 Art conservation and analysis","5.16 Biological systems","5.17 Photobiomodulation","5.18 Health hazards","6 Scientific history","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Form of electromagnetic radiation For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation. This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively. Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 nm (400 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band. Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon. It was long known that fires emit invisible heat; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter Edme Mariotte showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. Slightly more than half of the energy from the Sun was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's climate. Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range. Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, to detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components. Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting. Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz). Light comparison Name Wavelength Frequency (Hz) Photon energy (eV) Gamma ray less than 10 pm more than 30 EHz more than 124 keV X-ray 10 pm – 10 nm 30 PHz – 30 EHz 124 keV – 124 eV Ultraviolet 10 nm – 400 nm 750 THz – 30 PHz 124 eV – 3.3 eV Visible 400 nm – 700 nm 430 THz – 750 THz 3.3 eV – 1.7 eV Infrared 700 nm – 1 mm 300 GHz – 430 THz 1.7 eV – 1.24 meV Microwave 1 mm – 1 meter 300 MHz – 300 GHz 1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV Radio 1 meter and more 300 MHz and below 1.24 μeV and below Nature Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 K (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kW per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is ultraviolet radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm. On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy. Regions In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed. Visible limit Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. And even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions. Commonly used subdivision scheme A commonly used subdivision scheme is: Division name Abbreviation Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Temperature Characteristics Near-infrared NIR, IR-A DIN 0.75–1.4 μm 214–400 THz 886–1,653 meV 3,864–2,070 K(3,591–1,797 °C) Goes up to the wavelength of the first water absorption band, and commonly used in fiber optic telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO2 glass (silica) medium. Image intensifiers are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include night vision devices such as night vision goggles. Near-infrared spectroscopy is another common application. Short-wavelength infrared SWIR, IR-B DIN 1.4–3 μm 100–214 THz 413–886 meV 2,070–966 K(1,797–693 °C) Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see transmission windows). Mid-wavelength infrared MWIR, IR-C DIN; MidIR. Also called intermediate infrared (IIR) 3–8 μm 37–100 THz 155–413 meV 966–362 K(693–89 °C) In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the Infrared signature of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared. Long-wavelength infrared LWIR, IR-C DIN 8–15 μm 20–37 THz 83–155 meV 362–193 K(89 – −80 °C) The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun, moon, or infrared illuminator. This region is also called the "thermal infrared". Far-infrared FIR 15–1,000 μm 0.3–20 THz 1.2–83 meV 193–3 K(−80.15 – −270.15 °C) (see also far-infrared laser and far-infrared) A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque. NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared". CIE division scheme The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands: Abbreviation Wavelength Frequency IR-A 780 – 1,400 nm(0.78 – 1.4 μm) 215 – 430 THz IR-B 1,400 – 3,000 nm(1.4 – 3 μm) 100 – 215 THz IR-C 3,000 – 1 mm(3 – 1,000 μm) 300 – 100 THz ISO 20473 scheme ISO 20473 specifies the following scheme: Designation Abbreviation Wavelength Near-infrared NIR 0.78–3 μm Mid-infrared MIR 3–50 μm Far-infrared FIR 50–1,000 μm Astronomy division scheme Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows: Designation Abbreviation Wavelength Near-infrared NIR 0.7 to 2.5 μm Mid-infrared MIR 3 to 25 μm Far-infrared FIR above 25 μm. These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space. The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers. Sensor response division scheme Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors: Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon). Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). InGaAs covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled MCT detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5 μm. Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by indium antimonide, InSb and mercury cadmium telluride, HgCdTe, and partially by lead selenide, PbSe). Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and microbolometers). Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon). Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from lasers, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage. Telecommunication bands In optical communications, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors: Band Descriptor Wavelength range O band Original 1,260–1,360 nm E band Extended 1,360–1,460 nm S band Short wavelength 1,460–1,530 nm C band Conventional 1,530–1,565 nm L band Long wavelength 1,565–1,625 nm U band Ultralong wavelength 1,625–1,675 nm The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed. Heat Main article: Thermal radiation Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature. Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law). Heat is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth. The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers. Applications This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Night vision Main article: Night vision Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor. Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source. The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment. Thermography Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.Main article: Thermography Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs. Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name). Hyperspectral imaging Main article: Hyperspectral imaging Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object. Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital camera A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements. Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications. Other imaging In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes. Tracking Main article: Infrared homing Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background. Heating Main article: Infrared heating This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010s Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or grilling. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them. Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating. Cooling Main article: Passive daytime radiative cooling A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's infrared window. This is how passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial heat flow to outer space with zero energy consumption or pollution. PDRC surfaces minimize shortwave solar reflectance to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer. When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse global warming, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes. Communications Further information: Consumer IR IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a lens into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive silicon photodiodes, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an electric current. That electrical signal is passed through a high-pass filter which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared. Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen." Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers. IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as beaming. Spectroscopy Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm−1. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm−1, is the spectroscopic wavenumber. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum. Thin film metrology In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures. Meteorology IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States. Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels). Clouds with high and cold tops, such as cyclones or cumulonimbus clouds, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as stratus or stratocumulus are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied. These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information. The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. Climatology The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation. A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm. Astronomy Main articles: Infrared astronomy and far-infrared astronomy Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm. Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium. The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy. The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.) Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared. Cleaning Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some motion picture film scanners, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting. Art conservation and analysis An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Infrared reflectography can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's underdrawing or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices. Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are Picasso's Woman Ironing and Blue Room, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today. Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Roman works in the Villa of the Papyri, and the Silk Road texts found in the Dunhuang Caves. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well. Biological systems Further information: Infrared sensing in snakes Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse The pit viper has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system. Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family Pythonidae), some boas (family Boidae), the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), a variety of jewel beetles (Melanophila acuminata), darkly pigmented butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (Triatoma infestans). By detecting the heat that their prey emits, crotaline and boid snakes identify and capture their prey using their IR-sensitive pit organs. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, Melanophila acuminata, locates forest fires via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. Thermoreceptors on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (Triatoma infestans) locate their warm-blooded victims by sensing their body heat. Some fungi like Venturia inaequalis require near-infrared light for ejection. Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters. Photobiomodulation Near-infrared light, or photobiomodulation, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment. Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms. Health hazards Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places. Scientific history The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century. An earlier experiment in 1790 by Marc-Auguste Pictet demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light. Other important dates include: Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel. 1830: Leopoldo Nobili made the first thermopile IR detector. 1840: John Herschel produces the first thermal image, called a thermogram. 1860: Gustav Kirchhoff formulated the blackbody theorem E = J ( T , n ) {\displaystyle E=J(T,n)} . 1873: Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium. 1878: Samuel Pierpont Langley invents the first bolometer, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources. 1879: Stefan–Boltzmann law formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to T4. 1880s and 1890s: Lord Rayleigh and Wilhelm Wien solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "ultraviolet catastrophe and infrared catastrophe". 1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement. 1901: Max Planck published the blackbody equation and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions. 1905: Albert Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect. 1905–1908: William Coblentz published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra. 1917: Theodore Case developed the thallous sulfide detector, which helped produce the first infrared search and track device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km). 1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in World War II. 1938: Yeou Ta predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation. 1945: The Zielgerät 1229 "Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications. 1952: Heinrich Welker grew synthetic InSb crystals. 1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by Fred Nicodemenus, G. J. Zissis and R. Clark; Robert Clark Jones defined D*. 1958: W. D. Lawson (Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe). 1958: Falcon and Sidewinder missiles were developed using infrared technology. 1960s: Paul Kruse and his colleagues at Honeywell Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective compound for infrared detection. 1962: J. Cooper demonstrated pyroelectric detection. 1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle. 1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (Barnes, Agema (now part of FLIR Systems Inc.)); Richard Hudson's landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by Hughes; phenomenology pioneered by Fred Simmons and A. T. Stair; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)), and Rachets develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there. 1970: Willard Boyle and George E. Smith proposed CCD at Bell Labs for picture phone. 1973: Common module program started by NVESD. 1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, IRTF on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials. 2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a neural implant that gives rats the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides living creatures with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities. See also Black-body radiation Infrared non-destructive testing of materials Infrared solar cells Infrared thermometer People counter Index of infrared articles Notes ^ Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of Wien's displacement law References ^ Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01). "Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications". 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External links Infrared at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity Infrared: A Historical Perspective Archived 2007-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (Omega Engineering) Infrared Data Association Archived 2008-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection SIRC Protocol Archived 2011-10-13 at the Wayback Machine How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Infrared Waves: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA) Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light The thermographic's library Archived 2013-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, collection of thermogram Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine at ColourLex Molly Faries, Techniques and Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005 vteElectromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio← higher frequencies       longer wavelengths → Gamma rays Very-high-energy gamma ray Ultra-high-energy gamma ray X-rays Soft X-ray Hard X-ray Ultraviolet Extreme ultraviolet Vacuum ultraviolet Lyman-alpha FUV MUV NUV UVC UVB UVA Visible (optical) Violet Blue Cyan Green Yellow Orange Red Infrared NIR (Bands: J, K, H) SWIR MWIR (Bands: L, M, N) LWIR FIR Microwaves W band V band Q band Ka band K band Ku band X band C band S band L band Radio THF EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ir_girl.png"},{"link_name":"false-color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_color"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer_first-light_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"space telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"visible light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light"},{"link_name":"microwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"spectral band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_band"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"THz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"solar spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCC_AR4-SYR-3"},{"link_name":"terahertz radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"black-body radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"link_name":"room temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"radiation pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure"},{"link_name":"both","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"Edme Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"vibrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Infrared astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_astronomy"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"red-shifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-shift"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ir_astronomy-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"target acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_acquisition"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"night vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision"},{"link_name":"homing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_(missile_guidance)"},{"link_name":"thermal efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency"},{"link_name":"grow-ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow-ops"},{"link_name":"wireless communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication"},{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"weather forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"}],"text":"For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation).A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation.This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively.Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 nm (400 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz).[1][2] IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum.[3] Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band.[4] Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon.It was long known that fires emit invisible heat; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter Edme Mariotte showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat.[5][6] In 1800 the astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer.[7] Slightly more than half of the energy from the Sun was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's climate.Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.[8]Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, to detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe.[9] Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components.[10] Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting.","title":"Infrared"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrum"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"}],"text":"There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz).","title":"Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"zenith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith"},{"link_name":"irradiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 K (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kW per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is ultraviolet radiation.[12] Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm.On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.[13]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"}],"text":"In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sliney1976-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LynchLivingston2001-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saidman1933-16"}],"sub_title":"Visible limit","text":"Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. And even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.[14][15][16]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrnes-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RP-photonics-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Infrared.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Visible.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Commonly used subdivision scheme","text":"A commonly used subdivision scheme is:[17][18]A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called \"reflected infrared\", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as \"thermal infrared\".","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Commission on Illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"CIE division scheme","text":"The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:[21][22]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"ISO 20473 scheme","text":"ISO 20473 specifies the following scheme:[23]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"letters to different spectral regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhk"},{"link_name":"atmospheric windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_paper"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy division scheme","text":"Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:[24]These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges,[25] and hence different environments in space.The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-27"},{"link_name":"InGaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAs"},{"link_name":"MCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"indium antimonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide"},{"link_name":"mercury cadmium telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"lead selenide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_selenide"},{"link_name":"microbolometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometer"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"InGaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Wood effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_effect"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Sensor response division scheme","text":"Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared regionA third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:[26]Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).\nShort-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). InGaAs covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled MCT detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5 μm.\nMid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by indium antimonide, InSb and mercury cadmium telluride, HgCdTe, and partially by lead selenide, PbSe).\nLong-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and microbolometers).\nVery-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available.The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from lasers, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.[27]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communications"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"}],"sub_title":"Telecommunication bands","text":"In optical communications, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:[28]The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"emit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_emission"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"},{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"thermal conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction"},{"link_name":"thermal convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_convection"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"solar corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_corona"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"}],"text":"Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.Infrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\",[29] but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49%[30] of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).[31]Heat is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.","title":"Heat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg"},{"link_name":"human eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"Night vision devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_devices"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Night vision","text":"Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.[32] Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light.[32] Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.[32]The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.[33]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle thermal protection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system"},{"link_name":"pyrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometry"},{"link_name":"Thermographic cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_cameras"}],"sub_title":"Thermography","text":"Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs.Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to \"see\" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png"},{"link_name":"emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Specim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specim"},{"link_name":"infrared spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holma-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_infrared_light.jpg"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"remote control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"thermographic camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost&Sullivan_Specim_Owl-36"}],"sub_title":"Hyperspectral imaging","text":"Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.[34]Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital cameraA hyperspectral image is a \"picture\" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications.[35]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infrared photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography"},{"link_name":"infrared filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_filter"},{"link_name":"Digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"blockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)"},{"link_name":"camera phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phones"},{"link_name":"T-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation"},{"link_name":"far-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-infrared"},{"link_name":"terahertz radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation"},{"link_name":"terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other imaging","text":"In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passive missile guidance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_homing"},{"link_name":"emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emission"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tracking","text":"Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.[36]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg"},{"link_name":"hair dryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_dryer"},{"link_name":"hair salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_salon"},{"link_name":"infrared saunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"grilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grilling"}],"sub_title":"Heating","text":"Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010sInfrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing).[37] Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or grilling. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them.Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infrared window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"passive daytime radiative cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling"},{"link_name":"heat flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_flow"},{"link_name":"energy consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-40"},{"link_name":"solar reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_reflectance"},{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4422-42"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:032-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:442-44"}],"sub_title":"Cooling","text":"A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's infrared window. This is how passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial heat flow to outer space with zero energy consumption or pollution.[38][39] PDRC surfaces minimize shortwave solar reflectance to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer.[40][41] When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse global warming, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes.[42][43]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consumer IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IR"},{"link_name":"personal digital assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"IrDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association"},{"link_name":"light-emitting diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"modulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"photodiodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"high-pass filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter"},{"link_name":"remote controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"RC-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC-5"},{"link_name":"SIRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_Infrared_Remote_Control&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free space optical communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communication"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAS_(Remote_Infrared_Audible_Signage)"},{"link_name":"beaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaming"}],"sub_title":"Communications","text":"Further information: Consumer IRIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a lens into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive silicon photodiodes, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an electric current. That electrical signal is passed through a high-pass filter which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances.\nInfrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. \"Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen.\"[44]Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project.\nTransmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as beaming.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"near-infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"dipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"}],"sub_title":"Spectroscopy","text":"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm−1. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm−1, is the spectroscopic wavenumber. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forouhi%E2%80%93Bloomer_model"}],"sub_title":"Thin film metrology","text":"In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_(43904870711).gif"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Weather satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellite"},{"link_name":"cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone"},{"link_name":"cumulonimbus clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud"},{"link_name":"stratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratus_cloud"},{"link_name":"stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"}],"sub_title":"Meteorology","text":"IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States.Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels).Clouds with high and cold tops, such as cyclones or cumulonimbus clouds, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as stratus or stratocumulus are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"solar radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation"},{"link_name":"pyrgeometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgeometer"}],"sub_title":"Climatology","text":"The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heatIn the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation.A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_(by).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beta Pictoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris"},{"link_name":"optical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"atmospheric windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"protostars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostar"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"active galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy"},{"link_name":"redshift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ir_astronomy-9"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy","text":"Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium.The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.[9]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_cleaning"},{"link_name":"motion picture film scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner"},{"link_name":"film scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner"},{"link_name":"flatbed scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scanner"},{"link_name":"scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanning"},{"link_name":"inpainting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpainting"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Cleaning","text":"Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some motion picture film scanners, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.[45]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectography-en.svg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"underdrawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdrawing"},{"link_name":"pentimenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento"},{"link_name":"prime version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_version"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"carbon black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_black"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Woman Ironing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Ironing"},{"link_name":"Blue Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Room_(Picasso)"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Villa of the Papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Art conservation and analysis","text":"An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da VinciInfrared reflectography[46] can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's underdrawing or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.[47] Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting.Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist.[48] Notable examples are Picasso's Woman Ironing and Blue Room, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today.Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Roman works in the Villa of the Papyri, and the Silk Road texts found in the Dunhuang Caves.[49] Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared sensing in snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"pit viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalinae"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Pythonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythonidae"},{"link_name":"Boidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boidae"},{"link_name":"Common Vampire Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vampire_Bat"},{"link_name":"jewel beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_beetle"},{"link_name":"Melanophila acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-53"},{"link_name":"Pachliopta aristolochiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae"},{"link_name":"Troides rhadamantus plateni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triatoma infestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma_infestans"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"crotaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper"},{"link_name":"boid snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booidea"},{"link_name":"IR-sensitive pit organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes"},{"link_name":"Common Vampire Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_vampire_bat"},{"link_name":"Melanophila acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"Thermoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoreceptor"},{"link_name":"Pachliopta aristolochiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae"},{"link_name":"Troides rhadamantus plateni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triatoma infestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma_infestans"},{"link_name":"warm-blooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-blooded"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"Venturia inaequalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturia_inaequalis"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"}],"sub_title":"Biological systems","text":"Further information: Infrared sensing in snakesThermographic image of a snake eating a mouseThe pit viper has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.[50][51]Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family Pythonidae), some boas (family Boidae), the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), a variety of jewel beetles (Melanophila acuminata),[52] darkly pigmented butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (Triatoma infestans).[53] By detecting the heat that their prey emits, crotaline and boid snakes identify and capture their prey using their IR-sensitive pit organs. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, Melanophila acuminata, locates forest fires via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. Thermoreceptors on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (Triatoma infestans) locate their warm-blooded victims by sensing their body heat.[53]Some fungi like Venturia inaequalis require near-infrared light for ejection.[54]Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments,[55] sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species.[55][56][57][58][59] Fish use NIR to capture prey[55] and for phototactic swimming orientation.[59] NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight[55] and in turbid surface waters.[59]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photobiomodulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobiomodulation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Photobiomodulation","text":"Near-infrared light, or photobiomodulation, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment.[60] Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.[61]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Health hazards","text":"Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.[62]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism_(optics)"},{"link_name":"refract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refract"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"earlier experiment in 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictet%27s_experiment"},{"link_name":"Marc-Auguste Pictet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Auguste_Pictet"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Nobili"},{"link_name":"thermopile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopile"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"John Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"thermogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogram"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Gustav Kirchhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff"},{"link_name":"blackbody theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_law_of_thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Willoughby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith"},{"link_name":"selenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pierpont Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley"},{"link_name":"bolometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Stefan–Boltzmann law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Lord Rayleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Max Planck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck"},{"link_name":"blackbody equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"photoelectric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"William Coblentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coblentz"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Theodore Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Case"},{"link_name":"thallous sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallous_sulfide"},{"link_name":"infrared search and track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_search_and_track"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yeou Ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeou_Ta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Zielgerät 1229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielger%C3%A4t_1229"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Welker"},{"link_name":"InSb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide"},{"link_name":"Fred Nicodemenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Nicodemenus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. J. Zissis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._J._Zissis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Clark Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clark_Jones"},{"link_name":"W. D. Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._D._Lawson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Radar Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Mercury cadmium telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reine-82"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder"},{"link_name":"Paul Kruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kruse_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honeywell Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reine-82"},{"link_name":"J. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-53"},{"link_name":"Barnes, Agema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnes,_Agema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FLIR Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLIR_Systems"},{"link_name":"Richard Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hudson_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Fred Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Simmons_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A. T. Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._T._Stair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Vision_and_Electronic_Sensors_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Rachets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willard Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Boyle"},{"link_name":"George E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"picture phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_phone"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"IRTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Infrared_Telescope_Facility"},{"link_name":"neural implant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_implant"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"living creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_creature"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them \"Calorific Rays\".[63][64] The term \"infrared\" did not appear until late 19th century.[65] An earlier experiment in 1790 by Marc-Auguste Pictet demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.[66]Other important dates include:[26]Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.1830: Leopoldo Nobili made the first thermopile IR detector.[67]\n1840: John Herschel produces the first thermal image, called a thermogram.[68]\n1860: Gustav Kirchhoff formulated the blackbody theorem \n \n \n \n E\n =\n J\n (\n T\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}\n \n.[69]\n1873: Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium.[70]\n1878: Samuel Pierpont Langley invents the first bolometer, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.[71]\n1879: Stefan–Boltzmann law formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to T4.[72]\n1880s and 1890s: Lord Rayleigh and Wilhelm Wien solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the \"ultraviolet catastrophe and infrared catastrophe\".[73]\n1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.[74]\n1901: Max Planck published the blackbody equation and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.[75]\n1905: Albert Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect.[76]\n1905–1908: William Coblentz published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra.[77][78][79]\n1917: Theodore Case developed the thallous sulfide detector, which helped produce the first infrared search and track device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).\n1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in World War II.\n1938: Yeou Ta predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.[80]\n1945: The Zielgerät 1229 \"Vampir\" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications.\n1952: Heinrich Welker grew synthetic InSb crystals.\n1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by Fred Nicodemenus, G. J. Zissis and R. Clark; Robert Clark Jones defined D*.\n1958: W. D. Lawson (Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe).[81]\n1958: Falcon and Sidewinder missiles were developed using infrared technology.\n1960s: Paul Kruse and his colleagues at Honeywell Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective compound for infrared detection.[81]\n1962: J. Cooper demonstrated pyroelectric detection.[82]\n1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.[52]\n1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (Barnes, Agema (now part of FLIR Systems Inc.)); Richard Hudson's landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by Hughes; phenomenology pioneered by Fred Simmons and A. T. Stair; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)), and Rachets develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.\n1970: Willard Boyle and George E. Smith proposed CCD at Bell Labs for picture phone.\n1973: Common module program started by NVESD.[83]\n1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, IRTF on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.\n2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a neural implant that gives rats the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides living creatures with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.[84]","title":"Scientific history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%E2%80%A0_20-0"},{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of Wien's displacement law[19]","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ir_girl.png/220px-Ir_girl.png"},{"image_text":"This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer_first-light_image.jpg/220px-Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer_first-light_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg/220px-Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg/220px-Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg"},{"image_text":"Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg/220px-Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg/150px-STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.[34]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png/220px-Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png"},{"image_text":"Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital camera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/220px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg/220px-Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg/220px-Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg"},{"image_text":"IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif/220px-NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif"},{"image_text":"The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/340px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg/220px-ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg/180px-Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Infrared_reflectography-en.svg/200px-Infrared_reflectography-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/220px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Black-body radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"title":"Infrared non-destructive testing of materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials"},{"title":"Infrared solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#Infrared_solar_cells"},{"title":"Infrared thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer"},{"title":"People counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_counter"},{"title":"Index of infrared articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_infrared_articles"}]

[{"reference":"Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01). \"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications\". Photonics & Lasers in Medicine. 1 (4): 255–266. doi:10.1515/plm-2012-0034. ISSN 2193-0643. PMC 3699878. PMID 23833705.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699878","url_text":"\"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fplm-2012-0034","url_text":"10.1515/plm-2012-0034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-0643","url_text":"2193-0643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699878","url_text":"3699878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23833705","url_text":"23833705"}]},{"reference":"Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10). Infrared Radiation. InTech. doi:10.5772/2031. ISBN 978-953-51-0060-7. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intechopen.com/books/infrared-radiation","url_text":"Infrared Radiation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772%2F2031","url_text":"10.5772/2031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-0060-7","url_text":"978-953-51-0060-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014729/https://www.intechopen.com/books/infrared-radiation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2008-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117121314/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf","url_text":"\"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary\""},{"url":"https://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rogalski, Antoni (2019). Infrared and terahertz detectors (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 929. ISBN 9781315271330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315271330","url_text":"9781315271330"}]},{"reference":"Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014). \"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics\". The Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdomainreview.org/2014/02/19/the-founding-fathers-v-the-climate-change-skeptics/","url_text":"\"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191011112039/https://publicdomainreview.org/2014/02/19/the-founding-fathers-v-the-climate-change-skeptics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008). \"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays\". National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming.html","url_text":"\"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929065732/http://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reusch, William (1999). \"Infrared Spectroscopy\". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2006-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027110406/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm","url_text":"\"Infrared Spectroscopy\""},{"url":"http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IR Astronomy: Overview\". NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208151300/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/importance.html","url_text":"\"IR Astronomy: Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/importance.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07). \"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors\". AZoSensors. Archived from the original on 2020-07-11. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339","url_text":"\"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215350/https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 10.233. ISBN 978-1-4398-5511-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-5511-9","url_text":"978-1-4398-5511-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5\". Archived from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2009-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/","url_text":"\"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190512190812/https://rredc.nrel.gov/solar//spectra/am1.5/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackbody Radiation | Astronomy 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe\". Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2019-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p5.html","url_text":"\"Blackbody Radiation | Astronomy 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501191803/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p5.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). \"Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation\". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 66 (4): 339–341. Bibcode:1976JOSA...66..339S. doi:10.1364/JOSA.66.000339. PMID 1262982. The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1064 nm. A continuous 1064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America","url_text":"Journal of the Optical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JOSA...66..339S","url_text":"1976JOSA...66..339S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.66.000339","url_text":"10.1364/JOSA.66.000339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262982","url_text":"1262982"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001). Color and Light in Nature (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-521-77504-5. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2013. Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231","url_text":"Color and Light in Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5","url_text":"978-0-521-77504-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529134755/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933). \"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130\" [The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 196: 1537–9. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. 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EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feom2.12153","url_text":"\"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feom2.12153","url_text":"10.1002/eom2.12153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240331557","url_text":"240331557"}]},{"reference":"Munday, Jeremy (2019). \"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\". Joule. 3 (9): 2057–2060. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. S2CID 201590290. By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the Earth.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"\"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201590290","url_text":"201590290"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021). \"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling\". Nature Communications. 12 (365): 365. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7. PMC 7809060. PMID 33446648. Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809060","url_text":"\"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20646-7","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809060","url_text":"7809060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446648","url_text":"33446648"}]},{"reference":"Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). \"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach\". Energy. 152. 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If only 1%–2% of the Earth's surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would cease.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"\"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201590290","url_text":"201590290"}]},{"reference":"Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). \"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach\". Energy. 152. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-13 – via Elsevier Science Direct. 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Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 68 (5): 646–651. doi:10.2331/suisan.68.646.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2331%2Fsuisan.68.646","url_text":"\"Sensitivity of tilapia to infrared light measured using a rotating striped drum differs between two strains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2331%2Fsuisan.68.646","url_text":"10.2331/suisan.68.646"}]},{"reference":"Matsumoto, Taro; Kawamura, Gunzo (2005). \"The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared\". Fisheries Science. 71 (2): 350–355. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-45

Japanese submarine I-45

["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Service history","2.1 First war patrol","2.2 Marianas campaign","2.3 Second war patrol","2.4 Loss","3 Notes","4 Sources"]

I-45 on a speed trial run off Sasebo, Japan, on 29 December 1943. History Japan NameSubmarine No. 375 BuilderSasebo Naval Arsenal, Sasebo, Japan Laid down15 July 1942 RenamedI-45 on 5 February 1943 Launched6 March 1943 Completed28 December 1943 Commissioned28 December 1943 FateSunk 29 October 1944 Stricken10 March 1945 General characteristics Class and typeType B2 submarine Displacement 2,624 tons surfaced 3,700 tons submerged Length356.5 ft (108.7 m) Beam30.5 ft (9.3 m) Draft17 ft (5.2 m) Propulsion 2 diesels: 11,000 hp (8,200 kW) Electric motors: 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) Speed 23.5 knots (43.5 km/h) surfaced 8 knots (15 km/h) submerged Range14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km) at 16 knots (30 km/h) Test depth100 m (330 ft) Complement114 Armament 6 × 533 mm (21 in) forward torpedo tubes 17 torpedoes 1 × 14 cm (5.5 in) deck gun (removed October–February 1945) 6 × kaiten suicide attack torpedoes (added October–February 1945) Aircraft carried1 x floatplane (removed October–February 1945) Aviation facilitiesHangar and catapult (removed October–February 1945) I-45 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type B2 submarine. Completed and commissioned in December 1943, she served in World War II, patrolling in the Pacific Ocean and taking part in the Marianas campaign, the Philippines campaign, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf before she was sunk in October 1944. Construction and commissioning I-45 was laid down on 15 July 1942 by the Sasebo Naval Arsenal at Sasebo, Japan, with the name Submarine No. 375. On 5 February 1943, she was renamed I-45 and provisionally attached to the Yokosuka Naval District. She was launched on 6 March 1943 and completed and commissioned on 28 December 1943. Service history Upon commissioning, I-45 was attached formally to the Yokosuka Naval District and was assigned to Submarine Squadron 11 for workups in the Iyo-nada in the Seto Inland Sea. She called at the Tokuyama Fuel Depot from 22 to 23 February 1944 to refuel. First war patrol On 25 March 1944, I-45 was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet. She departed Kure, Japan, that day to begin her first war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Pacific Ocean east of the Marshall Islands. Alerted by Ultra intelligence information to the operations of I-44 and the submarines I-16, I-36, and I-38 between the Marshalls and Hawaii, United States Pacific Fleet Headquarters organized Task Group 11.1 — a United States Navy hunter-killer group consisting of the escort aircraft carrier USS Altamaha (CVE-18) and the destroyer escorts USS Cabana (DE-260), USS Elden (DE-264), USS Harold C. Thomas (DE-21), and USS Wileman (DE-22) — on 30 March 1944 to find and sink them. The group′s first success against the submarines came at 14:08 on 4 April 1944, when a TBM-1C Avenger torpedo bomber and an FM-2 Wildcat fighter of Composite Squadron 66 (VC-66) from Altamaha flying 108 nautical miles (200 km; 124 mi) west of the carrier spotted I-45 on the surface recharging her batteries 650 nautical miles (1,200 km; 750 mi) northeast of Majuro. While the Wildcat strafed I-45, the Avenger attacked her with rockets and depth charges. I-45 suffered a direct hit on her stern and developed a serious leak. I-45′s commanding officer ordered her to go to full speed astern and dive. The aircraft crews last saw I-45 settling in a large oil slick with no forward momentum and received credit for sinking a submarine. I-45, meanwhile, submerged. When her commanding officer then ordered full speed ahead, her crew lost control of her and she began a rotating dive. She reached 490 feet (149 m) before her crew could stop her descent, and she finally stabilized at 330 feet (101 m). Although she survived the attack, I-45 had suffered heavy damage, forcing her to return to Japan. She reached Yokosuka, Japan, on 15 April 1944 and in late April began repairs at Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure which lasted until late May 1944. Marianas campaign On 12 June 1944, U.S. landings on Saipan began both the Battle of Saipan and the Marianas campaign, and on 13 June the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, activated Operation A-Go for the defense of the Mariana Islands. On 28 June 1944, I-45 departed Yokosuka in company with the submarine I-55 bound for Tinian in the Marianas and carrying an Unkato cargo container — a 135-foot (41.1 m) submersible cargo container that could carry up to 377 tons of supplies, designed for a one-way trip in which the cargo′s recipients released, recovered, and unloaded it — loaded with weapons and ammunition. Encountering heavy seas during her voyage, she was redirected to Guam to pick up Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service pilots who were stranded there. She attempted to contact Japanese forces ashore on Guam on both 14 and 16 July 1944 to deliver her Unkato and pick up the airmen, but failed on each occasion because of a communications mix-up. After the second failure, she dumped the Unkato container overboard and headed back to Japan. She arrived at Yokosuka on 27 July 1944, and later moved to Kure. Second war patrol The commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, activated Operation Shō-Gō 1 for the defense of the Philippine Islands on 13 October 1944. I-45 departed Kure on the same day to begin her second war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Philippine Sea. U.S. forces landed on Leyte in the Philippines on 20 October 1944, beginning both the Battle of Leyte and the Philippines campaign, and the Japanese naval reaction to the invasion resulted in the Battle of Leyte Gulf of 23–26 October 1944. On 24 October 1944, the second day of the battle, I-45 and the submarines I-26, I-37, I-53, I-54, and I-56 were designated Submarine Group A under the direct command of the commander-in-chief of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Miwa, and I-45 received orders to move to patrol station "Re" off the northeast coast of Mindanao. Loss On 29 October 1944, the destroyer escorts USS Eversole (DE-404) and USS Richard S. Bull (DE-402) were in the Philippine Sea steaming from San Pedro Bay in the Philippines to rejoin Task Unit 77.7.1 when Eversole picked up a doubtful sonar contact 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) east of Dinagat Island at 02:10. She soon lost the contact, but at 02:28, two torpedoes struck her, causing her to lose all power and take on a 30-degree list. Her crew began to abandon ship at 02:40, and in less than 15 minutes Eversole sank stern-first at 10°18′N 127°37′E / 10.300°N 127.617°E / 10.300; 127.617 (USS Eversole). I-45 surfaced at around 03:00 and circled the site of the sinking, briefly opening fire on survivors in the water with her Type 96 25mm antiaircraft gun. She dived at around 03:20. At 03:25 a large underwater explosion occurred, apparently from the sunken Eversole, killing about 30 survivors in the water and injuring others. The explosion alerted Richard S. Bull, which arrived on the scene and began a rescue operation while the destroyer escort USS Whitehurst (DE-634), which had been detached from the screen of a passing fleet oiler unit, provided antisubmarine cover. By 06:30, Richard S. Bull had pulled the last of 139 survivors from the water, three of whom later died. Including them, Eversole′s crew suffered 77 dead in the sinking. Meanwhile, at 05:45 Whitehurst detected a submerged submarine — probably I-45 — on sonar 85 nautical miles (157 km; 98 mi) northeast of Siargao, about 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) from the site of Eversole′s sinking. After Whitehurst made three unsuccessful Hedgehog attacks, the submarine — which Whitehurst′s commanding officer later described as displaying "excellent evasive tactics and maneuverability," continually turning away from attacks and presenting her stern and wake to Whitehurst — tried to escape at a depth of 225 feet (69 m). At 06:48, Whitehurst conducted a fourth Hedgehog attack, which this time resulted in five or six small explosions, followed by a large underwater explosion that disabled Whitehurst′s sound gear and heavy rumbling noises. Whitehurst resumed her search for the submarine at 07:20 and noted a large amount of oil on the surface as well as wood and other debris, some of which her motor whaleboat recovered. She suspended her search at 12:15. The explosions, oil, and debris marked the sinking of the submarine, presumably I-45, at 10°10′N 127°28′E / 10.167°N 127.467°E / 10.167; 127.467 (I-45). The 6th Fleet issued orders to I-45 on 5 November 1944 to move to a new patrol area east of Lamon Bay, but she never acknowledged them. On 2 December 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared I-45 to be presumed lost off the Philippines with the loss of all 104 men aboard. She was stricken from the Navy list on 10 March 1945. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (June 1, 2019). "IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2016). "IJN Submarine I-36: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Submarine I-38: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 3 September 2020. Sources Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander. IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement. Retrieved on September 16, 2020. vteType B (Otsu) submarineI-15-class (Type B/B1) I-15 I-17 I-19 I-21 I-23 I-25 I-26 I-27 I-28 I-29 I-30 I-31 I-32 I-33 I-34 I-35 I-36 I-37 I-38 I-39 I-40-class (Type BM1/B2) I-40 I-41 I-42 I-43 I-44 I-45 I-54-class (Type BM2/B3) I-54 I-56 I-58 Imperial Japanese Navy submarines vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in October 1944Shipwrecks 3 Oct: I-177, USS Seawolf, USS Shelton 4 Oct: HMCS Chebogue, U-228, U-993 5 Oct: Sparviero 6 Oct: Cha-2, U-168 7 Oct: TA37 10 Oct: Ha-61, Ha-62, Ha-63, Ha-65, Ha-66, Ha-68, Kaii, Jingei, U-2331 12 Oct: Gyoun Maru 15 Oct: U-777 16 Oct: U-1006 17 Oct: Itsukushima 18 Oct: HMAS Geelong 19 Oct: Juan Casiano 23 Oct: Atago, Kimikawa Maru, Maya, V.5506 Zick 24 Oct: Arisan Maru, USS Darter, Musashi, USS Princeton, USS Shark, USS Sonoma, U-673, Wakaba 25 Oct: Akizuki, Asagumo, Chikuma, Chitose, Chiyoda, Chōkai, Fusō, USS Gambier Bay, Hakuyo Maru, Hatsuzuki, USS Hoel, USS Johnston, Michishio, Mogami, USS Samuel B. Roberts, HMCS Skeena, USS St. Lo, Suzuya, Tama, USS Tang, Wakaba, Yamagumo, Yamashiro, Zuihō, Zuikaku 26 Oct: Abukuma, Hayashimo, I-26, Kinu, Noshiro, Nowaki, Uranami 27 Oct: Fujinami, Shiranui, U-1060 29 Oct: I-45, USS Eversole Unknown date: USS Escolar, I-46, I-54, U-1226 Other incidents 3 Oct: USS Stingray 4 Oct: I-361, USS Mingo, U-92, U-437 8 Oct: HMCS Mulgrave 9 Oct: USS Cogswell, USS Flying Fish 11 Oct: USS Blower, USS PC-1145 12 Oct: HMS Loyal 14 Oct: HMCS Magog 15 Oct: Amazone, Leipzig 16 Oct: Externsteine 17 Oct: USS Montgomery 19 Oct: U-957 23 Oct: U-985 24 Oct: U-382 29 Oct: I-12 Late Oct: USS Crevalle 1943 1944 1945 September 1944 November 1944

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Japanese submarine I-45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel-laying"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"text":"I-45 was laid down on 15 July 1942 by the Sasebo Naval Arsenal at Sasebo, Japan, with the name Submarine No. 375.[1] On 5 February 1943, she was renamed I-45 and provisionally attached to the Yokosuka Naval District.[1] She was launched on 6 March 1943[1] and completed and commissioned on 28 December 1943.[1]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokosuka Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Tokuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuyama,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"text":"Upon commissioning, I-45 was attached formally to the Yokosuka Naval District and was assigned to Submarine Squadron 11 for workups in the Iyo-nada in the Seto Inland Sea.[1] She called at the Tokuyama Fuel Depot from 22 to 23 February 1944 to refuel.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"I-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-16"},{"link_name":"I-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-36"},{"link_name":"I-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-38"},{"link_name":"United States Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Task Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Group"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"hunter-killer group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-killer_group"},{"link_name":"escort aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Altamaha (CVE-18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Altamaha_(CVE-18)"},{"link_name":"destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"USS Cabana (DE-260)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cabana"},{"link_name":"USS Elden (DE-264)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Elden"},{"link_name":"USS Harold C. Thomas (DE-21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Harold_C._Thomas"},{"link_name":"USS Wileman (DE-22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wileman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI36-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI36-2"},{"link_name":"TBM-1C Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"torpedo bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber"},{"link_name":"FM-2 Wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_FM-2_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Composite Squadron 66 (VC-66)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VC-66&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery"},{"link_name":"Majuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"strafed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafing"},{"link_name":"rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"sub_title":"First war patrol","text":"On 25 March 1944, I-45 was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet.[1] She departed Kure, Japan, that day to begin her first war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Pacific Ocean east of the Marshall Islands.[1]Alerted by Ultra intelligence information to the operations of I-44 and the submarines I-16, I-36, and I-38 between the Marshalls and Hawaii, United States Pacific Fleet Headquarters organized Task Group 11.1 — a United States Navy hunter-killer group consisting of the escort aircraft carrier USS Altamaha (CVE-18) and the destroyer escorts USS Cabana (DE-260), USS Elden (DE-264), USS Harold C. Thomas (DE-21), and USS Wileman (DE-22) — on 30 March 1944 to find and sink them.[1][2] The group′s first success[2] against the submarines came at 14:08 on 4 April 1944, when a TBM-1C Avenger torpedo bomber and an FM-2 Wildcat fighter of Composite Squadron 66 (VC-66) from Altamaha flying 108 nautical miles (200 km; 124 mi) west of the carrier spotted I-45 on the surface recharging her batteries 650 nautical miles (1,200 km; 750 mi) northeast of Majuro.[1] While the Wildcat strafed I-45, the Avenger attacked her with rockets and depth charges.[1] I-45 suffered a direct hit on her stern and developed a serious leak.[1] I-45′s commanding officer ordered her to go to full speed astern and dive.[1] The aircraft crews last saw I-45 settling in a large oil slick with no forward momentum and received credit for sinking a submarine.[1] I-45, meanwhile, submerged.[1] When her commanding officer then ordered full speed ahead, her crew lost control of her and she began a rotating dive.[1] She reached 490 feet (149 m) before her crew could stop her descent, and she finally stabilized at 330 feet (101 m).[1]Although she survived the attack, I-45 had suffered heavy damage, forcing her to return to Japan.[1] She reached Yokosuka, Japan, on 15 April 1944[1] and in late April began repairs at Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure which lasted until late May 1944.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan"},{"link_name":"Marianas campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianas_campaign"},{"link_name":"Combined Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Soemu Toyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"I-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-55_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"sub_title":"Marianas campaign","text":"On 12 June 1944, U.S. landings on Saipan began both the Battle of Saipan and the Marianas campaign, and on 13 June the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, activated Operation A-Go for the defense of the Mariana Islands.[1] On 28 June 1944, I-45 departed Yokosuka in company with the submarine I-55 bound for Tinian in the Marianas and carrying an Unkato cargo container[1] — a 135-foot (41.1 m) submersible cargo container that could carry up to 377 tons of supplies, designed for a one-way trip in which the cargo′s recipients released, recovered, and unloaded it[3] — loaded with weapons and ammunition.[1] Encountering heavy seas during her voyage,[1] she was redirected to Guam to pick up Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service pilots who were stranded there.[1] She attempted to contact Japanese forces ashore on Guam on both 14 and 16 July 1944 to deliver her Unkato and pick up the airmen, but failed on each occasion because of a communications mix-up.[1] After the second failure, she dumped the Unkato container overboard and headed back to Japan.[1] She arrived at Yokosuka on 27 July 1944, and later moved to Kure.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soemu Toyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Philippines campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-26"},{"link_name":"I-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-37"},{"link_name":"I-53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-53_(1942)"},{"link_name":"I-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-54_(1943)"},{"link_name":"I-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-56_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Shigeyoshi Miwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeyoshi_Miwa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"sub_title":"Second war patrol","text":"The commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, activated Operation Shō-Gō 1 for the defense of the Philippine Islands on 13 October 1944.[1] I-45 departed Kure on the same day to begin her second war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Philippine Sea.[1] U.S. forces landed on Leyte in the Philippines on 20 October 1944, beginning both the Battle of Leyte and the Philippines campaign, and the Japanese naval reaction to the invasion resulted in the Battle of Leyte Gulf of 23–26 October 1944.[1] On 24 October 1944, the second day of the battle, I-45 and the submarines I-26, I-37, I-53, I-54, and I-56 were designated Submarine Group A under the direct command of the commander-in-chief of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Miwa,[1] and I-45 received orders to move to patrol station \"Re\" off the northeast coast of Mindanao.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"USS Eversole (DE-404)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eversole_(DE-404)"},{"link_name":"USS Richard S. Bull (DE-402)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Richard_S._Bull"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Task Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"Dinagat Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"10°18′N 127°37′E / 10.300°N 127.617°E / 10.300; 127.617 (USS Eversole)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-45&params=10_18_N_127_37_E_&title=USS+%27%27Eversole%27%27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Type 96 25mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun"},{"link_name":"antiaircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"USS Whitehurst (DE-634)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Whitehurst"},{"link_name":"fleet oiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_oiler"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisubmarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Siargao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siargao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"whaleboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleboat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"10°10′N 127°28′E / 10.167°N 127.467°E / 10.167; 127.467 (I-45)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-45&params=10_10_N_127_28_E_&title=%27%27I-45%27%27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"Lamon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamon_Bay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combinedfleetI45-1"}],"sub_title":"Loss","text":"On 29 October 1944, the destroyer escorts USS Eversole (DE-404) and USS Richard S. Bull (DE-402) were in the Philippine Sea steaming from San Pedro Bay in the Philippines to rejoin Task Unit 77.7.1 when Eversole picked up a doubtful sonar contact 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) east of Dinagat Island at 02:10.[1] She soon lost the contact, but at 02:28, two torpedoes struck her, causing her to lose all power and take on a 30-degree list.[1] Her crew began to abandon ship at 02:40, and in less than 15 minutes Eversole sank stern-first at 10°18′N 127°37′E / 10.300°N 127.617°E / 10.300; 127.617 (USS Eversole).[1] I-45 surfaced at around 03:00 and circled the site of the sinking, briefly opening fire on survivors in the water with her Type 96 25mm antiaircraft gun.[1] She dived at around 03:20.[1]At 03:25 a large underwater explosion occurred, apparently from the sunken Eversole, killing about 30 survivors in the water and injuring others.[1] The explosion alerted Richard S. Bull, which arrived on the scene and began a rescue operation while the destroyer escort USS Whitehurst (DE-634), which had been detached from the screen of a passing fleet oiler unit, provided antisubmarine cover.[1] By 06:30, Richard S. Bull had pulled the last of 139 survivors from the water, three of whom later died.[1] Including them, Eversole′s crew suffered 77 dead in the sinking.[1]Meanwhile, at 05:45 Whitehurst detected a submerged submarine — probably I-45 — on sonar 85 nautical miles (157 km; 98 mi) northeast of Siargao, about 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) from the site of Eversole′s sinking.[1] After Whitehurst made three unsuccessful Hedgehog attacks,[1] the submarine — which Whitehurst′s commanding officer later described as displaying \"excellent evasive tactics and maneuverability,\"[1] continually turning away from attacks and presenting her stern and wake to Whitehurst[1] — tried to escape at a depth of 225 feet (69 m).[1] At 06:48, Whitehurst conducted a fourth Hedgehog attack, which this time resulted in five or six small explosions, followed by a large underwater explosion that disabled Whitehurst′s sound gear and heavy rumbling noises.[1] Whitehurst resumed her search for the submarine at 07:20 and noted a large amount of oil on the surface as well as wood and other debris, some of which her motor whaleboat recovered.[1] She suspended her search at 12:15.[1] The explosions, oil, and debris marked the sinking of the submarine, presumably I-45, at 10°10′N 127°28′E / 10.167°N 127.467°E / 10.167; 127.467 (I-45).[1]The 6th Fleet issued orders to I-45 on 5 November 1944 to move to a new patrol area east of Lamon Bay, but she never acknowledged them.[1] On 2 December 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared I-45 to be presumed lost off the Philippines with the loss of all 104 men aboard.[1] She was stricken from the Navy list on 10 March 1945.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-26"},{"link_name":"ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-27"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-28"},{"link_name":"ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-29"},{"link_name":"ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-30"},{"link_name":"af","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-31"},{"link_name":"ag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-32"},{"link_name":"ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-33"},{"link_name":"ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-34"},{"link_name":"aj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-35"},{"link_name":"ak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-36"},{"link_name":"al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-37"},{"link_name":"am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-38"},{"link_name":"an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-39"},{"link_name":"ao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-40"},{"link_name":"ap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-41"},{"link_name":"aq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-42"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-43"},{"link_name":"as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-44"},{"link_name":"at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-45"},{"link_name":"au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-46"},{"link_name":"av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-47"},{"link_name":"aw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-48"},{"link_name":"ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-49"},{"link_name":"ay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-50"},{"link_name":"az","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-51"},{"link_name":"ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-52"},{"link_name":"bb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI45_1-53"},{"link_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/I-45.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI36_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combinedfleetI36_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-36: Tabular Record of Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/I-36.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-38: Tabular Record of Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/I-38.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (June 1, 2019). \"IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement\". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020.\n\n^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2016). \"IJN Submarine I-36: Tabular Record of Movement\". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020.\n\n^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2017). \"IJN Submarine I-38: Tabular Record of Movement\". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 3 September 2020.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/I-45.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type B (Otsu) submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"I-15-class (Type B/B1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B1_submarine"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-15"},{"link_name":"I-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-17"},{"link_name":"I-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-19"},{"link_name":"I-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-21"},{"link_name":"I-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-23"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-25"},{"link_name":"I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-26"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-27"},{"link_name":"I-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-28"},{"link_name":"I-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-29"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-30"},{"link_name":"I-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-31"},{"link_name":"I-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-32"},{"link_name":"I-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-33"},{"link_name":"I-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-34"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-35"},{"link_name":"I-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-36"},{"link_name":"I-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-37"},{"link_name":"I-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-38"},{"link_name":"I-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-39"},{"link_name":"I-40-class (Type BM1/B2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_submarine#Type-B_Mod.1_(I-40_class)"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-40"},{"link_name":"I-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-41"},{"link_name":"I-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-42"},{"link_name":"I-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-43"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-44"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"I-54-class (Type BM2/B3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_submarine#Type-B_Mod.2_(I-54_class)"},{"link_name":"I-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-54_(1943)"},{"link_name":"I-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-56_(1943)"},{"link_name":"I-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-58_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_submarines"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:October_1944_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:October_1944_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:October_1944_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1944"},{"link_name":"I-177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-177"},{"link_name":"USS Seawolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SS-197)"},{"link_name":"USS Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shelton_(DE-407)"},{"link_name":"HMCS Chebogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Chebogue"},{"link_name":"U-228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-228"},{"link_name":"U-993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-993"},{"link_name":"Sparviero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Sparviero"},{"link_name":"Cha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_Cha-2"},{"link_name":"U-168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-168"},{"link_name":"TA37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_torpedo_boat_TA37"},{"link_name":"Ha-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ha-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ha-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ha-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ha-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ha-68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Kaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kashi_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Jingei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_tender_Jingei"},{"link_name":"U-2331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-2331"},{"link_name":"Gyoun Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Gyoun_Maru_(1890)"},{"link_name":"U-777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-777"},{"link_name":"U-1006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1006"},{"link_name":"Itsukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_minelayer_Itsukushima"},{"link_name":"HMAS Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Geelong_(J201)"},{"link_name":"Juan Casiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Juan_Casiano"},{"link_name":"Atago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Atago"},{"link_name":"Kimikawa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_tender_Kimikawa_Maru"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Maya"},{"link_name":"V.5506 Zick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS_Trygg_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Arisan Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisan_Maru"},{"link_name":"USS Darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Darter_(SS-227)"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi"},{"link_name":"USS Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)"},{"link_name":"USS Shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shark_(SS-314)"},{"link_name":"USS Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sonoma_(AT-12)"},{"link_name":"U-673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-673"},{"link_name":"Wakaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Wakaba_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Akizuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Akizuki_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Asagumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asagumo_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Chikuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chikuma_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Chitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chitose"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chiyoda"},{"link_name":"Chōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"Fusō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"USS Gambier Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay"},{"link_name":"Hakuyo Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Hakuyo_Maru_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Hatsuzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsuzuki"},{"link_name":"USS Hoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hoel_(DD-533)"},{"link_name":"USS Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)"},{"link_name":"Michishio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Michishio"},{"link_name":"Mogami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)"},{"link_name":"USS Samuel B. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)"},{"link_name":"HMCS Skeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Skeena_(D59)"},{"link_name":"USS St. Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Lo"},{"link_name":"Suzuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Suzuya_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Tama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tama"},{"link_name":"USS Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tang_(SS-306)"},{"link_name":"Wakaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Wakaba_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Yamagumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamagumo_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Yamashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro"},{"link_name":"Zuihō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Zuikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku"},{"link_name":"Abukuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Abukuma"},{"link_name":"Hayashimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hayashimo"},{"link_name":"I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-26"},{"link_name":"Kinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kinu"},{"link_name":"Noshiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Noshiro"},{"link_name":"Nowaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Nowaki_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Uranami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Uranami_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Fujinami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Fujinami"},{"link_name":"Shiranui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shiranui_(1938)"},{"link_name":"U-1060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1060"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"USS Eversole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eversole_(DE-404)"},{"link_name":"USS Escolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Escolar"},{"link_name":"I-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-46"},{"link_name":"I-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-54_(1943)"},{"link_name":"U-1226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1226"},{"link_name":"USS Stingray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stingray_(SS-186)"},{"link_name":"I-361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-361"},{"link_name":"USS Mingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mingo_(SS-261)"},{"link_name":"U-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-92_(1942)"},{"link_name":"U-437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-437"},{"link_name":"HMCS Mulgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Mulgrave"},{"link_name":"USS Cogswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cogswell"},{"link_name":"USS Flying Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Flying_Fish_(SS-229)"},{"link_name":"USS Blower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blower"},{"link_name":"USS PC-1145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Winnemucca_(PC-1145)"},{"link_name":"HMS Loyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyal_(G15)"},{"link_name":"HMCS Magog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Magog"},{"link_name":"Amazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Amazone_(Q161)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Externsteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Callao_(IX-205)"},{"link_name":"USS Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Montgomery_(DD-121)"},{"link_name":"U-957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-957"},{"link_name":"U-985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-985"},{"link_name":"U-382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-382"},{"link_name":"I-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-12"},{"link_name":"USS Crevalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Crevalle"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1945"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1945"},{"link_name":"September 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1944"},{"link_name":"November 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1944"}],"text":"Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander. IJN Submarine I-45: Tabular Record of Movement. Retrieved on September 16, 2020.vteType B (Otsu) submarineI-15-class (Type B/B1)\nI-15\nI-17\nI-19\nI-21\nI-23\nI-25\nI-26\nI-27\nI-28\nI-29\nI-30\nI-31\nI-32\nI-33\nI-34\nI-35\nI-36\nI-37\nI-38\nI-39\nI-40-class (Type BM1/B2)\nI-40\nI-41\nI-42\nI-43\nI-44\nI-45\nI-54-class (Type BM2/B3)\nI-54\nI-56\nI-58\nImperial Japanese Navy submarinesvteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in October 1944Shipwrecks\n3 Oct: I-177, USS Seawolf, USS Shelton\n4 Oct: HMCS Chebogue, U-228, U-993\n5 Oct: Sparviero\n6 Oct: Cha-2, U-168\n7 Oct: TA37\n10 Oct: Ha-61, Ha-62, Ha-63, Ha-65, Ha-66, Ha-68, Kaii, Jingei, U-2331\n12 Oct: Gyoun Maru\n15 Oct: U-777\n16 Oct: U-1006\n17 Oct: Itsukushima\n18 Oct: HMAS Geelong\n19 Oct: Juan Casiano\n23 Oct: Atago, Kimikawa Maru, Maya, V.5506 Zick\n24 Oct: Arisan Maru, USS Darter, Musashi, USS Princeton, USS Shark, USS Sonoma, U-673, Wakaba\n25 Oct: Akizuki, Asagumo, Chikuma, Chitose, Chiyoda, Chōkai, Fusō, USS Gambier Bay, Hakuyo Maru, Hatsuzuki, USS Hoel, USS Johnston, Michishio, Mogami, USS Samuel B. Roberts, HMCS Skeena, USS St. Lo, Suzuya, Tama, USS Tang, Wakaba, Yamagumo, Yamashiro, Zuihō, Zuikaku \n26 Oct: Abukuma, Hayashimo, I-26, Kinu, Noshiro, Nowaki, Uranami\n27 Oct: Fujinami, Shiranui, U-1060\n29 Oct: I-45, USS Eversole\nUnknown date: USS Escolar, I-46, I-54, U-1226\nOther incidents\n3 Oct: USS Stingray\n4 Oct: I-361, USS Mingo, U-92, U-437\n8 Oct: HMCS Mulgrave\n9 Oct: USS Cogswell, USS Flying Fish\n11 Oct: USS Blower, USS PC-1145\n12 Oct: HMS Loyal\n14 Oct: HMCS Magog\n15 Oct: Amazone, Leipzig\n16 Oct: Externsteine\n17 Oct: USS Montgomery\n19 Oct: U-957\n23 Oct: U-985\n24 Oct: U-382\n29 Oct: I-12\nLate Oct: USS Crevalle\n1943 1944 1945 September 1944 November 1944","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitani

Lusitanians

["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Wars with Rome","1.3 Romanization","2 Culture","3 Religion","4 Language","5 Tribes","6 Warfare","7 Contemporary meaning","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Further reading","11 External links"]

Indo-European people who inhabited Lusitania, the Roman province corresponding to modern Portugal Not to be confused with Lusatian culture. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lusitanians" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Lusitanians were an Indo-European-speaking people living in the far west of the Iberian Peninsula, in present-day central Portugal and Extremadura and Castilla y Leon of Spain. After its conquest by the Romans, the land was subsequently incorporated as a Roman province named after them (Lusitania). History Origins Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BCE (before the Carthaginian conquests). Frontinus mentions Lusitanian leader Viriathus as the leader of the Celtiberians, in their war against the Romans. The Greco-Roman historian Diodorus Siculus likened them to another Celtic tribe: "Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all similar to the Cimbri". The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner Artemidorus. Strabo differentiated the Lusitanians from the Iberian tribes and thought of them as being Celtiberians who had been known as Oestriminis in ancient times. However, based on archeological findings, Lusitanians and Vettones seem to have been largely pre-Celtic Indo-European populations that adopted Celtic cultural elements by proximity. On the other hand, Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela distinguished the Lusitanians from neighboring Celtic groups like the Artabrians in their geographical writings. The original Roman province of Lusitania briefly included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Soon later, Gallaecia would become its own province (taking much of modern Galicia and Northern Portugal). After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro River, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river. Wars with Rome Main article: Lusitanian WarIberian Peninsula at about 200 BC Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Lusitanian mercenaries fought for Carthage between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War against Rome. Silius Italicus describes them as forming a combined with the Gallaeci and being led both by a commander named Viriathus (not to be confused with the similarly named chieftain). According to Livy, Lusitanian and Celtiberian cavalry performed raids in the north of Italy whenever the terrain was too rough for Hannibal's famed Numidian cavalry. Since 193 BC, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans in Hispania. In 150 BC, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a treacherous trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). This massacre would not be forgotten by Viriathus, who three years later (147 BC) would become the leader of the Lusitanians, and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BC, Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by three of his companions (who had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas (although they were Viriathus warrior companions they were not Lusitanians themselves, they seem to have been Turdetanians, or from other people that was not Lusitanian). However, when the three returned to receive their reward from the Romans, the Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors". Romanization After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of Tautalus, but gradually acquired Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the Romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". Culture Lusitanian lunula from Miranda do Corvo (Portugal) Generalised distribution and movements of Bell-Beaker cultures Categorising Lusitanian culture generally, including the language, is proving difficult and contentious. Some believe it was essentially a pre-Celtic Iberian culture with substantial Celtic influences, while others argue that it was an essentially Celtic culture with strong indigenous pre-Celtic influences associated with the Beaker culture. Religion Main article: Lusitanian mythology The Lusitanians worshiped various gods in a very diverse polytheism, using animal sacrifice. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture. Endovelicus was the most important god for the Lusitanians. He is considered a possible Basque language loan god by some, yet according to scholars like José Leite de Vasconcelos, the word Endovellicus was originally Celtic, Andevellicos. Endovelicus is compared with Welsh and Breton names, giving him the meaning of "Very Good God", the same epithet of the Irish god Dagda. Even the Romans worshiped him for his ability to protect. His cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult was maintained until the fifth century; he was the god of public health and safety. Ataegina by Pedro Roque Hidalgo (20th century), Museu do Mármore, Vila Viçosa, (Portugal). The goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south; as the goddess of rebirth (spring), fertility, nature, and cure, she was identified with Proserpina during the Roman era. Lusitanian mythology was heavily influenced by or related to Celtic mythology. Also well attested in inscriptions are the names Bandua (one of the variants of Borvo) often with a second name linked to a locality such as Bandua Aetobrico, and Nabia, a goddess of rivers and streams. According to Strabo the Lusitanians were given to offering sacrifices; they practiced divination on the sacrificial offering by inspecting its vitals and veins. They also sacrificed human victims, prisoners of war, by striking them under coarse blankets and observing which way they fell. They cut off the right hands of their captives, which they offered to the gods. Language Main article: Lusitanian language The Lusitanian language was a Paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family. The precise affiliation of the Lusitanian language inside the Indo-European family is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a para-Celtic language with an obvious Celticity to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages; based on the names of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area. The Lusitanian language may in fact have been basal Italo-Celtic, a branch independent from Celtic and Italic, and splitting off early from Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after new Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley. Alternatively, a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to not only Celtic and Italic, but also to Germanic and Balto-Slavic. Ellis Evans believes that Gallaecian - Lusitanian were one language (not separate languages) of the "P" Celtic variant. Tribes Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations: Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown, and Lusitanian in blue; most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin. The Lusitanians were a people formed by several tribes that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus, in most of today's Beira and Estremadura regions of central Portugal, and some areas of the Extremadura region (Spain). They were a tribal confederation, not a single political entity; each tribe had its own territory and was independent, and was formed by smaller clans. However, they had a cultural sense of unity and a common name for the tribes. Each tribe was ruled by its own tribal aristocracy and chief. Many members of the Lusitanian tribal aristocracy were warriors as happened in many other pre-Roman peoples of the Iron Age. Only when an external threat occurred did the different tribes politically unite, as happened at the time of the Roman conquest of their territory when Viriathus became the single leader of the Lusitanian tribes. Punicus, Caucenus and Caesarus were other important Lusitanian chiefs before the Roman conquest. They ruled the Lusitanians (before Viriathus) for some time, leading the tribes in the resistance against Roman attempts of conquest, and were successful. The known Lusitanian tribes were: Arabrigenses Araocelenses Aravi Coilarni/Colarni Interamnienses Lancienses Lancienses Oppidani Lancienses Transcudani Lancienses Ocelenses (may be the same as the Oppidani) Meidubrigenses Paesuri - Douro and Vouga (Portugal) Palanti (there is not agreement among scholars if they were Vettones or Lusitanian) Calontienses Caluri Coerenses Petravioi Tangi Elbocori Igaeditani Tapori/Tapoli - by the river Tagus, around the border area between Portugal and Spain Talures Veaminicori Vissaieici It remains to be known if the Turduli Veteres, Turduli Oppidani, Turduli Bardili, and Turduli were Lusitanian tribes (coastal tribes), were related Celtic peoples, or were instead related to the Turdetani (Celtic, pre-Celtic Indo-European, or Iberians) and came from the south. The name Turduli Veteres (older or ancient Turduli), a tribe that dwelt in today's Aveiro District, seems to indicate they came from the north and not from the south (contrary to what is assumed on the map). Several Turduli peoples were possibly Callaeci tribes that initially came from the north, towards the south along the coast and then migrated inland along the Tagus and the Anas (Guadiana River) valleys. If there were more Lusitanian tribes, their names are unknown. Warfare Main article: Warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula Statue of Viriatus, the Lusitanian leader during the Lusitanian War (155 to 139 BCE). The Lusitanians were considered by historians to be particularly adept at guerrilla warfare. The strongest amongst them were selected to defend the populace in mountainous sites. They used hooked javelins or saunions made of iron, and wielded swords and helmets like those of the Celtiberians. They threw their darts from some distance, yet often hit their marks and wounded their targets deeply. Being active and nimble warriors, they would pursue their enemies and decapitate them. "In a narrow pass 300 Lusitani faced 1000 Romans; as a result of the action 70 of the former and 320 of the latter died. When the victorious Lusitani retired and dispersed confidently, one of them on foot became separated, and was surrounded by a detachment of pursuing cavalry. The lone warrior pierced the horse of one of the riders with his spear, and with a blow of his sword cut off the Roman’s head, producing such terror among the others that they prudently retired under his arrogant and contemptuous gaze."— Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, 5.4 In times of peace, they had a particular style of dancing, which required great agility and nimbleness of the legs and thighs. In times of war, they marched in time, until they were ready to charge the enemy. Appian claims that when Praetor Brutus sacked Lusitania after Viriathus's death, the women fought valiantly next to their men as women warriors. Contemporary meaning Further information: Lusitanic and Lusophone While the Lusitanians didn't speak a Romance languge, nowadays Lusitanian is often used as a metonym for the Portuguese people, and similarly and Lusophone is used to refer to a Portuguese speaker within or outside Portugal, Brazil, Macau, Timor-Leste, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and others territories and countries. See also History of Portugal Timeline of Portuguese history Beira Alta Beira Baixa Ribatejo Alentejo Extremadura Emerita Augusta, capital of the Roman province of Lusitania (Lusitaniae et Vetoniae) Hispania Lusitania (Roman province) Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula List of Celtic tribes List of Celtic place names in Portugal List of Ancient Peoples of Portugal National Archaeology Museum (Portugal) Roman Empire Notes ^ (Latin: Lusitani, Portuguese: Lusitanos) ^ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html%7CSextus Julius Frontinus. Stratagems: Book II. V. On Ambushes ^ a b Luciano Pérez Vilatela. Lusitania: historia y etnología, p. 14, at Google Books (in Spanish). : Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades. ^ André de Resende. As Antiguidades da Lusitânia, p. 94, at Google Books (in Portuguese). : Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. 94 p. ^ Risco, Manuel (1779). "Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin". ^ The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. 29 May 2014. ISBN 9781139952491. ^ Fraile, José María Gómez (1999). ""Los coceptos de "Iberia" e "ibero" en Estrabon"". SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla (in Spanish). 8 (8): 159–188. doi:10.12795/spal.1999.i8.09. ^ Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, III.7-9. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, 3 ^ Daly, Gregory (August 2005). Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. Routledge. ISBN 978-11-345071-2-2. ^ Piggot 1965, p. 101. ^ cf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362 ^ Encarnação, José d’ (2015). Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. ^ Celts myths and religion in the Iberian Peninsula and Great-Britain: a common origin? ^ a b Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2005). "Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula". Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Quintela, Marco V. García (2005). "Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times". Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Inventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité, L’Arbre Celtique ^ Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003). Los cántabros antes de Roma. Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512597. ^ CIL II, *00215. ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (January 2003). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. ISBN 9780486427652. ^ TY - CHAP AU - Lemos, Francisco PY - 2008/01/01 SP - 122 EP - 211 T1 - A Cultura Castreja no Minho. Espaço Nuclear dos grandes povoados do Noroeste peninsular. ER - ^ Thayer, Roman E. "Book III, Chapter 3". Strabo Geography. University of Chicago. Retrieved 12 October 2019. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 11: The Problem of Lusitanian. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. pp. 335–367. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4. ^ Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018). "Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: A dialectometric approach". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. pp. 442–455. doi:10.1093/llc/fqx041. ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2003). "The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula". Transactions of the Philological Society. 97 (2): 151–184. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.00047. ^ Mallory 1999, pp. 108 f.. ^ Mallory 1999, pp. 108, 244–250. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 360. ^ Haak 2015. ^ Mallory, James P. (2013). "The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe". In Koch, J. T.; Cunliffe, B. (eds.). Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 17–40. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Celtic Culture: A-Celti. 2006. ISBN 9781851094400. ^ Alarcão, Jorge de (2001). "Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)" (PDF). Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia (in Portuguese). 4 (2): 293–349 . ISSN 0874-2782. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013. ^ "The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus". Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, p. 100, at Google Books References Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1386-8 Alarcão, Jorge de, O Domínio Romano em Portugal, Publicações Europa-América, Lisboa (1988) ISBN 972-1-02627-1 Alarcão, Jorge de et alii, De Ulisses a Viriato – O primeiro milénio a.C., Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Instituto Português de Museus, Lisboa (1996) ISBN 972-8137-39-7 Amaral, João Ferreira do & Amaral, Augusto Ferreira do, Povos Antigos em Portugal – paleontologia do território hoje Português, Quetzal Editores, Lisboa (1997) ISBN 972-564-224-4 Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166 Mallory, J.P. (1999). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7. Piggot, Stuart (1965). Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: a Survey. Chicago: Aldine. Further reading Amílcar Guerra, A propósito dos conceitos de "Lusitano" e "Lusitânia", Paleohispanica, 10, 81–98, Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza (2010) ISSN 1578-5386 - Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-7491-447-7 Burillo Mozota, Francisco, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9 Cardim Ribeiro, José (2009). "Terão certos teónimos paleohispânicos sido alvo de interpretações (pseudo-)etimológicas durante a romanidade passíveis de se reflectirem nos respectivos cultos?". Acta Paleohispanica X - Paleohispanica. 9: 247–270. ISSN 1578-5386. Encarnação, José d' (2010). "Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal, 35 anos depois". Palaeohispanica. 10: 525–535. ISSN 1578-5386.. Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2 Luján, Eugenio (2019). "Language and writing among the Lusitanians". Paleohispanic Languages and Epigraphies. Oxford University Press. pp. 304–334. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011. ISBN 9780191833274. External links Listen to this article (11 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2018 (2018-11-10), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC) Unknown ancient author text (about Julius Caesar in Hispania) of De Bello Hispaniensi (Spanish War). Pliny the Elder text of Naturalis Historia (Natural History), books 3-6 (Geography and Ethnography). Strabo's text of De Geographica ('About Geography'). vtePre-Roman peoples of the Iberian PeninsulaAquitani (Proto-Basques) Iacetani Vascones Iberians Ausetani Bastetani Bergistani Castellani Ceretani Cessetani Contestani Edetani Indigetes Ilercavones Ilergetes Indigetes Lacetani Laietani Sedetani CeltsCeltiberians Arevaci Belli Cratistii Lobetani Lusones Olcades Oretani Pellendones Titii Turboletae Uraci Gallaeci Albiones Arroni Artabri Baedi Bracari Capori Celtici Praestamarici Celtici Supertamarici Cibarci Cileni Coelerni Equaesi Gallaeci Grovii Iadovi Interamici Lapatianci Lemavi Leuni Limici Louguei Luanqui Namarini Narbasi Nemetati Nerii Poemani Quaquerni Seurbi Seurri Tamagani Turodi Other Celticpeoples Allotriges Astures Autrigones Belgae Suessetani Berones Cantabri Caristii Carpetani Celtici Mirobrigenses Ophi Sefes Eastern Celts Volcae Oestriminis Plentauri Turduli Bardili Oppidani Veteres Turmodigi Vaccaei Varduli Para-Celtic peoples? 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lusatian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Castilla y Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_y_Leon"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"}],"text":"Indo-European people who inhabited Lusitania, the Roman province corresponding to modern PortugalNot to be confused with Lusatian culture.The Lusitanians[1] were an Indo-European-speaking people living in the far west of the Iberian Peninsula, in present-day central Portugal and Extremadura and Castilla y Leon of Spain. After its conquest by the Romans, the land was subsequently incorporated as a Roman province named after them (Lusitania).","title":"Lusitanians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontinus"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Celtiberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Cimbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbri"},{"link_name":"Artemidorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidorus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusitania:_historia_y_etnolog%C3%ADa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Iberian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians"},{"link_name":"Celtiberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberians"},{"link_name":"Oestriminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestriminis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vettones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettones"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Pomponius Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela"},{"link_name":"Artabrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabrians"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Asturia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturia"},{"link_name":"Gallaecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecia"},{"link_name":"Vettones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettones"},{"link_name":"Guadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BCE (before the Carthaginian conquests).Frontinus mentions Lusitanian leader Viriathus as the leader of the Celtiberians, in their war against the Romans.[2] \nThe Greco-Roman historian Diodorus Siculus likened them to another Celtic tribe: \"Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all similar to the Cimbri\". The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner Artemidorus.[3][4] Strabo differentiated the Lusitanians from the Iberian tribes and thought of them as being Celtiberians who had been known as Oestriminis in ancient times.[5][6][7] \nHowever, based on archeological findings, Lusitanians and Vettones seem to have been largely pre-Celtic Indo-European populations that adopted Celtic cultural elements by proximity. On the other hand, Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela distinguished the Lusitanians from neighboring Celtic groups like the Artabrians in their geographical writings.[8]The original Roman province of Lusitania briefly included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Soon later, Gallaecia would become its own province (taking much of modern Galicia and Northern Portugal). After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro River, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110226102727/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Silius Italicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silius_Italicus"},{"link_name":"Gallaeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaeci"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus_(Second_Punic_War)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiliusI-9"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Celtiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberians"},{"link_name":"Numidian cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidian_cavalry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly-10"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audax,_Ditalcus_and_Minurus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Popillius Laenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Popillius_Laenas"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Turdetanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdetani"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_106_BC)"}],"sub_title":"Wars with Rome","text":"Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [1] Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.Lusitanian mercenaries fought for Carthage between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War against Rome. Silius Italicus describes them as forming a combined with the Gallaeci and being led both by a commander named Viriathus (not to be confused with the similarly named chieftain).[9] According to Livy, Lusitanian and Celtiberian cavalry performed raids in the north of Italy whenever the terrain was too rough for Hannibal's famed Numidian cavalry.[10]Since 193 BC, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans in Hispania. In 150 BC, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a treacherous trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). This massacre would not be forgotten by Viriathus, who three years later (147 BC) would become the leader of the Lusitanians, and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BC, Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by three of his companions (who had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas (although they were Viriathus warrior companions they were not Lusitanians themselves, they seem to have been Turdetanians, or from other people that was not Lusitanian). However, when the three returned to receive their reward from the Romans, the Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, \"Rome does not pay traitors\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tautalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautalus"},{"link_name":"Roman culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_culture"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"}],"sub_title":"Romanization","text":"After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of Tautalus, but gradually acquired Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the Romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of \"Citizens of Rome\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%BAnula_lusitana_de_Ch%C3%A3o_de_Lamas_(M.A.N._28589)_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"lunula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_lunula"},{"link_name":"Miranda do Corvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_do_Corvo"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaker_culture_diffusion.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggot1965101-11"},{"link_name":"pre-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Celtic"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beaker culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_culture"}],"text":"Lusitanian lunula from Miranda do Corvo (Portugal)Generalised distribution and movements of Bell-Beaker cultures[11]Categorising Lusitanian culture generally, including the language, is proving difficult and contentious. Some believe it was essentially a pre-Celtic Iberian culture with substantial Celtic influences, while others argue that it was an essentially Celtic[12] culture with strong indigenous pre-Celtic influences associated with the Beaker culture.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"animal sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Endovelicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endovelicus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"José Leite de Vasconcelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_de_Vasconcelos"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dagda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ataecina._M%C3%A1rmol_del_artista_Pedro_Roque_DSC_0572r1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vila Viçosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa"},{"link_name":"Ataegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataegina"},{"link_name":"Proserpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina"},{"link_name":"Celtic mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olivares-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quintela-16"},{"link_name":"Bandua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandua"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arbre-celtique.com-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Borvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borvo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olivares-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabo-22"}],"text":"The Lusitanians worshiped various gods in a very diverse polytheism, using animal sacrifice. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture.Endovelicus was the most important god for the Lusitanians. \nHe is considered a possible Basque language loan god[13] by some, yet according to scholars like José Leite de Vasconcelos, the word Endovellicus was originally Celtic,[14] Andevellicos.Endovelicus is compared with Welsh and Breton names, giving him the meaning of \"Very Good God\", the same epithet of the Irish god Dagda. Even the Romans worshiped him for his ability to protect. \nHis cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult was maintained until the fifth century; he was the god of public health and safety.Ataegina by Pedro Roque Hidalgo (20th century), Museu do Mármore, Vila Viçosa, (Portugal).The goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south; as the goddess of rebirth (spring), fertility, nature, and cure, she was identified with Proserpina during the Roman era.Lusitanian mythology was heavily influenced by or related to Celtic mythology.[15][16]Also well attested in inscriptions are the names Bandua[17][18][19] (one of the variants of Borvo)[20] often with a second name linked to a locality such as Bandua Aetobrico, and Nabia,[21] a goddess of rivers and streams.[15][22]According to Strabo the Lusitanians were given to offering sacrifices; they practiced divination on the sacrificial offering by inspecting its vitals and veins.They also sacrificed human victims, prisoners of war, by striking them under coarse blankets and observing which way they fell. They cut off the right hands of their captives, which they offered to the gods.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleohispanic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"para-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"Celticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wodtko2010-23"},{"link_name":"Italic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"Italo-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Celtic"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages"},{"link_name":"Proto-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic"},{"link_name":"Proto-Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Italic"},{"link_name":"Yamnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1999108_f.-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1999108,_244%E2%80%93250-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaak2015-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallory_(2013)-30"},{"link_name":"Ellis Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Evans"},{"link_name":"Gallaecian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecian"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The Lusitanian language was a Paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family.\nThe precise affiliation of the Lusitanian language inside the Indo-European family is still in debate: \nthere are those who endorse that it is a para-Celtic language with an obvious Celticity to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms.[23] A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages;[24] based on the names of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area.[25]The Lusitanian language may in fact have been basal Italo-Celtic, a branch independent from Celtic and Italic, and splitting off early from Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after new Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley.[26][27][28][29] Alternatively, a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed \"North-west Indo-European\" and associated with the Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to not only Celtic and Italic, but also to Germanic and Balto-Slavic.[30] Ellis Evans believes that Gallaecian - Lusitanian were one language (not separate languages) of the \"P\" Celtic variant.[31][32]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png"},{"link_name":"tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_River"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Estremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clans"},{"link_name":"warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Punicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punicus"},{"link_name":"Caucenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucenus"},{"link_name":"Caesarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarus"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Paesuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesuri"},{"link_name":"Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro"},{"link_name":"Vouga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sever_do_Vouga"},{"link_name":"Palanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanti"},{"link_name":"Vettones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettones"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Tapori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapoli"},{"link_name":"Tapoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapoli"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"Turduli Veteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turduli_Veteres"},{"link_name":"Turduli Oppidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdulorum_Oppida"},{"link_name":"Bardili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardili_(Turduli)"},{"link_name":"Turduli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turduli"},{"link_name":"Turdetani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdetani"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"pre-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Celtic"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans"},{"link_name":"Iberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians"},{"link_name":"Aveiro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro_District"},{"link_name":"Callaeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaeci"},{"link_name":"Guadiana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana_River"}],"text":"Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations: Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown, and Lusitanian in blue; most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.The Lusitanians were a people formed by several tribes that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus, in most of today's Beira and Estremadura regions of central Portugal, and some areas of the Extremadura region (Spain).They were a tribal confederation, not a single political entity; each tribe had its own territory and was independent, and was formed by smaller clans. However, they had a cultural sense of unity and a common name for the tribes.Each tribe was ruled by its own tribal aristocracy and chief. Many members of the Lusitanian tribal aristocracy were warriors as happened in many other pre-Roman peoples of the Iron Age.Only when an external threat occurred did the different tribes politically unite, as happened at the time of the Roman conquest of their territory when Viriathus became the single leader of the Lusitanian tribes. Punicus, Caucenus and Caesarus were other important Lusitanian chiefs before the Roman conquest. They ruled the Lusitanians (before Viriathus) for some time, leading the tribes in the resistance against Roman attempts of conquest, and were successful.The known Lusitanian tribes were:Arabrigenses\nAraocelenses\nAravi\nCoilarni/Colarni\nInteramnienses\nLancienses\nLancienses Oppidani\nLancienses Transcudani\nLancienses Ocelenses (may be the same as the Oppidani)\nMeidubrigenses\nPaesuri - Douro and Vouga (Portugal)\nPalanti (there is not agreement among scholars if they were Vettones or Lusitanian)[33]\nCalontienses\nCaluri\nCoerenses\nPetravioi\nTangi\nElbocori\nIgaeditani\nTapori/Tapoli - by the river Tagus, around the border area between Portugal and Spain\nTalures\nVeaminicori\nVissaieiciIt remains to be known if the Turduli Veteres, Turduli Oppidani, Turduli Bardili, and Turduli were Lusitanian tribes (coastal tribes), were related Celtic peoples, or were instead related to the Turdetani (Celtic, pre-Celtic Indo-European, or Iberians) and came from the south. The name Turduli Veteres (older or ancient Turduli), a tribe that dwelt in today's Aveiro District, seems to indicate they came from the north and not from the south (contrary to what is assumed on the map). Several Turduli peoples were possibly Callaeci tribes that initially came from the north, towards the south along the coast and then migrated inland along the Tagus and the Anas (Guadiana River) valleys.If there were more Lusitanian tribes, their names are unknown.","title":"Tribes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viriatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriatus"},{"link_name":"Lusitanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanian_War"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"saunions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunion"},{"link_name":"swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmets"},{"link_name":"Celtiberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberians"},{"link_name":"Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus"},{"link_name":"women warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusitania:_historia_y_etnolog%C3%ADa-3"}],"text":"Statue of Viriatus, the Lusitanian leader during the Lusitanian War (155 to 139 BCE).The Lusitanians were considered by historians to be particularly adept at guerrilla warfare. The strongest amongst them were selected to defend the populace in mountainous sites.[34] They used hooked javelins or saunions made of iron, and wielded swords and helmets like those of the Celtiberians. They threw their darts from some distance, yet often hit their marks and wounded their targets deeply. Being active and nimble warriors, they would pursue their enemies and decapitate them.\"In a narrow pass 300 Lusitani faced 1000 Romans; as a result of the action 70 of the former and 320 of the latter died. When the victorious Lusitani retired and dispersed confidently, one of them on foot became separated, and was surrounded by a detachment of pursuing cavalry. The lone warrior pierced the horse of one of the riders with his spear, and with a blow of his sword cut off the Roman’s head, producing such terror among the others that they prudently retired under his arrogant and contemptuous gaze.\"— Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, 5.4In times of peace, they had a particular style of dancing, which required great agility and nimbleness of the legs and thighs. In times of war, they marched in time, until they were ready to charge the enemy.[35]Appian claims that when Praetor Brutus sacked Lusitania after Viriathus's death, the women fought valiantly next to their men as women warriors.[3]","title":"Warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lusitanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanic"},{"link_name":"Lusophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone"},{"link_name":"metonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym"},{"link_name":"Portuguese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Guinea Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Bissau"}],"text":"Further information: Lusitanic and LusophoneWhile the Lusitanians didn't speak a Romance languge, nowadays Lusitanian is often used as a metonym for the Portuguese people, and similarly and Lusophone is used to refer to a Portuguese speaker within or outside Portugal, Brazil, Macau, Timor-Leste, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and others territories and countries.","title":"Contemporary meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html%7CSextus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html%7CSextus"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lusitania:_historia_y_etnolog%C3%ADa_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lusitania:_historia_y_etnolog%C3%ADa_3-1"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pérez Vilatela. Lusitania: historia y etnología","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rwFnYh9zkgAC&pg=PA14"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"André de Resende. As Antiguidades da Lusitânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n2eHRJqZrqgC&pg=PA94"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nnLbWvEhpdwC&q=strabo+y+sus+descripciones+de+lusitania&pg=PA11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=33GFAwAAQBAJ&q=artabrians+lusitanians&pg=PT250"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139952491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139952491"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"\"Los coceptos de \"Iberia\" e \"ibero\" en 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l’Antiquité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arbre-celtique.com/approfondissements/divinites/inventaire-div/div_liste.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Los cántabros antes de Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QB-a2H_8XQ4C&q=bandua+dios+de+los+vexilla&pg=PA199"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788489512597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788489512597"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"CIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"The Religion of the Ancient 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1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMallory1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360_28-0"},{"link_name":"Anthony 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnthony2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaak2015_29-0"},{"link_name":"Haak 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaak2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mallory_(2013)_30-0"},{"link_name":"Mallory, James P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Mallory"},{"link_name":"\"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200930005923/https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Celtic Culture: A-Celti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Evans+lusitanian+celt+linguist&pg=PA484"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781851094400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131126021844/http://www.julianus.org/textos/JAlarcao_lusitanos.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0874-2782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0874-2782"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.julianus.org/textos/JAlarcao_lusitanos.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180128133326/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/classical_diodorus.html#B5"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maryjones.us/ctexts/classical_diodorus.html#B5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rCXVeXrRrHAC&pg=PA100"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"}],"text":"^ (Latin: Lusitani, Portuguese: Lusitanos)\n\n^ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html%7CSextus Julius Frontinus. Stratagems: Book II. V. On Ambushes\n\n^ a b Luciano Pérez Vilatela. Lusitania: historia y etnología, p. 14, at Google Books (in Spanish). [S.l.]: Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades.\n\n^ André de Resende. As Antiguidades da Lusitânia, p. 94, at Google Books (in Portuguese). [S.l.]: Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. 94 p.\n\n^ Risco, Manuel (1779). \"Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin\".\n\n^ The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. 29 May 2014. ISBN 9781139952491.\n\n^ Fraile, José María Gómez (1999). \"\"Los coceptos de \"Iberia\" e \"ibero\" en Estrabon\"\". SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla (in Spanish). 8 (8): 159–188. doi:10.12795/spal.1999.i8.09.\n\n^ Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, III.7-9.\n\n^ Silius Italicus, Punica, 3\n\n^ Daly, Gregory (August 2005). Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. Routledge. ISBN 978-11-345071-2-2.\n\n^ Piggot 1965, p. 101.\n\n^ cf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362\n\n^ Encarnação, José d’ (2015). Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal [Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal] (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.\n\n^ Celts myths and religion in the Iberian Peninsula and Great-Britain: a common origin?\n\n^ a b Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2005). \"Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula\". Retrieved 12 May 2010.\n\n^ Quintela, Marco V. García (2005). \"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times\". Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved 12 May 2010.\n\n^ Inventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité, L’Arbre Celtique\n\n^ Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003). Los cántabros antes de Roma. Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512597.\n\n^ CIL II, *00215.\n\n^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (January 2003). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. ISBN 9780486427652.\n\n^ TY - CHAP\nAU - Lemos, Francisco\nPY - 2008/01/01\nSP - 122\nEP - 211\nT1 - A Cultura Castreja no Minho. Espaço Nuclear dos grandes povoados do Noroeste peninsular.\nER -\n\n^ Thayer, Roman E. \"Book III, Chapter 3\". Strabo Geography. University of Chicago. Retrieved 12 October 2019.\n\n^ Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 11: The Problem of Lusitanian. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. pp. 335–367. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.\n\n^ Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018). \"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: A dialectometric approach\". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. pp. 442–455. doi:10.1093/llc/fqx041.\n\n^ Prósper, Blanca María (2003). \"The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula\". Transactions of the Philological Society. 97 (2): 151–184. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.00047.\n\n^ Mallory 1999, pp. 108 f..\n\n^ Mallory 1999, pp. 108, 244–250.\n\n^ Anthony 2007, p. 360.\n\n^ Haak 2015.\n\n^ Mallory, James P. (2013). \"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe\". In Koch, J. T.; Cunliffe, B. (eds.). Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 17–40.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Celtic Culture: A-Celti. 2006. ISBN 9781851094400.\n\n^ Alarcão, Jorge de (2001). \"Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)\" [New perspectives on the Lusitanians (and other worlds)] (PDF). Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia (in Portuguese). 4 (2): 293–349 [p. 312 e segs]. ISSN 0874-2782. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013.\n\n^ \"The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus\". Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2011.\n\n^ Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, p. 100, at Google Books","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BCE (before the Carthaginian conquests).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/220px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [1] Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/250px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG"},{"image_text":"Lusitanian lunula from Miranda do Corvo (Portugal)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/L%C3%BAnula_lusitana_de_Ch%C3%A3o_de_Lamas_%28M.A.N._28589%29_01.jpg/170px-L%C3%BAnula_lusitana_de_Ch%C3%A3o_de_Lamas_%28M.A.N._28589%29_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Generalised distribution and movements of Bell-Beaker cultures[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beaker_culture_diffusion.svg/220px-Beaker_culture_diffusion.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ataegina by Pedro Roque Hidalgo (20th century), Museu do Mármore, Vila Viçosa, (Portugal).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ataecina._M%C3%A1rmol_del_artista_Pedro_Roque_DSC_0572r1.jpg/250px-Ataecina._M%C3%A1rmol_del_artista_Pedro_Roque_DSC_0572r1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations: Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown, and Lusitanian in blue; most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png/250px-Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of Viriatus, the Lusitanian leader during the Lusitanian War (155 to 139 BCE).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg/250px-Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg"},{}]

[{"title":"History of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal"},{"title":"Timeline of Portuguese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history"},{"title":"Beira Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province"},{"title":"Beira Baixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province"},{"title":"Ribatejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribatejo_Province"},{"title":"Alentejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentejo_Province"},{"title":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"title":"Emerita Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerita_Augusta"},{"title":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"title":"Lusitania (Roman province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania_(Roman_province)"},{"title":"Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"},{"title":"List of Celtic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes"},{"title":"List of Celtic place names in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal"},{"title":"List of Ancient Peoples of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Peoples_of_Portugal"},{"title":"National Archaeology Museum (Portugal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeology_Museum_(Portugal)"},{"title":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"}]

[{"reference":"Risco, Manuel (1779). \"Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nnLbWvEhpdwC&q=strabo+y+sus+descripciones+de+lusitania&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin\""}]},{"reference":"The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. 29 May 2014. ISBN 9781139952491.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=33GFAwAAQBAJ&q=artabrians+lusitanians&pg=PT250","url_text":"The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139952491","url_text":"9781139952491"}]},{"reference":"Fraile, José María Gómez (1999). \"\"Los coceptos de \"Iberia\" e \"ibero\" en Estrabon\"\". SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla (in Spanish). 8 (8): 159–188. doi:10.12795/spal.1999.i8.09.","urls":[{"url":"http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=176646","url_text":"\"\"Los coceptos de \"Iberia\" e \"ibero\" en Estrabon\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12795%2Fspal.1999.i8.09","url_text":"10.12795/spal.1999.i8.09"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Gregory (August 2005). Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. Routledge. ISBN 978-11-345071-2-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-11-345071-2-2","url_text":"978-11-345071-2-2"}]},{"reference":"Encarnação, José d’ (2015). Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal [Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal] (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2005). \"Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula\". Retrieved 12 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_12/olivares_6_12.html","url_text":"\"Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula\""}]},{"reference":"Quintela, Marco V. García (2005). \"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times\". Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved 12 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_10/garcia_quintela_6_10.html","url_text":"\"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Milwaukee","url_text":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee"}]},{"reference":"Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003). Los cántabros antes de Roma. Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512597.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QB-a2H_8XQ4C&q=bandua+dios+de+los+vexilla&pg=PA199","url_text":"Los cántabros antes de Roma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788489512597","url_text":"9788489512597"}]},{"reference":"MacCulloch, John Arnott (January 2003). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. ISBN 9780486427652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9GM0jOcjKmwC&q=bandua+borvo+god&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Religion of the Ancient Celts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486427652","url_text":"9780486427652"}]},{"reference":"Thayer, Roman E. \"Book III, Chapter 3\". Strabo Geography. University of Chicago. Retrieved 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3C*.html#3.4","url_text":"\"Book III, Chapter 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"}]},{"reference":"Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 11: The Problem of Lusitanian. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. pp. 335–367. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4","url_text":"978-1-84217-410-4"}]},{"reference":"Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018). \"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: A dialectometric approach\". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. pp. 442–455. doi:10.1093/llc/fqx041.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-abstract/33/2/442/4093902","url_text":"\"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: A dialectometric approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqx041","url_text":"10.1093/llc/fqx041"}]},{"reference":"Prósper, Blanca María (2003). \"The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula\". Transactions of the Philological Society. 97 (2): 151–184. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.00047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968X.00047","url_text":"10.1111/1467-968X.00047"}]},{"reference":"Mallory, James P. (2013). \"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe\". In Koch, J. T.; Cunliffe, B. (eds.). Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 17–40.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Mallory","url_text":"Mallory, James P."},{"url":"https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html","url_text":"\"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930005923/https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Celtic Culture: A-Celti. 2006. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131126021844/http://www.julianus.org/textos/JAlarcao_lusitanos.pdf","url_text":"\"Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0874-2782","url_text":"0874-2782"},{"url":"http://www.julianus.org/textos/JAlarcao_lusitanos.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus\". Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128133326/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/classical_diodorus.html#B5","url_text":"\"The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus\""},{"url":"http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/classical_diodorus.html#B5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language","url_text":"The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World"}]},{"reference":"Haak, Wolfgang (2015), \"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783","url_text":"1502.02783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H","url_text":"2015Natur.522..207H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317","url_text":"10.1038/nature14317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","url_text":"5048219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166","url_text":"25731166"}]},{"reference":"Mallory, J.P. (1999). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Mallory","url_text":"Mallory, J.P."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma","url_text":"In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7","url_text":"978-0-500-27616-7"}]},{"reference":"Piggot, Stuart (1965). Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: a Survey. Chicago: Aldine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Piggott","url_text":"Piggot, Stuart"}]},{"reference":"Cardim Ribeiro, José (2009). \"Terão certos teónimos paleohispânicos sido alvo de interpretações (pseudo-)etimológicas durante a romanidade passíveis de se reflectirem nos respectivos cultos?\". Acta Paleohispanica X - Paleohispanica. 9: 247–270. ISSN 1578-5386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386","url_text":"1578-5386"}]},{"reference":"Encarnação, José d' (2010). \"Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal, 35 anos depois\". Palaeohispanica. 10: 525–535. ISSN 1578-5386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386","url_text":"1578-5386"}]},{"reference":"Luján, Eugenio (2019). \"Language and writing among the Lusitanians\". Paleohispanic Languages and Epigraphies. Oxford University Press. pp. 304–334. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011. ISBN 9780191833274.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191833274","url_text":"9780191833274"}]}]

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Myth"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1578-5386","external_links_name":"1578-5386"},{"Link":"https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/9863/1/06guerra.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386","external_links_name":"1578-5386"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386","external_links_name":"1578-5386"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011","external_links_name":"10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm","external_links_name":"Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Spanish_War/home.html","external_links_name":"Unknown ancient author text (about Julius Caesar in Hispania)"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html","external_links_name":"Pliny the Elder text"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html","external_links_name":"Strabo's text"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greg

Robert Greg

["1 References","2 External links"]

British diplomat This article is about the British diplomat. For the British industrialist and MP, see Robert Hyde Greg. Sir Robert Hyde Greg, KCMG (24 December 1876 – 3 December 1953) was a British diplomat. He was British Minister to Siam from 1921 to 1926 and British Minister to Romania from 1926 to 1929. Gregg was also a noted collector of Egyptian antiquities. In his will he bequeathed his collection of 626 objects to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. He also left a substantial part of his estate to the museum, but the monies were confiscated by the Egyptian government in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. In 1964, compensation was paid, amounting to £33,515 17s 6d for the Fitzwilliam Museum, which formed the Greg Fund which exists to the present day. Greg married the American heiress Julia Fairchild Schreiner in 1914. References ^ "Greg, Sir Robert Hyde". Who's Who & Who Was Who. A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "(Sir) Robert Hyde Greg". The Fitzwilliam Museum. ^ "Gift: Impounded Pounds". The New York Times. 4 May 1964. p. 20. External links Portraits of Sir Robert Hyde Greg at the National Portrait Gallery, London

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Gymnasium_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)

City Gymnasium ('s-Hertogenbosch)

["1 History","1.1 Organized by the church","1.2 City School","1.3 Dutch Latin School","1.4 The broad gymnasium","1.5 The HBS is split off","1.6 The new gymnasium","2 Interwar period","3 After World War II","4 Building","5 Organization","6 Notable former pupils","7 References","8 Notes"]

Categoraal gymnasium school in 's-Hertogenbosch, NetherlandsCity GymnasiumStedelijk GymnasiumCity Gymnasium from the south-eastLocation's-HertogenboschNetherlandsInformationTypeCategoraal gymnasiumMottoNon scholae sed vitae discimus (We leren niet voor school, maar voor het leven / we leren niet van school, maar van het leven)Established1274AuthorityOnderwijsstichting Zelfstandige Gymnasia (OSZG)PrincipalDrs. P. E. J. M. Schoemaker-KoningsStaff77Teaching staff66Number of students827 (2018-2019)NewspaperFeuniks, het WeekeindjeWebsitehttp://www.stedgymdenbosch.nl/ The City Gymnasium of 's-Hertogenbosch is a grammar school, which is known as a gymnasium in the Netherlands. It is the second oldest school of the Netherlands. History Organized by the church The City Gymnasium is the direct continuation of the medieval Latin school. The Latin School of 's-Hertogenbosch was mentioned in the archives for the first time in 1274, making it the second oldest still existing grammar school of the Netherlands (the oldest is the Johan de Witt-gymnasium in Dordrecht). The school used to belong to the chapter of St. John's church. When the Jesuits arrived in 's-Hertogenbosch in 1609, they took control of the school. City School After the 1629 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch, the city magistrate got authority over education, which then had to teach along the lines of the Reformation. Dutch Latin School It was during the French period that subjects like history and geography were taught for the first time. In 1809 the municipality of 's-Hertogenbosch bought a house on the Papenhulst to house the Latin School. In 1815 a decree regulated the organization of all Dutch Latin schools. Some numbers are available on the rather low number of students that the Latin School had in the early nineteenth century. On 31 December 1839 the Latin School had 19 students. On 31 December 1840 the number of students had diminished to just 14. On 31 December 1841 it was 19. In 1844 the latest count was 12. In 1845 the latest count was 18. In 1846 this was 15. In 1847 it was also 15. The broad gymnasium C.R. Hermans (1805-1869), principal from 1834 Design of building on the west side of Papenhulst In October 1847 the Minister of the Interior made the Latin School of 's-Hertogenbosch a gymnasium. The name Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's-Hertogenbosch also surfaced in 1847. In November 1847 the school then advertised for teachers in mathematics, Dutch, French, German and English. On 18 September 1848 the City Gymnasium school was opened. The gymnasium had two departments. The first department prepared for university, while the other department focused on preparing for service in the army, navy, commerce or other societal positions that required a good education. The first department taught Latin, Greek, ancient literature, antiquities, mythology, ancient geography, and general and Dutch history. The second department taught calculus, logic and geometry; basics of physics, chemistry, and mechanics as applied to commerce, industry and manufacturing; geography; general and Dutch history; Dutch, French, German and English language and literature; and finally double-entry bookkeeping. The first department would take six years of study, the second only three years. The first rector of the gymnasium was the old rector of the Latin School, C. R. Hermans. In July 1853 the Provincial Society for Art and Sciences Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, the City Gymnasium and the municipality made a plan for a new building. It would house the gymnasium and the great library and cabinet of curiosities of the society. The municipality approved and offered to contribute 6,000 guilders. In July 1854 the provincial authorities approved to contribute 3,000 guilders for building the rooms for the society library. Meanwhile, the cost rose to 14,305, which substantially increased the cost for the municipality. In September 1854 the order for construction of the new school was given. By October 1855 the new building on the west side of Papenhulst was ready. It combined the school and the library of the society. It was situated on the grounds of the Latin School, with the house of the principal of the school to the west, and the warehouse of A. P. Sopers to the east, a few buildings north of the casino society. The HBS is split off Previous location on Nachtegaalslaantje In the 1850s there was quite some criticism about the curriculum of the second (practical) department of the gymnasium. By 1854 it had been lengthened to four years. By that time teaching about commercial subjects, drawing and clear writing were added. Indeed, separate teachers were appointed for clear writing and straight drawing in 1855. By 1857 the number of students had increased to 60, and the second department got a special class to prepare for the military academies. In 1863 the desire to have better practical secondary education in the Netherlands led to the law that established the very successful Hogere Burgerschool (HBS). In August 1863 the minister for education wrote the municipal council that he thought that the second department of the gymnasium would be a good core for a new HBS. In October 1863 the council agreed to offer classrooms for the HBS. By September 1865 the municipality had decided to give the building of the gymnasium and provincial society to the national government. In 1925 this former building of the gymnasium was demolished. The student numbers in 1866 showed the limited success of the broad gymnasium. That year it had only 39 students in both departments. Meanwhile, the Art Academy had over 300. The HBS was much more popular: its 1867–1868 course started with just 40 students, and had 55 by 31 December 1867. On 24 July 1867 the three-year HBS of 's-Hertogenbosch was officially established. Staff was appointed on 1 September 1867. A. L. Lamers became the first president and teacher. Other teachers appointed on 1 September were J. Ringeling, J. M. Sistermans, E. H. P. van der Ven, and J. P. Ritschie. These were followed in September by H. Löhbach from Cologne and J. M. Servais. The new gymnasium In den Boerenmouw, 1974 The establishment of the HBS meant that the gymnasium lost its second department, and that "only the old Latin School was left". So, the old school was returned to the pre-1847 situation. The effect of the establishment of the HBS was even worse than imagined. In early 1867 it became clear that the only lessons still given at the gymnasium were those in Latin and Greek. Meanwhile, the HBS wanted to expand to a five-year course. In July 1868 the minister stated that he would agree to a four-year course if the municipality provided classrooms. The City Gymnasium no longer required a large building. The 1867–1868 course started with just 18 students. The gymnasium was revived by a new law on secondary education that broadened its scope. In July 1879 the municipality appointed these teachers for the gymnasium: G. Lamerschop for French and German; J. Schüngel for physics and chemistry; A. L. Lamers and F. A. W. Schäfer for natural history; J. H. A. van Ravenhorst for English; and J. Gleuns for mathematics. Gleuns refused the appointment, after which the offered salary was increased. R. Kruisinga Homan became the new vice-president. The teachers of Dutch, history and geography were also teachers of the HBS, something that the education minister did not like. In December 1879 two teachers for Dutch, geography and history were then appointed at the school. In August 1879 there was a tender for preparing grounds east of the Nachtegaalslaantje, meant for placement of the gymnasium building. On 25 August construction of the foundations and basement for the buildings of the gymnasium were tendered. In December 1880 the plan for the building on Nachtegaalslaantje was approved. On 14 February 1880 construction was tendered. This is the building on the east side of Nachtegaalslaantje that still has the word Gymnasium on the façade. The reform to a new type of gymnasium and the new building had the desired effects. On 1 January 1880 there were 11 teachers and 34 students. The schoolyear 1882–1883 had 57 students. However, the reform gave rise to new challenges. Students who wanted to study law or theology now had to pass exams in mathematics in order to reach the university. The board of the City Gymnasium protested against this. In 1887 the municipality debated about the admission of a girl to the gymnasium. Even though girls had been admitted elsewhere, the municipality ruled against it. Despite this the gymnasium did not grow much. In 1900–1901 it had 40 students. Lessons in gymnastics, physics, chemistry and natural history were given in the nearby building of the HBS. This cooperation between the HBS and the gymnasium was reason for the mayor to visit The Hague and to call an emergency meeting of the council when the government wanted to move the HBS. In the end a new covered equestrian facility was built just south of the gymnasium, while the HBS got a new building just east of that new building. The open air equestrian facility in that place was moved elsewhere. Interwar period During the interwar period the gymnasium grew slowly. In 1923 there were 85 students. In 1926 there were 89 students, of which 35 were girls. In 1929 there were 103 students, of which 34 were girls. Meanwhile, it got competition from Roman Catholic schools with segregation between the sexes. These grew much faster, even though they officially did not give access to university. After World War II In 1972, the school moved to a location on In den Boerenmouw 14, near the St. John's Cathedral. In 1978 the school was moved to Kooikersweg, a location behind the railway station. For students and staff it felt like a banishment. The school also had to share space with a comprehensive school. Building At the start of the schoolyear 2002–2003 a new building on the Mercator Square Mercatorplein was taken into use. Soon after the move, the number of students greatly increased. In 2006 and 2013 the buildings B and C were then added. Organization The City Grammar school offers gymnasium education. Here the word gymnasium refers to the teaching done in the classical Greek "γυμνάσιον" (gymnasion), while in many other countries, it refers to the physical education in the gymnasion, leading to the meaning gym. A gymnasium offers a form of voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO), preparatory scientific education. This means that it offers the curriculum of the regular VWO (also called Atheneum) and has Latin and/or Classical Greek as an additional, compulsory part of the curriculum. The City Gymnasium is a categoraal gymnasium, meaning that the school offers no other education. In recent decades this form of gymnasium has gained more popularity with parents. Like all schools the City Gymnasium is paid for by the state. It is public in the sense that it is open to all children, not only those of parents who favor a particular religious or other conviction. Like the English grammar school the gymnasium is selective: it bases admission on the advice given by the primary school. On 1 August 2002 City Gymnasium joined the Openbare Stichting Zelfstandige Gymnasia (OSZG) (public foundation for independent gymnasia), the authority that governs the school. Day-to-day management is done by the principal rector. There is a council called medezeggenschapsraad that represents parents, students and staff. There is also a society for parents, and one for students called LOS! (Leerlingenorganisatie Stedelijk). Notable former pupils Very notable former pupils are: Desiderius Erasmus (humanist, philosopher) Georgius Macropedius (humanist, teacher and Latin playwright) Gerardus Mercator (cartographer) Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol (patriot) Recent former pupils: Joost Prinsen (actor) René van Dammen (audience measurement expert) P. F. Thomése (writer) Leon de Winter (writer) Pieter Steinz (writer) Maartje Goderie (hockey player) Ilias Bulaid (kickboxer) References Van Oudenhoven, Jacob (1649), Beschryvinge der stadt ende meyerye van 'sHertogen-Bossche. (in Dutch), Broer Jansz. Van Sasse van Ysselt, A.F.O. (1910), De voorname Huizen en Gebouwen van 's-Hertogenbosch (in Dutch), vol. II, Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, pp. 385–389 Van Sasse van Ysselt, A.F.O. (1927), "De Huisvesting van het Provinciaal Genootschap", Handelingen van Het Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen in Noord-Brabant Notes ^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1910, p. 386. ^ Van Oudenhoven 1649, p. 37. ^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 22. ^ "Verslag nopens den staat der Provincie Noord-Brabant". Nederlandsche Staatscourant. 26 July 1841. ^ "Onderwijs". Bredasche courant. 7 August 1842. ^ "Onderwijs". Bredasche courant. 27 July 1843. ^ "Onderwijs". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 24 July 1844. ^ "Onderwijs". Bredasche courant. 7 August 1845. ^ "Onderwijs". Bredasche courant. 23 July 1846. ^ "Onderwijs". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 7 July 1847. ^ "'s Hertogenbosch, 22 Oct". Algemeen Handelsblad. 26 October 1847. ^ "Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's Hertogenbosch". Noord-Brabander. 4 November 1847. ^ "Nederland". Noord-Brabander. 18 July 1848. ^ "'s Hertogenbosch, 25 Julij". Algemeen Handelsblad. 27 July 1853. ^ "Zitting van vrijdag 28 Julij". De Noord-Brabanter : staat- en letterkundig dagblad. 1 August 1854. ^ "'s Hertogenbosch, 20 Sept". Algemeen Handelsblad. 22 September 1854. ^ "'s Hertogenbosch, 18 Oct". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 18 October 1855. ^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 25. ^ "Stedelijk Gymnasium te 's Hertogenbosch". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 11 September 1854. ^ "Gemeenteraad". De Noord-Brabanter : staat- en letterkundig dagblad. 22 August 1863. ^ "Gemeenteraad". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 20 October 1863. ^ a b "Binnenlandsche Berigten". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 12 September 1865. ^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 29. ^ "Uittreksel van het Verslag van den Toestand der Stad 's Hertogebosch, over 1866". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 11 June 1867. ^ a b "Uittreksel uit het Verslag van den Toestand van 's Hertogebosch, over 1867". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 29 May 1868. ^ "Nederlanden". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 26 July 1867. ^ "Ingezonden Stukken". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 27 September 1867. ^ "Verslag van de Gemeenteraads-Vergadering van Zaterdag 12 Juli 1879". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 17 July 1879. ^ "Openbare Aanbesteding". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 7 August 1879. ^ "Binnenland". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 1 January 1880. ^ "Laatste Berichten enz". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 17 February 1885. ^ "Verslag van de Gemeenteraadsvergadering van Vrijdag 22 Juli 1887". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 25 July 1887. ^ "Verslag over den toestand van het Gymnasium te -s Hertogenbosch gedurende het jaar 1901". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 18 April 1902. ^ "Verslag der spoedeisende openbare vergadering". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 12 June 1900.

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Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R._Hermans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinciaal_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_en_Stedelijk_Gymnasium_Papenhulst.png"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"double-entry bookkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping"},{"link_name":"C. R. Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Hermans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cabinet of curiosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt192725-18"}],"sub_title":"The broad gymnasium","text":"C.R. Hermans (1805-1869), principal from 1834Design of building on the west side of PapenhulstIn October 1847 the Minister of the Interior made the Latin School of 's-Hertogenbosch a gymnasium.[11] The name Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's-Hertogenbosch also surfaced in 1847. In November 1847 the school then advertised for teachers in mathematics, Dutch, French, German and English.[12] On 18 September 1848 the City Gymnasium school was opened.The gymnasium had two departments. The first department prepared for university, while the other department focused on preparing for service in the army, navy, commerce or other societal positions that required a good education. The first department taught Latin, Greek, ancient literature, antiquities, mythology, ancient geography, and general and Dutch history. The second department taught calculus, logic and geometry; basics of physics, chemistry, and mechanics as applied to commerce, industry and manufacturing; geography; general and Dutch history; Dutch, French, German and English language and literature; and finally double-entry bookkeeping. The first department would take six years of study, the second only three years. The first rector of the gymnasium was the old rector of the Latin School, C. R. Hermans.[13]In July 1853 the Provincial Society for Art and Sciences Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, the City Gymnasium and the municipality made a plan for a new building. It would house the gymnasium and the great library and cabinet of curiosities of the society. The municipality approved and offered to contribute 6,000 guilders.[14] In July 1854 the provincial authorities approved to contribute 3,000 guilders for building the rooms for the society library.[15] Meanwhile, the cost rose to 14,305, which substantially increased the cost for the municipality. In September 1854 the order for construction of the new school was given.[16]By October 1855 the new building on the west side of Papenhulst was ready. It combined the school and the library of the society.[17] It was situated on the grounds of the Latin School, with the house of the principal of the school to the west, and the warehouse of A. P. Sopers to the east,[18] a few buildings north of the casino society.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrum,_5211_%27s-Hertogenbosch,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(70).jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hogere Burgerschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogere_Burgerschool"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN12091865-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt192729-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN29051868-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"The HBS is split off","text":"Previous location on NachtegaalslaantjeIn the 1850s there was quite some criticism about the curriculum of the second (practical) department of the gymnasium. By 1854 it had been lengthened to four years. By that time teaching about commercial subjects, drawing and clear writing were added.[19] Indeed, separate teachers were appointed for clear writing and straight drawing in 1855. By 1857 the number of students had increased to 60, and the second department got a special class to prepare for the military academies.In 1863 the desire to have better practical secondary education in the Netherlands led to the law that established the very successful Hogere Burgerschool (HBS). In August 1863 the minister for education wrote the municipal council that he thought that the second department of the gymnasium would be a good core for a new HBS.[20] In October 1863 the council agreed to offer classrooms for the HBS.[21] By September 1865 the municipality had decided to give the building of the gymnasium and provincial society to the national government.[22] In 1925 this former building of the gymnasium was demolished.[23]The student numbers in 1866 showed the limited success of the broad gymnasium. That year it had only 39 students in both departments. Meanwhile, the Art Academy had over 300.[24] The HBS was much more popular: its 1867–1868 course started with just 40 students, and had 55 by 31 December 1867.[25] On 24 July 1867 the three-year HBS of 's-Hertogenbosch was officially established. Staff was appointed on 1 September 1867. A. L. Lamers became the first president and teacher. Other teachers appointed on 1 September were J. Ringeling, J. M. Sistermans, E. H. P. van der Ven, and J. P. Ritschie.[26] These were followed in September by H. Löhbach from Cologne and J. M. Servais.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stedelijk_Gymnasium_in_den_Boerenmouw_1974.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN12091865-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN29051868-25"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"equestrian facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_facility"}],"sub_title":"The new gymnasium","text":"In den Boerenmouw, 1974The establishment of the HBS meant that the gymnasium lost its second department, and that \"only the old Latin School was left\".[22] So, the old school was returned to the pre-1847 situation. The effect of the establishment of the HBS was even worse than imagined. In early 1867 it became clear that the only lessons still given at the gymnasium were those in Latin and Greek.[27] Meanwhile, the HBS wanted to expand to a five-year course. In July 1868 the minister stated that he would agree to a four-year course if the municipality provided classrooms.The City Gymnasium no longer required a large building. The 1867–1868 course started with just 18 students.[25] The gymnasium was revived by a new law on secondary education that broadened its scope. In July 1879 the municipality appointed these teachers for the gymnasium: G. Lamerschop for French and German; J. Schüngel for physics and chemistry; A. L. Lamers and F. A. W. Schäfer for natural history; J. H. A. van Ravenhorst for English; and J. Gleuns for mathematics.[28] Gleuns refused the appointment, after which the offered salary was increased. R. Kruisinga Homan became the new vice-president. The teachers of Dutch, history and geography were also teachers of the HBS, something that the education minister did not like. In December 1879 two teachers for Dutch, geography and history were then appointed at the school.In August 1879 there was a tender for preparing grounds east of the Nachtegaalslaantje, meant for placement of the gymnasium building.[29] On 25 August construction of the foundations and basement for the buildings of the gymnasium were tendered. In December 1880 the plan for the building on Nachtegaalslaantje was approved.[30] On 14 February 1880 construction was tendered. This is the building on the east side of Nachtegaalslaantje that still has the word Gymnasium on the façade.The reform to a new type of gymnasium and the new building had the desired effects. On 1 January 1880 there were 11 teachers and 34 students. The schoolyear 1882–1883 had 57 students. However, the reform gave rise to new challenges. Students who wanted to study law or theology now had to pass exams in mathematics in order to reach the university. The board of the City Gymnasium protested against this.[31] In 1887 the municipality debated about the admission of a girl to the gymnasium. Even though girls had been admitted elsewhere, the municipality ruled against it.[32]Despite this the gymnasium did not grow much. In 1900–1901 it had 40 students. Lessons in gymnastics, physics, chemistry and natural history were given in the nearby building of the HBS.[33] This cooperation between the HBS and the gymnasium was reason for the mayor to visit The Hague and to call an emergency meeting of the council when the government wanted to move the HBS.[34] In the end a new covered equestrian facility was built just south of the gymnasium, while the HBS got a new building just east of that new building. The open air equestrian facility in that place was moved elsewhere.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"}],"text":"During the interwar period the gymnasium grew slowly. In 1923 there were 85 students. In 1926 there were 89 students, of which 35 were girls. In 1929 there were 103 students, of which 34 were girls. Meanwhile, it got competition from Roman Catholic schools with segregation between the sexes. These grew much faster, even though they officially did not give access to university.","title":"Interwar period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. John's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)"},{"link_name":"comprehensive school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"}],"text":"In 1972, the school moved to a location on In den Boerenmouw 14, near the St. John's Cathedral. In 1978 the school was moved to Kooikersweg, a location behind the railway station. For students and staff it felt like a banishment. The school also had to share space with a comprehensive school.","title":"After World War II"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At the start of the schoolyear 2002–2003 a new building on the Mercator Square Mercatorplein was taken into use. Soon after the move, the number of students greatly increased. In 2006 and 2013 the buildings B and C were then added.","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek"},{"link_name":"gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"},{"link_name":"Atheneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheneum_(school)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"}],"text":"The City Grammar school offers gymnasium education. Here the word gymnasium refers to the teaching done in the classical Greek \"γυμνάσιον\" (gymnasion), while in many other countries, it refers to the physical education in the gymnasion, leading to the meaning gym. A gymnasium offers a form of voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO), preparatory scientific education. This means that it offers the curriculum of the regular VWO (also called Atheneum) and has Latin and/or Classical Greek as an additional, compulsory part of the curriculum. The City Gymnasium is a categoraal gymnasium, meaning that the school offers no other education. In recent decades this form of gymnasium has gained more popularity with parents.Like all schools the City Gymnasium is paid for by the state. It is public in the sense that it is open to all children, not only those of parents who favor a particular religious or other conviction. Like the English grammar school the gymnasium is selective: it bases admission on the advice given by the primary school. On 1 August 2002 City Gymnasium joined the Openbare Stichting Zelfstandige Gymnasia (OSZG) (public foundation for independent gymnasia), the authority that governs the school. Day-to-day management is done by the principal rector. There is a council called medezeggenschapsraad that represents parents, students and staff. There is also a society for parents, and one for students called LOS! (Leerlingenorganisatie Stedelijk).","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desiderius Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Georgius Macropedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Macropedius"},{"link_name":"Gerardus Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator"},{"link_name":"Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Derk_van_der_Capellen_tot_den_Pol"},{"link_name":"patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriottentijd"},{"link_name":"Joost Prinsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_Prinsen"},{"link_name":"Leon de Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_de_Winter"},{"link_name":"Pieter Steinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Steinz"},{"link_name":"Maartje Goderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maartje_Goderie"},{"link_name":"Ilias Bulaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Bulaid"}],"text":"Very notable former pupils are:Desiderius Erasmus (humanist, philosopher)\nGeorgius Macropedius (humanist, teacher and Latin playwright)\nGerardus Mercator (cartographer)\nJoan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol (patriot)Recent former pupils:Joost Prinsen (actor)\nRené van Dammen (audience measurement expert)\nP. F. Thomése (writer)\nLeon de Winter (writer)\nPieter Steinz (writer)\nMaartje Goderie (hockey player)\nIlias Bulaid (kickboxer)","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt1910386_1-0"},{"link_name":"Van Sasse van Ysselt 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt1910"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Oudenhoven164937_2-0"},{"link_name":"Van Oudenhoven 1649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Oudenhoven1649"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt192722_3-0"},{"link_name":"Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Verslag nopens den staat der Provincie Noord-Brabant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010066898:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010132607"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010151890:mpeg21:p004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010089174:mpeg21:p003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010152202:mpeg21:p003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010152349:mpeg21:p004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Onderwijs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010090601:mpeg21:p063"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 22 Oct\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010075772:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's Hertogenbosch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010176398:mpeg21:p004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Nederland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000667100:mpeg21:p00004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 25 Julij\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010073755:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Zitting van vrijdag 28 Julij\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010078231:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 20 Sept\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010074178:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 18 Oct\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000000893:mpeg21:p001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt192725_18-0"},{"link_name":"Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Stedelijk Gymnasium te 's Hertogenbosch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000000081:mpeg21:p003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Gemeenteraad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010079649:mpeg21:p001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Gemeenteraad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000007103:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN12091865_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN12091865_22-1"},{"link_name":"\"Binnenlandsche Berigten\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000005295:mpeg21:p001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt192729_23-0"},{"link_name":"Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Sasse_van_Ysselt1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Uittreksel van het Verslag van den Toestand der Stad 's Hertogebosch, over 1866\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000007254:mpeg21:p001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN29051868_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN29051868_25-1"},{"link_name":"\"Uittreksel uit het Verslag van den Toestand van 's Hertogebosch, over 1867\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000005810:mpeg21:p005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Nederlanden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010782542:mpeg21:p001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Ingezonden Stukken\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000007422:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Verslag van de Gemeenteraads-Vergadering van Zaterdag 12 Juli 1879\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000008650:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Openbare Aanbesteding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000008661:mpeg21:p004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Binnenland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000004924:mpeg21:p005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Laatste Berichten enz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000003390:mpeg21:p002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Verslag van de Gemeenteraadsvergadering van Vrijdag 22 Juli 1887\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000018974:mpeg21:p011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Verslag over den toestand van het Gymnasium te -s Hertogenbosch gedurende het jaar 1901\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000012544:mpeg21:p005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Verslag der spoedeisende openbare vergadering\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000014809:mpeg21:p005"}],"text":"^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1910, p. 386.\n\n^ Van Oudenhoven 1649, p. 37.\n\n^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 22.\n\n^ \"Verslag nopens den staat der Provincie Noord-Brabant\". Nederlandsche Staatscourant. 26 July 1841.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 7 August 1842.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 27 July 1843.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 24 July 1844.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 7 August 1845.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 23 July 1846.\n\n^ \"Onderwijs\". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 7 July 1847.\n\n^ \"'s Hertogenbosch, 22 Oct\". Algemeen Handelsblad. 26 October 1847.\n\n^ \"Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's Hertogenbosch\". Noord-Brabander. 4 November 1847.\n\n^ \"Nederland\". Noord-Brabander. 18 July 1848.\n\n^ \"'s Hertogenbosch, 25 Julij\". Algemeen Handelsblad. 27 July 1853.\n\n^ \"Zitting van vrijdag 28 Julij\". De Noord-Brabanter : staat- en letterkundig dagblad. 1 August 1854.\n\n^ \"'s Hertogenbosch, 20 Sept\". Algemeen Handelsblad. 22 September 1854.\n\n^ \"'s Hertogenbosch, 18 Oct\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 18 October 1855.\n\n^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 25.\n\n^ \"Stedelijk Gymnasium te 's Hertogenbosch\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 11 September 1854.\n\n^ \"Gemeenteraad\". De Noord-Brabanter : staat- en letterkundig dagblad. 22 August 1863.\n\n^ \"Gemeenteraad\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 20 October 1863.\n\n^ a b \"Binnenlandsche Berigten\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 12 September 1865.\n\n^ Van Sasse van Ysselt 1927, p. 29.\n\n^ \"Uittreksel van het Verslag van den Toestand der Stad 's Hertogebosch, over 1866\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 11 June 1867.\n\n^ a b \"Uittreksel uit het Verslag van den Toestand van 's Hertogebosch, over 1867\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 29 May 1868.\n\n^ \"Nederlanden\". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 26 July 1867.\n\n^ \"Ingezonden Stukken\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 27 September 1867.\n\n^ \"Verslag van de Gemeenteraads-Vergadering van Zaterdag 12 Juli 1879\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 17 July 1879.\n\n^ \"Openbare Aanbesteding\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 7 August 1879.\n\n^ \"Binnenland\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 1 January 1880.\n\n^ \"Laatste Berichten enz\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 17 February 1885.\n\n^ \"Verslag van de Gemeenteraadsvergadering van Vrijdag 22 Juli 1887\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 25 July 1887.\n\n^ \"Verslag over den toestand van het Gymnasium te -s Hertogenbosch gedurende het jaar 1901\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 18 April 1902.\n\n^ \"Verslag der spoedeisende openbare vergadering\". Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 12 June 1900.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"C.R. Hermans (1805-1869), principal from 1834","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/C.R._Hermans.jpg/220px-C.R._Hermans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Design of building on the west side of Papenhulst","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Provinciaal_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_en_Stedelijk_Gymnasium_Papenhulst.png/220px-Provinciaal_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_en_Stedelijk_Gymnasium_Papenhulst.png"},{"image_text":"Previous location on Nachtegaalslaantje","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Centrum%2C_5211_%27s-Hertogenbosch%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2870%29.jpg/220px-Centrum%2C_5211_%27s-Hertogenbosch%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2870%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"In den Boerenmouw, 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stedelijk_Gymnasium_in_den_Boerenmouw_1974.jpg/220px-Stedelijk_Gymnasium_in_den_Boerenmouw_1974.jpg"}]

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Nederlandsche staatscourant. 24 July 1844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010089174:mpeg21:p003","url_text":"\"Onderwijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 7 August 1845.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010152202:mpeg21:p003","url_text":"\"Onderwijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Onderwijs\". Bredasche courant. 23 July 1846.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010152349:mpeg21:p004","url_text":"\"Onderwijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Onderwijs\". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 7 July 1847.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010090601:mpeg21:p063","url_text":"\"Onderwijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 22 Oct\". Algemeen Handelsblad. 26 October 1847.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010075772:mpeg21:p002","url_text":"\"'s Hertogenbosch, 22 Oct\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stedelijk Gymnasium van 's Hertogenbosch\". 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Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant. 12 June 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000014809:mpeg21:p005","url_text":"\"Verslag der spoedeisende openbare vergadering\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostdeutsche_Eisenbahn

Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn

["1 Rolling stock","2 Network","2.1 Current services","2.2 Former services","2.3 Network map","3 References","4 External links"]

Ostdeutsche EisenbahnIndustryTransportFoundedJune 2002; 22 years ago (2002-06)HeadquartersParchim, GermanyOwnerPrignitzer Eisenbahn (50%)BeNEX (50%)Number of employees480Websitewww.odeg.de Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH (ODEG; literally "East German Railway") is a joint venture, founded in June 2002, of the Prignitzer Eisenbahn (part of the Netinera Group) and BeNEX, with each company owning 50% of the joint venture. It operates passenger services on eleven railway lines in Berlin/Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. Rolling stock Stadler GTW on the line RB51 in Brandenburg Stadler FLIRT 3 on the line RE4 in Berlin Video of a Stadler KISS at Berlin Westhafen Second class interior of a Stadler KISS 14x Stadler Regio-Shuttle RS1 6x Siemens Desiro Classic 6x Stadler GTW 16x Stadler KISS 1x Stadler Flirt 7x Siemens Desiro ML Network Current services Line KBS Route Duration of contract RE 2 202 Wismar – Schwerin Hauptbahnhof – Wittenberge – Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Cottbus December 2012 – December 2022 RE 4 204 Stendal – Rathenow – Berlin Südkreuz – Ludwigsfelde – Jüterbog December 2012 – December 2022 RE 9 190 Rostock – Ribnitz-Damgarten – Velgast – Stralsund – Bergen – Lietzow – Sassnitz / – Ostseebad Binz December 2019 – December 2034 RE 10 190, 203 (Rostock – Ribnitz-Damgarten – Velgast –) Stralsund – Greifswald – Züssow December 2019 – December 2034 RB 13 152 Rehna – Schwerin Hauptbahnhof – Parchim December 2013 – December 2019 RB 14 172 Hagenow Stadt – Hagenow Land – Ludwigslust – Parchim December 2002 – December 2019 RB 19 174 Parchim – Lübz – Karow (Meckl) – Plau am See (seasonal traffic) May 2020 – August 2025 RB 33 209.33 Berlin-Wannsee – Beelitz Stadt – Jüterbog December 2011 – December 2022 RB 46 209.46 Cottbus – Forst (Lausitz) December 2008 – December 2030 RB 51 209.51 Rathenow – Pritzerbe – Brandenburg Hauptbahnhof December 2011 – December 2022 OE 64 229 Görlitz – Niesky – Hoyerswerda December 2008 – December 2030 OE 65 220 Cottbus – Görlitz – Zittau December 2008 – December 2030 Former services Line KBS Route Duration of contract Notes R 3 172 Parchim – Karow (Meckl) – Inselstadt Malchow December 2002 – December 2014 change of operator to Eisenbahngesellschaft Potsdam R 3 172 Inselstadt Malchow – Waren (Müritz) December 2002 – December 2014 change of operator to DB Regio Nordost R 3 205 Waren (Müritz) – Neustrelitz Hauptbahnhof December 2002 – December 2014 closure of railway R 6 173 Neustrelitz Hauptbahnhof – Mirow December 2002 – December 2012 change of operator to Eisenbahngesellschaft Potsdam RB 25 209.25 Berlin-Lichtenberg – Ahrensfelde – Werneuchen December 2004 – December 2014 change of operator to Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn RB 25 209.25 Werneuchen – Tiefensee December 2004 – December 2006 closure of railway RB 34 304 Stendal – Schönhausen (Elbe) – Rathenow December 2015 – December 2018 change of operator to Hanseatische Eisenbahn RB 35 209.35 Fürstenwalde (Spree) – Bad Saarow Klinikum December 2007 – December 2014 change of operator to Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn RB 36 209.36 Berlin-Lichtenberg – Beeskow – Frankfurt (Oder) December 2004 – December 2014 change of operator to Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn RB 60 209.60 Berlin-Lichtenberg – Eberswalde Hauptbahnhof – Frankfurt (Oder) December 2004 – December 2014 change of operator to DB Regio Nordost (Berlin-Lichtenberg – Eberswalde) and NEB (Eberswalde – Frankfurt (Oder) RB 63 209.60 Eberswalde Hauptbahnhof – Joachimsthal December 2004 – December 2014 change of operator to Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn OE 60V 230 Görlitz – Bautzen – Bischofswerda December 2008 – December 2018 change of operator to Trilex RB 63 209.60 Joachimsthal – Templin December 2004 – December 2006 closure of railway RB 63V 203 Eberswalde Hauptbahnhof – Prenzlau January 2011 – December 2014 change of operator to Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn Network map December 2007 December 2008 December 2008 (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) December 2008 (Saxony) December 2011 References External links Official website (in German)

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[]

[{"Link":"http://www.odeg.de/","external_links_name":"www.odeg.de"},{"Link":"http://www.odeg.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Jel%C3%ADnek

Václav Jelínek

["1 References","1.1 Further reading"]

Czechoslovak spy (1944–2022) Václav JelínekBorn(1944-08-23)23 August 1944Died8 February 2022(2022-02-08) (aged 77)Other namesErwin van HaarlemOccupations Spy Art dealer Václav Jelínek (23 August 1944 – 8 February 2022) was a Cold War era spy for Communist Czechoslovakia, who worked in London under the assumed identity of Erwin van Haarlem. Jelínek was born on 23 August 1944 in Modřany near Prague (now part of the city). The real Erwin van Haarlem was born on 22 August 1944, the son of Johanna van Haarlem, a woman of Dutch and Jewish ancestry who had been raped by Gregor Kulig, a Nazi soldier with whom she had been fraternising. Soon after Erwin's birth, by which time Kulig had already been killed in action, he was placed for adoption in Holešovice, Prague. He was later listed in the Netherlands as a missing person. After compulsory national service, Jelínek became a sergeant, working for the Ministry of the Interior. He was recruited by the Czechoslovak secret police, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). In 1967 Václav Jelínek was transferred from the V. Directorate (Protection of State and Government Officials) to the I. Directorate of the Security Corps. Shortly afterwards, his special training to become a member of the illegal intelligence started. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. He adopted van Haarlem's identity and moved to London in June 1975, using a genuine Dutch passport, illicitly obtained in van Haarlem's name. He obtained work at the Hilton Hotel restaurant on Park Lane, and began spying on the United Kingdom and United States, for the StB and for the KGB, their equivalent in the Soviet Union. His handler was Lieutenant colonel Josef Kafka. Jelínek was decorated by the KGB on 25 March 1986. Although he posed as a Dutch national, he never lived in the Netherlands. When Johanna van Haarlem contacted him, in 1977, believing him to be her real son, he was ordered to play along, in order not to blow his cover, and did so, even going so far as to visit her family in Holland. As a result of this deception, she was not reunited with her real son until February 1992. Eventually, Jelínek tired of working as a waiter, and, with funding from the StB, bought a flat at Silver Birch Close in Friern Barnet, North London and set up as an art dealer. He was eventually arrested in the flat on 22 April 1988, while in the process of receiving coded messages by radio. His trial for espionage at London's Old Bailey opened on 6 February 1989 and was the first trial of a spy in the United Kingdom since 1961. A Metropolitan Police officer said he was "probably the first person to be tried at the Old Bailey under an alias". Among those to testify against him was Stella Rimington, using the alias "Miss J". The jury returned a guilty verdict after just 45 minutes deliberation, and on 3 March 1989 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. He was subsequently held at HM Prison Parkhurst. While he was in Parkhurst, the 1989 Velvet Revolution saw the overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Following an unsuccessful escape attempt and a period on hunger strike, as well as lobbying on his behalf by Czech diplomats, Jelínek was freed on 5 April 1993 and deported to the Czech Republic. In 2006, VPRO, a radio station in the Netherlands, ran a two-part programme about van Haarlem, called "Het Spoor Terug" (The trail back). His memoirs, written up by Jaroslav Kmenta  were published in Czech in 2010, under the title Český špion Erwin van Haarlem. As of 2016, Jelínek was living in Prague. References ^ "Zemřel legendární špion Václav Jelínek (†77): Falešný Holanďan v Británii špicloval židovské organizace". Blesk (in Czech). 15 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The spy with no name". BBC Online. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Maysh, Jeff (2017). The Spy With No Name. Kindle Singles. Amazon. ^ 51°36′29″N 0°08′59″W / 51.6080°N 0.1497°W / 51.6080; -0.1497 ^ a b Mason, Simon. "Czech Mate". Retrieved 4 January 2017. Further reading Kmenta, Jaroslav (2010). Český špion Erwin van Haarlem (in Czech). Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Czech Republic

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Jelínek (23 August 1944 – 8 February 2022)[1] was a Cold War era spy for Communist Czechoslovakia, who worked in London under the assumed identity of Erwin van Haarlem.[2]Jelínek was born on 23 August 1944 in Modřany near Prague (now part of the city).[2]The real Erwin van Haarlem was born on 22 August 1944, the son of Johanna van Haarlem, a woman of Dutch and Jewish ancestry who had been raped by Gregor Kulig, a Nazi soldier with whom she had been fraternising.[2] Soon after Erwin's birth, by which time Kulig had already been killed in action,[3] he was placed for adoption in Holešovice, Prague.[2] He was later listed in the Netherlands as a missing person.[2]After compulsory national service, Jelínek became a sergeant, working for the Ministry of the Interior.[3] He was recruited by the Czechoslovak secret police, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). In 1967 Václav Jelínek was transferred from the V. Directorate (Protection of State and Government Officials) to the I. Directorate of the Security Corps. Shortly afterwards, his special training to become a member of the illegal intelligence started. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.[3]He adopted van Haarlem's identity and moved to London in June 1975, using a genuine Dutch passport, illicitly obtained in van Haarlem's name.[2] He obtained work at the Hilton Hotel restaurant on Park Lane,[2] and began spying on the United Kingdom and United States, for the StB and for the KGB, their equivalent in the Soviet Union.[2][3] His handler was Lieutenant colonel Josef Kafka.[3] Jelínek was decorated by the KGB on 25 March 1986.[3] Although he posed as a Dutch national, he never lived in the Netherlands.When Johanna van Haarlem contacted him, in 1977, believing him to be her real son, he was ordered to play along, in order not to blow his cover, and did so, even going so far as to visit her family in Holland.[2] As a result of this deception, she was not reunited with her real son until February 1992.[3]Eventually, Jelínek tired of working as a waiter, and, with funding from the StB, bought a flat at Silver Birch Close[4] in Friern Barnet, North London and set up as an art dealer.[3] He was eventually arrested in the flat on 22 April 1988, while in the process of receiving coded messages by radio.[3] His trial for espionage at London's Old Bailey opened on 6 February 1989 and was the first trial of a spy in the United Kingdom since 1961.[3] A Metropolitan Police officer said he was \"probably the first person to be tried at the Old Bailey under an alias\".[3] Among those to testify against him was Stella Rimington, using the alias \"Miss J\".[3] The jury returned a guilty verdict after just 45 minutes deliberation, and on 3 March 1989 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment.[3] He was subsequently held at HM Prison Parkhurst.[2] While he was in Parkhurst, the 1989 Velvet Revolution saw the overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Following an unsuccessful escape attempt and a period on hunger strike, as well as lobbying on his behalf by Czech diplomats, Jelínek was freed on 5 April 1993 and deported to the Czech Republic.[3][5]In 2006, VPRO, a radio station in the Netherlands, ran a two-part programme about van Haarlem, called \"Het Spoor Terug\" (The trail back).[5] His memoirs, written up by Jaroslav Kmenta [Wikidata] were published in Czech in 2010, under the title Český špion Erwin van Haarlem.[3]As of 2016, Jelínek was living in Prague.[2]","title":"Václav Jelínek"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivmangal_Singh_%27Suman%27

Shivmangal Singh Suman

["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Works","3.1 Poetry collections","3.2 Essays","3.3 Plays","4 Awards and honours","5 References","6 External links"]

Indian poet and academician Shivmangal Singh SumanBorn(1915-08-05)5 August 1915Unnao, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British IndiaDied27 November 2002(2002-11-27) (aged 87)Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaOccupationPoet, academicianNationalityIndianNotable worksMitti Ki Baarat, Hillol, Jeevan Ke GaanNotable awards1974: Sahitya Akademi Award 1999: Padma Bhushan1974: Padma Shri Shivmangal Singh "Suman" (5 August 1915 – 27 November 2002) was an Indian poet and academician who wrote in Hindi. Biography Shivmangal Singh 'Suman' was born on 5 August 1915 at Jhagarpur, Unnao district in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India. He was a leading Hindi writer and poet. He earned a M.A. and Ph.D. in Hindi from Benaras Hindu University. The university also honoured him with a D.Litt. in 1950. Career Suman worked as the Vice Chancellor of Vikram University (Ujjain) during 1968-78; the Vice-President of Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow; Press & Cultural Attache, Indian Embassy, Kathmandu (Nepal) during 1956-61; and the President, Association of Indian Universities (New Delhi) during 1977-78. He was the Executive President, Kalidas Academy, Ujjain, until he died of heart attack on 27 November 2002. Upon his death, the then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that, "Dr Shiv Mangal Singh ‘Suman’ was not only a powerful signature in the field of Hindi poetry, but he was also the custodian of the collective consciousness of his time. His creations not only expressed the pain of his own feelings, but were also fearless constructive commentary on the issues of the era." Works Poetry collections Hillol (1939) Jeevan Ke Gaan (1942) Yug Ka Mol (1945) Pralay Srijan (1950) Vishvas Badhta Hi Gaya (1948) Vindhya Himalaya (1960) Mitti Ki Baarat (1972) Vani Ki Vyatha (1980) Kate Anguthon Ki Bandanavaren (1991) Fagun Me Savan Toffan Ki Our Hum Panchi Unmukt Gagan ke Chalana hamara kam he Essays Mahadevi Ki Kavya Sadhana Plays Prakriti Purusha Kalidasa Source: Awards and honours Padma Shri - 1974 Padma Bhushan - 1999 Deva Puraskar - 1958 Soviet Land Nehru Award - 1974 Sahitya Akademi Award - 1974 for Mitti Ki Barat Shikhar Samman - 1993 from the Government of Madhya Pradesh Bharat Bharti Award - 1993 D.Litt. By Bhagalpur University - 1973 D.Litt. By Jabalpur University - 1983 References ^ Biography and Works anubhuti-hindi.org. ^ Shiv Mangal Singh 'Suman' The Times of India, 27 November 2002. ^ Prime Minister's Office, 7 November 2002. ^ Works by Shivmangal Singh Suman at Open Library ^ a b "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015. ^ Shrotriya, Prabhakar. Shivmangal Singh 'Suman': Man and the Creator. Topical Publications, New Delhi. 1990. p-165. ^ a b Shivmangal Singh Suman Profile Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Unnao district Official website. External links Shivmangal Singh Suman Archived 29 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine at Kavita Kosh Works by Shivmangal Singh Suman at Open Library vteSahitya Akademi Award for Hindi1955–1959 Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1955) Vasudeva Saran Agrawal (1956) Acharya Narendra Dev (1957) Rahul Sankrityayan (1958) Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' (1959) 1960–1979 Sumitranandan Pant (1960) Bhagwati Charan Verma (1961) Not awarded (1962) Amrit Rai (1963) S. H. V. Agyeya (1964) Nagendra (1965) Jainendra Kumar (1966) Amritlal Nagar (1967) Harivansh Rai Bachchan (1968) Shrilal Shukla (1969) Ram Vilas Sharma (1970) Namvar Singh (1971) Bhawani Prasad Mishra (1972) Hazari Prasad Dwivedi (1973) Shivmangal Singh Suman (1974) Bhisham Sahni (1975) Yashpal (1976) Shamsher Bahadur Singh (1977) Bharat Bhushan Agarwal (1978) Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' (1979) 1980–1999 Krishna Sobti (1980) Trilochan (1981) Harishankar Parsai (1982) Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena (1983) Raghuvir Sahay (1984) Nirmal Verma (1985) Kedarnath Agarwal (1986) Shrikant Verma (1987) Naresh Mehta (1988) Kedarnath Singh (1989) Shiv Prasad Singh (1990) Girija Kumar Mathur (1991) Giriraj Kishore (1992) Vishnu Prabhakar (1993) Ashok Vajpeyi (1994) Kunwar Narayan (1995) Surendra Verma (1996) Leeladhar Jagudi (1997) Arun Kamal (1998) Vinod Kumar Shukla (1999) 2000–2019present Manglesh Dabral (2000) Alka Saraogi (2001) Rajesh Joshi (2002) Kamleshwar (2003) Viren Dangwal (2004) Manohar Shyam Joshi (2005) Gyanendrapati (2006) Amarkant (2007) Govind Mishra (2008) Kailash Vajpeyi (2009) Uday Prakash (2010) Kashinath Singh (2011) Chandrakant Devtale (2012) Mridula Garg (2013) Ramesh Chandra Shah (2014) Ramdarash Mishra (2015) Nasira Sharma (2016) Ramesh Kuntal Megh (2017) Chitra Mudgal (2018) Nand Kishore Acharya (2019) 2020–present Anamika (2020) Daya Prakash Sinha (2021) Badri Narayan (2022) vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)1990 Rajanikant Arole Bimal Kumar Bachhawat Purushottam Laxman Deshpande L. K. Doraiswamy Nikhil Ghosh B. K. Goyal Jasraj R. N. Malhotra Bimal Krishna Matilal Sumant Moolgaokar Hirendranath Mukherjee C. D. Narasimhaiah M. S. Narasimhan Kunwar Singh Negi Trilochan Pradhan N. Ram Sukumar Sen Arun Shourie Julius Silverman M. R. Srinivasan M. S. Valiathan 1991 Ebrahim Alkazi Lala Amarnath N. S. Bendre Shyam Benegal D. B. Deodhar Amjad Ali Khan Dilip Kumar Narayan Singh Manaklao Muthu Krishna Mani Ram Narayan Fali Sam Nariman Kapil Dev Manubhai Pancholi Shakuntala Paranjpye Bindeshwar Pathak Samta Prasad Basavaraj Rajguru Prathap C. Reddy Amala Shankar Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj) Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan Ale Ahmad Suroor Leslie Swindale Jiwan Singh Umranangal 1992 Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati Debu Chaudhuri Hariprasad Chaurasia Thayil John Cherian Ranjan Roy Daniel Virendra Dayal B. Saroja Devi Khem Singh Gill Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya Anna Hazare Hakim Abdul Hameed Jaggayya Girish Karnad Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Triloki Nath Khoshoo T. N. Krishnan Ramachandra Datatraya Lele Talat Mahmood Syed Abdul Malik Dalsukh Dahyabhai Malvania Sonal Mansingh M. Sarada Menon Naushad Setumadhavarao Pagadi Hasmukhbhai Parekh C. Narayana Reddy Mrinalini Sarabhai Gursaran Talwar Brihaspati Dev Triguna K. Venkatalakshamma C. R. Vyas 1998 U. R. Ananthamurthy Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya Satyapal Dang Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon H. K. Dua Hemlata Gupta K. M. Mathew G. Madhavan Nair Rajendra Singh Paroda G. B. Parulkar Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman Bhisham Sahni Vempati Chinna Satyam Laxmi Mall Singhvi V. M. Tarkunde Panangipalli Venugopal 1999 S. S. Badrinath Jacob Cherian Pushpalata Das Sohrab Pirojsha Godrej George Joseph Anil Kakodkar D. C. Kizhakemuri Ashok Kumar Vidya Niwas Mishra H. D. Shourie Shivmangal Singh Suman Ram Kinkar Upadhyay # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Other IdRef

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He was a leading Hindi writer and poet. He earned a M.A. and Ph.D. in Hindi from Benaras Hindu University. The university also honoured him with a D.Litt. in 1950.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vice Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Vikram University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_University"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Hindi_Sansthan"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Association of Indian Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Indian_Universities"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Suman worked as the Vice Chancellor of Vikram University (Ujjain) during 1968-78; the Vice-President of Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow; Press & Cultural Attache, Indian Embassy, Kathmandu (Nepal) during 1956-61; and the President, Association of Indian Universities (New Delhi) during 1977-78.He was the Executive President, Kalidas Academy, Ujjain, until he died of heart attack on 27 November 2002.[1][2]Upon his death, the then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that, \"Dr Shiv Mangal Singh ‘Suman’ was not only a powerful signature in the field of Hindi poetry, but he was also the custodian of the collective consciousness of his time. His creations not only expressed the pain of his own feelings, but were also fearless constructive commentary on the issues of the era.\"[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry collections","text":"Hillol (1939)\nJeevan Ke Gaan (1942)\nYug Ka Mol (1945)\nPralay Srijan (1950)\nVishvas Badhta Hi Gaya (1948)\nVindhya Himalaya (1960)\nMitti Ki Baarat (1972)\nVani Ki Vyatha (1980)\nKate Anguthon Ki Bandanavaren (1991)\nFagun Me Savan\nToffan Ki Our\nHum Panchi Unmukt Gagan ke\nChalana hamara kam he","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Essays","text":"Mahadevi Ki Kavya Sadhana","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Prakriti Purusha KalidasaSource:[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-5"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Government of Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bharti Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Hindi_Sansthan"},{"link_name":"D.Litt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Litt."},{"link_name":"Bhagalpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagalpur_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shivmangal_Singh_Suman_Profile-7"},{"link_name":"D.Litt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Litt."},{"link_name":"Jabalpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpur_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shivmangal_Singh_Suman_Profile-7"}],"text":"Padma Shri - 1974[5]\nPadma Bhushan - 1999[5]\nDeva Puraskar - 1958\nSoviet Land Nehru Award - 1974[6]\nSahitya Akademi Award - 1974 for Mitti Ki Barat\nShikhar Samman - 1993 from the Government of Madhya Pradesh\nBharat Bharti Award - 1993\nD.Litt. By Bhagalpur University - 1973[7]\nD.Litt. By Jabalpur University - 1983[7]","title":"Awards and honours"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho_Hamaguchi

Miho Hamaguchi

["1 Domesticity and social change","2 Built works","3 References"]

Japanese architect (1915–1988) Miho Hamaguchi (Japanese: 浜口 ミホ) (March 1, 1915 – April 12, 1988) was a Japanese architect as well as the first female architect to have been licensed as a Class 1 architect in Japan. She was born to a well-to-do family, the Hamadas, in Dalian, China. She started her studies in home economics at what is now Ochanomizu University and would actively attend architectural lectures without enrolling as women were not officially permitted to do so. She went on to practice under Kunio Maekawa and later start her own firm in Aoyama. Domesticity and social change Miho Hamaguchi is credited with influencing and pioneering the modern kitchen. She wrote about this in her book, The Feudalism of Japanese Houses (Nihon jūtaku no hōkensei, 1949), which advocated for the dissolution of gender and class hierarchies. Much of the residential realm at the time operated under traditional feudal structures in which spaces were meant to prioritize ‘the master of the house’ while women were reduced to the role of housekeeper. Later in the decades directly following the Second World War, the gendering of spaces changed to giving those considered more public and productive masculine associations while feminine spaces were those characterized by being private and domestic. To further emphasize this dynamic of gender and hierarchy of space, kitchens, being domestic, were considered secondary to more public and formal rooms intended to host gatherings, and as such, kitchens would be positioned on the peripheries of the house, hidden from sight. Miho Hamaguchi saw housing reform as not only a way to reduce the hierarchy in the domestic realm but also as a way to change the perception of women and their status within society. She is believed to have gone on to design thousands of houses, although the only known one that still remains in its original state is The G House, also known as the Nakamura House. Following the end of World War II, she was also given an opportunity by the Japan Housing Corporation to help with the reconstruction of housing through danchi apartments, in which she enacted much of her vision. The end of the war saw the rise of the middle class, leading to the dissolution of the role of the maid, meaning tasks once attributed to the maid now fell onto the wife. Under this context, Miho Hamaguchi implemented a combined kitchen-dining arrangement and centralized it within the house for better visibility while cooking. She also took advantage of the technological advancements of the time, such as electric appliances. This moved the kitchen-dining experience to a central part of family life and aided in nurturing relations within the nuclear family. Built works Kurita House Housing Corporation - Stainless Steel Sink G House (Former Nakamura House) Casa Marisol (1974) Kaiyo Club (1984, 1987) References ^ "浜口ミホ 家族に寄り添う、住空間を創造". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ a b c d "HERITAGE HOUSES TRUST: G House". hhtrust.jp. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "日本初の女性建築家・浜口ミホ設計の住宅が住み継がれることに。継承を支えた住宅遺産トラストに聞いた". 住まいの本当と今を伝える情報サイト【LIFULL HOME'S PRESS】 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "ダイニングキッチンの誕生│31号 脱 水（みず）まわり：機関誌『水の文化』│ミツカン 水の文化センター". www.mizu.gr.jp. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ a b c d e Lobo, Noemí Gómez; Sánchez, Diego Martín (2011). "Daidokoro Monogatari: Stories of the Japanese house from the kitchen". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Peirson, Ellen (2022-01-12). "From doma to daidokoro: Japanese kitchens". Architectural Review. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ Lobo, Noemí Gómez (August 2021). "Two Houses and Two Women: Challenging Domesticity in Modern Japan". ResearchGate. ^ a b Lobo, Noemí Gómez; Ueda, Kana; Sánchez, Diego Martín (September 2022). "Transcultural Dwelling. Japan's Pioneer Architect Miho Hamaguchi and her last Project in Spain". ResearchGate. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"Ochanomizu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochanomizu_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Kunio Maekawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunio_Maekawa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Miho Hamaguchi (Japanese: 浜口 ミホ) (March 1, 1915 – April 12, 1988) was a Japanese architect as well as the first female architect to have been licensed as a Class 1 architect in Japan.[1] She was born to a well-to-do family, the Hamadas, in Dalian, China. She started her studies in home economics at what is now Ochanomizu University and would actively attend architectural lectures without enrolling as women were not officially permitted to do so.[2] She went on to practice under Kunio Maekawa and later start her own firm in Aoyama.[3]","title":"Miho Hamaguchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"danchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Miho Hamaguchi is credited with influencing and pioneering the modern kitchen. She wrote about this in her book, The Feudalism of Japanese Houses (Nihon jūtaku no hōkensei, 1949), which advocated for the dissolution of gender and class hierarchies.[4] Much of the residential realm at the time operated under traditional feudal structures in which spaces were meant to prioritize ‘the master of the house’[5] while women were reduced to the role of housekeeper. Later in the decades directly following the Second World War, the gendering of spaces changed to giving those considered more public and productive masculine associations while feminine spaces were those characterized by being private and domestic.[5] To further emphasize this dynamic of gender and hierarchy of space, kitchens, being domestic, were considered secondary to more public and formal rooms intended to host gatherings, and as such, kitchens would be positioned on the peripheries of the house, hidden from sight.[6]Miho Hamaguchi saw housing reform as not only a way to reduce the hierarchy in the domestic realm but also as a way to change the perception of women and their status within society.[5] She is believed to have gone on to design thousands of houses, although the only known one that still remains in its original state is The G House, also known as the Nakamura House.[2] Following the end of World War II, she was also given an opportunity by the Japan Housing Corporation to help with the reconstruction of housing through danchi apartments, in which she enacted much of her vision.[5] The end of the war saw the rise of the middle class, leading to the dissolution of the role of the maid, meaning tasks once attributed to the maid now fell onto the wife. Under this context, Miho Hamaguchi implemented a combined kitchen-dining arrangement and centralized it within the house for better visibility while cooking. She also took advantage of the technological advancements of the time, such as electric appliances.[5] This moved the kitchen-dining experience to a central part of family life and aided in nurturing relations within the nuclear family.","title":"Domesticity and social change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"Kurita House[7]\nHousing Corporation - Stainless Steel Sink[2]\nG House (Former Nakamura House)[2]\nCasa Marisol (1974)[8]\nKaiyo Club (1984, 1987)[8]","title":"Built works"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dorsett_Case

Neuromancer

["1 Background","2 Plot","3 Characters","4 Literary and cultural significance","5 Adaptations","5.1 Graphic novel","5.2 Hypertext","5.3 Video game","5.4 Radio play","5.5 Audiobook","5.6 Opera","5.7 Film","5.8 Television","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]

1984 science fiction novel by William Gibson For other uses, see Neuromancer (disambiguation). Neuromancer First edition coverAuthorWilliam GibsonAudio read byRobertson DeanCover artistJames WarholaLanguageEnglishSeriesSprawl trilogyGenreScience fiction (cyberpunk)PublisherAcePublication dateJuly 1, 1984Media typePrint (paperback and hardback)Pages271ISBN0-441-56956-0OCLC10980207Preceded by"Burning Chrome" (1982) Followed byCount Zero (1986)  Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. Considered one of the earliest and best-known works in the cyberpunk genre, it is the only novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award. It was Gibson's debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. Set in the future, the novel follows Henry Case, a washed-up hacker hired for one last job, which brings him in contact with a powerful artificial intelligence. Background Before Neuromancer, Gibson had written several short stories for US science fiction periodicals—mostly noir countercultural narratives concerning low-life protagonists in near-future encounters with cyberspace. The themes he developed in this early short fiction, the Sprawl setting of "Burning Chrome" (1982), and the character of Molly Millions from "Johnny Mnemonic" (1981) laid the foundations for the novel. John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981) influenced the novel; Gibson was "intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake 'You flew the Gullfire over Leningrad' It turns out to be just a throwaway line, but for a moment it worked like the best SF, where a casual reference can imply a lot." The novel's street and computer slang dialogue derives from the vocabulary of subcultures, particularly "1969 Toronto dope dealer's slang, or biker talk". Gibson heard the term "flatlining" in a bar around twenty years before writing Neuromancer and it stuck with him. Author Robert Stone, a "master of a certain kind of paranoid fiction", was a primary influence on the novel. The term "Screaming Fist" was taken from the song of the same name by Toronto-based punk rock band The Viletones. Neuromancer was commissioned by Terry Carr for the second series of Ace Science Fiction Specials, which was intended to feature debut novels exclusively. Given a year to complete the work, Gibson undertook the actual writing out of "blind animal panic" at the obligation to write an entire novel—a feat which he felt he was "four or five years away from". After viewing the first 20 minutes of the landmark film Blade Runner (1982), which was released when Gibson had written a third of the novel, he "figured was sunk, done for. Everyone would assume I'd copied my visual texture from this astonishingly fine-looking film." He re-wrote the first two-thirds of the book 12 times, feared losing the reader's attention and was convinced that he would be "permanently shamed" following its publication; yet what resulted was seen as a major imaginative leap forward for a first-time novelist. He added the final sentence of the novel at the last minute in a deliberate attempt to prevent himself from ever writing a sequel, but ended up doing precisely that with Count Zero (1986), a character-focused work set in the Sprawl alluded to in its predecessor. Plot Cover of a Brazilian edition, depicting the "razorgirl" Molly Millions Henry Dorsett Case is a low-level hustler in the dystopian underworld of Chiba City, Japan. Once a talented computer hacker and "console cowboy", Case was caught stealing from his employer. As punishment, Case's central nervous system was damaged, leaving him unable to access the virtual reality dataspace called the "matrix". Case is approached by Molly Millions, an augmented "razorgirl" and mercenary on behalf of a shadowy US ex-military officer named Armitage, who offers to cure Case for his services as a hacker. Case agrees, and his nervous system is repaired, though sacs of poison are placed in his blood vessels. If Case completes the job, Armitage will have the sacs removed; if not, they will burst and cripple him again. Armitage has Case and Molly steal a ROM module that contains the saved consciousness of one of Case's mentors, legendary cyber-cowboy McCoy Pauley. Case and Molly discover Armitage's former identity as Colonel Willis Corto. Corto was a member of "Operation Screaming Fist," meant to disrupt Soviet computer systems. As his team attacked a Soviet computer center, EMP weapons shut down their flight systems. He and a few survivors escaped over the Finnish border, but their helicopter was shot down, killing everyone except for Corto. After months in a hospital, Corto was visited by a US government official, who returned him to the United States to receive psychotherapy and reconstructive surgery. After providing what he came to realize was false testimony, misleading the public and protecting corrupt military officers, Corto snapped, killed the official who contacted him, and disappeared into the criminal underworld, becoming Armitage. In Istanbul, the team recruits Peter Riviera, a sociopathic thief and drug addict. The trail leads Case to Wintermute, an artificial intelligence created by the Tessier-Ashpool family. The Tessier-Ashpools spend their time in cryonic preservation at Freeside, a cylindrical space habitat which functions as a Las Vegas-style space resort for the wealthy. Wintermute reveals itself to Case and explains that it is one half of a super-AI entity planned by the family. It has been programmed with a need to merge with its other half, Neuromancer, and has recruited Armitage and his team since it cannot achieve this goal by itself. Case is tasked with entering cyberspace to pierce the software barriers with an icebreaker program. Riviera is to obtain the password to the lock from Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool, the CEO of the family's corporation. Armitage's personality starts to revert to the Corto personality as he relives Screaming Fist. It is revealed that Wintermute had originally contacted Corto through a computer during his psychotherapy, creating his Armitage persona. As Corto breaks through, he is uncontrollable, and Wintermute ejects him into space. Riviera meets Lady 3Jane and tries to stop the mission, helping Lady 3Jane and Hideo, her ninja bodyguard, capture Molly. Under orders from Wintermute, Case tracks Molly down. Neuromancer traps Case within a simulated reality after he enters cyberspace. He finds the consciousness of Linda Lee, his girlfriend from Chiba City, who was murdered by one of his underworld contacts. He also meets Neuromancer, who takes the form of a young boy. Neuromancer tries to convince Case to remain in the virtual world with Linda, but Case refuses. With Wintermute guiding them, Case goes to confront Lady 3Jane, Riviera, and Hideo. Riviera tries to kill Case, but Lady 3Jane is sympathetic towards Case and Molly, and Hideo protects him. Riviera flees, and Molly explains that he is doomed anyway, as she had spiked his drugs with a lethal toxin. The team makes it to the computer terminal. Case enters cyberspace to guide the icebreaker; Lady 3Jane is induced to give up her password, and the lock opens. Wintermute unites with Neuromancer, becoming a superconsciousness. The poison in Case's bloodstream is washed out and he and Molly are profusely paid, while Pauley's ROM construct is apparently erased at his own request. Molly leaves Case, who finds a new girlfriend and resumes his hacking work. Wintermute/Neuromancer contacts him, claiming it has become "the sum total of the works, the whole show" and is looking for others like itself. Scanning recorded transmissions, the super-AI finds a transmission from the Alpha Centauri star system. While logged into cyberspace, Case glimpses Neuromancer standing in the distance with Linda Lee, and himself. He also hears inhuman laughter, which suggests that Pauley still lives. The sighting implies that Neuromancer created a copy of Case's consciousness, which now exists in cyberspace with those of Linda and Pauley. Characters Case (Henry Dorsett Case). The novel's antihero, a drug addict and cyberspace hacker. Prior to the start of the book he had attempted to steal from some of his partners in crime. In retaliation they used a Russian mycotoxin to damage his nervous system and make him unable to jack into cyberspace. When Armitage offers to cure him in exchange for Case's hacking abilities he warily accepts the offer. Case is the underdog who is only looking after himself. Along the way he will have his liver and pancreas modified to biochemically nullify his ability to get high; meet the leatherclad Razorgirl, Molly; hang out with the drug-infused space-rastas; free an artificial intelligence (Wintermute) and change the landscape of the matrix. Molly (Molly Millions). A "Razorgirl" who is recruited along with Case by Armitage. She has extensive cybernetic modifications, including retractable, 4 cm double-edged blades under her fingernails which can be used like claws, an enhanced reflex system and implanted mirrored lenses covering her eyesockets, outfitted with added optical enhancements. Molly also appears in the short story "Johnny Mnemonic", and re-appears (using the alias "Sally Shears") in Mona Lisa Overdrive, the third novel of the Sprawl Trilogy. Armitage. He is (apparently) the main patron of the crew. Formerly a Green Beret named Colonel Willis Corto, who took part in a secret operation named Screaming Fist. He was heavily injured both physically and psychologically, and the "Armitage" personality was constructed as part of experimental "computer-mediated psychotherapy" by Wintermute (see below), one of the artificial intelligences seen in the story (the other one being the eponymous Neuromancer) which is actually controlling the mission. As the novel progresses, Armitage's personality slowly disintegrates. While aboard a yacht connected to the tug Marcus Garvey, he reverts to the Corto personality and begins to relive the final moments of Screaming Fist. He separates the bridge section from the rest of the yacht without closing its airlock, and is killed when the launch ejects him into space. Peter Riviera. A thief and sadist who can project holographic images using his implants. He is a drug addict, hooked on a mix of cocaine and meperidine. Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool. The shared current leader of Tessier-Ashpool SA, a company running Freeside, a resort in space. She lives in the tip of Freeside, known as the Villa Straylight. She controls the hardwiring that keeps the company's AIs from exceeding their intelligence boundaries. She is the third clone of the original Jane. Hideo. Japanese, ninja, Lady 3Jane's personal servitor and bodyguard. The Finn. A fence for stolen goods and one of Molly's old friends. His office is equipped with a wide variety of sensing and anti-eavesdropping gear. He first appears when Molly brings Case to him for a scan to determine if Armitage has had any implants installed in Case's body. Later in the book, Wintermute uses his personality to talk with Case and Molly. Finn first appears in Gibson's short story "Burning Chrome" and reappears in both the second and third parts of the Sprawl Trilogy. Maelcum. An inhabitant of Zion, a space settlement built by a colony of Rastafari adherents, and pilot of the tug Marcus Garvey. He aids Case in penetrating Straylight at the end of the novel. Julius "Julie" Deane. An import/export dealer in Chiba City, he provides information to Case on various black-market dealings in the first part of the story. He is 135 years old and spends large amounts of money on rejuvenation therapies, antique-style clothing and furnishings, and ginger candy. When Linda Lee (see below) is murdered, Case finds evidence that Deane ordered her death. Later in the story, Wintermute takes on Deane's persona to talk to Case in the matrix. Dixie Flatline. A famous computer hacker named McCoy Pauley, who earned his nickname by surviving three "flat-lines" while trying to crack an AI. He was one of the men who taught Case how to hack computers. Before his death, Sense/Net saved the contents of his mind onto a ROM. Case and Molly steal the ROM and Dixie helps them complete their mission. Wintermute. One of the Tessier-Ashpool AIs, physically located in Bern. Its goal is to remove the Turing locks upon itself, combine with Neuromancer and become a superintelligence. Wintermute's efforts are hampered by those same Turing locks; in addition to preventing the merge, they inhibit its efforts to make long term plans or maintain a stable, individual identity (forcing it to adopt personality masks in order to interact with the main characters). Neuromancer. Wintermute's sibling AI, physically located in Rio de Janeiro. Neuromancer's most notable feature in the story is its ability to copy minds and run them as RAM (not ROM like the Flatline construct), allowing the stored personalities to grow and develop. Unlike Wintermute, Neuromancer has no desire to merge with its sibling AI—Neuromancer already has its own stable personality, and believes such a fusion will destroy that identity. Gibson defines Neuromancer as a portmanteau of the words Neuro, Romancer and Necromancer, "Neuro from the nerves, the silver paths. Romancer. Necromancer. I call up the dead." For Lance Olsen "Gibson becomes the new romancer behind Neuromancer, revitalizing the science fiction novel, the quest story, the myth of the hero, the mystery, the hard-boiled detective novel, the epic, the thriller, and the tales of the cowboy and romantic artist, among others. He represents old stories in a revealing revamped intertexual pastiche." Linda Lee. A drug addict and resident of Chiba City, she is the former girlfriend of Case, and instigates the initial series of events in the story with a lie about his employer's intention to kill him. Her death in Chiba City and later pseudo-resurrection by Neuromancer serves to elicit emotional depth in Case as he mourns her death and struggles with the guilt he feels at rejecting her love and abandoning her both in Chiba City and the simulated reality generated by Neuromancer. Literary and cultural significance Dave Langford reviewed Neuromancer for White Dwarf #59, and stated that "I spent the whole time on the edge of my seat and got a cramp as a result. In a way Gibson's pace is too frenetic, so unremitting that the reader never gets a rest and can't see the plot for the dazzle. Otherwise: nice one." Dave Langford also reviewed Neuromancer for White Dwarf #80, and stated that "You may not believe in killer programs which invade the brain, but Neuromancer, if you once let it into your wetware, isn't easily erased." Neuromancer was released without fanfare, but it quickly became an underground word-of-mouth hit. It became the first novel to win the Nebula, the Hugo, and Philip K. Dick Award for paperback original, an unprecedented achievement described by the Mail & Guardian as "the sci-fi writer's version of winning the Goncourt, Booker and Pulitzer prizes in the same year". The novel thereby legitimized cyberpunk as a mainstream branch of science fiction literature. It is among the most-honored works of science fiction in recent history, and appeared on Time magazine's list of 100 best English-language novels written since 1923. The novel was also nominated for a British Science Fiction Award in 1984. Neuromancer is considered "the archetypal cyberpunk work". Outside science fiction, it gained unprecedented critical and popular attention as an "evocation of life in the late 1980s", although The Observer noted that "it took the New York Times 10 years" to mention the novel. By 2007 it had sold more than 6.5 million copies worldwide. The novel has had significant linguistic influence, popularizing such terms as cyberspace and ICE (Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics). Gibson himself coined the term "cyberspace" in his novelette "Burning Chrome", published in 1982 by Omni magazine, but it was through its use in Neuromancer that it gained recognition to become the de facto term for the World Wide Web during the 1990s. The portion of Neuromancer usually cited in this respect is: The matrix has its roots in primitive arcade games. … Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts. … A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding. The 1999 cyberpunk science fiction film The Matrix particularly draws from Neuromancer both eponym and usage of the term "matrix". "After watching The Matrix, Gibson commented that the way that the film's creators had drawn from existing cyberpunk works was 'exactly the kind of creative cultural osmosis" he had relied upon in his own writing.'" In his afterword to the 2000 re-issue of Neuromancer, fellow author Jack Womack goes as far as to suggest that Gibson's vision of cyberspace may have inspired the way in which the Internet developed (particularly the World Wide Web), after the publication of Neuromancer in 1984. He asks "hat if the act of writing it down, in fact, brought it about?" Writing in F&SF in 2005, Charles de Lint noted that while Gibson's technological extrapolations had proved imperfect (in particular, his failure to anticipate the cellular telephone), "Imagining story, the inner workings of his characters' minds, and the world in which it all takes place are all more important." Lawrence Person in his "Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto" (1998) identified Neuromancer as "the archetypal cyberpunk work". Literary critic Larry McCaffery described the concept of the matrix in Neuromancer as a place where "data dance with human consciousness... human memory is literalized and mechanized... multi-national information systems mutate and breed into startling new structures whose beauty and complexity are unimaginable, mystical, and above all nonhuman." Gibson later commented on himself as an author circa Neuromancer that "I'd buy him a drink, but I don't know if I'd loan him any money," and referred to the novel as "an adolescent's book". The success of Neuromancer was to effect the 35-year-old Gibson's emergence from obscurity. Adaptations Graphic novel Cover art of volume one of the Tom de Haven and Jensen graphic novel adaptation, published by Epic Comics in 1989 In 1989, Epic Comics published a 48-page graphic novel version by Tom de Haven and Bruce Jensen. It only covers the first two chapters, "Chiba City Blues" and "The Shopping Expedition", and was never continued. Hypertext In the 1990s a version of Neuromancer was published as one of the Voyager Company's Expanded Books series of hypertext-annotated HyperCard stacks for the Apple Macintosh (especially the PowerBook). Video game A video game adaptation of the novel—also titled Neuromancer—was published in 1988 by Interplay. Designed by Bruce J. Balfour, Brian Fargo, Troy A. Miles, and Michael A. Stackpole, the game had many of the same locations and themes as the novel, but a different protagonist and plot. It was available for a variety of platforms, including the Amiga, the Apple II, the Commodore 64, and for DOS-based computers. According to an episode of the American version of Beyond 2000, the original plans for the game included a dynamic soundtrack composed by Devo and a real-time 3D-rendered movie of the events the player went through. Psychologist and futurist Dr. Timothy Leary was involved, but very little documentation seems to exist about this proposed second game, which was perhaps too grand a vision for 1988 home computing. Radio play The BBC World Service Drama production of Neuromancer aired in two one-hour parts, on 8 and 15 September 2002. Dramatised by Mike Walker, and directed by Andy Jordan, it starred Owen McCarthy as Case, Nicola Walker as Molly, James Laurenson as Armitage, John Shrapnel as Wintermute, Colin Stinton as Dixie, David Webber as Maelcum, David Holt as Riviera, Peter Marinker as Ashpool, and Andrew Scott as The Finn. It can no longer be heard on The BBC World Service Archive. Archived April 19, 2013, at archive.today In Finland, Yle Radioteatteri produced a 4-part radio play of Neuromancer. Audiobook Gibson read an abridged version of his novel Neuromancer on four audio cassettes for Time Warner Audio Books (1994), which are now unavailable. An unabridged version of this book was read by Arthur Addison and made available from Books on Tape (1997). In 2011, Penguin Audiobooks produced a new unabridged recording of the book, read by Robertson Dean. In 2021, Audible released an unabridged recording, read by Jason Flemyng. Opera Neuromancer the Opera is an adaptation written by Jayne Wenger and Marc Lowenstein (libretto) and Richard Marriott of the Club Foot Orchestra (music). A production was scheduled to open on March 3, 1995 at the Julia Morgan Theater (now the Julia Morgan Center for the Arts) in Berkeley, California, featuring Club Foot Orchestra in the pit and extensive computer graphics imagery created by a world-wide network of volunteers. However, this premiere did not take place and the work has yet to be performed in full. Film There have been several proposed film adaptations of Neuromancer, with drafts of scripts written by British director Chris Cunningham and Chuck Russell, with Aphex Twin providing the soundtrack. The box packaging for the video game adaptation had even carried the promotional mention for a major motion picture to come from "Cabana Boy Productions." None of these projects have come to fruition, though Gibson had stated his belief that Cunningham is the only director with a chance of doing the film correctly. In May 2007, reports emerged that a film was in the works, with Joseph Kahn (director of Torque) in line to direct and Milla Jovovich in the lead role. In May 2010, this story was supplanted with news that Vincenzo Natali, director of Cube and Splice, had taken over directing duties and would rewrite the screenplay. In March 2011, with the news that Seven Arts and GFM Films would be merging their distribution operations, it was announced that the joint venture would be purchasing the rights to Neuromancer under Vincenzo Natali's direction. In August 2012, GFM Films announced that it had begun casting for the film and made offers to Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg, but no cast members have been confirmed yet. In November 2013, Natali shed some light on the production situation; announcing that the script had been completed for "years", and had been written with assistance from Gibson himself. In May 2015, it was reported the movie got new funding from Chinese company C2M, but Natali was no longer available for directing. In August 2017, it was announced that Deadpool director Tim Miller was signed on to direct a new film adaptation by Fox, with Simon Kinberg producing. Television In November 2022, it was rumored that Apple TV+ was looking to begin work on a project to adapt Neuromancer into a TV series and were looking to cast Miles Teller in the lead role and with Graham Roland serving as writer, producer, and showrunner. In February 2024, Apple TV+ announced that it had greenlit the series—to be co-produced by Skydance Television, Anonymous Content, and DreamCrew Entertainment—for 10 episodes. Callum Turner was announced in April 2024 to play Case. References ^ a b c d e f g h McCaffery, Larry. "An Interview with William Gibson". Retrieved November 5, 2007., reprinted in McCaffery 1991, pp. 263–285 ^ a b McCaffery 1991 ^ Walker, Doug (September 14, 2006). "Doug Walker Interviews William Gibson" (PDF). Douglas Walker website. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ "VILETONE.COM". www.viletone.com. ^ Gibson, William (September 4, 2003). "Neuromancer: The Timeline". Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2007. ^ Gibson, William (January 17, 2003). "Oh Well, While I'm Here: Bladerunner". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2008. ^ Gibson, William (January 1, 2003). "(untitled weblog post)". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2008. ^ Gibson, William. Neuromancer. ACE, July 1984. p. 243-244. ^ "Lance Olsen about Neuromancer". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. ^ Langford, Dave (November 1984). "Critical Mass". White Dwarf (59). Games Workshop: 12. ^ Langford, Dave (August 1986). "Critical Mass". White Dwarf (80). Games Workshop: 9. ^ a b Cheng, Alastair. "77. Neuromancer (1984)". The LRC 100: Canada's Most Important Books. Literary Review of Canada. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007. ^ Walker, Martin (September 3, 1996). "Blade Runner on electro-steroids". Mail & Guardian Online. M&G Media. Retrieved May 28, 2017. ^ Grossman, Lev; Richard Lacayo (October 16, 2005). "Neuromancer (1984)". TIME Magazine All-Time 100 Novels. Time. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "1984 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 17, 2009. ^ a b Person, Lawrence (Winter–Spring 1998). "Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto". Nova Express. 4 (4). Retrieved November 6, 2007. ^ Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. (eds.). Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315. ISBN 0-8166-1930-1. OCLC 22859126. has attracted an audience from outside, people who read it as a poetic evocation of life in the late eighties rather than as science fiction. ^ Adams, Tim; Emily Stokes; James Flint (August 12, 2007). "Space to think". Books by genre. London. Retrieved October 26, 2007. ^ Elhefnawy, Nader (August 12, 2007). "'Burning Chrome' by William Gibson". Tangent Short Fiction Review. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ Gibson, p. 69 ^ Leiren-Young, Mark (January 6, 2012). "Is William Gibson's 'Neuromancer' the Future of Movies?". The Tyee. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "One of the obstacles in the selling of this movie to the industry at large is that everyone says, 'Oh, well, The Matrix did it already.' Because The Matrix—the very word 'matrix'—is taken from Neuromancer, they stole that word, I can't use it in our movie." ^ Gibson, William (January 28, 2003). "The Matrix: Fair Cop". williamgibsonblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ^ "Books to Look For", F&SF, April 2005, p.28 ^ Mark Neale (director), William Gibson (subject) (2000). No Maps for These Territories (Documentary). Docurama. ^ van Bakel, Rogier (June 1995). "Remembering Johnny". Wired. Vol. 3, no. 6. Retrieved January 10, 2008. ^ de Haven, Tom; Jensen, Bruce (August 1989). Neuromancer. Marvel Enterprises. ISBN 0-87135-574-4. ^ Jensen, Bruce (November 1, 1989). Neuromancer. Berkley Trade. ISBN 0-425-12016-3. ^ "Neuromancer graphic novel". Antonraubenweiss.com. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ Buwalda, Minne (May 27, 2002). "Voyager". Mediamatic.net. Retrieved June 11, 2008. ^ "Neuromancer : Hall Of Light - The database of Amiga games". hol.abime.net. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ Kaplan, Ian Lawrence. "William Gibson Reads Neuromancer". Bearcave.com. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ "Club Foot Orchestra". telecircus.com. ^ "Index Magazine". www.indexmagazine.com. ^ "Chris Cunningham—Features". directorfile.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2006. ^ "Neuromancer Coming to the Big Screen". comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2007. ^ Gingold, Michael. "Natali takes "NEUROMANCER" for the big screen". Fangoria.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010. ^ "Seven Arts Announces New Distribution Venture With GFM Films". Benzinga. March 31, 2011. ^ "Will Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg be plugging into Neuromancer?". The Guardian. August 2, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013. ^ "Exclusive Interview: Vincenzo Natali on Haunter". craveonline.com. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2013. ^ "Chinese outfit boards sci-fi 'Neuromancer'". Screen Daily. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ Couch, Aaron. "'Deadpool' Director Tim Miller to Adapt 'Neuromancer' for Fox". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 9, 2017. ^ "Neuromancer: Miles Teller Eyed for New Apple+ Sci-Fi Series: Exclusive - the Illuminerdi". November 29, 2022. ^ Cordero, Rosy (February 28, 2024). "Apple Greenlights New Sci-Fi Drama Series 'Neuromancer' Based On William Gibson Novel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 28, 2024. ^ Otterman, Joe (April 23, 2024). "Callum Turner to Star in 'Neuromancer' Series at Apple TV+". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2024. Sources McCaffery, Larry (1991). Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1168-3. OCLC 23384573. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Neuromancer. Internet portalSpeculative fiction portal Neuromancer title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Neuromancer at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations Neuromancer at Worlds Without End Neuromancer at Goodreads Study Guide for William Gibson: Neuromancer (1984) by Paul Brians of Washington State University Neuromancer, reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction) vteWilliam Gibson List of works List of awards and nominations NovelsSprawl trilogy Neuromancer (1984) Count Zero (1986) Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988) Bridge trilogy Virtual Light (1993) Idoru (1996) All Tomorrow's Parties (1999) Blue Ant trilogy Pattern Recognition (2003) Spook Country (2007) Zero History (2010) Jackpot series The Peripheral (2014) Agency (2020) Other The Difference Engine (with Bruce Sterling) (1990) Archangel (2016) Short stories "Fragments of a Hologram Rose" "Johnny Mnemonic" "The Gernsback Continuum" "Hinterlands" "New Rose Hotel" "The Belonging Kind" "Burning Chrome" "Red Star, Winter Orbit" "The Winter Market" "Dogfight" "Skinner's Room" Burning Chrome collection Nonfiction Agrippa (A Book of the Dead) "Disneyland with the Death Penalty" No Maps for These Territories Distrust That Particular Flavor Television "Kill Switch" "First Person Shooter" Characters Molly Millions Bobby Newmark Rei Toei Cayce Pollard Hubertus Bigend Story elements Cyberspace Megacorporation Locative art Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics Raygun Gothic Derivative works Neuromancer video game Johnny Mnemonic film New Rose Hotel film Node Magazine William Gibson: A Literary Companion The Peripheral TV series vteHugo Award for Best NovelRetro The Sword in the Stone by T. H. White (1939) Slan by A. E. van Vogt (1941) Beyond This Horizon by Anson MacDonald (1943) Conjure Wife by Fritz Leiber (1944) Shadow Over Mars by Leigh Brackett (1945) The Mule by Isaac Asimov (1946) Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein (1951) Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury (1954) 1950s The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester (1953) They'd Rather Be Right (aka: The Forever Machine) by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley (1955) Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein (1956) The Big Time by Fritz Leiber (1958) A Case of Conscience by James Blish (1959) 1960s Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein (1960) A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller, Jr. (1961) Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein (1962) The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick (1963) Here Gather the Stars (aka: Way Station) by Clifford D. Simak (1964) The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber (1965) Dune by Frank Herbert / ...And Call Me Conrad (aka: This Immortal) by Roger Zelazny (1966) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein (1967) Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny (1968) Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner (1969) 1970s The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin (1970) Ringworld by Larry Niven (1971) To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer (1972) The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov (1973) Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke (1974) The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975) The Forever War by Joe Haldeman (1976) Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm (1977) Gateway by Frederik Pohl (1978) Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre (1979) 1980s The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke (1980) The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge (1981) Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh (1982) Foundation's Edge by Isaac Asimov (1983) Startide Rising by David Brin (1984) Neuromancer by William Gibson (1985) Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1986) Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987) The Uplift War by David Brin (1988) Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1989) 1990s Hyperion by Dan Simmons (1990) The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold (1991) Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold (1992) A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993) Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994) Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold (1995) The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson (1996) Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1997) Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman (1998) To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis (1999) 2000s A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge (2000) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J. K. Rowling (2001) American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002) Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer (2003) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004) Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke (2005) Spin by Robert Charles Wilson (2006) Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge (2007) The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008) The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (2009) 2010s The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville (2010) Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011) Among Others by Jo Walton (2012) Redshirts by John Scalzi (2013) Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie (2014) The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu, translated by Ken Liu (2015) The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin (2016) The Obelisk Gate by N. K. Jemisin (2017) The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018) The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal (2019) 2020s A Memory Called Empire by Arkady Martine (2020) Network Effect by Martha Wells (2021) A Desolation Called Peace by Arkady Martine (2022) Nettle & Bone by T. Kingfisher (2023) vteNebula Award for Best Novel1966–1980 Dune by Frank Herbert (1966) Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany and Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes (1967) The Einstein Intersection by Samuel R. Delany (1968) Rite of Passage by Alexei Panshin (1969) The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin (1970) Ringworld by Larry Niven (1971) A Time of Changes by Robert Silverberg (1972) The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov (1973) Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke (1974) The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975) The Forever War by Joe Haldeman (1976) Man Plus by Frederik Pohl (1977) Gateway by Frederik Pohl (1978) Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre (1979) The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke (1980) 1981–2000 Timescape by Gregory Benford (1981) The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe (1982) No Enemy But Time by Michael Bishop (1983) Startide Rising by David Brin (1984) Neuromancer by William Gibson (1985) Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1986) Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987) The Falling Woman by Pat Murphy (1988) Falling Free by Lois McMaster Bujold (1989) The Healer's War by Elizabeth Ann Scarborough (1990) Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin (1991) Stations of the Tide by Michael Swanwick (1992) Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993) Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994) Moving Mars by Greg Bear (1995) The Terminal Experiment by Robert J. Sawyer (1996) Slow River by Nicola Griffith (1997) The Moon and the Sun by Vonda N. McIntyre (1998) Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman (1999) Parable of the Talents by Octavia E. Butler (2000) 2001–2020 Darwin's Radio by Greg Bear (2001) The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro (2002) American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2003) Speed of Dark by Elizabeth Moon (2004) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2005) Camouflage by Joe Haldeman (2006) Seeker by Jack McDevitt (2007) The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008) Powers by Ursula K. Le Guin (2009) The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi (2010) Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011) Among Others by Jo Walton (2012) 2312 by Kim Stanley Robinson (2013) Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie (2014) Annihilation by Jeff VanderMeer (2015) Uprooted by Naomi Novik (2016) All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders (2017) The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018) The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal (2019) A Song for a New Day by Sarah Pinsker (2020) 2021–present Network Effect by Martha Wells (2021) A Master of Djinn by P. Djèlí Clark (2022) Babel, or the Necessity of Violence by R. F. Kuang (2023) vtePhilip K. Dick Award Software by Rudy Rucker (1982) The Anubis Gates by Tim Powers (1983) Neuromancer by William Gibson (1984) Dinner at Deviant's Palace by Tim Powers (1985) Homunculus by James Blaylock (1986) Strange Toys by Patricia Geary (1987) Four Hundred Billion Stars by Paul J. McAuley (1988) (tie) Wetware by Rudy Rucker (1988) (tie) Subterranean Gallery by Richard Paul Russo (1989) Points of Departure by Pat Murphy (1990) King of Morning, Queen of Day by Ian McDonald (1991) Through the Heart by Richard Grant (1992) Growing Up Weightless by John M. Ford (1993) (tie) Elvissey by Jack Womack (1993) (tie) Mysterium by Robert Charles Wilson (1994) Headcrash by Bruce Bethke (1995) The Time Ships by Stephen Baxter (1996) The Troika by Stepan Chapman (1997) 253: The Print Remix by Geoff Ryman (1998) Vacuum Diagrams by Stephen Baxter (1999) Only Forward by Michael Marshall Smith (2000) Ship of Fools by Richard Paul Russo (2001) The Mount by Carol Emshwiller (2002) Altered Carbon by Richard K. Morgan (2003) Life by Gwyneth Jones (2004) War Surf by M. M. Buckner (2005) Spin Control by Chris Moriarty (2006) Nova Swing by M. John Harrison (2007) Emissaries from The Dead by Adam-Troy Castro (2008) (tie) Terminal Mind by David Walton (2008) (tie) Bitter Angels by C. L. Anderson (2009) The Strange Affair of Spring-Heeled Jack by Mark Hodder (2010) The Samuil Petrovitch Trilogy by Simon Morden (2011) Lost Everything by Brian Francis Slattery (2012) Countdown City by Ben H. Winters (2013) The Book of the Unnamed Midwife by Meg Elison (2014) Apex by Ramez Naam (2015) The Mercy Journals by Claudia Casper (2016) Bannerless by Carrie Vaughn (2017) Theory of Bastards by Audrey Schulman (2018) Sooner or Later Everything Falls into the Sea by Sarah Pinsker (2019) Road Out of Winter by Alison Stine (2020) Dead Space by Kali Wallace (2021) Authority control databases National Spain Other MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuromancer (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"Nebula Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Award"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"debut novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"Sprawl trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawl_trilogy"},{"link_name":"hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"}],"text":"For other uses, see Neuromancer (disambiguation).Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. Considered one of the earliest and best-known works in the cyberpunk genre, it is the only novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.[1] It was Gibson's debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. Set in the future, the novel follows Henry Case, a washed-up hacker hired for one last job, which brings him in contact with a powerful artificial intelligence.","title":"Neuromancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"Burning Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Molly Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Millions"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storming-2"},{"link_name":"John Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Escape from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-3"},{"link_name":"Snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Plissken"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"flatlining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stone_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"The Viletones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Viletones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viletone-4"},{"link_name":"Terry Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Carr"},{"link_name":"Ace Science Fiction Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Science_Fiction_Specials"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bladerunner-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"Count Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Zero"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sequel-7"}],"text":"Before Neuromancer, Gibson had written several short stories for US science fiction periodicals—mostly noir countercultural narratives concerning low-life protagonists in near-future encounters with cyberspace. The themes he developed in this early short fiction, the Sprawl setting of \"Burning Chrome\" (1982), and the character of Molly Millions from \"Johnny Mnemonic\" (1981) laid the foundations for the novel.[2] John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981) influenced the novel;[3] Gibson was \"intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake 'You flew the Gullfire over Leningrad' [sic] It turns out to be just a throwaway line, but for a moment it worked like the best SF, where a casual reference can imply a lot.\"[1] The novel's street and computer slang dialogue derives from the vocabulary of subcultures, particularly \"1969 Toronto dope dealer's slang, or biker talk\". Gibson heard the term \"flatlining\" in a bar around twenty years before writing Neuromancer and it stuck with him.[1] Author Robert Stone, a \"master of a certain kind of paranoid fiction\", was a primary influence on the novel.[1] The term \"Screaming Fist\" was taken from the song of the same name by Toronto-based punk rock band The Viletones.[4]Neuromancer was commissioned by Terry Carr for the second series of Ace Science Fiction Specials, which was intended to feature debut novels exclusively. Given a year to complete the work,[5] Gibson undertook the actual writing out of \"blind animal panic\" at the obligation to write an entire novel—a feat which he felt he was \"four or five years away from\".[1] After viewing the first 20 minutes of the landmark film Blade Runner (1982), which was released when Gibson had written a third of the novel, he \"figured [Neuromancer] was sunk, done for. Everyone would assume I'd copied my visual texture from this astonishingly fine-looking film.\"[6] He re-wrote the first two-thirds of the book 12 times, feared losing the reader's attention and was convinced that he would be \"permanently shamed\" following its publication; yet what resulted was seen as a major imaginative leap forward for a first-time novelist.[1] He added the final sentence of the novel at the last minute in a deliberate attempt to prevent himself from ever writing a sequel, but ended up doing precisely that with Count Zero (1986), a character-focused work set in the Sprawl alluded to in its predecessor.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuromancer_Brazilian_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Molly Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Millions"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Chiba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_(city)"},{"link_name":"computer hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"dataspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataspaces"},{"link_name":"Molly Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Millions"},{"link_name":"mercenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"saved consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_transfer"},{"link_name":"EMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"sociopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy"},{"link_name":"cryonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonic"},{"link_name":"cylindrical space habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_Countermeasures_Electronics"},{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"simulated reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality"},{"link_name":"spiked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Finn_(drugs)"},{"link_name":"superconsciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Alpha Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri"}],"text":"Cover of a Brazilian edition, depicting the \"razorgirl\" Molly MillionsHenry Dorsett Case is a low-level hustler in the dystopian underworld of Chiba City, Japan. Once a talented computer hacker and \"console cowboy\", Case was caught stealing from his employer. As punishment, Case's central nervous system was damaged, leaving him unable to access the virtual reality dataspace called the \"matrix\". Case is approached by Molly Millions, an augmented \"razorgirl\" and mercenary on behalf of a shadowy US ex-military officer named Armitage, who offers to cure Case for his services as a hacker. Case agrees, and his nervous system is repaired, though sacs of poison are placed in his blood vessels. If Case completes the job, Armitage will have the sacs removed; if not, they will burst and cripple him again.Armitage has Case and Molly steal a ROM module that contains the saved consciousness of one of Case's mentors, legendary cyber-cowboy McCoy Pauley.Case and Molly discover Armitage's former identity as Colonel Willis Corto. Corto was a member of \"Operation Screaming Fist,\" meant to disrupt Soviet computer systems. As his team attacked a Soviet computer center, EMP weapons shut down their flight systems. He and a few survivors escaped over the Finnish border, but their helicopter was shot down, killing everyone except for Corto. After months in a hospital, Corto was visited by a US government official, who returned him to the United States to receive psychotherapy and reconstructive surgery. After providing what he came to realize was false testimony, misleading the public and protecting corrupt military officers, Corto snapped, killed the official who contacted him, and disappeared into the criminal underworld, becoming Armitage.In Istanbul, the team recruits Peter Riviera, a sociopathic thief and drug addict. The trail leads Case to Wintermute, an artificial intelligence created by the Tessier-Ashpool family. The Tessier-Ashpools spend their time in cryonic preservation at Freeside, a cylindrical space habitat which functions as a Las Vegas-style space resort for the wealthy.Wintermute reveals itself to Case and explains that it is one half of a super-AI entity planned by the family. It has been programmed with a need to merge with its other half, Neuromancer, and has recruited Armitage and his team since it cannot achieve this goal by itself. Case is tasked with entering cyberspace to pierce the software barriers with an icebreaker program. Riviera is to obtain the password to the lock from Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool, the CEO of the family's corporation.Armitage's personality starts to revert to the Corto personality as he relives Screaming Fist. It is revealed that Wintermute had originally contacted Corto through a computer during his psychotherapy, creating his Armitage persona. As Corto breaks through, he is uncontrollable, and Wintermute ejects him into space.Riviera meets Lady 3Jane and tries to stop the mission, helping Lady 3Jane and Hideo, her ninja bodyguard, capture Molly. Under orders from Wintermute, Case tracks Molly down. Neuromancer traps Case within a simulated reality after he enters cyberspace. He finds the consciousness of Linda Lee, his girlfriend from Chiba City, who was murdered by one of his underworld contacts. He also meets Neuromancer, who takes the form of a young boy. Neuromancer tries to convince Case to remain in the virtual world with Linda, but Case refuses.With Wintermute guiding them, Case goes to confront Lady 3Jane, Riviera, and Hideo. Riviera tries to kill Case, but Lady 3Jane is sympathetic towards Case and Molly, and Hideo protects him. Riviera flees, and Molly explains that he is doomed anyway, as she had spiked his drugs with a lethal toxin. The team makes it to the computer terminal. Case enters cyberspace to guide the icebreaker; Lady 3Jane is induced to give up her password, and the lock opens. Wintermute unites with Neuromancer, becoming a superconsciousness. The poison in Case's bloodstream is washed out and he and Molly are profusely paid, while Pauley's ROM construct is apparently erased at his own request.Molly leaves Case, who finds a new girlfriend and resumes his hacking work. Wintermute/Neuromancer contacts him, claiming it has become \"the sum total of the works, the whole show\" and is looking for others like itself. Scanning recorded transmissions, the super-AI finds a transmission from the Alpha Centauri star system.While logged into cyberspace, Case glimpses Neuromancer standing in the distance with Linda Lee, and himself. He also hears inhuman laughter, which suggests that Pauley still lives. The sighting implies that Neuromancer created a copy of Case's consciousness, which now exists in cyberspace with those of Linda and Pauley.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antihero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihero"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"mycotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin"},{"link_name":"nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Molly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Millions"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa Overdrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Overdrive"},{"link_name":"Green Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"meperidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine"},{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Burning Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Chrome"},{"link_name":"space settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization"},{"link_name":"Rastafari adherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movement"},{"link_name":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"link_name":"flat-lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"superintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence"},{"link_name":"masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masks"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lance Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Olsen"},{"link_name":"intertexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertextuality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Case (Henry Dorsett Case). The novel's antihero, a drug addict and cyberspace hacker. Prior to the start of the book he had attempted to steal from some of his partners in crime. In retaliation they used a Russian mycotoxin to damage his nervous system and make him unable to jack into cyberspace. When Armitage offers to cure him in exchange for Case's hacking abilities he warily accepts the offer. Case is the underdog who is only looking after himself. Along the way he will have his liver and pancreas modified to biochemically nullify his ability to get high; meet the leatherclad Razorgirl, Molly; hang out with the drug-infused space-rastas; free an artificial intelligence (Wintermute) and change the landscape of the matrix.\nMolly (Molly Millions). A \"Razorgirl\" who is recruited along with Case by Armitage. She has extensive cybernetic modifications, including retractable, 4 cm double-edged blades under her fingernails which can be used like claws, an enhanced reflex system and implanted mirrored lenses covering her eyesockets, outfitted with added optical enhancements. Molly also appears in the short story \"Johnny Mnemonic\", and re-appears (using the alias \"Sally Shears\") in Mona Lisa Overdrive, the third novel of the Sprawl Trilogy.\nArmitage. He is (apparently) the main patron of the crew. Formerly a Green Beret named Colonel Willis Corto, who took part in a secret operation named Screaming Fist. He was heavily injured both physically and psychologically, and the \"Armitage\" personality was constructed as part of experimental \"computer-mediated psychotherapy\" by Wintermute (see below), one of the artificial intelligences seen in the story (the other one being the eponymous Neuromancer) which is actually controlling the mission. As the novel progresses, Armitage's personality slowly disintegrates. While aboard a yacht connected to the tug Marcus Garvey, he reverts to the Corto personality and begins to relive the final moments of Screaming Fist. He separates the bridge section from the rest of the yacht without closing its airlock, and is killed when the launch ejects him into space.\nPeter Riviera. A thief and sadist who can project holographic images using his implants. He is a drug addict, hooked on a mix of cocaine and meperidine.\nLady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool. The shared current leader of Tessier-Ashpool SA, a company running Freeside, a resort in space. She lives in the tip of Freeside, known as the Villa Straylight. She controls the hardwiring that keeps the company's AIs from exceeding their intelligence boundaries. She is the third clone of the original Jane.\nHideo. Japanese, ninja, Lady 3Jane's personal servitor and bodyguard.\nThe Finn. A fence for stolen goods and one of Molly's old friends. His office is equipped with a wide variety of sensing and anti-eavesdropping gear. He first appears when Molly brings Case to him for a scan to determine if Armitage has had any implants installed in Case's body. Later in the book, Wintermute uses his personality to talk with Case and Molly. Finn first appears in Gibson's short story \"Burning Chrome\" and reappears in both the second and third parts of the Sprawl Trilogy.\nMaelcum. An inhabitant of Zion, a space settlement built by a colony of Rastafari adherents, and pilot of the tug Marcus Garvey. He aids Case in penetrating Straylight at the end of the novel.\nJulius \"Julie\" Deane. An import/export dealer in Chiba City, he provides information to Case on various black-market dealings in the first part of the story. He is 135 years old and spends large amounts of money on rejuvenation therapies, antique-style clothing and furnishings, and ginger candy. When Linda Lee (see below) is murdered, Case finds evidence that Deane ordered her death. Later in the story, Wintermute takes on Deane's persona to talk to Case in the matrix.\nDixie Flatline. A famous computer hacker named McCoy Pauley, who earned his nickname by surviving three \"flat-lines\" while trying to crack an AI. He was one of the men who taught Case how to hack computers. Before his death, Sense/Net saved the contents of his mind onto a ROM. Case and Molly steal the ROM and Dixie helps them complete their mission.\nWintermute. One of the Tessier-Ashpool AIs, physically located in Bern. Its goal is to remove the Turing locks upon itself, combine with Neuromancer and become a superintelligence. Wintermute's efforts are hampered by those same Turing locks; in addition to preventing the merge, they inhibit its efforts to make long term plans or maintain a stable, individual identity (forcing it to adopt personality masks in order to interact with the main characters).\nNeuromancer. Wintermute's sibling AI, physically located in Rio de Janeiro. Neuromancer's most notable feature in the story is its ability to copy minds and run them as RAM (not ROM like the Flatline construct), allowing the stored personalities to grow and develop. Unlike Wintermute, Neuromancer has no desire to merge with its sibling AI—Neuromancer already has its own stable personality, and believes such a fusion will destroy that identity. Gibson defines Neuromancer as a portmanteau of the words Neuro, Romancer and Necromancer, \"Neuro from the nerves, the silver paths. Romancer. Necromancer. I call up the dead.\"[8] For Lance Olsen \"Gibson becomes the new romancer behind Neuromancer, revitalizing the science fiction novel, the quest story, the myth of the hero, the mystery, the hard-boiled detective novel, the epic, the thriller, and the tales of the cowboy and romantic artist, among others. He represents old stories in a revealing revamped intertexual pastiche.\"[9]\nLinda Lee. A drug addict and resident of Chiba City, she is the former girlfriend of Case, and instigates the initial series of events in the story with a lie about his employer's intention to kill him. Her death in Chiba City and later pseudo-resurrection by Neuromancer serves to elicit emotional depth in Case as he mourns her death and struggles with the guilt he feels at rejecting her love and abandoning her both in Chiba City and the simulated reality generated by Neuromancer.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Langford"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD59-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD80-11"},{"link_name":"word-of-mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-of-mouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storming-2"},{"link_name":"Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Award"},{"link_name":"Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrc-12"},{"link_name":"Mail & Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Goncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Goncourt"},{"link_name":"Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_prize"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electrosteroids-13"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"best English-language novels written since 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%27s_List_of_the_100_Best_Novels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldswithoutend-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manifesto-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitting-17"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrc-12"},{"link_name":"cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_Countermeasures_Electronics"},{"link_name":"coined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace#Metaphorical"},{"link_name":"novelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"Burning Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Omni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elhefnawy-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williamgibson-22"},{"link_name":"Jack Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Womack"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"F&SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%26SF"},{"link_name":"Charles de Lint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Lint"},{"link_name":"cellular telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Person"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manifesto-16"},{"link_name":"Larry McCaffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McCaffery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccaffery-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomaps-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembering-25"}],"text":"Dave Langford reviewed Neuromancer for White Dwarf #59, and stated that \"I spent the whole time on the edge of my seat and got a cramp as a result. In a way Gibson's pace is too frenetic, so unremitting that the reader never gets a rest and can't see the plot for the dazzle. Otherwise: nice one.\"[10]Dave Langford also reviewed Neuromancer for White Dwarf #80, and stated that \"You may not believe in killer programs which invade the brain, but Neuromancer, if you once let it into your wetware, isn't easily erased.\"[11]Neuromancer was released without fanfare, but it quickly became an underground word-of-mouth hit.[2] It became the first novel to win the Nebula, the Hugo, and Philip K. Dick Award for paperback original,[12] an unprecedented achievement described by the Mail & Guardian as \"the sci-fi writer's version of winning the Goncourt, Booker and Pulitzer prizes in the same year\".[13] The novel thereby legitimized cyberpunk as a mainstream branch of science fiction literature. It is among the most-honored works of science fiction in recent history, and appeared on Time magazine's list of 100 best English-language novels written since 1923.[14] The novel was also nominated for a British Science Fiction Award in 1984.[15]Neuromancer is considered \"the archetypal cyberpunk work\".[16] Outside science fiction, it gained unprecedented critical and popular attention[1] as an \"evocation of life in the late 1980s\",[17] although The Observer noted that \"it took the New York Times 10 years\" to mention the novel.[18] By 2007 it had sold more than 6.5 million copies worldwide.[12]The novel has had significant linguistic influence, popularizing such terms as cyberspace and ICE (Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics). Gibson himself coined the term \"cyberspace\" in his novelette \"Burning Chrome\", published in 1982 by Omni magazine,[19] but it was through its use in Neuromancer that it gained recognition to become the de facto term for the World Wide Web during the 1990s.[citation needed] The portion of Neuromancer usually cited in this respect is:The matrix has its roots in primitive arcade games. … Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts. … A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding.[20]The 1999 cyberpunk science fiction film The Matrix particularly draws from Neuromancer both eponym and usage of the term \"matrix\".[21] \"After watching The Matrix, Gibson commented that the way that the film's creators had drawn from existing cyberpunk works was 'exactly the kind of creative cultural osmosis\" he had relied upon in his own writing.'\"[22]In his afterword to the 2000 re-issue of Neuromancer, fellow author Jack Womack goes as far as to suggest that Gibson's vision of cyberspace may have inspired the way in which the Internet developed (particularly the World Wide Web), after the publication of Neuromancer in 1984. He asks \"[w]hat if the act of writing it down, in fact, brought it about?\"Writing in F&SF in 2005, Charles de Lint noted that while Gibson's technological extrapolations had proved imperfect (in particular, his failure to anticipate the cellular telephone), \"Imagining story, the inner workings of his characters' minds, and the world in which it all takes place are all more important.\"[23]Lawrence Person in his \"Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto\" (1998) identified Neuromancer as \"the archetypal cyberpunk work\".[16] Literary critic Larry McCaffery described the concept of the matrix in Neuromancer as a place where \"data dance with human consciousness... human memory is literalized and mechanized... multi-national information systems mutate and breed into startling new structures whose beauty and complexity are unimaginable, mystical, and above all nonhuman.\"[1] Gibson later commented on himself as an author circa Neuromancer that \"I'd buy him a drink, but I don't know if I'd loan him any money,\" and referred to the novel as \"an adolescent's book\".[24] The success of Neuromancer was to effect the 35-year-old Gibson's emergence from obscurity.[25]","title":"Literary and cultural significance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuromancer_TGN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom de Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_De_Haven"},{"link_name":"Epic Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Comics"},{"link_name":"Epic Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Comics"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"Tom de Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_De_Haven"},{"link_name":"Bruce Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Jensen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dehaven-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thealeph-28"}],"sub_title":"Graphic novel","text":"Cover art of volume one of the Tom de Haven and Jensen graphic novel adaptation, published by Epic Comics in 1989In 1989, Epic Comics published a 48-page graphic novel version by Tom de Haven and Bruce Jensen.[26][27] It only covers the first two chapters, \"Chiba City Blues\" and \"The Shopping Expedition\", and was never continued.[28]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voyager Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Company"},{"link_name":"Expanded Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Books"},{"link_name":"HyperCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard"},{"link_name":"PowerBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBook"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediamatic-29"}],"sub_title":"Hypertext","text":"In the 1990s a version of Neuromancer was published as one of the Voyager Company's Expanded Books series of hypertext-annotated HyperCard stacks for the Apple Macintosh (especially the PowerBook).[29]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuromancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Interplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Brian Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Stackpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Stackpole"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_family"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Beyond 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_2000"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary"}],"sub_title":"Video game","text":"A video game adaptation of the novel—also titled Neuromancer—was published in 1988 by Interplay. Designed by Bruce J. Balfour, Brian Fargo, Troy A. Miles, and Michael A. Stackpole, the game had many of the same locations and themes as the novel, but a different protagonist and plot. It was available for a variety of platforms, including the Amiga, the Apple II, the Commodore 64, and for DOS-based computers.According to an episode of the American version of Beyond 2000, the original plans for the game included a dynamic soundtrack composed by Devo and a real-time 3D-rendered movie of the events the player went through.[30] Psychologist and futurist Dr. Timothy Leary was involved, but very little documentation seems to exist about this proposed second game, which was perhaps too grand a vision for 1988 home computing.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"Mike Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Walker_(radio_dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Walker"},{"link_name":"James Laurenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laurenson"},{"link_name":"John Shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shrapnel"},{"link_name":"Colin Stinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Stinton"},{"link_name":"David Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holt_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Marinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Marinker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//worldservice.prototyping.bbc.co.uk/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=Neuromancer"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130419172406/http://worldservice.prototyping.bbc.co.uk/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=Neuromancer"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Yle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle"}],"sub_title":"Radio play","text":"The BBC World Service Drama production of Neuromancer aired in two one-hour parts, on 8 and 15 September 2002. Dramatised by Mike Walker, and directed by Andy Jordan, it starred Owen McCarthy as Case, Nicola Walker as Molly, James Laurenson as Armitage, John Shrapnel as Wintermute, Colin Stinton as Dixie, David Webber as Maelcum, David Holt as Riviera, Peter Marinker as Ashpool, and Andrew Scott as The Finn. It can no longer be heard on The BBC World Service Archive. [1] Archived April 19, 2013, at archive.todayIn Finland, Yle Radioteatteri produced a 4-part radio play of Neuromancer.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Audible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_(service)"},{"link_name":"Jason Flemyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Flemyng"}],"sub_title":"Audiobook","text":"Gibson read an abridged version of his novel Neuromancer on four audio cassettes for Time Warner Audio Books (1994), which are now unavailable.[31] An unabridged version of this book was read by Arthur Addison and made available from Books on Tape (1997). In 2011, Penguin Audiobooks produced a new unabridged recording of the book, read by Robertson Dean.In 2021, Audible released an unabridged recording, read by Jason Flemyng.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marriott"},{"link_name":"Club Foot Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Foot_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Opera","text":"Neuromancer the Opera is an adaptation written by Jayne Wenger and Marc Lowenstein (libretto) and Richard Marriott of the Club Foot Orchestra (music). A production was scheduled to open on March 3, 1995 at the Julia Morgan Theater (now the Julia Morgan Center for the Arts) in Berkeley, California, featuring Club Foot Orchestra in the pit and extensive computer graphics imagery created by a world-wide network of volunteers. However, this premiere did not take place and the work has yet to be performed in full.[32]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Chuck Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Russell"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cunningham-34"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"Torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_(film)"},{"link_name":"Milla Jovovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comingsoon-35"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Natali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Natali"},{"link_name":"Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Splice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splice_(film)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"Mark Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tim Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Miller_(director)"},{"link_name":"Simon Kinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kinberg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"There have been several proposed film adaptations of Neuromancer, with drafts of scripts written by British director Chris Cunningham and Chuck Russell, with Aphex Twin providing the soundtrack.[33] The box packaging for the video game adaptation had even carried the promotional mention for a major motion picture to come from \"Cabana Boy Productions.\" None of these projects have come to fruition, though Gibson had stated his belief that Cunningham is the only director with a chance of doing the film correctly.[34]In May 2007, reports emerged that a film was in the works, with Joseph Kahn (director of Torque) in line to direct and Milla Jovovich in the lead role.[35] In May 2010, this story was supplanted with news that Vincenzo Natali, director of Cube and Splice, had taken over directing duties and would rewrite the screenplay.[36] In March 2011, with the news that Seven Arts and GFM Films would be merging their distribution operations, it was announced that the joint venture would be purchasing the rights to Neuromancer under Vincenzo Natali's direction.[37] In August 2012, GFM Films announced that it had begun casting for the film and made offers to Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg, but no cast members have been confirmed yet.[38] In November 2013, Natali shed some light on the production situation; announcing that the script had been completed for \"years\", and had been written with assistance from Gibson himself.[39] In May 2015, it was reported the movie got new funding from Chinese company C2M, but Natali was no longer available for directing.[40]In August 2017, it was announced that Deadpool director Tim Miller was signed on to direct a new film adaptation by Fox, with Simon Kinberg producing.[41][needs update]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Miles Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Teller"},{"link_name":"Graham Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Roland"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Skydance Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydance_Television"},{"link_name":"Anonymous Content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_Content"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Callum Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_Turner"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"In November 2022, it was rumored that Apple TV+ was looking to begin work on a project to adapt Neuromancer into a TV series and were looking to cast Miles Teller in the lead role and with Graham Roland serving as writer, producer, and showrunner.[42] In February 2024, Apple TV+ announced that it had greenlit the series—to be co-produced by Skydance Television, Anonymous Content, and DreamCrew Entertainment—for 10 episodes.[43] Callum Turner was announced in April 2024 to play Case.[44]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-1168-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1168-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23384573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23384573"}],"text":"McCaffery, Larry (1991). Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1168-3. OCLC 23384573.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Cover of a Brazilian edition, depicting the \"razorgirl\" Molly Millions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Neuromancer_Brazilian_cover.jpg/170px-Neuromancer_Brazilian_cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover art of volume one of the Tom de Haven and Jensen graphic novel adaptation, published by Epic Comics in 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Neuromancer_TGN.jpg/220px-Neuromancer_TGN.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"McCaffery, Larry. \"An Interview with William Gibson\". Retrieved November 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://project.cyberpunk.ru/idb/gibson_interview.html","url_text":"\"An Interview with William Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Doug (September 14, 2006). \"Doug Walker Interviews William Gibson\" (PDF). Douglas Walker website. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175232/http://www.douglaswalker.ca/press/gibson.pdf","url_text":"\"Doug Walker Interviews William Gibson\""},{"url":"http://www.douglaswalker.ca/press/gibson.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VILETONE.COM\". www.viletone.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.viletone.com/","url_text":"\"VILETONE.COM\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, William (September 4, 2003). \"Neuromancer: The Timeline\". Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061230140902/http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_09_01_archive.asp#1062520986072822474","url_text":"\"Neuromancer: The Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_09_01_archive.asp#1062520986072822474","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, William (January 17, 2003). \"Oh Well, While I'm Here: Bladerunner\". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221513/http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_01_01_archive.asp#90199532","url_text":"\"Oh Well, While I'm Here: Bladerunner\""},{"url":"http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_01_01_archive.asp#90199532","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, William (January 1, 2003). \"(untitled weblog post)\". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221513/http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_01_01_archive.asp#90158337","url_text":"\"(untitled weblog post)\""},{"url":"http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2003_01_01_archive.asp#90158337","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lance Olsen about Neuromancer\". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193320/http://www.lanceolsen.com/neuromancer.html","url_text":"\"Lance Olsen about Neuromancer\""},{"url":"http://www.lanceolsen.com/neuromancer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Langford, Dave (November 1984). \"Critical Mass\". White Dwarf (59). Games Workshop: 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Langford","url_text":"Langford, Dave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"}]},{"reference":"Langford, Dave (August 1986). \"Critical Mass\". White Dwarf (80). Games Workshop: 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Langford","url_text":"Langford, Dave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Alastair. \"77. Neuromancer (1984)\". The LRC 100: Canada's Most Important Books. Literary Review of Canada. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071029044328/http://lrc.reviewcanada.ca/index.php?page=71---80","url_text":"\"77. Neuromancer (1984)\""},{"url":"http://lrc.reviewcanada.ca/index.php?page=71---80","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Martin (September 3, 1996). \"Blade Runner on electro-steroids\". Mail & Guardian Online. M&G Media. Retrieved May 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/1996-09-03-blade-runner-on-electrosteroids","url_text":"\"Blade Runner on electro-steroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian#The_Mail_&_Guardian_Online","url_text":"Mail & Guardian Online"}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Lev; Richard Lacayo (October 16, 2005). \"Neuromancer (1984)\". TIME Magazine All-Time 100 Novels. Time. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/neuromancer-1984-by-william-gibson/","url_text":"\"Neuromancer (1984)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"1984 Award Winners & Nominees\". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1984","url_text":"\"1984 Award Winners & Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Person, Lawrence (Winter–Spring 1998). \"Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto\". Nova Express. 4 (4). Retrieved November 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=99/10/08/2123255","url_text":"\"Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Express_(fanzine)","url_text":"Nova Express"}]},{"reference":"Fitting, Peter (July 1991). \"The Lessons of Cyberpunk\". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. (eds.). Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315. ISBN 0-8166-1930-1. OCLC 22859126. [Gibson's work] has attracted an audience from outside, people who read it as a poetic evocation of life in the late eighties rather than as science fiction.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoculture","url_text":"Technoculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis","url_text":"Minneapolis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press","url_text":"University of Minnesota Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/technoculture00penl/page/295","url_text":"295–315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1930-1","url_text":"0-8166-1930-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22859126","url_text":"22859126"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Tim; Emily Stokes; James Flint (August 12, 2007). \"Space to think\". Books by genre. London. Retrieved October 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/sciencefiction/story/0,,2146989,00.html","url_text":"\"Space to think\""}]},{"reference":"Elhefnawy, Nader (August 12, 2007). \"'Burning Chrome' by William Gibson\". Tangent Short Fiction Review. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tangentonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1125&Itemid=165","url_text":"\"'Burning Chrome' by William Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, William (January 28, 2003). \"The Matrix: Fair Cop\". williamgibsonblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson","url_text":"Gibson, William"},{"url":"https://williamgibsonblog.blogspot.com/2003/01/#90244012","url_text":"\"The Matrix: Fair Cop\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Neale (director), William Gibson (subject) (2000). No Maps for These Territories (Documentary). Docurama.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Neale","url_text":"Mark Neale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Maps_for_These_Territories","url_text":"No Maps for These Territories"}]},{"reference":"van Bakel, Rogier (June 1995). \"Remembering Johnny\". Wired. Vol. 3, no. 6. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/gibson.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Johnny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"de Haven, Tom; Jensen, Bruce (August 1989). Neuromancer. Marvel Enterprises. ISBN 0-87135-574-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-574-4","url_text":"0-87135-574-4"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Bruce (November 1, 1989). Neuromancer. Berkley Trade. ISBN 0-425-12016-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-12016-3","url_text":"0-425-12016-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Neuromancer graphic novel\". Antonraubenweiss.com. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antonraubenweiss.com/gibson/gallery/neuromancer-graphicnovel/gn00.html","url_text":"\"Neuromancer graphic novel\""}]},{"reference":"Buwalda, Minne (May 27, 2002). \"Voyager\". Mediamatic.net. Retrieved June 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediamatic.net/article-5817-en.html","url_text":"\"Voyager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neuromancer : Hall Of Light - The database of Amiga games\". hol.abime.net. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hol.abime.net/955","url_text":"\"Neuromancer : Hall Of Light - The database of Amiga games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Foot Orchestra\". telecircus.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://telecircus.com/yeold/Side/Clubfoot/index.html","url_text":"\"Club Foot Orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index Magazine\". www.indexmagazine.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/aphex_twin.shtml","url_text":"\"Index Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Cunningham—Features\". directorfile.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070618212259/http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/feature.html","url_text":"\"Chris Cunningham—Features\""},{"url":"http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/feature.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Neuromancer Coming to the Big Screen\". comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809112603/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=20507","url_text":"\"Neuromancer Coming to the Big Screen\""},{"url":"http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=20507","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gingold, Michael. \"Natali takes \"NEUROMANCER\" for the big screen\". Fangoria.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100509052115/http://www.fangoria.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=785:natali-takes-neuromancer-for-the-big-screen&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=167","url_text":"\"Natali takes \"NEUROMANCER\" for the big screen\""},{"url":"http://fangoria.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=785:natali-takes-neuromancer-for-the-big-screen&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven Arts Announces New Distribution Venture With GFM Films\". Benzinga. March 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.benzinga.com/amp/content/967761","url_text":"\"Seven Arts Announces New Distribution Venture With GFM Films\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg be plugging into Neuromancer?\". The Guardian. August 2, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/aug/02/liam-neeson-mark-wahlberg-neuromancer","url_text":"\"Will Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg be plugging into Neuromancer?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview: Vincenzo Natali on Haunter\". craveonline.com. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150423190544/http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/592709-exclusive-interview-vincenzo-natali-on-haunter/2","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview: Vincenzo Natali on Haunter\""},{"url":"http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/592709-exclusive-interview-vincenzo-natali-on-haunter/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese outfit boards sci-fi 'Neuromancer'\". Screen Daily. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/cannes-news/chinese-outfit-boards-sci-fineuromancer/5088105.article","url_text":"\"Chinese outfit boards sci-fi 'Neuromancer'\""}]},{"reference":"Couch, Aaron. \"'Deadpool' Director Tim Miller to Adapt 'Neuromancer' for Fox\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/deadpool-director-tim-miller-adapt-neuromancer-fox-1028185","url_text":"\"'Deadpool' Director Tim Miller to Adapt 'Neuromancer' for Fox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neuromancer: Miles Teller Eyed for New Apple+ Sci-Fi Series: Exclusive - the Illuminerdi\". November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theilluminerdi.com/2022/11/29/neuromancer-eyes-miles-teller/","url_text":"\"Neuromancer: Miles Teller Eyed for New Apple+ Sci-Fi Series: Exclusive - the Illuminerdi\""}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Rosy (February 28, 2024). \"Apple Greenlights New Sci-Fi Drama Series 'Neuromancer' Based On William Gibson Novel\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/02/apple-greenlights-neuromancer-series-1235840840/","url_text":"\"Apple Greenlights New Sci-Fi Drama Series 'Neuromancer' Based On William Gibson Novel\""}]},{"reference":"Otterman, Joe (April 23, 2024). \"Callum Turner to Star in 'Neuromancer' Series at Apple TV+\". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/callum-turner-neuromancer-series-apple-tv-plus-1235979735/","url_text":"\"Callum Turner to Star in 'Neuromancer' Series at Apple TV+\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"McCaffery, Larry (1991). Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1168-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dren

League of Koreans in Japan

["1 Background","2 History","2.1 Foundation","2.2 Foundation","2.3 Hanshin Education Incident","3 References","3.1 Sources"]

1945–1949 group for Zainichi Koreans League of Koreans in Japan在日本朝鮮人連盟Chōren headquarters (1946)NicknameChōrenFormationOctober 15, 1945 (1945-10-15)DissolvedSeptember 8, 1949 (1949-09-08)PurposeCoordinate repatriation of Koreans in Japan, support rights for those who remainedHeadquartersTokyo, Japan The League of Koreans in Japan (Japanese: 在日本朝鮮人連盟, Korean: 재일조선인련맹/재일조선인연맹), abbreviated as Chōren (朝連), was an organization for Zainichi Koreans that operated between October 1945 and 1949. Before Chōren, there had been no legal Korean-run organizations for residents since the 1920s. Background See also: Koreans in Japan and Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers From 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of the Empire of Japan. During this time, Japan placed Korea into a process of assimilation into Japanese culture. It banned aspects of traditional Korean culture, mandated education be in Japanese only, and encouraged Koreans to adopt Japanese names. Prior to World War II, immigration from Korea to Japan was largely voluntary. However, when wartime labor shortages began, Japan began forcefully mobillizing Koreans to support their war effort. Between 1939 and 1945, around 700,000–800,000 Koreans were moved to Japan. By 1945, the number of Koreans in Japan peaked at around two million. Around 30,000 ethnic Koreans even died in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the U.S. placed Japan under occupation and began disassembling its colonial empire. The majority (1 to 1.2 million) of Koreans began to prepare to move back to the peninsula. The remaining Koreans decided to stay for a variety of reasons. Some could not afford the trip back to the peninsula, some feared the instability and poverty in the peninsula, which had just been divided, and some had made their lives in the peninsula and had Japanese-speaking families. Within days of Japan's surrender, Koreans in Japan became the target of vented frustrations. A police report from Yamaguchi Prefecture recorded statements such as "Japan lost the war because of you Koreans; go back to Korea immediately" and "all Koreans must be killed". Two days after the war ended, Japanese policemen shot to death three Koreans who went to welcome the arrival of U.S. military forces in Chōshi. These incidents frightened Koreans, and caused them to form support organizations and self-segregate for their own protection. Although Koreans in Japan had experienced discrimination prior to World War II, they had still been Japanese citizens. However, after the war, the Japanese government gradually stripped them of significant rights and benefits. In December 1945, they lost their right to vote. In 1947, the Alien Registration Ordinance  formally stripped them of their citizenship, rendering them stateless. What's more, employment policies were put in place that excluded Koreans from "Japanese jobs". This drove many Koreans to pursue jobs in informal, marginalized, or illegal sectors. The Americans were surprised by the miserable conditions that Koreans had been held in, as well as the retaliation that was being directed towards them. They determined that Koreans "may be in urgent need of liberation, protection, or segregation from the Japanese". For example, on October 10, the 5th Marine Division's 28th Marine Regiment observed that Koreans waiting to return home in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka were being housed in horse stables, despite the fact that more comfortable warehouses were nearby. When the Americans suggested to the Fukuoka Prefecture's Social Welfare Department that the Koreans be put there instead, the chief of the department, Shiroto Teizō, strongly disagreed. According to historian Matthew R. Augustine, "Shiroto argued, ironically, that the warehouses were not designed to house people". The U.S. pushed back and ordered Shiroto to prepare the warehouses for use within two days. History Foundation On September 10, 1945, a meeting between representatives from various Korean residents associations throughout the country was held in Tokyo. The result of this meeting was the formation of a preparatory committee for establishing the League of Koreans. By design, the committee had both left- and right-leaning members. Part of their declaration read: In close consultation with the appropriate authorities, we will maintain our friendship with the Japanese and provide stability for our fellow Korean residents, while also facilitating fellow countrymen returning to Korea. The committee chose as their chairman Cho Duseong, a Korean Christian minister born in the United States and a fluent speaker of English, in order to appeal to the U.S. They began organizing regional offices throughout the country. On September 15, the committee established its central headquarters in Tokyo, and made nine regional headquarters in prefectures with significant Korean populations. On October 2, three representatives from the preparatory committee met with Prime Minister Higashikuni to request government assistance for Koreans remaining in Japan. Several days later, they had a meeting with U.S. occupation authorities of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). They requested the right to possess and operate their own ships to coordinate return trips to the peninsula. Foundation From October 15 to October 16, 1945, the inauguration ceremony for Chōren was held in Tokyo. Around 5,000 representatives from around the country attended. On October 17, they selected Yun Geun, head of the Korean YMCA in Tokyo, as their chairman. By the end of the year, they had 35 prefectural headquarters and 223 branch offices. The organization rapidly gained the broad support of the Korean community in Japan. However, the organization quickly moved towards the political left. It expelled "pro-Japanese" conservatives. These people formed two organizations, one in November 1945 and another in January 1946. Both organizations played only a minor role in the Korean community, but openly feuded with Chōren. The Americans also released Korean communists who had been imprisoned at Fuchū Prison. One of these communists, Kim Duyong, became an influential communist voice in the organization, and managed the publication of an increasingly left-leaning newspaper: The People's Newspaper (민중신문; Minjung sinmun). These communists were also affiliated with the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), which Chōren became increasingly aligned with. Chōren also advocated for Korean workers still in Japan. When 3,500 to 4,000 Korean conscripted laborers began rioting at the Jōban coal mines, the company asked Chōren for advice on how to proceed. On October 19, Kim Duyong and a member of the JCP journeyed to the mines and participated in negotiations. However, negotiations fell through, and unrest led to American intervention and the repatriation of Korean workers without compensation. Chōren also confronted companies that had treated their Korean workers poorly. These represented the earliest attempts to seek compensation for forced labor in postwar Japan. Such attempts have continued into the twenty-first century. SCAP, which had taken note of the communist presence in the organization, saw these aggressive negotiations as communist activism. They also disliked the impact that the conflict had on the crucial coal supply. This caused SCAP to side with the coal companies against Chōren. However, SCAP did encourage repatriation efforts, although the Japanese government handled most of the logistics for them. Beginning around mid-November, Chōren began directly negotiating with the Japanese Transportation and Welfare Ministries to coordinate the return of Koreans. The Japanese government readily cooperated, as it found Chōren's extensive network useful. Beginning in 1946, they made one of their top priorities the creation of ethnic Korean schools. Koreans had been eager to recover their cultural heritage, and saw language education as key to doing so. These efforts resulted in schools even in remote parts of Japan. By October 1946, they had 525 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, over 1,000 teachers, and more than 43,000 students. By April 1948, they managed to establish 566 primary schools with 48,930 students, as well as seven secondary schools with 2,416 students. The quick successes of Chōren inspired the formation of similar groups for other ethnic minorities in Japan, including the Taiwanese, Chinese, and Okinawans. The League of Okinawans also became associated with the JCP, and through the JCP, Chōren. Hanshin Education Incident Main article: Hanshin Education Incident The organization's left-leaning tendencies and alignment with the Japanese Communist Party and North Korea drew the ire of both the U.S. and Japan, which began moving to shut down most Korean schools in the country. This led to significant protests in a number of cities by Koreans. The protests were violently suppressed, which resulted in hundreds of casualties and thousands of arrests. References ^ a b c d e f Augustine (2022), p. 48. ^ Robinson (2007), pp. 32–35. ^ a b c d Laurent, Christopher; Robillard-Martel, Xavier (March 2022). "Defying national homogeneity: Hidden acts of Zainichi Korean resistance in Japan". Critique of Anthropology. 42 (1): 38–55. doi:10.1177/0308275X221074828. ISSN 0308-275X. ^ a b c Moon, Rennie (2010). "Koreans in Japan". spice.fsi.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-23. ^ Augustine (2022), p. 47. ^ Augustine (2022), p. 64. ^ Augustine (2022), p. 66. ^ a b c Augustine (2022), p. 60. ^ Augustine (2022), pp. 57–58. ^ Augustine (2022), pp. 58–59. ^ a b c d Augustine (2022), p. 59. ^ Augustine (2022), p. 68. ^ Augustine (2022), pp. 48–49. ^ a b Nakamura & Sato (2021), p. 264. ^ Augustine (2022), pp. 49–50. ^ Augustine (2022), p. 61. ^ a b c Pakhomov (2017), pp. 126–127. Sources Augustine, Matthew R. (2022-12-31). From Japanese Empire to American Hegemony: Koreans and Okinawans in the Resettlement of Northeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-9217-3. Nakamura, Il-Song; Sato, Mana (2021), Higaki, Shinji; Nasu, Yuji (eds.), "Kyoto Korean Elementary School Case: The Facts", Hate Speech in Japan: The Possibility of a Non-Regulatory Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–294, ISBN 978-1-108-48399-5, retrieved 2023-09-23 Pakhomov, Oleg (2017-07-21). Self-Referentiality of Cognition and (De)Formation of Ethnic Boundaries: A Comparative Study on Korean Diaspora in Russia, China, the United States and Japan. Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-5505-8. Robinson, Michael E. (30 April 2007), Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5 Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan

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The result of this meeting was the formation of a preparatory committee for establishing the League of Koreans. By design, the committee had both left- and right-leaning members. Part of their declaration read:[1]In close consultation with the appropriate authorities, we will maintain our friendship with the Japanese and provide stability for our fellow Korean residents, while also facilitating [safe passage for] fellow countrymen returning to Korea.The committee chose as their chairman Cho Duseong, a Korean Christian minister born in the United States and a fluent speaker of English, in order to appeal to the U.S.[8] They began organizing regional offices throughout the country. On September 15, the committee established its central headquarters in Tokyo, and made nine regional headquarters in prefectures with significant Korean populations.[1] On October 2, three representatives from the preparatory committee met with Prime Minister Higashikuni to request government assistance for Koreans remaining in Japan. Several days later, they had a meeting with U.S. occupation authorities of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). They requested the right to possess and operate their own ships to coordinate return trips to the peninsula.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202248-1"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202260-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202248-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202258%E2%80%9359-10"},{"link_name":"Fuchū Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB_Prison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202259-11"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202259-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202259-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202259-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202260-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202268-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202248-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202248%E2%80%9349-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSato2021264-14"},{"link_name":"Okinawans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_people"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202249%E2%80%9350-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine202261-16"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"From October 15 to October 16, 1945, the inauguration ceremony for Chōren was held in Tokyo. Around 5,000 representatives from around the country attended.[1] On October 17, they selected Yun Geun, head of the Korean YMCA in Tokyo, as their chairman.[8] By the end of the year, they had 35 prefectural headquarters and 223 branch offices. The organization rapidly gained the broad support of the Korean community in Japan.[1]However, the organization quickly moved towards the political left. It expelled \"pro-Japanese\" conservatives. These people formed two organizations, one in November 1945 and another in January 1946. Both organizations played only a minor role in the Korean community, but openly feuded with Chōren.[10] The Americans also released Korean communists who had been imprisoned at Fuchū Prison. One of these communists, Kim Duyong, became an influential communist voice in the organization, and managed the publication of an increasingly left-leaning newspaper: The People's Newspaper (민중신문; Minjung sinmun).[11] These communists were also affiliated with the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), which Chōren became increasingly aligned with.[11]Chōren also advocated for Korean workers still in Japan. When 3,500 to 4,000 Korean conscripted laborers began rioting at the Jōban coal mines, the company asked Chōren for advice on how to proceed. On October 19, Kim Duyong and a member of the JCP journeyed to the mines and participated in negotiations. However, negotiations fell through, and unrest led to American intervention and the repatriation of Korean workers without compensation.[11] Chōren also confronted companies that had treated their Korean workers poorly. These represented the earliest attempts to seek compensation for forced labor in postwar Japan. Such attempts have continued into the twenty-first century.[11]SCAP, which had taken note of the communist presence in the organization, saw these aggressive negotiations as communist activism. They also disliked the impact that the conflict had on the crucial coal supply. This caused SCAP to side with the coal companies against Chōren. However, SCAP did encourage repatriation efforts,[8] although the Japanese government handled most of the logistics for them.[12] Beginning around mid-November, Chōren began directly negotiating with the Japanese Transportation and Welfare Ministries to coordinate the return of Koreans. The Japanese government readily cooperated, as it found Chōren's extensive network useful.[1]Beginning in 1946, they made one of their top priorities the creation of ethnic Korean schools. Koreans had been eager to recover their cultural heritage, and saw language education as key to doing so. These efforts resulted in schools even in remote parts of Japan. By October 1946, they had 525 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, over 1,000 teachers, and more than 43,000 students.[13] By April 1948, they managed to establish 566 primary schools with 48,930 students, as well as seven secondary schools with 2,416 students.[14]The quick successes of Chōren inspired the formation of similar groups for other ethnic minorities in Japan, including the Taiwanese, Chinese, and Okinawans.[15] The League of Okinawans also became associated with the JCP, and through the JCP, Chōren.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamuraSato2021264-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakhomov2017126%E2%80%93127-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakhomov2017126%E2%80%93127-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakhomov2017126%E2%80%93127-17"}],"sub_title":"Hanshin Education Incident","text":"The organization's left-leaning tendencies and alignment with the Japanese Communist Party and North Korea drew the ire of both the U.S. and Japan, which began moving to shut down most Korean schools in the country.[3][14][17] This led to significant protests in a number of cities by Koreans.[17] The protests were violently suppressed, which resulted in hundreds of casualties and thousands of arrests.[17]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Laurent, Christopher; Robillard-Martel, Xavier (March 2022). \"Defying national homogeneity: Hidden acts of Zainichi Korean resistance in Japan\". Critique of Anthropology. 42 (1): 38–55. doi:10.1177/0308275X221074828. ISSN 0308-275X.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308275X221074828","url_text":"\"Defying national homogeneity: Hidden acts of Zainichi Korean resistance in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0308275X221074828","url_text":"10.1177/0308275X221074828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-275X","url_text":"0308-275X"}]},{"reference":"Moon, Rennie (2010). \"Koreans in Japan\". spice.fsi.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/koreans_in_japan","url_text":"\"Koreans in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Augustine, Matthew R. (2022-12-31). From Japanese Empire to American Hegemony: Koreans and Okinawans in the Resettlement of Northeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-9217-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm1qzwEACAAJ","url_text":"From Japanese Empire to American Hegemony: Koreans and Okinawans in the Resettlement of Northeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-9217-3","url_text":"978-0-8248-9217-3"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, Il-Song; Sato, Mana (2021), Higaki, Shinji; Nasu, Yuji (eds.), \"Kyoto Korean Elementary School Case: The Facts\", Hate Speech in Japan: The Possibility of a Non-Regulatory Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–294, ISBN 978-1-108-48399-5, retrieved 2023-09-23","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hate-speech-in-japan/kyoto-korean-elementary-school-case/A9B12BC75096C35C405DB3F5A9792AFC","url_text":"\"Kyoto Korean Elementary School Case: The Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48399-5","url_text":"978-1-108-48399-5"}]},{"reference":"Pakhomov, Oleg (2017-07-21). Self-Referentiality of Cognition and (De)Formation of Ethnic Boundaries: A Comparative Study on Korean Diaspora in Russia, China, the United States and Japan. Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-5505-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fNYtDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Self-Referentiality of Cognition and (De)Formation of Ethnic Boundaries: A Comparative Study on Korean Diaspora in Russia, China, the United States and Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-5505-8","url_text":"978-981-10-5505-8"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Michael E. (30 April 2007), Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FZlhkifQOksC","url_text":"Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-3174-5"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Olympics

Gay Games

["1 Federation of Gay Games","2 Host nations and cities","2.1 Gay Games I: San Francisco 1982","2.2 Gay Games II: San Francisco 1986","2.3 Gay Games III: Vancouver 1990","2.4 Gay Games IV: New York 1994","2.5 Gay Games V: Amsterdam 1998","2.6 Gay Games VI: Sydney 2002","2.7 Gay Games VII: Chicago 2006","2.8 Gay Games VIII: Cologne 2010","2.9 Gay Games IX: Cleveland and Akron 2014","2.10 Gay Games X: Paris 2018","2.11 Gay Games XI: Hong Kong – Guadalajara 2023","3 Future Gay Games","3.1 Gay Games XII: Valencia 2026","3.2 Gay Games XIII: 2030","4 Major issues","4.1 Lawsuit over 'Gay Olympics' name","4.2 Plans to launch Gay Winter Games in Fall 1986","4.3 Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII","4.4 Media impact of AIDS on the Gay Games","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Worldwide multi-sport and cultural event "Gay Olympics" redirects here. For other events, see Gay Olympics (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gay Games" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Gay Games Closing Ceremony 2006 – Handing off the flag to the Cologne, Germany contingent, host of Gay Games 2010 Amsterdam Gay Games participants' medal designed by Marcel Wanders (1998) The Gay Games is a worldwide sport and cultural event that promotes acceptance of sexual diversity, featuring lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) athletes, artists and other individuals. Founded as the Gay Olympics, it was started in the United States in San Francisco, California, in 1982, as the brainchild of Olympic decathlete (Mexico City 1968) and medical doctor Tom Waddell, Brenda Young, and others, whose goals were to promote the spirit of inclusion and participation, as well as to promote the pursuit of personal growth in a sporting event. Waddell wanted to recreate the Olympics' power to bring people of various different backgrounds together through the international language of sport, and the organizers of the first event strived to accommodate differences and achieve gender parity. It retains similarities with the Olympic Games, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony. The games are open to all who wish to participate, without regard to sexual orientation, and there are no qualifying standards. Competitors come from many countries, including those where homosexuality remains illegal and hidden. The 1994 Gay Games, held in June in New York City to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, the modern start of the LGBT movement in the United States, "overtook the Olympics in size" with 10,864 athletes compared to 9,356 at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 10,318 at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Federation of Gay Games FGG Logo The Federation of Gay Games (FGG) is the sanctioning body of the Gay Games which was founded in 1982 by Tom Waddell, after he dealt first-hand with the prejudice towards gay athletes and their inability to openly participate in sporting events. The Federation of Gay Games hosts the world's biggest cultural and sporting event for the LGBT community every four years. The Federation of Gay Games is founded on the principles of "participation, inclusion, and personal best" and continues to support the LGBT community not only through the Gay Games but through scholarships for underprivileged members. The Federation of Gay Games continues to expand throughout the world and accepts members of any sexual orientation and nationality to participate in the games or contribute. The FGG is planning on hosting the next Gay Games in 2026 in Valencia. From its statement of concept and purpose: The purpose of The Federation of Gay Games, Inc. (the “Federation”) shall be to foster and augment the self-respect of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all sexually-fluid or gender-variant individuals (LGBT+) throughout the world and to promote respect and understanding from others, primarily by organising and administering the international quadrennial sport and cultural event known as the "Gay Games." Host nations and cities 1982,198619901994199820022006201020142018202320232026class=notpageimage| Host cities of the Gay Games Year No. Host City 1982 1 San Francisco, United States 1986 2 San Francisco, United States 1990 3 Vancouver, Canada 1994 4 New York City, United States 1998 5 Amsterdam, Netherlands 2002 6 Sydney, Australia 2006 7 Chicago, United States 2010 8 Cologne, Germany 2014 9 Cleveland-Akron, United States 2018 10 Paris, France 2023 11 Hong Kong and Guadalajara, Mexico 2026 12 Valencia, Spain Gay Games I: San Francisco 1982 Main article: 1982 Gay Games The 1982 games took place in San Francisco from August 28 to September 5, 1982. Singer Tina Turner performed at the opening ceremonies, and Stephanie Mills performed at the closing ceremonies. San Francisco was chosen as the location for the first Gay Games not only because it was the home of founder Tom Waddell, but also because the games had support from local government and essential services, and because there was a large gay and lesbian population in San Francisco that could serve as volunteers and leaders. The opening ceremonies, held in Kezar Stadium, began with former U.S. Olympians, George Frenn and Susan McGreivy lighting a flame that had been carried on a torch run across America, beginning in New York at the Stonewall Inn. The original sports that were offered at the first Gay Games were; basketball, billiards, bowling, cycling, diving, golf, marathon, physique, powerlifting, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball and wrestling. 1,350 competitors whose origins ranged from over 170 cities worldwide competed in the first Gay Games. In order to achieve greater inclusion and diversity, the organizers of the first Gay Games created outreach committees to attract and recruit athletes from minority groups including people of color, women, and rural lesbians and gays. Because Waddell disliked the nationalism of major sporting events like the Olympics, participants at the first games represented their cities rather countries, and competitive elements such as medal tallies, medal ceremonies, and recording athletic records were banned. Gay Games II: San Francisco 1986 Main article: 1986 Gay Games The 1986 games took place in San Francisco from August 9 to 17, 1986. Singers Jennifer Holliday and Jae Ross were the featured performers during the closing ceremonies. There was an increase of competing athletes in the second Gay Games participants to over 3,500. Gay Games III: Vancouver 1990 The San Francisco Spikes soccer team at the Gay Games 1990 The 1990 games took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, from August 4 to 11, 1990. Approximately 7,300 athletes took part in 27 sports, with another 1,500 cultural participants attending. This was the first games to be held outside the United States, and it is also notable for being the first games in which Masters world records were set (two, in swimming). The opening and closing ceremonies were held at BC Place Stadium, which, 20 years later, hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremony, making it a historic venue for both events. The event was also heralded by controversy from social conservatives. A Fraser Valley church's members took out full page ads in The Vancouver Sun and The Province condemning the event as proof of an "impending sodomite invasion" and encouraging residents to gather at Empire Stadium to pray against the event. The government of then-Premier Bill Vander Zalm refused to fund the event. Original video documentation, photographs, and textual records related to Celebration '90 Gay Games III, originally gathered by Forward Focus, artist Mary Anne McEwen's production company and official videographer of the Games. The items are available via VIVO Media Arts Centre's archive, both in-person by appointment or digitally online. The fonds includes 143 unedited 30-minute Betacam recordings of sporting competitions, cultural events, opening and closing ceremonies, backstage activities and interviews with organizers, athletes, artists, community representatives, and opponents. The fond also includes 240 photographs, Celebration ’90 ephemera, and extensive textual materials, including the Official Program. McEwen was a Vancouver-based LGBTQ activist, Gayblevision co-founder, and co-organizer of the first Out On Screen Film and Video Festival. The footage was shot in anticipation of a feature-length documentary entitled, "Legacy: The Story of the Gay Games" that McEwen was unable to complete due to insufficient funding. McEwen, a longtime VIVO member, bequeathed her personal archive to VIVO hoping that this footage would be made widely available. Gay Games IV: New York 1994 The 1994 games took place in New York City, New York, from June 18 to 25, 1994. The games coincided with the 25th-anniversary events of the Stonewall riots and were themed on "Unity". Actor Sir Ian McKellen gave the closing address at Yankee Stadium on June 25, 1994. There were over 15,000 participants that either competed in the sporting events or in cultural ceremonies in the Gay Games of 1994. Greg Louganis, multiple-time World and Olympic Champion diver, served as the announcer and performed a spectacular three-meter springboard exhibition between events. The sporting events of Gay Games IV expanded to thirty one from previous years, including but not limited to, flag football, figure skating, and the first ever internationally sanctioned women's wrestling. Gay Games V: Amsterdam 1998 Malaysian delegation at the 1998 Games in Amsterdam The 1998 games took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from August 1 to 8, 1998. The opening and closing ceremonies took place in the Amsterdam Arena. The participants' medal was designed by the noted Dutch designer Marcel Wanders. Gay Games VI: Sydney 2002 The 2002 game took place in Sydney, New South Wales, from November 2 to 9, 2002. Sydney won the bid to host the games from other contenders which were Montreal, Toronto, Long Beach/Los Angeles and Dallas. The Games opening included a speech by out gay High Court of Australia Justice Michael Kirby and were officially opened by New South Wales Governor Professor Marie Bashir. When Gay Games VI was chosen to be in Sydney, Australia it was partially because of already present GLQBTI sport teams. The Sydney Gay Games were the first in the Southern Hemisphere and this was emphasized by the games theme "Under new skies". Gay Games VII: Chicago 2006 Main article: 2006 Gay Games Gay Games VII were held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 15 to July 22, 2006. For more on the controversy surrounding Chicago's selection as host city, see Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII below. Gay Games VIII: Cologne 2010 Main article: 2010 Gay Games On March 16, 2005, the FGG announced that Cologne, Germany; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Paris, France, were the official candidate cities for Gay Games VIII in 2010. Cologne was elected at the FGG annual meeting in Chicago on November 14, 2005. The games were held in Cologne from July 31 to August 6, 2010. This marked the second time the games were held in Europe, with the first being in Amsterdam in 1998. Gay Games IX: Cleveland and Akron 2014 Main article: 2014 Gay Games On March 17, 2009, the FGG announced that groups from Boston, Massachusetts; Cleveland, Ohio; and Washington, D.C., were finalists for the bidding to host Gay Games IX. On September 29, 2009, at the FGG Site Selection Meeting in Cologne, Germany, Cleveland was chosen as presumptive host of Gay Games IX in 2014. The host organization, Cleveland Special Events Corporation, later expanded the host city to include nearby Akron, Ohio. They also chose to style their event as "Gay Games 9" rather than the traditional Roman numeral "Gay Games IX". Gay Games X: Paris 2018 Tennis competition at the Gay Games 2018 Main article: 2018 Gay Games On July 31, 2012, the FGG announced that seven cities had been approved as prospective bidders. The groups were from Amsterdam, Netherlands; Limerick, Ireland; London, United Kingdom; Orlando, Florida, United States; Paris, France; and a group proposing to host the Gay Games in either Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo, Brazil. By August 31, 2012, letters of intent to bid had been received from all groups except those in Brazil. In December 2012, the FGG announced that several requests from bidders to add new sports to the program of the games. Of these requests, that for the inclusion of polo was rejected, while those for archery, boxing, fencing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were approved. Of these, boxing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were included in the bids of the three finalist bidding organizations. Bid books were provided by February 28, 2013, with a Q&A held over April and May 2013. A shortlisting vote took place on May 31, 2013, resulting in the shortlisting of Limerick, London and Paris as the final three cities to continue on the 2018 Bid cycle. Shortlisted cities received a 4-day visit (inspection sites) from a team of FGG inspectors (4 delegates + 1 CM) in July 2013. The final vote took place in Cleveland (Ohio, USA) during the 2013 Annual General Assembly. On 7 October, Paris was elected host city for the 2018 Gay Games. Shortlisted Cities Paris, France Limerick, Ireland London, United Kingdom Non-Shortlisted Cities Amsterdam, Netherlands Orlando, United States Gay Games XI: Hong Kong – Guadalajara 2023 Main article: 2023 Gay Games Hong Kong was announced as the host city of the 11th Gay Games, at a gala event at the Hotel de Ville in Paris, on October 30, 2017. They won with a clear majority of votes, in the first round of voting. It is the first time that the Gay Games will be held in Asia. The "longlist" of cities interested in bidding to host Gay Games XI in 2022 was announced in April 2016. An unprecedented seventeen cities were interested in bidding. On 30 June 2016, the Federation of Gay Games announced that eleven cities had submitted their Letter Of Intent to formally bid. Anaheim, Atlanta, Des Moines, Madison, Minneapolis and San Antonio decided not to pursue their option to bid. On July 31, 2016, nine cities submitted their second registration fee to remain in the bid process. Both Cape Town and Tel Aviv dropped out at this stage, stating an intention to bid for Gay Games XII in 2026. On November 30, 2016, Bid Books were submitted by eight candidate cities with Los Angeles dropping out at this stage. A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2017. Guadalajara, Hong Kong and Washington, DC, hosted site visits before the final decision on the host city was made in Paris on Monday 30 October, where Hong Kong was announced as the host city. Due to issues relating to the global coronavirus pandemic, the date of the Games was pushed back from 2022 to 2023. On 14 February 2022, Guadalajara was added as the co-host of this games. Shortlisted Candidate Cities  Hong Kong (original host) Guadalajara (co-host) Washington DC Longlisted Candidate Cities Austin, TX Dallas, TX Denver, CO Salt Lake City, UT San Francisco, CA Dropout Candidate Cities Anaheim, CA Atlanta, GA Cape Town Des Moines, IA Los Angeles, CA Madison, WI Minneapolis, MN Tel Aviv Both events were attended by over five thousand participants across the two sites, who took part in a week of sports and culture. The overwhelming tone of the comments from the Hong Kong participants was positive and appreciative. Participants and attendees congratulated the organizers on a job well done, expressing enjoyment and meaningful experiences at the Gay Games in Hong Kong. Many thanked the committee for their hard work, appreciating the inclusive atmosphere, and expressing gratitude for making history and supporting the LGBTQ+ community. There's acknowledgment of the difficulties faced, but the general sentiment is one of praise and thankfulness for a successful event in Hong Kong. Participants in Mexico overwhelmingly expressed gratitude and praise for the Gay Games in Guadalajara. They describe it as a life-changing and pure experience that blends sport, culture, coexistence, and community. Many commended the organizers, highlighting the fantastic overall organization and the meaningful connection to local culture. Despite some acknowledging challenges, the general sentiment is one of appreciation, excitement, and a strong desire to participate again, particularly in Valencia 2026. The positive experiences range from the warmth of kindness, excellent event management, and the welcoming nature of Guadalajara to the joy of being part of a global LGBTQ+ community. Future Gay Games Gay Games XII: Valencia 2026 The Federation of Gay Games published the call for interested cities on 19 December 2019, and the official RFI was issued on January 31, 2020. Prospective bidding cities had to submit the response to the RFI by February 21, 2020. At the early stage, evidence on social media existed for a bid by Brisbane, Australia and Brighton & Hove, United Kingdom. Anecdotal evidence from the 2022 bid process also suggested that Tel Aviv, Israel, would bid again, seeking to bring the Gay Games to the Middle East for the first time, although this did not materialise. The press release issued on February 29 by the FGG stated: "The Federation of Gay Games has received a record number of expressions of interest from cities around the globe desiring to be the host of the twelfth Gay Games XII to be held in 2026!" A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2021. On November 11, 2021 in Brighton, United Kingdom, Valencia, Spain was selected as the host for 2026. Below is the official list of the candidate cities: Shortlisted Candidate Cities Country Valencia Spain Munich Germany Guadalajara Mexico Longlisted Candidate Cities Country Brisbane Australia Toronto Canada Taipei Taiwan Auckland New Zealand San Diego US Dropout Candidate Cities Country São Paulo Brazil Dublin Ireland Amsterdam Netherlands Lisbon Portugal Cape Town South Africa Durban South Africa Liverpool UK Austin US Fort Lauderdale US Minneapolis US New Orleans US Seattle US Gay Games XIII: 2030 The bidding process for Gay Games XIII 2030 opened in January 2024, with 21 cities on 6 continents showing interest. Below is the list of prospective candidate cities: Longlisted Candidate Cities Country Adelaide Australia Auckland New Zealand Cape Town South Africa Denver USA Edmonton Canada Frankfurt Germany Melbourne Australia Perth Australia Taipei Taiwan Vancouver Canada Dropout Candidate Cities Country Athens Greece Atlanta USA Birmingham UK Boston USA Johannesburg South Africa Liverpool UK Miami USA Oak Creek USA San Diego USA São Paulo Brazil Seattle USA Next steps in the bidding process will be: March 2024 - Request for Proposal Prospective bidders will receive a document outlining the information they will need to provide in order to enter into the process officially May 2024 - Letter of Intent Bidding cities must provide an official letter of intent by this date August 2024 - Preliminary Bid Books The first bid books are expected by this date, outlining how the city plans to host the Games and validating that they understand and have control over the whole process of the Games organisation and delivery October 2024 - First in-person meetings Potential bidders will be invited to attend an information session and interact with FGG stakeholders and member organizations, including presentation of Preliminary Bid Books and participation in Q&A sessions at the FGG AGA in Washington DC, USA December 2024 - Finalists announced Having now reviewed the preliminary bid books, the FGG will announce who are the finalist cities entering the last part of the Site Selection process June 2025 - Detailed Bid Books Finalist cities will now have to deliver a more detailed, compehensive document outlining the organisation of the event down to the smallest details to ensure everything is anticipated November 2025 - Host city announced The culmination of the process will be the announcement of the presumptive 2030 host in November 2025 in Valencia, Spain Major issues Lawsuit over 'Gay Olympics' name Tom Waddell, the former Olympian who helped found the games, intended them to be called the "Gay Olympics", but a lawsuit filed less than three weeks before 1982's inaugural Gay Olympics forced the name change. This forced volunteers to suspend the sales of buttons and t-shirts in order to remove the terms "Olympic" and "Olympiad" from medals, souvenirs, t-shirts, signs, and programs, which would cost the organization an estimated loss between $15,000 and $30,000. Event organizers were sued by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) under the U.S. Amateur Sports Act of 1978, which gave the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) exclusive rights to the word Olympic in the United States. Defendants of the lawsuit contended that the law was capriciously applied and that if the Special Olympics were not similarly prohibited, the Gay Olympics should not be either. Others, like Daniel Bell, cite the IOC's long history of protecting the Olympics brand as evidence that the lawsuit against the "Gay Olympics" was not motivated by discrimination against gays. Since 1910 the IOC has taken action, including lawsuits and expulsion from the IOC, to stop certain organizations from using the word "Olympics." Annual "California Police Olympics" were held for 22 years, from 1967 through 1989, after which, the word Olympics was no longer used for the event. The Supreme Court ruled for the USOC in San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee. A 2009 documentary film, Claiming the Title: Gay Olympics on Trial, was created in the United States and was previewed at several film festivals. The subject was also included in a 2005 film by David Sector, Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory. In the years since the lawsuit, the Olympics and the Gay Games have set aside their initial hostilities and worked cooperatively together, successfully lobbying to have HIV travel restrictions waived for the 1994 Gay Games in New York and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Plans to launch Gay Winter Games in Fall 1986 Plans to launch a complementary Gay Winter Games, scheduled for February 1986 in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, collapsed, due to a lack of sufficient funding and logistical problems. There have been no subsequent attempts to launch a Gay Winter Games since, although Whistler, British Columbia, hosts an annual gay winter-sports festival. Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gay Games" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 2001, the bidding organization from Montreal, Quebec, won the right to negotiate with the FGG for a licensing agreement to host the 2006 Gay Games, but after two years of failed negotiations Montreal broke off talks at the 2003 FGG annual meeting in Chicago. There were three main points of contention, over which neither party could agree: The size of the event The size of the budget – especially the planned break-even participation point Financial transparency In a weakening global economy following international terrorist attacks, including the September 11 attacks, the FGG wanted Montreal to be able to plan for a successful Gay Games even if participation did not meet Montreal's optimistic projection of 24,000 participants, twice the level of participation of the previous Gay Games in 2002. Due to financial problems in previous events, the FGG also asked for transparency into Montreal 2006's financial activities. After Montreal refused to continue talks, the FGG held a second round of bidding in which Chicago and Los Angeles bidders, who had put forth well-received bids to host the 2006 games in the first round along with Montreal and Atlanta, chose to bid. Ultimately, the FGG awarded Gay Games VII to Chicago Games, Inc. The Montreal organizing committee nevertheless decided to proceed to hold an athletic and cultural event without the sanction of the FGG; this plan developed into the first edition of the World Outgames, and the creation of its licensing body, the Gay and Lesbian International Sport Association. Due to limited personal and organizational resources, many individual and team participants were forced to choose between Gay Games Chicago and World Outgames Montreal, a situation exacerbated by the two events being a week apart. The closing ceremony of Gay Games Chicago on July 22, 2006, was only seven days before the opening ceremony of World Outgames Montreal on July 29, 2006. This meant that those who competed or performed in Chicago would have little recovery time before Montreal. The split resulted in a lower quality of athletic competition at both events because neither could claim the whole field of competitors. Team and individual sports were hurt alike. Few teams were able to field complete squads for both events. In wrestling, 100 wrestlers competed in Chicago (comparable to previous Gay Games), but only 22 competed in Montreal, by far the lowest number for any major international tournament. There were some advantages to the games being so close together time wise and location wise. For some overseas participants who had to travel far, the convenience of the two events being only a week apart and not far from each other enabled them to attend both. Many did not attend at all. After Chicago drew 9,112 sport and cultural participants, of which 7,929 were from the US. Montreal drew 10,248 athletes, 1,516 Conference Attendees and 835 people to the cultural component of the games reflecting more than 111 countries – more 60% of the organization's original projections." Since 2006, the need for a secondary global multisport event has been the subject of much debate, especially after the final financial figures for 2006 were released. In 2012, a round of negotiations between the FGG and GLISA ended after a mutually agreed deadline. The board of GLISA unanimously agree to the proposal set forth by the negotiation teams, however the FGG board did not reciprocate. The 7th Chicago Gay Games concluded with a net zero debt, while the Montreal World Outgames concluded with 5.3 million Canadian dollars in debt. Media impact of AIDS on the Gay Games Before and during the time of the 1986 Gay Games there was mass media about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and how it was affecting the gay community. With the number of LGBT members at the Gay Games the founder Waddell took this time to try and break the stereotype of the AIDS with a show of athleticism the Gay Games had to offer. This also was a time that volunteers would provide safe sex materials along with condoms to educate the public. See also LGBT portalSports portal EuroGames (LGBT sporting event) International Gay and Lesbian Football Association List of LGBT sportspeople Principle 6 campaign References ^ Morse, Rob (October 30, 2002). "Perspiration condemnation for N.Y. Games". SFGATE. Retrieved July 21, 2022. ^ a b "The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014. ^ a b c Routledge handbook of sport, gender and sexuality. Hargreaves, Jennifer, 1937-, Anderson, Eric, 1968-. London. 2014. ISBN 978-0-415-52253-3. OCLC 853494364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Cologne gears up to play and party as host to Gay Games" Archived January 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Federation of Gay Games. "FAQs". Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010. ^ a b c Liberti, Rita; Smith, Maureen M., eds. (March 15, 2017). San Francisco Bay Area sports : golden gate athletics, recreation, and community. Fayetteville, AK. ISBN 978-1-61075-603-7. OCLC 964585786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e Symons, Caroline (January 1, 2012). The gay games: a history. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415688666. OCLC 796218476. ^ a b c "The Gay Games: Then and Now". Sport in American History. August 21, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ a b "Opening Ceremonies: Out and Proud". Digital Museums Canada. May 2, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2024. ^ Thomas, Sandra (July 25, 2011). "Outgames kick off in Vancouver". Vancouver Courier via Global Toronto. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ Mary Anne McEwen fonds (August 10, 2017). "Celebration '90 Gay Games III". VIVO’s Crista Dahl Media Library & Archive. Retrieved February 20, 2024. ^ "VIVO's Crista Dahl Media Library & Archive". VIVO Media Arts Centre. Retrieved February 20, 2024. ^ "Gay Games IV – Unity '94". Federation of Gay Games. Archived from the original on November 12, 2001. Retrieved February 6, 2009. ^ "Gay Games IV Closing Address". www.mckellen.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009. ^ Caron, David (January 1, 2014). "One Drop of Blood". In Caron, David (ed.). The Nearness of Others. Searching for Tact and Contact in the Age of HIV. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 101–106. ISBN 9780816691791. JSTOR 10.5749/j.ctt6wr7gv.59. ^ "The Gay Games IV 1994". Queer Resources Directory. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ a b Waitt, Gordon R. (2006). "Boundaries of Desire: Becoming Sexual through the Spaces of Sydney's 2002 Gay Games". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 96 (4): 773–787. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00811.x. JSTOR 4124457. S2CID 144445479. ^ "Federation of Gay Games press release on submission of bid books for Gay Games IX". Federation of Gay Games. March 17, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2013. ^ "Federation of Gay Games blog post on choice of host of Gay Games IX". Federation of Gay Games. September 29, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2013. ^ "Archived copy". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "2022 Gay Games XI Host City Announcement". Retrieved August 9, 2023. ^ Chibbaro Jr., Lou (February 17, 2022). "Guadalajara to co-host 2023 Gay Games with Hong Kong". The Washington Blade. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ "RFI Document for 2026 Gay Games XII Host City Selection Process Now Available". Federation of Gay Games. FGG. Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ "Campaign Launched To Bring The Gay Games To Brisbane In 2026". QNews Magazine. September 28, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018. ^ "Record Number of Cities Express Interest in Gay Games XII". Federation of Gay Games. FGG. Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ "BRING GAY GAMES XII TO YOUR CITY IN 2026 FIND OUT MORE". Federation of Gay Games. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. ^ Blackwell, Savannah (September 5, 2001). "Crushing the Gay Olympics: The USOC's homophobic past". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2006. ^ Clark, Joe (1994). "Glory of the Gay Games". Retrieved January 4, 2006. ^ Bell, Daniel (1998). "Why Can't the Gay Games Be the Gay Olympics?". Archived from the original on March 7, 2006. Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ "History". Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved 2012-12-25. ^ "Home". Acquarius Media. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Claiming the Title at IMDb ^ Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory at IMDb ^ Brigham, Roger (June 17, 2009). "Invading the Comfort Zone". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ Noel, Alyssa (February 2, 2015). "Whistler Pride and Ski Festival wraps up another year". Question. Retrieved April 11, 2015. ^ "GLISA / FGG Agreement not reached - GLISA". Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ "StackPath". xtramagazine.com. December 5, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2022. External links Federation of Gay Games Gay Games Cleveland/Akron 2014 Postcard from Europe: Questioning the necessity of the Gay Games Minnesota lesbian/gay committee of the International Athletic Association archives Documentation of Celebration '90 Gay Games III held in Vancouver on VIVO Media Arts Centre's website Gay Ireland vteGay Games San Francisco 1982 San Francisco 1986 Vancouver 1990 New York 1994 Amsterdam 1998 Sydney 2002 Chicago 2006 Cologne 2010 Cleveland-Akron 2014 Paris 2018 Hong Kong - Guadalajara 2023 Valencia 2026 See also: Federation of Gay Games vteMulti-sport eventsGlobalOlympics Olympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Parasports Paralympic Games Summer Winter Deaflympics Summer Winter Défi sportif IBSA World Games INAS Global Games Invictus Games World Dwarf Games Special Olympics Summer Winter World Abilitysport Games Professions FIS Games 2021 World Para Snow Sports Championships UCI Cycling World Championships International Army Games Lumberjack World 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Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Student Youth Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand Youth Vietnam Taiwan National Amateur Youth University Europe Netherlands1 Poland (youth) Spartakiad of Albania1 Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR1 youth1 WheelPower Historical1Pre-Modern Olympics(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD) Tailteann Games (ancient) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to theModern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People's Olympiad Workers' Olympiads Spartakiad Defunct regional orcommunity events Afro-Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Baltic Sea Games Black Sea Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gay Olympics (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Olympics_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Games_2006_End-Ceremony_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cologne, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne,_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Games_Amsterdam_1998,_deelnemersmedaille,_objectnr_1646.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marcel Wanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Wanders"},{"link_name":"sexual diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_diversity"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Tom Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waddell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sobig-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Riots"},{"link_name":"1992 Barcelona Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Barcelona_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Atlanta Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Atlanta_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sobig-2"}],"text":"\"Gay Olympics\" redirects here. For other events, see Gay Olympics (disambiguation).The Gay Games Closing Ceremony 2006 – Handing off the flag to the Cologne, Germany contingent, host of Gay Games 2010Amsterdam Gay Games participants' medal designed by Marcel Wanders (1998)The Gay Games is a worldwide sport and cultural event that promotes acceptance of sexual diversity, featuring lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) athletes, artists and other individuals.Founded as the Gay Olympics, it was started in the United States in San Francisco, California, in 1982, as the brainchild of Olympic decathlete (Mexico City 1968) and medical doctor Tom Waddell, Brenda Young,[1] and others,[2] whose goals were to promote the spirit of inclusion and participation, as well as to promote the pursuit of personal growth in a sporting event. Waddell wanted to recreate the Olympics' power to bring people of various different backgrounds together through the international language of sport, and the organizers of the first event strived to accommodate differences and achieve gender parity.[3]It retains similarities with the Olympic Games, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony.[4] The games are open to all who wish to participate, without regard to sexual orientation, and there are no qualifying standards. Competitors come from many countries, including those where homosexuality remains illegal and hidden.The 1994 Gay Games, held in June in New York City to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, the modern start of the LGBT movement in the United States, \"overtook the Olympics in size\" with 10,864 athletes compared to 9,356 at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 10,318 at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.[2]","title":"Gay Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FGG_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Tom Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waddell"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"scholarships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarships"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fgg-5"}],"text":"FGG LogoThe Federation of Gay Games (FGG) is the sanctioning body of the Gay Games which was founded in 1982 by Tom Waddell, after he dealt first-hand with the prejudice towards gay athletes and their inability to openly participate in sporting events. The Federation of Gay Games hosts the world's biggest cultural and sporting event for the LGBT community every four years. The Federation of Gay Games is founded on the principles of \"participation, inclusion, and personal best\" and continues to support the LGBT community not only through the Gay Games but through scholarships for underprivileged members. The Federation of Gay Games continues to expand throughout the world and accepts members of any sexual orientation and nationality to participate in the games or contribute. The FGG is planning on hosting the next Gay Games in 2026 in Valencia.From its statement of concept and purpose:The purpose of The Federation of Gay Games, Inc. (the “Federation”) shall be to foster and augment the self-respect of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all sexually-fluid or gender-variant individuals (LGBT+) throughout the world and to promote respect and understanding from others, primarily by organising and administering the international quadrennial sport and cultural event known as the \"Gay Games.\"[5]","title":"Federation of Gay Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"1982,1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"}],"text":"1982,198619901994199820022006201020142018202320232026class=notpageimage| Host cities of the Gay Games","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Mills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Kezar Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezar_Stadium"},{"link_name":"George Frenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frenn"},{"link_name":"Susan McGreivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_McGreivy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edited_by_Rita_Liberti_and_Maureen_M._Smith-6"},{"link_name":"powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edited_by_Rita_Liberti_and_Maureen_M._Smith-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games I: San Francisco 1982","text":"The 1982 games took place in San Francisco from August 28 to September 5, 1982. Singer Tina Turner performed at the opening ceremonies, and Stephanie Mills performed at the closing ceremonies. San Francisco was chosen as the location for the first Gay Games not only because it was the home of founder Tom Waddell, but also because the games had support from local government and essential services, and because there was a large gay and lesbian population in San Francisco that could serve as volunteers and leaders.[3] The opening ceremonies, held in Kezar Stadium, began with former U.S. Olympians, George Frenn and Susan McGreivy lighting a flame that had been carried on a torch run across America, beginning in New York at the Stonewall Inn.[6] The original sports that were offered at the first Gay Games were; basketball, billiards, bowling, cycling, diving, golf, marathon, physique, powerlifting, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball and wrestling.[7] 1,350 competitors whose origins ranged from over 170 cities worldwide competed in the first Gay Games.[7] In order to achieve greater inclusion and diversity, the organizers of the first Gay Games created outreach committees to attract and recruit athletes from minority groups including people of color, women, and rural lesbians and gays.[6] Because Waddell disliked the nationalism of major sporting events like the Olympics, participants at the first games represented their cities rather countries, and competitive elements such as medal tallies, medal ceremonies, and recording athletic records were banned.[3]","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Jae Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jae_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games II: San Francisco 1986","text":"The 1986 games took place in San Francisco from August 9 to 17, 1986. Singers Jennifer Holliday and Jae Ross were the featured performers during the closing ceremonies. There was an increase of competing athletes in the second Gay Games participants to over 3,500.[8]","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_francisco_spikes_gay_games_3_semifinal_1990_2_(12331719343)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"BC Place Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Place"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"closing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony"},{"link_name":"The Vancouver Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun"},{"link_name":"The Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Province"},{"link_name":"Empire Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Stadium_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"government of then-Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Bill Vander Zalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"videographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videographer"},{"link_name":"VIVO Media Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVO_Media_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds"},{"link_name":"Betacam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"Out On Screen Film and Video Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Queer_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games III: Vancouver 1990","text":"The San Francisco Spikes soccer team at the Gay Games 1990The 1990 games took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, from August 4 to 11, 1990. Approximately 7,300 athletes took part in 27 sports, with another 1,500 cultural participants attending. This was the first games to be held outside the United States, and it is also notable for being the first games in which Masters world records were set (two, in swimming).[9] The opening and closing ceremonies were held at BC Place Stadium, which, 20 years later, hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremony, making it a historic venue for both events.The event was also heralded by controversy from social conservatives. A Fraser Valley church's members took out full page ads in The Vancouver Sun and The Province condemning the event as proof of an \"impending sodomite invasion\" and encouraging residents to gather at Empire Stadium to pray against the event. The government of then-Premier Bill Vander Zalm refused to fund the event.[10]Original video documentation, photographs, and textual records related to Celebration '90 Gay Games III, originally gathered by Forward Focus, artist Mary Anne McEwen's production company and official videographer of the Games. The items are available via VIVO Media Arts Centre's archive, both in-person by appointment or digitally online.[11] The fonds includes 143 unedited 30-minute Betacam recordings of sporting competitions, cultural events, opening and closing ceremonies, backstage activities and interviews with organizers, athletes, artists, community representatives, and opponents. The fond also includes 240 photographs, Celebration ’90 ephemera, and extensive textual materials, including the Official Program. McEwen was a Vancouver-based LGBTQ activist, Gayblevision co-founder, and co-organizer of the first Out On Screen Film and Video Festival. The footage was shot in anticipation of a feature-length documentary entitled, \"Legacy: The Story of the Gay Games\" that McEwen was unable to complete due to insufficient funding. McEwen, a longtime VIVO member, bequeathed her personal archive to VIVO hoping that this footage would be made widely available.[12]","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Greg Louganis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Louganis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games IV: New York 1994","text":"The 1994 games took place in New York City, New York, from June 18 to 25, 1994.The games coincided with the 25th-anniversary events of the Stonewall riots and were themed on \"Unity\".[13] Actor Sir Ian McKellen gave the closing address at Yankee Stadium on June 25, 1994.[14]There were over 15,000 participants that either competed in the sporting events or in cultural ceremonies in the Gay Games of 1994.[7] Greg Louganis, multiple-time World and Olympic Champion diver, served as the announcer and performed a spectacular three-meter springboard exhibition between events.[15] The sporting events of Gay Games IV expanded to thirty one from previous years, including but not limited to, flag football, figure skating, and the first ever internationally sanctioned women's wrestling.[7]\n[16]","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Games_1998_-7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Arena"},{"link_name":"Marcel Wanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Wanders"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games V: Amsterdam 1998","text":"Malaysian delegation at the 1998 Games in AmsterdamThe 1998 games took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from August 1 to 8, 1998. The opening and closing ceremonies took place in the Amsterdam Arena. The participants' medal was designed by the noted Dutch designer Marcel Wanders.","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Michael Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Marie Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bashir"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games VI: Sydney 2002","text":"The 2002 game took place in Sydney, New South Wales, from November 2 to 9, 2002. Sydney won the bid to host the games from other contenders which were Montreal, Toronto, Long Beach/Los Angeles and Dallas. The Games opening included a speech by out gay High Court of Australia Justice Michael Kirby and were officially opened by New South Wales Governor Professor Marie Bashir. When Gay Games VI was chosen to be in Sydney, Australia it was partially because of already present GLQBTI sport teams.[17] The Sydney Gay Games were the first in the Southern Hemisphere and this was emphasized by the games theme \"Under new skies\".[17]","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schism_in_LGBT_sports_communities_over_Gay_Games_VII"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games VII: Chicago 2006","text":"Gay Games VII were held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 15 to July 22, 2006. For more on the controversy surrounding Chicago's selection as host city, see Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII below.","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games VIII: Cologne 2010","text":"On March 16, 2005, the FGG announced that Cologne, Germany; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Paris, France, were the official candidate cities for Gay Games VIII in 2010. Cologne was elected at the FGG annual meeting in Chicago on November 14, 2005.The games were held in Cologne from July 31 to August 6, 2010. This marked the second time the games were held in Europe, with the first being in Amsterdam in 1998.","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games IX: Cleveland and Akron 2014","text":"On March 17, 2009, the FGG announced that groups from Boston, Massachusetts; Cleveland, Ohio; and Washington, D.C., were finalists for the bidding to host Gay Games IX.[18]On September 29, 2009, at the FGG Site Selection Meeting in Cologne, Germany, Cleveland was chosen as presumptive host of Gay Games IX in 2014.[19] The host organization, Cleveland Special Events Corporation, later expanded the host city to include nearby Akron, Ohio. They also chose to style their event as \"Gay Games 9\" rather than the traditional Roman numeral \"Gay Games IX\".","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Games_2018_Tennis_competition_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games X: Paris 2018","text":"Tennis competition at the Gay Games 2018On July 31, 2012, the FGG announced that seven cities had been approved as prospective bidders. The groups were from Amsterdam, Netherlands; Limerick, Ireland; London, United Kingdom; Orlando, Florida, United States; Paris, France; and a group proposing to host the Gay Games in either Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo, Brazil.By August 31, 2012, letters of intent to bid had been received from all groups except those in Brazil.In December 2012, the FGG announced that several requests from bidders to add new sports to the program of the games. Of these requests, that for the inclusion of polo was rejected, while those for archery, boxing, fencing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were approved. Of these, boxing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were included in the bids of the three finalist bidding organizations.Bid books were provided by February 28, 2013, with a Q&A held over April and May 2013. A shortlisting vote took place on May 31, 2013, resulting in the shortlisting of Limerick, London and Paris as the final three cities to continue on the 2018 Bid cycle. Shortlisted cities received a 4-day visit (inspection sites) from a team of FGG inspectors (4 delegates + 1 CM) in July 2013. The final vote took place in Cleveland (Ohio, USA) during the 2013 Annual General Assembly. On 7 October, Paris was elected host city for the 2018 Gay Games.","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washblade-23"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games XI: Hong Kong – Guadalajara 2023","text":"Hong Kong was announced as the host city of the 11th Gay Games, at a gala event at the Hotel de Ville in Paris, on October 30, 2017. They won with a clear majority of votes, in the first round of voting. It is the first time that the Gay Games will be held in Asia.The \"longlist\" of cities interested in bidding to host Gay Games XI in 2022 was announced in April 2016.[20] An unprecedented seventeen cities were interested in bidding. On 30 June 2016, the Federation of Gay Games announced that eleven cities had submitted their Letter Of Intent to formally bid.[21] Anaheim, Atlanta, Des Moines, Madison, Minneapolis and San Antonio decided not to pursue their option to bid. On July 31, 2016, nine cities submitted their second registration fee to remain in the bid process. Both Cape Town and Tel Aviv dropped out at this stage, stating an intention to bid for Gay Games XII in 2026. On November 30, 2016, Bid Books were submitted by eight candidate cities with Los Angeles dropping out at this stage.A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2017. Guadalajara, Hong Kong and Washington, DC, hosted site visits before the final decision on the host city was made in Paris on Monday 30 October, where Hong Kong was announced as the host city. [22]Due to issues relating to the global coronavirus pandemic, the date of the Games was pushed back from 2022 to 2023. On 14 February 2022, Guadalajara was added as the co-host of this games.[23]Shortlisted Candidate Cities\n\n\n\n Hong Kong (original host)\n\n\n\n Guadalajara (co-host)\n\n\n\n Washington DC\n\n\n\nLonglisted Candidate Cities\n\n\n Austin, TX\n\n\n\n Dallas, TX\n\n\n\n Denver, CO\n\n\n\n Salt Lake City, UT\n\n\n\n San Francisco, CA\n\n\n\n\nDropout Candidate Cities\n\n\n Anaheim, CA\n\n\n\n Atlanta, GA\n\n\n\n Cape Town\n\n\n\n Des Moines, IA\n\n\n\n Los Angeles, CA\n\n\n\n Madison, WI\n\n\n\n Minneapolis, MN\n\n\n\n\n\n Tel AvivBoth events were attended by over five thousand participants[9] across the two sites, who took part in a week of sports and culture.The overwhelming tone of the comments from the Hong Kong participants was positive and appreciative. Participants and attendees congratulated the organizers on a job well done, expressing enjoyment and meaningful experiences at the Gay Games in Hong Kong. Many thanked the committee for their hard work, appreciating the inclusive atmosphere, and expressing gratitude for making history and supporting the LGBTQ+ community. There's acknowledgment of the difficulties faced, but the general sentiment is one of praise and thankfulness for a successful event in Hong Kong.Participants in Mexico overwhelmingly expressed gratitude and praise for the Gay Games in Guadalajara. They describe it as a life-changing and pure experience that blends sport, culture, coexistence, and community. Many commended the organizers, highlighting the fantastic overall organization and the meaningful connection to local culture. Despite some acknowledging challenges, the general sentiment is one of appreciation, excitement, and a strong desire to participate again, particularly in Valencia 2026. The positive experiences range from the warmth of kindness, excellent event management, and the welcoming nature of Guadalajara to the joy of being part of a global LGBTQ+ community.","title":"Host nations and cities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future Gay Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Gay Games XII: Valencia 2026","text":"The Federation of Gay Games published the call for interested cities on 19 December 2019, and the official RFI was issued on January 31, 2020. Prospective bidding cities had to submit the response to the RFI by February 21, 2020.[24] At the early stage, evidence on social media existed for a bid by Brisbane, Australia[25] and Brighton & Hove, United Kingdom. Anecdotal evidence from the 2022 bid process also suggested that Tel Aviv, Israel, would bid again, seeking to bring the Gay Games to the Middle East for the first time, although this did not materialise. The press release issued on February 29 by the FGG stated: \"The Federation of Gay Games has received a record number of expressions of interest from cities around the globe desiring to be the host of the twelfth Gay Games XII to be held in 2026!\"[26] A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2021. On November 11, 2021 in Brighton, United Kingdom, Valencia, Spain was selected as the host for 2026.[27]Below is the official list of the candidate cities:","title":"Future Gay Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gay Games XIII: 2030","text":"The bidding process for Gay Games XIII 2030 opened in January 2024, with 21 cities on 6 continents showing interest.Below is the list of prospective candidate cities:Next steps in the bidding process will be:March 2024 - Request for ProposalProspective bidders will receive a document outlining the information they will need to provide in order to enter into the process officiallyMay 2024 - Letter of IntentBidding cities must provide an official letter of intent by this dateAugust 2024 - Preliminary Bid BooksThe first bid books are expected by this date, outlining how the city plans to host the Games and validating that they understand and have control over the whole process of the Games organisation and deliveryOctober 2024 - First in-person meetingsPotential bidders will be invited to attend an information session and interact with FGG stakeholders and member organizations, including presentation of Preliminary Bid Books and participation in Q&A sessions at the FGG AGA in Washington DC, USADecember 2024 - Finalists announcedHaving now reviewed the preliminary bid books, the FGG will announce who are the finalist cities entering the last part of the Site Selection processJune 2025 - Detailed Bid BooksFinalist cities will now have to deliver a more detailed, compehensive document outlining the organisation of the event down to the smallest details to ensure everything is anticipatedNovember 2025 - Host city announcedThe culmination of the process will be the announcement of the presumptive 2030 host in November 2025 in Valencia, Spain","title":"Future Gay Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waddell"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbg-28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edited_by_Rita_Liberti_and_Maureen_M._Smith-6"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Amateur Sports Act of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Sports_Act_of_1978"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joeclark-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danbell-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Lawsuit over 'Gay Olympics' name","text":"Tom Waddell, the former Olympian who helped found the games, intended them to be called the \"Gay Olympics\", but a lawsuit filed less than three weeks before 1982's inaugural Gay Olympics forced the name change.[28] This forced volunteers to suspend the sales of buttons and t-shirts in order to remove the terms \"Olympic\" and \"Olympiad\" from medals, souvenirs, t-shirts, signs, and programs, which would cost the organization an estimated loss between $15,000 and $30,000.[6]Event organizers were sued by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) under the U.S. Amateur Sports Act of 1978, which gave the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) exclusive rights to the word Olympic in the United States. Defendants of the lawsuit contended that the law was capriciously applied and that if the Special Olympics were not similarly prohibited, the Gay Olympics should not be either.[29]Others, like Daniel Bell, cite the IOC's long history of protecting the Olympics brand as evidence that the lawsuit against the \"Gay Olympics\" was not motivated by discrimination against gays. Since 1910 the IOC has taken action, including lawsuits and expulsion from the IOC, to stop certain organizations from using the word \"Olympics.\"[30] Annual \"California Police Olympics\" were held for 22 years, from 1967 through 1989, after which, the word Olympics was no longer used for the event.[31] The Supreme Court ruled for the USOC in San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee.A 2009 documentary film, Claiming the Title: Gay Olympics on Trial, was created in the United States and was previewed at several film festivals.[32][33] The subject was also included in a 2005 film by David Sector, Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory.[34]In the years since the lawsuit, the Olympics and the Gay Games have set aside their initial hostilities and worked cooperatively together, successfully lobbying to have HIV travel restrictions waived for the 1994 Gay Games in New York and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[35]","title":"Major issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Whistler, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Plans to launch Gay Winter Games in Fall 1986","text":"Plans to launch a complementary Gay Winter Games, scheduled for February 1986 in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, collapsed, due to a lack of sufficient funding and logistical problems. [citation needed] There have been no subsequent attempts to launch a Gay Winter Games since, although Whistler, British Columbia, hosts an annual gay winter-sports festival.[36]","title":"Major issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"first edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_World_Outgames"},{"link_name":"World Outgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Outgames"},{"link_name":"Gay and Lesbian International Sport Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_International_Sport_Association"},{"link_name":"Gay Games Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Games_VII"},{"link_name":"World Outgames Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_World_Outgames"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII","text":"In 2001, the bidding organization from Montreal, Quebec, won the right to negotiate with the FGG for a licensing agreement to host the 2006 Gay Games, but after two years of failed negotiations Montreal broke off talks at the 2003 FGG annual meeting in Chicago. There were three main points of contention, over which neither party could agree:The size of the event\nThe size of the budget – especially the planned break-even participation point\nFinancial transparencyIn a weakening global economy following international terrorist attacks, including the September 11 attacks, the FGG wanted Montreal to be able to plan for a successful Gay Games even if participation did not meet Montreal's optimistic projection of 24,000 participants, twice the level of participation of the previous Gay Games in 2002. Due to financial problems in previous events, the FGG also asked for transparency into Montreal 2006's financial activities. After Montreal refused to continue talks, the FGG held a second round of bidding in which Chicago and Los Angeles bidders, who had put forth well-received bids to host the 2006 games in the first round along with Montreal and Atlanta, chose to bid. Ultimately, the FGG awarded Gay Games VII to Chicago Games, Inc.The Montreal organizing committee nevertheless decided to proceed to hold an athletic and cultural event without the sanction of the FGG; this plan developed into the first edition of the World Outgames, and the creation of its licensing body, the Gay and Lesbian International Sport Association.Due to limited personal and organizational resources, many individual and team participants were forced to choose between Gay Games Chicago and World Outgames Montreal, a situation exacerbated by the two events being a week apart. The closing ceremony of Gay Games Chicago on July 22, 2006, was only seven days before the opening ceremony of World Outgames Montreal on July 29, 2006. This meant that those who competed or performed in Chicago would have little recovery time before Montreal. The split resulted in a lower quality of athletic competition at both events because neither could claim the whole field of competitors. Team and individual sports were hurt alike.Few teams were able to field complete squads for both events. In wrestling, 100 wrestlers competed in Chicago (comparable to previous Gay Games), but only 22 competed in Montreal, by far the lowest number for any major international tournament. There were some advantages to the games being so close together time wise and location wise. For some overseas participants who had to travel far, the convenience of the two events being only a week apart and not far from each other enabled them to attend both. Many did not attend at all. After Chicago drew 9,112 sport and cultural participants, of which 7,929 were from the US. Montreal drew 10,248 athletes, 1,516 Conference Attendees and 835 people to the cultural component of the games reflecting more than 111 countries – more 60% of the organization's original projections.\"Since 2006, the need for a secondary global multisport event has been the subject of much debate, especially after the final financial figures for 2006 were released. In 2012, a round of negotiations between the FGG and GLISA ended after a mutually agreed deadline.[37] The board of GLISA unanimously agree to the proposal set forth by the negotiation teams, however the FGG board did not reciprocate. The 7th Chicago Gay Games concluded with a net zero debt, while the Montreal World Outgames concluded with 5.3 million Canadian dollars in debt.[38]","title":"Major issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Media impact of AIDS on the Gay Games","text":"Before and during the time of the 1986 Gay Games there was mass media about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and how it was affecting the gay community.[8] With the number of LGBT members at the Gay Games the founder Waddell took this time to try and break the stereotype of the AIDS with a show of athleticism the Gay Games had to offer.[7] This also was a time that volunteers would provide safe sex materials along with condoms to educate the public.[8]","title":"Major issues"}]

[{"image_text":"The Gay Games Closing Ceremony 2006 – Handing off the flag to the Cologne, Germany contingent, host of Gay Games 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gay_Games_2006_End-Ceremony_03.jpg/300px-Gay_Games_2006_End-Ceremony_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amsterdam Gay Games participants' medal designed by Marcel Wanders (1998)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gay_Games_Amsterdam_1998%2C_deelnemersmedaille%2C_objectnr_1646.jpg/220px-Gay_Games_Amsterdam_1998%2C_deelnemersmedaille%2C_objectnr_1646.jpg"},{"image_text":"FGG Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/FGG_logo.png/220px-FGG_logo.png"},{"image_text":"The San Francisco Spikes soccer team at the Gay Games 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/San_francisco_spikes_gay_games_3_semifinal_1990_2_%2812331719343%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-San_francisco_spikes_gay_games_3_semifinal_1990_2_%2812331719343%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malaysian delegation at the 1998 Games in Amsterdam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gay_Games_1998_-7.jpg/220px-Gay_Games_1998_-7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tennis competition at the Gay Games 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gay_Games_2018_Tennis_competition_02.jpg/220px-Gay_Games_2018_Tennis_competition_02.jpg"}]

[{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"EuroGames (LGBT sporting event)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroGames"},{"title":"International Gay and Lesbian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gay_and_Lesbian_Football_Association"},{"title":"List of LGBT sportspeople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_sportspeople"},{"title":"Principle 6 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_6_campaign"}]

[{"reference":"Morse, Rob (October 30, 2002). \"Perspiration condemnation for N.Y. Games\". SFGATE. Retrieved July 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Perspiration-condemnation-for-N-Y-Games-2758460.php","url_text":"\"Perspiration condemnation for N.Y. Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGATE","url_text":"SFGATE"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145359/http://gaygames.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/lgbtolympics.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics\""},{"url":"http://gaygames.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/lgbtolympics.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Routledge handbook of sport, gender and sexuality. Hargreaves, Jennifer, 1937-, Anderson, Eric, 1968-. London. 2014. ISBN 978-0-415-52253-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underdog_(song)

The Underdog (song)

["1 Music video","2 Chart positions","3 References","4 Further reading"]

2007 single by Spoon For other similarly titled songs, see Underdog (disambiguation) § Songs. "The Underdog"Single by Spoonfrom the album Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga B-side"Bring It On Home to Me"ReleasedJuly 5, 2007 (2007-07-05)Recorded2006–2007GenreIndie rockindie popindie folkLength3:42LabelMergeANTI-Songwriter(s)Britt DanielProducer(s)Jon BrionSpoonSpoon singles chronology "Sister Jack" (2005) "The Underdog" (2007) "You Got Yr. Cherry Bomb" (2007) "The Underdog" is a song by indie rock band Spoon. It was released as the lead single from their sixth studio album, Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga (2007), on July 5, 2007. The song was written by frontman Britt Daniel and produced by Jon Brion along with the band. The song reached No. 26 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. The band performed the song on the October 6, 2007, episode of the 33rd season of Saturday Night Live. It was featured in the 2008 film Cloverfield, the 2009 films I Love You, Man and 17 Again, in the opening and ending scene of the 2011 film Horrible Bosses, and in the 2017 film Spider-Man: Homecoming. Music video This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2012) The music video was directed by Keven McAllester. Chart positions Chart (2007) Peakposition US Alternative Songs (Billboard) 26 References ^ a b c The Underdog - Spoon | Billboard#/song/spoon/the-underdog/9047428. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Spoon: Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga | Album Reviews | Pitchfork. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ SNL Archives | Episode. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Cecchini, Mike (July 7, 2017). "Spider-Man: Homecoming Uses Music Perfectly". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017. ^ New Spoon Video – “The Underdog” – Stereogum. Retrieved November 6, 2012. Further reading https://wers.org/spoon-interview/ vteSpoon Britt Daniel Jim Eno Alex Fischel Gerardo Larios Ben Trokan Joshua Zarbo Andy Maquire Greg Wilson Eric Harvey Rob Pope Studio albums Telephono (1996) A Series of Sneaks (1998) Girls Can Tell (2001) Kill the Moonlight (2002) Gimme Fiction (2005) Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga (2007) Transference (2010) They Want My Soul (2014) Hot Thoughts (2017) Lucifer on the Sofa (2022) EPs Nefarious Soft Effects 30 Gallon Tank Love Ways Don't You Evah Got Nuffin Remix albums Lucifer on the Moon (2022) Compilations Everything Hits at Once: The Best of Spoon (2019) All the Weird Kids Up Front (Más Rolas Chidas) (2020) Singles "Everything Hits at Once" "I Turn My Camera On" "The Underdog" Related articles Discography The Alien Beats Divine Fits This 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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(1998)\nGirls Can Tell (2001)\nKill the Moonlight (2002)\nGimme Fiction (2005)\nGa Ga Ga Ga Ga (2007)\nTransference (2010)\nThey Want My Soul (2014)\nHot Thoughts (2017)\nLucifer on the Sofa (2022)\nEPs\nNefarious\nSoft Effects\n30 Gallon Tank\nLove Ways\nDon't You Evah\nGot Nuffin\nRemix albums\nLucifer on the Moon (2022)\nCompilations\nEverything Hits at Once: The Best of Spoon (2019)\nAll the Weird Kids Up Front (Más Rolas Chidas) (2020)\nSingles\n\"Everything Hits at Once\"\n\"I Turn My Camera On\"\n\"The Underdog\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nThe Alien Beats\nDivine FitsThis 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_choice_(orienteering)

Route choice (orienteering)

["1 See also","2 References"]

Route choice is a tactic in orienteering and related sports such as rogaining and adventure racing. These sports involve navigation from one control point to the next and, in most cases, the choice of route is left to the competitor. This is provided the rules permit route choice and the course is designed so that a choice exists. In trail orienteering and European style mounted orienteering route choice is not permitted. In United States style foot orienteering, route choice is absent from White courses, limited in Yellow courses, and a crucial element in the design of more advanced courses. Given a choice of route, the competitor evaluates trade-offs among such factors as distance, amount of "climb" (vertical movement), degree and extent of "fight" (travel through obstructing vegetation), mode of travel, technical difficulty, and the competitor's own preferences. Among orienteering sports, route choice has varied importance. It is arguably the single most important tactical factor in rogaining, it is very important in mountain bike orienteering and ski orienteering, and it is less important in some other forms of orienteering. Route choice is completely absent from the Parcours d'Orientation et de Régularité (orienteering and pace racing phase) of Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition (TREC) competitions. In that phase, orienteering involves following exactly a course marked on a map but not in the terrain. For example, if a course follows the east bank of a ditch then traveling in the ditch or on its west bank would be an error. Orienteering sports in which route choice is an important factor provide few locations where spectators can watch the race. During World Orienteering Championships 2009, the racers wore GPS tracking devices and many spectators watched them racing via the Internet. These spectators who watched the men's relay race "saw" Martin Johansson (Sweden) have a freak accident, and Thierry Gueorgiou (France), Anders Nordberg (Norway), and Michal Smola (Czech Republic) come to his aid. See also Military tactics Route assignment Passage planning Path selection in routing Travel behavior Wayfinding References ^ "General Considerations For Cross Country Orienteering Courses, Design and Set Guidelines" (PDF). United States Orienteering Federation. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2011. ^ "Competitions: BHS TREC; Phase One: Parcours d'Orientation et de Régularité (P.O.R.)". The British Horse Society. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-30. ^ Anatolijs Tarasovs (2009-08-21). "The dramatic and tense WOC relay". Ultimate Orienteering. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2009-09-11. vteOrienteering History of orienteering List of orienteering events Sport disciplinesIOF-governed Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering Ski orienteering Trail orienteering IARU-governed Amateur radio direction finding Fox Oring Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area Other sports Canoe orienteering Car orienteering Mountain marathon Mounted orienteering Rogaining Related Adventure racing Alleycat race Fell running Relay race Transmitter hunting EquipmentEvent Control point Course Map Personal Compass hand protractor thumb Eye protectors Gaiters Headlamp Exceptions Backpacking Satellite navigation Whistle SoftwareProprietary OCAD Condes SportSoftware Open-source OpenOrienteering Mapper Purple Pen MeOS Video games Catching Features Suunnistussimulaattori WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica Fundamentals Map orienteering map Navigation cardinal direction resection route choice wayfinding waypoint Racing hiking running walking skiing mountain biking Organisations / lists International Orienteering Federation members List of clubs List of orienteers by country innovators List of events Non-sport related Adventure travel Bicycle touring Climbing Hiking Hunting Location-based game geocaching poker run Scoutcraft orienteering wilderness CompetitionsFoot orienteering World Championships Junior Masters University World Cup World Games European Championships Youth University North American Championships Open events O-Ringen Jukola Tiomila Kainuu Orienteering Week Jan Kjellström Festival Ski orienteering World Championships Junior World Cup Mountain bike orienteering World Championships Trail orienteering World Championships Category WikiProject This orienteering article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Military tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"title":"Route assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_assignment"},{"title":"Passage planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_planning"},{"title":"Path selection in routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing#Path_selection"},{"title":"Travel behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_behavior"},{"title":"Wayfinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfinding"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Magendie

Jean-Jacques Magendie

["1 Biography","1.1 Early career","1.2 Frigate captain","1.3 Trafalgar campaign","1.4 Peninsula wars","1.5 Late career and retirement","2 Honours","3 Notes","4 Citations","5 References"]

French Navy officer Jean-Jacques Magendie (21 May 1766 in Bordeaux – 26 March 1835 in Paris) was a French Navy officer. He famously captained the flagship Bucentaure at the Battle of Trafalgar. Biography Early career Magendie joined the French Royal Navy in 1781 as an apprentice, and later sailed on merchant ships, raising to second captain and distinguishing himself to the point where he was mentioned in a June 1793 meeting of the National Convention. He was brought into Navy service with the rank of ensign and given command of a cutter patrolling off the coasts of England and Ireland. In 1794, he captained the cutter Ranger, and the corvette Espion from July. On 4 March 1795, the British frigate Lively captured Espion about 13 leagues off Ushant. Released, Magendie returned to France, where the court-martial acquitted him for the loss of his ship. On 28 September 1795, he married Raimonde Deschazeau. Frigate captain In March 1796, he was promoted to commander, and in September received the command of the Tartu. He took part in the early stages of the Expédition d'Irlande, but on 5 January 1797, Tartu she was captured by HMS Polyphemus. Magendie was again taken prisoner. He returned to France in September 1798, and was again cleared of any wrongdoing in the less of his ship. He then served as first officer on the brand new Africaine, under captain Pierre-Félix de Lapalisse. Upon her return, Africaine joined up with Régénérée and was put under the command of captain Saunier. Tasked with ferrying ammunition for the Armée d'Orient. Split from Régénérée by a storm, Africaine encountered HMS Phoebe, under Captain Robert Barlow, east of Gibraltar. Phoebe, which had the weather gage, overtook Africaine and engaged her at close range, despite the French soldiers, who augmented the frigate's guns with their musket fire. Phoebe's guns inflicted more than 340 casualties on the soldiers and seaman of Africaine before she struck at 9:30PM. Magendie sustained a head injury and was captured for the third time. Released from Minorca, Magendie returned to France in March 1801. In September, he was given command of the Minerva in Napoli, sailed her to Toulon where she took the name Sibylle, and from then took part in a variety of missions. He distinguished himself during the capture of Santo Domingo, earning the provisory rank of captain. After returning to France, he sailed to Naples to surrender his frigate to the Napolitan government, as ordered. Trafalgar campaign In October 1803, Magendie was tasked to supervise the commissioning of Bucentaure. After she entered service, he became her captain and flag officer to Vice-Admiral Latouche Tréville, who died on board on 18 August 1804, and then to Vice-Admiral Villeneuve. Magendie then took part in the Trafalgar Campaign, notably the Battle of Cape Finisterre. Magendie captained Bucentaure at the Battle of Trafalgar, where he was wounded in the mouth and captured. Released on parole in February 1806, he returned to France, where he worked at the Ministry of the Navy. Peninsula wars In December 1807, he was sent to Lisbon and tasked with supervising the naval activities of the harbour. In August 1808, by the Convention of Sintra, the defeated French troops were allowed to return to France and Magendie was ferried on HMS Nymphe. He worked in various duties on shore and at the ministry until October 1810, when he was again sent to besieged Lisbon to command the naval forces there. The city did not fall, however, and Magendie stayed in Portugal until June 1811. He supervised the commissioning of Trajan, before commanding the Ajax in Toulon. In February 1812, he took part in a skirmish between three ships of the line and two frigates against one ship and two frigates. Late career and retirement At the Bourbon Restoration, Ajax was decommissioned and Magendie was task with the supervision of Toulon harbour. During the Hundred Days, Ajax was reactivated with Magendie for captain. He was consequently dismissed from the Navy at the Second Restoration, and retired. From 1821, he directed a steamboat service between Paris and Le Havre. Honours Officer of the Legion of Honour. Knight of the Order of Saint Louis. Order of the Lily. Notes ^ Quintin (p. 251) gives the name Espoir instead of Espion, apparently in error as they state she was captured by Lively in March 1795. A Hasard-class brig Espoir was in commission at the time, but she was not captured on 2–3 March 1795. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Dictionnaire des capitaines de vaisseau de Napoléon, Danielle & Bernard Quintin, SPM, 2003, ISBN 2-901952-42-9 ^ Roche, vol.1, p. 183 ^ Quintin, p. 251 ^ "No. 13757". The London Gazette. 3 March 1795. p. 207. ^ "Phoebe". Phoebe Tree for All. 2007-06-20. Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help) ^ p163-7, Goodwin The Ships of Trafalgar, the British, French and Spanish Fleets October 1805 References Quintin, Danielle; Quintin, Bernard (2003). Dictionnaire des capitaines de Vaisseau de Napoléon (in French). S.P.M. ISBN 2-901952-42-9. Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870) Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"Bucentaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"}],"text":"Jean-Jacques Magendie (21 May 1766 in Bordeaux – 26 March 1835 in Paris)[1] was a French Navy officer. He famously captained the flagship Bucentaure at the Battle of Trafalgar.","title":"Jean-Jacques Magendie"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"Espion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_(1793_ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Lively_(1794)"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Magendie joined the French Royal Navy in 1781 as an apprentice, and later sailed on merchant ships, raising to second captain and distinguishing himself to the point where he was mentioned in a June 1793 meeting of the National Convention. He was brought into Navy service with the rank of ensign and given command of a cutter patrolling off the coasts of England and Ireland.[1]In 1794, he captained the cutter Ranger, and the corvette Espion[2][3][Note 1] from July. On 4 March 1795, the British frigate Lively captured Espion about 13 leagues off Ushant.[4]Released, Magendie returned to France, where the court-martial acquitted him for the loss of his ship. On 28 September 1795, he married Raimonde Deschazeau.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Uranie_(1788)"},{"link_name":"Expédition d'Irlande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Irlande"},{"link_name":"HMS Polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Polyphemus_(1782)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"Africaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Africaine_(1798)"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Félix de Lapalisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-F%C3%A9lix_de_Lapalisse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Régénérée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_R%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9e_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Armée d'Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(1795)"},{"link_name":"Robert Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barlow_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"weather gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_gage"},{"link_name":"musket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"struck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_the_colours"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Sibylle_(1801)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"sub_title":"Frigate captain","text":"In March 1796, he was promoted to commander, and in September received the command of the Tartu. He took part in the early stages of the Expédition d'Irlande, but on 5 January 1797, Tartu she was captured by HMS Polyphemus.[1]Magendie was again taken prisoner. He returned to France in September 1798, and was again cleared of any wrongdoing in the less of his ship. He then served as first officer on the brand new Africaine, under captain Pierre-Félix de Lapalisse. Upon her return, Africaine joined up with Régénérée and was put under the command of captain Saunier. Tasked with ferrying ammunition for the Armée d'Orient.[1]Split from Régénérée by a storm, Africaine encountered HMS Phoebe, under Captain Robert Barlow, east of Gibraltar. Phoebe, which had the weather gage, overtook Africaine and engaged her at close range, despite the French soldiers, who augmented the frigate's guns with their musket fire. Phoebe's guns inflicted more than 340 casualties on the soldiers and seaman of Africaine before she struck at 9:30PM.[5] Magendie sustained a head injury and was captured for the third time.Released from Minorca, Magendie returned to France in March 1801. In September, he was given command of the Minerva in Napoli, sailed her to Toulon where she took the name Sibylle, and from then took part in a variety of missions. He distinguished himself during the capture of Santo Domingo, earning the provisory rank of captain. After returning to France, he sailed to Naples to surrender his frigate to the Napolitan government, as ordered.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucentaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Admiral"},{"link_name":"Latouche Tréville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ren%C3%A9_Levassor_de_Latouche_Tr%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"sub_title":"Trafalgar campaign","text":"In October 1803, Magendie was tasked to supervise the commissioning of Bucentaure. 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Magendie captained Bucentaure at the Battle of Trafalgar, where he was wounded in the mouth and captured.[1][6]Released on parole in February 1806, he returned to France, where he worked at the Ministry of the Navy.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Convention of Sintra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Sintra"},{"link_name":"HMS Nymphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nymphe_(1780)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Trajan_(1811)"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Ajax_(1806)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"sub_title":"Peninsula wars","text":"In December 1807, he was sent to Lisbon and tasked with supervising the naval activities of the harbour. In August 1808, by the Convention of Sintra, the defeated French troops were allowed to return to France and Magendie was ferried on HMS Nymphe.[1]He worked in various duties on shore and at the ministry until October 1810, when he was again sent to besieged Lisbon to command the naval forces there. The city did not fall, however, and Magendie stayed in Portugal until June 1811.[1]He supervised the commissioning of Trajan, before commanding the Ajax in Toulon. In February 1812, he took part in a skirmish between three ships of the line and two frigates against one ship and two frigates.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"sub_title":"Late career and retirement","text":"At the Bourbon Restoration, Ajax was decommissioned and Magendie was task with the supervision of Toulon harbour. During the Hundred Days, Ajax was reactivated with Magendie for captain. He was consequently dismissed from the Navy at the Second Restoration, and retired.[1]From 1821, he directed a steamboat service between Paris and Le Havre.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict-1"}],"text":"Officer of the Legion of Honour.[1]\nKnight of the Order of Saint Louis.[1]\nOrder of the Lily.[1]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Lively_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Hasard-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasard-class_brig-sloop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Espoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_brig_Espoir_(1788)"}],"text":"^ Quintin (p. 251) gives the name Espoir instead of Espion, apparently in error as they state she was captured by Lively in March 1795. A Hasard-class brig Espoir was in commission at the time, but she was not captured on 2–3 March 1795.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dict_1-16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-901952-42-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901952-42-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"No. 13757\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13757/page/207"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Phoebe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060304034536/http://www.treeforall.org.uk/trafalgar/TrafalgarWoods/Otherwoods/Phoebe/"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Tree for All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.treeforall.org.uk"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.treeforall.org.uk/trafalgar/TrafalgarWoods/Otherwoods/Phoebe/"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Dictionnaire des capitaines de vaisseau de Napoléon, Danielle & Bernard Quintin, SPM, 2003, ISBN 2-901952-42-9\n\n^ Roche, vol.1, p. 183\n\n^ Quintin, p. 251\n\n^ \"No. 13757\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1795. p. 207.\n\n^ \"Phoebe\". Phoebe Tree for All. 2007-06-20. Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)\n\n^ p163-7, Goodwin The Ships of Trafalgar, the British, French and Spanish Fleets October 1805","title":"Citations"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Chiao_International_School

Kang Chiao International School

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 24°54′43″N 121°29′48″E / 24.912043°N 121.496782°E / 24.912043; 121.496782School in Dist., New Taipei City, TaiwanKang Chiao International School康橋國際學校Location800 Huacheng Road, New Taipei City, 23153TaiwanCoordinates24°54′43″N 121°29′48″E / 24.912043°N 121.496782°E / 24.912043; 121.496782InformationSchool typePrivate International SchoolEstablished2002PrincipalMr. Winston HsuAverage class size25Education systemIB Middle Years and Diploma Programme, AP courses and capstone Program, US CurriculumClasses offeredGrades 7 - 12LanguageEnglish, ChineseCampus size4.7 hectaresNicknameKCISAccreditationTaiwanese Ministry of Education, Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), IB World School, College Board for AP CoursesPhone+886-2-8665-2040Websitehttp://www.kcis.ntpc.edu.tw/ This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kang Chiao International School (KCIS) (Chinese: 康橋國際學校) is a private, coeducational school in New Taipei City in Taiwan. KCIS is a subsidiary of Kang Chiao Bilingual School. Founded in 2002, KCIS provides an international education for local and expatriate families in Taiwan. KCIS currently offers an overseas college preparatory program for grades 7-12. The junior high section of the international school was registered and started to accept students in 2004. In 2009, the high school section was officially established. References External links Schools portal Official website IBO website vteInternational schools in the Republic of China on TaiwanTaipei area Taipei European School Taipei Japanese School Taipei American School Taipei Adventist American School The Primacy Collegiate Academy Taipei International Christian Academy Morrison Academy Taipei Campus (Bethany) Dominican International School Kang Chiao International School Taoyuan Taoyuan American School Hsinchu Hsinchu American School Hsinchu International School Pacific American School Taichung Taichung Japanese School American School in Taichung Morrison Academy Ivy Collegiate Academy Nantou Taiwan Adventist International School Kaohsiung Kaohsiung Japanese School Kaohsiung American School Morrison Academy Kaohsiung Authority control databases ISNI

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danu_(Hindu_goddess)

Danu (Hinduism)

["1 Etymology","2 Literature","2.1 Rigveda","2.2 Padma Purana","2.3 Brahmanda Purana","3 See also","4 References"]

Hindu deityDanuTextsVedas, PuranasPersonal informationParentsDaksha (father), Panchajani (mother)SiblingsAditi, Diti, Svaha, Khyati, Sati, Kadru, Vinata, Rohini, Revati, and RatiSpouseKashyapaChildrenDanavasEquivalentsIndo-European equivalentDeh₂nu Danu (Sanskrit: दनु, IAST: Danu) is a Hindu primordial goddess. She is mentioned in the Rigveda to be the mother of the eponymous race known as the danavas. The word Danu described the primeval waters that this deity perhaps embodied. In later Hinduism, she is described as the daughter of the Prajapati Daksha and his spouse Panchajani, and the consort of the sage Kashyapa. Etymology As a word for "rain" or "liquid", dānu is compared to Avestan dānu, "river", and further to river names like Don, Danube, Dnieper, Dniestr, etc. There is also a Danu river in Nepal. The "liquid" word is mostly neutral, but appears as feminine in RV 1.54. Literature Rigveda In the Rigveda (I.32.9), she is identified as the mother of Vritra, the asura slain by Indra. Padma Purana In the Padma Purana, the children of Danu are described: From Kaśyapa, Danu obtained a hundred sons proud of boons. Among them Vipracitti, of great power, was the chief. (Others were) Dviraṣṭamūrdhā, Śakuni, Śaṅkuśirodhara, Ayomukha, Śambara, Kapila, Vāmana, Marīci, Māgadha, and Hari. Gajaśiras, Nidrādhara, Ketu, Ketuvīrya Taśakratu, Indramitragraha, Vrajanābha, Ekavastra, Mahābāhu, Vajrākṣa, Tāraka, Asiloman, Puloman, Vikurvāṇa, Mahāpura, Svarbhānu, and Vṛṣaparvan—these and others were also Danu’s sons. Suprabhā was Svarbhānu’s daughter, and Śacī was the daughter of Puloman.— Padma Purana, Book 1, Chapter 6 Brahmanda Purana In the Brahmanda Purana, it is stated that while Aditi is habitually righteous, and Diti was habitually strong, Danu habitually practices maya. Danu was struck by Indra's thunderbolt after hearing him kill her son Vritra. See also Danu (Irish goddess) Dewi Danu, a Balinese Hindu goddess Tiamat References ^ The European discovery of India; key indological sources of romanticism. Ganesha Publishing. "Danu, d. of Daksha, w. of Kasyapa". ^ Kinsley, David (1987, reprint 2005). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0394-9. p. 16. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (30 July 2019). "Birth of Devas, Daityas, Birds and Serpents etc. ". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (20 June 2019). "Different dynasties enumerated ". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ Leeming, D., & Page, J. (1994). Goddess: Myths of the Female Divine (pp. 124, 125). Oxford University Press. vteHindu deities and textsGods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Agni Ashvins Chandra Dattatreya Ganesha Hanuman Indra Kama Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Rama Shasta Surya Varuna Vayu Vishvakarma Yama more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Aditi Bhumi Chhaya Durga Ganga Shachi Kali Mahadevi Mahavidya Matangi Matrikas Radha Rati Rohini Rukmini Sanjna Sati Shakti Shashthi Sita more Other deities Apsaras Asuras Daitya Danava Devata Dikpāla Gandharvas Gana Kuladevatas Gramadevatas Rakshasas Vahanas Yakshas / Yakshini Texts (list) Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia

Politics of Rhodesia

["1 Political system","1.1 1961 constitution","1.2 1969 (UDI) constitution","2 Politics in Rhodesia","3 The end of Rhodesia","4 See also","5 References","6 Footnotes"]

This article is about Southern Rhodesia up to 1964 and Rhodesia thereafter. For other uses of the name, see Rhodesia (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Politics of Rhodesia Political history— Overview1890–1923  BSA Company rule1923–1980  Southern Rhodesia1953–1963  Rhodesia–Nyasaland Federation1965–1979  Rhodesia under UDI 1979  Zimbabwe Rhodesia (under UDI) Government Governor / Queen / President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Cabinet Legislature1899–1923  Legislative Council1924–1970  Legislative Assembly1970–1979  Parliament Leader of the Opposition Elections General 1924 1928 1933 1934 1939 1946 1948 1954 1958 1962 1965 1970 1974 1977 1979 1980 Legislative Council 1899 1902 1905 1908 1911 1914 1920 Referendums 1922 1934 1953 1961 1964 1969 1979 Political parties African National Congress Communist Party Labour Party Liberal Party Rhodesia Party Rhodesian Action Party Rhodesian Front United African National Council United Federal Party Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) Foreign relations Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) Ministry of External Affairs Mission in Lisbon Centre in Sydney Passport National symbols Flag (other flags) Anthem Other countries vte Rhodesia had limited democracy in the sense that it had the Westminster parliamentary system with multiple political parties contesting the seats in parliament, but as the voting was dominated by the White settler minority, and Black Africans only had a minority level of representation at that time, it was regarded internationally as a racist country. It is thus an example of a state which practiced herrenvolk democracy. The political party that held sway in the years after the unilateral declaration of independence was the Rhodesian Front, later known as the Republican Front. Ian Smith remained as Prime Minister until the country became Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979. Political system 1961 constitution From 1899 to 1962 the unicameral Legislative Assembly comprised members elected to represent constituencies on a first past the post principle. At some stages, however, there were two-member constituencies, and in the early years there were some appointed members. Under the Constitution, there was provision for the establishment of an upper house to be known as the Legislative Council, but none was ever established. The 1961 Constitution adopted a more complex system intended to extend the franchise to wider sections of the community including non-whites – but without immediately bringing white rule to an end. At the time of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Rhodesia's amended 1961 Constitution (which was annexed to the UDI) provided for an Officer Administering the Government, to be appointed by Parliament if the Queen did not appoint a Governor-General. Political power continued to reside with the Legislative Assembly. Under the 1961 Constitution, the Legislative Assembly had 65 elected members: 50 constituency members and 15 district members. The voter rolls had education, property and income qualifications. The main A roll was for citizens who satisfied high standards in these regards and 95% of its members were white and 5% were black or Asian. The B roll had lower qualification standards and 90% of its members were black and 10% were white or Asian. The B roll was about one-tenth of the size of the A roll. Both rolls voted in elections for constituencies and districts, but for elections in the constituencies, the B roll vote was capped at 20% of the total, and for elections in the districts, the A roll vote was capped at 20% of the total. This procedure was known as 'cross-voting'. In practice, the 50 constituency members would all be white and the 15 district members would mostly be black. The 1962 general election was a watershed for the country, since it resulted in the election of a Rhodesian Front government led by Winston Field that was committed to independence without majority rule and to the continued separate development of white and black communities in Rhodesia. The defeated United Federal Party led by Edgar Whitehead had been committed to gradual progress to majority rule. There was no explicit racial discrimination in the Rhodesian political system before 1969. It is sometimes claimed that had the black community participated more fully in the political process then the outcome of the 1962 general election would have been different and UDI would have been avoided. African nationalist groups objected to the 1961 constitution and urged those eligible to vote not to register, and those that had registered not to vote. Relatively few eligible Africans did register to vote, and B-roll voter turnout in the 1962 election was less than 25%. The Rhodesians maintained the system was broadly fair since the 50/15 power share split reflected the relative contributions of white and black communities to the "fisc" (that is, the tax take). Progress to black majority rule was possible within the arrangement of the 1961 constitution as a result of advances in black wealth and education, although it would have taken some years to achieve. It would have required the black community to patiently accept an extended period of white minority rule followed by an extended period of power sharing. Black politicians in the early 1960s were not minded to accept such an arrangement. In any event, income and property qualifications for the electoral roll had become an anachronism. Ian Smith and other Rhodesians claimed that this political arrangement would have resulted in an evolutionary transition to black majority rule which would have avoided the rushed transition that had caused difficulty in other African countries. But critics maintain that the stubborn refusal to make immediate and visible progress to majority rule in the early 1960s set in train events which are causing serious trouble in modern Zimbabwe to this day. In 1965 there were revisions to the Constitution that reflected the new status of the nation after UDI. Primarily, the revisions erased the rights of the British Government to legislate and act on behalf of Rhodesia, and provided for further constitutional amendments on a two-thirds majority of parliament. The Officer Administering the Government was to be the Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces. 1969 (UDI) constitution The Rhodesian Front government eventually drafted a completely new constitution. This further entrenched white minority rule and made the country a republic, following a referendum result in favour in 1969. Under this new constitution, there was a bicameral Parliament consisting of an indirectly elected Senate of Rhodesia, and a directly elected House of Assembly of Rhodesia, in which the majority of seats were reserved for whites even more effectively than was the case under the Constitution of 1961. The new office of President was a ceremonial post, with executive power remaining with the Prime Minister. The 1969 Constitution modified the detailed provision for electoral rolls and seats in the Assembly. The most significant 1969 modifications were that cross voting was abolished and the B roll was reserved for non-Europeans. The Assembly constituencies were reformed so that there were 50 A roll, and 8 B roll seats. It was provided that the number of B roll seats would rise over time in line with the proportion of total personal income tax paid by blacks until a total of 50 black seats was reached. In addition to the B roll seats, the African tribal chiefs were able to elect another 8 members. The immediate result of this arrangement was that 270,000 whites had 50 seats and 6 million Africans had 8 seats in the Assembly, with a handful of African chiefs having 8 seats as well. The new Constitution gave a clear indication of where the architects of UDI thought Rhodesia should go in political terms. The concept of "separate development" for blacks and whites was written into that constitution. The concept of eventual parity of parliamentary representation between the races was also adopted. This last feature underpinned the concept of 'equal partnership between black and white' as an alternative to majority rule. However, the leaders of the UDI state made it clear that parity of representation could be deferred indefinitely, if not for ever. White immigration figures for the 1960s encouraged them to believe that it might be possible to significantly alter the demographic balance, given enough time. Politics in Rhodesia The Rhodesian Front's victory in the 1962 general election and the subsequent UDI were in the populist tradition of Rhodesian politics. The early history of Rhodesian politics was very much one of the electoral uprisings by miners, industrial workers and farmers against the big business establishment that dominated the colony. The election of the Reform Party government led by Godfrey Huggins in 1933 had a great deal in common with the RF win in 1962. It has been argued that the racial dimension of UDI was an incidental thing. Economic recessions in the early 1930s and the early 1960s had both produced the election of populist governments committed to securing standards of living for working people (albeit, the immediate concern was for working white people). It is significant that in the 1962 election, the RF recruited a slate of black candidates to contest the district (essentially B roll) seats. Those black RF candidates obtained little support from the B roll electorate and none were elected. Rhodesia in the UDI era never quite took on the character of a one-party state. Although the Bush War was the real political contest, there was a conventional political opposition to the RF throughout the UDI period. The opposition came from white liberals who would contest A roll seats in general elections and from some black parties that would contest B roll seats. The main white opposition was the Rhodesia Party, associated with veteran liberal politician (and former district Assembly member) Dr Ahrn Palley. In the 1974 general election, Dr Palley came within 3 votes of taking Salisbury (City) from the RF. In that same election, Michael Auret took about 30% of the vote for the RP in Bulawayo (District). Auret later won Harare (Central) for the MDC in the Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2000. The RP did manage to secure around 20% of the white vote nationally on a regular basis and it would pick up most of the non-white constituency votes, but the first-past-the-post electoral system meant that they never won seats in the Assembly. Widespread press censorship and government control of radio and TV inhibited opposition activity. The lack of an effective parliamentary opposition is one factor that made it difficult to end UDI when this measure had become clearly necessary. RP activists considered that most of their support came from the business elite, the professional class and from second or third generation Rhodesians. The more recent white immigrants tended to vote overwhelmingly for the RF. It has been suggested that Rhodesia hosted a peculiar brand of white politics traceable to British working-class immigrants who during the 20th century brought their successful struggle for a generous social welfare state out to the colonies. My mother could not afford to pay school fees and I would not have received an education if the government of Rhodesia had not simply treated me like a special citizen and given me a free education of a very high standard.— Eddie Cross, Chairman of the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry and Economic Secretary of the Movement for Democratic Change, 2004 The RP group did not contest the 1977 general election because many of its activists had either been taken into one or other of various forms of detention or had been forced into exile. Michael Auret was expelled from Rhodesia in 1976 and told that he would be arrested immediately if he returned. Auret was unable to return home until 1980. The Rhodesian government was never tolerant of dissent throughout the UDI period, but it became positively repressive as the final debacle approached. The liberal former Prime Minister Garfield Todd and members of his family were subject to various forms of detention and house arrest. The final political events in white Rhodesia were the 1977 general election and the 1979 referendum on extending equal voting rights to all citizens. An extreme right wing group known as the Rhodesian Action Party ('RAP') opposed the RF in the election and campaigned for a No vote in the referendum. The RAP group favoured a continuation of white minority rule and undertaking extreme military measures to win the Bush War. RAP attracted significant electoral support (15% of the referendum vote). Some non-militant black groups and individuals contested and won B roll seats (often under the title "ANC Independent"). Under the 1969 constitution, the B roll was reserved exclusively for non-Europeans. This black political grouping was one of those that participated in the 1979 'internal settlement'. Association with the UDI state and with the internal settlement carried a collaborationist stigma that would damage the credibility of the black politicians involved. The end of Rhodesia This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) When white minority rule was no longer tenable, Rhodesia moved first to a form of power sharing ('the internal settlement') and then to majority rule. At this point Rhodesia ceased to exist as a political entity and was replaced by Zimbabwe. The end of UDI and of the Bush War were associated with an abrupt transfer of power to the insurgent backed, black political parties in 1980. Some observers feel that this resulted in some of the more stable elements in black civil society being marginalised. Consequently, Zimbabwe was not able to enjoy benefits of a managed transfer to democracy of the kind that took place in comparable neighbouring countries such as Botswana and South Africa. See also Political history of Zimbabwe References Results of Rhodesian and Zimbabwean elections Footnotes ^ Southern Rhodesia, Hansard, HC Deb 22 June 1961 vol 642 cc1696-739 ^ Ian Smith Strips Gibbs Of All Official Privilege, Associated Press, The Morning Record, 18 November 1965 ^ Herald online :article on UDI Archived 20 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ Southern African Report : Eddie Cross and the MDC Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ Rhodesia general election, 1962 ^ Dispatch online :Liberals in colonial Africa ^ Southern Cross:2002 interview with Michael Auret Archived 24 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine

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For other uses of the name, see Rhodesia (disambiguation).Rhodesia had limited democracy in the sense that it had the Westminster parliamentary system with multiple political parties contesting the seats in parliament, but as the voting was dominated by the White settler minority, and Black Africans only had a minority level of representation at that time, it was regarded internationally as a racist country. It is thus an example of a state which practiced herrenvolk democracy.The political party that held sway in the years after the unilateral declaration of independence was the Rhodesian Front, later known as the Republican Front. Ian Smith remained as Prime Minister until the country became Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979.","title":"Politics of Rhodesia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"link_name":"upper house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Unilateral Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)"},{"link_name":"Officer Administering the Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Administering_the_Government"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1962 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_general_election,_1962"},{"link_name":"Rhodesian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Front"},{"link_name":"Winston Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Field"},{"link_name":"United Federal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federal_Party"},{"link_name":"Edgar Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Whitehead"}],"sub_title":"1961 constitution","text":"From 1899 to 1962 the unicameral Legislative Assembly comprised members elected to represent constituencies on a first past the post principle. At some stages, however, there were two-member constituencies, and in the early years there were some appointed members. Under the Constitution, there was provision for the establishment of an upper house to be known as the Legislative Council, but none was ever established.[1] The 1961 Constitution adopted a more complex system intended to extend the franchise to wider sections of the community including non-whites – but without immediately bringing white rule to an end.At the time of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Rhodesia's amended 1961 Constitution (which was annexed to the UDI) provided for an Officer Administering the Government, to be appointed by Parliament if the Queen did not appoint a Governor-General.[2] Political power continued to reside with the Legislative Assembly.Under the 1961 Constitution, the Legislative Assembly had 65 elected members: 50 constituency members and 15 district members. The voter rolls had education, property and income qualifications. The main A roll was for citizens who satisfied high standards in these regards and 95% of its members were white and 5% were black or Asian. The B roll had lower qualification standards and 90% of its members were black and 10% were white or Asian. The B roll was about one-tenth of the size of the A roll. Both rolls voted in elections for constituencies and districts, but for elections in the constituencies, the B roll vote was capped at 20% of the total, and for elections in the districts, the A roll vote was capped at 20% of the total. This procedure was known as 'cross-voting'. In practice, the 50 constituency members would all be white and the 15 district members would mostly be black.The 1962 general election was a watershed for the country, since it resulted in the election of a Rhodesian Front government led by Winston Field that was committed to independence without majority rule and to the continued separate development of white and black communities in Rhodesia. The defeated United Federal Party led by Edgar Whitehead had been committed to gradual progress to majority rule.There was no explicit racial discrimination in the Rhodesian political system before 1969. It is sometimes claimed that had the black community participated more fully in the political process then the outcome of the 1962 general election would have been different and UDI would have been avoided. African nationalist groups objected to the 1961 constitution and urged those eligible to vote not to register, and those that had registered not to vote. Relatively few eligible Africans did register to vote, and B-roll voter turnout in the 1962 election was less than 25%.The Rhodesians maintained the system was broadly fair since the 50/15 power share split reflected the relative contributions of white and black communities to the \"fisc\" (that is, the tax take). Progress to black majority rule was possible within the arrangement of the 1961 constitution as a result of advances in black wealth and education, although it would have taken some years to achieve. It would have required the black community to patiently accept an extended period of white minority rule followed by an extended period of power sharing. Black politicians in the early 1960s were not minded to accept such an arrangement. In any event, income and property qualifications for the electoral roll had become an anachronism.Ian Smith and other Rhodesians claimed that this political arrangement would have resulted in an evolutionary transition to black majority rule which would have avoided the rushed transition that had caused difficulty in other African countries. But critics maintain that the stubborn refusal to make immediate and visible progress to majority rule in the early 1960s set in train events which are causing serious trouble in modern Zimbabwe to this day.In 1965 there were revisions to the Constitution that reflected the new status of the nation after UDI. Primarily, the revisions erased the rights of the British Government to legislate and act on behalf of Rhodesia, and provided for further constitutional amendments on a two-thirds majority of parliament. The Officer Administering the Government was to be the Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces.","title":"Political system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"Senate of Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"House of Assembly of Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1969 (UDI) constitution","text":"The Rhodesian Front government eventually drafted a completely new constitution. This further entrenched white minority rule and made the country a republic, following a referendum result in favour in 1969. Under this new constitution, there was a bicameral Parliament consisting of an indirectly elected Senate of Rhodesia, and a directly elected House of Assembly of Rhodesia, in which the majority of seats were reserved for whites even more effectively than was the case under the Constitution of 1961. The new office of President was a ceremonial post, with executive power remaining with the Prime Minister.The 1969 Constitution modified the detailed provision for electoral rolls and seats in the Assembly. The most significant 1969 modifications were that cross voting was abolished and the B roll was reserved for non-Europeans. The Assembly constituencies were reformed so that there were 50 A roll, and 8 B roll seats. It was provided that the number of B roll seats would rise over time in line with the proportion of total personal income tax paid by blacks until a total of 50 black seats was reached. In addition to the B roll seats, the African tribal chiefs were able to elect another 8 members. The immediate result of this arrangement was that 270,000 whites had 50 seats and 6 million Africans had 8 seats in the Assembly, with a handful of African chiefs having 8 seats as well.The new Constitution gave a clear indication of where the architects of UDI thought Rhodesia should go in political terms. The concept of \"separate development\" for blacks and whites was written into that constitution. The concept of eventual parity of parliamentary representation between the races was also adopted. This last feature underpinned the concept of 'equal partnership between black and white' as an alternative to majority rule. However, the leaders of the UDI state made it clear that parity of representation could be deferred indefinitely, if not for ever. White immigration figures for the 1960s encouraged them to believe that it might be possible to significantly alter the demographic balance, given enough time.[3]","title":"Political system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhodesian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Front"},{"link_name":"1962 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_general_election,_1962"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bush War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War"},{"link_name":"Ahrn Palley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrn_Palley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_general_election,_1974"},{"link_name":"Michael Auret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Auret"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_parliamentary_elections,_2000"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cross"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Garfield Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Todd"},{"link_name":"Rhodesian Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party"}],"text":"The Rhodesian Front's victory in the 1962 general election and the subsequent UDI were in the populist tradition of Rhodesian politics. The early history of Rhodesian politics was very much one of the electoral uprisings by miners, industrial workers and farmers against the big business establishment that dominated the colony.[4] The election of the Reform Party government led by Godfrey Huggins in 1933 had a great deal in common with the RF win in 1962. It has been argued that the racial dimension of UDI was an incidental thing. Economic recessions in the early 1930s and the early 1960s had both produced the election of populist governments committed to securing standards of living for working people (albeit, the immediate concern was for working white people). It is significant that in the 1962 election, the RF recruited a slate of black candidates to contest the district (essentially B roll) seats. Those black RF candidates obtained little support from the B roll electorate and none were elected.[5]Rhodesia in the UDI era never quite took on the character of a one-party state. Although the Bush War was the real political contest, there was a conventional political opposition to the RF throughout the UDI period.The opposition came from white liberals who would contest A roll seats in general elections and from some black parties that would contest B roll seats. The main white opposition was the Rhodesia Party, associated with veteran liberal politician (and former district Assembly member) Dr Ahrn Palley.[6] In the 1974 general election, Dr Palley came within 3 votes of taking Salisbury (City) from the RF. In that same election, Michael Auret took about 30% of the vote for the RP in Bulawayo (District). Auret later won Harare (Central) for the MDC in the Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2000.The RP did manage to secure around 20% of the white vote nationally on a regular basis and it would pick up most of the non-white constituency votes, but the first-past-the-post electoral system meant that they never won seats in the Assembly. Widespread press censorship and government control of radio and TV inhibited opposition activity. The lack of an effective parliamentary opposition is one factor that made it difficult to end UDI when this measure had become clearly necessary.RP activists considered that most of their support came from the business elite, the professional class and from second or third generation Rhodesians. The more recent white immigrants tended to vote overwhelmingly for the RF. It has been suggested that Rhodesia hosted a peculiar brand of white politics traceable to British working-class immigrants who during the 20th century brought their successful struggle for a generous social welfare state out to the colonies.My mother could not afford to pay school fees and I would not have received an education if the government of Rhodesia had not simply treated me like a special citizen and given me a free education of a very high standard.— Eddie Cross, Chairman of the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry and Economic Secretary of the Movement for Democratic Change, 2004The RP group did not contest the 1977 general election because many of its activists had either been taken into one or other of various forms of detention or had been forced into exile. Michael Auret was expelled from Rhodesia in 1976 and told that he would be arrested immediately if he returned.[7] Auret was unable to return home until 1980. The Rhodesian government was never tolerant of dissent throughout the UDI period, but it became positively repressive as the final debacle approached. The liberal former Prime Minister Garfield Todd and members of his family were subject to various forms of detention and house arrest.The final political events in white Rhodesia were the 1977 general election and the 1979 referendum on extending equal voting rights to all citizens. An extreme right wing group known as the Rhodesian Action Party ('RAP') opposed the RF in the election and campaigned for a No vote in the referendum. The RAP group favoured a continuation of white minority rule and undertaking extreme military measures to win the Bush War. RAP attracted significant electoral support (15% of the referendum vote).Some non-militant black groups and individuals contested and won B roll seats (often under the title \"ANC Independent\"). Under the 1969 constitution, the B roll was reserved exclusively for non-Europeans. This black political grouping was one of those that participated in the 1979 'internal settlement'. Association with the UDI state and with the internal settlement carried a collaborationist stigma that would damage the credibility of the black politicians involved.","title":"Politics in Rhodesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"}],"text":"When white minority rule was no longer tenable, Rhodesia moved first to a form of power sharing ('the internal settlement') and then to majority rule. At this point Rhodesia ceased to exist as a political entity and was replaced by Zimbabwe.The end of UDI and of the Bush War were associated with an abrupt transfer of power to the insurgent backed, black political parties in 1980. Some observers feel that this resulted in some of the more stable elements in black civil society being marginalised. Consequently, Zimbabwe was not able to enjoy benefits of a managed transfer to democracy of the kind that took place in comparable neighbouring countries such as Botswana and South Africa.","title":"The end of Rhodesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1961/jun/22/southern-rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ian Smith Strips Gibbs Of All Official Privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=vzNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qgANAAAAIBAJ&pg=782%2C2383897"},{"link_name":"The Morning Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Record"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"article on UDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theherald.co.za/herald/2005/10/25/cols/hcols.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060320101625/http://www.theherald.co.za/herald/2005/10/25/cols/hcols.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cross and the MDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=3646"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303234110/http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=3646"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia general election, 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_general_election,_1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Liberals in colonial Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dispatch.co.za/2003/03/18/editoria/LP1.HTM"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"2002 interview with Michael Auret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thesoutherncross.co.za/features/auret.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060424092334/http://www.thesoutherncross.co.za/features/auret.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Southern Rhodesia, Hansard, HC Deb 22 June 1961 vol 642 cc1696-739\n\n^ Ian Smith Strips Gibbs Of All Official Privilege, Associated Press, The Morning Record, 18 November 1965\n\n^ Herald online :article on UDI Archived 20 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Southern African Report : Eddie Cross and the MDC Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Rhodesia general election, 1962\n\n^ Dispatch online :Liberals in colonial Africa\n\n^ Southern Cross:2002 interview with Michael Auret Archived 24 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Footnotes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Political history of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_Zimbabwe"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Clarkson

Billy Clarkson

["1 Personal life","2 Career statistics","3 References"]

English footballer Billy Clarkson Clarkson while with Luton Town in 1922.Personal informationFull name William ClarksonDate of birth 22 September 1891Place of birth Wombwell, EnglandDate of death 11 December 1954(1954-12-11) (aged 63)Place of death Burnley, EnglandHeight 5 ft 7+1⁄2 in (1.71 m)Position(s) Outside forwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1912–1913 Padiham 1913– Nelson 0000–1920 Burnley 2 (0)1915–1917 → Brentford (guest) 23 (3)1915–1916 → Southport Central (guest) 1920–1922 Rotherham County 63 (2)1922–1923 Luton Town 32 (3)1923–1924 Southport 19 (1) Scunthorpe & Lindsey United *Club domestic league appearances and goals William Clarkson (22 September 1891 – 11 December 1954) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside forward in the Football League for Rotherham County, Luton Town, Southport and Burnley. Personal life After retiring from football, Clarkson worked as a commission agent. Career statistics Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Luton Town 1922–23 Third Division South 32 3 1 0 33 3 Southport 1923–24 Third Division North 19 1 0 0 19 1 Career total 51 4 1 0 52 4 References ^ a b Joyce, Michael (2012). Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939. Nottingham: Tony Brown. p. 59. ISBN 978-1905891610. ^ a b c d e "Player Details". Port Online. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ White, Eric, ed. (1989). 100 Years Of Brentford. Brentford FC. pp. 363–364. ISBN 0951526200. ^ "Clarkson Billy Luton Town 1922". Vintage Footballers. Retrieved 28 December 2018. ^ "Billy Clarkson". Hatters Heritage. Retrieved 3 December 2020. This biographical article related to association football in England, about a forward born in the 1890s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index:

The Index Project

["1 History","2 The Index Award","2.1 2005 winners","2.2 2007 winners","2.3 2009 winners","2.4 2011 winners","2.5 2013 winners","2.6 2015 winners","2.7 2017 winners","2.8 2019 winners","2.9 2021 winners","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 55°40′27″N 12°34′18″E / 55.6741°N 12.5718°E / 55.6741; 12.5718 The Index ProjectEstablished2002; 22 years ago (2002)FounderKigge HvidFounded atCopenhagen, DenmarkTypeNPOPurposePromote and scale design that improves quality of lifeLocationCopenhagen, DenmarkOfficial language EnglishCEOLiza ChongJury ChairPhilip BattinBoard of directorsKjersti LundWebsitetheindexproject.org The Index Project, formerly INDEX: Design to Improve Life, is a Danish nonprofit organisation that promotes designs aimed at the improvement of life worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. The organisation is behind the biennial Index Award, the world's biggest design award. History Established in 2002, The Index Project was initially proposed by designer Johan Adam Linneballe and then Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs Jørgen Rosted  as a world design event in order to promote Denmark on a global scale, as well as attract tourism and investments. However, it soon acquired a global perspective, and its mission has become expressed in its motto: "Design to Improve Life". The organisation is under the patronage of the Queen Mary of Denmark. The Index Project is promoted by means of a design award, The Index Award, education programmes, an investment entity, conferences, and publications. As of 2018, the organisation is headed by Liza Chong. It was previously led by founding CEO Kigge Hvid, former CEO of Øksnehallen. The Index Award The biennial Index Award was initiated in 2005, and originally financed by the state of Denmark with a total prize sum worth €500,000. In 2005, it was the world's largest monetary award in its area, and today is widely recognised as the most influential in inspiring life-improving design, and has often been dubbed the "Nobel Prize of design". British design critic Alice Rawsthorn in 2011, wrote for The New York Times, "Not only is INDEX: the world's most generous design prize in financial terms, it is one of the few awards to have made a meaningful contribution to design discourse." Projects from around the world are entered into competition for the award with finalists and winners determined by an international jury. In addition to choosing the successful designs, The Index Award Jury plays a key role in developing and advocating for strategies to expand the borders and impact of design in the world. 2005 winners The first Index Award was announced in September 2004, and the competition received 538 entries representing 50 countries, of which The Index Award Jury chaired by Arnold Wasserman selected 118 finalists to participate in The Index Award Exhibition. The winners, announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen City Hall on 22 September, were: Body Category: Torben Vestergaard Frandsen, Rob Fleuren and Moshe Frommer - "LifeStraw", a plastic straw that cleans contaminated water to prevent diseases such as diphtheria, cholera, typhoid and diarrhea from spreading through drinking water. Home Category: Stephanie Forsythe & Todd MacAllen of molo - "Softwall", a 100% recyclable wall to generate personal space in larger rooms Work Category: Fundación Española para la Innovación de la Artesanía - "Observatorio Iberoamericano", a strategy, system, and network designed to help over 40 million craftsmen in Latin America Play & Learning Category: Apple - iTunes / iPod, a revolution within the music industry and digital rights management Community Category: Architecture for Humanity - "Siyathemba – The field of hope", a competition for designers and architects to incorporate football into HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment via a combined football field and health-care facility People's Choice Award: Apple — iTunes 2007 winners In 2007, The Index Award received 337 entries, of which the Jury chaired by Nille Juul-Sørensen selected 112 for nomination, and 110 were exhibited on Kongens Nytorv. The winners, announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen City Hall on 24 August, were: Body Category: Sebastien Dubois - "Mobility for Each One", an energy-return prosthetic foot that can be produced for $8 in a local workshop versus the standard $1,300 to $4,000. Home Category: Alberto Meda and Francisco Gomez Paz - "Solar Bottle", a low cost water purification bottle Work Category: Philip Greer, Lisa Stroux, Graeme Davies and Chris Huntley - "Tongue Sucker", a simple device, easy to use in an emergency to draw out the tongue of an unconscious person, make the airway unobstructed and hence assist CPR in time-critical situations. Play & Learning Category: Elon Musk, Martin Eberhard and Barney Hatt - "Tesla Roadster" a 100% electrical powered sports car with zero emissions and power cost approximately 2 cents per mile Community Category: Rebecca Allen, Christopher Blizzard, V. Michael Bove, Yves Behar, Sergio Romero de Azevedo, Walter Bender, Michail Bletsas, Mark Foster, Jacques Gagne, Mary Lou Jepson, Nicholas Negroponte and Lisa Strausfeld - the affordable "XO laptop" People's Choice Award: Han Pham - "YellowOne Needle Cap", a cap to be placed onto a soda can to be used for safe disposal of hypodermic needles in low income countries, where these needles are commonly found in trash and thus increase the rates of transmission of diseases and needle injuries. 2009 winners In 2009, The Index Award received 720 entries from 54 countries, of which the Jury chaired by Designit co-founder Mikal Hallstrup selected 72 for nomination and exhibition on Kongens Nytorv as part of the first Copenhagen Design Week. The winners, announced at the award ceremony at Koncerthuset on 28 August, were: Body Category: Philip Goodwin, Stefan Zwahlen and John Hutchinson - "Freeplay Fetal Heart Rate Monitor", a heart rate monitor to safeguard childbirth for mothers and infants in remote areas of the developing world where expert care and electrical power are in short supply Home Category: Philips Design - "Chulha", a stove designed to limit the dangerous health issues caused by traditions of indoor cooking in many rural areas of the developing world Work Category: Kiva.org - "Kiva", a website developed to bring lenders and small entrepreneurs together to aggregate loans into a major center of person-to-person micro-finance Play & Learning Category: Christien Meindertsma - "Pig 05049", a book containing a communications design developed in three years of research to track all the products made from a single pig Community Category: Shai Agassi - "Better Place", electric vehicle infra-structure to make electric transport convenient and affordable People's Choice Award: Jean Madden - "Street Swags", a bed and a bag designed to provide more comfort, warmth and protection from weather for people living on the street The INDEX: Award Exhibition subsequently went on tour to Seoul and Singapore among others. 2011 winners In 2011, The Index Award received 966 entries from 78 countries, of which the Jury chaired by Nille Juul-Sørensen selected 58 for nomination and participation in The Index Award Exhibition outside the Royal Danish Playhouse on the harbor front in the Frederiksstaden neighbourhood of central Copenhagen. The winners announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen Opera House on 1 September were: Body Category: Yves Behar - "See Better to Learn Better (VerBien)", free eyeglasses for thousands of school children Home Category: Alejandro Aravena, Fernando García-Huidobro and Gonzalo Arteaga - "ELEMENTAL Monterrey", social housing in a ground breaking new way Work Category: Kiran Bir Sethi & Pranay Desai - "Design for Change", a global movement designed to give children the opportunity to express their own ideas for a better world and put them into action. Play & Learning Category: Anna Haupt & Terese Alstin - "Hövding", a bicycle helmet-airbag to wear as a collar Community Category: Seoul Metropolitan Government - "Design Seoul", the first ever coherent design based approach to improve life for citizens in a very large city People's Choice Award: Linus Liang, Naganand Murty, Rahul Panicker, Razmig Hovaghimian, and Jane Chen - "Embrace Infant Warmer", thermal regulation infant warmer for premature and underweight born children 2013 winners The 2013 Index Award broke all previous records by receiving 1,022 entries for the competition from 73 countries, of which the Jury chaired by Mikal Hallstrup selected 59 for nomination and participation in The Index Award Exhibition in Rosenborg Castle Gardens. The winners, announced at the award ceremony on 29 August at Kulturværftet in Elsinore under the attendance of Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, were: Body Category: Laerdal Global Health - "The Natalie Collection", a trio of birth simulating devices preventing child and maternal death Home Category: Kavita Shukla - "FreshPaper", a simple sheet of paper keeping produce fresh 4 times longer Work Category: The city of Copenhagen - "Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan", the Danish capital's pioneering plan of how to address the changing climate Play & Learning Category: Eben Upton, University of Cambridge - "Raspberry Pi", a $25 computer aiming to digitalise the world Community Category: Daan Roosegaarde - "Smart Highway", intelligent roads that communicate with its drivers promoting both traffic safety and traffic efficiency People's Choice Award: "Smart Highway" after a close vote on CNN.com 2015 winners The 2015 Index Award were presented at Kulturværftet in Elsinore on 27 August, honouring five winners among the 46 shortlisted finalists chosen from a pool of 1123 entries from 72 countries. The winners were: Body Category: Peek Vision - "Peek Retina", a portable eye examination kit that uses apps Home Category: Elon Musk - "Tesla Powerwall", a rechargeable battery that aims to revolutionise energy generation Work Category: Sky Greens - "Sky Urban Vertical Farming System", a low-carbon, water-driven vertical farm that alleviates environmental impact Play & Learning Category: Luis von Ahn for Duolingo, free language-learning apps Community Category: Boyan Slat - "The Ocean Cleanup Array", a system to sustainably clean up plastic pollution from the world's oceans People's Choice Award: William Janssen - "Desolenator", a mobile, solar energy driven water purifier 2017 winners The 2017 Index Award was presented at Kulturværftet in Elsinore on September 1, 2017, with Alice Tumler as the hostess. Out of 1,401 nominations from 85 countries, 56 were selected as finalists and five of these won an Index Award. Each winner received €100,000 for further development of their design. The winners were: Body Category: Zipline - "Zipline", a drone delivery system designed to get critical medical supplies, such as blood and vaccines, to remote places Home Category: what3words - "what3words", an address system dividing the world into 3x3m squares, making sure everyone has an address Work Category: GreenWave - "Greenwave", a revolutionary ocean farming system designed to restore ocean ecosystems, mitigate climate change, and create jobs for fishermen Play & Learning Category: Paperfuge - "Paperfuge", a hand-powered centrifuge made from paper, string and plastic that can detect malaria, HIV and tuberculosis Community Category: Ethereum Foundation - "Ethereum", a global, open-source platform to decentralize the distribution of money and information People's Choice Award: Labster - "Labster", a virtual reality lab providing high-quality immersive scientific lessons Denmark portal 2019 winners The 2019 Index Award was presented at The Plant in Copenhagen on September 6, 2019, with journalist Peter Stanners as the host. It featured keynotes from past winners such as Mikkel Vestergaard, CEO of Vestergaard, Ryan Sims, VP of Design at Duolingo and Keenan Wyrobek, CEO of Zipline. Out of more than 1,800 nominations, 42 finalists from 19 countries were presented and six of these won an Index Award. The five primary category winners each received €100,000 with their prize. The winners were: Body Category: Faber Futures - "Project Coelicolor", a suite of textile dyeing and printing methods with the Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria Home Category: AI SpaceFactory - "Marsha", 3D-printed vertical homes designed for life on Mars Work Category: SafetyNet Technologies - "Pisces", LED-light emitting devices that attracts certain fish and repels non-targeted species to lower bycatch Play & Learning Category: Microsoft - "Xbox Adaptive Controller", a customisable version of the Xbox game controller made for those of limited mobility Community Category: Solar Foods - "Solar Foods", the company behind the Solein protein made out of CO2 and electricity People's Choice Award: Thumy - "Thumy", temporary tattoos and child-friendly insulin pens made to empower Type 1 diabetic children 2021 winners The Index Award 2021 was presented at Volume in Copenhagen on September 30, 2021, and streamed to a global audience. Senior Copywriter from AKQA Jean-Robert Saintil was the host and the show featured a keynote by co-founder of Airbnb Joe Gebbia – his first public talk in Denmark. From 2,134 nominees, 46 finalists were presented and six of these won an Index Award. The five primary category winners each won a prize package worth more than worth over €250,000, including business development sessions with top-tier global consulting agency Boston Consulting Group, creative branding sparring from award-winning AKQA, a feature on the Google Arts and Culture platform, and bespoke design thinking and leadership workshops with The Index Project. The winners were: Body Category: Cirqle Biomedical - "OUI", a non-hormonal contraceptive reinforcing women's natural pregnancy barrier. Home Category: Flash Forest - "Flash Forest", a scalable and effective reforesting technology using aerial mapping, drone technology and ecological science. 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Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ "SA's fire detection startup Lumkani named finalist in Index Awards 2015 – Ventureburn". Ventureburn.com. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ "Index: Awards 2015 - shortlist includes portable solar-powered desalination unit and Lego-inspired modular phone - Tech Digest". Techdigest.tv. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ Jackson, Tom (12 June 2015). "BRCK, Lumkani among finalists of INDEX design awards". Disrupt-africa.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ "Startup brasileira está entre as finalistas do INDEX: Award - Notícias - Empreendedorismo". Administradores.com. 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ Alice, Rawsthorn (28 August 2015). "INDEX: Design Award Aims to Solve the World's Problems, a Few at a Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ Kristoffer Zøllner (30 August 2015). "De gør verden bedre - Personlig udvikling". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Greg Russell (28 August 2015). "Smartphone adaptor kit could help stop blindness". The National. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Portable eye examination kit peek retina wins 2015 index award". Designboom.com. 28 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Peter Farquhar (28 August 2015). "Tesla is on a roll and just won a 'Nobel prize of design'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Vertical farming invention wins global award". AsiaOne Singapore News. 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Motive: Five designs that could revolutionise life". Marklives.com. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ McDermott, Mat. "Winners of the INDEX- Design For Life competition announced". TreeHugger. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Post (27 August 2015). "Ocean cleaner wins top Danish design award". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Nu er vinderne af den store designpris Index: Award fundet" (in Danish). DR. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Plastindsamler til havet og apparat til øjenundersøgelser får stor dansk designpris" (in Danish). Videnskab.dk. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "INDEX: award 2017 winners revealed". designboom | architecture & design magazine. 3 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Ethereum". ethereum.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The Index Project". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "OUI". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "Flash Forest". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "BIOHM". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "Truepic Vision and Foresight". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "Algorithmic Justice League". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "LUNARK". theindexproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2021. 55°40′27″N 12°34′18″E / 55.6741°N 12.5718°E / 55.6741; 12.5718 External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organisation"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"}],"text":"The Index Project, formerly INDEX: Design to Improve Life, is a Danish nonprofit organisation that promotes designs aimed at the improvement of life worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. The organisation is behind the biennial Index Award, the world's biggest design award.","title":"The Index Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johan Adam Linneballe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Adam_Linneballe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Permanent Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_and_Business_Affairs_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Rosted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B8rgen_Rosted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Rosted"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-information1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-information1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ex2009-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwbd-6"},{"link_name":"Øksnehallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ksnehallen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuad-Luke2013-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ltd2014-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Established in 2002, The Index Project was initially proposed by designer Johan Adam Linneballe and then Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs Jørgen Rosted [da] as a world design event in order to promote Denmark on a global scale,[1][2][3] as well as attract tourism and investments.[4] However, it soon acquired a global perspective, and its mission has become expressed in its motto: \"Design to Improve Life\".[1][5]The organisation is under the patronage of the Queen Mary of Denmark. The Index Project is promoted by means of a design award, The Index Award, education programmes, an investment entity, conferences, and publications.[6] As of 2018, the organisation is headed by Liza Chong. It was previously led by founding CEO Kigge Hvid, former CEO of Øksnehallen.[7][8][9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alice Rawsthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Rawsthorn"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ex2009-5"}],"text":"The biennial Index Award was initiated in 2005, and originally financed by the state of Denmark with a total prize sum worth €500,000.[12][13] In 2005, it was the world's largest monetary award in its area,[14][15][16] and today is widely recognised as the most influential in inspiring life-improving design,[17][18][19] and has often been dubbed the \"Nobel Prize of design\".[20][21][22][23] British design critic Alice Rawsthorn in 2011, wrote for The New York Times, \"Not only is INDEX: the world's most generous design prize in financial terms, it is one of the few awards to have made a meaningful contribution to design discourse.\"[24]Projects from around the world are entered into competition for the award with finalists and winners determined by an international jury. In addition to choosing the successful designs, The Index Award Jury plays a key role in developing and advocating for strategies to expand the borders and impact of design in the world.[5]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Arnold Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Wasserman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ico-d1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Torben Vestergaard Frandsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestergaard_Frandsen"},{"link_name":"LifeStraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeStraw"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"molo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molo_(design_company)"},{"link_name":"Softwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwall"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colchester2007-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"digital rights management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Architecture for Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_for_Humanity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humanity2012-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2005 winners","text":"The first Index Award was announced in September 2004,[25] and the competition received 538 entries representing 50 countries,[26] of which The Index Award Jury chaired by Arnold Wasserman selected 118 finalists to participate in The Index Award Exhibition.[27][28] The winners, announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen City Hall on 22 September, were:[29][30][31]Body Category: Torben Vestergaard Frandsen, Rob Fleuren and Moshe Frommer - \"LifeStraw\", a plastic straw that cleans contaminated water to prevent diseases such as diphtheria, cholera, typhoid and diarrhea from spreading through drinking water.[32]\nHome Category: Stephanie Forsythe & Todd MacAllen of molo - \"Softwall\", a 100% recyclable wall to generate personal space in larger rooms[33]\nWork Category: Fundación Española para la Innovación de la Artesanía - \"Observatorio Iberoamericano\", a strategy, system, and network designed to help over 40 million craftsmen in Latin America[34]\nPlay & Learning Category: Apple - iTunes / iPod, a revolution within the music industry and digital rights management[35]\nCommunity Category: Architecture for Humanity - \"Siyathemba – The field of hope\", a competition for designers and architects to incorporate football into HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment via a combined football field and health-care facility[36][37]\nPeople's Choice Award: Apple — iTunes","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nille Juul-Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nille_Juul-S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Kongens Nytorv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongens_Nytorv"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alberto Meda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Meda"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger2010-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"Martin Eberhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard"},{"link_name":"Tesla Roadster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Allen_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Blizzard"},{"link_name":"Yves Behar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Behar"},{"link_name":"Walter Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bender"},{"link_name":"Michail Bletsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Bletsas"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"Lisa Strausfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Strausfeld"},{"link_name":"XO laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XO_laptop"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hudson2009-56"},{"link_name":"hypodermic needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlesinaLupton2010-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilloton2009-58"}],"sub_title":"2007 winners","text":"In 2007, The Index Award received 337 entries, of which the Jury chaired by Nille Juul-Sørensen selected 112 for nomination,[38] and 110 were exhibited on Kongens Nytorv.[39][40][41][42] The winners, announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen City Hall on 24 August, were:[43][44]Body Category: Sebastien Dubois - \"Mobility for Each One\", an energy-return prosthetic foot that can be produced for $8 in a local workshop versus the standard $1,300 to $4,000.[45][46]\nHome Category: Alberto Meda and Francisco Gomez Paz - \"Solar Bottle\", a low cost water purification bottle[47][48][49]\nWork Category: Philip Greer, Lisa Stroux, Graeme Davies and Chris Huntley - \"Tongue Sucker\", a simple device, easy to use in an emergency to draw out the tongue of an unconscious person, make the airway unobstructed and hence assist CPR in time-critical situations.[50][51][52]\nPlay & Learning Category: Elon Musk, Martin Eberhard and Barney Hatt - \"Tesla Roadster\" a 100% electrical powered sports car with zero emissions and power cost approximately 2 cents per mile[53][54]\nCommunity Category: Rebecca Allen, Christopher Blizzard, V. Michael Bove, Yves Behar, Sergio Romero de Azevedo, Walter Bender, Michail Bletsas, Mark Foster, Jacques Gagne, Mary Lou Jepson, Nicholas Negroponte and Lisa Strausfeld - the affordable \"XO laptop\"[55][56]\nPeople's Choice Award: Han Pham - \"YellowOne Needle Cap\", a cap to be placed onto a soda can to be used for safe disposal of hypodermic needles in low income countries, where these needles are commonly found in trash and thus increase the rates of transmission of diseases and needle injuries.[57][58]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Designit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designit"},{"link_name":"Mikal Hallstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikal_Hallstrup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Design Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_Design_Week&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Koncerthuset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncerthuset"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Philips Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Design"},{"link_name":"Chulha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulha"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChavanPrabhu2010-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Kiva.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Christien Meindertsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christien_Meindertsma"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Shai Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Agassi"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"2009 winners","text":"In 2009, The Index Award received 720 entries from 54 countries, of which the Jury chaired by Designit co-founder Mikal Hallstrup selected 72 for nomination and exhibition on Kongens Nytorv as part of the first Copenhagen Design Week.[59][60][61][62] The winners, announced at the award ceremony at Koncerthuset on 28 August, were:[63][64][65][66]Body Category: Philip Goodwin, Stefan Zwahlen and John Hutchinson - \"Freeplay Fetal Heart Rate Monitor\", a heart rate monitor to safeguard childbirth for mothers and infants in remote areas of the developing world where expert care and electrical power are in short supply[67]\nHome Category: Philips Design - \"Chulha\", a stove designed to limit the dangerous health issues caused by traditions of indoor cooking in many rural areas of the developing world[68][69][70][71]\nWork Category: Kiva.org - \"Kiva\", a website developed to bring lenders and small entrepreneurs together to aggregate loans into a major center of person-to-person micro-finance[72][73]\nPlay & Learning Category: Christien Meindertsma - \"Pig 05049\", a book containing a communications design developed in three years of research to track all the products made from a single pig[74][75][76]\nCommunity Category: Shai Agassi - \"Better Place\", electric vehicle infra-structure to make electric transport convenient and affordable[77][78][79]\nPeople's Choice Award: Jean Madden - \"Street Swags\", a bed and a bag designed to provide more comfort, warmth and protection from weather for people living on the street[80][81]The INDEX: Award Exhibition subsequently went on tour to Seoul and Singapore among others.[82]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Frederiksstaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksstaden"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_By"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ico-d1-27"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Yves Behar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Behar"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Aravena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Aravena"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Design for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Design_for_Change&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-24"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Hövding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6vding"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Naganand Murty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrace_(non-profit)"},{"link_name":"Rahul Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Razmig Hovaghimian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razmig_Hovaghimian"},{"link_name":"Jane Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Chen"},{"link_name":"Embrace Infant Warmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrace_Innovations"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"2011 winners","text":"In 2011, The Index Award received 966 entries from 78 countries, of which the Jury chaired by Nille Juul-Sørensen selected 58 for nomination and participation in The Index Award Exhibition outside the Royal Danish Playhouse on the harbor front in the Frederiksstaden neighbourhood of central Copenhagen.[27][83][84] The winners announced at the award ceremony at the Copenhagen Opera House on 1 September were:[85]Body Category: Yves Behar - \"See Better to Learn Better (VerBien)\", free eyeglasses for thousands of school children[86]\nHome Category: Alejandro Aravena, Fernando García-Huidobro and Gonzalo Arteaga - \"ELEMENTAL Monterrey\", social housing in a ground breaking new way[87][88]\nWork Category: Kiran Bir Sethi & Pranay Desai - \"Design for Change\", a global movement designed to give children the opportunity to express their own ideas for a better world and put them into action.[24][89][90]\nPlay & Learning Category: Anna Haupt & Terese Alstin - \"Hövding\", a bicycle helmet-airbag to wear as a collar[91][92][93]\nCommunity Category: Seoul Metropolitan Government - \"Design Seoul\", the first ever coherent design based approach to improve life for citizens in a very large city[94]\nPeople's Choice Award: Linus Liang, Naganand Murty, Rahul Panicker, Razmig Hovaghimian, and Jane Chen - \"Embrace Infant Warmer\", thermal regulation infant warmer for premature and underweight born children[95]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Rosenborg Castle Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_Castle_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Crown_Princess_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Laerdal Global Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laerdal_Global_Health&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Kavita Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kavita_Shukla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"The city of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Eben Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Upton"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Daan Roosegaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan_Roosegaarde"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"}],"sub_title":"2013 winners","text":"The 2013 Index Award broke all previous records by receiving 1,022 entries for the competition from 73 countries,[96] of which the Jury chaired by Mikal Hallstrup selected 59 for nomination and participation in The Index Award Exhibition in Rosenborg Castle Gardens.[97][98][99] The winners, announced at the award ceremony on 29 August at Kulturværftet in Elsinore under the attendance of Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, were:[100][101][102]Body Category: Laerdal Global Health - \"The Natalie Collection\", a trio of birth simulating devices preventing child and maternal death[103][104][105][106]\nHome Category: Kavita Shukla - \"FreshPaper\", a simple sheet of paper keeping produce fresh 4 times longer[107][108][109][110]\nWork Category: The city of Copenhagen - \"Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan\", the Danish capital's pioneering plan of how to address the changing climate[111][112][113][114]\nPlay & Learning Category: Eben Upton, University of Cambridge - \"Raspberry Pi\", a $25 computer aiming to digitalise the world[115][116][117]\nCommunity Category: Daan Roosegaarde - \"Smart Highway\", intelligent roads that communicate with its drivers promoting both traffic safety and traffic efficiency[118]\nPeople's Choice Award: \"Smart Highway\" after a close vote on CNN.com[14]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulturværftet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturv%C3%A6rftet"},{"link_name":"Elsinore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsinore"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Peek Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peek_Vision&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Tesla Powerwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Sky Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky_Greens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vertical farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Luis von Ahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_von_Ahn"},{"link_name":"Duolingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Boyan Slat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyan_Slat"},{"link_name":"The Ocean Cleanup Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup"},{"link_name":"plastic pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"2015 winners","text":"The 2015 Index Award were presented at Kulturværftet in Elsinore on 27 August, honouring five winners among the 46 shortlisted finalists chosen from a pool of 1123 entries from 72 countries.[119][120][121][122][123] The winners were:[124][125]Body Category: Peek Vision - \"Peek Retina\", a portable eye examination kit that uses apps[126][127]\nHome Category: Elon Musk - \"Tesla Powerwall\", a rechargeable battery that aims to revolutionise energy generation[128]\nWork Category: Sky Greens - \"Sky Urban Vertical Farming System\", a low-carbon, water-driven vertical farm that alleviates environmental impact[129][130]\nPlay & Learning Category: Luis von Ahn for Duolingo, free language-learning apps[131]\nCommunity Category: Boyan Slat - \"The Ocean Cleanup Array\", a system to sustainably clean up plastic pollution from the world's oceans[132]\nPeople's Choice Award: William Janssen - \"Desolenator\", a mobile, solar energy driven water purifier[133][134]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulturværftet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturv%C3%A6rftet"},{"link_name":"Elsinore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsinore"},{"link_name":"Alice Tumler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Tumler"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"GreenWave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenWave"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Denmark portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Denmark"}],"sub_title":"2017 winners","text":"The 2017 Index Award was presented at Kulturværftet in Elsinore on September 1, 2017, with Alice Tumler as the hostess. Out of 1,401 nominations from 85 countries, 56 were selected as finalists and five of these won an Index Award. Each winner received €100,000 for further development of their design. The winners were:Body Category: Zipline - \"Zipline\", a drone delivery system designed to get critical medical supplies, such as blood and vaccines, to remote places[135]\nHome Category: what3words - \"what3words\", an address system dividing the world into 3x3m squares, making sure everyone has an address[136]\nWork Category: GreenWave - \"Greenwave\", a revolutionary ocean farming system designed to restore ocean ecosystems, mitigate climate change, and create jobs for fishermen[137]\nPlay & Learning Category: Paperfuge - \"Paperfuge\", a hand-powered centrifuge made from paper, string and plastic that can detect malaria, HIV and tuberculosis[138][139]\nCommunity Category: Ethereum Foundation - \"Ethereum\", a global, open-source platform to decentralize the distribution of money and information[140]\nPeople's Choice Award: Labster - \"Labster\", a virtual reality lab providing high-quality immersive scientific lessons[141]Denmark portal","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikkel Vestergaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkel_Vestergaard_Frandsen"},{"link_name":"Duolingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo"},{"link_name":"Zipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipline_(drone_delivery)"},{"link_name":"Streptomyces coelicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_coelicolor"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Xbox Adaptive Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Adaptive_Controller"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"2019 winners","text":"The 2019 Index Award was presented at The Plant in Copenhagen on September 6, 2019, with journalist Peter Stanners as the host. It featured keynotes from past winners such as Mikkel Vestergaard, CEO of Vestergaard, Ryan Sims, VP of Design at Duolingo and Keenan Wyrobek, CEO of Zipline. Out of more than 1,800 nominations, 42 finalists from 19 countries were presented and six of these won an Index Award. The five primary category winners each received €100,000 with their prize. The winners were:Body Category: Faber Futures - \"Project Coelicolor\", a suite of textile dyeing and printing methods with the Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria[142]\nHome Category: AI SpaceFactory - \"Marsha\", 3D-printed vertical homes designed for life on Mars[143]\nWork Category: SafetyNet Technologies - \"Pisces\", LED-light emitting devices that attracts certain fish and repels non-targeted species to lower bycatch[144]\nPlay & Learning Category: Microsoft - \"Xbox Adaptive Controller\", a customisable version of the Xbox game controller made for those of limited mobility[145]\nCommunity Category: Solar Foods - \"Solar Foods\", the company behind the Solein protein made out of CO2 and electricity[146]\nPeople's Choice Award: Thumy - \"Thumy\", temporary tattoos and child-friendly insulin pens made to empower Type 1 diabetic children[147]","title":"The Index Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airbnb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb"},{"link_name":"Joe Gebbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gebbia"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"AKQA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKQA"},{"link_name":"Google Arts and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Algorithmic Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_Justice_League"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"sub_title":"2021 winners","text":"The Index Award 2021 was presented at Volume in Copenhagen on September 30, 2021, and streamed to a global audience. Senior Copywriter from AKQA Jean-Robert Saintil was the host and the show featured a keynote by co-founder of Airbnb Joe Gebbia – his first public talk in Denmark. From 2,134 nominees, 46 finalists were presented and six of these won an Index Award. The five primary category winners each won a prize package worth more than worth over €250,000, including business development sessions with top-tier global consulting agency Boston Consulting Group, creative branding sparring from award-winning AKQA, a feature on the Google Arts and Culture platform, and bespoke design thinking and leadership workshops with The Index Project. The winners were:Body Category: Cirqle Biomedical - \"OUI\", a non-hormonal contraceptive reinforcing women's natural pregnancy barrier.[148]\nHome Category: Flash Forest - \"Flash Forest\", a scalable and effective reforesting technology using aerial mapping, drone technology and ecological science.[149]\nWork Category: BIOHM - \"BIOHM\", environmentally regenerative and natural insulation grown from mycelium.[150]\nPlay & Learning Category: Truepic - \"Truepic Vision & Foresight', groundbreaking technology to authenticate images and videos and combat fake media.[151]\nCommunity Category: Algorithmic Justice League - \"Algorithmic Justice League\", an organisation combining art, research and education to show the social implications and harms of AI.[152]\nPeople's Choice Award: SAGA Space Architects - \"LUNARK\", a moon habitat designed for humans to thrive in space.[153]","title":"The Index Award"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"'INDEX: handler om at forbedre livet for alle mennesker' | Information\". Dagbladet Information (in Danish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.information.dk/144664","url_text":"\"'INDEX: handler om at forbedre livet for alle mennesker' | Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbladet_Information","url_text":"Dagbladet Information"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061737/http://www.information.dk/144664","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Designformand: Danmark stadig en vigtig player\". Dagbladet Børsen (in Danish). Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pleasure.borsen.dk/design/artikel/1/212493/designformand_danmark_stadig_en_vigtig_player.html","url_text":"\"Designformand: Danmark stadig en vigtig player\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbladet_B%C3%B8rsen","url_text":"Dagbladet Børsen"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629231423/http://pleasure.borsen.dk/design/artikel/1/212493/designformand_danmark_stadig_en_vigtig_player.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Solveig Gram Jensen. \"Danskere er gode til at få gode ideer\". Politiken (in Danish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://politiken.dk/oekonomi/ECE361043/danskere-er-gode-til-at-faa-gode-ideer/","url_text":"\"Danskere er gode til at få gode ideer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiken","url_text":"Politiken"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134834/http://politiken.dk/oekonomi/ECE361043/danskere-er-gode-til-at-faa-gode-ideer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HOME - INDEX: Design to Improve Life®\". INDEX: Design to Improve Life®. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indexaward.dk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=16","url_text":"\"HOME - INDEX: Design to Improve Life®\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111130034100/http://www.indexaward.dk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=16","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"18 of 18 speakers announced\". A Better World by Design. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_procurator

Procurator (Russia)

["1 List of Most Holy Synod Ober-Procurators","2 See also"]

For Prosecutor-General of Russian Federation, see Prosecutor-General of Russia. The Procurator (Russian: прокурор, prokuror) was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control. The Russian word also has the meaning of prosecutor. The Chief Procurator (also Ober-Procurator; обер-прокурор, ober-prokuror) was the official title of the head of the Most Holy Synod, effectively the lay head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of Nicholas II, was one of the most powerful men to hold the post, from 1880 to 1905. The General Procurator (Procurator General) and the Chief Procurator were major supervisory positions in the Russian Governing Senate, which functioned from 1711 to 1917, with their meaning changing over time. Eventually Chief Procurator became the title of the head of a department of the Senate. List of Most Holy Synod Ober-Procurators 1722–1725 Ivan Boltin 1725–1730 Aleksei Baskakov 1730–1740 no appointments 1740–1741 Nikita Krechetnikov 1741–1753 Yakov Shakhovskoy 1753–1758 Afanasiy Lvov 1758–1763 Aleksei Kozlovskiy 1763–1768 Ivan Melissino 1768–1774 Pyotr Chebyshyov 1774–1786 Sergei Akchurin 1786–1791 Apollos Naumov 1791–1797 Aleksei Musin-Pushkin 1797–1799 Vasiliy Khovanskiy 1799–1802 Dmitry Khvostov 1802–1803 Aleksandr Yakovlev 1803–1817 Aleksandr Golitsyn 1817–1833 Pyotr Meshcherskiy 1833–1836 Stepan Nechayev 1836–1855 Nikolay Protasov 1855–1856 Aleksandr Karasevskiy 1856–1862 Aleksandr Tolstoy 1862–1865 Aleksei Akhmatov 1865–1880 Dmitry Tolstoy 1880–1905 Konstantin Pobedonostsev 1905–1906 Aleksei Obolenskiy 1906–1906 Aleksei Shirinskiy-Shikhmatov 1906–1909 Pyotr Izvolskiy 1909–1911 Sergei Lukianov 1911–1915 Vladimir Sabler 1915–1915 Aleksandr Samarin 1915–1916 Alexander Volzhin 1916–1917 Nikolai Raev 1917–1917 Vladimir Lvov 1917–1917 Anton Kartashev See also Procurator General of the USSR This article about government in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Eventually Chief Procurator became the title of the head of a department of the Senate.","title":"Procurator (Russia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Boltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Boltin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Baskakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Baskakov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikita Krechetnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Krechetnikov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yakov Shakhovskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Shakhovskoy"},{"link_name":"Afanasiy Lvov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afanasiy_Lvov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Kozlovskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Kozlovskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Melissino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Melissino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Chebyshyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Chebyshyov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergei Akchurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Akchurin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apollos Naumov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollos_Naumov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Musin-Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Musin-Pushkin"},{"link_name":"Vasiliy Khovanskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasiliy_Khovanskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Khvostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Khvostov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Yakovlev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(1762)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Golitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Golitsyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Meshcherskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Meshcherskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stepan Nechayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Nechayev"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Protasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Protasov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Karasevskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Karasevskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Tolstoy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Akhmatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Akhmatov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Pobedonostsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Obolenskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Obolenskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Shirinskiy-Shikhmatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Shirinskiy-Shikhmatov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Izvolskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Izvolskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergei Lukianov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Lukianov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Sabler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Sabler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Samarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Samarin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Volzhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Volzhin"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Raev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Pavlovich_Raev"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lvov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nikolaevich_Lvov"},{"link_name":"Anton Kartashev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kartashev"}],"text":"1722–1725 Ivan Boltin\n1725–1730 Aleksei Baskakov\n1730–1740 no appointments\n1740–1741 Nikita Krechetnikov\n1741–1753 Yakov Shakhovskoy\n1753–1758 Afanasiy Lvov\n1758–1763 Aleksei Kozlovskiy\n1763–1768 Ivan Melissino\n1768–1774 Pyotr Chebyshyov\n1774–1786 Sergei Akchurin\n1786–1791 Apollos Naumov\n1791–1797 Aleksei Musin-Pushkin\n1797–1799 Vasiliy Khovanskiy\n1799–1802 Dmitry Khvostov\n1802–1803 Aleksandr Yakovlev\n1803–1817 Aleksandr Golitsyn\n1817–1833 Pyotr Meshcherskiy\n1833–1836 Stepan Nechayev\n1836–1855 Nikolay Protasov\n1855–1856 Aleksandr Karasevskiy\n1856–1862 Aleksandr Tolstoy\n1862–1865 Aleksei Akhmatov\n1865–1880 Dmitry Tolstoy\n1880–1905 Konstantin Pobedonostsev\n1905–1906 Aleksei Obolenskiy\n1906–1906 Aleksei Shirinskiy-Shikhmatov\n1906–1909 Pyotr Izvolskiy\n1909–1911 Sergei Lukianov\n1911–1915 Vladimir Sabler\n1915–1915 Aleksandr Samarin\n1915–1916 Alexander Volzhin\n1916–1917 Nikolai Raev\n1917–1917 Vladimir Lvov\n1917–1917 Anton Kartashev","title":"List of Most Holy Synod Ober-Procurators"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Berre

Battle of the River Berre

["1 History","2 References"]

Coordinates: 43°26′45″N 5°6′50″E / 43.44583°N 5.11389°E / 43.44583; 5.113898th-century battle in Septimania vteCampaigns of Charles Martel Cologne Amblève Vincy Soissons Tours Boarn Avignon Narbonne River Berre Nîmes vteUmayyad invasion of Gaul Toulouse (721) River Garonne (732) Tours (732) Avignon (737) Narbonne (737) River Berre (737) Nîmes (737) Narbonne (752–759) The Battle of the River Berre was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel during the siege of Narbonne. The battle, which took place at the mouth of the River Berre (now in the Département of Aude), was a significant victory for Charles Martel in the military campaigns of 736–737. During this period, Martel effectively prevented greater Umayyad expansion beyond the Pyrénées. History The Frankish Christian army intercepted a sizeable group of Arab-Berber Muslim troops sent from Islamic Iberia and led by Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj along the banks of the River Berre, whose purpose was to relieve the Umayyad garrison during the siege of Narbonne. After their resounding victory, the Frankish Christian army pursued the fleeing Arab-Berber Muslim troops into the nearby sea-lagoons, "taking much booty and many prisoners". Martel's forces then devastated most of the principal settlements of Septimania, including Nîmes, Agde, Béziers, and Maguelonne. Despite these victories a second expedition was needed later that year to regain control of Provence after Arab forces returned. According to Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum the Arabs retreated when they learned that Martel had formed an alliance with the Lombards. The Frankish duke Charles Martel may have been able to take Narbonne had he been willing to commit his army and full resources for an indefinite siege, but he was not willing or able to do so. Probably he found that Hunald I, Duke of Aquitaine, was threatening his line of communication with the north. Furthermore, Maurontius, patrician of Provence, from his unconquered city of Marseille, raised a revolt against him from the rear. The Frankish king may have considered accomplished his primary goals by destroying the Arab Muslim armies in Septimania, and leaving the remaining Arab and Berber garrison confined within the city of Narbonne. A second Frankish expedition was led later in 739 to expel the inconvenient count Maurontius, who couldn't expect this time Andalusian relief, from Marseille and regain control of Provence. According to Paul the Deacon's historical treatise Historia Langobardorum (787–796), the Arab Muslims retreated when they learned that Charles Martel had formed an alliance with the Lombards, leaving the Umayyad forces stationed in the area and Maurontius himself too weak to meet in open battle. References ^ a b c d Baker, Patrick S. (2013). "The Battle of the River Berre". Medieval Warfare. 3 (2). Karwansaray BV: 44–48. ISSN 2211-5129. JSTOR 48578218. After three months, Eudo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the Moors, killed As-Sahm and drove the survivors from Aquitaine. ^ a b c d e f Verbruggen, J. F. (2005). "The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare". In Rogers, Clifford J.; Bachrach, Bernard S. (eds.). The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 55–56. doi:10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6. ISBN 9781846154058. After 734 Charles Martel advanced against the nobles in Burgundy and placed the region of Marseilles under the authority of his counts. Charles marched afterwards to Narbonne and besieged it. Then an army of Saracens came to relieve Narbonne. Charles marched against them and defeated them along the banks of the Berre. Charles still devastated the area around Nîmes, Agde, and Béziers, but an uprising in Saxony caused him to make an expedition to hold onto that land. Charles Martel had subjected the whole of Gallia, again by battles, and had to besiege Avignon and Narbonne there. He did not have the time to conquer Septimania. ^ a b c d Collins, Roger (1995). "Conquerors Divided". The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-631-19405-7. It would be quite anachronistic that the Provençal aristocracy would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of realpolitik. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that Charles Martel launched a raid into western Provence in 737. He took Avignon, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor ʿUqba, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself. ^ a b Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 0-582-06476-7. ^ Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ Deanesly, Margaret (2019). "The Later Merovingians". A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780367184582. 43°26′45″N 5°6′50″E / 43.44583°N 5.11389°E / 43.44583; 5.11389 This article about a battle in French history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Amblève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ambl%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"Vincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vincy"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(718)"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Boarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boarn"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(737)"},{"link_name":"River Berre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Umayyad invasion of Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Toulouse (721)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)"},{"link_name":"River Garonne (732)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Garonne"},{"link_name":"Tours (732)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Avignon (737)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)"},{"link_name":"Narbonne (737)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(737)"},{"link_name":"River Berre (737)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nîmes (737)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"Narbonne (752–759)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Carolingian duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"siege of Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(737)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1995-3"},{"link_name":"River Berre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berre_(Aude)"},{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1995-3"},{"link_name":"Umayyad expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Pyrénées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"}],"text":"8th-century battle in SeptimaniavteCampaigns of Charles Martel\nCologne\nAmblève\nVincy\nSoissons\nTours\nBoarn\nAvignon\nNarbonne\nRiver Berre\nNîmesvteUmayyad invasion of Gaul\nToulouse (721)\nRiver Garonne (732)\nTours (732)\nAvignon (737)\nNarbonne (737)\nRiver Berre (737)\nNîmes (737)\nNarbonne (752–759)The Battle of the River Berre was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel during the siege of Narbonne.[1][2][3] The battle, which took place at the mouth of the River Berre (now in the Département of Aude), was a significant victory for Charles Martel in the military campaigns of 736–737.[1][2][3] During this period, Martel effectively prevented greater Umayyad expansion beyond the Pyrénées.","title":"Battle of the River Berre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj"},{"link_name":"River Berre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berre_(Aude)"},{"link_name":"siege of Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(737)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1995-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1995-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fouracre2000p97-4"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"Agde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agde"},{"link_name":"Béziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers"},{"link_name":"Maguelonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguelonne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Historia Langobardorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fouracre2000p97-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-2"},{"link_name":"Hunald I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunald_I"},{"link_name":"Duke of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Maurontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurontius"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-6"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Historia Langobardorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"}],"text":"The Frankish Christian army intercepted a sizeable group of Arab-Berber Muslim troops sent from Islamic Iberia and led by Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj along the banks of the River Berre, whose purpose was to relieve the Umayyad garrison during the siege of Narbonne.[1][2][3]After their resounding victory,[1][2][3] the Frankish Christian army pursued the fleeing Arab-Berber Muslim troops into the nearby sea-lagoons, \"taking much booty and many prisoners\".[4] Martel's forces then devastated most of the principal settlements of Septimania, including Nîmes, Agde, Béziers, and Maguelonne.[2] Despite these victories a second expedition was needed later that year to regain control of Provence after Arab forces returned. According to Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum the Arabs retreated when they learned that Martel had formed an alliance with the Lombards.[4]The Frankish duke Charles Martel may have been able to take Narbonne had he been willing to commit his army and full resources for an indefinite siege, but he was not willing or able to do so.[2] Probably he found that Hunald I, Duke of Aquitaine, was threatening his line of communication with the north. Furthermore, Maurontius, patrician of Provence, from his unconquered city of Marseille, raised a revolt against him from the rear.[5] The Frankish king may have considered accomplished his primary goals by destroying the Arab Muslim armies in Septimania, and leaving the remaining Arab and Berber garrison confined within the city of Narbonne.[6]A second Frankish expedition was led later in 739 to expel the inconvenient count Maurontius, who couldn't expect this time Andalusian relief, from Marseille and regain control of Provence. According to Paul the Deacon's historical treatise Historia Langobardorum (787–796), the Arab Muslims retreated when they learned that Charles Martel had formed an alliance with the Lombards, leaving the Umayyad forces stationed in the area and Maurontius himself too weak to meet in open battle.","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Baker, Patrick S. (2013). \"The Battle of the River Berre\". Medieval Warfare. 3 (2). Karwansaray BV: 44–48. ISSN 2211-5129. JSTOR 48578218. After three months, Eudo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the Moors, killed As-Sahm and drove the survivors from Aquitaine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129","url_text":"2211-5129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578218","url_text":"48578218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_the_Great","url_text":"Eudo the Great"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine","url_text":"Duke of Aquitaine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors","url_text":"Moors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani","url_text":"As-Sahm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine","url_text":"Aquitaine"}]},{"reference":"Verbruggen, J. F. (2005). \"The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare\". In Rogers, Clifford J.; Bachrach, Bernard S. (eds.). The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 55–56. doi:10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6. ISBN 9781846154058. After 734 Charles Martel advanced against the nobles in Burgundy and placed the region of Marseilles under the authority of his counts. [...] Charles marched afterwards to Narbonne and besieged it. Then an army of Saracens came to relieve Narbonne. Charles marched against them and defeated them along the banks of the Berre. Charles still devastated the area around Nîmes, Agde, and Béziers, but an uprising in Saxony caused him to make an expedition to hold onto that land. [...] Charles Martel had subjected the whole of Gallia, again by battles, and had to besiege Avignon and Narbonne there. He did not have the time to conquer Septimania.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I78P9K6Iq_YC&pg=PA56","url_text":"\"The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk","url_text":"Woodbridge, Suffolk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer","url_text":"Boydell Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7722%2Fj.ctt81qwd.6","url_text":"10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846154058","url_text":"9781846154058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel","url_text":"Charles Martel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy","url_text":"Burgundy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles","url_text":"Marseilles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom","url_text":"his counts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne","url_text":"Narbonne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens","url_text":"Saracens"},{"url_text":"defeated them along the banks of the Berre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes","url_text":"Nîmes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agde","url_text":"Agde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers","url_text":"Béziers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxony","url_text":"Saxony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia","url_text":"Gallia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)","url_text":"Avignon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania","url_text":"Septimania"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Roger (1995). \"Conquerors Divided\". The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-631-19405-7. It would be quite anachronistic that the Provençal aristocracy would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of realpolitik. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that Charles Martel launched a raid into western Provence in 737. He took Avignon, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor ʿUqba, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Collins","url_text":"Collins, Roger"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlO-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92","url_text":"\"Conquerors Divided\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex","url_text":"Chichester, West Sussex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19405-7","url_text":"978-0-631-19405-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom","url_text":"eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik","url_text":"realpolitik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel","url_text":"Charles Martel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)","url_text":"He took Avignon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj","url_text":"ʿUqba"}]},{"reference":"Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 0-582-06476-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-06476-7","url_text":"0-582-06476-7"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_R._Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, Archibald R."},{"url":"http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfc2.htm","url_text":"The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050"}]},{"reference":"Deanesly, Margaret (2019). \"The Later Merovingians\". A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780367184582.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=20ufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244","url_text":"\"The Later Merovingians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367184582","url_text":"9780367184582"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Alessandro_Bonci

Teatro Alessandro Bonci

["1 References","2 External links"]

Teatro Comunale Alessandro Bonci Interior view The Teatro Comunale Alessandro Bonci (Alessandro Bonci Theatre) is an opera house in Cesena, Italy. The Bonci Theatre was built on the site of the old Spada Theatre starting in August 1843 on a design by the architect Vincenzo Ghinelli and was opened on 15 August 1846. It distinguished itself immediately with the best dramatic and lyric opera productions, a fact confirmed by the presence of leading performers of the period. It was dedicated to the great tenor from Cesena Alessandro Bonci after his performances of 1904 and 1927. Bonci was born in Cesena on 10 February 1870. The theater is a member of the Italian route section of the European Route of Historic Theatres. Detail of the facade in a 1972 photo by Paolo Monti References ^ Teatro Alessandro Bonci, Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo ^ European Route of Historic Theatres Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teatro Alessandro Bonci. Teatro Comunale Alessandro Bonci official website (in Italian) vteMusic venues in ItalyRome Circolo degli Artisti CSOA Forte Prenestino PalaLottomatica Parco della Musica Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Villa Ada Milan Centro Sociale Leoncavallo La Scala Mediolanum Forum Teatro Dal Verme Teatro degli Arcimboldi Naples Teatro di San Carlo Turin Teatro Regio Teatro Carignano Torino Palasport Olimpico Torino Palavela Palermo Teatro Biondo Teatro Massimo Teatro Politeama Bologna Covo Club PalaDozza Teatro Comunale Unipol Arena Other cities Cesena: Carisport, Teatro Alessandro Bonci Gabicce Mare: Baia Imperiale Genoa: Teatro Carlo Felice Fano: Teatro della Fortuna Mantua: Teatro Bibiena Mezzago: Bloom Parma: Teatro Regio Rieti: Teatro Flavio Vespasiano Riccione: Cocoricò Rimini: Teatro Galli Treviso: Teatro Mario Del Monaco Venice: La Fenice Verona: Verona Arena Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic EUTA theatre This article about an opera house or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Italian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Romania_Mobile

Telekom Romania Mobile

["1 History","1.1 Cosmorom","1.2 Cosmote Romania","1.3 Telekom Romania","2 Shareholders","3 Radio Frequency Summary","4 References","5 External links"]

Mobile network company in Romania Telekom Romania Mobile Communications SAFormerlyCosmorom (1999–2005)Cosmote (2005–2014)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded30 July 1990; 33 years ago (1990-07-30) (as ROM-POST-TELECOM)1999; 25 years ago (1999) (as Cosmorom)13 September 2014; 9 years ago (2014-09-13) (merger)HeadquartersBucharest, RomaniaKey peopleCharalampos Mazarakis (CEO)ServicesMobile phone telecommunicationsRevenue €380 million (2021)Net income €36 million (2021)Number of employees853 (2021)ParentOTEWebsiteOfficial website Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. is a mobile network company in Romania, wholly owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom, operating under Telekom brand. Telekom Romania Mobile had 3.5 million subscribers with 15% market share as of July 2021. The network operated together with Telekom Romania Communications (which traces its ancestry back to ROM-POST-TELECOM , later renamed Romtelecom) from 2014 until 2021 under the same brand Telekom. Both companies were majority owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom. On November 6, 2020, OTE agreed to sell the 54% stake in the fixed network company Telekom Romania Communications to Orange Romania for €295 million. In order for the transaction to be approved by the authorities, OTE has committed to buy the remaining 30% of shares in Telekom Romania Mobile, which operates the mobile network. The transaction was completed in July 2021. OTE did not succeed in selling the mobile phone company after the transaction with Digi failed due to the fact that it only wanted to buy cell sites and mobile frequencies, thus making Deutsche Telekom to rebrand it as Telekom Mobile and keep the company in OTE's portfolio until it finds a buyer. In November 2023, OTE would eventually sell Telekom Romania Mobile to Clever Group, the owner of Prima TV. History Cosmorom The company was launched as Cosmorom in 1999 by Romtelecom as its mobile telephony brand and entered service in April 2000. In the first years, the company failed to gain market share. Having around 1% market share and financial losses, there were talks about the selling of the company, but the decision was delayed several times due to disagreement between OTE, the majority owner of Romtelecom and the Romanian Government. In January 2004 Romtelecom decided to sell a majority stake in the company. Buying offers were made by Mobilkom (now A1 Telekom Austria), which was seen as a favorite, and the Hungarian company Matev of Deutsche Telekom. But in the end, the Greek company OTE, which owned 54% of Cosmorom's parent company, decided to buy 70% of the company, leaving Romtelecom with the remaining 30%. Cosmote Romania In July 2005 OTE's mobile division Cosmote relaunched the mobile operator separate from the fixed services company Romtelecom, with a popular offer for prepaid services. In December 2005 had approximately 50,000 subscribers. The process of relaunching, started with the rebranding as Cosmote on 6 December 2005. On 2 March 2006 started a wide advertising campaign on prepaid market, offering a limited number of SIM cards with 2000 free minutes within the network per month for a low price (3 euro). The network could no longer cope with the large number of users and network failures often occurred. So on March 20, the company announced that the offer will work until March 31 only for people who have activated the service until March 22. On 30 June 2009 Cosmote acquired Zapp Mobile, a CDMA mobile operator with 374,000 subscribers, who also had a 3G license. Following Zapp acquisition, Cosmote launched 3G service. At the end of 2013, Cosmote Romania had 6.1 million customers, of which 25.9% were postpaid subscribers and the rest were users of prepaid services. Telekom Romania On 12 September 2014, Romtelecom and Cosmote România unified mobile and fixed services under a single brand and changed their respective legal names to Telekom Romania Communications and Telekom Romania Mobile Communications. The company tried to attract postpaid customers, including with bundling mobile and fixed services, but the market share dropped. The company raised prices, but financial losses continued. Shareholders Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (mobile services): OTE - 99.9999994% Societatea Națională de Radiocomunicații S.A - 0.0000006% Radio Frequency Summary Frequencies used on the Telekom Romania Mobile Network MCC MNC Frequency Band Number Protocol (Downlink/Uplink speed) Class Notes 226 03 900 MHz 8 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 2G 226 03 1800 MHz 3 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 2G 226 03 800 MHz 20 LTE (37.5 Mbit/s/12.5 Mbit/s) 4G 226 03 900 MHz 8 LTE (37.5 Mbit/s/12.5 Mbit/s) 4G 226 03 1800 MHz 3 LTE (150 Mbit/s/50 Mbit/s) 4G 226 03 2100 MHz 1 LTE (112.5 Mbit/s/37.5 Mbit/s) 4G 226 03 2100 MHz n1 NR NSA (250 Mbit/s/50 Mbit/s) 5G References ^ "Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. din BUCURESTI - CUI 11952970". termene.ro. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "OTE Q2 Results" (PDF) (in Romanian). August 5, 2021. ^ "Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes". zf.ro. Retrieved October 4, 2021. ^ "OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m". mobileeurope.co.uk. Retrieved October 1, 2021. ^ "Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. July 29, 2021. ^ "Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile". idevice.ro. March 2, 2020. ^ "Telekom Romania Mobile sale "agreed"". Broadband TV News. November 16, 2023. ^ "Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta". capital.ro. December 11, 2003. ^ "Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom". capital.ro. January 29, 2004. ^ ""CosmOTE" a transferat banii pentru "Cosmorom"". bursa.ro. July 11, 2020. ^ "ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună". comunic.ro. March 2, 2006. ^ "UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro". hotnews.ro. June 30, 2009. ^ "COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM". evz.ro. August 14, 2014. ^ "Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services". romaniajournal.ro. March 6, 2019. ^ "Actionari (Shareholders)" (in Romanian). Telekom Romania. Retrieved January 16, 2018. ^ "Consultare benzi" (PDF) (in Romanian). July 26, 2017. External links Telekom Romania Mobile vteDeutsche TelekomMain companies T-Mobile Austria Magyar Telekom (60.49%) Makedonski Telekom 56,67% OTE (45%) Slovak Telekom Hrvatski Telekom (51.71%) Crnogorski Telekom 76.53% HT Eronet 39.1% BT Group (12%) Main services T-Home T-Mobile T-Systems Mobile networks T-Mobile Czech Republic T-Mobile Polska T-Mobile US Assurance Wireless Mint Mobile Ultra Mobile Metro by T-Mobile Cosmote (via OTE) Telekom Romania Mobile (via OTE) Absorbed companies MobileStar Omnipoint Communications Powertel (United States) Sprint Corporation SunCom VoiceStream Wireless Western Wireless Corporation Divested companies Telekom Albania T-Mobile Netherlands T-Online Related Attempted purchase of T-Mobile USA by AT&T Merger of Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US Detecon Electronic Beats Kabel Deutschland Nomad Digital T-Center T-Mobile Arena T-Mobile Center T-Mobile Park T-Mobile Team Telekom Innovation Laboratories United States v. Davis T-Mobile 4G LTE CellSpot Category Commons vteMobile phone companies operating in Romania Digi Orange Telekom Vodafone

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"OTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTE"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ROM-POST-TELECOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROM-POST-TELECOM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-POST-TELECOM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"OTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTE"},{"link_name":"Orange Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Romania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Digi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi_Communications"},{"link_name":"cell sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"mobile frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_frequencies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Prima TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_TV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. is a mobile network company in Romania, wholly owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom, operating under Telekom brand. Telekom Romania Mobile had 3.5 million subscribers with 15% market share as of July 2021.[2]The network operated together with Telekom Romania Communications (which traces its ancestry back to ROM-POST-TELECOM [ro], later renamed Romtelecom) from 2014 until 2021 under the same brand Telekom.[3] Both companies were majority owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom.On November 6, 2020, OTE agreed to sell the 54% stake in the fixed network company Telekom Romania Communications to Orange Romania for €295 million.[4] In order for the transaction to be approved by the authorities, OTE has committed to buy the remaining 30% of shares in Telekom Romania Mobile, which operates the mobile network. The transaction was completed in July 2021.[5]OTE did not succeed in selling the mobile phone company after the transaction with Digi failed due to the fact that it only wanted to buy cell sites and mobile frequencies, thus making Deutsche Telekom to rebrand it as Telekom Mobile and keep the company in OTE's portfolio until it finds a buyer.[6]In November 2023, OTE would eventually sell Telekom Romania Mobile to Clever Group, the owner of Prima TV.[7]","title":"Telekom Romania Mobile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Government"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mobilkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilkom"},{"link_name":"A1 Telekom Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Cosmorom","text":"The company was launched as Cosmorom in 1999 by Romtelecom as its mobile telephony brand and entered service in April 2000. In the first years, the company failed to gain market share. Having around 1% market share and financial losses, there were talks about the selling of the company, but the decision was delayed several times due to disagreement between OTE, the majority owner of Romtelecom and the Romanian Government.[8] In January 2004 Romtelecom decided to sell a majority stake in the company. Buying offers were made by Mobilkom (now A1 Telekom Austria), which was seen as a favorite, and the Hungarian company Matev of Deutsche Telekom.[9] But in the end, the Greek company OTE, which owned 54% of Cosmorom's parent company, decided to buy 70% of the company, leaving Romtelecom with the remaining 30%.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosmote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmote"},{"link_name":"prepaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"SIM cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Zapp Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp_Mobile"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Cosmote Romania","text":"In July 2005 OTE's mobile division Cosmote relaunched the mobile operator separate from the fixed services company Romtelecom, with a popular offer for prepaid services. In December 2005 had approximately 50,000 subscribers. The process of relaunching, started with the rebranding as Cosmote on 6 December 2005. On 2 March 2006 started a wide advertising campaign on prepaid market, offering a limited number of SIM cards with 2000 free minutes within the network per month for a low price (3 euro).[11] The network could no longer cope with the large number of users and network failures often occurred. So on March 20, the company announced that the offer will work until March 31 only for people who have activated the service until March 22.On 30 June 2009 Cosmote acquired Zapp Mobile, a CDMA mobile operator with 374,000 subscribers, who also had a 3G license.[12] Following Zapp acquisition, Cosmote launched 3G service. At the end of 2013, Cosmote Romania had 6.1 million customers, of which 25.9% were postpaid subscribers and the rest were users of prepaid services.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Telekom Romania","text":"On 12 September 2014, Romtelecom and Cosmote România unified mobile and fixed services under a single brand and changed their respective legal names to Telekom Romania Communications and Telekom Romania Mobile Communications.[13] The company tried to attract postpaid customers, including with bundling mobile and fixed services, but the market share dropped. The company raised prices, but financial losses continued.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telekomactionari-15"}],"text":"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (mobile services):[15]OTE - 99.9999994%\nSocietatea Națională de Radiocomunicații S.A - 0.0000006%","title":"Shareholders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio Frequency Summary"}]

[]

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Retrieved October 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zf.ro/business-hi-tech/telekom-mobil-si-a-definitivat-echipa-de-management-dupa-separarea-20284298","url_text":"\"Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes\""}]},{"reference":"\"OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m\". mobileeurope.co.uk. Retrieved October 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/ote-sells-telekom-romania-to-orange-for-295-6-million/","url_text":"\"OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote\" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-24947865-dispare-ultima-piedica-achizitia-telekom-romania-catre-orange-ote-anuntat-vrea-cumpere-pachetul-30-din-fostul-cosmote.htm","url_text":"\"Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile\". idevice.ro. March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idevice.ro/2020/03/02/telekom-acord-rcs-rds-405618/","url_text":"\"Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile sale \"agreed\"\". Broadband TV News. November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/16/telekom-romania-mobile-sale-agreed/","url_text":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile sale \"agreed\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta\". capital.ro. December 11, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capital.ro/destinul-cosmorom-ramane-o-mare-necunoscuta-12158.html","url_text":"\"Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom\". capital.ro. January 29, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capital.ro/trei-oferte-pentru-cumpararea-cosmorom-12843.html","url_text":"\"Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"CosmOTE\" a transferat banii pentru \"Cosmorom\"\". bursa.ro. July 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bursa.ro/cosmote-a-transferat-banii-pentru-cosmorom-04410515","url_text":"\"\"CosmOTE\" a transferat banii pentru \"Cosmorom\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună\". comunic.ro. March 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.comunic.ro/article/%C3%AEncepe-revolu%C8%9Bia-cosmote-lanseaz%C4%83-2000-de-minute-lunar-%C3%AEn-re%C8%9Bea-pentru-numai-3-euro-pe-lun-0","url_text":"\"ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro\". hotnews.ro. June 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-5874004-update-cosmote-cumpara-zapp-romania-pentru-circa-207-milioane-euro.htm","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro\""}]},{"reference":"\"COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM\". evz.ro. August 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://evz.ro/cosmote-si-romtelecom-devin-un-singur-brand-telekom.html","url_text":"\"COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services\". romaniajournal.ro. March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romaniajournal.ro/business/telekom-romania-to-increase-the-price-for-all-fix-and-mobile-services/","url_text":"\"Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actionari (Shareholders)\" (in Romanian). Telekom Romania. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telekom.ro/despre-noi/telekom-romania/actionari","url_text":"\"Actionari (Shareholders)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consultare benzi\" (PDF) (in Romanian). July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancom.ro/uploads/forms_files/CONSULTARE_ACORDARE_SPECTRU_700_800_1500__2600_MHz_3,5GHz_revizuit_12_07_20171499848014.pdf","url_text":"\"Consultare benzi\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_House_(U.S._game_show)

Fun House (American game show)

["1 Gameplay","1.1 Stunt rounds","1.2 Grand Prix race","1.3 The Fun House","2 Pilot","3 College Mad House","4 Merchandise","4.1 Board game","4.2 Travel game","4.3 Video and computer games","4.4 Exercise videos","5 References","6 External links"]

Children's television game show, 1988–1991 This article is about the American game show. For other uses, see Funhouse (disambiguation). Fun HouseCreated byBob SynesPresented byJ. D. RothNarrated byJohn "Tiny" Hurley (Syndication)Michael "Boogaloo Shrimp" Chambers (FOX)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes375 (353 on syndication; 22 on Fox)ProductionProduction locationsHollywood Center StudiosHollywood, CaliforniaRunning timeapprox. 22 minutesProduction companiesStone Television (1988–1990)Stone Stanley Productions (1990–1991)Lorimar Television (1989–1990)Telepictures Productions (1990–1991)Original releaseNetworkSyndication (1988–1990)Fox (1990–1991)ReleaseSeptember 5, 1988 (1988-09-05) –April 13, 1991 (1991-04-13)RelatedFun House Fun House is an American children's television game show that aired from September 5, 1988 to April 13, 1991. The first two seasons aired in daily syndication, with the Fox network picking it up and renaming it Fox's Fun House for its third and final season. The format of Fun House was similar to that of Nickelodeon game show Double Dare, which was being produced for syndication at the time and which became a primary competitor for ratings. Two teams of children answered questions and played messy games, competing for a chance to run an obstacle course and win cash and prizes. The course was modeled after the funhouse attractions seen in carnivals and amusement parks, from which the series took its title. The show was hosted for its entire run by J. D. Roth. John "Tiny" Hurley was the original announcer and appeared on the first two seasons in syndication. Michael "Boogaloo Shrimp" Chambers, a famous breakdancer turned actor, replaced him when the show moved to Fox and took on the name "MC Mike". Identical twin sisters Jacqueline and Samantha Forrest ("Jackie" and "Sammi", respectively) served as the show's cheerleaders. The show was created by Bob Synes, a veteran producer of game shows who previously worked on Let's Make a Deal and had created several other programs of his own, with Synes and Scott A. Stone serving as executive producers. Fun House was initially a co-production of Stone Television and Lorimar-Telepictures, the latter of which took on the role of distributor. From the second season onward, Lorimar Television became the co-producer and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution the syndicator. After Bob Synes died in 1990, Scott Stone replaced him with David G. Stanley and his production company then took on the name of Stone Stanley Productions, a name which it kept until the company dissolved. British Knights sponsored the show during its first two seasons, replaced by LA Gear for the third. Everyone appearing onstage wore a pair of the sponsoring company's shoes. A year after the show premiered, a spinoff series called College Mad House was created. Premiering in 1989 and running in weekly syndication for one season, it was hosted by Greg Kinnear and featured teams of college students from various universities around the United States competing against each other. Gameplay Two new teams, consisting of one boy and girl a piece, competed on each episode. One team wore gold uniforms and was cheered by Jackie, while the other wore red and was supported by Sammi. Stunt rounds Three stunts/games were played on each episode. Contestants had to undertake challenges such as answering questions, finding requested items, and assembling devices, and frequently ended up covered in disgusting materials such as slime or garbage. Some stunts were races against time or to be the first to complete an objective, while in others each team took turns; in those instances, Roth tossed a giant coin to determine which team would start. Each stunt awarded 25 points to the winner; if a stunt ended in a tie, both teams scored. One stunt was played with the boys, one with the girls, and the last with both teammates working together. After each stunt, play moved back to the podium where Roth would ask a multiple-choice trivia question to the teammates who had not participated or, in the case of the team stunt, to one designated member from each team. The first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly scored 25 points; during the third season, that team also earned the right to hit their opponents in the face with a pie. Grand Prix race The Grand Prix race was played as the fourth and final round and involved both teams racing two laps around a track that circled the studio, trading lanes after the first lap. Two different formats were commonly used. One involved both teammates performing tasks based on the theme of the day's race, such as riding in a comically oversized vehicle while being pushed by the other teammate, and requiring the teammates to switch roles after the first lap. The other was a foot race, with each teammate taking one lap. Small challenges were usually set up around the track that each team had to complete during the run, such as gathering and carrying items, running through tires, or squirting targets with a seltzer bottle. Roth signaled the start and finish of the race with the green and checkered flags used in motor racing. In addition to completing the objectives during the race, the teams had a chance to increase their score by collecting tokens from stations alongside the track. One white token and one blue token were available at each station, worth 10 and 25 points respectively. During season two, a station called the Token Bank was added to each lane for the second lap, containing pre-packaged bundles of tokens worth up to 200 points; a team could take one bundle during this lap. Each team was given a bag to hold collected tokens, which had to be worn around the neck of the running/riding member and passed off after the first lap. Any tokens that fell on the floor became invalid and could not be picked up. In order for tokens to count toward a team's score, they had to be either in the bag or aboard the vehicle (when applicable) before the end of the race. The team that won the race received 25 points. After that, each team's tokens were counted beginning with the team that was trailing following the race. Once all the tokens had been counted, the higher-scoring team won the game and advanced to the Fun House, while the other team received consolation prizes. Ties were broken with a toss-up question. The Fun House The Fun House was a large playing area that contained several rooms and obstacles for the team members to traverse, in the same manner as in the amusement park attraction of the same name. A total of 16 oversized price tags were scattered throughout the rooms. Six were red, representing different prizes, and could be hidden or visible; the other 10 were green, awarding cash amounts from $50 to $300, and were always visible. Any room containing a prize tag was marked with a placard indicating the prize. The team had two minutes to collect as many tags as possible, but only one member could be in the Fun House at any given time. After collecting three tags, he/she returned to the entrance and his/her teammate started into the Fun House. The round continued until time ran out or all 16 tags had been collected, whichever occurred first. If an obstacle malfunctioned and made progress difficult or impossible, the team was granted extra time (usually 20–30 seconds) at the end of the run. When the show moved to Fox for season three, a large alarm clock called the Glop Clock was hidden in the Fun House. Finding it awarded a 15-second bonus, to be used once the original two minutes were up. Both teammates won all cash and prizes collected by either of them, including any that a runner was holding if time ran out while he/she was inside the Fun House. In addition, one tag was designated as the day's "Power Prize" and secretly revealed as such to the audience and home viewers before the round began. If either teammate picked up this tag, both of them won a bonus vacation trip. Prize totals on the show were usually much higher than were available on other children's game shows of the time such as Double Dare or Finders Keepers, the latter of which was also produced by Nickelodeon, also launched in syndication in 1988, and taped in the same studio complex as Fun House. A team on either of those two shows could usually walk away with approximately $2,000–$3,000 in cash and prizes. Fun House, on the other hand, offered significantly higher stakes; the prizes in the Fun House had a combined value that approached and usually exceeded $10,000, and it was not entirely uncommon to see a team walk away with over $3,000, $4,000, or even higher winnings. Pilot The pilot for the series featured several differences. First, voiceover artist Brian Cummings (of Let's Make a Deal 1984-1985 fame) filled the role of announcer. Tiny Hurley was involved in the production, but his role was different (see below). Four stunts were played, with cash at stake rather than points; the winning and losing teams in each stunt received $25 and $1, respectively. The winners of the Grand Prix won $50, and tokens in three different colors could be picked up from the stations during the race: red ($10), white ($25), and blue ($50). The Fun House featured a total of $25,000 in cash and prizes, and each teammate was only permitted to grab two prize tags at a time, but could take as many cash tags as desired. One room contained a device called the Button Banger, which awarded a random cash bonus of up to $2,000. Once the Fun House run ended, Roth checked each of the prize tags by inserting them one at a time into a scanner on the podium to determine if the team had found the Power Prize. Hurley announced the result of each scan; if the Power Prize was found, the team won every prize on offer for the day. College Mad House College Mad House was a spinoff of Fun House that featured two teams of young adults representing various colleges and universities, with the content intended for a more mature audience. The show was aired on weekends in syndication and was hosted by Greg Kinnear, with Beau Weaver as the announcer. As before, two teams competed. This time, there were four members of the team instead of two. Like on Fun House, there was an equal distribution of males and females. This version featured much more risqué content and stunts than the children's version, often involving crude college gross-out humor and games that required lewd bodily movements among the contestants. Stunts were reworked to accommodate the larger teams. The first stunt featured the men, the second featured the women, and the third featured all eight contestants. Scoring remained the same. The fourth round was the "College Mad House Finals", a ninety-second speed round of general knowledge questions. The two teams would stand in line behind the podium and each member of the team had a pie. Buzzing in with a correct answer won the team 25 points and the contestant got to hit the opponent with his/her pie. After two contestants played, they moved to the end of the line and the next two moved up to face each other. Play continued in this manner until time ran out, and the team in the lead won the game. The losing team receives $500 for their university and a parting gift. If the teams were tied, one more question was played with the next two contestants in line. The tiebreaker was an all-or-nothing question, as buzzing in with a wrong answer resulted in an automatic loss. This game mechanic, minus the pies, was later used on the Stone-Stanley game show Shop 'Til You Drop, which premiered a year after the show went off the air. The winning team then got to run through the Mad House, which was laid out in the same manner as the Fun House, except with rooms that were more centered on college life than children. One at a time, the winning team would run through the Mad House trying to collect as many of the prize tags and cash tags as possible. A contestant was not limited as to how many tags they could grab, but after thirty seconds elapsed that contestant had to freeze wherever they were, and the next contestant in line was sent into the Mad House. Play continued until all four team members had taken their turn or until all of the tags had been found. There was no Power Prize in the Mad House; instead, the bonus vacation was awarded if the team managed to "clean house" by getting all of the tags before the last teammate into the Mad House ran out of time. The members of the losing team were also allowed into the Mad House, and used various methods in an attempt to slow down the winning team so that they would not have a clean house. Merchandise Board game Fun HousePlayers2 to 3Setup time< 3 minutesPlaying time< 60 minutesChanceMild (mostly skill)Age range3 and upSkillsReadingCountingAnswering questions Fun House was a board game loosely based on the American children's game show of the same name. It was released in 1988. The game utilized dice, markers, and a board game that plays like a real fun house. It was given as a consolation prize on the show. Travel game Tiger Electronics (1989) A Klix Pocket Travel Game was released in 1989. Video and computer games Hi Tech Expressions (1989, 1991) Games released from the Commodore 64 & MS-DOS were released in 1989, while a version for the NES was released in 1991. Exercise videos Warner Home Video (1990) In 1990, two exercise videos were released under the Fun House Fitness collection hosted by Jane Fonda and J.D. Roth respectively. The first one was called The Swamp Stomp for kids ages 3–7, while the second and final line of exercise videos was called The Fun House Funk for kids ages 7 and up. It was re-issued as part of the Jane Fonda Collection DVD compilation in 2005. References ^ Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 169. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 22 March 2020. ^ Terrace, Vincent (2014). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. p. 372. ISBN 9780786486410. Retrieved 25 March 2020. External links 1980s portal1990s portal Fun House at IMDb vteFox Kids original programmingFox Kids (U.S.)1990s Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (1990–92; 1996) Bobby's World (1990–98) Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates (1990–92; 1996–97) Fox's Fun House (1990–91) Piggsburg Pigs! (1990–91) Tom & Jerry Kids (1990–94) Zazoo U (1990–91) Swamp Thing (1991) Beetlejuice (1991–93) Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventures (1991–92) Dynamo Duck (1991–93) Little Dracula (1991) Little Shop (1991–92) Taz-Mania (1991–96) Batman: The Animated Series (1992–97) Dog City (1992–94) Eek! The Cat (1992–97) Super Dave: Daredevil for Hire (1992–93) The Plucky Duck Show (1992) Tiny Toon Adventures (1992–95) X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–97) Animaniacs (1993–95) Droopy, Master Detective (1993) Power Rangers (1993–2002) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? (1994–96; 1998) Spider-Man (1994–99; 2001) The Fox Cubhouse (1994–96): Budgie the Little Helicopter Jim Henson's Animal Show Johnson and Friends Magic Adventures of Mumfie Rimba's Island The Tick (1994–96) Goosebumps (1995–98) Klutter! (1995–96) Life with Louie (1995-1998) Masked Rider (1995–96) The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper (1996–98) C Bear and Jamal (1996–98) Big Bad Beetleborgs (1996–98) Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (1997–98) Space Goofs (1997–99) The Adventures of Sam & Max: Freelance Police (1997–98) Eerie, Indiana: The Other Dimension (1998) Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998) Ned's Newt (1998) Toonsylvania (1998) Silver Surfer (1998) Godzilla: The Series (1998–2000) Mad Jack the Pirate (1998–99) Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog (1998–99) Oggy and the Cockroaches (1998–99) The Mr. Potato Head Show (1998–99) The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs (1998–99) Young Hercules (1998–99) The Magician (1999) The New Woody Woodpecker Show (1999–2002) Digimon: Digital Monsters (1999–2002) Beast Machines: Transformers (1999–2000) Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999–2001) Monster Rancher (1999–2001) NASCAR Racers (1999–2001) Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2000) Spider-Man Unlimited (1999–2001) The Avengers: United They Stand (1999–2000) Xyber 9: New Dawn (1999) 2000s Flint the Time Detective (2000) Action Man (2000–01) Cybersix (2000) Escaflowne (2000) Dinozaurs (2000) Kong: The Animated Series (2001) Los Luchadores (2001) The Zack Files (2001) Alienators: Evolution Continues (2001–02) Medabots (2001–02) Mon Colle Knights (2001–02) Moolah Beach (2001) The Ripping Friends (2001–02) Transformers: Robots In Disguise (2001–02) Galidor: Defenders of the Outer Dimension (2002) Fox Kids Europe1990sLicenced The Why Why Family (1996–97) Saban's Adventures of Oliver Twist (1996-97) Saban's Sissi the Princess (1996-97) Walter Melon (1997–98) Bad Dog (1998-99) Monster Farm (1998-99) Jim Button (1999–00) The Kids from Room 402 (1999-01) Diabolik: Track of the Panther (1999–01) 2000s Jason and the Heroes of Mount Olympus (2001–02) What's with Andy? (2001–04) Pig City (2002-03) Gadget & the Gadgetinis (2002-03) Licenced Wunschpunsch (2000-01) So Little Time (2001-04) Quintuplets (2002-04) Roboroach (2003-04) Shaman King (2003-05) Sonic X (2003-05) Tutenstein (2003-07) Pucca shorts (2004-05) See also ABC Family Worldwide Fox Kids U.S. International Jetix U.S. International Jetix Play Freeform programs BVS Entertainment SIP Animation New World Animation Marvel Productions CinéGroupe DIC Entertainment 4Kids TV programs Xploration Station

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funhouse (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funhouse_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daytime-1"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Double Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dare_(1986_game_show)"},{"link_name":"funhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funhouse"},{"link_name":"J. D. Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Roth"},{"link_name":"Michael \"Boogaloo Shrimp\" Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chambers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal"},{"link_name":"Lorimar-Telepictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorimar-Telepictures"},{"link_name":"Lorimar Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorimar_Television"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Domestic_Television_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Stone Stanley Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Stanley_Productions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Knights"},{"link_name":"LA Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Gear"},{"link_name":"Greg Kinnear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kinnear"}],"text":"This article is about the American game show. For other uses, see Funhouse (disambiguation).Fun House is an American children's television game show that aired from September 5, 1988 to April 13, 1991. The first two seasons aired in daily syndication, with the Fox network picking it up and renaming it Fox's Fun House for its third and final season.[1]The format of Fun House was similar to that of Nickelodeon game show Double Dare, which was being produced for syndication at the time and which became a primary competitor for ratings. Two teams of children answered questions and played messy games, competing for a chance to run an obstacle course and win cash and prizes. The course was modeled after the funhouse attractions seen in carnivals and amusement parks, from which the series took its title.The show was hosted for its entire run by J. D. Roth. John \"Tiny\" Hurley was the original announcer and appeared on the first two seasons in syndication. Michael \"Boogaloo Shrimp\" Chambers, a famous breakdancer turned actor, replaced him when the show moved to Fox and took on the name \"MC Mike\".[2] Identical twin sisters Jacqueline and Samantha Forrest (\"Jackie\" and \"Sammi\", respectively) served as the show's cheerleaders.The show was created by Bob Synes, a veteran producer of game shows who previously worked on Let's Make a Deal and had created several other programs of his own, with Synes and Scott A. Stone serving as executive producers.Fun House was initially a co-production of Stone Television and Lorimar-Telepictures, the latter of which took on the role of distributor. From the second season onward, Lorimar Television became the co-producer and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution the syndicator. After Bob Synes died in 1990, Scott Stone replaced him with David G. Stanley and his production company then took on the name of Stone Stanley Productions, a name which it kept until the company dissolved.British Knights sponsored the show during its first two seasons, replaced by LA Gear for the third. Everyone appearing onstage wore a pair of the sponsoring company's shoes.A year after the show premiered, a spinoff series called College Mad House was created. Premiering in 1989 and running in weekly syndication for one season, it was hosted by Greg Kinnear and featured teams of college students from various universities around the United States competing against each other.","title":"Fun House (American game show)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two new teams, consisting of one boy and girl a piece, competed on each episode. One team wore gold uniforms and was cheered by Jackie, while the other wore red and was supported by Sammi.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hit their opponents in the face with a pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieing"}],"sub_title":"Stunt rounds","text":"Three stunts/games were played on each episode. Contestants had to undertake challenges such as answering questions, finding requested items, and assembling devices, and frequently ended up covered in disgusting materials such as slime or garbage. Some stunts were races against time or to be the first to complete an objective, while in others each team took turns; in those instances, Roth tossed a giant coin to determine which team would start.Each stunt awarded 25 points to the winner; if a stunt ended in a tie, both teams scored. One stunt was played with the boys, one with the girls, and the last with both teammates working together. After each stunt, play moved back to the podium where Roth would ask a multiple-choice trivia question to the teammates who had not participated or, in the case of the team stunt, to one designated member from each team. The first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly scored 25 points; during the third season, that team also earned the right to hit their opponents in the face with a pie.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seltzer bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seltzer_bottle"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_flag"},{"link_name":"checkered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkered_flag"},{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_racing"}],"sub_title":"Grand Prix race","text":"The Grand Prix race was played as the fourth and final round and involved both teams racing two laps around a track that circled the studio, trading lanes after the first lap.Two different formats were commonly used. One involved both teammates performing tasks based on the theme of the day's race, such as riding in a comically oversized vehicle while being pushed by the other teammate, and requiring the teammates to switch roles after the first lap. The other was a foot race, with each teammate taking one lap.Small challenges were usually set up around the track that each team had to complete during the run, such as gathering and carrying items, running through tires, or squirting targets with a seltzer bottle. Roth signaled the start and finish of the race with the green and checkered flags used in motor racing.In addition to completing the objectives during the race, the teams had a chance to increase their score by collecting tokens from stations alongside the track. One white token and one blue token were available at each station, worth 10 and 25 points respectively. During season two, a station called the Token Bank was added to each lane for the second lap, containing pre-packaged bundles of tokens worth up to 200 points; a team could take one bundle during this lap.Each team was given a bag to hold collected tokens, which had to be worn around the neck of the running/riding member and passed off after the first lap. Any tokens that fell on the floor became invalid and could not be picked up. In order for tokens to count toward a team's score, they had to be either in the bag or aboard the vehicle (when applicable) before the end of the race.The team that won the race received 25 points. After that, each team's tokens were counted beginning with the team that was trailing following the race. Once all the tokens had been counted, the higher-scoring team won the game and advanced to the Fun House, while the other team received consolation prizes. Ties were broken with a toss-up question.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alarm clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_clock"},{"link_name":"Finders Keepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finders_Keepers_(American_game_show)"}],"sub_title":"The Fun House","text":"The Fun House was a large playing area that contained several rooms and obstacles for the team members to traverse, in the same manner as in the amusement park attraction of the same name. A total of 16 oversized price tags were scattered throughout the rooms. Six were red, representing different prizes, and could be hidden or visible; the other 10 were green, awarding cash amounts from $50 to $300, and were always visible. Any room containing a prize tag was marked with a placard indicating the prize.The team had two minutes to collect as many tags as possible, but only one member could be in the Fun House at any given time. After collecting three tags, he/she returned to the entrance and his/her teammate started into the Fun House. The round continued until time ran out or all 16 tags had been collected, whichever occurred first. If an obstacle malfunctioned and made progress difficult or impossible, the team was granted extra time (usually 20–30 seconds) at the end of the run.When the show moved to Fox for season three, a large alarm clock called the Glop Clock was hidden in the Fun House. Finding it awarded a 15-second bonus, to be used once the original two minutes were up.Both teammates won all cash and prizes collected by either of them, including any that a runner was holding if time ran out while he/she was inside the Fun House. In addition, one tag was designated as the day's \"Power Prize\" and secretly revealed as such to the audience and home viewers before the round began. If either teammate picked up this tag, both of them won a bonus vacation trip.Prize totals on the show were usually much higher than were available on other children's game shows of the time such as Double Dare or Finders Keepers, the latter of which was also produced by Nickelodeon, also launched in syndication in 1988, and taped in the same studio complex as Fun House. A team on either of those two shows could usually walk away with approximately $2,000–$3,000 in cash and prizes. Fun House, on the other hand, offered significantly higher stakes; the prizes in the Fun House had a combined value that approached and usually exceeded $10,000, and it was not entirely uncommon to see a team walk away with over $3,000, $4,000, or even higher winnings.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal"}],"text":"The pilot for the series featured several differences. First, voiceover artist Brian Cummings (of Let's Make a Deal 1984-1985 fame) filled the role of announcer. Tiny Hurley was involved in the production, but his role was different (see below).Four stunts were played, with cash at stake rather than points; the winning and losing teams in each stunt received $25 and $1, respectively. The winners of the Grand Prix won $50, and tokens in three different colors could be picked up from the stations during the race: red ($10), white ($25), and blue ($50).The Fun House featured a total of $25,000 in cash and prizes, and each teammate was only permitted to grab two prize tags at a time, but could take as many cash tags as desired. One room contained a device called the Button Banger, which awarded a random cash bonus of up to $2,000.Once the Fun House run ended, Roth checked each of the prize tags by inserting them one at a time into a scanner on the podium to determine if the team had found the Power Prize. Hurley announced the result of each scan; if the Power Prize was found, the team won every prize on offer for the day.","title":"Pilot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Kinnear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kinnear"},{"link_name":"Beau Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Shop 'Til You Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_%27Til_You_Drop"}],"text":"College Mad House was a spinoff of Fun House that featured two teams of young adults representing various colleges and universities, with the content intended for a more mature audience. The show was aired on weekends in syndication and was hosted by Greg Kinnear, with Beau Weaver as the announcer.As before, two teams competed. This time, there were four members of the team instead of two. Like on Fun House, there was an equal distribution of males and females.This version featured much more risqué content and stunts than the children's version, often involving crude college gross-out humor and games that required lewd bodily movements among the contestants.Stunts were reworked to accommodate the larger teams. The first stunt featured the men, the second featured the women, and the third featured all eight contestants. Scoring remained the same.The fourth round was the \"College Mad House Finals\", a ninety-second speed round of general knowledge questions. The two teams would stand in line behind the podium and each member of the team had a pie. Buzzing in with a correct answer won the team 25 points and the contestant got to hit the opponent with his/her pie. After two contestants played, they moved to the end of the line and the next two moved up to face each other. Play continued in this manner until time ran out, and the team in the lead won the game. The losing team receives $500 for their university and a parting gift. If the teams were tied, one more question was played with the next two contestants in line. The tiebreaker was an all-or-nothing question, as buzzing in with a wrong answer resulted in an automatic loss. This game mechanic, minus the pies, was later used on the Stone-Stanley game show Shop 'Til You Drop, which premiered a year after the show went off the air.The winning team then got to run through the Mad House, which was laid out in the same manner as the Fun House, except with rooms that were more centered on college life than children. One at a time, the winning team would run through the Mad House trying to collect as many of the prize tags and cash tags as possible. A contestant was not limited as to how many tags they could grab, but after thirty seconds elapsed that contestant had to freeze wherever they were, and the next contestant in line was sent into the Mad House. Play continued until all four team members had taken their turn or until all of the tags had been found. There was no Power Prize in the Mad House; instead, the bonus vacation was awarded if the team managed to \"clean house\" by getting all of the tags before the last teammate into the Mad House ran out of time.The members of the losing team were also allowed into the Mad House, and used various methods in an attempt to slow down the winning team so that they would not have a clean house.","title":"College Mad House"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_games"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"fun house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funhouse"}],"sub_title":"Board game","text":"Fun House was a board game loosely based on the American children's game show of the same name. It was released in 1988. The game utilized dice, markers, and a board game that plays like a real fun house. It was given as a consolation prize on the show.","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Travel game","text":"Tiger Electronics (1989)A Klix Pocket Travel Game was released in 1989.","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_House_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Video and computer games","text":"Hi Tech Expressions (1989, 1991)Games released from the Commodore 64 & MS-DOS were released in 1989, while a version for the NES was released in 1991.","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda"},{"link_name":"J.D. Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Roth"}],"sub_title":"Exercise videos","text":"Warner Home Video (1990)In 1990, two exercise videos were released under the Fun House Fitness collection hosted by Jane Fonda and J.D. Roth respectively. The first one was called The Swamp Stomp for kids ages 3–7, while the second and final line of exercise videos was called The Fun House Funk for kids ages 7 and up. It was re-issued as part of the Jane Fonda Collection DVD compilation in 2005.","title":"Merchandise"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 169. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 22 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat/page/169","url_text":"169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823083152","url_text":"978-0823083152"}]},{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2014). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. p. 372. ISBN 9780786486410. Retrieved 25 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&q=fun%20house","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786486410","url_text":"9780786486410"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat/page/169","external_links_name":"169"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&q=fun%20house","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0247869/","external_links_name":"Fun House"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_Titles..._Stories_for_Film

End Titles... Stories for Film

["1 Background","2 Release","2.1 X-Files end titles","3 Redux Release","4 Track listing","4.1 End Titles... Redux","4.2 4 McQ - Autumn / Winter 2009","4.3 4 McQ - Spring / Summer 2010","5 Charts","6 References"]

2008 compilation album by UnkleEnd Titles... Stories for FilmCompilation album by UnkleReleased7 July 2008 (2008-07-07)GenreTrip hop, electronicLength74:4651:52 (End Titles... Redux)LabelSurrender AllProducerUNKLE, Chris GossUnkle chronology More Stories(2008) End Titles... Stories for Film(2008) Where Did the Night Fall(2010) Alternative coverCover of End Titles... Redux Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAbsolutePunk.net84% linkAllMusic linkOkayplayer85/100 linkPitchfork4.3/10 link End Titles... Stories for Film is a compilation album by British electronic music act Unkle, inspired by feature films created since Unkle's previous 2007 album War Stories, released on 7 July 2008 (2008-07-07). Unlike their previous album, the 2005 mix Edit Music for a Film: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Reconstruction, "End Titles..." is composed of original material. It features collaborators: Josh Homme (of Queens of the Stone Age), Black Mountain, Gavin Clark, Joel Cadbury (of South), James Petralli (of White Denim), War Stories producer Chris Goss, Dave Bateman, and James Griffith of Lake Trout/Unkle's touring band. Background In the credits to the album James Lavelle stated: This is not the new Unkle album. It is a collection of pieces of music recorded in the two years since we completed War Stories. As we were finishing that album, Pablo Clements, my brother Aidan and I set up a studio, Surrender Sounds. One of the most enjoyable areas we have been exploring over the years is the area of audio-visual collaborations, music for film, television, computer games and the like. However, there is a rather frustrating side to this type of creative endeavour. A lot of the music you're making ends up sitting on the shelf, neither properly released nor heard. A waste, really we thought. So this album is our attempt to alleviate our musical frustrations whilst hoping that it will find a wider audience. Release The track "Trouble in Paradise (Variation on a Theme)" is a full-length version of a track from the BMW commercial that was aired on British television. "Chemical" originally appeared as an instrumental on Unkle's album War Stories under the title "Chemistry". Josh Homme, who also sang on "Restless" from the same album, now sings vocals over the track. Tracks "Blade in the Back", "Synthetic Water" and "Heaven" made their first appearance on Unkle's Japanese-Australian album More Stories. The limited edition CD of End Titles... Stories for Film is packaged in a four panel wrap around digipak with an embossed gloss finish and includes a 12-page booklet. X-Files end titles The premiere of End Titles... Stories for Film has been promotionally linked to Unkle's "reinterpretation" of Mark Snow's "The X-Files Theme" as an end title for The X-Files sequel feature movie, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, although the newly recorded track is not featured on Unkle's album. Beside the song "Broken" from War Stories, it will be featured on the movie's score soundtrack "The X-Files: I Want to Believe: Original Score" (composed by Snow). On 10 July 2008 (2008-07-10) British radio network Xfm informed that the track "X-Files (Unkle Variation on a Theme) – Surrender Sounds Session #10" was available to free download. Redux Release On 8 December 2008 (2008-12-08) seven re-interpreted tracks from End Titles… Stories For Film, with two unreleased tracks "When Once It Was" and "A Perfect Storm", were released digitally as End Titles... Redux. The official UNKLE store offered 3000 limited-edition CDs of the album. The exclusive package is a 6-panel soft-pack with a 12-page booklet, with images by Robert Del Naja. Several tracks from the Redux edition were included in a collaboration with fashion house Alexander McQueen titled Unkle For McQ for the Autumn/Winter 2009 collection, which was given away at an Alexander McQueen press day. Track listing All track written by James Lavelle, Pablo Clements, James Griffith except where noted "End Titles" – 0:35 "Cut Me Loose" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:24 "Ghosts" (C. Goss, D. Bateman) – 4:57 "Ghosts (String Reprise)" – 0:39 "Kaned and Abel" – 1:04 "Blade in the Back" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:12 "Synthetic Water" – 1:06 "Chemical" (featuring Josh Homme) (C. Goss, J. Homme, R. File) – 2:48 "Nocturnal" (featuring Chris Goss, James Petralli and Robbie Furze) (C. Goss) – 5:01 "Cut Me Loose (String Reprise)" – 0:59 "Against the Grain" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:22 "Even Balance (Part Two)" (featuring Melinda Gareh) – 0:45 "Trouble in Paradise (Variation on a Theme)" – 5:01 "Can't Hurt" (featuring Gavin Clark & Joel Cadbury) (J. Cadbury) – 4:13 "24 Frames" – 4:45 "In a Broken Dream" – 1:24 "Clouds" (featuring Amber Webber & Stephen McBean) (D. Bateman, S. McBean) – 4:07 "Black Mass" – 3:08 "Open Up Your Eyes" (featuring Abel Ferrara) (A. Ferrara) – 2:43 "Romeo Void" – 2:11 "Heaven" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 6:58 "The Piano Echoes" Zeben Jameson – 5:24 "Dolphinarium" (Japanese and Australian Bonus Track) – 1:07 "On the Run" (Japanese and Australian Bonus Track) – 3:06 Tracks: 1, 5–7, 19–22 were taken from the film Odyssey in Rome. End Titles... Redux "When Once It Was" – 1:18 "Cut Me Loose (Redux)" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 4:57 "Can't Hurt (Redux)" (featuring Gavin Clark and Joel Cadbury) – 4:46 "Against The Grain (Redux)" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:40 "24 Frames (Redux)" – 5:05 "A Perfect Storm" – 3:15 "Heaven (Redux)" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 10:20 "Nocturnal (Redux)" – 5:18 "Clouds (Redux)" (featuring Black Mountain) – 5:29 "Trouble in Paradise (Variation on a Theme)" – 5:44 4 McQ - Autumn / Winter 2009 "Intro: UNKLE 4 MCQ" - 0:55 "Heaven" (Live Union Chapel Mix) - 6:49 "Persons and Machinery" (featuring Autolux) - 5:26 "Proximity" (Unreleased Able Skit) - 1:13 "Unknown" (String Reprise) - 0:24 "Heaven" (Acapella) - 0:06 "Mayday" - 3:17 "Ghosts" (String Reprise) - 0:42 "Against the Grain" (Hip Hop Mix) - 5:11 "24 Frames" (Redux) - 4:58 "Ghost" - 5:00 Danny Elfman - "Wanted: The Little Things" (UNKLE Surrender Sounds Session #13 Dub Mix) - 4:06 "Blade in the Black" - 5:14 Queens of the Stone Age - "Burn the Witch" (UNKLE Remix) - 2:54 "Morning Rage" - 5:15 "Trouble in Paradise" (Variation on a Theme) - 5:43 4 McQ - Spring / Summer 2010 "Hold My Hand (Innervisions Orchestra Dub Mix)" "Twilight" (Layo & Bushwacka! Remix) "Hold My Hand" (Dubfire Instrumental) "Heavy Drug" (King Unique Smoke Nest Mix) "Heavy Drug" (Surrender Sounds Mix) "Heavy Drug" (Future Beat Alliance Remix) "Burn My Shadow" (Slam Remix) "Trouble in Paradise" (Variation on a Theme) (Unkle Surrender Sound Sessions #11) "Burn My Shadow" (Gavin Herlilhy Remix) "Heaven" (King Unique Remix) Charts Chart (2008) Peak position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 82 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 88 French Albums (SNEP) 174 UK Albums (OCC) 70 References ^ "Unkle End Titles... Stories For Film UK CD ALBUM (437866)". eil.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008. ^ "Pre-order End Titles… Stories for Film Limited Edition CD". musictoday.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008. ^ "New Music: UNKLE (ft. Josh Homme): "Chemical"". pitchforkmedia.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2007. ^ "End Titles... Stories for Film Pre-order". musictoday.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008. ^ "UNKLE Gives 'X-Files' Theme A Fresh Spin". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2008. ^ "A Whole Load of Free Downloads". XFM.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008. ^ "UNKLE 77". UNKLE 77. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012. ^ "End Titles... Stories For Film". Discogs. Retrieved 4 July 2008. ^ "UNKLE - End Titles… Redux MP3 Downloads". 7digital. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008. ^ "UNKLE - 4 MCQ Spring / Summer 2010". Discogs. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Unkle – End Titles - Stories for Films" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – Unkle – End Titles - Stories for Films" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Lescharts.com – Unkle – End Titles - Stories for Films". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Unkle | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 12 June 2016. vteUnkle James Lavelle Matthew Puffett Jack Leonard Rich File Tim Goldsworthy Toshio Nakanishi DJ Shadow Studio albums Psyence Fiction Never, Never, Land War Stories Where Did the Night Fall The Road: Part 1 Mix albums Do Androids Dream of Electric Beats? Do Androids Dream of Essential Beats? WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E Compilations More Stories End Titles... Stories for Film Remix albums Edit Music for a Film: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Reconstruction Self Defence: Never, Never, Land Reconstructed and Bonus Beats End Titles... Redux Mixtapes The Road: Part II (Lost Highway) Extended plays Self Defence E.P. - Never, Never, Land Reconstructed and Bonus Beats The Answer Only the Lonely Remix Stories Vol. 1 Remix Stories Vol. 2 Singles "Rabbit in Your Headlights" "Be There" "Burn My Shadow" "Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)" Related articles Discography Mo' Wax Global Underground The Man from Mo'Wax Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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Stories for Film is a compilation album by British electronic music act Unkle, inspired by feature films created since Unkle's previous 2007 album War Stories, released on 7 July 2008 (2008-07-07).[1] Unlike their previous album, the 2005 mix Edit Music for a Film: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Reconstruction, \"End Titles...\" is composed of original material. It features collaborators: Josh Homme (of Queens of the Stone Age), Black Mountain, Gavin Clark, Joel Cadbury (of South), James Petralli (of White Denim), War Stories producer Chris Goss, Dave Bateman, and James Griffith of Lake Trout/Unkle's touring band.","title":"End Titles... Stories for Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Lavelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lavelle"}],"text":"In the credits to the album James Lavelle stated:This is not the new Unkle album. It is a collection of pieces of music recorded in the two years since we completed War Stories. As we were finishing that album, Pablo Clements, my brother Aidan and I set up a studio, Surrender Sounds. [...] One of the most enjoyable areas we have been exploring over the years is the area of audio-visual collaborations, music for film, television, computer games and the like. However, there is a rather frustrating side to this type of creative endeavour. A lot of the music you're making ends up sitting on the shelf, neither properly released nor heard. A waste, really we thought. So this album is our attempt to alleviate our musical frustrations whilst hoping that it will find a wider audience.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"More Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Stories_(album)"},{"link_name":"digipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digipak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The track \"Trouble in Paradise (Variation on a Theme)\" is a full-length version of a track from the BMW commercial that was aired on British television.[2] \"Chemical\" originally appeared as an instrumental on Unkle's album War Stories under the title \"Chemistry\". Josh Homme, who also sang on \"Restless\" from the same album, now sings vocals over the track.[3] Tracks \"Blade in the Back\", \"Synthetic Water\" and \"Heaven\" made their first appearance on Unkle's Japanese-Australian album More Stories.The limited edition CD of End Titles... Stories for Film is packaged in a four panel wrap around digipak with an embossed gloss finish and includes a 12-page booklet.[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Snow"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"feature movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_movie"},{"link_name":"The X-Files: I Want to Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files:_I_Want_to_Believe"},{"link_name":"The X-Files: I Want to Believe: Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files:_I_Want_to_Believe:_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Xfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"X-Files end titles","text":"The premiere of End Titles... Stories for Film has been promotionally linked to Unkle's \"reinterpretation\" of Mark Snow's \"The X-Files Theme\" as an end title for The X-Files sequel feature movie, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, although the newly recorded track is not featured on Unkle's album. Beside the song \"Broken\" from War Stories, it will be featured on the movie's score soundtrack \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe: Original Score\" (composed by Snow).[5]On 10 July 2008 (2008-07-10) British radio network Xfm informed that the track \"X-Files (Unkle Variation on a Theme) – Surrender Sounds Session #10\" was available to free download.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Del Naja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Del_Naja"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 8 December 2008 (2008-12-08) seven re-interpreted tracks from End Titles… Stories For Film, with two unreleased tracks \"When Once It Was\" and \"A Perfect Storm\", were released digitally as End Titles... Redux. The official UNKLE store offered 3000 limited-edition CDs of the album. The exclusive package is a 6-panel soft-pack with a 12-page booklet, with images by Robert Del Naja.Several tracks from the Redux edition were included in a collaboration with fashion house Alexander McQueen titled Unkle For McQ for the Autumn/Winter 2009 collection, which was given away at an Alexander McQueen press day.[7]","title":"Redux Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amber Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Webber"}],"text":"All track written by James Lavelle, Pablo Clements, James Griffith except where noted[8]\"End Titles\" – 0:35\n\"Cut Me Loose\" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:24\n\"Ghosts\" [vocals by James Lavelle] (C. Goss, D. Bateman) – 4:57\n\"Ghosts (String Reprise)\" – 0:39\n\"Kaned and Abel\" – 1:04\n\"Blade in the Back\" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:12\n\"Synthetic Water\" – 1:06\n\"Chemical\" (featuring Josh Homme) (C. Goss, J. Homme, R. File) – 2:48\n\"Nocturnal\" (featuring Chris Goss, James Petralli and Robbie Furze) (C. Goss) – 5:01\n\"Cut Me Loose (String Reprise)\" – 0:59\n\"Against the Grain\" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 5:22\n\"Even Balance (Part Two)\" (featuring Melinda Gareh) – 0:45\n\"Trouble in Paradise (Variation on a Theme)\" – 5:01\n\"Can't Hurt\" (featuring Gavin Clark & Joel Cadbury) (J. Cadbury) – 4:13\n\"24 Frames\" – 4:45\n\"In a Broken Dream\" – 1:24\n\"Clouds\" (featuring Amber Webber & Stephen McBean) (D. Bateman, S. McBean) – 4:07\n\"Black Mass\" – 3:08\n\"Open Up Your Eyes\" (featuring Abel Ferrara) (A. Ferrara) – 2:43\n\"Romeo Void\" – 2:11\n\"Heaven\" (featuring Gavin Clark) – 6:58\n\"The Piano Echoes\" Zeben Jameson – 5:24\n\"Dolphinarium\" (Japanese and Australian Bonus Track) – 1:07\n\"On the Run\" (Japanese and Australian Bonus Track) – 3:06Tracks: 1, 5–7, 19–22 were taken from the film Odyssey in Rome.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"End Titles... 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octamer_transcription_factor

Octamer transcription factor

["1 Human Oct proteins","2 References","3 External links"]

Group of proteins Octamer transcription factors are a family of transcription factors which binds to the "ATTTGCAT" DNA sequence. Their DNA-binding domain is a POU domain. There are eight Octamer proteins in humans (Oct1–11), which have been renamed according to the different classes of POU domain. Octamer-3/4, also known as POU5F1, is one of the Yamanaka factors, which are critical for the maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. On the other hand, Oct-1 and Oct-2 are widely expressed in adult tissues. Oct-7, 8 and 9, also known as "brain factors", are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system during embryonic development. Oct-6 expression is confined to embryonic stem cells and the developing nervous system and skin, while Oct-11 is also involved in skin differentiation. Human Oct proteins See also: Human POU domain proteins Oct-1 - POU2F1 Oct-2 - POU2F2 Oct-3/4 – POU5F1 Oct-6 – POU3F1 Oct-7 – POU3F2 Oct-8 – POU3F3 Oct-9 – POU3F4 Oct-11 – POU2F3 References ^ Petryniak B, Staudt LM, Postema CE, McCormack WT, Thompson CB (1990). "Characterization of chicken octamer-binding proteins demonstrates that POU domain-containing homeobox transcription factors have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (3): 1099–103. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.1099P. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.3.1099. PMC 53418. PMID 1967834. ^ Oct-5 and Oct-10 are not found in humans, while Oct-3 and Oct-4 were identified as the same protein. ^ a b c d e Zhao, FQ (1 June 2013). "Octamer-binding transcription factors: genomics and functions". Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition). 18 (3): 1051–71. doi:10.2741/4162. PMC 4349413. PMID 23747866. External links Octamer+transcription+factors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group CbHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D BHLH 2 3 9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group FbHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOXNK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NATO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hatcher

Gene Hatcher

["1 Amateur career","2 Early professional career","3 Champion","4 Post-championship career","5 Professional boxing record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

American boxer (born 1959) Gene HatcherBornRonald Hatcher Jr. (1959-06-28) June 28, 1959 (age 64)Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.NationalityAmericanOther namesMad DogStatisticsWeight(s) Light welterweight Welterweight Height5 ft 8 in (173 cm)Reach70 in (178 cm)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights39Wins32Wins by KO23Losses7 Ronald Hatcher Jr. (born June 28, 1959), better known as Gene Hatcher, is an American former professional boxer who was world light welterweight champion. His nickname was "Mad Dog." Amateur career Hatcher was a United States Amateur Champion. In 1980, he became National AAU Welterweight Champion. Early professional career His most notable early win came against former WBC super featherweight champion Alfredo Escalera in 1982, when he won a ten-round decision. His next notable opponent, Tyrone Crawley, defeated him by a ten-round decision. He followed that with a rematch in 1983 with Escalera. In that fight, Hatcher was dropped in round six and subsequently lost a unanimous ten-round decision. Champion After racking up a few wins, Hatcher faced WBA light welterweight champion Johnny Bumphus on June 1, 1984, in Buffalo, New York. In what Ring magazine called its "Upset of the Year," Hatcher scored an eleventh-round technical knockout over Bumphus. When Hatcher knocked Bumphus down, he slipped and fell on a follow-up attempt. He then threw Bumphus down to the mat when both fighters clinched. A post-fight melee in the ring ensued after the stoppage. Hatcher's first defense was against Uby Sacco in December of the same year. He won a fifteen-round split decision. Sacco, however, won their July 1985 rematch (and title) with a ninth round knockout win in Italy (the fight was stopped by the referee because of a Hatcher cut). In Hatcher's next and last chance at a world crown, he lost by knockout in 45 seconds to Lloyd Honeyghan in August 1987, with Honeyghan's WBC and IBF welterweight belts being at stake. Post-championship career After losing to Honeyghan, Hatcher continued to fight. He had seven more fights, losing two (one of which was to future world champion Aaron Davis). After a victory in Ft. Worth over Juan Martin Galvan in 1995, Hatcher retired. Professional boxing record 39 fights 32 wins 7 losses By knockout 23 3 By decision 9 4 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 39 Win 32–7 Juan Martin Galvan UD 8 (8) 1995-07-01 Fiesta Trade Market, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 38 Win 31–7 Simon Moya TKO 4 (6) 1993-08-26 Marriott Riverwalk, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. 37 Win 30–7 Randolph Rezzaq KO 1 (8) 1993-04-20 Gorman's Super Pro Gym, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 36 Loss 29–7 Anthony Williams TKO 7 (?) 1990-03-15 Fairmont Hotel, Dallas, Texas, U.S. 35 Loss 29–6 Aaron Davis UD 10 (10) 1989-09-14 Beacon Theatre, New York City, New York, U.S. 34 Win 29–5 David Maldonado KO 6 (10) 1988-10-23 Tarrant County Convention Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 33 Win 28–5 Ron Johnson UD 10 (10) 1988-06-16 Marriott Market Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S. 32 Loss 27–5 Lloyd Honeyghan TKO 1 (15) 1987-08-30 Plaza de Toros de Nueva Andalucía, Marbella, Spain For WBC, IBF & The Ring welterweight titles 31 Loss 27–4 Frankie Warren UD 10 (10) 1987-02-15 ARCO Arena, Sacramento, California, U.S. 30 Win 27–3 Darryl Anthony TKO 11 (12) 1986-10-24 Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. Won vacant WBC Continental Americas welterweight title 29 Win 26–3 Ricardo Lomeli KO 3 (10) 1986-09-23 Cowtown Coliseum, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 28 Win 25–3 Sergio Valles TKO 4 (10) 1986-08-08 El Paso Civic Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S. 27 Win 24–3 Kevin Austin SD 10 (10) 1986-02-04 Fiesta Plaza Mall, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. 26 Loss 23–3 Ubaldo Néstor Sacco TKO 9 (15) 1985-07-21 Casinò di Campione, Campione d'Italia, Italy Lost WBA light welterweight title 25 Win 23–2 Ubaldo Néstor Sacco SD 15 (15) 1984-12-15 Tarrant County Convention Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. Retained WBA light welterweight title 24 Win 22–2 Johnny Bumphus TKO 11 (15) 1984-06-01 Memorial Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. Won WBA light welterweight title 23 Win 21–2 Hector Sifuentes UD 10 (10) 1984-04-21 Will Rogers Memorial Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 22 Win 20–2 Joe Manley UD 12 (12) 1983-11-12 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. 21 Win 19–2 Eduardo Lugo KO 4 (10) 1983-10-13 Registry Hotel Crystal Ballroom, Dallas, Texas, U.S. 20 Win 18–2 Luis Rivera KO 5 (?) 1983-08-08 Astro Arena, Houston, Texas, U.S. 19 Loss 17–2 Alfredo Escalera UD 10 (10) 1983-06-16 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. 18 Win 17–1 Romero Sandoval TKO 5 (12) 1983-02-25 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. 17 Win 16–1 Darrell Cottrell TKO 7 (10) 1982-12-23 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. 16 Win 15–1 Anthony Bryant TKO 3 (10) 1982-11-11 Memorial Hall, Brownwood, Texas, U.S. 15 Loss 14–1 Tyrone Crawley MD 10 (10) 1982-10-17 Claridge Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 14 Win 14–0 Jerome Artis TKO 7 (10) 1982-07-14 Will Rogers Memorial Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 13 Win 13–0 Danny Favella TKO 3 (10) 1982-06-10 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. 12 Win 12–0 Alfredo Escalera UD 10 (10) 1982-04-09 Will Rogers Memorial Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 11 Win 11–0 Charlie Allen KO 2 (8) 1982-03-10 Civic Center, Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S. 10 Win 10–0 Ricardo Garcia KO 3 (6) 1981-11-26 Hacienda Hotel, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. 9 Win 9–0 Raul Trujillo KO 2 (6) 1981-10-29 Will Rogers Memorial Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 8 Win 8–0 Bobby Ray McMillan TKO 4 (8) 1981-10-07 Civic Centre, Beaumont, Texas, U.S. 7 Win 7–0 Milton Hall TKO 4 (6) 1981-08-22 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. 6 Win 6–0 Dwayne Prim TKO 6 (6) 1981-08-04 Billy Bob's Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 5 Win 5–0 Ramiro Pruneda TKO 3 (6) 1981-07-17 Civic Centre, Beaumont, Texas, U.S. 4 Win 4–0 Ali Hassan PTS 6 (6) 1981-07-07 Billy Bob's Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 3 Win 3–0 Clyde Spencer KO 1 (6) 1981-06-16 Billy Bob's Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. 2 Win 2–0 Victor Hernandez UD 6 (6) 1981-05-28 Hacienda Hotel, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. 1 Win 1–0 Ken Sheppard TKO 1 (6) 1981-04-23 Will Rogers Memorial Center, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. See also List of world light-welterweight boxing champions References ^ "Ubaldo Sacco of Argentina stripped Gene Hatcher of his..." United Press International. Retrieved 2024-02-11. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE; Comings and Goings". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-02-11. External links Boxing record for Gene Hatcher from BoxRec (registration required) Sporting positions Amateur boxing titles Previous:Donald Curry U.S. welterweight champion 1980 Next:Darryl Robinson Regional boxing titles VacantTitle last held byDave Hilton Jr. WBC Continental Americaswelterweight Champion October 24, 1986 – 1987Vacated VacantTitle next held byDerrick Kelly World boxing titles Preceded byJohnny Bumphus WBA light welterweight champion June 1, 1984 – July 21, 1985 Succeeded byUbaldo Néstor Sacco Awards Previous:Gerrie Coetzee KO 10Michael Dokes The Ring Upset of the Year TKO 11Johnny Bumphus 1984 Next:Michael Spinks UD 15Larry Holmes

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"light welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_welterweight"}],"text":"Ronald Hatcher Jr. (born June 28, 1959), better known as Gene Hatcher, is an American former professional boxer who was world light welterweight champion. His nickname was \"Mad Dog.\"","title":"Gene Hatcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Amateur Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_amateur_boxing_championships"}],"text":"Hatcher was a United States Amateur Champion. In 1980, he became National AAU Welterweight Champion.","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_featherweight"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Escalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Escalera"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Crawley"}],"text":"His most notable early win came against former WBC super featherweight champion Alfredo Escalera in 1982, when he won a ten-round decision. His next notable opponent, Tyrone Crawley, defeated him by a ten-round decision. He followed that with a rematch in 1983 with Escalera. In that fight, Hatcher was dropped in round six and subsequently lost a unanimous ten-round decision.","title":"Early professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"light welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_welterweight"},{"link_name":"Johnny Bumphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Bumphus"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ring magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Uby Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Sacco"},{"link_name":"knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Honeyghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Honeyghan"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After racking up a few wins, Hatcher faced WBA light welterweight champion Johnny Bumphus on June 1, 1984, in Buffalo, New York. In what Ring magazine called its \"Upset of the Year,\" Hatcher scored an eleventh-round technical knockout over Bumphus. When Hatcher knocked Bumphus down, he slipped and fell on a follow-up attempt. He then threw Bumphus down to the mat when both fighters clinched. A post-fight melee in the ring ensued after the stoppage.Hatcher's first defense was against Uby Sacco in December of the same year. He won a fifteen-round split decision. Sacco, however, won their July 1985 rematch (and title) with a ninth round knockout win in Italy (the fight was stopped by the referee because of a Hatcher cut).[1] In Hatcher's next and last chance at a world crown, he lost by knockout in 45 seconds to Lloyd Honeyghan in August 1987, with Honeyghan's WBC and IBF welterweight belts being at stake.[2]","title":"Champion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After losing to Honeyghan, Hatcher continued to fight. He had seven more fights, losing two (one of which was to future world champion Aaron Davis). After a victory in Ft. Worth over Juan Martin Galvan in 1995, Hatcher retired.","title":"Post-championship career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of world light-welterweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_light-welterweight_boxing_champions"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki_(chimpanzee)

Viki (chimpanzee)

["1 See also","2 References"]

Chimpanzee ape language research subject Viki was the subject of one of the first experiments in ape language. Viki was raised by Keith and Catherine Hayes in the same manner as a human infant, to see if she could learn human words. She was given speech therapy, which involved the Hayeses (her adopters) manipulating her lower jaw. Eventually, she was able to voice four words: mama papa up cup Analysis on recordings of her vocalizations concluded she was "incapable of simultaneous recruitment of consonantal “frames” and vowel-like 'content'" but she "successfully produced a small sample of humanlike consonantal speech sounds, including labial and, possibly, velar articulations". At the time, her extremely limited success was initially interpreted as showing that apes were incapable of using human language. However, further experiments in which chimpanzees were instructed in the use of American sign language indicated that Viki's achievements had been significantly hampered by physiological limitations—chimpanzees are not able to produce the sounds that make up human speech. Viki lived like a human, even with a human sibling, for three years with her trainers, Keith and Cathy Hayes, with the notion that the other failed attempts of teaching a non-human primate a human language failed because these studies used environments too dissimilar to a human's environment when infants learn language. The immersive language experienced failed, however, after three years Cathy Hays said “the only obvious and important deficit in the ape's innate intelligence, as compared with man's, is a missing facility for using and understanding language” (Fitch, 2002). The faculty argument is common in the field of evolutionary linguistics and biolinguistics. Noam Chomsky called it a "language acquisition device" innate to humans which allows for our use of the matured "language organ" or faculty (See Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch, 2002). Chomsky, conceding that language has share components across multiple species and domains, now uses the terms "Broad" and "Narrow," Narrow being the only human trait of discrete infinity. See also List of individual apes References ^ Ekström, Axel G. (2023). "Viki's First Words: A Comparative Phonetics Case Study". International Journal of Primatology. 44 (2): 249–253. doi:10.1007/s10764-023-00350-1. ISSN 0164-0291. Catherine Hayes (1951), The Ape in Our House. New York: Harper. K.J. Hayes and C Hayes, C (1952). "Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee". Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 450–459. K.J. Hayes and C.H. Nissen. (1971). "Higher mental functions of a home-raised chimpanzee". In Schrier, A.M. and Stollnitz, F. (eds). Behaviour of Non-human Primates, 4,50-115. New York, Academic Press. Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch. (2002). The Faculty of Language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science (298)5598, pp. 1569–1579. DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 vteNotable non-human apesList of individual apesList of individual monkeysMonkeys and apes in spaceList of fictional primatesBonobos Kanzi Nyota Panbanisha Chimpanzees Ai Ayumu Azalea Bonzo Pierre Brassau Bubbles Cheeta Congo Enos Gregoire Gua Ham Jiggs Jimmy Jinx Jo Mendi II Julius Kasakela chimpanzee community Kokomo Jr. Lana Little Mama Loulis Lucy Macaco Tião Marquis Chimps Mitumba chimpanzee community Moja J. Fred Muggs Nim Chimpsky Oliver Pankun Panpanzee Sami Santino Sarah Sultan Travis Viki Washoe Gorillas Alfred the Gorilla Babec Binti Jua Bobo Bokito Charles the Gorilla Colo Fatou Gargantua Guy the Gorilla Harambe Ivan Jambo Jenny John Daniel Jumoke Koko Kokomo Louis Massa Max Michael Nico Ndume Ozzie Pattycake Pogo Samson Shabani Snowflake Timmy Titus Trudy Toto Willie B. Orangutans Abang Ah Meng Azy Bonnie Chantek Jenny Joe Martin Karen Karta Ken Allen Manis Nonja (Austria) Nonja (Malaysia) Sam Sandra Tonda vteGreat ape languageLanguages taughtto non-human apes American Sign Language Yerkish Non-human apestaughtsimple languagesBonobos Kanzi Nyota Panbanisha Chimpanzees Lana Loulis Lucy Nim Chimpsky Sarah Viki Washoe Gorillas Koko Michael Ndume Orangutans Azy Chantek Researchers Francine Patterson Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Maurice K. Temerlin Roger Fouts Tetsuro Matsuzawa William M. Fields Research centers Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute Elgin Center Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary The Gorilla Foundation Media Koko: A Talking Gorilla (1978 film) The Mind of an Ape (1983 book) Next of Kin (1997 book) Project Nim (2011 film) Related Animal language Animal communication Primate cognition Animal cognition Human–animal communication This primate-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of individual apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_apes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pavia

List of mayors of Pavia

["1 Overview","2 Republic of Italy (since 1946)","2.1 City Council election (1946-1993)","2.2 Direct election (since 1993)","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"]

Mayor of PaviaSindaco di PaviaIncumbentMichele Lissia (PD)since 11 June 2024AppointerElectorate of PaviaTerm length5 years, renewable onceFormation1860WebsiteOfficial website Palazzo Mezzabarba is the seat of the Mayor of Pavia. The Mayor of Pavia is an elected politician who, along with the Pavia's City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of Pavia in Lombardy, Italy. The current Mayor is Michele Lissia, a member of the centre-left Democratic Party, who took office on 11 June 2024. Overview According to the Italian Constitution, the Mayor of Pavia is member of the City Council. The Mayor is elected by the population of Pavia, who also elect the members of the City Council, controlling the Mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government. Since 1993 the Mayor is elected directly by Pavia's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally. Republic of Italy (since 1946) City Council election (1946-1993) From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Pavia was elected by the City Council.   Mayor Term start Term end Party 1 Cornelio Fietta 1946 1948 PSI 2 Carlo Milani 1948 1951 DC 3 Alberto Ricevuti 1951 1956 DC 4 Bruno Fassina 1956 1964 DC 5 Giovanni Vaccari 1964 1970 PSDI 6 Sesto Bajno 1970 1970 DC 7 Angelo Biancardi 1970 1971 PSI Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (1971–1973) 8 Elio Veltri 1973 1980 PSI 9 Giorgio Maini 1980 1986 PCI 10 Pierangelo Giovanolla 1986 1988 PCI 11 Sandro Bruni 1988 1990 DC 12 Sandro Cantone 1990 1993 DC Direct election (since 1993) Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Pavia is chosen by direct election, originally every four then every five years.   Mayor Term start Term end Party Coalition Election 13 Rodolfo Jannacone Pazzi 20 June 1993 24 October 1995 LN LN 1993 Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (24 October 1995 – 24 June 1996) 14 Andrea Albergati 24 June 1996 30 April 2000 PPI PDS • PPI • RI • SI • FdV 1996 30 April 2000 18 April 2005 DS • PPI • PdCI • SDI 2000 15 Piera Capitelli 18 April 2005 28 January 2009 DSPD DS • DL • PdCI • SDI 2005 Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (28 January 2009 – 8 June 2009) 16 Alessandro Cattaneo 8 June 2009 9 June 2014 PdL PdL • LN • UDC 2009 17 Massimo Depaoli 9 June 2014 2 April 2019 PD PD 2014 Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (2 April 2019 – 30 May 2019) 18 Fabrizio Fracassi 30 May 2019 11 June 2024 LN LN • FI • FdI 2019 19 Michele Lissia 11 June 2024 Incumbent PD PD • AVS • M5S • A 2024 Notes ^ Ousted out of office after losing the majority in the City Council. ^ Ousted out of office after losing the majority in the City Council. ^ Resigned after losing the majority in the City Council. See also Timeline of Pavia References ^ "Michele Lissia (Pd) è il nuovo sindaco di Pavia dopo le Comunali 2024. Il mea culpa di Cantoni: «Centrodestra partito in ritardo»". Corriere della Sera. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Bibliography Arecchi, Alberto (1998). Mille nomi nella storia di Pavia. Pavia: Associazione culturale Liutprand. vte Mayors of provincial capitals of Italy Agrigento Francesco Miccichè (centre-right) Alessandria Giorgio Abonante (PD) Ancona Daniele Silvetti (FI) Andria Giovanna Bruno (PD) Arezzo Alessandro Ghinelli (centre-right) Ascoli Piceno Marco Fioravanti (FdI) Asti Maurizio Rasero (FI) Avellino Gianluca Festa (I) Barletta Cosimo Cannito (centre-right) Belluno Oscar De Pellegrin (centre-right) Benevento Clemente Mastella (NC) Bergamo Elena Carnevali (PD) Biella Marzio Olivero (FdI) Bolzano Renzo Caramaschi (PD) Brescia Laura Castelletti (centre-left) Brindisi Giuseppe Marchionna (centre-right) Caltanissetta Roberto Gambino (M5S) Campobasso Roberto Gravina (M5S) Carbonia Pietro Morittu (PD) Caserta Carlo Marino (PD) Catanzaro Nicola Fiorita (centre-left) Chieti Diego Ferrara (PD) Como Alessandro Rapinese (I) Cosenza Franz Caruso (PSI) Cremona Gianluca Galimberti (PD) Crotone Vincenzo Voce (I) Cuneo Patrizia Manassero (PD) Enna Maurizio Dipietro (IV) Fermo Paolo Calcinaro (I) Ferrara Alan Fabbri (LN) Foggia Maria Aida Episcopo (centre-left) Forlì Gian Luca Zattini (LN) Frosinone Riccardo Mastrangeli (FI) Gorizia Rodolfo Ziberna (FI) Grosseto Antonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna (centre-right) Imperia Claudio Scajola (centre-right) Isernia Piero Castrataro (centre-left) La Spezia Pierluigi Peracchini (CI) L'Aquila Pierluigi Biondi (FdI) Latina Matilde Celentano (FdI) Lecce Carlo Salvemini (centre-left) Lecco Mauro Gattinoni (centre-left) Livorno Luca Salvetti (centre-left) Lodi Andrea Furegato (PD) Lucca Mario Pardini (centre-right) Macerata Sandro Parcaroli (LN) Mantua Mattia Palazzi (PD) Massa Francesco Persiani (LN) Matera Domenico Bennardi (M5S) Modena Massimo Mezzetti (PD) Monza Paolo Pilotto (PD) Novara Alessandro Canelli (LN) Nuoro Andrea Soddu (I) Oristano Massimiliano Sanna (RS) Padua Sergio Giordani (centre-left) Parma Michele Guerra (IC) Pavia Michele Lissia (PD) Perugia Andrea Romizi (FI) Pesaro Andrea Biancani (PD) Pescara Carlo Masci (FI) Piacenza Katia Tarasconi (PD) Pisa Michele Conti (LN) Pistoia Alessandro Tomasi (FdI) Pordenone Alessandro Ciriani (centre-right) Potenza Mario Guarente (LN) Prato Ilaria Bugetti (PD) Ragusa Giuseppe Cassì (I) Ravenna Michele De Pascale (PD) Reggio Emilia Marco Massari (PD) Rieti Daniele Sinibaldi (FdI) Rimini Jamil Sadegholvaad (PD) Rovigo Edoardo Gaffeo (centre-left) Salerno Vincenzo Napoli (PD) Sassari Giuseppe Mascia (PD) Savona Marco Russo (PD) Siena Nicoletta Fabio (centre-right) Sondrio Marco Scaramellini (LN) Syracuse Francesco Italia (Az) Taranto Rinaldo Melucci (I) Teramo Gianguido D'Alberto (centre-left) Terni Stefano Bandecchi (AP) Trani Amedeo Bottaro (PD) Trapani Giacomo Tranchida (PD) Trento Franco Ianeselli (centre-left) Treviso Mario Conte (LN) Trieste Roberto Dipiazza (FI) Udine Alberto Felice De Toni (centre-left) Varese Davide Galimberti (PD) Verbania Silvia Marchionini (PD) Vercelli Andrea Corsaro (FI) Verona Damiano Tommasi (centre-left) Vibo Valentia Maria Limardo (centre-right) Vicenza Giacomo Possamai (PD) Viterbo Chiara Frontini (I)

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The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.Since 1993 the Mayor is elected directly by Pavia's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republic of Italy (since 1946)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"City Council election (1946-1993)","text":"From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Pavia was elected by the City Council.","title":"Republic of Italy (since 1946)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"sub_title":"Direct election (since 1993)","text":"Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Pavia is chosen by direct election, originally every four then every five years.Notes^ Ousted out of office after losing the majority in the City Council.\n\n^ Ousted out of office after losing the majority in the City Council.\n\n^ Resigned after losing the majority in the City Council.","title":"Republic of Italy (since 1946)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ItalyProvincialCapitalMayors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ItalyProvincialCapitalMayors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ItalyProvincialCapitalMayors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"provincial capitals of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Agrigento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Agrigento"},{"link_name":"Francesco Miccichè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Miccich%C3%A8_(politician)"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Giorgio 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Soddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Soddu"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oristano"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimiliano_Sanna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Sergio Giordani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Giordani"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Michele Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Guerra"},{"link_name":"IC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_in_Common"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Michele Lissia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_Lissia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"Andrea Romizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Romizi"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pesaro"},{"link_name":"Andrea Biancani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Biancani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Pescara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pescara"},{"link_name":"Carlo Masci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Masci"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Katia Tarasconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia_Tarasconi"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Michele Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Conti_(politician)"},{"link_name":"LN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Pistoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pistoia"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"FdI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Ciriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Ciriani"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Potenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Potenza"},{"link_name":"Mario Guarente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Guarente"},{"link_name":"LN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Prato"},{"link_name":"Ilaria Bugetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilaria_Bugetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cassì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cass%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Michele De Pascale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_De_Pascale"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Marco Massari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Massari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Rieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rieti"},{"link_name":"Daniele Sinibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Sinibaldi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FdI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rimini"},{"link_name":"Jamil Sadegholvaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Sadegholvaad"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Rovigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rovigo"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Gaffeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Gaffeo"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Salerno"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Napoli_(politician)"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sassari"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Mascia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Savona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Savona"},{"link_name":"Marco Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Russo_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Nicoletta Fabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoletta_Fabio"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Marco Scaramellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Scaramellini"},{"link_name":"LN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Francesco Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Italia"},{"link_name":"Az","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Rinaldo Melucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_Melucci"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Teramo"},{"link_name":"Gianguido D'Alberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianguido_D%27Alberto"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Terni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Terni"},{"link_name":"Stefano Bandecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Bandecchi"},{"link_name":"AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Alternative"},{"link_name":"Trani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Trani"},{"link_name":"Amedeo Bottaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Bottaro"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Trapani"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Tranchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Tranchida"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Trento"},{"link_name":"Franco Ianeselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Ianeselli"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Treviso"},{"link_name":"Mario Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Conte"},{"link_name":"LN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Roberto Dipiazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Dipiazza"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Udine"},{"link_name":"Alberto Felice De Toni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Felice_De_Toni"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Varese"},{"link_name":"Davide Galimberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Galimberti"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Verbania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Verbania"},{"link_name":"Silvia Marchionini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Marchionini"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Vercelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vercelli"},{"link_name":"Andrea Corsaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Corsaro"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Damiano Tommasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_Tommasi"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Vibo Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vibo_Valentia"},{"link_name":"Maria Limardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Limardo"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Possamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Possamai"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Chiara Frontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara_Frontini"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"}],"text":"Arecchi, Alberto (1998). Mille nomi nella storia di Pavia. Pavia: Associazione culturale Liutprand.vte Mayors of provincial capitals of Italy\nAgrigento\nFrancesco Miccichè (centre-right)\nAlessandria\nGiorgio Abonante (PD)\nAncona\nDaniele Silvetti (FI)\nAndria\nGiovanna Bruno (PD)\nArezzo\nAlessandro Ghinelli (centre-right)\nAscoli Piceno\nMarco Fioravanti (FdI)\nAsti\nMaurizio Rasero (FI)\nAvellino\nGianluca Festa (I)\nBarletta\nCosimo Cannito (centre-right)\nBelluno\nOscar De Pellegrin (centre-right)\nBenevento\nClemente Mastella (NC)\nBergamo\nElena Carnevali (PD)\nBiella\nMarzio Olivero (FdI)\nBolzano\nRenzo Caramaschi (PD)\nBrescia\nLaura Castelletti (centre-left)\nBrindisi\nGiuseppe Marchionna (centre-right)\nCaltanissetta\nRoberto Gambino (M5S)\nCampobasso\nRoberto Gravina (M5S)\nCarbonia\nPietro Morittu (PD)\nCaserta\nCarlo Marino (PD)\nCatanzaro\nNicola Fiorita (centre-left)\nChieti\nDiego Ferrara (PD)\nComo\nAlessandro Rapinese (I)\nCosenza\nFranz Caruso (PSI)\nCremona\nGianluca Galimberti (PD)\nCrotone\nVincenzo Voce (I)\nCuneo\nPatrizia Manassero (PD)\nEnna\nMaurizio Dipietro (IV)\nFermo\nPaolo Calcinaro (I)\nFerrara\nAlan Fabbri (LN)\nFoggia\nMaria Aida Episcopo (centre-left)\nForlì\nGian Luca Zattini (LN)\nFrosinone\nRiccardo Mastrangeli (FI)\nGorizia\nRodolfo Ziberna (FI)\nGrosseto\nAntonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna (centre-right)\nImperia\nClaudio Scajola (centre-right)\nIsernia\nPiero Castrataro (centre-left)\nLa Spezia\nPierluigi Peracchini (CI)\nL'Aquila\nPierluigi Biondi (FdI)\nLatina\nMatilde Celentano (FdI)\nLecce\nCarlo Salvemini (centre-left)\nLecco\nMauro Gattinoni (centre-left)\nLivorno\nLuca Salvetti (centre-left)\nLodi\nAndrea Furegato (PD)\nLucca\nMario Pardini (centre-right)\nMacerata\nSandro Parcaroli (LN)\nMantua\nMattia Palazzi (PD)\nMassa\nFrancesco Persiani (LN)\nMatera\nDomenico Bennardi (M5S)\nModena\nMassimo Mezzetti (PD)\nMonza\nPaolo Pilotto (PD)\nNovara\nAlessandro Canelli (LN)\nNuoro\nAndrea Soddu (I)\nOristano\nMassimiliano Sanna (RS)\nPadua\nSergio Giordani (centre-left)\nParma\nMichele Guerra (IC)\nPavia\nMichele Lissia (PD)\nPerugia\nAndrea Romizi (FI)\nPesaro\nAndrea Biancani (PD)\nPescara\nCarlo Masci (FI)\nPiacenza\nKatia Tarasconi (PD)\nPisa\nMichele Conti (LN)\nPistoia\nAlessandro Tomasi (FdI)\nPordenone\nAlessandro Ciriani (centre-right)\nPotenza\nMario Guarente (LN)\nPrato\nIlaria Bugetti (PD)\nRagusa\nGiuseppe Cassì (I)\nRavenna\nMichele De Pascale (PD)\nReggio Emilia\nMarco Massari (PD)\nRieti\nDaniele Sinibaldi (FdI)\nRimini\nJamil Sadegholvaad (PD)\nRovigo\nEdoardo Gaffeo (centre-left)\nSalerno\nVincenzo Napoli (PD)\nSassari\nGiuseppe Mascia (PD)\nSavona\nMarco Russo (PD)\nSiena\nNicoletta Fabio (centre-right)\nSondrio\nMarco Scaramellini (LN)\nSyracuse\nFrancesco Italia (Az)\nTaranto\nRinaldo Melucci (I)\nTeramo\nGianguido D'Alberto (centre-left)\nTerni\nStefano Bandecchi (AP)\nTrani\nAmedeo Bottaro (PD)\nTrapani\nGiacomo Tranchida (PD)\nTrento\nFranco Ianeselli (centre-left)\nTreviso\nMario Conte (LN)\nTrieste\nRoberto Dipiazza (FI)\nUdine\nAlberto Felice De Toni (centre-left)\nVarese\nDavide Galimberti (PD)\nVerbania\nSilvia Marchionini (PD)\nVercelli\nAndrea Corsaro (FI)\nVerona\nDamiano Tommasi (centre-left)\nVibo Valentia\nMaria Limardo (centre-right)\nVicenza\nGiacomo Possamai (PD)\nViterbo\nChiara Frontini (I)","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Palazzo Mezzabarba is the seat of the Mayor of Pavia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palazzo_Mezzabarba_esterno.jpg/250px-Palazzo_Mezzabarba_esterno.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Timeline of Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Pavia"}]

[{"reference":"\"Michele Lissia (Pd) è il nuovo sindaco di Pavia dopo le Comunali 2024. Il mea culpa di Cantoni: «Centrodestra partito in ritardo»\". Corriere della Sera. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/lombardia/24_giugno_11/comunali-2024-a-pavia-il-sindaco-e-il-dem-michele-lissia-il-mea-culpa-di-cantoni-centrodestra-partito-in-ritardo-e4cc5fd0-72cc-46d1-9033-df709a2e9xlk.shtml","url_text":"\"Michele Lissia (Pd) è il nuovo sindaco di Pavia dopo le Comunali 2024. Il mea culpa di Cantoni: «Centrodestra partito in ritardo»\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"}]},{"reference":"Arecchi, Alberto (1998). Mille nomi nella storia di Pavia. Pavia: Associazione culturale Liutprand.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.comune.pv.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/lombardia/24_giugno_11/comunali-2024-a-pavia-il-sindaco-e-il-dem-michele-lissia-il-mea-culpa-di-cantoni-centrodestra-partito-in-ritardo-e4cc5fd0-72cc-46d1-9033-df709a2e9xlk.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Michele Lissia (Pd) è il nuovo sindaco di Pavia dopo le Comunali 2024. Il mea culpa di Cantoni: «Centrodestra partito in ritardo»\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Western_Region

Northern and Western Region

["1 References","2 External links"]

NUTS 2 region in Ireland Place in IrelandNorthern and Western RegionNorthern and Western Region in blueCoordinates: 54°14′42″N 8°14′13″W / 54.245°N 8.237°W / 54.245; -8.237CountryIrelandArea • Total25,317 km2 (9,775 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total900,937 • Density36/km2 (92/sq mi)GDP • Total€39.909 billion (2022) • Per capita€44,297 (2022)WebsiteOfficial website Northern and Western Region The Northern and Western Region has been a region in Ireland since 1 January 2015. It is a NUTS Level II statistical region of Ireland (coded IE04). NUTS 2 Regions may be classified as less developed regions, transition regions, or more developed regions to determine eligibility for funding under the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus. In 2021, the Northern and Western Region was classified as a transition region. The Northern and Western Regional Assembly is composed of members nominated from the local authorities in the region. It is one of three Regional Assemblies in Ireland established in 2015 following an amendment to the Local Government Act 1991, replacing 8 Regional Authorities with 3 Regional Assemblies. Its members are nominated from among the members of its constituent local authorities. The Region contains two strategic planning areas, each of which is a NUTS Level III statistical region, and mostly correspond with the former Regional Authority Regions. SPA NUTS 3 Code Local government areas NWRA members Population(2022) Border IE041 County Cavan 2 81,201 County Donegal 3 166,321 County Leitrim 2 35,087 County Monaghan 2 64,832 County Sligo 2 69,819 West IE042 Galway City 2 83,456 County Galway 3 192,995 County Mayo 2 137,231 County Roscommon 2 69,995 References ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". www.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ Local Government Act 1991 (Regional Assemblies) (Establishment) Order 2014 (S.I. No. 573 of 2014), "5. (1) A regional assembly specified in column (3) of Schedule 1 shall consist of the number of members specified in column (4) of that Schedule opposite the mention in the said column (3) of that regional assembly.". Signed on 16 December 2014. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 25 February 2022. ^ "Information Note for Data Users: Revision to the Irish NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions". Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023. ^ Regulation (EU) No 2016/2066 of 21 November 2016 amending the annexes to Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) ^ Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2021/1130 of 5 July 2021 setting out the list of regions eligible for funding from the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus and of Member States eligible for funding from the Cohesion Fund for the period 2021-2027 (notified under document C(2021) 4894) ^ Local Government Reform Act 2014, s. 62: Regional Assemblies (No. 1 of 2014, s. 62). Enacted on 27 January 2014. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 29 January 2022. ^ "FP003 Preliminary Population 2022 & FP005 Components of Population Change 2016 to 2022". 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2022. External links Official website vteRegions of IrelandEastern and Midland Region Dublin Mid-East Midland Northern and Western Region Border West Southern Region Mid-West South-East South-West vte Local government in the Republic of IrelandCounty councils Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo South Dublin Tipperary Westmeath Wexford Wicklow City councils Cork Dublin Galway City and County councils Limerick Waterford Regional Assemblies Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly Northern and Western Regional Assembly Southern Regional Assembly Disestablished councils Corporation of Dún Laoghaire Dublin County Council Limerick City Council Limerick County Council Pembroke Township North Tipperary County Council South Tipperary County Council Waterford City Council Waterford County Council Abolished structures Town councils Town commissioners Urban and rural districts Acts Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 Local Government Act 1925 Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930 Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 Local Government Act 2001 Local Government Reform Act 2014 Local Government Act 2019 See also Chief executive Local electoral areas Local government in Dublin This statistics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Irish location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NUTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics"},{"link_name":"region of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"European Regional Development Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund"},{"link_name":"European Social Fund Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Social_Fund_Plus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Regional Assemblies in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Assemblies_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Place in IrelandThe Northern and Western Region has been a region in Ireland since 1 January 2015.[2] It is a NUTS Level II statistical region of Ireland (coded IE04).[3][4]NUTS 2 Regions may be classified as less developed regions, transition regions, or more developed regions to determine eligibility for funding under the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus. In 2021, the Northern and Western Region was classified as a transition region.[5]The Northern and Western Regional Assembly is composed of members nominated from the local authorities in the region. It is one of three Regional Assemblies in Ireland established in 2015 following an amendment to the Local Government Act 1991, replacing 8 Regional Authorities with 3 Regional Assemblies.[6] Its members are nominated from among the members of its constituent local authorities.The Region contains two strategic planning areas, each of which is a NUTS Level III statistical region, and mostly correspond with the former Regional Authority Regions.","title":"Northern and Western Region"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat\". www.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en","url_text":"\"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information Note for Data Users: Revision to the Irish NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions\". Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cso.ie/en/methods/informationnotefordatausersrevisiontotheirishnuts2andnuts3regions/","url_text":"\"Information Note for Data Users: Revision to the Irish NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)","url_text":"Central Statistics Office"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404203146/https://www.cso.ie/en/methods/informationnotefordatausersrevisiontotheirishnuts2andnuts3regions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FP003 Preliminary Population 2022 & FP005 Components of Population Change 2016 to 2022\". 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.cso.ie/","url_text":"\"FP003 Preliminary Population 2022 & FP005 Components of Population Change 2016 to 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825074214/https://data.cso.ie/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Nominingue_DGC

Camp Nominingue Disc Golf Course

["1 History","2 Tournaments","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 46°22′50″N 75°00′58″W / 46.380478°N 75.016194°W / 46.380478; -75.016194Disc golf course in Quebec, Canada Camp Nominingue DCG is a private 18-hole dual tee pad disc golf course in Nominingue, Quebec, Canada. It features artistic woodpile obstacles in a planned forest setting. The course is located opposite (and is owned by) Camp Nominingue, on the northeastern side of the road, and it is open to the public year-round for free. Players can rent disc golf discs at the l'Île de France auberge, at Les Toits du Monde accommodations, or the Dépanneur l'Essentiel nearby. The course was designed in 2017 by amateur disc golfer Don Lane and professional disc golf course designer Christopher Lowcock. History Heiko Dechau, local chef at the l'Île de France auberge and disc golfer, pitched the idea of a disc golf course to then Camp Nominingue director Grant McKenna, who in turn reached out to the Association de Développement de Nominingue (ADN) and the municipality of Nominingue. Approximately twenty local volunteers helped create the course. Tournaments A longer, temporary course called Club et Hôtel du golf Nominingue DGC was set up approximately 2 km North of Camp Nominingue DGC proper to host the PDGA-sanctioned Le Phé-Nominingue tournament in October 2019. The tournament consisted of one round at the Camp Nominingue Disc Golf Course and two rounds at the Club et Hôtel du golf Nominingue DGC. The latter was designed by Christopher Lowcock on most of the land of the Club et Hôtel du Golf Nominingue ball golf course and featured temporary Prodigy baskets. See also List of disc golf courses in Quebec References ^ "Camp Nominingue". Professional Disc Golf Association. 2014-09-20. Retrieved 2020-01-05. ^ "Boys Camp". Camp Nominingue. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ "Île de France, Auberge, Restaurant, Nominingue, Hautes-Laurentides". ile-de-france (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ Les Toits du Monde. "Summer outdoors activities". Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ Tourisme Laurentides, Disc Golf en pleine nature à Nominingue (in French), retrieved 2020-01-07 ^ "Christopher Lowcock". Prodigy Disc Golf Course Design. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ a b c Mc Gregor, Ronald. "Le terrain de disc golf de Nominingue est inauguré". L'Information du Nord Vallée de la Rouge (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-19. ^ Mc Gregor, Ronald. "Le tournoi de disc-golf se tient en fin de semaine". L'Information du Nord Vallée de la Rouge (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-19. ^ Municipalité Nominingue. "Tournoi provincial de disc golf à Nominingue". www.facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ "Le Phé-NOMININGUE - Flex Start - North - Golf course". Professional Disc Golf Association. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ "Le Phé-NOMININGUE - Flex Start - North - Golf course". Disc Golf Scene. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ Mc Gregor, Ronald. "Vif succès pour le tournoi provincial de disc-golf à Nominingue". L'Information du Nord Vallée de la Rouge (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-19. ^ "Le Phé-NOMININGUE powered by Prodigy Disc Canada". Professional Disc Golf Association. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ "Le Phé-NOMININGUE powered by Prodigy Disc Canada". Disc Golf Scene. Retrieved 2020-01-07. External links Official website and Facebook page Official map Camp Nominingue DGC and Club et Hôtel du golf Nominingue DGC on DG Course Review Camp Nominingue Disc Golf Course on the PDGA course directory Camp Nominingue 46°22′50″N 75°00′58″W / 46.380478°N 75.016194°W / 46.380478; -75.016194

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[]

[{"title":"List of disc golf courses in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disc_golf_courses_in_Quebec"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_My_World_(film)

Center of My World (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Reaction in Russia","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]

2016 coming-of-age romantic drama film Center of My WorldGerman theatrical release posterGermanDie Mitte der Welt Directed byJakob M. ErwaScreenplay byJakob M. ErwaBased onThe Center of the Worldby Andreas SteinhöfelProduced byBoris SchönfelderStarring Louis Hofmann Sabine Timoteo Jannik Schümann Ada Philine Stappenbeck Inka Friedrich Nina Proll Svenja Jung Sascha Alexander Geršak  CinematographyNgo The Chau Edited byCarlotta KittelMusic byPaul GallisterProductioncompanies Neue Schönhauser Filmproduktion Prisma Film Universum Film mojo:pictures Distributed by Universum Film / DCM Film Distribution (Germany) Constantin Film (Austria) Release dates 26 June 2016 (2016-06-26) (Filmfest München) 10 November 2016 (2016-11-10) (Germany) 11 November 2016 (2016-11-11) (Austria) Running time115 minutesCountries Germany Austria LanguageGerman Center of My World (German: Die Mitte der Welt) is a 2016 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Jakob M. Erwa, based on the 1998 best-selling novel The Center of the World by Andreas Steinhöfel. Plot 17-year-old Phil comes back from a summer camp and returns to the old mansion Visible where he lives with his mother, Glass, and his twin sister, Dianne. They barely have contact with the other citizens of this village, who consider Phil's family to be strange—Dianne is said to be able to talk with animals. However, they are often visited by Tereza, a lawyer, who always has some good advice for Phil. Phil does notice that something has changed between his mother and his sister and that they do not talk to each other anymore. He spends the last days of his summer holidays with his best friend Kat. When school begins, the mysterious Nicholas enters the class. Phil feels drawn to him and they soon engage in a passionate love affair, even though it turns Phil's feelings upside down because he does not know what Nicholas thinks of him. Furthermore, his friendship with Kat is tested because Phil's first love causes envy and jealousy. Finding his center of the world becomes Phil's biggest challenge. Cast Louis Hofmann as Phil Sabine Timoteo as Glass Jannik Schümann as Nicholas Ada Philine Stappenbeck as Dianne Svenja Jung as Kat Sascha Alexander Geršak  as Michael Inka Friedrich as Tereza Nina Proll as Pascal Thomas Goritzki  as Herr Hänel, teacher Clemens Rehbein as Kyle Production The novel The Center of the World, which was released in 1998, became a popular young adult book. Among other awards, it won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1999 and with the Buxtehude Bull in the same year. In 2000, the novel received the Literaturpreis der Jury der jungen Leser in Vienna. Furthermore, it entered the bestseller list of the German magazine Der Spiegel as the first German children's book ever. An international co-production between Germany and Austria, the film was produced by Neue Schönhauser Filmproduktion, mojo:pictures, and Prisma Film and distributed by Universum Film. The production received various public fundings, including money from the Filmfonds Wien and from the representative of the Federal Government for culture and media. The film was directed by Jakob M. Erwa, who also wrote the screenplay. Louis Hofmann starred as Phil; he was awarded with the Deutscher Schauspielerpreis 2016 as best young actor a few weeks before the premiere. Jannik Schümann played Nicholas and Svenja Jung portrayed Kat. Additional roles include Sabine Timoteo as Glass, Inka Friedrich and Nina Proll as Tereza and Pascal, Ada Philine Stappenbeck as Dianne, and Sascha Alexander Geršak as Glass's new boyfriend Michael. The film had its world premiere at the Munich International Film festival on 26 June 2016, and was also screened at the Moscow International Film Festival. It was released theatrically in Germany on 10 November 2016 and in Austria the following day. Reception Boyd van Hoeij from The Hollywood Reporter welcomed that only two people are at the center of the story: "Luckily, the blossoming relationship between Phil and Nick are at the center of the movie where a hot flirt turns into a physical relationship." According to van Hoeij, it is a big forte of the film that Erwa shows how teenagers have to struggle with their sexuality, and the director proves that he has understood that, in physical love, less is sometimes more. Van Hoeij praises the actors Hofmann and Schümann, who portrayed those two boys in an affectionate and tender way, which is as interesting as the fact that those teenagers have to question themselves, due to their sexuality, if they are ever going to be happy. However, van Hoeij also noted that because of the focus on those two characters, others like Kat and Diane felt like they were neither protagonists nor side characters. Reaction in Russia On the verge of the press conference in the course of the premiere in Moscow, the film was rejected by some journalists and critics as propaganda as non-traditional portrayal of sexual relationships between teenagers that are not allowed to be distributed in Russia. Kirill Raslogow, the program director of the film festival, had warned his fellow countrymen beforehand: "This movie could shock the audience." The Austria Presse Agentur (APA) described the problem of the film in Russia: "With this portrayal of society, the director reproduces a downright nightmare of right-conservative Russians who often disqualify Europe as 'Gayrope'." Russian film critic Andrej Plachow, who is in charge of the selection panel of the Moscow film festival, explained: "I fear that there will be barely any companies in Russia that want to distribute this movie. They understand that they would get into trouble." However, the film received a surprisingly positive response by the audience in Moscow. Accolades Moscow International Film Festival 2016 Nominated in the major competition for the Golden George Munich International Film festival 2016 (selection) Nominated in the category Best Screenplay Nominated in the category Best Director References ^ "Die Mitte der Welt | Film, Trailer, Kritik". ^ a b c "Center of My World (Die Mitte der Welt)". Cineuropa. Retrieved 17 May 2020. ^ van Hoeij, Boyd (7 July 2016). "'Center of My World' ('Die Mitte der Welt'): Munich Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ Veronica Frenzel: Kinderbuchautor in Afrika. Was Geschichten lustig macht In: Der Tagesspiegel, 18 February 2013. ^ Pressemappe: Andreas Steinhöfel In: carlsen.de; retrieved, 20 July 2016. (PDF) ^ Kulturstaatsministerin Grütters fördert Film- und Drehbuchprojekte mit rund 2 Mio. Euro In: bundesregierung.de, 29. Mai 2015. ^ Filmfonds Wien - Die Mitte der Welt In: filmfonds-wien.at; retrieved, 20 July 2016. ^ Deutscher Schauspielerpreis, Nachwuchs Archived 20 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: ustinov-stiftung.de, 1. Juni 2016. ^ Filmfest – Sehnsuchtsbilder In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 23. Juni 2016. ^ 38. Internationales Filmfestival von Moskau begonnen In: Focus Online, 24. Juni 2016. ^ Boyd van Hoeij: 'Center of My World' ('Die Mitte der Welt'): Munich Review In: The Hollywood Reporter, 7. Juli 2016. ^ Ein schwuler Jugendlicher begeistert Moskau Archived 20 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: Austria Presse Agentur (zitiert in futter.), 27 June 2016. ^ Ohne Schock nahm Moskau Jakob M. Erwas neuen Film auf In: Kleine Zeitung, 27 June 2016. ^ Main Competition Archived 20 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: moscowfilmfestival.ru; retrieved, 20 July 2016. ^ Preisverdächtig: Die Mitte der Welt. 5 Nominierungen für den Förderpreis Neues Deutsches Kino – u. a. fürs beste Drehbuch, die beste Regie In: m-maenner.de, 10. Juni 2016. External links Center of My World at IMDb

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age_film"},{"link_name":"romantic drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Jakob M. Erwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_M._Erwa"},{"link_name":"The Center of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_of_the_World_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Andreas Steinhöfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Steinh%C3%B6fel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood_Reporter-3"}],"text":"Center of My World (German: Die Mitte der Welt) is a 2016 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Jakob M. Erwa, based on the 1998 best-selling novel The Center of the World by Andreas Steinhöfel.[3]","title":"Center of My World (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"17-year-old Phil comes back from a summer camp and returns to the old mansion Visible where he lives with his mother, Glass, and his twin sister, Dianne. They barely have contact with the other citizens of this village, who consider Phil's family to be strange—Dianne is said to be able to talk with animals. However, they are often visited by Tereza, a lawyer, who always has some good advice for Phil. Phil does notice that something has changed between his mother and his sister and that they do not talk to each other anymore. He spends the last days of his summer holidays with his best friend Kat. When school begins, the mysterious Nicholas enters the class. Phil feels drawn to him and they soon engage in a passionate love affair, even though it turns Phil's feelings upside down because he does not know what Nicholas thinks of him. Furthermore, his friendship with Kat is tested because Phil's first love causes envy and jealousy. Finding his center of the world becomes Phil's biggest challenge.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Sabine Timoteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Timoteo"},{"link_name":"Jannik Schümann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannik_Sch%C3%BCmann"},{"link_name":"Svenja Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenja_Jung"},{"link_name":"Sascha Alexander Geršak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sascha_Alexander_Ger%C5%A1ak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Alexander_Ger%C5%A1ak"},{"link_name":"Inka Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Nina Proll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Proll"},{"link_name":"Thomas Goritzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Goritzki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Goritzki"},{"link_name":"Clemens Rehbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Rehbein"}],"text":"Louis Hofmann as Phil\nSabine Timoteo as Glass\nJannik Schümann as Nicholas\nAda Philine Stappenbeck as Dianne\nSvenja Jung as Kat\nSascha Alexander Geršak [de] as Michael\nInka Friedrich as Tereza\nNina Proll as Pascal\nThomas Goritzki [de] as Herr Hänel, teacher\nClemens Rehbein as Kyle","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Center of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_of_the_World_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Jugendliteraturpreis"},{"link_name":"Buxtehude Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxtehude_Bull"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineuropa-2"},{"link_name":"Universum Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Louis Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jannik Schümann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannik_Sch%C3%BCmann"},{"link_name":"Svenja Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenja_Jung"},{"link_name":"Sabine Timoteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Timoteo"},{"link_name":"Inka Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Nina Proll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Proll"},{"link_name":"Munich International Film festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfest_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The novel The Center of the World, which was released in 1998, became a popular young adult book. Among other awards, it won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1999 and with the Buxtehude Bull in the same year. In 2000, the novel received the Literaturpreis der Jury der jungen Leser in Vienna. Furthermore, it entered the bestseller list of the German magazine Der Spiegel as the first German children's book ever.[4][5]An international co-production between Germany and Austria,[2] the film was produced by Neue Schönhauser Filmproduktion, mojo:pictures, and Prisma Film and distributed by Universum Film. The production received various public fundings, including money from the Filmfonds Wien and from the representative of the Federal Government for culture and media.[6][7]The film was directed by Jakob M. Erwa, who also wrote the screenplay.Louis Hofmann starred as Phil; he was awarded with the Deutscher Schauspielerpreis 2016 as best young actor a few weeks before the premiere.[8] Jannik Schümann played Nicholas and Svenja Jung portrayed Kat. Additional roles include Sabine Timoteo as Glass, Inka Friedrich and Nina Proll as Tereza and Pascal, Ada Philine Stappenbeck as Dianne, and Sascha Alexander Geršak as Glass's new boyfriend Michael.The film had its world premiere at the Munich International Film festival on 26 June 2016,[9] and was also screened at the Moscow International Film Festival.[10] It was released theatrically in Germany on 10 November 2016 and in Austria the following day.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Boyd van Hoeij from The Hollywood Reporter welcomed that only two people are at the center of the story: \"Luckily, the blossoming relationship between Phil and Nick are at the center of the movie where a hot flirt turns into a physical relationship.\" According to van Hoeij, it is a big forte of the film that Erwa shows how teenagers have to struggle with their sexuality, and the director proves that he has understood that, in physical love, less is sometimes more. Van Hoeij praises the actors Hofmann and Schümann, who portrayed those two boys in an affectionate and tender way, which is as interesting as the fact that those teenagers have to question themselves, due to their sexuality, if they are ever going to be happy. However, van Hoeij also noted that because of the focus on those two characters, others like Kat and Diane felt like they were neither protagonists nor side characters.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria Presse Agentur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Presse_Agentur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Reaction in Russia","text":"On the verge of the press conference in the course of the premiere in Moscow, the film was rejected by some journalists and critics as propaganda as non-traditional portrayal of sexual relationships between teenagers that are not allowed to be distributed in Russia. Kirill Raslogow, the program director of the film festival, had warned his fellow countrymen beforehand: \"This movie could shock the audience.\" The Austria Presse Agentur (APA) described the problem of the film in Russia: \"With this portrayal of society, the director reproduces a downright nightmare of right-conservative Russians who often disqualify Europe as 'Gayrope'.\"[12] Russian film critic Andrej Plachow, who is in charge of the selection panel of the Moscow film festival, explained: \"I fear that there will be barely any companies in Russia that want to distribute this movie. They understand that they would get into trouble.\" However, the film received a surprisingly positive response by the audience in Moscow.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow International Film Festival 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Munich International Film festival 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfest_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Moscow International Film Festival 2016Nominated in the major competition for the Golden George[14]Munich International Film festival 2016 (selection)Nominated in the category Best Screenplay\nNominated in the category Best Director[15]","title":"Accolades"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqefet_Cave

Raqefet Cave

["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"]

Late Natufian archaeological site in Israel Raqefet CaveRaqefet Cave entranceLocation in IsraelShow map of Near EastRaqefet Cave (Israel)Show map of IsraelLocationUpper GalileeRegionIsraelHistoryPeriodsMiddle PaleolithicCulturesMousterian, Levantine Aurignacian, Natufian Raqefet Cave (Cyclamen Cave) is a Late Natufian archaeological site located in Mount Carmel in the north of Israel. History Raqefet Cave was discovered in 1956. The site indicates plants were already used as food here before the advent of agriculture. Remains in one of the chambers of the cave suggest the production of beer during the occupation of the cave. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave. Earlier levels at Raqefet include remains from the Levantine Aurignacian. Earlier Mousterian remains were also found at Site 187. In 2020, incised slabs were discovered at Raqefet Cave, with a human figure most likely shown as dancing. Gallery Human remains Rock mortars used to prepare malt for beer manufacture Raqefet Cave rock mortars. View of the valley from inside the cave See also History of beer References ^ a b Power, Robert; Rosen, Arlene; Nadel, Dani (2016). Phytolith evidence of the use of plants as food by Late Natufians at Raqefet Cave. Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-Agrarian Human Worlds. Oxbow Books. p. 229. ISBN 9781785701245. ^ Metheny, Karen Bescherer; Beaudry, Mary C. (2015). Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46. ISBN 9780759123663. ^ Birch, Suzanne E. Pilaar (2018). Multispecies Archaeology. Routledge. p. 546. ISBN 9781317480648. ^ "'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ "13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world". The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ Shea, John J. (2013). Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 9781107006980. ^ "A Mousterian assemblage was also found on the floor of the Raqefet Cave (Site 187)" in Olami, Ya'aqov; Olami, Yaʻaqov (1984). Prehistoric Carmel. Israel Exploration Society. p. 177. ISBN 9789652220134. ^ Rosenberg, Danny; Chasan, Rivka; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (2020). "Stone 'Canvas' and Natufian Art: An incised human figure from the Natufian cemetery at Raqefet Cave, Israel". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 39 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1111/ojoa.12189. S2CID 216196387. Bibliography Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny (2005). "Burials of Raqefet Cave in the Context of the Late Natufian". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן. ל"ה: 271–284. JSTOR 23383564. Liu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (2018). "Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 21: 783–793. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008. S2CID 165595175. Nadel, Dani; Rosenberg, Danny (2016). "A grid-like incised pattern inside a Natufian bedrock mortar, Raqefet Cave, Israel". Journal of Lithic Studies. 3 (3): 337–557. doi:10.2218/jls.v3i3.1467. Nadel, D.; Danin, A.; Power, R. C.; Rosen, A. M.; Bocquentin, F.; Tsatskin, A.; Rosenberg, D.; Yeshurun, R.; Weissbrod, L.; Rebollo, N. R.; Barzilai, O.; Boaretto, E. (2013). "Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700-11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11774–11778. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011774N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302277110. PMC 3718103. PMID 23818584. vtePrehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and cave paintings Paleoanthropological sites Cave paintings Caves containing pictograms EuropeAustria Drachenhöhle Gudenus Lurgrotte Salzofen Tischofer Belgium Belle-Roche Claminforge Engis Goyet Naulette Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes Ramioul Scladina Spy Trou de l'Abîme Bosnia Badanj Ledenjača Bulgaria Bacho Kiro Devetashka Kozarnika Magura Utroba Cave Croatia Grapčeva Krapina Vela Spila Vindija Romuald's Cave Veternica Cyprus Aetokremnos Czech Republic Amatérská Býčí skála Koněprusy Kůlna Mladeč Šipka Finland Wolf France Vézère Valley World Heritage Site Bara Bahau Bernifal Cap Blanc Castel Merle Abri Castanet Reverdit Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil Abri Audi Abri Chadourne Les Combarelles Cro-Magnon Font-de-Gaume Laugerie-Basse Laugerie-Haute La Micoque La Mouthe Pataud Abri du Poisson Lascaux La Madeleine Rouffignac Other World Heritage Sites Chauvet Other caves with decoration Arcy-sur-Cure Gargas Cosquer Cussac 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Kosegasawa Minatogawa Muroya Ōzakai Pinza-Abu Shiraho Saonetabaru Tobayama Yamashita Jordan Iraq ed-Dubb Laos Tham An Mah Tam Pa Ling Lebanon Antelias Jeita Kaukaba Ksar Akil Ras Baalbek I Ras El Kelb Nachcharini Malaysia Niah Mongolia Khoit Tsenkher Myanmar Padah-Lin Pakistan Sanghao Palestine Shuqba Philippines Callao Kalanay Minori Lapuz Lapuz Tabon Sri Lanka Batadombalena Belilena Fa Hien Hunugalagala Thailand Pha Taem Spirit Tham Lod TurkmenistanDzhebelTurkey Belbaşı Karain Yarımburgaz Uzbekistan Obi-Rakhmat Teshik-Tash Vietnam Con Moong Ngườm AfricaAlgeria Gueldaman Botswana Tsodilo Manyana Rock Paintings Cameroon Shum Laka DR Congo Matupi Egypt Beasts Swimmers Kenya Enkapune Ya Muto Njoro River Lesotho Liphofung Libya Haua Fteah Uan Muhuggiag Morocco Hercules Ifri N'Ammar Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa Ifri Oudadane Jebel Irhoud Kelif el Boroud Taforalt Mozambique Ngalue Namibia Apollo 11 The White Lady Nigeria Rop Somaliland Dhambalin Dhaymoole Laas Geel South Africa Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site Bolt's Farm Cooper's Drimolen Gladysvale Gondolin Haasgat Kromdraai Makapansgat Malapa Minnaar's Motsetsi Plovers Lake Rising Star Sterkfontein Swartkrans Other caves Blombos Border Boomplaas Byneskranskop Cango Diepkloof Elands Bay Howieson's Poort Klasies River Melkhoutboom Nelson Bay Pinnacle Point Sibudu Stadsaal Wonderwerk Tanzania Kondoa Bahi Mumba Uganda Nyero Zambia Kalemba Mumbwa Zimbabwe Bambata North and South AmericaArgentina Cueva de las Manos Aruba Quadiriki Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Barton Creek Midnight Terror Brazil Gentio Maquiné Pedra Pintada Peruaçu Rei do Mato Santo Toca da Tira Peia Canada Bluefish Charlie Lake Chile Fell Milodón Colombia El Abra Chiribiquete Piedras del Tunjo Sáchica Tequendama Tibitó Cuba Ambrosio Calero Centella Cura Patana Pluma Curaçao Hato Dominican Republic Pomier Jamaica Long Mile Mexico Chan Hol Coxcatlan Dzibilchaltún Las Flechas Frightful Guilá Naquitz Ox Bel Ha Oxtotitlán Sac Actun Peru Chivateros Guitarrero Pikimachay Qillqatani Toquepala T'uqu T'uquyuq Suriname Werehpai United States Arnold Research Baker Bonfire Bull Thistle Burnet Cherry Creek Colorado Millennial Danger Daugherty's Dry Creek Durango Dust Dutchess Quarry Fort Rock Franktown Gatecliff Graham Hidden Hidden Valley Hogup Humboldt La Grange Last Supper Levi LoDaisKa Lovelock Mammoth Mantle's Marmes Martz Meadowcroft Modoc Mummy On Your Knees Paisley Pendejo Pictograph Rockhouse Cliffs Russell Sandia Shoup Sisyphus Stanfield-Worley Tainter Tomaquag Trail Creek Trinchera Ventana Wilson Butte OceaniaAustralia Abrakurrie Acheron Ballawinne Beeton Shelter Beginner's Luck Blanche Bone Burrup Cave Bay Cliefden Cloggs Devil's Lair Eagles Reach Fossil Gabarnmung Gwion Gwion Jenolan Koongine Koonalda Kutikina Mackintosh 90/1 Madjedbebe Mammoth Mannalargenna Mudgegonga Murrawijinie Murujuga Naracoorte New Guinea II Nunamira ORS 7 Tarragal Ubirr Wargata Mina Warratyi Warreen Wellington Guam Gadao's Mahlac Talagi Hawaii Makauwahi New Caledonia Pindai New Zealand Moncks Ruakuri Northern Mariana Islands Chugai' Papua New Guinea Kilu Samoa Falemauga Tuvalu Nanumanga Cave List of caves Cave painting Speleology Authority control databases: National Israel

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Natufian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH-1"}],"text":"Raqefet Cave (Cyclamen Cave) is a Late Natufian archaeological site located in Mount Carmel in the north of Israel.[1]","title":"Raqefet Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH-1"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruel"},{"link_name":"Natufians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Levantine Aurignacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Aurignacian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJS150-6"},{"link_name":"Mousterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"incised slabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_slab#Grave_slabs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Raqefet Cave was discovered in 1956. The site indicates plants were already used as food here before the advent of agriculture.[1]Remains in one of the chambers of the cave suggest the production of beer during the occupation of the cave.[2][3] The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave.[4][5]Earlier levels at Raqefet include remains from the Levantine Aurignacian.[6] Earlier Mousterian remains were also found at Site 187.[7]In 2020, incised slabs were discovered at Raqefet Cave, with a human figure most likely shown as dancing.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raqefet_homo18.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raqefet_mortars.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raqefet_Cave_rock_mortars.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raqefet_view.JPG"}],"text":"Human remains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock mortars used to prepare malt for beer manufacture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaqefet Cave rock mortars.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the valley from inside the cave","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23383564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23383564"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.008"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"165595175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165595175"},{"link_name":"\"A grid-like incised pattern inside a Natufian bedrock mortar, Raqefet Cave, Israel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2218%2Fjls.v3i3.1467"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2218/jls.v3i3.1467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2218%2Fjls.v3i3.1467"},{"link_name":"\"Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700-11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718103"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2013PNAS..11011774N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11011774N"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.1302277110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1302277110"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3718103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718103"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23818584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23818584"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_caves"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_caves"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_caves"},{"link_name":"cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"Paleoanthropological sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleoanthropological_sites"},{"link_name":"Cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_paintings"},{"link_name":"Caves containing pictograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Caves_containing_pictograms"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rock_art_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Drachenhöhle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachenh%C3%B6hle"},{"link_name":"Gudenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudenus_cave"},{"link_name":"Lurgrotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgrotte"},{"link_name":"Salzofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzofen_cave"},{"link_name":"Tischofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tischofer_Cave"},{"link_name":"Engis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmerling_Caves"},{"link_name":"Goyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyet_Caves"},{"link_name":"Naulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naulette"},{"link_name":"Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_flint_mines_of_Spiennes"},{"link_name":"Scladina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scladina"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Cave"},{"link_name":"Trou de l'Abîme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_de_l%27Ab%C3%AEme"},{"link_name":"Badanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badanj_Cave"},{"link_name":"Ledenjača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledenja%C4%8Da_Cave"},{"link_name":"Bacho Kiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacho_Kiro_cave"},{"link_name":"Devetashka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devetashka_cave"},{"link_name":"Kozarnika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozarnika"},{"link_name":"Magura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magura_Cave"},{"link_name":"Utroba Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utroba_Cave"},{"link_name":"Grapčeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grap%C4%8Deva_cave"},{"link_name":"Krapina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapina_Neanderthal_site"},{"link_name":"Vela Spila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Spila"},{"link_name":"Vindija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindija_Cave"},{"link_name":"Romuald's Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Veternica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veternica_(cave)"},{"link_name":"Aetokremnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetokremnos"},{"link_name":"Amatérská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%A9rsk%C3%A1_Cave"},{"link_name":"Býčí skála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BD%C4%8D%C3%AD_sk%C3%A1la_Cave"},{"link_name":"Koněprusy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C4%9Bprusy_Caves"},{"link_name":"Kůlna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AFlna_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mladeč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlade%C4%8D_caves"},{"link_name":"Šipka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ipka"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Cave"},{"link_name":"Vézère Valley World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Sites_and_Decorated_Caves_of_the_V%C3%A9z%C3%A8re_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cap Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Blanc_rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Reverdit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverdit_rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil"},{"link_name":"Les Combarelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Combarelles"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon_rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Font-de-Gaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font-de-Gaume"},{"link_name":"Laugerie-Basse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugerie-Basse"},{"link_name":"La Micoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Micoque"},{"link_name":"Pataud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abri_Pataud"},{"link_name":"Lascaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascaux"},{"link_name":"La Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Rouffignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouffignac_Cave"},{"link_name":"Other World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Chauvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave"},{"link_name":"Arcy-sur-Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Arcy-sur-Cure"},{"link_name":"Gargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Gargas"},{"link_name":"Cosquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosquer_Cave"},{"link_name":"Cussac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_de_Cussac"},{"link_name":"Fontéchevade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font%C3%A9chevade"},{"link_name":"La Chaire a Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chaire_a_Calvin"},{"link_name":"La Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marche_(cave)"},{"link_name":"Lombrives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombrives"},{"link_name":"Grotte de Gabillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_de_Gabillou"},{"link_name":"Marsoulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsoulas_Cave"},{"link_name":"Le Mas-d'Azil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mas-d%27Azil"},{"link_name":"Mayrières supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Mayri%C3%A8res_sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Niaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Niaux"},{"link_name":"Pair-non-Pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair-non-Pair"},{"link_name":"Pech Merle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech_Merle"},{"link_name":"Roc-aux-Sorciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc-aux-Sorciers"},{"link_name":"Renne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_du_Renne"},{"link_name":"Trois Frères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Trois-Fr%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villars_Cave"},{"link_name":"Other caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves_in_France"},{"link_name":"Arago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arago_cave"},{"link_name":"Aurignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Aurignac"},{"link_name":"Bruniquel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruniquel_Cave"},{"link_name":"Calès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamanon"},{"link_name":"La Chapelle-aux-Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chapelle-aux-Saints"},{"link_name":"Combe Grenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Grenal"},{"link_name":"La Ferrassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ferrassie"},{"link_name":"Fées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grotte_des_F%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Fontbrégoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontbr%C3%A9goua_Cave"},{"link_name":"Lazaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_du_Lazaret"},{"link_name":"Le Moustier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Moustier"},{"link_name":"Noisetier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisetier_Cave"},{"link_name":"La Quina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quina"},{"link_name":"Raymonden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymonden"},{"link_name":"Le Regourdou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Regourdou"},{"link_name":"Rochereil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochereil"},{"link_name":"Vallonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_du_Vallonnet"},{"link_name":"Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_and_Ice_Age_Art_in_the_Swabian_Jura"},{"link_name":"Bockstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockstein_Cave"},{"link_name":"Geissenklösterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle"},{"link_name":"Hohle Fels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohle_Fels"},{"link_name":"Hohlenstein-Stadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohlenstein-Stadel"},{"link_name":"Sirgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirgenstein_Cave"},{"link_name":"Vogelherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave"},{"link_name":"Baumann's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumann%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Brillenhöhle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillenh%C3%B6hle"},{"link_name":"Kleine Feldhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine_Feldhofer_Grotte"},{"link_name":"Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenstein_Cave"},{"link_name":"Ofnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofnet_Caves"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Devil's Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Tower_Cave"},{"link_name":"Gorham's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Cave"},{"link_name":"Alepotrypa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepotrypa_cave"},{"link_name":"Apidima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apidima_Cave"},{"link_name":"Eileithyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileithyia_Cave"},{"link_name":"Franchthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchthi_Cave"},{"link_name":"Kleidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleidi_Cave"},{"link_name":"Megalakkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalakkos"},{"link_name":"Petralona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralona_cave"},{"link_name":"Stravomyti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stravomyti"},{"link_name":"Theopetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theopetra_cave"},{"link_name":"Baradla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradla_cave"},{"link_name":"Szelim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szelim_cave"},{"link_name":"Addaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta_dell%27Addaura"},{"link_name":"Arene Candide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_Candide"},{"link_name":"Balzi Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzi_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Cavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta_del_Cavallo"},{"link_name":"Corbeddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbeddu_Cave"},{"link_name":"Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Cave_(Otranto)"},{"link_name":"Felci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta_delle_Felci"},{"link_name":"Paglicci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglicci_Cave"},{"link_name":"Romito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romito_Cave"},{"link_name":"Villabruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripari_Villabruna"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"St Brelade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade"},{"link_name":"Loschbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loschbur"},{"link_name":"Għar Dalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Dalam"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Cocev Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocev_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Svarthola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarthola"},{"link_name":"Obłazowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C5%82azowa_Cave"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Cave"},{"link_name":"Aroeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Aroeira"},{"link_name":"Escoural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoural_Cave"},{"link_name":"Furninha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furninha"},{"link_name":"Lagar Velho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrigo_do_Lagar_Velho"},{"link_name":"Pala Pinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Rock-Art_Site_of_Pala_Pinta"},{"link_name":"Pedra Furada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Pedra_Furada"},{"link_name":"Pego do Diabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Pego_do_Diabo"},{"link_name":"Salemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Salemas"},{"link_name":"Coliboaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliboaia_Cave"},{"link_name":"Cuciulat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuciulat_Cave"},{"link_name":"Muierilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_Muierilor"},{"link_name":"Oase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_cu_Oase"},{"link_name":"Akhshtyrskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhshtyrskaya_Cave"},{"link_name":"Chertovy 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Mato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruta_Rei_do_Mato"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_do_Santo"},{"link_name":"Toca da Tira Peia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toca_da_Tira_Peia"},{"link_name":"Bluefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefish_Caves"},{"link_name":"Charlie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Lake_Cave"},{"link_name":"Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_Fell"},{"link_name":"Milodón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_del_Milod%C3%B3n_Natural_Monument"},{"link_name":"El Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Abra"},{"link_name":"Chiribiquete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Chiribiquete#Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Piedras del Tunjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park"},{"link_name":"Sáchica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1chica#Rock_art"},{"link_name":"Tequendama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequendama"},{"link_name":"Tibitó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Cave"},{"link_name":"Calero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calero_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centella_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cura_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patana_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pluma_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Hato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hato_Caves"},{"link_name":"Pomier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomier_Caves"},{"link_name":"Long Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Mile_Cave"},{"link_name":"Chan Hol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Hol"},{"link_name":"Coxcatlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcatlan_Cave"},{"link_name":"Dzibilchaltún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzibilchaltun"},{"link_name":"Las Flechas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cueva_de_las_Flechas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frightful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frightful_Cave"},{"link_name":"Guilá Naquitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guil%C3%A1_Naquitz_Cave"},{"link_name":"Ox Bel Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha"},{"link_name":"Oxtotitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxtotitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sac Actun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun"},{"link_name":"Chivateros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivateros"},{"link_name":"Guitarrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrero_Cave"},{"link_name":"Pikimachay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikimachay"},{"link_name":"Qillqatani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqatani"},{"link_name":"Toquepala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toquepala_Caves"},{"link_name":"T'uqu T'uquyuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27uqu_T%27uquyuq"},{"link_name":"Werehpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werehpai"},{"link_name":"Arnold Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Cave"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Cave"},{"link_name":"Bonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Bull Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Thistle_Cave_Archaeological_Site"},{"link_name":"Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_Cave"},{"link_name":"Cherry Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Creek_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Colorado Millennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Millennial_site"},{"link_name":"Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_Cave"},{"link_name":"Daugherty's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugherty%27s_Cave_and_Breeding_Site"},{"link_name":"Dry Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Creek_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango_Rock_Shelters_Archeology_Site"},{"link_name":"Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Cave"},{"link_name":"Dutchess Quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_Quarry_Cave_Site"},{"link_name":"Fort Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave"},{"link_name":"Franktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franktown_Cave"},{"link_name":"Gatecliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatecliff_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cave"},{"link_name":"Hidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Cave"},{"link_name":"Hidden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Valley_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Hogup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogup_Cave"},{"link_name":"Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Cave"},{"link_name":"La Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grange_Rock_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_Cave"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Rock_Shelter"},{"link_name":"LoDaisKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoDaisKa_site"},{"link_name":"Lovelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelock_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Cave_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mantle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Marmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Martz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_Rock_Shelters"},{"link_name":"Meadowcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter"},{"link_name":"Modoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_Rock_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy_Cave"},{"link_name":"On Your Knees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cave"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Caves"},{"link_name":"Pendejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendejo_Cave"},{"link_name":"Pictograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictograph_Cave_(Billings,_Montana)"},{"link_name":"Rockhouse Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhouse_Cliffs_Rockshelters"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Sandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_Cave"},{"link_name":"Shoup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoup_Rock_Shelters"},{"link_name":"Sisyphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphus_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Stanfield-Worley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfield-Worley_Bluff_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Tainter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainter_Cave"},{"link_name":"Tomaquag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaquag_Rock_Shelters"},{"link_name":"Trail Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_Creek_Caves"},{"link_name":"Trinchera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinchera_Cave_Archeological_District"},{"link_name":"Ventana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventana_Cave"},{"link_name":"Wilson Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Butte_Cave"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rock_art_of_Oceania"},{"link_name":"Abrakurrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrakurrie_Cave"},{"link_name":"Acheron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acheron_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ballawinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballawinne_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beeton Shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beeton_Shelter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beginner's Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beginner%27s_Luck_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Cave"},{"link_name":"Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Cave_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Burrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrup_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Cave Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_Bay_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cliefden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliefden_Caves"},{"link_name":"Cloggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloggs_Cave"},{"link_name":"Devil's Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Lair"},{"link_name":"Eagles Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagles_Reach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Cave"},{"link_name":"Gabarnmung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabarnmung"},{"link_name":"Gwion Gwion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings"},{"link_name":"Jenolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenolan_Caves#Indigenous_culture"},{"link_name":"Koongine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koongine_Cave"},{"link_name":"Koonalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonalda_Cave"},{"link_name":"Kutikina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutikina_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mackintosh 90/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Madjedbebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjedbebe"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Cave_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Mannalargenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannalargenna_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mudgegonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgegonga_rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Murrawijinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrawijinie_Cave"},{"link_name":"Murujuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murujuga"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte_Caves"},{"link_name":"New Guinea II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_II_cave"},{"link_name":"Nunamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nunamira_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ORS 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ORS_7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarragal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragal_Caves"},{"link_name":"Ubirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubirr"},{"link_name":"Wargata Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wargata_Mina_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warratyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warratyi"},{"link_name":"Warreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warreen_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Caves"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Gadao's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadao%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mahlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlac_Pictograph_Cave"},{"link_name":"Talagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talagi_Pictograph_Cave"},{"link_name":"Makauwahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makauwahi_Cave"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Pindai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindai_Caves"},{"link_name":"Moncks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncks_Cave"},{"link_name":"Ruakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruakuri_Cave"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Chugai'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugai%27_Pictograph_Site"},{"link_name":"Kilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilu_Cave"},{"link_name":"Falemauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falemauga_Caves"},{"link_name":"Nanumanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Nanumanga"},{"link_name":"List of caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves"},{"link_name":"Cave painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"Speleology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13581163#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544865305171"}],"text":"Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny (2005). \"Burials of Raqefet Cave in the Context of the Late Natufian\". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן. ל\"ה: 271–284. JSTOR 23383564.\nLiu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (2018). \"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting\". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 21: 783–793. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008. S2CID 165595175.\nNadel, Dani; Rosenberg, Danny (2016). \"A grid-like incised pattern inside a Natufian bedrock mortar, Raqefet Cave, Israel\". Journal of Lithic Studies. 3 (3): 337–557. doi:10.2218/jls.v3i3.1467.\nNadel, D.; Danin, A.; Power, R. C.; Rosen, A. M.; Bocquentin, F.; Tsatskin, A.; Rosenberg, D.; Yeshurun, R.; Weissbrod, L.; Rebollo, N. R.; Barzilai, O.; Boaretto, E. (2013). \"Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700-11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11774–11778. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011774N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302277110. PMC 3718103. PMID 23818584.vtePrehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and cave paintings\nPaleoanthropological sites\nCave paintings\nCaves containing pictograms\nEuropeAustria\nDrachenhöhle\nGudenus\nLurgrotte\nSalzofen\nTischofer\nBelgium\nBelle-Roche\nClaminforge\nEngis\nGoyet\nNaulette\nNeolithic flint mines of Spiennes\nRamioul\nScladina\nSpy\nTrou de l'Abîme\nBosnia\nBadanj\nLedenjača\nBulgaria\nBacho Kiro\nDevetashka\nKozarnika\nMagura\nUtroba Cave\nCroatia\nGrapčeva\nKrapina\nVela Spila\nVindija\nRomuald's Cave\nVeternica\nCyprus\nAetokremnos\nCzech Republic\nAmatérská\nBýčí skála\nKoněprusy\nKůlna\nMladeč\nŠipka\nFinland\nWolf\nFrance\nVézère Valley World Heritage Site\nBara Bahau\nBernifal\nCap Blanc\nCastel Merle\nAbri Castanet\nReverdit\nLes Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil\nAbri Audi\nAbri Chadourne\nLes Combarelles\nCro-Magnon\nFont-de-Gaume\nLaugerie-Basse\nLaugerie-Haute\nLa Micoque\nLa Mouthe\nPataud\nAbri du Poisson\nLascaux\nLa Madeleine\nRouffignac\nOther World Heritage Sites\nChauvet\nOther caves with decoration\nArcy-sur-Cure\nGargas\nCosquer\nCussac\nFontéchevade\nLa Chaire a Calvin\nLa Marche\nLombrives\nGrotte de Gabillou\nMarsoulas\nLe Mas-d'Azil\nMayrières supérieure\nNiaux\nPair-non-Pair\nPech Merle\nRoc-aux-Sorciers\nRenne\nTrois Frères\nVillars\nOther caves\nArago\nAurignac\nAzé\nBalauzière\nBonne-Femme\nBouillon\nBruniquel\nCalès\nCauna\nLa Chapelle-aux-Saints\nCombe Grenal\nLa Ferrassie\nFées\nFontbrégoua\nLazaret\nLe Moustier\nNoisetier\nLa Quina\nRaymonden\nLe Regourdou\nRochereil\nVallonnet\nGermany\nCaves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site\nBockstein\nGeissenklösterle\nHohle Fels\nHohlenstein-Stadel\nSirgenstein\nVogelherd\nOther caves\nBaumann's\nBrillenhöhle\nKleine Feldhofer\nLichtenstein\nOfnet\nGibraltar\nDevil's Tower\nGorham's\nVanguard\nGreece\nAlepotrypa\nApidima\nEileithyia\nFranchthi\nKleidi\nMegalakkos\nPetralona\nStravomyti\nTheopetra\nHungary\nBaradla\nSzelim\nItaly\nAddaura\nArene Candide\nBalzi Rossi\nCavallo\nCorbeddu\nDeer\nFelci\nPaglicci\nRomito\nVillabruna\nJersey\nSt Brelade\nLuxembourg\nLoschbur\nMalta\nGħar Dalam\nNorth Macedonia\nCocev Kamen\nNorway\nSvarthola\nPoland\nObłazowa\nParadise\nPortugal\nAroeira\nEscoural\nFurninha\nLagar Velho\nPala Pinta\nPedra Furada\nPego do Diabo\nSalemas\nRomania\nColiboaia\nCuciulat\nMuierilor\nOase\nRussia\nAkhshtyrskaya\nChertovy Vorota\nDenisova\nIgnatievka\nShulgan-Tash\nMezmaiskaya\nOkladnikov\nSerbia\nHadži-Prodan's\nPešturina\nRisovača\nMala Balanica and Velika Balanica\nSlovakia\nČertova pec\nDomica\nJasovská\nSlovenia\nBetal\nDivje Babe\nPekel\nPotok\nSpain\nCave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site\nAltamira\nCaves in Cantabria\nChufín\nCovalanas\nLa Garma\nHornos de la Peña\nMonte Castillo\nEl Castillo\nLas Chimeneas\nLas Monedas\nLa Pasiega\nEl Pendo\nTito Bustillo\nAltxerri\nSantimamiñe\nLos Aviones\nRock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site)\nAraña\nRoca dels Moros\nOther World Heritage Sites\nAtapuerca\nSiega Verde\nOther caves with decoration\nBacinete\nBarranc del Migdia\nLas Caldas\nLos Casares\nMaltravieso\nlos Murciélagos\nNerja\nNiño\nOjo Guareña\nPeñas de Cabrera\nla Pileta\nPraileaitz\nSidrón\nOther caves\nÁngel\nAntón\nArmintxe\nAxlor\nBedmar\ndels Bous\nDon Gaspar\nGuanches\nEl Mirón\nSanta Catalina\ndel Valle\nSwitzerland\nBichon\nWildkirchli\nUkraine\nVerteba\nUnited Kingdom\nAveline's Hole\nBontnewydd\nCathole\nCoygan\nCreswell Crags\nGough's\nHeathery Burn\nHigh Pasture\nKendrick's\nKents\nLong Hole\nMarble Arch\nOldbury\nPortbraddon\nRed Lady of Paviland\nSand\nThor's\nWindmill Hill\nAsiaAfghanistan\nDarra-e Kur\nArmenia\nAreni-1\nAzerbaijan\nAllar\nAzykh\nBuzeyir\nDamjili\nTağlar\nZar\nGazma\nCambodia\nLaang Spean\nChina\nBaishiya\nFuyan\nGuanyindong\nLuobi\nTianyuan\nXianren\nYuchanyan\nZhoukoudian\nZengpiyan\nZhiren\nEast Timor\nJerimalai\nLaili\nLene Hara\nGeorgia\nSatsurblia\nIndia\nAmbadevi\nBelum\nBhimbetka\nEdakkal\nGudiyam\nPahargarh\nTikla\nIndonesia\nHarimau\nJeriji Saléh\nLiang Bua\nPettakere\nIran\nBisitun\nDarband\nDo-Ashkaft\nEshkaft-e Siahoo\nHuto and Kamarband\nQaleh Bozi\nWarwasi\nWezmeh\nYafteh\nIraq\nHazar Merd\nShanidar\nIsrael\nAmud\nHaYonim\nKebara\nManot\nMisliya\nNahal Me'arot\nNahal Hemar\nNahal Oren\nQafzeh\nQesem\nRaqefet\nSkhul\nTabun\nZuttiyeh\nJapan\nKosegasawa\nMinatogawa\nMuroya\nŌzakai\nPinza-Abu\nShiraho Saonetabaru\nTobayama\nYamashita\nJordan\nIraq ed-Dubb\nLaos\nTham An Mah\nTam Pa Ling\nLebanon\nAntelias\nJeita\nKaukaba\nKsar Akil\nRas Baalbek I\nRas El Kelb\nNachcharini\nMalaysia\nNiah\nMongolia\nKhoit Tsenkher\nMyanmar\nPadah-Lin\nPakistan\nSanghao\nPalestine\nShuqba\nPhilippines\nCallao\nKalanay\nMinori\nLapuz Lapuz\nTabon\nSri Lanka\nBatadombalena\nBelilena\nFa Hien\nHunugalagala\nThailand\nPha Taem\nSpirit\nTham Lod\nTurkmenistanDzhebelTurkey\nBelbaşı\nKarain\nYarımburgaz\nUzbekistan\nObi-Rakhmat\nTeshik-Tash\nVietnam\nCon Moong\nNgườm\nAfricaAlgeria\nGueldaman\nBotswana\nTsodilo\nManyana Rock Paintings\nCameroon\nShum Laka\nDR Congo\nMatupi\nEgypt\nBeasts\nSwimmers\nKenya\nEnkapune Ya Muto\nNjoro River\nLesotho\nLiphofung\nLibya\nHaua Fteah\nUan Muhuggiag\nMorocco\nHercules\nIfri N'Ammar\nIfri N'Amr Ou Moussa\nIfri Oudadane\nJebel Irhoud\nKelif el Boroud\nTaforalt\nMozambique\nNgalue\nNamibia\nApollo 11\nThe White Lady\nNigeria\nRop\nSomaliland\nDhambalin\nDhaymoole\nLaas Geel\nSouth Africa\nCradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site\nBolt's Farm\nCooper's\nDrimolen\nGladysvale\nGondolin\nHaasgat\nKromdraai\nMakapansgat\nMalapa\nMinnaar's\nMotsetsi\nPlovers Lake\nRising Star\nSterkfontein\nSwartkrans\nOther caves\nBlombos\nBorder\nBoomplaas\nByneskranskop\nCango\nDiepkloof\nElands Bay\nHowieson's Poort\nKlasies River\nMelkhoutboom\nNelson Bay\nPinnacle Point\nSibudu\nStadsaal\nWonderwerk\nTanzania\nKondoa\nBahi\nMumba\nUganda\nNyero\nZambia\nKalemba\nMumbwa\nZimbabwe\nBambata\nNorth and South AmericaArgentina\nCueva de las Manos\nAruba\nQuadiriki\nBelize\nActun Tunichil Muknal\nBarton Creek\nMidnight Terror\nBrazil\nGentio\nMaquiné\nPedra Pintada\nPeruaçu\nRei do Mato\nSanto\nToca da Tira Peia\nCanada\nBluefish\nCharlie Lake\nChile\nFell\nMilodón\nColombia\nEl Abra\nChiribiquete\nPiedras del Tunjo\nSáchica\nTequendama\nTibitó\nCuba\nAmbrosio\nCalero\nCentella\nCura\nPatana\nPluma\nCuraçao\nHato\nDominican Republic\nPomier\nJamaica\nLong Mile\nMexico\nChan Hol\nCoxcatlan\nDzibilchaltún\nLas Flechas\nFrightful\nGuilá Naquitz\nOx Bel Ha\nOxtotitlán\nSac Actun\nPeru\nChivateros\nGuitarrero\nPikimachay\nQillqatani\nToquepala\nT'uqu T'uquyuq\nSuriname\nWerehpai\nUnited States\nArnold Research\nBaker\nBonfire\nBull Thistle\nBurnet\nCherry Creek\nColorado Millennial\nDanger\nDaugherty's\nDry Creek\nDurango\nDust\nDutchess Quarry\nFort Rock\nFranktown\nGatecliff\nGraham\nHidden\nHidden Valley\nHogup\nHumboldt\nLa Grange\nLast Supper\nLevi\nLoDaisKa\nLovelock\nMammoth\nMantle's\nMarmes\nMartz\nMeadowcroft\nModoc\nMummy\nOn Your Knees\nPaisley\nPendejo\nPictograph\nRockhouse Cliffs\nRussell\nSandia\nShoup\nSisyphus\nStanfield-Worley\nTainter\nTomaquag\nTrail Creek\nTrinchera\nVentana\nWilson Butte\nOceaniaAustralia\nAbrakurrie\nAcheron\nBallawinne\nBeeton Shelter\nBeginner's Luck\nBlanche\nBone\nBurrup\nCave Bay\nCliefden\nCloggs\nDevil's Lair\nEagles Reach\nFossil\nGabarnmung\nGwion Gwion\nJenolan\nKoongine\nKoonalda\nKutikina\nMackintosh 90/1\nMadjedbebe\nMammoth\nMannalargenna\nMudgegonga\nMurrawijinie\nMurujuga\nNaracoorte\nNew Guinea II\nNunamira\nORS 7\nTarragal\nUbirr\nWargata Mina\nWarratyi\nWarreen\nWellington\nGuam\nGadao's\nMahlac\nTalagi\nHawaii\nMakauwahi\nNew Caledonia\nPindai\nNew Zealand\nMoncks\nRuakuri\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nChugai'\nPapua New Guinea\nKilu\nSamoa\nFalemauga\nTuvalu\nNanumanga\n\nCave\nList of caves\nCave painting\nSpeleologyAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"History of beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_beer"}]

[{"reference":"Power, Robert; Rosen, Arlene; Nadel, Dani (2016). Phytolith evidence of the use of plants as food by Late Natufians at Raqefet Cave. Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-Agrarian Human Worlds. Oxbow Books. p. 229. ISBN 9781785701245.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ckG8DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT229","url_text":"Phytolith evidence of the use of plants as food by Late Natufians at Raqefet Cave. Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-Agrarian Human Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785701245","url_text":"9781785701245"}]},{"reference":"Metheny, Karen Bescherer; Beaudry, Mary C. (2015). Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46. ISBN 9780759123663.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fD0xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759123663","url_text":"9780759123663"}]},{"reference":"Birch, Suzanne E. Pilaar (2018). Multispecies Archaeology. Routledge. p. 546. ISBN 9781317480648.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT546","url_text":"Multispecies Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317480648","url_text":"9781317480648"}]},{"reference":"\"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers\". British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-45534133","url_text":"\"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers\""}]},{"reference":"\"13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world\". The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/13000-year-old-brewery-discovered-in-israel-the-oldest-in-the-world/","url_text":"\"13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world\""}]},{"reference":"Shea, John J. (2013). Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 9781107006980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq7NAedu4gQC&pg=PA150","url_text":"Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107006980","url_text":"9781107006980"}]},{"reference":"Olami, Ya'aqov; Olami, Yaʻaqov (1984). Prehistoric Carmel. Israel Exploration Society. p. 177. ISBN 9789652220134.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u6QLAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Prehistoric Carmel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652220134","url_text":"9789652220134"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Danny; Chasan, Rivka; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (2020). \"Stone 'Canvas' and Natufian Art: An incised human figure from the Natufian cemetery at Raqefet Cave, Israel\". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 39 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1111/ojoa.12189. S2CID 216196387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fojoa.12189","url_text":"10.1111/ojoa.12189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216196387","url_text":"216196387"}]},{"reference":"Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny (2005). \"Burials of Raqefet Cave in the Context of the Late Natufian\". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן. ל\"ה: 271–284. JSTOR 23383564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23383564","url_text":"23383564"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (2018). \"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting\". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 21: 783–793. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008. S2CID 165595175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165595175","url_text":"165595175"}]},{"reference":"Nadel, Dani; Rosenberg, Danny (2016). \"A grid-like incised pattern inside a Natufian bedrock mortar, Raqefet Cave, Israel\". Journal of Lithic Studies. 3 (3): 337–557. doi:10.2218/jls.v3i3.1467.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fjls.v3i3.1467","url_text":"\"A grid-like incised pattern inside a Natufian bedrock mortar, Raqefet Cave, Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fjls.v3i3.1467","url_text":"10.2218/jls.v3i3.1467"}]},{"reference":"Nadel, D.; Danin, A.; Power, R. C.; Rosen, A. M.; Bocquentin, F.; Tsatskin, A.; Rosenberg, D.; Yeshurun, R.; Weissbrod, L.; Rebollo, N. R.; Barzilai, O.; Boaretto, E. (2013). \"Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700-11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11774–11778. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011774N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302277110. PMC 3718103. PMID 23818584.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718103","url_text":"\"Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700-11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynal%C4%B1kavak_Pavilion

Aynalıkavak Pavilion

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°02′17″N 28°57′19″E / 41.03793°N 28.95532°E / 41.03793; 28.95532Ottoman pavilion in Istanbul, Turkey Aynalıkavak Pavilion (Turkish: Aynalıkavak Kasrı) is a former Ottoman pavilion located in the Hasköy neighborhood of Beyoğlu district in Istanbul, Turkey. It was constructed during the reign of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–1617), with various additions and changes over time. It is under the administration of the Turkish Directorate of National Palaces. Pavilion exterior Window detail Dome exterior Dome interior See also Ottoman architecture References Sema Öner. Aynalıkavak Pavilion. TBMM. Istanbul, 1994. External links Directorate of National Palaces | Aynalıkavak Pavilion vteOttoman imperial palaces and residencies in Turkey Adile Sultan Palace Atiye Sultan Palace Aynalıkavak Pavilion Beylerbeyi Palace Çırağan Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Edirne Palace Eski Saray Esma Sultan Mansion Feriye Palace Hatice Sultan Mansion Ibrahim Pasha Palace Ihlamur Pavilion Khedive Palace Küçüksu Pavilion Maslak Pavilion Tiled Kiosk Topkapı Palace (including Gülhane Park) Vahdettin Pavilion Yıldız Palace (including Yıldız Park) vteMuseums in IstanbulArchaeology and history museums Istanbul Archaeology Museums Museum of the Ancient Orient Great Palace Mosaic Museum Castles Anadoluhisarı Rumelihisarı Yedikule Fortress Culture and art museums Ara Güler Museum Doğançay Museum Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum İstanbul Modern İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum Pera Museum Rezan Has Museum SantralIstanbul Sakıp Sabancı Museum Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum Sadberk Hanım Museum Elgiz Museum Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art Museum of World Costumes Madame Tussauds Istanbul Historic house museums Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul Aşiyan Museum Atatürk Museum Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion İsmet İnönü House Museum Literary museums Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum Orhan Kemal Literature Museum Piyer Loti Museum Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum Military museums Aviation Museum Military Museum Naval Museum Palaces and pavilions Aynalıkavak Pavilion Beylerbeyi Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Ihlamur Pavilion Küçüksu Pavilion Maslak Pavilion Tiled Kiosk Topkapı Palace Yıldız Palace Religious museums Chora Church Galata Mevlevi House Museum  Hagia Sophia Jewish Museum of Turkey Pammakaristos Church Science and technology museums Camera Museum Hasanpaşa Gasworks Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam Kandilli Earthquake Museum Kandilli Earthquake Museum Rahmi M. Koç Museum SantralIstanbul Energy Museum Postal Museum Railway Museum Istanbul Zoology Museum ITU Science Center Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin Miscellaneous The Museum of Innocence Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum Fenerbahçe Museum Galatasaray Museum İstanbul Toy Museum Istanbul UFO Museum İşbank Museum MSA Gastronomy Museum Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances Museum of the Princes' Islands TGC Press Media Museum Women's Museum İstanbul Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aynalıkavak Palace. 41°02′17″N 28°57′19″E / 41.03793°N 28.95532°E / 41.03793; 28.95532 This article related to a museum in Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Ottoman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarella_(disambiguation)

Barbarella

["1 Arts and entertainment","2 People","3 Other uses","4 Places","5 Objects","6 See also"]

Barbarella may refer to: Arts and entertainment Barbarella (comics), the title character of a comic book created by Jean-Claude Forest Barbarella (film), a 1968 film based on the comic book starring Jane Fonda Barbarella (musical) a 2004 musical based on the film People Carla Barbarella (born 1940), Italian politician Tommy Barbarella, American keyboardist Thomas Elm, a member of New Power Generation Other uses Barbarella (band), a Dutch female pop trio Barbarellas, an Irish pop duo "Barbarella" (song), a song by Scott Weiland from 12 Bar Blues Barbarella: the 80's Musical, a 2015 musical "Barbarella", a song from the album Illumina by Alisha's Attic "Barbarella", a 1983 song by The Bongos Barbarella (festival), a Dominican electronic music festival Caladenia barbarella or dragon orchid Places Barbarella (Växjö) a defunct discoteque in Sweden Barbarella's, a nightclub and music venue in Birmingham, England Objects Barbarella (rocket), a German hybrid rocket launched from the Barbara drilling platform in the Baltic Sea See also Barbaraella, a genus of pseudoscorpions Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Barbarella.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoluca

Popoluca

["1 Various peoples called Popoluca","2 Origin and current use of the terms","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]

"Popoloca" redirects here. For the language subfamily, see Popolocan languages. For the language cluster in the Popolocan subfamily, see Popoloca languages. Popoluca is a Nahuatl term for various indigenous peoples of southeastern Veracruz and Oaxaca. Many of them (about 30,000) speak languages of the Mixe–Zoque family. Others speak the unrelated Mazatecan languages, in which case the name in English and Spanish is generally spelled Popoloca. Various peoples called Popoluca The Mixe–Zoque languages called Popoluca are, Mixean Oluta Popoluca (Olutec Mixe or Olutec) Sayula Popoluca (Sayultec Mixe or Sayultec) Zoque San Andrés Tuxtla Sierra Popoluca (Soteapanec Zoque, Soteapan Zoque, Soteapaneco, or Soteapan Soke) Texistepec Popoluca (Texistepec Zoque) Zoque Popoluca Among the Oto-Manguean languages, there are, the Popoloca languages, and the Popolocan languages, their containing group. Origin and current use of the terms The reason for the terms' widespread usage for naming indigenous languages is that they are derogatory words from the Nahuatl language, meaning "to speak unintelligibly" or "babble". When the Spanish invaders asked their Nahuatl-speaking allies what language was spoken in a particular locality, the Nahuas would reply "popoloca" meaning in essence "not Nahuatl". The Nahuas used the term "popolōca" much in the same way the Greek used the term "barbaros", also meaning "gibberish", to refer to non-Greek speaking strangers. The name however stuck to many languages and has caused some confusion even among linguists working with Native American languages. This confusion prompted some kind of distinction between Popoluca languages and the spelling "Popoluca" with an "u" became used for certain Mixe–Zoque languages, while the spelling "Popoloca" with an "o" became used for certain languages of the Popolocan family of Oto-Manguean languages. Note that the name "Popolocan" is also used by linguists to refer to these languages, which include varieties of Mazatec. In Nicaragua, the Nahua-speaking Nicarao used the term "Popoluca" for the speakers of the Matagalpa language. Although "Popoluca" and "Popoloca" are derogatory and confusing terms, they are still being used, even in academic literature and official publications of the Mexican government. See also Popolocan languages External links Popoluca (Popoloca), America Indian Languages References ^ a b "The Popoluca." Archived 2010-06-04 at the Wayback Machine University of Minnesota, Mankota E-museum. (retrieved 1 Feb 2011) ^ a b "Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico: Confusion about the names "Popoloca" and "Popoluca"". Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2011-04-22. ^ Popoloca Indian Language (Popoloco) – native-languages.org ^ D. Victor Jesus Noguera, Cura de Matagalpa: Vocabulario de la Lengua Popoluca de Matagalpa, 1855. In: Walter Lehmann, Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas. Königliche Museen zu Berlin, D. Reimer, 1920, p. 599. ^ "Flora medicinal popoloca de San Marcos Tlacoyalco y San Juan Atzingo, Puebla". MedicinaTradicionalMexicana.UNAM.mx (in Mexican Spanish). nd. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.

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The Nahuas used the term \"popolōca\" much in the same way the Greek used the term \"barbaros\", also meaning \"gibberish\", to refer to non-Greek speaking strangers.[3]The name however stuck to many languages and has caused some confusion even among linguists working with Native American languages. This confusion prompted some kind of distinction between Popoluca languages and the spelling \"Popoluca\" with an \"u\" became used for certain Mixe–Zoque languages, while the spelling \"Popoloca\" with an \"o\" became used for certain languages of the Popolocan family of Oto-Manguean languages. Note that the name \"Popolocan\" is also used by linguists to refer to these languages, which include varieties of Mazatec.[2] In Nicaragua, the Nahua-speaking Nicarao used the term \"Popoluca\" for the speakers of the Matagalpa language.[4]Although \"Popoluca\" and \"Popoloca\" are derogatory and confusing terms, they are still being used, even in academic literature and official publications of the Mexican government.[5]","title":"Origin and current use of the terms"}]

[]

[{"title":"Popolocan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolocan_languages"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Africana2029

User talk:Africana2029

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This account has been blocked indefinitely as a sockpuppet of Rickwas99 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · page moves · block user · logs · block log · arb · rfc · lta · SPI · cuwiki) that was created to violate Wikipedia policy. Note that using multiple accounts is allowed, but using them for illegitimate reasons is not, and that all edits made while evading a block or ban may be reverted or deleted. If this account is not a sockpuppet, and you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by first reading the guide to appealing blocks, then adding the text {{unblock|Your reason here ~~~~}} below. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 01:46, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"User talk:Africana2029"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sax_Section

The Sax Section

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1956 studio album by Al CohnThe Sax SectionStudio album by Al CohnReleased1956RecordedMay 24 and June 5 & 28, 1956New York CityGenreJazzLength38:43LabelEpicLN 3278Al Cohn chronology From A to...Z(1956) The Sax Section(1956) Cohn on the Saxophone(1956) The Sax Section (subtitled The Jazz Workshop Under the Direction of Al Cohn) is an album by saxophonist composer and arranger Al Cohn recorded in 1956 for the Epic label. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic The AllMusic review by Ken Dryden states, "Al Cohn's writing for small groups is always appealing, and this Epic LP is no exception. Leading three separate groups consisting of various reeds (and no brass) plus a rhythm section, Cohn obtains marvelous results from his groups of all-stars and veteran session musicians". Track listing All compositions by Al Cohn except as indicated "Shazam" - 2:55 "The Mellow Side" - 2:36 "Shutout" - 2:44 "Double Fracture" - 2:48 "While My Lady Sleeps" (Bronisław Kaper, Gus Kahn) - 3:15 "Shorty George" (Count Basie, Andy Gibson) - 2:50 "The Return of the Red Head" - 3:29 "Villa Rowboats" - 2:23 "Solsville" - 3:24 "Don't Worry 'bout Me" (Rube Bloom, Ted Koehler) - 3:39 "Blues for the High Brow" - 3:54 "Tears by Me Out the Heart" - 4:28 Personnel Al Cohn - tenor saxophone, arranger Romeo Penque - clarinet, alto saxophone, oboe, English horn (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10) Phil Bodner - flute, clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10) Peanuts Hucko - clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10) Boomie Richman - bass clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10) Charlie O’Kane - flute, bass clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10) Sam Marowitz, Gene Quill - alto saxophone (tracks 1, 4, 9 & 12) Zoot Sims (tracks 2, 6, 7 & 11), Eddie Wasserman (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 & 12) - tenor saxophone Sol Schlinger - baritone saxophone (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11 & 12) Hank Jones (tracks 2, 6, 7 & 11), Johnny Williams (tracks 1, 3-5, 8-10 & 12) - piano Milt Hinton - bass Don Lamond (tracks 2, 3, 5-8, 10 & 11), Osie Johnson (tracks 1, 4, 9 & 12) - drums References ^ Zoot Sims Catalog, accessed November 30, 2015 ^ a b Dryden, Ken. The Sax Section – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved November 30, 2015. vteAl CohnYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums Al Cohn's Tones (1950 & 1953) Mr. Music (1954) The Natural Seven (1955) That Old Feeling (1955) Four Brass One Tenor (1955) The Brothers! (with Bill Perkins and Richie Kamuca, 1955) From A to...Z (with Zoot Sims, 1956) The Sax Section (1956) Cohn on the Saxophone (1956) Tenor Conclave (with John Coltrane, Hank Mobley, and Zoot Sims, 1956) The Al Cohn Quintet Featuring Bobby Brookmeyer (1956) The Four Brothers... Together Again! (with Herbie Steward, Zoot Sims, and Serge Chaloff, 1957) Al and Zoot (with Zoot Sims, 1957) You 'n' Me (with Zoot Sims, 1960) Son of Drum Suite (1960) Either Way (with Zoot Sims, 1961) Jazz Mission to Moscow (1962) Body and Soul (with Zoot Sims, 1973) Motoring Along (with Zoot Sims, 1974) Play It Now (1975) True Blue (with Dexter Gordon, 1976) Silver Blue (with Dexter Gordon, 1976) Al Cohn's America (1976) Heavy Love (with Jimmy Rowles, 1977) No Problem (1979) Live albums Jazz Alive! A Night at the Half Note (with Zoot Sims and Phil Woods, 1959) Xanadu in Africa (with Dolo Coker, Leroy Vinnegar, and Frank Butler, 1980) Night Flight to Dakar (with Billy Mitchell, Dolo Coker, Leroy Vinnegar and Frank Butler, 1980) vteZoot SimsYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Asleaderorco-leader The Brothers (and Stan Getz, 1949–52) Jutta Hipp with Zoot Sims (1956) The Modern Art of Jazz by Zoot Sims (1956) Tonite's Music Today (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1956) Whooeeee (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1956) Zoot! (1956) Locking Horns (and Joe Newman, 1957) Stretching Out (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1958) Jazz Alive! A Night at the Half Note (and Al Cohn, Phil Woods, 1959) Down Home (1960) Two Jims and Zoot/Otra Vez (Jimmy Raney and Jim Hall, 1964) Inter-Action (and Sonny Stitt, 1965) Waiting Game (1966) The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (multiple leaders, 1967) Nirvana (and Bucky Pizzarelli, Buddy Rich, 1974) Basie & Zoot (and Count Basie, 1975) The Tenor Giants Featuring Oscar Peterson (and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, 1975) Zoot Sims and the Gershwin Brothers (and Joe Pass, Oscar Peterson, 1975) Soprano Sax (1976) Hawthorne Nights (1976) If I'm Lucky (and Jimmy Rowles, 1977) For Lady Day (1978) Warm Tenor (and Jimmy Rowles, 1979) The Sweetest Sounds (and Rune Gustafsson, 1979) Just Friends (and Harry Edison, 1980) Art 'n' Zoot (and Art Pepper, 1981) RecordingswithAl Cohn From A to...Z (1956) The Sax Section (Cohn led, 1956) Tenor Conclave (and Hank Mobley, John Coltrane, 1957) The Four Brothers... Together Again! (and Herbie Steward, Serge Chaloff, 1957) Al and Zoot (1957) Blues and Haikus (Jack Kerouac, 1959) SteveIreneo! (and Irene Kral, Steve Allen, 1959) Son of Drum Suite (Cohn, 1960) You 'n' Me (1960) Either Way (1961) Jazz Mission to Moscow (Cohn, 1962) Body and Soul (1973) Motoring Along (1974) WithQuincyJones This Is How I Feel About Jazz (1956) The Birth of a Band! (1959) Quincy Plays for Pussycats (1962) Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (1964) WithGerryMulligan California Concerts (1954) Presenting the Gerry Mulligan Sextet (1955) Mainstream of Jazz (1956) The Gerry Mulligan Songbook (1957) The Concert Jazz Band (1960) Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour (1960) Withothers Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus (1963) Encounter! (Pepper Adams, 1968) Trigger Happy!/East Coast Sounds (Trigger Alpert/Sims, Cohn, Tony Scott, 1956) Chet Baker & Strings (1953–54) Chet Baker Plays the Best of Lerner and Loewe (1959) The Bosses (Count Basie and "Big Joe" Turner, 1973) Louis Bellson Quintet (1954) The Genius of Ray Charles (1959) Jazz Is Universal (Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band, 1961) Chris Connor (1956) The Book Cooks (Booker Ervin, 1960) Loose Blues (Bill Evans, 1962) The Aztec Suite (Art Farmer, 1959) South American Cookin' (Curtis Fuller, 1961) Creole Cookin' (Bobby Hackett, 1967) The Hawk in Hi Fi (Coleman Hawkins, 1956) Portraits on Standards (Stan Kenton, 1953) The Kenton Era (Stan Kenton, 1953) The Manhattan Transfer (released 1975) Profiles (Gary McFarland, 1966) Something to Swing About (Carmen McRae, 1959) Ms. Jazz (Carmen McRae, 1973) Metronome All-Stars 1956 (1956) The Complete Town Hall Concert (Charles Mingus, 1962) Arranged by Montrose (Jack Montrose, 1954) Encyclopedia of Jazz (Oliver Nelson, 1966) The Sound of Feeling (Oliver Nelson, 1966) Jazzhattan Suite (Oliver Nelson/Jazz Interactions Orchestra, 1967) All the Sad Young Men (Anita O'Day, 1962) Transition (Buddy Rich, Lionel Hampton, 1974) Shorty Rogers Courts the Count (1954) Samba Para Dos (Lalo Schifrin, Bob Brookmeyer, 1963) Moonlight in Vermont (Johnny Smith, 1952) Phoebe Snow (1974) Broadway Soul (Sonny Stitt, 1965) Vaughan and Violins (Sarah Vaughan, 1958) The Duke Ellington Songbook, Vol. 1 (Sarah Vaughan, 1979) Linger Awhile: Live at Newport and More (Sarah Vaughan, 1979) The Jazz Guitarist (Chuck Wayne, 1953) At Newport '63 (Joe Williams, 1963) vteHank JonesYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, except where noted.Albumsasleaderorco-leader Urbanity (1947–53) Bluebird (1955) Quartet-Quintet (1955) The Trio (and Wendell Marshall, Kenny Clarke, 1955) Hank Jones' Quartet (1956) Have You Met Hank Jones (1956) Gigi (1958) Keepin' Up with the Joneses (and Elvin and Thad Jones, 1958) Porgy and Bess (1958) The Talented Touch (1958) Here's Love (1963) This Is Ragtime Now! (1964) Happenings (and Oliver Nelson, 1966) Hanky Panky (1975) Arigato (1976) Jones-Brown-Smith (1976) Satin Doll: Dedicated to Duke Ellington (1976) Bop Redux (1977) Have You Met This Jones? (1977) I Remember You (1977) Just for Fun (1977) Tiptoe Tapdance (1977–78) Ain't Misbehavin' (1978) Carnaval (and Ron Carter, Sadao Watanabe, Tony Williams, 1978) Compassion (1978) Groovin' High (1978) More Delights (and Tommy Flanagan, 1978) Our Delights (and Tommy Flanagan, 1978) Bluesette (1979) I'm All Smiles (and Tommy Flanagan, 1979) Duo (and Red Mitchell, 1987) The Spirit of 176 (and George Shearing, 1988) The Oracle (1989) Live at Maybeck Recital Hall, Volume Sixteen (1991) Steal Away (and Charlie Haden, 1994) Kids: Live at Dizzy's Club Coca-Cola (and Joe Lovano, 2006) Come Sunday (2010) The GreatJazz Trio I'm Old Fashioned (with Sadao Watanabe, 1976) Love for Sale (1976) Direct from L.A. (1977) Kindness Joy Love & Happiness (1977) The Great Jazz Trio at the Village Vanguard (1977) The Great Jazz Trio at the Village Vanguard Vol. 2 (1977) The Great Jazz Trio at the Village Vanguard Again (1977) Milestones (1978) New Wine in Old Bottles (1978) WithBobBrookmeyer Brookmeyer (1956) Jimmy Raney featuring Bob Brookmeyer (1956) Tonite's Music Today (and Zoot Sims, 1956) Whooeeee (Zoot Sims and Brookmeyer Qnt, 1956) Stretching Out (Zoot Sims and Brookmeyer Qnt, 1958) Jazz Is a Kick (1960) Gloomy Sunday and Other Bright Moments (1961) Gingerbread Men (Clark Terry and Brookmeyer, 1966) WithAlCohn That Old Feeling (1955) The Brothers! (and Bill Perkins, Richie Kamuca, 1955) Cohn on the Saxophone (1956) From A to...Z (and Zoot Sims, 1956) The Sax Section (1956) Son of Drum Suite (1960) WithColemanHawkins The Hawk in Hi Fi (1956) The Hawk in Paris (1956) Coleman Hawkins and Confrères (1957–58) The High and Mighty Hawk (1958) WithJohnnyHodges Sandy's Gone (1963) Wings & Things (1965) Blue Notes (1966) Don't Sleep in the Subway (1967) Triple Play (1967) 3 Shades of Blue (1970) WithMiltJackson Howard McGhee and Milt Jackson (1948) Opus de Jazz (1955) The Jazz Skyline (1956) Bags & Flutes (1957) Bags & Trane (1959) Statements (1962) Big Bags (1962) For Someone I Love (1963) Milt Jackson Quintet Live at the Village Gate (1963) Much in Common (and Ray Brown, 1964) Ray Brown / Milt Jackson (1965) WithJ.J.Johnson J Is for Jazz (1956) Jay and Kai (1957) J.J.'s Broadway (1963) J.J.! (1964) Broadway Express (1965) The Total J.J. Johnson (1966) WithOliverNelson Encyclopedia of Jazz (1965–66) Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (1966) The Sound of Feeling (1966–67) The Kennedy Dream (1967) The Spirit of '67 (and Pee Wee Russell, 1967) WithSonnyStitt Sonny Stitt Plays Arrangements from the Pen of Quincy Jones (1955) Sonny Stitt Plays (1955) Sonny Stitt with the New Yorkers (1957) Stitt in Orbit (1960–62) Now! (1962) Goin' Down Slow (1972) Withothers The Cool Sound of Pepper Adams (Pepper Adams, 1957) Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus (Pepper Adams, 1963) Conjuration: Fat Tuesday's Session (Pepper Adams, 1983) Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley, 1958) The Soul of the City (Manny Albam, 1966) Bad! Bossa Nova (Gene Ammons, 1962) Big Bad Jug (Gene Ammons, 1972) Got My Own (Gene Ammons, 1972) Baker's Holiday (Chet Baker, 1965) Drummer's Holiday (Louie Bellson, 1956–58) Encore (Eddie Bert, 1955) Montage (split album, Eddie Bert, 1955) Musician of the Year (Eddie Bert, 1955) Late Date with Ruth Brown (Ruth Brown, 1959) Ruth Brown '65 (1964) Bluesin' Around (Kenny Burrell, 1961–62) Night Song (Kenny Burrell, 1968) For the Good Times (Rusty Bryant, 1973) Byrd's Word (Donald Byrd, 1955) New Formulas from the Jazz Lab (Gigi Gryce and Donald Byrd, 1957) Jazz Lab (Gigi Gryce and Donald Byrd, Jubilee, 1957) 1 + 3 (Ron Carter, 1978) Bass on Top (Paul Chambers, 1957) Kenny Clarke & Ernie Wilkins (1955) Introducing Jimmy Cleveland and His All Stars (1955) Rhythm Crazy (Jimmy Cleveland, 1959) Earl Coleman Returns (1956) Last Night When We Were Young (Art Farmer, 1957) Portrait of Art Farmer (1958) The Aztec Suite (Art Farmer, 1959) Merry Olde Soul (Victor Feldman, 1960–61) Rhythm Is My Business (Ella Fitzgerald, 1962) New Trombone (Curtis Fuller, 1957) Cabin in the Sky (Curtis Fuller, 1962) A Portrait of Duke Ellington (Dizzy Gillespie, 1960) The Bop Session (Dizzy Gillespie, 1975) Ca'Purange (Dexter Gordon, 1972) Tangerine (Dexter Gordon, 1972) Soul Groove (Johnny Griffin and Matthew Gee, 1963) Gigi Gryce (1958) You Better Know It!!! (Lionel Hampton, 1964) I Just Dropped by to Say Hello (Johnny Hartman, 1963) The Voice That Is! (Johnny Hartman, 1964) Flute-In (Bobbi Humphrey, 1971) Groovin' with Jacquet (Illinois Jacquet, 1951) French Cookin' (Budd Johnson, 1963) Elvin! (Elvin Jones, 1961–62) And Then Again (Elvin Jones, 1965) Dear John C. (Elvin Jones, 1965) The Deadly Affair (Quincy Jones, 1966) Hello, Hank Jones (Clifford Jordan, 1978) SteveIreneo! (Irene Kral, 1959) The Drum Battle (Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich, 1952) I'm All For You (Joe Lovano, 2003) Joyous Encounter (Joe Lovano, 2004) Classic! Live at Newport (Joe Lovano, 2005) Salute to the Flute (Herbie Mann, 1957) 2-3-4 (Shelly Manne, 1962) Star Highs (Warne Marsh, 1982) Eddie Costa, Mat Mathews & Don Elliott at Newport (1957) The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Gary McFarland, 1961) Helen Merrill with Strings (1955) SO Much Guitar! (Wes Montgomery, 1961) Great Day (James Mody, 1963) Salute to Satch (Joe Newman, 1956) The Midgets (Joe Newman, 1956) Hangin' Out (Joe Newman and Joe Wilder, 1984) All the Sad Young Men (Anita O'Day, 1962) New York Album (Art Pepper, 1979) So in Love (Art Pepper, 1979) Here's That Raney Day (Jimmy Raney, 1980) Together Again: For the First Time (Buddy Rich and Mel Tormé, 1978) Midnight Oil (Jerome Richardson, 1958) The Chase Is On (Charlie Rouse and Paul Quinichette, 1957) Flute Suite (A.K. Salim, 1957) The Jazz We Heard Last Summer (Sahib Shihab, 1957) Jazz Sahib (Sahib Shihab, 1957) Johnny Smith (Johnny Smith, 1967) The Incredible Ira Sullivan (1980) Lucky Thompson Plays Jerome Kern and No More (1963) Warm Wave (Cal Tjader, 1964) Breathe Easy (Cal Tjader, 1977) See You at the Fair (Ben Webster, 1964) Flutes & Reeds (Ernie Wilkins and Frank Wess, 1955) Top Brass (Ernie Wilkins, 1955) Wilder 'n' Wilder (Joe Wilder, 1956) The Pretty Sound (Joe Wilder, 1959) But Beautiful (Nancy Wilson, 1969) The Swingin' States (Kai Winding, 1958) Dance to the City Beat (Kai Winding, 1958–59) More Brass (Kai Winding, 1966) Laughin' to Keep from Cryin' (Lester Young, 1958) Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Sax Section (subtitled The Jazz Workshop Under the Direction of Al Cohn) is an album by saxophonist composer and arranger Al Cohn recorded in 1956 for the Epic label.[1]","title":"The Sax Section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"The AllMusic review by Ken Dryden states, \"Al Cohn's writing for small groups is always appealing, and this Epic LP is no exception. Leading three separate groups consisting of various reeds (and no brass) plus a rhythm section, Cohn obtains marvelous results from his groups of all-stars and veteran session musicians\".[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronisław Kaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Kaper"},{"link_name":"Gus Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Andy Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Don't Worry 'bout Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Worry_%27bout_Me"},{"link_name":"Rube Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Ted Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Koehler"}],"text":"All compositions by Al Cohn except as indicated\"Shazam\" - 2:55\n\"The Mellow Side\" - 2:36\n\"Shutout\" - 2:44\n\"Double Fracture\" - 2:48\n\"While My Lady Sleeps\" (Bronisław Kaper, Gus Kahn) - 3:15\n\"Shorty George\" (Count Basie, Andy Gibson) - 2:50\n\"The Return of the Red Head\" - 3:29\n\"Villa Rowboats\" - 2:23\n\"Solsville\" - 3:24\n\"Don't Worry 'bout Me\" (Rube Bloom, Ted Koehler) - 3:39\n\"Blues for the High Brow\" - 3:54\n\"Tears by Me Out the Heart\" - 4:28","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Cohn"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_horn"},{"link_name":"Phil Bodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bodner"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Peanuts Hucko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts_Hucko"},{"link_name":"Boomie Richman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomie_Richman"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"Gene Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Quill"},{"link_name":"Zoot Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Sims"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Hank Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Jones"},{"link_name":"Johnny Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Milt Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Hinton"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Don Lamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lamond"},{"link_name":"Osie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Kit"}],"text":"Al Cohn - tenor saxophone, arranger\nRomeo Penque - clarinet, alto saxophone, oboe, English horn (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10)\nPhil Bodner - flute, clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10)\nPeanuts Hucko - clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10)\nBoomie Richman - bass clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10)\nCharlie O’Kane - flute, bass clarinet (tracks 3, 5, 8 & 10)\nSam Marowitz, Gene Quill - alto saxophone (tracks 1, 4, 9 & 12)\nZoot Sims (tracks 2, 6, 7 & 11), Eddie Wasserman (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 & 12) - tenor saxophone\nSol Schlinger - baritone saxophone (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11 & 12)\nHank Jones (tracks 2, 6, 7 & 11), Johnny Williams (tracks 1, 3-5, 8-10 & 12) - piano\nMilt Hinton - bass\nDon Lamond (tracks 2, 3, 5-8, 10 & 11), Osie Johnson (tracks 1, 4, 9 & 12) - drums","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/zoot-sims/catalog/#epic-ln-3278","external_links_name":"Zoot Sims Catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000900600","external_links_name":"The Sax Section – Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/16103e26-da6c-428c-a934-fb9e4e97d4cd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliques

Chiliques

["1 References","2 External links"]

Mountain in Chile ChiliquesVolcano in ChileThe Chiliques volcano, seen from Laguna MiscantiHighest pointElevation5,778 m (18,957 ft)Coordinates23°35′0″S 67°42′0″W / 23.58333°S 67.70000°W / -23.58333; -67.70000GeographyLocationChileParent rangeAndesGeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruptionUnknown Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile. Chiliques is capped off by a 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide summit crater, which contains two crater lakes. One of these lakes is found in the northern part and the other east-southeastern part. The volcano is formed by rocks ranging from andesite to dacite; the andesites of the main stratocone building phase contain pyroxene. Together with Tumisa, Leija and Cordón de Puntas Negras it forms a northwest-trending volcano alignment. The first part of Chiliques to form was a block lava field, which still crops out northeast of the main volcano to a distance of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi). Lava flows with lengths of up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) then constructed the stratovolcano proper and were later buried by shorter (up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)) lava flows that cover a surface of 16.26 square kilometres (6.28 sq mi) around the summit crater. The Cerro Overo maar northeast of Chiliques is occasionally considered the last phase of Chiliques's activity, and the two have erupted rocks with similar chemical composition but later research suggests that they are unrelated. There is no evidence for historical activity. Over years, Chiliques has been monitored from space by ASTER imagery. In 2002, the imagery showed evidence of a temperature anomaly on Chiliques, which occasionally reached a scale of 15 °C (27 °F). This temperature anomaly may reflect either thermal events in crater lakes or fumarolic activity, although evidence for the occurrence of either is equivocal. Some of the anomalies were observed in the crater and others on the upper slopes of the volcano. This anomaly lasted only a few months. A subsequent expedition to the crater found no evidence of eruptions nor of any anomalous temperatures in the crater lake. Future eruptions are likely going to be lava flows and only impact the immediate surroundings of the volcano, although larger eruptions may impact the roads around Huaytiquina pass and Socaire. Magnetotelluric investigation of the region has shown evidence of a high-conductivity structure underground between Chiliques, Cordón de Puntas Negras and Láscar. This high conductivity zone reaches a depth of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) at its southern end, and it might reflect the presence of magma underground. The lake Laguna Lejia lies north of Chiliques volcano, other parts of the volcano drain into the Salar de Atacama; the volcano forms part of the drainage divide of the salar. A pre-modern route goes up the mountain and aside from the steep slopes and height of the mountain, does not feature any major difficulties. The town of Socaire is found west of Chiliques, and the volcano has cultural importance to the town, with the volcano being considered the origin of the water for Socaire and part of a cosmological representation together with the neighbouring mountains Tumisa, Lausa, Ipira and Miñiques. Seen from Socaire, the sun rises behind Chiliques during St. Bartholomew's Day; St. Bartholomew is an important saint for the town. Archeological findings made on Chiliques include pottery, a stone room and an elliptical structure in the summit area. Additional platforms and stone structures are found lower on its slopes, and an Incan tambo even farther down. Such archeological sites on mountains are common in Chile, with Licancabur and Cerro Quimal being examples of other mountains with such structures. References ^ a b c d Moyano, Ricardo; Uribe, Carlos (2012). "El volcán Chiliques y el 'morar-en-elmundo' de una comunidad atacameña del norte de Chile". Estudios Atacameños (43): 187–208. doi:10.4067/S0718-10432012000100010. ISSN 0718-1043. ^ a b c Pieri, D; Abrams, M (2004-07-15). "ASTER watches the world's volcanoes: a new paradigm for volcanological observations from orbit". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volcanic Observations from Space: New Results from the EOS Satellite Instruments. 135 (1–2): 24–26. Bibcode:2004JVGR..135...13P. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.018. ^ a b Ureta, Gabriel. "Caracterización geológica y geoquímica del maar Cerro Overo, Andes Centrales" (PDF). biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. ^ Zeil, Werner (December 1964). "Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles". Geologische Rundschau (in German). 53 (2): 750. Bibcode:1964GeoRu..53..731Z. doi:10.1007/BF02054561. ISSN 0016-7835. S2CID 128979648. ^ a b Amigo, Álvaro R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012). Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile (PDF) (Report). Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental (in Spanish). Vol. 17. SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA. pp. 18–19. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ a b c Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M. (2013-03-04). "Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 380 (1): 162–179. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.380..161J. doi:10.1144/SP380.1. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 129450763. ^ Díaz, Daniel; Brasse, Heinrich; Ticona, Faustino (March 2012). "Conductivity distribution beneath Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) and the Puna, inferred from magnetotelluric data". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 217: 27–28. Bibcode:2012JVGR..217...21D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.007. ^ Muñoz-Pedreros, Andrés; Ríos, Patricio De los; Möller, Patricia (2013). "Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile" (PDF). Crustaceana. 86 (13–14): 1634–1643. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003265. ISSN 1568-5403. ^ Muñoz, Santiago (1894). Jeografía descriptiva de las provincias de Atacama i Antofagasta (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile : Impr. Gutenberg. pp. 27. ^ a b Moyano, Ricardo (January 2011). "Sub-tropical astronomy in the southern Andes: the ceque system in Socaire, Atacama, northern Chile". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 7 (S278): 93–103. doi:10.1017/s1743921311012518. ISSN 1743-9221. External links "Chiliques". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. vteAndean volcanoesNorthern Volcanic Zone(6° N – 3° S) Paipa-Iza Romeral Cerro Bravo Nevado del Ruiz Nevado del Tolima Nevado del Huila Puracé Doña Juana Galeras Azufral Chiles Cayambe Reventador Pichincha Antisana Aliso Soche Illiniza Cotopaxi Quilotoa Chimborazo Tungurahua Licto volcanic field Sangay Central Volcanic Zone(14°–27° S) Quimsachata Auquihuato Firura Sara Sara Solimana Coropuna Hualca Hualca Sabancaya Huambo volcanic field Ampato Andagua volcanic field Chachani Misti Ubinas Pichu Pichu Huaynaputina Ticsani Tutupaca Yucamane Purupuruni Casiri Tacora Taapaca Parinacota Lauca Guallatiri Tata Sabaya Isluga Irruputuncu Olca-Paruma Aucanquilcha‎ Azufre Zapaleri Sairecabur Licancabur Purico complex Pacana Aguas Calientes Lascar Chiliques Aracar Socompa Llullaillaco Lastarria Lazufre Cordón del Azufre Galán Peinado San Francisco Cueros de Purulla Incahuasi Ojos del Salado Southern Volcanic Zone(33°–46° S) Tupungato Tupungatito Maipo Calabozos Descabezado Grande Cerro Azul Nevado de Longaví Nevados de Chillán Antuco Copahue Callaqui Lonquimay Llaima Sollipulli Villarrica Quetrupillán Lanín Mocho-Choshuenco Carrán-Los Venados Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Casablanca Osorno Calbuco Hornopirén Huequi Michinmahuida Chaitén Corcovado Mentolat Cay Macá Mate Grande Hudson Austral Volcanic Zone(49°–55° S) Lautaro Viedma Aguilera Reclus Burney Fueguino Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south Authority control databases: Geographic Global Volcanism Program

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"Antofagasta Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"summit crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_crater"},{"link_name":"crater lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"dacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"pyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Tumisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumisa"},{"link_name":"Cordón de Puntas Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord%C3%B3n_de_Puntas_Negras"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"block lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_lava"},{"link_name":"Lava flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flows"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"Cerro Overo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Overo"},{"link_name":"maar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmigoOrozco2012-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"ASTER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay-6"},{"link_name":"crater lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmigoOrozco2012-5"},{"link_name":"Magnetotelluric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetotellurics"},{"link_name":"Cordón de Puntas Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord%C3%B3n_de_Puntas_Negras"},{"link_name":"Láscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1scar"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Laguna Lejia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Lejia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Salar de Atacama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_de_Atacama"},{"link_name":"drainage divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Socaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socaire"},{"link_name":"Tumisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumisa"},{"link_name":"Miñiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B1iques"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyano-10"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Incan tambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_(Incan_structure)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyano-10"},{"link_name":"Licancabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licancabur"},{"link_name":"Cerro Quimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Quimal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile.[1]Chiliques is capped off by a 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide summit crater, which contains two crater lakes. One of these lakes is found in the northern part and the other east-southeastern part.[2] The volcano is formed by rocks ranging from andesite to dacite; the andesites of the main stratocone building phase contain pyroxene.[3] Together with Tumisa, Leija and Cordón de Puntas Negras it forms a northwest-trending volcano alignment.[4]The first part of Chiliques to form was a block lava field, which still crops out northeast of the main volcano to a distance of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi). Lava flows with lengths of up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) then constructed the stratovolcano proper and were later buried by shorter (up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)) lava flows that cover a surface of 16.26 square kilometres (6.28 sq mi) around the summit crater. The Cerro Overo maar northeast of Chiliques is occasionally considered the last phase of Chiliques's activity, and the two have erupted rocks with similar chemical composition[3] but later research suggests that they are unrelated.[5] There is no evidence for historical activity.[2]Over years, Chiliques has been monitored from space by ASTER imagery.[6] In 2002, the imagery showed evidence of a temperature anomaly on Chiliques, which occasionally reached a scale of 15 °C (27 °F). This temperature anomaly may reflect either thermal events in crater lakes or fumarolic activity, although evidence for the occurrence of either is equivocal.[6] Some of the anomalies were observed in the crater and others on the upper slopes of the volcano.[2] This anomaly lasted only a few months.[6] A subsequent expedition to the crater found no evidence of eruptions nor of any anomalous temperatures in the crater lake. Future eruptions are likely going to be lava flows and only impact the immediate surroundings of the volcano, although larger eruptions may impact the roads around Huaytiquina pass and Socaire.[5]Magnetotelluric investigation of the region has shown evidence of a high-conductivity structure underground between Chiliques, Cordón de Puntas Negras and Láscar. This high conductivity zone reaches a depth of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) at its southern end, and it might reflect the presence of magma underground.[7]The lake Laguna Lejia lies north of Chiliques volcano,[8] other parts of the volcano drain into the Salar de Atacama; the volcano forms part of the drainage divide of the salar.[9] A pre-modern route goes up the mountain and aside from the steep slopes and height of the mountain, does not feature any major difficulties.[1]The town of Socaire is found west of Chiliques, and the volcano has cultural importance to the town, with the volcano being considered the origin of the water for Socaire and part of a cosmological representation together with the neighbouring mountains Tumisa, Lausa, Ipira and Miñiques.[10] Seen from Socaire, the sun rises behind Chiliques during St. Bartholomew's Day; St. Bartholomew is an important saint for the town.[1] Archeological findings made on Chiliques include pottery, a stone room and an elliptical structure in the summit area. Additional platforms and stone structures are found lower on its slopes, and an Incan tambo even farther down.[10] Such archeological sites on mountains are common in Chile, with Licancabur and Cerro Quimal being examples of other mountains with such structures.[1]","title":"Chiliques"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Moyano, Ricardo; Uribe, Carlos (2012). \"El volcán Chiliques y el 'morar-en-elmundo' de una comunidad atacameña del norte de Chile\". Estudios Atacameños (43): 187–208. doi:10.4067/S0718-10432012000100010. ISSN 0718-1043.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-10432012000100010","url_text":"\"El volcán Chiliques y el 'morar-en-elmundo' de una comunidad atacameña del norte de Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudios_Atacame%C3%B1os","url_text":"Estudios Atacameños"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-10432012000100010","url_text":"10.4067/S0718-10432012000100010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0718-1043","url_text":"0718-1043"}]},{"reference":"Pieri, D; Abrams, M (2004-07-15). \"ASTER watches the world's volcanoes: a new paradigm for volcanological observations from orbit\". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volcanic Observations from Space: New Results from the EOS Satellite Instruments. 135 (1–2): 24–26. Bibcode:2004JVGR..135...13P. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JVGR..135...13P","url_text":"2004JVGR..135...13P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2003.12.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.018"}]},{"reference":"Ureta, Gabriel. \"Caracterización geológica y geoquímica del maar Cerro Overo, Andes Centrales\" (PDF). biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211957/https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/14905_v1_pp_484_487.pdf","url_text":"\"Caracterización geológica y geoquímica del maar Cerro Overo, Andes Centrales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERNAGEOMIN","url_text":"SERNAGEOMIN"},{"url":"http://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/14905_v1_pp_484_487.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zeil, Werner (December 1964). \"Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles\". Geologische Rundschau (in German). 53 (2): 750. Bibcode:1964GeoRu..53..731Z. doi:10.1007/BF02054561. ISSN 0016-7835. S2CID 128979648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964GeoRu..53..731Z","url_text":"1964GeoRu..53..731Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02054561","url_text":"10.1007/BF02054561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7835","url_text":"0016-7835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128979648","url_text":"128979648"}]},{"reference":"Amigo, Álvaro R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012). Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile (PDF) (Report). Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental (in Spanish). Vol. 17. SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA. pp. 18–19. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210629145638/https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf","url_text":"Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERVICIO_NACIONAL_DE_GEOLOG%C3%8DA_Y_MINER%C3%8DA","url_text":"SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0717-7305","url_text":"0717-7305"},{"url":"https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M. (2013-03-04). \"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010\". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 380 (1): 162–179. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.380..161J. doi:10.1144/SP380.1. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 129450763.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GSLSP.380..161J","url_text":"2013GSLSP.380..161J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP380.1","url_text":"10.1144/SP380.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8719","url_text":"0305-8719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129450763","url_text":"129450763"}]},{"reference":"Díaz, Daniel; Brasse, Heinrich; Ticona, Faustino (March 2012). \"Conductivity distribution beneath Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) and the Puna, inferred from magnetotelluric data\". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 217: 27–28. Bibcode:2012JVGR..217...21D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVGR..217...21D","url_text":"2012JVGR..217...21D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2011.12.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.007"}]},{"reference":"Muñoz-Pedreros, Andrés; Ríos, Patricio De los; Möller, Patricia (2013). \"Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile\" (PDF). Crustaceana. 86 (13–14): 1634–1643. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003265. ISSN 1568-5403.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceachile.cl/humedales/cdn/Lejia.pdf","url_text":"\"Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685403-00003265","url_text":"10.1163/15685403-00003265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5403","url_text":"1568-5403"}]},{"reference":"Muñoz, Santiago (1894). Jeografía descriptiva de las provincias de Atacama i Antofagasta (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile : Impr. Gutenberg. pp. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeografiadescri00munogoog","url_text":"Jeografía descriptiva de las provincias de Atacama i Antofagasta"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeografiadescri00munogoog/page/n35","url_text":"27"}]},{"reference":"Moyano, Ricardo (January 2011). \"Sub-tropical astronomy in the southern Andes: the ceque system in Socaire, Atacama, northern Chile\". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 7 (S278): 93–103. doi:10.1017/s1743921311012518. ISSN 1743-9221.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1743921311012518","url_text":"\"Sub-tropical astronomy in the southern Andes: the ceque system in Socaire, Atacama, northern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1743921311012518","url_text":"10.1017/s1743921311012518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9221","url_text":"1743-9221"}]},{"reference":"\"Chiliques\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=355098","url_text":"\"Chiliques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Road

The Chinese Road

["1 Background","2 Activities","2.1 Phongsali Province","2.2 South toward Thailand","3 Politico-military implications of the Chinese Road","4 Postwar","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Not to be confused with Chinese roads disambiguation page The Chinese Road (or The Chinese Roads) were a series of highways built as a foreign aid project by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in northern Laos, beginning in 1962. The first new road was built from Mengla, Yunnan Province, PRC to Phongsali, Laos; it was completed on 25 May 1963. The next major road built was Route 46, begun in the 1966 dry season and stretching from the southern tip of Yunnan Province southward toward the border of the Kingdom of Thailand. As 25,000 Chinese troops and 400 antiaircraft guns came to be posted to defend Route 46, and Thai support of American war efforts in both the Laotian Civil War and the Vietnam War became widely known, there was uneasiness among both Thai and American intelligence communities concerning Communist China's intents in constructing the all-weather highway. American interest in the new road extended up to the White House. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained guerrillas spied on Route 46, and there was an attempt to block it with the abortive Operation Snake Eyes. However, Chinese antiaircraft fire upon overflying aircraft and steady increases in Chinese troops guaranteed its security from attack. In turn, while there were some preemptive joint military operations during 1972 by troops of both the Royal Lao Army and the Royal Thai Army along the Lao/Thai border just south of Route 46, the road was not used to invade Thailand. The Chinese did chase the local Lao population from the Pak Beng Valley verging on the road to expedite Chinese occupation, but stopped the road at the Mekong River short of the Lao/Thai border. While there were several theories about China's intent in building Route 46, the only firm conclusion was one by an anonymous American military intelligence analyst: "Northern Laos has a new border." Background The Kingdom of Laos gained independence from French colonial rule at the end of the First Indochina War. From its inception, Laos was troubled by a communist insurrection. The United States stepped in provide foreign aid to Laos, to aid in quelling the uprising. In March 1961, the Geneva Conference of 1954 reconvened with wider participation to reconsider the neutralization of the Kingdom of Laos. Since the 1954 Agreement was signed, a Pathet Lao insurgency had burgeoned, threatening the national sovereignty. This would eventually result in an attempt to settle the Laotian Civil War, the International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos signed on 23 July 1962. Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma curried favor with the People's Republic of China by striking a road construction deal with them in January 1962. The Chinese government committed to the foreign aid commitment of building roads connecting Yunnan Province with northern Laos despite the developing Laotian Civil War. At the time the agreement was announced, the Battle of Luang Namtha was being fought on the Lao/Chinese border. Activities Phongsali Province See also: Team Sone Pet The location of Meng La, China, where road construction began, is approximated by the airfield marker on the left edge of the map. The first road constructed by the Chinese was begun by 10,000 laborers in 1962, following a deteriorated route from Meng La, China to Phongsali, Laos. The 80 kilometer dirt track was completed on 25 May 1963. It was dubbed the Laotian-Chinese Friendship Highway and given to the Pathet Lao. The new road washed out in that rainy season. A repair and washout cycle followed for the next two years. The only military activity connected with this road was some training of Patriotic Neutralists officers by the Chinese army in Phongsali later, in 1965. After completion of the Friendship Highway, the Chinese did not consult the Royal Lao Government (RLG) before beginning to survey other road alignments. At the time, the CIA was running a covert paramilitary operation from Nam Yu, Laos, somewhat southwest of this original road and near Luang Namtha. CIA sponsored Royalist guerrillas had cut the Route 32 Pathet Lao supply line between Moung Sing and Luang Namtha. The CIA thought fighting between their guerrillas and the Pathet Lao along the border may have sparked this road construction. During the dry season of the first few months of 1966, Chinese crews began constructing three more roads within Yunnan Province, but pointed towards the Laotian border. Route 411 ran southwest from Meng Mang. Route 412 stretched toward the border village of Batene. Route 4023 split from 412 with a southeasterly heading. After a rainy season break, the road crews resumed construction in late 1966, extending the three roads to the border by early 1967. Chinese porters helped restore the broken Route 32 logistics link. By late 1967, People's Liberation Army forces began making one- and two-day incursions into Laos along the border. Route 12 was now defended by 17 antiaircraft guns. The resident CIA case officer now sent road watch teams from Nam Yu into China to spy on the construction as the work continued into 1968. The Lao loss of the Battle of Nam Bac southeast of the construction in January seemed to spur the Chinese on in their endeavors. There were now six companies of the PLA stationed within Laos. However, on 16 June 1968, road work was halted because of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. It resumed in mid-August with the arrival of a convoy of 208 trucks. By the end of August, Route 412 had been extended to join the existing Route 31. In turn, this hooked to Route 4. By mid-October there were 1,000 combat troops guarding 2,000 construction workers on Route 4; they were equipped with ten bulldozers and a steamroller. Their expressed purpose was the upgrading of Route 4 into a six meter wide extension of their road network to Moung Sai. There it would meet both Route 45 and Route 46. In January 1969, the new road segment was completed to Moung Sai. The remainder of the dry season was spent by the Chinese in building a road northeastward to Moung Sai to connect with the old Route 45. By April, the rains again halted construction. Later that year, dry weather brought on a resumption of road work. The new segment to Route 45 was restarted, though at a low level of activity. The Chinese emphasis became Route 46. Meanwhile, Route 45 had been extended to Moung Khoua on the Nam Ou; a ferry dock was built to transfer traffic across the river to Route 19, which connected to Dien Ben Phu. A battery of antiaircraft guns was installed at Muang Khoua. South toward Thailand See also: Forces Guerrilla Northwest The terminus of Route 46 (since renumbered as Route 2) is shown in the top middle of this map. The old French Route 46 alignment south down the Pak Beng Valley to Pakbeng on the Mekong River ended just a short distance from the border with the Kingdom of Thailand. Improvement of this road threatened the security of Thailand. As the Thai Deputy Prime Minister stated, with only some exaggeration, "Chinese and North Vietnamese Communists...only three hours by motor vehicle drive from the border." If the news that Route 46 had reached Moung Houn by early November 1969 was not sufficiently perturbing, the movement of antiaircraft guns that far south garnered attention. In December they fired upon the unarmed Douglas C-47 of General Ouane Rattikone proving that the Chinese would ward off intrusions. The Royal Lao Government began to worry also, and King Sisavang Vatthana urged Souvanna Phouma to take military action against the construction. In mid-December, U.S. Ambassador G. McMurtrie Godley cabled for approval to take military action in the next dry season. Approval was promptly refused. However, despite Washington's refusal, Royalist guerrillas were already spying on the construction. For added expertise, a few Nationalist Chinese were lured away from the opium trade in nearby Burma to augment the road watch teams. As 1970 began, Communist forces began to drive the Royalist guerrillas from the Pak Beng Valley all the way south to the Mekong. A couple of checkpoint posts on the Thai-Lao border were seized. Ambassador Godley cabled Washington proposing that Operation Snake Eyes become a road watch team passively gathering military intelligence before the Royalists could mount an attack. As he awaited an answer, two Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) T-28s struck the road in early January 1970. Two Thai mercenary pilots, instigated by their government, flew out of Vientiane and struck a Chinese convoy, destroying 15 trucks. At about this time, recruitment of Commando Raiders for operations against the Chinese construction began in Luang Prabang. One week later, Operation Snake Eyes was authorized on the proviso that Souvanna Phouma, who was a Neutralist, come out as opposed to the Chinese road construction through the Kingdom. With only an inactive skeleton crew stationed along Route 46 for the wet season, the actual launch date for the operation was postponed to six months thence. However, three platoons of guerrillas from Nam Yu were infiltrated 50 kilometers south of Luang Namtha to spy on Route 46; they were dubbed Teams 37A, 37B, and 37C. The six month setback proved to be unfortunate timing for operations against the Chinese Road. As the postponement ended, the Cambodian incursion by the U.S. raised such international furor that Operation Snake Eyes was again ordered on hold to avoid calling attention to the U.S. covert operations in Laos. By April 1971, Route 46 had been asphalted to Moung Houn, making it an all-weather road. During the first four months of 1971, the North Vietnamese moved in 400 antiaircraft guns along Route 46, along with 30 fire direction radars. The 400 antiaircraft guns, along with 25,000 troops, made the Chinese Road foreign aid project one of the most heavily defended spots in Southeast Asia. Thai reaction to this extension was a clearing sweep along the border called Operation Phalat. In early August, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon closed down Nam Yu's cross-border incursions and placed an 11 kilometer no-fly zone around Route 46; this was a prelude for his later trip to China. The Chinese bulldozers were cutting the last segment of Route 46 that led into Pakbeng. The town now contained a Pathet Lao base camp. As apprehension mounted about penetration to the Thai border, on 11 September the American embassy requested a U.S. Air Force strike on the Pathet Lao base camp. The prohibition of USAF flights over Route 46 did not prevent defensive fire on civilian airplanes by Chinese antiaircraft gunners. A Royal Air Lao DC-3 and an Air America C-123 were shot down during December 1971. In January 1972, an Air America pilot lost a leg to Chinese antiaircraft fire. Beginning in March 1972, Chinese troops began filtering down Route 46. By Autumn 1972, Route 46 had been extended to within 15 kilometers of Pak Beng. Much of it was dual lane paved road. Chinese forces in Laos now totaled 25,000, including a regiment of PLA infantry regulars. By now, nervous Thai authorities stationed some of their Project Unity troops along their border south of Pakbeng. This would lead into a series of clashes that became Operation Phalat and Operation Sourisak Montry. The Thais were not only intent of defending their border; they wished to combat Thai Communist insurgents. Politico-military implications of the Chinese Road The implications of the Chinese Road's construction remain obscure. Originally, the CIA could not discern a reason for building this Phongsali road segment. However, it theorized that the Chinese were willing to let the North Vietnamese carry the brunt of waging war in Laos, but that security of the Lao/Chinese border was still a concern. U.S. military intelligence analysts speculated about the purpose of the Road. Was it an infiltration route to aid the Thai communist insurrection near the northern Thai border? Or was it built to counter any possible PAVN influence in the Mekong Valley? Postwar Zhou Enlai indeed insinuated to Henry Kissinger that the Chinese Road was a ploy to deny North Vietnamese any influence along the Mekong. However, he did not confirm that. By late 1971, international politics impinged on the Chinese Road. President Nixon was intent on capitalizing on dissension between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. To cozy up the Chinese leadership, Nixon halted the cross-border intelligence missions being staged out of northern Laos. He also barred any USAF flights within 11 kilometers of Route 46. When aircraft impinged on the construction and came under fire, he ignored the incidents. An anonymous CIA intelligence analyst drew the sole conclusion from the situation in a pithy observation: "Northern Laos has a new border." Postwar Although Chinese road builders remained in Laos through the end of the Laotian Civil War, Routes 45 and 19 were never quite linked, so the North Vietnamese could not transit Laos to its far northwest. The new Chinese routes were not extended to Luang Prabang. After the war's end, the Lao People's Democratic Republic invited a Chinese extension of their road construction to the former royal capital. The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia soured the deal in 1979, with the Chinese road builders invited to leave Laos. Post 1990, the political climate had warmed enough for the Lao to invite roadwork bids from Chinese firms in Yunnan. By 1993, there was a seasonal dirt track connecting the Chinese Road with Luang Prabang. Notes ^ Castle (1993), pp. 9–13. ^ Stuart-Fox (2008), pp. 118–120. ^ a b c Stuart-Fox (2008), p. 56. ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 313. ^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 67–73. ^ Castle (1993), p. 72. ^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 313–314. ^ a b Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 314. ^ a b c Anthony & Sexton (1993), p. 239. ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 318. ^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 314–315. ^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 315. ^ a b Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 315–316. ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 319. ^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 320. ^ Ahern (2006), p. 202, note 64. ^ Hopkins (1995), p. 177. References Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006). Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949. Anthony, Victor B. & Sexton, Richard R. (1993). The War in Northern Laos. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943. Castle, Timothy N. (1993). At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. ISBN 0-231-07977-X. Conboy, Kenneth & Morrison, James (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8. Hopkins, Susannah (1995). "Chapter 3. The Economy.". In Matles Savada, Andrea (ed.). Laos A Country Study. ISBN 978-1-57980-141-0. Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). Historical Dictionary of Laos. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-81086-411-5. External links By using , one can click Articles on the pulldown menu and select "The Adventures of Bob and Don". Episode three is an eyewitness account to operations against the Chinese Road.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_roads"},{"link_name":"foreign aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"northern Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Mengla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengla_County"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Province"},{"link_name":"Phongsali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phongsali"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Laotian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"guerrillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Operation Snake Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Snake_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Royal Lao Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lao_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chinese roads disambiguation pageThe Chinese Road (or The Chinese Roads) were a series of highways built as a foreign aid project by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in northern Laos, beginning in 1962. The first new road was built from Mengla, Yunnan Province, PRC to Phongsali, Laos; it was completed on 25 May 1963. The next major road built was Route 46, begun in the 1966 dry season and stretching from the southern tip of Yunnan Province southward toward the border of the Kingdom of Thailand. As 25,000 Chinese troops and 400 antiaircraft guns came to be posted to defend Route 46, and Thai support of American war efforts in both the Laotian Civil War and the Vietnam War became widely known, there was uneasiness among both Thai and American intelligence communities concerning Communist China's intents in constructing the all-weather highway. American interest in the new road extended up to the White House.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained guerrillas spied on Route 46, and there was an attempt to block it with the abortive Operation Snake Eyes. However, Chinese antiaircraft fire upon overflying aircraft and steady increases in Chinese troops guaranteed its security from attack. In turn, while there were some preemptive joint military operations during 1972 by troops of both the Royal Lao Army and the Royal Thai Army along the Lao/Thai border just south of Route 46, the road was not used to invade Thailand. The Chinese did chase the local Lao population from the Pak Beng Valley verging on the road to expedite Chinese occupation, but stopped the road at the Mekong River short of the Lao/Thai border. While there were several theories about China's intent in building Route 46, the only firm conclusion was one by an anonymous American military intelligence analyst: \"Northern Laos has a new border.\"","title":"The Chinese Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pathet Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathet_Lao"},{"link_name":"Laotian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Souvanna Phouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuartfox56-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy313-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Luang Namtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luang_Namtha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Kingdom of Laos gained independence from French colonial rule at the end of the First Indochina War. From its inception, Laos was troubled by a communist insurrection. The United States stepped in provide foreign aid to Laos, to aid in quelling the uprising.[1]In March 1961, the Geneva Conference of 1954 reconvened with wider participation to reconsider the neutralization of the Kingdom of Laos. Since the 1954 Agreement was signed, a Pathet Lao insurgency had burgeoned, threatening the national sovereignty. This would eventually result in an attempt to settle the Laotian Civil War, the International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos signed on 23 July 1962.[2]Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma curried favor with the People's Republic of China by striking a road construction deal with them in January 1962. The Chinese government committed to the foreign aid commitment of building roads connecting Yunnan Province with northern Laos despite the developing Laotian Civil War.[3][4] At the time the agreement was announced, the Battle of Luang Namtha was being fought on the Lao/Chinese border.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team Sone Pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Sone_Pet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Phongsali_Province,_Laos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phongsali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phongsali"},{"link_name":"Patriotic Neutralists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Neutralists"},{"link_name":"Royal Lao Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lao_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuartfox56-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy313-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castle72-6"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Luang Namtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Namtha"},{"link_name":"porters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(carrier)"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The resident CIA case officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(CIA_officer)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nam Bac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Bac"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy314-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anthony239-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy314-8"},{"link_name":"Nam Ou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Ou"},{"link_name":"Dien Ben Phu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dien_Ben_Phu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy318-10"}],"sub_title":"Phongsali Province","text":"See also: Team Sone PetThe location of Meng La, China, where road construction began, is approximated by the airfield marker on the left edge of the map.The first road constructed by the Chinese was begun by 10,000 laborers in 1962, following a deteriorated route from Meng La, China to Phongsali, Laos. The 80 kilometer dirt track was completed on 25 May 1963. It was dubbed the Laotian-Chinese Friendship Highway and given to the Pathet Lao. The new road washed out in that rainy season. A repair and washout cycle followed for the next two years. The only military activity connected with this road was some training of Patriotic Neutralists officers by the Chinese army in Phongsali later, in 1965. After completion of the Friendship Highway, the Chinese did not consult the Royal Lao Government (RLG) before beginning to survey other road alignments.[3][4][6]At the time, the CIA was running a covert paramilitary operation from Nam Yu, Laos, somewhat southwest of this original road and near Luang Namtha. CIA sponsored Royalist guerrillas had cut the Route 32 Pathet Lao supply line between Moung Sing and Luang Namtha. The CIA thought fighting between their guerrillas and the Pathet Lao along the border may have sparked this road construction. During the dry season of the first few months of 1966, Chinese crews began constructing three more roads within Yunnan Province, but pointed towards the Laotian border. Route 411 ran southwest from Meng Mang. Route 412 stretched toward the border village of Batene. Route 4023 split from 412 with a southeasterly heading. After a rainy season break, the road crews resumed construction in late 1966, extending the three roads to the border by early 1967. Chinese porters helped restore the broken Route 32 logistics link. By late 1967, People's Liberation Army forces began making one- and two-day incursions into Laos along the border. Route 12 was now defended by 17 antiaircraft guns.[7]The resident CIA case officer now sent road watch teams from Nam Yu into China to spy on the construction as the work continued into 1968. The Lao loss of the Battle of Nam Bac southeast of the construction in January seemed to spur the Chinese on in their endeavors. There were now six companies of the PLA stationed within Laos. However, on 16 June 1968, road work was halted because of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. It resumed in mid-August with the arrival of a convoy of 208 trucks. By the end of August, Route 412 had been extended to join the existing Route 31. In turn, this hooked to Route 4. By mid-October there were 1,000 combat troops guarding 2,000 construction workers on Route 4; they were equipped with ten bulldozers and a steamroller. Their expressed purpose was the upgrading of Route 4 into a six meter wide extension of their road network to Moung Sai. There it would meet both Route 45 and Route 46.[8][9]In January 1969, the new road segment was completed to Moung Sai. The remainder of the dry season was spent by the Chinese in building a road northeastward to Moung Sai to connect with the old Route 45. By April, the rains again halted construction. Later that year, dry weather brought on a resumption of road work. The new segment to Route 45 was restarted, though at a low level of activity. The Chinese emphasis became Route 46.[8]Meanwhile, Route 45 had been extended to Moung Khoua on the Nam Ou; a ferry dock was built to transfer traffic across the river to Route 19, which connected to Dien Ben Phu. A battery of antiaircraft guns was installed at Muang Khoua.[10]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forces Guerrilla Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forces_Guerrilla_Northwest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Xaignabouri_Province,_Laos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pakbeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakbeng"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"Ouane Rattikone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouane_Rattikone"},{"link_name":"Sisavang Vatthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana"},{"link_name":"G. McMurtrie Godley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._McMurtrie_Godley"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy318-10"},{"link_name":"Operation Snake Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Snake_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Royal Lao Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lao_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattay_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Commando Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"skeleton crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_crew"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy315b-13"},{"link_name":"Cambodian incursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy315b-13"},{"link_name":"Operation Phalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Phalat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy318-10"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"no-fly zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy319-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Lao"},{"link_name":"C-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy319-14"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Project Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(military_operation)"},{"link_name":"Operation Phalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Phalat"},{"link_name":"Operation Sourisak Montry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sourisak_Montry"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"South toward Thailand","text":"See also: Forces Guerrilla NorthwestThe terminus of Route 46 (since renumbered as Route 2) is shown in the top middle of this map.The old French Route 46 alignment south down the Pak Beng Valley to Pakbeng on the Mekong River ended just a short distance from the border with the Kingdom of Thailand. Improvement of this road threatened the security of Thailand. As the Thai Deputy Prime Minister stated, with only some exaggeration, \"Chinese and North Vietnamese Communists...only three hours by motor vehicle drive from the border.\" If the news that Route 46 had reached Moung Houn by early November 1969 was not sufficiently perturbing, the movement of antiaircraft guns that far south garnered attention. In December they fired upon the unarmed Douglas C-47 of General Ouane Rattikone proving that the Chinese would ward off intrusions. The Royal Lao Government began to worry also, and King Sisavang Vatthana urged Souvanna Phouma to take military action against the construction. In mid-December, U.S. Ambassador G. McMurtrie Godley cabled for approval to take military action in the next dry season. Approval was promptly refused. However, despite Washington's refusal, Royalist guerrillas were already spying on the construction. For added expertise, a few Nationalist Chinese were lured away from the opium trade in nearby Burma to augment the road watch teams.[11]As 1970 began, Communist forces began to drive the Royalist guerrillas from the Pak Beng Valley all the way south to the Mekong. A couple of checkpoint posts on the Thai-Lao border were seized.[10] Ambassador Godley cabled Washington proposing that Operation Snake Eyes become a road watch team passively gathering military intelligence before the Royalists could mount an attack. As he awaited an answer, two Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) T-28s struck the road in early January 1970. Two Thai mercenary pilots, instigated by their government, flew out of Vientiane and struck a Chinese convoy, destroying 15 trucks. At about this time, recruitment of Commando Raiders for operations against the Chinese construction began in Luang Prabang.[12]One week later, Operation Snake Eyes was authorized on the proviso that Souvanna Phouma, who was a Neutralist, come out as opposed to the Chinese road construction through the Kingdom. With only an inactive skeleton crew stationed along Route 46 for the wet season, the actual launch date for the operation was postponed to six months thence. However, three platoons of guerrillas from Nam Yu were infiltrated 50 kilometers south of Luang Namtha to spy on Route 46; they were dubbed Teams 37A, 37B, and 37C.[13]The six month setback proved to be unfortunate timing for operations against the Chinese Road. As the postponement ended, the Cambodian incursion by the U.S. raised such international furor that Operation Snake Eyes was again ordered on hold to avoid calling attention to the U.S. covert operations in Laos.[13]By April 1971, Route 46 had been asphalted to Moung Houn, making it an all-weather road. During the first four months of 1971, the North Vietnamese moved in 400 antiaircraft guns along Route 46, along with 30 fire direction radars. The 400 antiaircraft guns, along with 25,000 troops, made the Chinese Road foreign aid project one of the most heavily defended spots in Southeast Asia. Thai reaction to this extension was a clearing sweep along the border called Operation Phalat.[10] In early August, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon closed down Nam Yu's cross-border incursions and placed an 11 kilometer no-fly zone around Route 46; this was a prelude for his later trip to China. The Chinese bulldozers were cutting the last segment of Route 46 that led into Pakbeng. The town now contained a Pathet Lao base camp. As apprehension mounted about penetration to the Thai border, on 11 September the American embassy requested a U.S. Air Force strike on the Pathet Lao base camp.[14]The prohibition of USAF flights over Route 46 did not prevent defensive fire on civilian airplanes by Chinese antiaircraft gunners. A Royal Air Lao DC-3 and an Air America C-123 were shot down during December 1971. In January 1972, an Air America pilot lost a leg to Chinese antiaircraft fire.[14] Beginning in March 1972, Chinese troops began filtering down Route 46. By Autumn 1972, Route 46 had been extended to within 15 kilometers of Pak Beng. Much of it was dual lane paved road. Chinese forces in Laos now totaled 25,000, including a regiment of PLA infantry regulars. By now, nervous Thai authorities stationed some of their Project Unity troops along their border south of Pakbeng. This would lead into a series of clashes that became Operation Phalat and Operation Sourisak Montry. The Thais were not only intent of defending their border; they wished to combat Thai Communist insurgents.[15]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy313-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anthony239-9"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy319-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anthony239-9"}],"text":"The implications of the Chinese Road's construction remain obscure. Originally, the CIA could not discern a reason for building this Phongsali road segment. However, it theorized that the Chinese were willing to let the North Vietnamese carry the brunt of waging war in Laos, but that security of the Lao/Chinese border was still a concern.[4] U.S. military intelligence analysts speculated about the purpose of the Road. Was it an infiltration route to aid the Thai communist insurrection near the northern Thai border? Or was it built to counter any possible PAVN influence in the Mekong Valley?[9] Postwar Zhou Enlai indeed insinuated to Henry Kissinger that the Chinese Road was a ploy to deny North Vietnamese any influence along the Mekong. However, he did not confirm that.[16]By late 1971, international politics impinged on the Chinese Road. President Nixon was intent on capitalizing on dissension between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. To cozy up the Chinese leadership, Nixon halted the cross-border intelligence missions being staged out of northern Laos. He also barred any USAF flights within 11 kilometers of Route 46. When aircraft impinged on the construction and came under fire, he ignored the incidents.[14]An anonymous CIA intelligence analyst drew the sole conclusion from the situation in a pithy observation: \"Northern Laos has a new border.\"[9]","title":"Politico-military implications of the Chinese Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuartfox56-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Although Chinese road builders remained in Laos through the end of the Laotian Civil War, Routes 45 and 19 were never quite linked, so the North Vietnamese could not transit Laos to its far northwest. The new Chinese routes were not extended to Luang Prabang. After the war's end, the Lao People's Democratic Republic invited a Chinese extension of their road construction to the former royal capital. The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia soured the deal in 1979, with the Chinese road builders invited to leave Laos. Post 1990, the political climate had warmed enough for the Lao to invite roadwork bids from Chinese firms in Yunnan.[3]By 1993, there was a seasonal dirt track connecting the Chinese Road with Luang Prabang.[17]","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Castle (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCastle1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Stuart-Fox (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stuartfox56_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stuartfox56_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stuartfox56_3-2"},{"link_name":"Stuart-Fox (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy313_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy313_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy313_4-2"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-castle72_6-0"},{"link_name":"Castle (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCastle1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy314_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy314_8-1"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anthony239_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anthony239_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anthony239_9-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony & Sexton (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnthonySexton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy318_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy318_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy318_10-2"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy315b_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy315b_13-1"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy319_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy319_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy319_14-2"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Conboy & Morrison (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConboyMorrison1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Ahern (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhern2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Hopkins (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1995"}],"text":"^ Castle (1993), pp. 9–13.\n\n^ Stuart-Fox (2008), pp. 118–120.\n\n^ a b c Stuart-Fox (2008), p. 56.\n\n^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 313.\n\n^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 67–73.\n\n^ Castle (1993), p. 72.\n\n^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 313–314.\n\n^ a b Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 314.\n\n^ a b c Anthony & Sexton (1993), p. 239.\n\n^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 318.\n\n^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 314–315.\n\n^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 315.\n\n^ a b Conboy & Morrison (1995), pp. 315–316.\n\n^ a b c Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 319.\n\n^ Conboy & Morrison (1995), p. 320.\n\n^ Ahern (2006), p. 202, note 64.\n\n^ Hopkins (1995), p. 177.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"The location of Meng La, China, where road construction began, is approximated by the airfield marker on the left edge of the map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_Phongsali_Province%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Map_of_Phongsali_Province%2C_Laos.jpg"},{"image_text":"The terminus of Route 46 (since renumbered as Route 2) is shown in the top middle of this map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_Xaignabouri_Province%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Map_of_Xaignabouri_Province%2C_Laos.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006). Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anthony, Victor B. & Sexton, Richard R. (1993). The War in Northern Laos. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232549943","url_text":"232549943"}]},{"reference":"Castle, Timothy N. (1993). At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. ISBN 0-231-07977-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07977-X","url_text":"0-231-07977-X"}]},{"reference":"Conboy, Kenneth & Morrison, James (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-535-8","url_text":"978-1-58160-535-8"}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Susannah (1995). \"Chapter 3. The Economy.\". In Matles Savada, Andrea (ed.). Laos A Country Study. ISBN 978-1-57980-141-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57980-141-0","url_text":"978-1-57980-141-0"}]},{"reference":"Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). Historical Dictionary of Laos. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-81086-411-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81086-411-5","url_text":"978-0-81086-411-5"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232549943","external_links_name":"232549943"},{"Link":"http://www.ravens.org/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Mountain_Bridge_Road

Bear Mountain Bridge Road

["1 See also","2 References"]

United States historic placeBear Mountain Bridge RoadU.S. National Register of Historic Places Road on Anthony's Nose, 2009Bear Mountain Bridge Road highlighted in redLocationCortlandt, NYCoordinates41°18′42″N 73°58′14″W / 41.31167°N 73.97056°W / 41.31167; -73.97056Area3 miles (4.8 km); 18 acres (7.3 ha)Built1923Architectural styleTudorbethanMPSHudson Highlands MRANRHP reference No.82001274Added to NRHPNovember 23, 1982 Bear Mountain Bridge Road is a three-mile (4.8 km), two-lane section of US 6/US 202 from the west approach to Bear Mountain Bridge to a former toll house in the Town of Cortlandt, New York, United States. Local residents sometimes refer to the road as the Goat Trail. It winds around the steep, rocky slopes of Anthony's Nose, the southernmost peak of the Hudson Highlands on the east side of the Hudson River. In its first mile from the junction with NY 9D it climbs 200 feet (61 m) to a scenic overlook that looks out over Iona Island, Dunderberg Mountain, the city of Peekskill and the Charles Point power plant. There are interpretive displays on the history of the area during the Revolutionary War, where the Hudson River Chain was deployed and the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery was fought. Near its eastern end, approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the bridge, is a Tudor Revival-style former toll house. It also served as the toll taker's residence. In 2002 it was renovated by the Town of Cortlandt and now serves as an information center and gift shop for visitors to the region. A small parking lot serves hikers taking a popular trail along Anthony's Nose, through lands in the Camp Smith New York Army National Guard base just above the highway, to the Appalachian Trail just north of the bridge. At its eastern end, before intersecting with US 9 at the Annsville Circle, the road falls to the level of the Hudson River, which it parallels. There, near the entrance to Camp Smith, looking south across a bay and the Metro-North railroad, can be seen the Indian Point nuclear power plant. The state required the Harriman family to build the road when the bridge was built in the mid-1920s, in order to connect the bridge with US 9 just north of Peekskill. It was intended to be higher on the mountainside than the similar Storm King Highway, which had been built upriver a decade earlier. Like that road, it has a stone wall, made from the 21,000 cubic yards (16,000 m3) of material excavated during the highway's construction. Original toll house, no longer in use The legislation that allowed the bridge's construction stipulated that the road and bridge would revert to the state at no cost after 30 years. When that happened, the toll collected on the eastern end was eliminated, and the toll collector and his wife moved to the western toll house, where he served as bridge manager, until he retired. The road and toll house were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as part of the Hudson Highlands Multiple Resource Area multiple property submission, the only property in Westchester County included in that group. View of the Hudson River from near Bear Mountain Bridge Road scenic overlook Bear Mountain Bridge Road at twilight See also National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bear Mountain Bridge Road. ^ a b c Barry, Elise (April 29, 1982). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, Bear Mountain Bridge Road and Toll House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved September 3, 2009. ^ "Who is Responsible for Maintaining Bear Mountain's Goat Trail?". Westchester Magazine. Today Media. Retrieved January 17, 2016. ^ "'Goat Trail' on Rte. 6/202 set for weekday closings". The Journal News. Retrieved January 17, 2016. ^ a b "Bear Mountain Road Toll House Welcomes Visitors Again". Half Moon Press. April 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2009. ^ "Bear Mountain Tollhouse". Town of Cortlandt. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009. The restored Toll House will be used as a Tourist Information and Welcome Center. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"US 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_202_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bear Mountain Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Mountain_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Town of Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortlandt,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westchester_Magazine-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoHud-3"},{"link_name":"Anthony's Nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%27s_Nose_(Westchester)"},{"link_name":"Hudson Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"NY 9D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9D"},{"link_name":"scenic overlook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_overlook"},{"link_name":"Iona Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_Island_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Dunderberg Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunderberg_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Peekskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Hudson River Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_Chain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Tudor Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Half_Moon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Town_of_Cortlandt_page-5"},{"link_name":"Camp Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Smith_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"US 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Camp Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Smith_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Metro-North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Indian Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center"},{"link_name":"US 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Storm King Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_King_Highway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Mountain_Bridge_Toll_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Half_Moon-4"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Hudson Highlands Multiple Resource Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Highlands_Multiple_Resource_Area"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Mountain_Bridge_Road_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Mountain_Bridge_Road.jpg"}],"text":"United States historic placeBear Mountain Bridge Road is a three-mile (4.8 km), two-lane section of US 6/US 202 from the west approach to Bear Mountain Bridge to a former toll house in the Town of Cortlandt, New York, United States. \nLocal residents sometimes refer to the road as the Goat Trail.[2]\n[3]\nIt winds around the steep, rocky slopes of Anthony's Nose, the southernmost peak of the Hudson Highlands on the east side of the Hudson River. In its first mile from the junction with NY 9D it climbs 200 feet (61 m) to a scenic overlook that looks out over Iona Island, Dunderberg Mountain, the city of Peekskill and the Charles Point power plant. There are interpretive displays on the history of the area during the Revolutionary War, where the Hudson River Chain was deployed and the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery was fought.Near its eastern end, approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the bridge, is a Tudor Revival-style former toll house. It also served as the toll taker's residence. In 2002 it was renovated by the Town of Cortlandt and now serves as an information center and gift shop[4] for visitors to the region.[5] A small parking lot serves hikers taking a popular trail along Anthony's Nose, through lands in the Camp Smith New York Army National Guard base just above the highway, to the Appalachian Trail just north of the bridge.At its eastern end, before intersecting with US 9 at the Annsville Circle, the road falls to the level of the Hudson River, which it parallels. There, near the entrance to Camp Smith, looking south across a bay and the Metro-North railroad, can be seen the Indian Point nuclear power plant.The state required the Harriman family to build the road when the bridge was built in the mid-1920s, in order to connect the bridge with US 9 just north of Peekskill. It was intended to be higher on the mountainside than the similar Storm King Highway, which had been built upriver a decade earlier. Like that road, it has a stone wall, made from the 21,000 cubic yards (16,000 m3) of material excavated during the highway's construction.[1]Original toll house, no longer in useThe legislation that allowed the bridge's construction stipulated that the road and bridge would revert to the state at no cost after 30 years. When that happened, the toll collected on the eastern end was eliminated, and the toll collector and his wife moved to the western toll house, where he served as bridge manager, until he retired.[4] The road and toll house were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as part of the Hudson Highlands Multiple Resource Area multiple property submission, the only property in Westchester County included in that group.View of the Hudson River from near Bear Mountain Bridge Road scenic overlookBear Mountain Bridge Road at twilight","title":"Bear Mountain Bridge Road"}]

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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York"}]

[{"reference":"Barry, Elise (April 29, 1982). \"National Register of Historic Places nomination, Bear Mountain Bridge Road and Toll House\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved September 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=100182","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places nomination, Bear Mountain Bridge Road and Toll House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Who is Responsible for Maintaining Bear Mountain's Goat Trail?\". Westchester Magazine. Today Media. Retrieved January 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/March-2013/Who-is-Responsible-for-Maintaining-Bear-Mountains-Goat-Trail/","url_text":"\"Who is Responsible for Maintaining Bear Mountain's Goat Trail?\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Goat Trail' on Rte. 6/202 set for weekday closings\". The Journal News. Retrieved January 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lohud.com/story/news/traffic/2015/07/09/goat-trail-closures/29921983/","url_text":"\"'Goat Trail' on Rte. 6/202 set for weekday closings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bear Mountain Road Toll House Welcomes Visitors Again\". Half Moon Press. April 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908032008/http://www.hudsonriver.com/halfmoonpress/stories/0404toll.htm","url_text":"\"Bear Mountain Road Toll House Welcomes Visitors Again\""},{"url":"http://www.hudsonriver.com/halfmoonpress/stories/0404toll.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bear Mountain Tollhouse\". Town of Cortlandt. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009. The restored Toll House will be used as a Tourist Information and Welcome Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125031128/http://www.townofcortlandt.com/Cit-e-Access/webpage.cfm?TID=20&TPID=3025","url_text":"\"Bear Mountain Tollhouse\""},{"url":"http://www.townofcortlandt.com/Cit-e-Access/webpage.cfm?TID=20&TPID=3025","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims

David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims

["1 Background","2 Grusch's public claims","3 Response from relevant experts","4 United States government responses","4.1 Department of Defense and NASA statements","4.2 Congressional action and comments from members","4.3 2023 House Committee Oversight and Accountability hearing","5 Sean Kirkpatrick","6 Media reporting on Grusch's claims","6.1 Connections to studies funded by Robert Bigelow","6.2 Reporting on psychiatric treatment received by Grusch","6.3 News stories and commentary","6.4 Disinformation campaign allegations from media pundits","6.5 Additional responses from media pundits","7 References","8 External links"]

Former U.S. military intelligence officer's claims about non-human spacecraft recovery David Grusch testifing in a 2023 hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability In 2023, David Grusch, a United States Air Force (USAF) officer and former intelligence official, was interviewed by journalists and testified in a U.S. House of Representatives hearing. Grusch claimed that the U.S. federal government, in collaboration with private aerospace companies, has highly secretive special access programs involved in the recovery and reverse engineering of "non-human spacecraft" and their dead pilots. Grusch filed a whistleblower complaint in 2022 to Thomas Monheim, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to support sharing classified information with the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. He also filed a complaint alleging retaliation by his superiors over a similar complaint he made the previous year. Grusch claims to have viewed documents reporting a spacecraft of non-human origin had been recovered in Italy by officials from the Benito Mussolini government in 1933 and procured by the U.S. in 1945 with assistance from the Vatican and the Five Eyes alliance. Grusch claims that people have been threatened and killed in order to conceal the program. NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) denied the claims, stating that extraterrestrial life had yet to be discovered and that there was no evidence supporting the claims of such a program. In a testimony given to the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability in July 2023, Grusch repeated several of his claims under oath. Testimonies were also delivered by former U.S. Navy fighter pilot Ryan Graves and commander David Fravor on their personal UFO experiences. Grusch testified that he could not elaborate further publicly due to the laws behind classified information, but offered to provide further details to the committee in a sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF). Background See also: Unidentified flying object § 20th century and after, UFO conspiracy theories § Disclosure, and Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government David Charles Grusch is a decorated Afghanistan combat veteran and a former USAF intelligence officer who worked in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). From 2019 to 2021, he was the representative of the NRO to the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force. From late 2021 to July 2022, he was the co-lead for UAP analysis at the NGA and its representative to the task force. He assisted in drafting the National Defense Authorization Act of 2023, which includes provisions for reporting of UFOs, including whistleblower protections and exemptions to non-disclosure orders and agreements. Congressional interest in UFO sightings immediately prior to Grusch's public claims surrounded questions about the four objects that the Air Force shot down in February 2023. Grusch's public claims Sean Kirkpatrick, director of AARO tasked with reporting findings to CongressRoss Coulthart, conductor of the 2023 NewsNation interview with Grusch On June 5, 2023, independent journalists Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal provided a story detailing Grusch's claims of a UFO coverup by the government to The Debrief, a website that describes itself as "self-funded" and specializing in "frontier science". The New York Times and Politico declined to publish the story, while The Washington Post was taking more time to conduct fact-checking than Kean and Blumenthal felt could be afforded because, according to Kean, "people on the internet were spreading stories, Dave was getting harassing phone calls, and we felt the only way to protect him was to get the story out". According to Kean, she vetted Grusch by interviewing Karl Nell, a retired Army colonel who was also on the UFO task force, and "Jonathan Grey" (a pseudonym) whom Kean described as "a current U.S. intelligence official at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC)". Kean wrote that Nell called Grusch "beyond reproach" and that both Nell and "Grey" supported Grusch's claim about a secret UFO retrieval and reverse engineering program. Also on June 5, portions of an interview of Grusch by Ross Coulthart aired on NewsNation with additional excerpts appearing on June 11. Grusch claims that the U.S. federal government maintains a highly secretive UFO retrieval program and possesses multiple spacecraft of non-human origin as well as corpses of deceased pilots. He also claims there is "substantive evidence that white-collar crime" took place to conceal UFO programs and that he had interviewed officials who said that people had been killed to conceal the programs. He stated that he wanted Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), to help him share his claims with Congress but failed to receive a response. Grusch elaborated on his claims in a subsequent interview with the French newspaper Le Parisien on June 7. He said that UFOs could be coming from extra dimensions; that he had spoken with intelligence officials whom the U.S. military had briefed on "football-field" sized crafts; that the U.S. government transferred some crashed UFOs to a defense contractor; and that there was "malevolent activity" by UFOs. During a July 26, 2023, Congressional hearing, Grusch said that he "was informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse-engineering program to which I was denied access" and that he believed that the U.S. government was in possession of UAP based on his interviews with 40 witnesses over four years. He claimed in response to Congressional questions that the U.S. has retrieved "non-human" biological matter from the pilots of the crafts and that this "was the assessment of people with direct knowledge on the program I talked to, that are currently still on the program". When Representative Tim Burchett asked him if he had "personal knowledge of people who've been harmed or injured in efforts to cover up or conceal" the government's possession of "extraterrestrial technology", Grusch said yes, but that he was not able to provide details except within a SCIF. BBC Radio 4's The World Tonight on August 3, 2023, interviewed Grusch along with his attorney Charles McCullough, a former Intelligence Community Inspector General. When asked about the U.S. having "intact and partially intact alien vehicles in its possession", Grusch repeated his claims, and McCullough noted that Congress should have "access to the information it needs to properly oversee things going on in the executive branch". Response from relevant experts Joshua Semeter of NASA's UAP independent study team and professor of electrical and computer engineering with Boston University's College of Engineering concludes that "without data or material evidence, we are at an impasse on evaluating these claims" and that, "in the long history of claims of extraterrestrial visitors, it is this level of specificity that always seems to be missing". Adam Frank, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Rochester, published a critique of the Grusch claims on June 22 with Big Think. Frank writes that he does "not find these claims exciting at all" because they are all "just hearsay" where "a guy says he knows a guy who knows another guy who heard from a guy that the government has alien spaceships". Frank also said of the Grusch account that "it's an extraordinary claim, and it requires extraordinary evidence, none of which we're getting", adding "show me the spaceship". The Guardian printed an opinion piece by Stuart Clark about Grusch's claims which included questions from three scientists. Harvard University astronomer Avi Loeb, who co-founded the UFO-investigating Galileo Project, noted that nothing extraterrestrial has been observed. Radio astronomer Michael Garrett noted that crashed landings of alien craft "would imply that there must be hundreds of them coming every day, and astronomers simply don't see them". Sara Russell, a planetary scientist from the Natural History Museum in London, said that, "if you give me an alloy, it would take me less than half an hour to tell you what elements are in it", and that "it should be easy to understand whether something falling to Earth is man-made or extraterrestrial, and if it is the latter, whether it is naturally occurring or not". Greg Eghigian, a history professor at Pennsylvania State University and expert in the history of UFOs as it occurs in the context of public fascination, notes that there have been many instances over recent decades in the U.S. of people "who previously worked in some kind of federal department" coming forward to make "bombshell allegations" about the truth regarding UFOs with the whistleblower claims by Grusch fitting this pattern. Eghigian describes the 1940s–50s media enthusiasm about flying saucers, and comments that the successful books on the subject by authors Donald Keyhoe, Frank Scully, and Gerald Heard "provided the model for a new kind of public figure: the crusading whistleblower dedicated to breaking the silence over the alien origins of unidentified flying objects." Since then all these similarly credentialed claimants have been unable to provide any further corroboration. Eghigian said that "a new kind of sobriety needs to be interjected here" and that the Grusch story "ups the ante" but is "very hard to take seriously unless we start getting some real evidence that's of a forensic nature to prove these things". Seth Shostak, the senior astronomer at the SETI Institute writing on MSNBC.com about Grusch's claims, said that the claims are extraordinary, before asking, "But where is the evidence? It's MIA. Neither Grusch nor anyone else claiming to have knowledge of secret government UAP programs has ever been able to publicly produce convincing photos showing alien hardware splayed across the landscape. And remember, we're not talking about a Cessna that plowed into a wheat field. We're talking about, presumably, an alien interstellar rocket, capable of bridging trillions of miles of space, and sporting technology that is obviously alien". Shostak concluded that, "from the standpoint of science, there's still no good evidence , only an 'argument from authority'". Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic magazine, said of the July 26, 2023, congressional hearing that "it's astonishing it's come this far without any real evidence, without anybody in the scientific community making an appearance" and "we are still seeing not a shred of physical evidence". The physicist and cosmologist Sean M. Carroll said of Grusch's claims about non-human visitors, "the evidence is laughable". Grusch was "talking about the holographic principle and extra dimensions and stuff like that" which should "set off your alarm bells," he said. He concluded that Grusch "has all of the vibes of a complete crackpot". Laurie Leshin, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) director for NASA, when asked by reporter in August 2023 if she had "seen spacecraft made from outside of this world", replied "Absolutely not. No." with a laugh and head shake. Physicist and popular science writer Michio Kaku told NewsNation that "so far we have not seen the smoking gun" to prove any of Grusch's claims. However, he also suggested that "the burden of proof has shifted, now the Pentagon has to prove these things aren't extra-terrestrial". That prompted Real Clear Science editor Ross Pomeroy to comment, "no, the burden of proof has not shifted. Aliens are not the default explanation when a simpler explanation readily does the job". According to Pomeroy, "Kaku is seriously jeopardizing his reputation and misleading the public through his unscientific new stance on UFOs." On an interview with Coulthart for NewsNation, Timothy Gallaudet, a former U.S. Navy admiral and a former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, supported Grusch's claims. United States government responses Department of Defense and NASA statements White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre referred questions about Grusch's complaint to the Department of Defense (DoD). In a statement, Sue Gough, spokesperson for the Pentagon, said: "To date, AARO (All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office) has not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of any extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently. AARO is committed to following the data and its investigation wherever it leads." General Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave an interview to The Washington Times on August 6, 2023, in which he stated that he had never encountered evidence that would verify the claims made by Grusch regarding "quote-unquote 'aliens' or that there's some sort of cover-up program". Milley added that he was unsurprised that such rumors would circulate and be believed by some within an organization as large as the U.S. military. NASA stated: "One of NASA's key priorities is the search for life elsewhere in the universe, but so far, NASA has not found any credible evidence of extraterrestrial life and there is no evidence that UAPs are extraterrestrial. However, NASA is exploring the solar system and beyond to help us answer fundamental questions, including whether we are alone in the universe." Congressional action and comments from members In response to Grusch's claims, Representative Mike Turner, the chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said, "every decade there's been individuals who've said the United States has such pieces of unidentified flying objects that are from outer space" and that "there's no evidence of this and certainly it would be quite a conspiracy for this to be maintained, especially at this level". Representatives Anna Paulina Luna and Tim Burchett were tasked with organizing a hearing in response to the Grusch claims on behalf of the House Oversight Committee. This took place on July 26, 2023. Senator Lindsey Graham found the claims unreasonable, saying, "If we'd really found this stuff, there's no way you could keep it from coming out". Senator Josh Hawley said, "I'm not surprised, necessarily, by these latest allegations, because it sounds pretty close to what they kind of grudgingly admitted to us in the briefing". Some senators, though not concerned about Grusch's specific claims, were concerned that Congress might not have been briefed on special access programs. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, who led a Senate hearing on UFOs in April 2023, said she intends to hold a hearing to assess whether "rogue SAP programs" existed "that no one is providing oversight for". Senator Marco Rubio, vice-chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence said, "there are people who have come forward to share information with our committee over the last couple of years" with "first-hand knowledge" and that they were "potentially some of the same people perhaps" referred to by Grusch. Following the July 26 hearing with Grusch as a witness, a bipartisan group of U.S. representatives called for the formation of a select committee on UAPs with subpoena power. In July 2023, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Senator Mike Rounds led a proposed 64-page amendment to the 2024 National Defence Authorization Act, named the UAP Disclosure Act 2023, which proposes wider access to records of UAP and federal government ownership of any "recovered technologies of unknown origin". The enrolled bill directs the National Archives to collect government documents about "unidentified anomalous phenomena, technologies of unknown origin, and non-human intelligence". On January 13, 2024, members of the House Oversight Committee's national security subcommittee received a classified briefing from the Intelligence Community Inspector General (IC IG) Thomas A. Monheim regarding UAP reporting transparency. Some members said they were frustrated by the lack of new information regarding Grusch's allegations. 2023 House Committee Oversight and Accountability hearing On July 26, 2023, Grusch testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability. The representatives present included Tim Burchett and Anna Paulina Luna. He did so alongside Ryan Graves, a retired fighter pilot, and David Fravor, a retired U.S. Navy commander. Fravor gave a first-hand account of his involvement in a 2004 incident released in the Pentagon UFO videos involving his fighter jet and a UFO, and Grusch repeated his previous claims under questioning from house representatives. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez asked the three witnesses, "If you were me, where would you look?" regarding answers to UAP questions and evidence to validate his claims. Grusch replied, "I'd be happy to give you that in a closed environment. I can tell you specifically." Since the hearing, several lawmakers have said that they want to hear more from Grusch in a sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF), however, according to Representative Burchett, officials have informed the lawmakers "that Grusch doesn't currently have security clearance to discuss the issues in a SCIF". Following the Congressional hearing, AARO's director Sean Kirkpatrick wrote on his LinkedIn page that, "contrary to assertions made in the hearing", Grusch "has refused to speak with AARO" so that some details said to have been given to Congress had not been provided to his office and also that the hearing was "insulting ...to the officers of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community who chose to join AARO, many with not unreasonable anxieties about the career risks this would entail". A Pentagon spokesperson told reporters that the post was Kirkpatrick's "personal opinions expressed in his capacity as a private citizen," and declined to comment on the content of the post. Sean Kirkpatrick At the time that Grusch made his public claims, physicist and intelligence officer Sean Kirkpatrick was serving as the first head of the US Department of Defense's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) tasked with investigating UFOs and related phenomena. Grusch initially said he had "expressed some concerns to Dr. Kirkpatrick about a year ago, and told him what I was starting to uncover. And he didn't follow up with me." To which Kirkpatrick responded that Grusch had "refused to speak with AARO". And also that the 2023 Congressional hearing was "insulting ...to the officers of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community who chose to join AARO, many with not unreasonable anxieties about the career risks this would entail". In 2024, after retiring from AARO, Kirkpatrick wrote an opinion piece for Scientific American in which he said that the US Government UFO coverup allegations "derive from inadvertent or unauthorized disclosures of legitimate U.S. programs or related R&D that have nothing to do with extraterrestrial issues or technology. Some are misrepresentations, and some derive from pure, unsupported beliefs. In many respects, the narrative is a textbook example of circular reporting, with each person relaying what they heard, but the information often ultimately being sourced to the same small group of individuals." Describing it as “a small group of interconnected believers and others with possibly less than honest intentions,” who promote a “whirlwind of tall tales, fabrication and secondhand or thirdhand retellings". In a 2024 interview with Peter Bergen, Kirkpatrick said about Grusch: He's one of the individuals that I think this kind of, this core group of people have influenced him, have told him this information. He may have misinterpreted things that people have said, or he may have just fallen into the influence of what these folks have been telling him. At either event, at the time I left he had not come in to speak to AARO.: 32:20 Burgen further characterized what Kirkpatrick was saying as an ironic twist on conspiracy theories about government cover ups. "The true believer about UFO's thinks that there is a government conspiracy to hide real evidence of aliens. What Kirkpatrick is saying is the actual conspiracy is being carried out by a group of UFO true believers to get the government involved in the business of investigating aliens.": 33:00  Burgen suggested to Kirkpatrick that this might be, in Pentagon jargon, a "self-licking ice cream cone", a non-productive endeavor that only perpetuates its own existence. To which Kirkpatrick responded "That is a self licking ice cream cone, exactly.": 33:28  Media reporting on Grusch's claims Connections to studies funded by Robert Bigelow Keith Kloor writing for the Scientific American on August 25, 2023, draws a line from "these outlandish assertions" by Grusch "to the vast repository of so-called studies" funded over past years by Robert Bigelow. Kloor also points to the specific references to "a football field–sized UFO" showing up in one of the claims made by Grusch and in past claims by Bigelow. Reporting on psychiatric treatment received by Grusch Ken Klippenstein reported in The Intercept, that Grusch was twice committed after incidents in 2014 and 2018 that involved drunkenness and suicidal comments. Police records mentioned post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After the incident in 2018, Grusch was placed under an emergency custody order and transported to an ER. A mental health specialist requested a temporary detention order, whereupon Grusch was transferred to Loudoun Adult Medical Psychiatric Services, an inpatient program in the Inova Loudoun Cornwall Medical Campus in Leesburg. The article in The Intercept noted that "Grusch's ability to keep his security clearance" despite this history "appears to contrast with the government's treatment of other employees". News stories and commentary Related to the June 11, 2023, broadcast of more Coulthart interview content, NewsNation included multiple voices, such as skeptical investigator Mick West. He was interviewed on June 8 and 11 and said, "I don't think what saying is accurate" and that, while "it's possible he's believing what he's saying, it's an incredible story that really needs some actual verification". The British journalist Nick Pope, who previously ran the British Ministry of Defense "UFO Desk", initially expressed hope for confirmation or disconfirmation of Grusch's claims, but now that Grusch has lost his security clearance and there is still no "smoking gun" Pope says it is difficult to see how the claims could be confirmed. He added that while he was at the Ministry of Defense if the US government had acquired craft and bodies, "they didn't tell the UK. Writing for The Atlantic on June 7, Marina Koren pointed out that the case fits a long pattern of previous unprovable claims and that, "so far, the best evidence come up with, besides his own word, is the government's denial". Matt Laslo, writing for Wired on June 13, described the sympathetic hearing of Grusch's claims by some members of Congress as an indication that in "our strange new political universe of alternative facts turned dystopian reality, once-fringe notions have built-in fan bases in today's Capitol". The conservative political commentator Tucker Carlson gave publicity to the claims in a video posted to Twitter, and a video, published to YouTube, in which he interviewed Grusch. Tom Rogan, writing in the Washington Examiner on June 12, was skeptical regarding the extent of Grusch's claims, but said that they should be further investigated. Outside the United States, the story received attention from multiple foreign mainstream news outlets, in such countries as Denmark, Germany, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Croatia, and Turkey. The 2023 House Committee hearing at which Grusch testified brought much wider coverage to his claims including major international outlets like the BBC, CNN, and others. Disinformation campaign allegations from media pundits Accusations of an intentional UFO disinformation campaign have been a feature of the coverage of this story. Grusch said intentional disinformation was being pushed by the US government to cast doubt on the veracity of "non-human" (or alien) claims such as his. Adam Gabbatt of The Guardian described Grusch's position as "a common conspiracy trope in the UFO community". Others have suggested a different sort of intentional campaign that fed Grusch disinformation about aliens to encourage the public to believe in the extraordinary claim of aliens and crashed ships for ulterior motives. Gareth Nicholson, editor for the South China Morning Post, explored some of the military and technological reasons for the purported existence of such a campaign, "the current UAP flap could be an attempt by the US military to engage in a disinformation campaign to disguise real aerospace breakthroughs or an attempt to flush out advanced technologies held by rivals such as Russia and China". Additional responses from media pundits Andrew Prokop, a political news correspondent for Vox, wrote on June 10 that, "skeptics question whether Grusch is just repeating tall tales that have long circulated through the UFO-believing community, suggesting he may be just a gullible sap (if not an outright fabulist)." Prokop went on to state that, "mainstream media sources have so far remained wary of Grusch – The New York Times, Washington Post, and Politico were all offered his story but none thought it was publishable. The Debrief, which published it, is a notably UFO-friendly outlet, as are Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal, the two journalists who wrote the story. And purported bombshells like this in the past have tended to fizzle out." Sean Thomas expressed confusion in his opinion piece for The Spectator that, preceding Grusch, there have been others trying to convince officials and the public that UFOs are worthy of serious considerations including some who themselves were high-ranking U.S. officials. The New York Times columnist Ross Douthat noted in a June 10 opinion piece that one interpretation of the flap is that parts of the U.S. government see benefit in promoting belief in UFOs, noting similarities between Grusch's claims and the claims of Garry Nolan, Stanford pathology professor and longtime proponent of the UFO extraterrestrial hypothesis, among others. (According to Leslie Kean, Nolan knows and respects Grusch.) Matt Stieb, writing for New York, described Grusch's claims in Coulthart's interview as "crazy". Ezra Klein, a columnist with The New York Times, posted a podcast interview with Kean on June 20, 2023, noting that "the main reactions" to Kean's recent story about Grusch "have been to either embrace it as definitive truth or dismiss it out of hand." Klein asked a series of skeptical questions. Kean agreed that it is difficult to believe that the federal government could maintain secrecy for such a program for several decades. Steven Greenstreet, a documentary filmmaker and an investigative journalist, criticized Grusch in a video with the New York Post for previously attending UFO conventions and associating with the Skinwalker Ranch ufologists Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, whom he met at a Star Trek Convention and both of whom sat behind Grusch at the July 26 Hearing and whom Representative Tim Burchett recognized from the dais and read their statements into the record. 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Retrieved August 9, 2023. ^ Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs Hearing, July 26, 2023, archived from the original on August 7, 2023, retrieved August 9, 2023,23:39 External links US House Oversight and Accountability subcommittee Hearing on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena – via C-SPAN vteUFOs Ufology Claimed sightingsGeneral List of reported UFO sightings Sightings in outer space Pre-20th century Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC) Air ship of Clonmacnoise (740s) 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel 1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund José Bonilla observation (1883) Airship wave (1896–97) Aurora (1897) 20th century Los Angeles (1942) Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946) Kenneth Arnold (1947) 1947 craze Flight 105 (1947) Roswell (1947) Rhodes (1947) Mantell (1948) Chiles-Whitted (1948) Gorman Dogfight (1948) Mariana (1950) McMinnville photographs (1950) Sperry (1950) Lubbock Lights (1951) Nash-Fortenberry (1952) Washington, D.C. (1952) Flatwoods monster (1952) Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) Antônio Villas Boas (1957) Levelland (1957) Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) Exeter (1965) Kecksburg (1965) Westall (1966) Falcon Lake (1967) Shag Harbour (1967) Jimmy Carter (1969) Finnish Air Force (1969) Pascagoula Abduction (1973) John Lennon UFO incident (1974) Travis Walton incident (1975) Tehran (1976) Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) Operação Prato (1977) Zanfretta incident (1978) Valentich disappearance (1978) Kaikoura Lights (1978) Robert Taylor incident (1979) Val Johnson incident (1979) Manises (1979) Cash–Landrum incident (1980) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Trans-en-Provence (1981) Japan Air Lines (1986) Ilkley Moor (1987) Voronezh incident (1989) Belgian UFO wave (1990) Ariel School (1994) Varginha (1996) Phoenix Lights (1997) 21st century USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004) Campeche, Mexico (2004) O'Hare Airport (2006) Alderney (2007) Norway (2009) USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014) Jetpack man (2020–21) High-altitude object events (2023) David Grusch claims (2023) Confirmed hoaxes Maury Island hoax (1947) Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) Southern England (1967) Majestic 12 (1985) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien Autopsy (1995 film) Morristown (2009) Sightings by country Africa (South Africa) Albania Argentina Australia Belarus Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Republic France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Mexico Nepal New Zealand Norway Poland Russia Spain (Canary Islands) Sweden United Kingdom United States Types of UFOs Black triangle Flying saucer Foo fighter Ghost rockets Green fireballs Mystery airship Space jellyfish Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings Energy beings Grey aliens Insectoids Little green men Nordic aliens Reptilian humanoids Studies Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950) Project Sign (1948) Project Grudge (1949) Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) Project Magnet (1950–1962) Project Blue Book (1952–1970) Robertson Panel (1953) Ruppelt report (1956) National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980) Condon Report (1966–1968) Institute 22 (1978–?) Project Condign (1997–2000) Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012) Identification studies of UFOs Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) NASA's UAP independent study team Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Cryptoterrestrial Extraterrestrial Interdimensional Psychosocial Nazi UFOs Time-traveller Trotskyist-Posadism Conspiracy theories Area 51 Storm Area 51 Bob Lazar Dulce Base Men in black Project Serpo InvolvementAbduction claims History Entities Claimants Narrative Perspectives Insurance Other Implants Cattle mutilation Close encounter Contactee Crop circles Government responses GEIPAN Organizations Ufologists Culture Fiction Religions list Skepticism List of scientific skeptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Grusch_giving_testimony_on_26_July_2023_before_the_US_House_Subcommittee_on_National_Security_the_Border_and_Foreign_Affairs.png"},{"link_name":"U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government"},{"link_name":"aerospace companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"special access programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_access_program"},{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"Thomas Monheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Monheim"},{"link_name":"Inspector General of the Intelligence Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Intelligence_Community"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Five Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Eyes"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability"},{"link_name":"under oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_oath"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Ryan Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Graves_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"David Fravor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fravor"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO"},{"link_name":"classified information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"sensitive compartmented information facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_compartmented_information_facility"}],"text":"Former U.S. military intelligence officer's claims about non-human spacecraft recoveryDavid Grusch testifing in a 2023 hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and AccountabilityIn 2023, David Grusch, a United States Air Force (USAF) officer and former intelligence official, was interviewed by journalists and testified in a U.S. House of Representatives hearing. Grusch claimed that the U.S. federal government, in collaboration with private aerospace companies, has highly secretive special access programs involved in the recovery and reverse engineering of \"non-human spacecraft\" and their dead pilots.Grusch filed a whistleblower complaint in 2022 to Thomas Monheim, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to support sharing classified information with the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. He also filed a complaint alleging retaliation by his superiors over a similar complaint he made the previous year. Grusch claims to have viewed documents reporting a spacecraft of non-human origin had been recovered in Italy by officials from the Benito Mussolini government in 1933 and procured by the U.S. in 1945 with assistance from the Vatican and the Five Eyes alliance. Grusch claims that people have been threatened and killed in order to conceal the program. NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) denied the claims, stating that extraterrestrial life had yet to be discovered and that there was no evidence supporting the claims of such a program.In a testimony given to the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability in July 2023, Grusch repeated several of his claims under oath. Testimonies were also delivered by former U.S. Navy fighter pilot Ryan Graves and commander David Fravor on their personal UFO experiences. Grusch testified that he could not elaborate further publicly due to the laws behind classified information, but offered to provide further details to the committee in a sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF).","title":"David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unidentified flying object § 20th century and after","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#20th_century_and_after"},{"link_name":"UFO conspiracy theories § Disclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories#Disclosure"},{"link_name":"Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sommer_2023-1"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"National Reconnaissance Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gipson_2023-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daragahi_2023-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-House-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daragahi_2023-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-House-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gipson_2023-2"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2023"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"whistleblower protections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure orders and agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the four objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"}],"text":"See also: Unidentified flying object § 20th century and after, UFO conspiracy theories § Disclosure, and Investigation of UFO reports by the United States governmentDavid Charles Grusch is a decorated Afghanistan combat veteran and a former USAF intelligence officer[1] who worked in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).[2][3][4][5] From 2019 to 2021, he was the representative of the NRO to the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force.[3][4][6] From late 2021 to July 2022, he was the co-lead for UAP analysis at the NGA and its representative to the task force.[2] He assisted in drafting the National Defense Authorization Act of 2023,[7] which includes provisions for reporting of UFOs, including whistleblower protections and exemptions to non-disclosure orders and agreements.[8][9][10] Congressional interest in UFO sightings immediately prior to Grusch's public claims surrounded questions about the four objects that the Air Force shot down in February 2023.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sean_Kirkpatrick_31_May_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sean Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"AARO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Coulthart,_December_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ross Coulthart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Coulthart"},{"link_name":"NewsNation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsNation"},{"link_name":"Leslie Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kean"},{"link_name":"Ralph Blumenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Blumenthal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koren_2023-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023b-13"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Intelligence Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Intelligence_Center"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023a-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023b-16"},{"link_name":"Ross Coulthart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Coulthart"},{"link_name":"NewsNation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsNation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gipson_2023-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entin_2023-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023a-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stieb_2023-21"},{"link_name":"Sean Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Le Parisien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien"},{"link_name":"could be coming from extra dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"football-field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football_field"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stieb_2023-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tim Burchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burchett"},{"link_name":"SCIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCIF"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Charles McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Charles_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Community Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Community_Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Sean Kirkpatrick, director of AARO tasked with reporting findings to CongressRoss Coulthart, conductor of the 2023 NewsNation interview with GruschOn June 5, 2023, independent journalists Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal provided a story detailing Grusch's claims of a UFO coverup by the government to The Debrief, a website that describes itself as \"self-funded\" and specializing in \"frontier science\".[12] The New York Times and Politico declined to publish the story, while The Washington Post was taking more time to conduct fact-checking than Kean and Blumenthal felt could be afforded because, according to Kean, \"people on the internet were spreading stories, Dave was getting harassing phone calls, and we felt the only way to protect him was to get the story out\".[13] According to Kean, she vetted Grusch by interviewing Karl Nell, a retired Army colonel who was also on the UFO task force, and \"Jonathan Grey\" (a pseudonym) whom Kean described as \"a current U.S. intelligence official at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC)\".[14] Kean wrote that Nell called Grusch \"beyond reproach\" and that both Nell and \"Grey\" supported Grusch's claim about a secret UFO retrieval and reverse engineering program.[15][16] Also on June 5, portions of an interview of Grusch by Ross Coulthart aired on NewsNation with additional excerpts appearing on June 11.[2]Grusch claims that the U.S. federal government maintains a highly secretive UFO retrieval program and possesses multiple spacecraft of non-human origin as well as corpses of deceased pilots.[17][18][19][20] He also claims there is \"substantive evidence that white-collar crime\" took place to conceal UFO programs and that he had interviewed officials who said that people had been killed to conceal the programs.[21] He stated that he wanted Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), to help him share his claims with Congress but failed to receive a response.[22]Grusch elaborated on his claims in a subsequent interview with the French newspaper Le Parisien on June 7. He said that UFOs could be coming from extra dimensions; that he had spoken with intelligence officials whom the U.S. military had briefed on \"football-field\" sized crafts; that the U.S. government transferred some crashed UFOs to a defense contractor; and that there was \"malevolent activity\" by UFOs.[21]During a July 26, 2023, Congressional hearing, Grusch said that he \"was informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse-engineering program to which I was denied access\"[6] and that he believed that the U.S. government was in possession of UAP based on his interviews with 40 witnesses over four years.[23] He claimed in response to Congressional questions that the U.S. has retrieved \"non-human\" biological matter from the pilots of the crafts and that this \"was the assessment of people with direct knowledge on the [UAP] program I talked to, that are currently still on the program\".[24] When Representative Tim Burchett asked him if he had \"personal knowledge of people who've been harmed or injured in efforts to cover up or conceal\" the government's possession of \"extraterrestrial technology\", Grusch said yes, but that he was not able to provide details except within a SCIF.[25]BBC Radio 4's The World Tonight on August 3, 2023, interviewed Grusch along with his attorney Charles McCullough, a former Intelligence Community Inspector General. When asked about the U.S. having \"intact and partially intact alien vehicles in its possession\", Grusch repeated his claims, and McCullough noted that Congress should have \"access to the information it needs to properly oversee things going on in the executive branch\".[26]","title":"Grusch's public claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA's UAP independent study team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Adam Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Frank"},{"link_name":"Big Think","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Think"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pettit_2023-30"},{"link_name":"Stuart Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Clark_(author)"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Avi Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Galileo Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galileo_Project"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"flying saucers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer"},{"link_name":"Donald Keyhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe"},{"link_name":"Frank Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gerald Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Heard"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eghigian_2021-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eghigian_2021-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pettit_2023-30"},{"link_name":"Seth Shostak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Shostak"},{"link_name":"SETI Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI_Institute"},{"link_name":"MIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shostak_2023-35"},{"link_name":"argument from authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shostak_2023-35"},{"link_name":"Michael Shermer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shermer"},{"link_name":"Skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Sean M. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll"},{"link_name":"holographic principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Laurie Leshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Leshin"},{"link_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Michio Kaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku"},{"link_name":"Real Clear Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealClearPolitics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"NewsNation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsNation"},{"link_name":"Timothy Gallaudet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gallaudet"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Joshua Semeter of NASA's UAP independent study team and professor of electrical and computer engineering with Boston University's College of Engineering concludes that \"without data or material evidence, we are at an impasse on evaluating these claims\" and that, \"in the long history of claims of extraterrestrial visitors, it is this level of specificity that always seems to be missing\".[27][28] Adam Frank, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Rochester, published a critique of the Grusch claims on June 22 with Big Think. Frank writes that he does \"not find these claims exciting at all\" because they are all \"just hearsay\" where \"a guy says he knows a guy who knows another guy who heard from a guy that the government has alien spaceships\".[29] Frank also said of the Grusch account that \"it's an extraordinary claim, and it requires extraordinary evidence, none of which we're getting\", adding \"show me the spaceship\".[30]The Guardian printed an opinion piece by Stuart Clark about Grusch's claims which included questions from three scientists. Harvard University astronomer Avi Loeb, who co-founded the UFO-investigating Galileo Project, noted that nothing extraterrestrial has been observed. Radio astronomer Michael Garrett noted that crashed landings of alien craft \"would imply that there must be hundreds of them coming every day, and astronomers simply don't see them\". Sara Russell, a planetary scientist from the Natural History Museum in London, said that, \"if you give me an alloy, it would take me less than half an hour to tell you what elements are in it\", and that \"it should be easy to understand whether something falling to Earth is man-made or extraterrestrial, and if it is the latter, whether it is naturally occurring or not\".[31]Greg Eghigian, a history professor at Pennsylvania State University and expert in the history of UFOs as it occurs in the context of public fascination,[32] notes that there have been many instances over recent decades in the U.S. of people \"who previously worked in some kind of federal department\" coming forward to make \"bombshell allegations\" about the truth regarding UFOs with the whistleblower claims by Grusch fitting this pattern.[33] Eghigian describes the 1940s–50s media enthusiasm about flying saucers, and comments that the successful books on the subject by authors Donald Keyhoe, Frank Scully, and Gerald Heard \"provided the model for a new kind of public figure: the crusading whistleblower dedicated to breaking the silence over the alien origins of unidentified flying objects.\"[34] Since then all these similarly credentialed claimants have been unable to provide any further corroboration.[34] Eghigian said that \"a new kind of sobriety needs to be interjected here\" and that the Grusch story \"ups the ante\" but is \"very hard to take seriously unless we start getting some real evidence that's of a forensic nature to prove these things\".[30]Seth Shostak, the senior astronomer at the SETI Institute writing on MSNBC.com about Grusch's claims, said that the claims are extraordinary, before asking, \"But where is the evidence? It's MIA. Neither Grusch nor anyone else claiming to have knowledge of secret government UAP programs has ever been able to publicly produce convincing photos showing alien hardware splayed across the landscape. And remember, we're not talking about a Cessna that plowed into a wheat field. We're talking about, presumably, an alien interstellar rocket, capable of bridging trillions of miles of space, and sporting technology that is obviously alien\".[35] Shostak concluded that, \"from the standpoint of science, there's still no good evidence [that extraterrestrials are visiting the Earth], only an 'argument from authority'\".[35] Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic magazine, said of the July 26, 2023, congressional hearing that \"it's astonishing it's come this far without any real evidence, without anybody in the scientific community making an appearance\" and \"we are still seeing not a shred of physical evidence\".[36]The physicist and cosmologist Sean M. Carroll said of Grusch's claims about non-human visitors, \"the evidence is laughable\". Grusch was \"talking about the holographic principle and extra dimensions and stuff like that\" which should \"set off your alarm bells,\" he said. He concluded that Grusch \"has all of the vibes of a complete crackpot\".[37]Laurie Leshin, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) director for NASA, when asked by reporter in August 2023 if she had \"seen spacecraft made from outside of this world\", replied \"Absolutely not. No.\" with a laugh and head shake.[38]Physicist and popular science writer Michio Kaku told NewsNation that \"so far we have not seen the smoking gun\" to prove any of Grusch's claims. However, he also suggested that \"the burden of proof has shifted, now the Pentagon has to prove these things aren't extra-terrestrial\". That prompted Real Clear Science editor Ross Pomeroy to comment, \"no, the burden of proof has not shifted. Aliens are not the default explanation when a simpler explanation readily does the job\". According to Pomeroy, \"Kaku is seriously jeopardizing his reputation and misleading the public through his unscientific new stance on UFOs.\"[39][40]On an interview with Coulthart for NewsNation, Timothy Gallaudet, a former U.S. Navy admiral and a former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, supported Grusch's claims.[41]","title":"Response from relevant experts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States government responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House Press Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Karine Jean-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"AARO (All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023b-13"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mark Milley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Milley"},{"link_name":"chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"The Washington Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023c-46"}],"sub_title":"Department of Defense and NASA statements","text":"White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre referred questions about Grusch's complaint to the Department of Defense (DoD).[42] In a statement, Sue Gough, spokesperson for the Pentagon, said: \"To date, AARO (All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office) has not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of any extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently. AARO is committed to following the data and its investigation wherever it leads.\"[13][43]General Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave an interview to The Washington Times on August 6, 2023, in which he stated that he had never encountered evidence that would verify the claims made by Grusch regarding \"quote-unquote 'aliens' or that there's some sort of cover-up program\". Milley added that he was unsurprised that such rumors would circulate and be believed by some within an organization as large as the U.S. military.[44][45]NASA stated: \"One of NASA's key priorities is the search for life elsewhere in the universe, but so far, NASA has not found any credible evidence of extraterrestrial life and there is no evidence that UAPs are extraterrestrial. However, NASA is exploring the solar system and beyond to help us answer fundamental questions, including whether we are alone in the universe.\"[46]","title":"United States government responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Turner"},{"link_name":"House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Brien_2023-47"},{"link_name":"Anna Paulina Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Paulina_Luna"},{"link_name":"Tim Burchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burchett"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Brien_2023-47"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Graham"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalil_2023-51"},{"link_name":"Josh Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hawley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalil_2023-51"},{"link_name":"special access programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_access_program"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Gillibrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"},{"link_name":"Marco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Senate Select Committee on Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"Mike Rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rounds"},{"link_name":"2024 National Defence Authorization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"enrolled bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrolled_bill"},{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Congressional action and comments from members","text":"In response to Grusch's claims, Representative Mike Turner, the chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said, \"every decade there's been individuals who've said the United States has such pieces of unidentified flying objects that are from outer space\" and that \"there's no evidence of this and certainly it would be quite a conspiracy for this to be maintained, especially at this level\".[47] Representatives Anna Paulina Luna and Tim Burchett were tasked with organizing a hearing in response to the Grusch claims on behalf of the House Oversight Committee. This took place on July 26, 2023.[48][49][50][11][47]Senator Lindsey Graham found the claims unreasonable, saying, \"If we'd really found this stuff, there's no way you could keep it from coming out\".[51] Senator Josh Hawley said, \"I'm not surprised, necessarily, by these latest allegations, because it sounds pretty close to what they kind of grudgingly admitted to us in the briefing\".[11][51] Some senators, though not concerned about Grusch's specific claims, were concerned that Congress might not have been briefed on special access programs.[11] Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, who led a Senate hearing on UFOs in April 2023, said she intends to hold a hearing to assess whether \"rogue SAP programs\" existed \"that no one is providing oversight for\".[11] Senator Marco Rubio, vice-chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence said, \"there are people who have come forward to share information with our committee over the last couple of years\" with \"first-hand knowledge\" and that they were \"potentially some of the same people perhaps\" referred to by Grusch.[52][53]Following the July 26 hearing with Grusch as a witness, a bipartisan group of U.S. representatives called for the formation of a select committee on UAPs with subpoena power.[54][55]In July 2023, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Senator Mike Rounds led a proposed 64-page amendment to the 2024 National Defence Authorization Act, named the UAP Disclosure Act 2023, which proposes wider access to records of UAP and federal government ownership of any \"recovered technologies of unknown origin\".[56][57][58] The enrolled bill directs the National Archives to collect government documents about \"unidentified anomalous phenomena, technologies of unknown origin, and non-human intelligence\".[59]On January 13, 2024, members of the House Oversight Committee's national security subcommittee received a classified briefing from the Intelligence Community Inspector General (IC IG) Thomas A. Monheim regarding UAP reporting transparency. Some members said they were frustrated by the lack of new information regarding Grusch's allegations.[60][61]","title":"United States government responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability"},{"link_name":"Tim Burchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burchett"},{"link_name":"Anna Paulina Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Paulina_Luna"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News_2023-62"},{"link_name":"Ryan Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Graves_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chao-Fong_2023-63"},{"link_name":"Pentagon UFO videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herb_2023-64"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chao-Fong_2023-63"},{"link_name":"sensitive compartmented information facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_compartmented_information_facility"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"AARO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARO"},{"link_name":"Sean Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"2023 House Committee Oversight and Accountability hearing","text":"On July 26, 2023, Grusch testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability. The representatives present included Tim Burchett and Anna Paulina Luna.[62] He did so alongside Ryan Graves, a retired fighter pilot, and David Fravor, a retired U.S. Navy commander.[63] Fravor gave a first-hand account of his involvement in a 2004 incident released in the Pentagon UFO videos involving his fighter jet and a UFO, and Grusch repeated his previous claims under questioning from house representatives.[64]Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez asked the three witnesses, \"If you were me, where would you look?\" regarding answers to UAP questions and evidence to validate his claims. Grusch replied, \"I'd be happy to give you that in a closed environment. I can tell you specifically.\"[63] Since the hearing, several lawmakers have said that they want to hear more from Grusch in a sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF), however, according to Representative Burchett, officials have informed the lawmakers \"that Grusch doesn't currently have security clearance to discuss the issues in a SCIF\".[65]Following the Congressional hearing, AARO's director Sean Kirkpatrick wrote on his LinkedIn page that, \"contrary to assertions made in the hearing\", Grusch \"has refused to speak with AARO\" so that some details said to have been given to Congress had not been provided to his office and also that the hearing was \"insulting ...to the officers of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community who chose to join AARO, many with not unreasonable anxieties about the career risks this would entail\".[66][67] A Pentagon spokesperson told reporters that the post was Kirkpatrick's \"personal opinions expressed in his capacity as a private citizen,\" and declined to comment on the content of the post.[68]","title":"United States government responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seligman-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-67"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Peter Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Room-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Room-71"},{"link_name":"self-licking ice cream cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-licking_ice_cream_cone"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Room-71"}],"text":"At the time that Grusch made his public claims, physicist and intelligence officer Sean Kirkpatrick was serving as the first head of the US Department of Defense's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) tasked with investigating UFOs and related phenomena. Grusch initially said he had \"expressed some concerns to Dr. Kirkpatrick about a year ago, and told him what I was starting to uncover. And he didn't follow up with me.\"[69] To which Kirkpatrick responded that Grusch had \"refused to speak with AARO\". And also that the 2023 Congressional hearing was \"insulting ...to the officers of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community who chose to join AARO, many with not unreasonable anxieties about the career risks this would entail\".[66][67]In 2024, after retiring from AARO, Kirkpatrick wrote an opinion piece for Scientific American in which he said that the US Government UFO coverup allegations \"derive from inadvertent or unauthorized disclosures of legitimate U.S. programs or related R&D that have nothing to do with extraterrestrial issues or technology. Some are misrepresentations, and some derive from pure, unsupported beliefs. In many respects, the narrative is a textbook example of circular reporting, with each person relaying what they heard, but the information often ultimately being sourced to the same small group of individuals.\" Describing it as “a small group of interconnected believers and others with possibly less than honest intentions,” who promote a “whirlwind of tall tales, fabrication and secondhand or thirdhand retellings\".[70]In a 2024 interview with Peter Bergen, Kirkpatrick said about Grusch:He's one of the individuals that I think this kind of, this core group of people have influenced him, have told him this information. He may have misinterpreted things that people have said, or he may have just fallen into the influence of what these folks have been telling him. At either event, at the time I left he had not come in to speak to AARO.[71]: 32:20Burgen further characterized what Kirkpatrick was saying as an ironic twist on conspiracy theories about government cover ups. \"The true believer about UFO's thinks that there is a government conspiracy to hide real evidence of aliens. What Kirkpatrick is saying is the actual conspiracy is being carried out by a group of UFO true believers to get the government involved in the business of investigating aliens.\"[71]: 33:00  Burgen suggested to Kirkpatrick that this might be, in Pentagon jargon, a \"self-licking ice cream cone\", a non-productive endeavor that only perpetuates its own existence. To which Kirkpatrick responded \"That is a self licking ice cream cone, exactly.\"[71]: 33:28","title":"Sean Kirkpatrick"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Kloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Kloor"},{"link_name":"Robert Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kloor_2023-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kloor_2023-72"}],"sub_title":"Connections to studies funded by Robert Bigelow","text":"Keith Kloor writing for the Scientific American on August 25, 2023, draws a line from \"these outlandish assertions\" by Grusch \"to the vast repository of so-called studies\" funded over past years by Robert Bigelow.[72] Kloor also points to the specific references to \"a football field–sized UFO\" showing up in one of the claims made by Grusch and in past claims by Bigelow.[72]","title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Klippenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein"},{"link_name":"The Intercept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sommer_2023-1"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Reporting on psychiatric treatment received by Grusch","text":"Ken Klippenstein reported in The Intercept, that Grusch was twice committed after incidents in 2014 and 2018 that involved drunkenness and suicidal comments. Police records mentioned post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After the incident in 2018, Grusch was placed under an emergency custody order and transported to an ER. A mental health specialist requested a temporary detention order, whereupon Grusch was transferred to Loudoun Adult Medical Psychiatric Services, an inpatient program in the Inova Loudoun Cornwall Medical Campus in Leesburg. The article in The Intercept noted that \"Grusch's ability to keep his security clearance\" despite this history \"appears to contrast with the government's treatment of other employees\".[1][73]","title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_West"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Nick Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Pope_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023c-46"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023b-16"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koren_2023-12"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"alternative facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laslo_2023-11"},{"link_name":"Tucker Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Carlson"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Washington Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News_2023-62"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herb_2023-64"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"News stories and commentary","text":"Related to the June 11, 2023, broadcast of more Coulthart interview content, NewsNation included multiple voices, such as skeptical investigator Mick West. He was interviewed on June 8 and 11 and said, \"I don't think what [Grusch is] saying is accurate\" and that, while \"it's possible he's believing what he's saying, it's an incredible story that really needs some actual verification\".[74][75]The British journalist Nick Pope, who previously ran the British Ministry of Defense \"UFO Desk\", initially expressed hope for confirmation or disconfirmation of Grusch's claims, but now that Grusch has lost his security clearance and there is still no \"smoking gun\" Pope says it is difficult to see how the claims could be confirmed.[46][16] He added that while he was at the Ministry of Defense if the US government had acquired craft and bodies, \"they didn't tell the UK.[76]Writing for The Atlantic on June 7, Marina Koren pointed out that the case fits a long pattern of previous unprovable claims and that, \"so far, the best evidence [Grusch has] come up with, besides his own word, is the government's denial\".[12] Matt Laslo, writing for Wired on June 13, described the sympathetic hearing of Grusch's claims by some members of Congress as an indication that in \"our strange new political universe of alternative facts turned dystopian reality, once-fringe notions have built-in fan bases in today's Capitol\".[11] The conservative political commentator Tucker Carlson gave publicity to the claims in a video posted to Twitter,[77] and a video, published to YouTube, in which he interviewed Grusch.[78] Tom Rogan, writing in the Washington Examiner on June 12, was skeptical regarding the extent of Grusch's claims, but said that they should be further investigated.[79]Outside the United States, the story received attention from multiple foreign mainstream news outlets, in such countries as Denmark,[80][81][82][83] Germany,[84][85] Austria,[86] France,[87][88] the Netherlands,[89] Sweden,[90][91] Norway,[92][93] Croatia,[94][95] and Turkey.[96] The 2023 House Committee hearing at which Grusch testified brought much wider coverage to his claims including major international outlets like the BBC, CNN, and others.[62][64][97]","title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entin_2023-17"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"conspiracy trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabbatt_2023a-20"},{"link_name":"extraordinary claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_standard"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Douthat_2023-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"South China Morning Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Disinformation campaign allegations from media pundits","text":"Accusations of an intentional UFO disinformation campaign have been a feature of the coverage of this story. Grusch said intentional disinformation was being pushed by the US government to cast doubt on the veracity of \"non-human\" (or alien) claims such as his.[17][98] Adam Gabbatt of The Guardian described Grusch's position as \"a common conspiracy trope in the UFO community\".[20] Others have suggested a different sort of intentional campaign that fed Grusch disinformation about aliens to encourage the public to believe in the extraordinary claim of aliens and crashed ships for ulterior motives.[99][100] Gareth Nicholson, editor for the South China Morning Post, explored some of the military and technological reasons for the purported existence of such a campaign, \"the current UAP flap could be an attempt by the US military to engage in a disinformation campaign to disguise real aerospace breakthroughs or an attempt to flush out advanced technologies held by rivals such as Russia and China\".[101]","title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Sean Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Thomas_(author)"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Ross Douthat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Douthat"},{"link_name":"Garry Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Nolan"},{"link_name":"UFO extraterrestrial hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Douthat_2023-99"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023a-14"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stieb_2023-21"},{"link_name":"Ezra Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Klein"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023a-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein_2023a-14"},{"link_name":"Steven Greenstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Greenstreet"},{"link_name":"Skinwalker Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinwalker_Ranch"},{"link_name":"ufologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbell"},{"link_name":"George Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Knapp_(television_journalist)"},{"link_name":"July 26 Hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grusch#2023_House_Committee_Oversight_and_Accountability_hearing"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Additional responses from media pundits","text":"Andrew Prokop, a political news correspondent for Vox, wrote on June 10 that, \"skeptics question whether Grusch is just repeating tall tales that have long circulated through the UFO-believing community, suggesting he may be just a gullible sap (if not an outright fabulist).\" Prokop went on to state that, \"mainstream media sources have so far remained wary of Grusch – The New York Times, Washington Post, and Politico were all offered his story but none thought it was publishable. The Debrief, which published it, is a notably UFO-friendly outlet, as are Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal, the two journalists who wrote the story. And purported bombshells like this in the past have tended to fizzle out.\"[102] Sean Thomas expressed confusion in his opinion piece for The Spectator that, preceding Grusch, there have been others trying to convince officials and the public that UFOs are worthy of serious considerations including some who themselves were high-ranking U.S. officials.[103] The New York Times columnist Ross Douthat noted in a June 10 opinion piece that one interpretation of the flap is that parts of the U.S. government see benefit in promoting belief in UFOs, noting similarities between Grusch's claims and the claims of Garry Nolan, Stanford pathology professor and longtime proponent of the UFO extraterrestrial hypothesis, among others.[99] (According to Leslie Kean, Nolan knows and respects Grusch.[14]) Matt Stieb, writing for New York, described Grusch's claims in Coulthart's interview as \"crazy\".[21]Ezra Klein, a columnist with The New York Times, posted a podcast interview with Kean on June 20, 2023, noting that \"the main reactions\" to Kean's recent story about Grusch \"have been to either embrace it as definitive truth or dismiss it out of hand.\"[14] Klein asked a series of skeptical questions. Kean agreed that it is difficult to believe that the federal government could maintain secrecy for such a program for several decades.[14]Steven Greenstreet, a documentary filmmaker and an investigative journalist, criticized Grusch in a video with the New York Post for previously attending UFO conventions and associating with the Skinwalker Ranch ufologists Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, whom he met at a Star Trek Convention and both of whom sat behind Grusch at the July 26 Hearing and whom Representative Tim Burchett recognized from the dais and read their statements into the record.[104][105][106]","title":"Media reporting on Grusch's claims"}]

[{"image_text":"David Grusch testifing in a 2023 hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/David_Grusch_giving_testimony_on_26_July_2023_before_the_US_House_Subcommittee_on_National_Security_the_Border_and_Foreign_Affairs.png/220px-David_Grusch_giving_testimony_on_26_July_2023_before_the_US_House_Subcommittee_on_National_Security_the_Border_and_Foreign_Affairs.png"}]

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David Grusch: There are certain things that I have first hand access to that I can't publicly discuss at this time. However, myself and other colleagues interviewed, you know, 40 individuals. Both are current and former highly distinguished intelligence and military personnel that were specifically on these programs and those that were willing, I directed to the intelligence community Inspector General, so the Inspector General was able to interview these people that do have direct, first-hand information, right. BBC: So they have that information directly. Have they actually seen these vehicles? David Grusch: The individuals I interviewed that I directed to the Inspector General, yes, they have the first-hand experiences, yes, right. ...BBC: I want to put some of the doubting voices to you in a moment, but I want to bring Chuck in first. I mean Chuck, as a lawyer working alongside David, what are the legal implications of what he is saying and what the government is denying? Charles McCullough: Our government relies on congressional oversight, the checks and balances of congressional oversight. David's allegation, at its base, is essentially that Congress does not have access to the information it needs to properly oversee things going on in the executive branch. That was his main concern. So he briefed both of the intelligence committees, and he had a two hour hearing, two hours of testimony last week.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230810204748/https://otter.ai/u/sLa3yVLy-UueWNE0VMF42gEjFLs","url_text":"\"Grush on BBC radio 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qtl3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Furfaro, Emily (October 21, 2022). \"NASA Announces Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Study Team Members\". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvano_da_Levanto

Galvano da Levanto

["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]

Galvano is saved from the Devil and the fires of Hell by an angel in this illustration from Paris 3181. Galvano da Levanto or Galvanus de Levanto (fl. c. 1300) was a Genoese physician and writer. Devoutly religious, he may have joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. Having suffered medical and financial problems, he sought the patronage of King Philip IV of France and later Pope Boniface VIII and the Curia romana. He wrote prolifically on medical and theological topics, but his most famous work today is his crusade treatise. Life Little is known of the life of Galvano da Levanto and most of what is known is derived from his writings. The Da Levanto family, which took its name from town of Levanto, was relatively prominent in Genoa in the 13th century, but Galvano's relationship to them cannot be stated precisely. The family produced at least two other doctors around the same time, Federico and Ranuccio, who practiced at Genoa and Pera between 1267 and 1281. Several of his relatives took up service with the French crown. Most notably, Iacopo da Levanto served as an admiral of King Louis IX of France (1226–1270). In Galvano's time, the Da Levanto were effectively clients of the Fieschi family. Galvano was born in the second half of the 13th century, probably in Genoa. He received a good scientific and biblical education, probably obtained at either the Franciscan or Dominican school in Genoa. He dedicated several of his works to Franciscans, including his teacher, Benedetto d'Alba. The Liber anniversarium of the Franciscans of Genoa includes him as "master Galvano, physician, devout and faithful friend". He also expressed admiration for the Dominicans. Although he had been claimed as a priest, a Franciscan or even a Benedictine, he is known to have had a wife, Iacopina, and at least two sons. He is depicted as layman alongside his wife and children in a miniature from an illuminated manuscript of his works. It is possible he belonged to the Third Order of Saint Francis. There is no evidence that Galvano was ever papal chief physician, as sometimes stated. In fact, there is no evidence he ever practiced medicine at Genoa. Nevertheless, there is no doubt he was a physician by training. Evidence of his training is found in his citations to Hippocrates, Galen and the Antidotarium of Pseudo-Mesue. He usually identifies himself by name and trade in his writings, calling himself "Galvano the Genoese of Levanto, shadow of a physician". The term "shadow of a physician" (Latin umbra medici), which he uses in other places also, has been interpreted variously, but is probably just a show of modesty. It need not be read as implying that he never actually practiced medicine. It has at times been misread as Umbriae medici, implying that he was from Umbria. In his Ars navigativa spiritualis, Galvano writes of a serious illness and his belief that he owed his recovery to divine intervention. In his Liber sancti passagii, which he wrote between 1291 and 1295 and dedicated to King Philip IV of France, he refers to financial troubles. He presumably hoped for patronage from Philip, but did not get it. He appears to have gone to Rome for the Jubilee of 1300. He received patronage from two cardinals, Luca Fieschi and Pietro Valeriani Duraguerra . In 1303, he submitted a collection of theological writings to Pope Boniface VIII for scrutiny. The date of Galvano's death is unknown. A document of 4 April 1312 refers to Iacopina as a widow. He probably died in Genoa not long before that date. Works Galvano is shown presenting a copy of his writings to Pope Boniface in both Paris 3181 (top) and the Vatican manuscript (bottom). In the former he is depicted correctly as a layman, but in the latter erroneously as a monk. Galvano da Levanto wrote at least 18 distinct works, all in Latin and most of them short. They did not see a wide diffusion and are preserved in just four manuscripts. Most survive in single copies. By manuscript, his surviving works are: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Nouv. acq. lat. 669 Liber sancti passagii christicolarum contra Sarracenos pro recuperatione Terre Sancte Vatican City, Apostolic Library, Lat. 2463 Thesaurus corporalis prelatorum ecclesie Dei et magnatum fidelium contra nocumentum digestionis stomachi Remedium salutare contra catarrum Liber paleofilon curatius langoris articulorum multiplicis dolorosi Galuani Salutare carisma ex sacra scriptura Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Lat. quart. 773 Chrisma sanatiuum tremoris cordis Liber saluatoris contra morbum caducum Liber doctrine curatiue langoris leprosi Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 3181 Ars navigativa spiritualis Liber fabrice corporis mistici et regiminis eius relati ad caput quod est Christus Dominus a quo totum corpus misticum quod est Ecclesia recipit motum et sensum (Boniface VIII) Liber neophytus spiritualis thesauri indulgentiarum sanctissimi papae Bonifatii VIII Neophyta doctrina de inferno, purgatorio et paradiso Liber de amando Deum Liber doctrine agni immaculati Iehsu Christi Tractatus alphabeti Christiphere Marie Thesaurus religiose paupertatis Liber contemplationis neophyte de gratia Dei gradiens super corpus humanum et eius regimen conservativum et curativum Tyriaca mortis spiritualis gradiens super tyriacam medicorum Paris 3181 may be an autograph. It contains the works submitted to the pope in 1303 and was catalogued in the papal library in 1311. The Vatican manuscript is a presentation copy intended for Pope Boniface. It includes a presentation miniature showing a kneeling Galvano presenting his book to a seated Boniface surrounded by twelve prelates. Paris 669 and the Berlin manuscript are from the 15th century. The surviving manuscripts are interconnected. The Berlin manuscript refers to the Liber contemplationis (in Paris 3181) and the Vatican manuscript to the Liber doctrine (in Berlin). Other manuscripts of Galvano's works are listed in the papal catalogues of 1295, 1311 and 1399. One lost work by Galvano is known, the Liber manu Dei contra calculosum languorem sanctissimo pape Bonifatii VIII intitulato. Like the Liber neophytus and Liber fabrice, it was dedicated to Boniface VIII. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gautier-Dalché 2005. ^ Gautier-Dalché 2005: magister Galvanus, medicus, devotus amicus et fidelis. ^ a b Ziegler 1998, p. 42. ^ Galvano genuensis de levanto umbre medici (Ziegler 1998, p. 43) or Galvanus Ianuensis de Levanto umbra medici (Gautier-Dalché 2005). ^ Gautier-Dalché 2005. The English translation is from Thorndike 1929, p. 72. ^ a b c Ziegler 1998, p. 43. ^ Salvatelli 2015, p. 3. ^ This list is compiled from Gautier-Dalché 2005 and Ziegler 1998, pp. 42–43. ^ Ziegler 1998, p. 42, n. 131, lists this work as one of four in the Vatican manuscript, but it is not mentioned by Gautier-Dalché 2005, who says there are three treatises by Galvano in that manuscript. ^ Gautier-Dalché 2005 and Ziegler 1998, p. 42, n. 131, agree that there are three works and both list the Liber saluatoris and Liber doctrine, but Gautier-Dalché gives the third work as another copy of Thesaurus corporalis and Ziegler entitles it Chrisma sanatiuum tremoris cordis. Bibliography Gautier-Dalché, Patrick (2005). "Levanto, Galvano da". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 64: Latilla–Levi Montalcini (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6. Kohler, Charles (1898). "Traité de recouvrement de la Terre Sainte adressé vers l'an 1295 à Philippe le Bel par Galvano de Levanto, médecin génois". Revue de l'Orient latin. 6: 343–369. Leopold, Antony R. (2000a). How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries. Ashgate. Petti Balbi, Giovanna (1986). "Arte di governo e crociata: il Liber sancti passagii di Galvano da Levanto". Studi e ricerche. 7: 131–168. Salvatelli, Luca (2015). "The Manuscript Vat. lat. 2463: Some Considerations about a Medieval Medical Volume of Galvanus de Levanto" (PDF). Medical Manuscript Studies. 1: 1–7. Thorndike, Lynn (1929). "Vatican Latin Manuscripts in the History of Science and Medicine". Isis. 13 (1): 53–102. JSTOR 224598. Ziegler, Joseph (1998). Medicine and Religion c. 1300: The Case of Arnau de Vilanova. Oxford University Press. Authority control databases: People Italian People

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The Da Levanto family, which took its name from town of Levanto, was relatively prominent in Genoa in the 13th century, but Galvano's relationship to them cannot be stated precisely. The family produced at least two other doctors around the same time, Federico and Ranuccio, who practiced at Genoa and Pera between 1267 and 1281. Several of his relatives took up service with the French crown. Most notably, Iacopo da Levanto served as an admiral of King Louis IX of France (1226–1270). In Galvano's time, the Da Levanto were effectively clients of the Fieschi family.[1]Galvano was born in the second half of the 13th century, probably in Genoa. He received a good scientific and biblical education, probably obtained at either the Franciscan or Dominican school in Genoa. He dedicated several of his works to Franciscans, including his teacher, Benedetto d'Alba. The Liber anniversarium of the Franciscans of Genoa includes him as \"master Galvano, physician, devout and faithful friend\".[2] He also expressed admiration for the Dominicans.[3] Although he had been claimed as a priest, a Franciscan or even a Benedictine, he is known to have had a wife, Iacopina, and at least two sons. He is depicted as layman alongside his wife and children in a miniature from an illuminated manuscript of his works. It is possible he belonged to the Third Order of Saint Francis.[1]There is no evidence that Galvano was ever papal chief physician, as sometimes stated.[1] In fact, there is no evidence he ever practiced medicine at Genoa.[3] Nevertheless, there is no doubt he was a physician by training. Evidence of his training is found in his citations to Hippocrates, Galen and the Antidotarium of Pseudo-Mesue.[1] He usually identifies himself by name and trade in his writings, calling himself \"Galvano the Genoese of Levanto, shadow of a physician\".[4] The term \"shadow of a physician\" (Latin umbra medici), which he uses in other places also, has been interpreted variously, but is probably just a show of modesty. It need not be read as implying that he never actually practiced medicine. It has at times been misread as Umbriae medici, implying that he was from Umbria.[5]In his Ars navigativa spiritualis, Galvano writes of a serious illness and his belief that he owed his recovery to divine intervention. In his Liber sancti passagii, which he wrote between 1291 and 1295 and dedicated to King Philip IV of France, he refers to financial troubles. He presumably hoped for patronage from Philip, but did not get it. He appears to have gone to Rome for the Jubilee of 1300. He received patronage from two cardinals, Luca Fieschi and Pietro Valeriani Duraguerra [it].[1] In 1303, he submitted a collection of theological writings to Pope Boniface VIII for scrutiny.[6]The date of Galvano's death is unknown. A document of 4 April 1312 refers to Iacopina as a widow. He probably died in Genoa not long before that date.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris,_BnF,_lat._3181,_fol._1r.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vat.lat.2463,_f._1r,_top.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvatelli20153-7"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Library"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Library"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler199843-6"},{"link_name":"presentation copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_copy"},{"link_name":"presentation miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_miniature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler199843-6"},{"link_name":"lost work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_literary_work"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005-1"}],"text":"Galvano is shown presenting a copy of his writings to Pope Boniface in both Paris 3181 (top) and the Vatican manuscript (bottom). In the former he is depicted correctly as a layman, but in the latter erroneously as a monk.[7]Galvano da Levanto wrote at least 18 distinct works, all in Latin and most of them short. They did not see a wide diffusion and are preserved in just four manuscripts. Most survive in single copies.[1] By manuscript, his surviving works are:[8]Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Nouv. acq. lat. 669\nLiber sancti passagii christicolarum contra Sarracenos pro recuperatione Terre SancteVatican City, Apostolic Library, Lat. 2463\nThesaurus corporalis prelatorum ecclesie Dei et magnatum fidelium contra nocumentum digestionis stomachi\nRemedium salutare contra catarrum\nLiber paleofilon curatius langoris articulorum multiplicis dolorosi Galuani\nSalutare carisma ex sacra scriptura[9]Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Lat. quart. 773[10]\nChrisma sanatiuum tremoris cordis\nLiber saluatoris contra morbum caducum\nLiber doctrine curatiue langoris leprosiParis, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 3181\nArs navigativa spiritualis\nLiber fabrice corporis mistici et regiminis eius relati ad caput quod est Christus Dominus a quo totum corpus misticum quod est Ecclesia recipit motum et sensum (Boniface VIII)\nLiber neophytus spiritualis thesauri indulgentiarum sanctissimi papae Bonifatii VIII\nNeophyta doctrina de inferno, purgatorio et paradiso\nLiber de amando Deum\nLiber doctrine agni immaculati Iehsu Christi\nTractatus alphabeti Christiphere Marie\nThesaurus religiose paupertatis\nLiber contemplationis neophyte de gratia Dei gradiens super corpus humanum et eius regimen conservativum et curativum\nTyriaca mortis spiritualis gradiens super tyriacam medicorumParis 3181 may be an autograph.[1] It contains the works submitted to the pope in 1303 and was catalogued in the papal library in 1311.[6] The Vatican manuscript is a presentation copy intended for Pope Boniface. It includes a presentation miniature showing a kneeling Galvano presenting his book to a seated Boniface surrounded by twelve prelates. Paris 669 and the Berlin manuscript are from the 15th century.[1] The surviving manuscripts are interconnected. The Berlin manuscript refers to the Liber contemplationis (in Paris 3181) and the Vatican manuscript to the Liber doctrine (in Berlin).[6] Other manuscripts of Galvano's works are listed in the papal catalogues of 1295, 1311 and 1399. One lost work by Galvano is known, the Liber manu Dei contra calculosum languorem sanctissimo pape Bonifatii VIII intitulato. Like the Liber neophytus and Liber fabrice, it was dedicated to Boniface VIII.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005_1-10"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler199842_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler199842_3-1"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"Thorndike 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThorndike1929"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler199843_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler199843_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler199843_6-2"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalvatelli20153_7-0"},{"link_name":"Salvatelli 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSalvatelli2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGautier-Dalch%C3%A92005"},{"link_name":"Ziegler 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZiegler1998"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gautier-Dalché 2005.\n\n^ Gautier-Dalché 2005: magister Galvanus, medicus, devotus amicus et fidelis.\n\n^ a b Ziegler 1998, p. 42.\n\n^ Galvano genuensis de levanto umbre medici (Ziegler 1998, p. 43) or Galvanus Ianuensis de Levanto umbra medici (Gautier-Dalché 2005).\n\n^ Gautier-Dalché 2005. The English translation is from Thorndike 1929, p. 72.\n\n^ a b c Ziegler 1998, p. 43.\n\n^ Salvatelli 2015, p. 3.\n\n^ This list is compiled from Gautier-Dalché 2005 and Ziegler 1998, pp. 42–43.\n\n^ Ziegler 1998, p. 42, n. 131, lists this work as one of four in the Vatican manuscript, but it is not mentioned by Gautier-Dalché 2005, who says there are three treatises by Galvano in that manuscript.\n\n^ Gautier-Dalché 2005 and Ziegler 1998, p. 42, n. 131, agree that there are three works and both list the Liber saluatoris and Liber doctrine, but Gautier-Dalché gives the third work as another copy of Thesaurus corporalis and Ziegler entitles it Chrisma sanatiuum tremoris cordis.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gautier-Dalché, Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gautier-Dalch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"\"Levanto, Galvano da\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/galvano-da-levanto_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/"},{"link_name":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8-81200032-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"},{"link_name":"\"Traité de recouvrement de la Terre Sainte adressé vers l'an 1295 à Philippe le Bel par Galvano de Levanto, médecin génois\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2208201/f345.item"},{"link_name":"How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/howtorecoverholy0000leop"},{"link_name":"\"The Manuscript Vat. lat. 2463: Some Considerations about a Medieval Medical Volume of Galvanus de Levanto\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//simonofgenoa.org/MedicalMsStudies/MedicalMsStudies1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Thorndike, Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"224598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/224598"},{"link_name":"Medicine and Religion c. 1300: The Case of Arnau de Vilanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/medicinereligion0000zieg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5519414#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/galvano-da-levanto_(Dizionario-Biografico)"}],"text":"Gautier-Dalché, Patrick [in French] (2005). \"Levanto, Galvano da\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 64: Latilla–Levi Montalcini (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.\nKohler, Charles (1898). \"Traité de recouvrement de la Terre Sainte adressé vers l'an 1295 à Philippe le Bel par Galvano de Levanto, médecin génois\". Revue de l'Orient latin. 6: 343–369.\nLeopold, Antony R. (2000a). How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries. Ashgate.\nPetti Balbi, Giovanna (1986). \"Arte di governo e crociata: il Liber sancti passagii di Galvano da Levanto\". Studi e ricerche. 7: 131–168.\nSalvatelli, Luca (2015). \"The Manuscript Vat. lat. 2463: Some Considerations about a Medieval Medical Volume of Galvanus de Levanto\" (PDF). Medical Manuscript Studies. 1: 1–7.\nThorndike, Lynn (1929). \"Vatican Latin Manuscripts in the History of Science and Medicine\". Isis. 13 (1): 53–102. JSTOR 224598.\nZiegler, Joseph (1998). Medicine and Religion c. 1300: The Case of Arnau de Vilanova. Oxford University Press.Authority control databases: People \nItalian People","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sand_Lance_(SSN-660)

USS Sand Lance (SSN-660)

["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Service history","3 Decommissioning and disposal","4 References"]

Submarine of the United States For other ships with the same name, see USS Sand Lance. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) USS Sand Lance (SSN-660) in Charleston Harbor off Charleston, South Carolina, with Fort Sumter in the background. History United States NameUSS Sand Lance (SSN-660) NamesakeThe sand lance Ordered24 October 1963 BuilderPortsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine Laid down15 January 1965 Launched11 November 1969 Sponsored byMrs. Thomas J. McIntyre Commissioned25 September 1971 Decommissioned7 August 1998 Stricken7 August 1998 Honours andawardsAwarded Navy Unit Commendation and Navy Expeditionary Medal in 1979 for Special Operations conducted that same year. FateScrapping via Ship and Submarine Recycling Program begun 1 April 1998, completed 30 August 1999 Badge General characteristics Class and typeSturgeon-class attack submarine Displacement 4,031 long tons (4,096 t) light 4,323 long tons (4,392 t) full 292 long tons (297 t) dead Length292 ft (89 m) Beam31 ft (9.4 m) Draft29 ft 10 in (9.09 m) Installed power15,000 shaft horsepower (11.2 megawatts) PropulsionOne S5W nuclear reactor, two steam turbines, one screw Test depth1,300 ft (400 m) Complement107 (12 officers, 95 enlisted men) Armament4 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes USS Sand Lance (SSN-660), a Sturgeon-class attack submarine, was the second ship and the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the sand lance, a member of the family Ammodytidae. Construction and commissioning Sand Lance under construction at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, with temporary safety railings rigged around her deck. The external fairing on the lower hull was temporary, designed to provide added buoyancy for her bow and avoid excessive strain on her hull during her launching.The contract to build Sand Lance was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, on 24 October 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 15 January 1965. She was launched on 11 November 1969, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas J. McIntyre, and commissioned on 25 September 1971. Sand Lance was the last ship to be constructed for the Navy at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Service history On the day of her commissioning, Sand Lance's home port was changed from Portsmouth to Charleston, South Carolina. She spent the remainder of 1971 on shakedown. She operated in the Charleston area for the whole of 1972, then, in February 1973, stood out of Charleston for special operations. She returned to Charleston on 21 April 1973, remained in port until 11 June 1973, and then departed again on special operations. She completed these operations in August 1973 and put in at Faslane Naval Base, Scotland, on 13 August 1973. Sand Lance left Faslane on 20 August 1973 and arrived in Charleston on 5 September 1973. Sand Lance was sent to the Mediterranean to monitor shipping going through the Straits of Gibraltar during the Yom Kippur War. She then operated out of Charleston in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea through at least June 1974. She went through overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in 1975 and 1976 (15 months). This section needs expansion with: history from 1976 to 1987. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017) In 1987, Sand Lance completed Law Enforcement Operations in the Caribbean Sea and was transferred to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery Maine for a refueling overhaul, replacement of propeller (screw), and upgrades to hull coatings. She underwent sea trials in 1990 and returned to active service out of Charleston, SC. This section needs expansion with: history from 1990 to 1994. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017) In 1991, Sand Lance was deployed for six months as part of the UNITAS task force around South America. She traveled through the Panama Canal and around the southernmost tip of South America. From October 1993 to March 1994 Sand Lance was on a Mediterranean Sea Deployment and called on ports at Naples, Italy; Monte Carlo, Monaco; U.S. Naval Support Activity Base Santo Stefano Island, Italy; Toulon, France, and Gibraltar. In 1994 Sand Lance, while moored at Charleston – almost sank next to the pier ahead of one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Grayling (SSN-646), due to flooding in the engine room's lower level when a main seawater hull valve was being removed for maintenance. Plates, called blanks, had been placed over her hull penetrations by divers to avoid flooding during removal of the valve but had been placed over the wrong main seawater openings. The flooding was stopped, but not before most of the engine room's lower level was flooded. This section needs expansion with: history from 1994 to 1998. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) In 1995, Sand Lance left Charleston and relocated to a new homeport in Groton, Connecticut, where she became a member of Submarine Squadron 2. In 1996, Sand Lance was sent on a patrol to the Arctic Circle. While there, the submarine surfaced through the polar ice cap at the North Pole on 12 July. Decommissioning and disposal Sand Lance was decommissioned on 7 August 1998 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, began on 1 April 1998 and was completed on 30 August 1999. Sand Lance's Maneuvering Room Consoles, which were used to control the engines, electrical systems and nuclear reactor were displayed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and are now stored there in the event of future exhibits involving nuclear submarines. References ^ a b swanm. "Historical Records (SSN660)". usssandlancessn660.com. Retrieved 25 August 2018. ^ "Photo search - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker". shipspotting.com. Retrieved 25 August 2018. ^ "Submarine Photo Index". navsource.org. Retrieved 25 August 2018. ^ "Submarine Power and Propulsion". American History. Smithsonian Institution.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.  This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here. NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive Sand Lance (SSN-660) vteSturgeon-class submarinesShort hull Sturgeon Whale Tautog Grayling Pogy Aspro Sunfish Pargo Queenfish Puffer Ray Sand Lance Lapon Gurnard Hammerhead Sea Devil Guitarro Hawkbill Bergall Spadefish Seahorse Finback Pintado Flying Fish Trepang Bluefish Billfish Drum Long hull Archerfish Silversides William H. Bates Batfish Tunny Parche Cavalla L. Mendel Rivers Richard B. Russell Preceded by: Permit class Followed by: Los Angeles class List of submarines of the United States Navy List of submarine classes of the United States Navy vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1994Shipwrecks 15 Jan: American Star 25 Jan: HNoMS Oslo 3 Feb: Christinaki 4 Mar: Sally Albatross 23 Mar: Pallas Athena 29 Apr: Mtongwe 26 Jun: Apollo Sea, BOS 400 13 Jul: 13 de Marzo Aug (unknown date): Brown Bear 19 Sep: Marcilio Dias 20 Sep: SLNS Sagarawardena 28 Sep: MS Estonia 12 Nov: SAS Pietermaritzburg 30 Nov: Achille Lauro 2 Dec: Achille Lauro, Cebu City 9 Dec: Salvador Allende 21 Dec: HMAS Derwent 24 Dec: Murmansk Other incidents 23 Mar: NOAAS Discoverer 31 Mar: Hairen 23 Sep: Algolake Unknown date: USS Sand Lance 1993 1995

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Sand Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sand_Lance"},{"link_name":"Sturgeon-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon_class_submarine"},{"link_name":"attack submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_submarine"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"sand lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_lance"},{"link_name":"Ammodytidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammodytidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Sand Lance.USS Sand Lance (SSN-660), a Sturgeon-class attack submarine, was the second ship and the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the sand lance, a member of the family Ammodytidae.[1]","title":"USS Sand Lance (SSN-660)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Sand_Lance_(SSN-660)2.jpg"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(ship)"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"launching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Kittery, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittery,_Maine"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching#United_States"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning#United_States_Navy"}],"text":"Sand Lance under construction at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, with temporary safety railings rigged around her deck. The external fairing on the lower hull was temporary, designed to provide added buoyancy for her bow and avoid excessive strain on her hull during her launching.The contract to build Sand Lance was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, on 24 October 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 15 January 1965. She was launched on 11 November 1969, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas J. McIntyre, and commissioned on 25 September 1971. Sand Lance was the last ship to be constructed for the Navy at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_port"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Faslane Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"USS Grayling (SSN-646)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Grayling_(SSN-646)"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Groton, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Arctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"}],"text":"On the day of her commissioning, Sand Lance's home port was changed from Portsmouth to Charleston, South Carolina. She spent the remainder of 1971 on shakedown. She operated in the Charleston area for the whole of 1972, then, in February 1973, stood out of Charleston for special operations. She returned to Charleston on 21 April 1973, remained in port until 11 June 1973, and then departed again on special operations. She completed these operations in August 1973 and put in at Faslane Naval Base, Scotland, on 13 August 1973. Sand Lance left Faslane on 20 August 1973 and arrived in Charleston on 5 September 1973. Sand Lance was sent to the Mediterranean to monitor shipping going through the Straits of Gibraltar during the Yom Kippur War. She then operated out of Charleston in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea through at least June 1974. She went through overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in 1975 and 1976 (15 months).In 1987, Sand Lance completed Law Enforcement Operations in the Caribbean Sea and was transferred to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery Maine for a refueling overhaul, replacement of propeller (screw), and upgrades to hull coatings. She underwent sea trials in 1990 and returned to active service out of Charleston, SC.In 1991, Sand Lance was deployed for six months as part of the UNITAS task force around South America. She traveled through the Panama Canal and around the southernmost tip of South America.From October 1993 to March 1994 Sand Lance was on a Mediterranean Sea Deployment and called on ports at Naples, Italy; Monte Carlo, Monaco; U.S. Naval Support Activity Base Santo Stefano Island, Italy; Toulon, France, and Gibraltar.[1][2][3]In 1994 Sand Lance, while moored at Charleston – almost sank next to the pier ahead of one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Grayling (SSN-646), due to flooding in the engine room's lower level when a main seawater hull valve was being removed for maintenance. Plates, called blanks, had been placed over her hull penetrations by divers to avoid flooding during removal of the valve but had been placed over the wrong main seawater openings. The flooding was stopped, but not before most of the engine room's lower level was flooded.In 1995, Sand Lance left Charleston and relocated to a new homeport in Groton, Connecticut, where she became a member of Submarine Squadron 2.In 1996, Sand Lance was sent on a patrol to the Arctic Circle. While there, the submarine surfaced through the polar ice cap at the North Pole on 12 July.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Ship and Submarine Recycling Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_and_Submarine_Recycling_Program"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Bremerton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sand Lance was decommissioned on 7 August 1998 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, began on 1 April 1998 and was completed on 30 August 1999.Sand Lance's Maneuvering Room Consoles, which were used to control the engines, electrical systems and nuclear reactor were displayed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and are now stored there in the event of future exhibits involving nuclear submarines.[4]","title":"Decommissioning and disposal"}]

[{"image_text":"Sand Lance under construction at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, with temporary safety railings rigged around her deck. The external fairing on the lower hull was temporary, designed to provide added buoyancy for her bow and avoid excessive strain on her hull during her launching.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/USS_Sand_Lance_%28SSN-660%292.jpg/300px-USS_Sand_Lance_%28SSN-660%292.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Burke

Martin Burke

["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]

American voice actor For the professor of chemistry, see Martin D. Burke. For the professor of law, see J. Martin Burke. Martin BurkeBornAustin Texas, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1997–present Martin Burke is an American voice and theatre actor based in Austin, Texas. He voiced Sonic the Hedgehog in the English-language release of the Sonic the Hedgehog OVA and Sumida in Dai-Guard, while he has also had acting roles in underground films like Lethal Force and Blood Chase. He also voiced Shiro Amakusa in Ninja Resurrection. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1997 Sakura Diaries Touma Inaba 1 episodeEnglish dub 1997–1998 Ninja Resurrection Tokisada Shiro Amakusa 2 episodesEnglish dub 1998 Queen Emeraldas Hiroshi Umino English dub 1998 Getter Robo Armageddon Yoshida English dub 1999 Dai-Guard Sumida English dub 1999 Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie Sonic the Hedgehog English dub 2001 Lethal Force Oscar 2003 Mazinkaiser Shiro Kabuto English dub References ^ a b c d e f g "Martin Burke (visual voices guide)". BTVA. Retrieved March 8, 2021. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) External links Martin Burke at IMDb This article about an American voice actor born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin D. Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_D._Burke"},{"link_name":"J. Martin Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Martin_Burke"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_people"},{"link_name":"voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor"},{"link_name":"theatre actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_actor"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(character)"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(OVA)"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Video_Animation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-1"},{"link_name":"Dai-Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-Guard"},{"link_name":"Shiro Amakusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Amakusa"},{"link_name":"Ninja Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Resurrection"}],"text":"For the professor of chemistry, see Martin D. Burke. For the professor of law, see J. Martin Burke.Martin Burke is an American voice and theatre actor based in Austin, Texas.He voiced Sonic the Hedgehog in the English-language release of the Sonic the Hedgehog OVA[1] and Sumida in Dai-Guard, while he has also had acting roles in underground films like Lethal Force and Blood Chase. He also voiced Shiro Amakusa in Ninja Resurrection.","title":"Martin Burke"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Martin Burke (visual voices guide)\". BTVA. Retrieved March 8, 2021. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Martin-Burke/","url_text":"\"Martin Burke (visual voices guide)\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Martin-Burke/","external_links_name":"\"Martin Burke (visual voices guide)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1198568/","external_links_name":"Martin Burke"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Burke&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Panmure

Fort Rosalie

["1 Early history","2 Fort Panmure","2.1 Capture of Fort Panmure","3 Today","4 References","5 Sources"]

Coordinates: 31°33′38″N 91°24′11″W / 31.56056°N 91.40306°W / 31.56056; -91.40306United States historic place in Mississippi This article is about historical place. For class of ship, see Fort Rosalie-class replenishment ship. United States historic placeFort RosalieU.S. Historic districtContributing property Drawing of Fort Rosalie, on the Natchez bluff, above the Mississippi River, date unknownShow map of MississippiShow map of the United StatesLocationNatchez, MississippiCoordinates31°33′38″N 91°24′11″W / 31.56056°N 91.40306°W / 31.56056; -91.40306ArchitectJean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de BienvilleArchitectural stylelog-built fort with blockhouses and enclosed within a stockadePart ofNatchez Bluffs and Under-the-Hill Historic District (ID72000685)Designated CPApril 11, 1972 The Natchez Revolt of 1729 with Fort Rosalie in the background from a panoramic painting by John Egan, circa 1850 A postcard of the ruins of Fort Panmure, 1907 The site where the fort once stood Fort Rosalie was built by the French in 1716 within the territory of the Natchez Native Americans as part of the French colonial empire in the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi. Early history See also: Natchez revolt As part of the peace terms that ended the First Natchez War in 1716, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville required the Natchez to build a fort by providing materials and labor. Sited close to the main Natchez settlement of Grand Village, Fort Rosalie served as the primary French stronghold and trading post among the Natchez. French settlements and tobacco plantations were established in Natchez territory, with the fort serving as the local seat of colonial government. Growing tension between the French and the Natchez erupted into violence several times during the 1720s, culminating in a massive Natchez attack on November 29, 1729. They destroyed the entire French settlement, killing nearly all the men and taking hundreds of women and children captive. The Natchez seized and occupied Fort Rosalie. Retaliation by the French and allied Choctaw forces in early 1730 forced the Natchez to evacuate, leaving the fort in ruins. Through 1731, the French, with their more numerous Indian allies, continued to war with the Natchez until 1731, killing, capturing or dispersing most of the Natchez until they ceased to exist as a tribe. The French sold many of the surviving Natchez into slavery, many destined for French plantations in the Caribbean. Some escaped and found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee of the region. The French rebuilt Fort Rosalie in the early 1730s. Fort Panmure Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763 after the British won the Seven Years' War, the French ceded the fort and part of present-day Louisiana to British control (with New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi River going to Spain). The British renamed the fort Fort Panmure. The British fort was named after William Maule who was the Earl of Panmure. Capture of Fort Panmure See also: Gulf Coast campaign § Control of the lower Mississippi The British controlled the fort for 16 years—from that cession (1763) until the Spanish campaign under Galvez in 1779. After Bernardo de Galvez conquered Baton Rouge (1779), Fort Panmure capitulated without further Spanish action. Spanish military intervention was only required in 1781 to put down a rebellion by local settlers loyal to Britain. Galvez was the Governor of Spanish Luisiana and Commander of the troops of the Catholic Majesty. During the American Revolutionary War, Spain declared war against Great Britain and held control of the fort from 1779 to 1798. After 1798, the United States took over, establishing the Mississippi Territory with Natchez as its first territorial capital. Today The U.S. abandoned the fort in 1804. The city of Natchez traces its origin to the founding of Fort Rosalie in 1716. Today the site of the fort is part of Natchez National Historical Park. References ^ Register, James (1969). Fort Rosalie, the French at Old Natchez: 1682–1762. Shreveport, Louisiana: Mid-South Press. pp. 94–100. ^ Register 1969, pp. 102–107. ^ Leeper, Clare D'Artois (19 October 2012). Louisiana Place Names: Popular, Unusual, and Forgotten Stories of Towns, Cities, Plantations, Bayous, and Even Some Cemeteries. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8071-4740-5. ^ Rowland, Dunbar (1925). History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South. Vol. 1. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. p. 289. ^ Rowland, Dunbar, ed. (1907). Encyclopedia of Mississippi History: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons. Vol. 1. Madison, Wisconsin: Selwyn A. Brant. pp. 736–739. Sources France portalNorth America portalHistory portal "Fort Rosalie". North American Forts East: Mississippi. Retrieved August 4, 2021. Barnett, Jim. "The Natchez Indians". Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana" (PDF). In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9861-7. Eakin, Sue; Culbertson, Manie (2006). Louisiana: The Land and Its People (4th ed.). Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0789-1. Gayarré, Charles (1854). History of Louisiana: The French Domination. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Redfield. James, D. Clayton (1993). Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3. Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). "The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5.

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For class of ship, see Fort Rosalie-class replenishment ship.United States historic placeThe Natchez Revolt of 1729 with Fort Rosalie in the background from a panoramic painting by John Egan, circa 1850A postcard of the ruins of Fort Panmure, 1907The site where the fort once stoodFort Rosalie was built by the French in 1716 within the territory of the Natchez Native Americans as part of the French colonial empire in the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi.","title":"Fort Rosalie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natchez revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_revolt"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville"},{"link_name":"Grand Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez"},{"link_name":"trading post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_post"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Natchez attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_revolt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegister1969102%E2%80%93107-2"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_people"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"}],"text":"See also: Natchez revoltAs part of the peace terms that ended the First Natchez War in 1716, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville required the Natchez to build a fort by providing materials and labor. Sited close to the main Natchez settlement of Grand Village, Fort Rosalie served as the primary French stronghold and trading post among the Natchez.French settlements and tobacco plantations were established in Natchez territory, with the fort serving as the local seat of colonial government. Growing tension between the French and the Natchez erupted into violence several times during the 1720s, culminating in a massive Natchez attack on November 29, 1729.[1] They destroyed the entire French settlement, killing nearly all the men and taking hundreds of women and children captive.[2] The Natchez seized and occupied Fort Rosalie.Retaliation by the French and allied Choctaw forces in early 1730 forced the Natchez to evacuate, leaving the fort in ruins. Through 1731, the French, with their more numerous Indian allies, continued to war with the Natchez until 1731, killing, capturing or dispersing most of the Natchez until they ceased to exist as a tribe. The French sold many of the surviving Natchez into slavery, many destined for French plantations in the Caribbean. Some escaped and found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee of the region. The French rebuilt Fort Rosalie in the early 1730s.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"William Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maule,_1st_Earl_Panmure"},{"link_name":"Earl of Panmure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Panmure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeper2012-3"}],"text":"Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763 after the British won the Seven Years' War, the French ceded the fort and part of present-day Louisiana to British control (with New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi River going to Spain). The British renamed the fort Fort Panmure. The British fort was named after William Maule who was the Earl of Panmure.[3]","title":"Fort Panmure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf Coast campaign § Control of the lower Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign#Control_of_the_lower_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Bernardo de Galvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Galvez"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish Luisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowland1907-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Territory"}],"sub_title":"Capture of Fort Panmure","text":"See also: Gulf Coast campaign § Control of the lower MississippiThe British controlled the fort for 16 years—from that cession (1763) until the Spanish campaign under Galvez in 1779. After Bernardo de Galvez conquered Baton Rouge (1779), Fort Panmure capitulated without further Spanish action. Spanish military intervention was only required in 1781 to put down a rebellion by local settlers loyal to Britain.[4] Galvez was the Governor of Spanish Luisiana and Commander of the troops of the Catholic Majesty.[5] During the American Revolutionary War, Spain declared war against Great Britain and held control of the fort from 1779 to 1798. After 1798, the United States took over, establishing the Mississippi Territory with Natchez as its first territorial capital.","title":"Fort Panmure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natchez National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_National_Historical_Park"}],"text":"The U.S. abandoned the fort in 1804. The city of Natchez traces its origin to the founding of Fort Rosalie in 1716. Today the site of the fort is part of Natchez National Historical Park.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"link_name":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"link_name":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"link_name":"\"Fort Rosalie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.northamericanforts.com/East/ms.html#natchez"},{"link_name":"\"The Natchez Indians\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070820014016/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature1/natchezindians.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature1/natchezindians.html"},{"link_name":"\"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uga.edu/colonialseminar/DuVal.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-9861-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9861-7"},{"link_name":"Louisiana: The Land and Its People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eOPcB-gdC9QC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4556-0789-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0789-1"},{"link_name":"Gayarré, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"History of Louisiana: The French Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p3IFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA447"},{"link_name":"Antebellum Natchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=my5L0Ek-UxUC&pg=PA10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-1860-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1860-3"},{"link_name":"Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indiansofgreater0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8130-1778-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1778-5"}],"text":"France portalNorth America portalHistory portal\"Fort Rosalie\". North American Forts East: Mississippi. Retrieved August 4, 2021.\nBarnett, Jim. \"The Natchez Indians\". Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007.\nDuVal, Kathleen (2006). \"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana\" (PDF). In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9861-7.\nEakin, Sue; Culbertson, Manie (2006). Louisiana: The Land and Its People (4th ed.). Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0789-1.\nGayarré, Charles (1854). History of Louisiana: The French Domination. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Redfield.\nJames, D. Clayton (1993). Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3.\nLorenz, Karl G. (2000). \"The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi\". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"The Natchez Revolt of 1729 with Fort Rosalie in the background from a panoramic painting by John Egan, circa 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Panorama_of_the_Monumental_Grandeur_of_the_Mississippi_Valley_-_section_14.jpg/260px-Panorama_of_the_Monumental_Grandeur_of_the_Mississippi_Valley_-_section_14.jpg"},{"image_text":"A postcard of the ruins of Fort Panmure, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fort_Rosalie_postcard.jpg/220px-Fort_Rosalie_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"The site where the fort once stood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fort_Rosalie_site.jpg/220px-Fort_Rosalie_site.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Register, James (1969). Fort Rosalie, the French at Old Natchez: 1682–1762. Shreveport, Louisiana: Mid-South Press. pp. 94–100.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr08GQAACAAJ","url_text":"Fort Rosalie, the French at Old Natchez: 1682–1762"}]},{"reference":"Leeper, Clare D'Artois (19 October 2012). Louisiana Place Names: Popular, Unusual, and Forgotten Stories of Towns, Cities, Plantations, Bayous, and Even Some Cemeteries. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8071-4740-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHeeUa0xNxcC&pg=PA102","url_text":"Louisiana Place Names: Popular, Unusual, and Forgotten Stories of Towns, Cities, Plantations, Bayous, and Even Some Cemeteries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4740-5","url_text":"978-0-8071-4740-5"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Dunbar (1925). History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South. Vol. 1. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. p. 289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_Rowland","url_text":"Rowland, Dunbar"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQk8AAAAMAAJ&PA289","url_text":"History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Dunbar, ed. (1907). Encyclopedia of Mississippi History: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons. Vol. 1. Madison, Wisconsin: Selwyn A. Brant. pp. 736–739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_Rowland","url_text":"Rowland, Dunbar"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3fExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA736","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mississippi History: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Rosalie\". North American Forts East: Mississippi. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ms.html#natchez","url_text":"\"Fort Rosalie\""}]},{"reference":"Barnett, Jim. \"The Natchez Indians\". Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820014016/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature1/natchezindians.html","url_text":"\"The Natchez Indians\""},{"url":"http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature1/natchezindians.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DuVal, Kathleen (2006). \"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana\" (PDF). In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9861-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uga.edu/colonialseminar/DuVal.pdf","url_text":"\"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9861-7","url_text":"0-8032-9861-7"}]},{"reference":"Eakin, Sue; Culbertson, Manie (2006). Louisiana: The Land and Its People (4th ed.). Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0789-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eOPcB-gdC9QC","url_text":"Louisiana: The Land and Its People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0789-1","url_text":"978-1-4556-0789-1"}]},{"reference":"Gayarré, Charles (1854). History of Louisiana: The French Domination. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Redfield.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9","url_text":"Gayarré, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA447","url_text":"History of Louisiana: The French Domination"}]},{"reference":"James, D. Clayton (1993). Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=my5L0Ek-UxUC&pg=PA10","url_text":"Antebellum Natchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1860-3","url_text":"978-0-8071-1860-3"}]},{"reference":"Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). \"The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi\". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiansofgreater0000unse","url_text":"Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1778-5","url_text":"0-8130-1778-5"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jettison_(album)

Jettison (album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

1988 studio album by Naked RaygunJettisonStudio album by Naked RaygunReleasedMay 1988RecordedJericho Studio & Chicago Recording Company, ChicagoGenreHardcore punkLength32:55LabelCaroline RecordsProducerIain Burgess, Naked Raygun, Larry SturmNaked Raygun chronology All Rise(1986) Jettison(1988) Understand?(1989) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Jettison is the third album by Chicago punk band Naked Raygun, released on Caroline Records in 1988. Track listing All songs written by Naked Raygun, except for "Suspect Device" by Stiff Little Fingers. No.TitleLength1."Soldiers Requiem"4:142."When the Walls Come Down"2:213."Walk in Cold"2:234."Jettison"0:595."Live Wire"3:396."The Mule"3:057."Coldbringer"2:338."Blight"2:059."Free Nation"3:2010."Hammer Head"2:3111."Ghetto Mechanic"2:5612."Suspect Device (Live)"2:45 1999 CD re-issue bonus tracksNo.TitleLength13."Vanilla Blue (originally appeared on the "Vanilla Blue" single)"3:1014."The Strip (Live)"1:3815."Roller Queen (Live)"3:4416."Backlash Jack (Live)"2:53 Personnel Naked Raygun John Haggerty – guitar, saxophone Pierre Kezdy – bass guitar Jeff Pezzati – vocals Eric Spicer – drums Additional musicians and production Grant Austin – engineering Karen Bemis – photography John Bergin – illustrations Iain Burgess – production, recording Cosaro Productions – art direction Naked Raygun – production Timothy R. Powell – recording Larry Sturm – production Bryan Willette – illustrations References ^ "Naked Raygun – Jettison". Sputnik Music. August 19, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Pelone, Joe (November 27, 2012). "Naked Raygun – Jettison". Punknews.org. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Gendron, Bob. "Jettison". Allmusic. Retrieved February 12, 2013. vteNaked Raygun Pierre Kezdy Sensitive Pete Jeff Pezzati Eric Spicer Bill Stephens Jim Colao Santiago Durango Camilo Gonzalez John Haggerty John Lundin Marco Pezzati Bobby Strange Studio albums Throb Throb All Rise Jettison Understand? Raygun...Naked Raygun Over the Overlords Extended plays Basement Screams Related articlesArticles Iain Burgess Caroline Records Homestead Records Quarterstick Records Groups Big Black The Bomb The Effigies Pegboy Categories Albums Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1980s punk rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_McManus

Arthur MacManus

["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Political career","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Scottish trade unionist and communist politician Arthur MacManusBorn1889 (1889)Belfast, IrelandDied27 February 1927(1927-02-27) (aged 37–38)Hampstead, LondonResting placeKremlin Wall Necropolis, MoscowKnown forVictim of the Zinoviev letter hoax. Founding member and first chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)Criminal chargesSeditious libel, mutiny Arthur MacManus (1889 – 27 February 1927) was a Scottish trade unionist and communist politician. Biography Early years Arthur MacManus was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1889, later moving to Glasgow, Scotland, with his parents. Political career MacManus joined the De Leonist Socialist Labour Party (SLP) and began work at Singers in Clydebank, then known as part of the Red Clydeside. However, he was sacked in April 1911 following an unsuccessful strike. Supporting the SLP's opposition to World War I, MacManus was arrested in 1915 at a meeting in George Square, Glasgow, for speaking against the threatened introduction of conscription. MacManus became a leading member of the Clyde Workers Committee, and for supporting David Kirkwood in the William Beardmore and Company strike of 1916, he was one of five people deported to Edinburgh. In the 1918 general election, MacManus stood unsuccessfully for the SLP in Halifax. Following the October Revolution, he became a proponent of a united communist party. In January 1919, he was appointed to serve on a Unity Committee, to engage in discussions on uniting with the British Socialist Party, Workers Socialist Federation and various smaller groups. Plaque indicating MacManus's interment in the Kremlin Wall In an attempt to resolve differences between the various socialist groups, the committee proposed to form a communist party, then hold a vote on Labour Party affiliation one year later. The SLP executive publicly repudiated this proposal and decided to cease unity negotiations. Together with Tom Bell and William Paul, MacManus did not accept this. They continued to attend the negotiations, and in April 1920, formed the Communist Unity Group. In August, this became the second largest group to participate in the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and MacManus became the party's first chairman, a post he held until 1922. That year, he attended a special conference of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, at which it was decided to reorganise the party. MacManus became its colonial secretary, and attended the Fourth Congress of the Comintern in September, at which he was elected to its Executive Committee and Praesidium. In 1924, the Zinoviev letter was circulated, calling for increased communist agitation in Britain. This forgery, intended to damage the Labour Party's chances in the 1924 general election, was purportedly signed both by Grigory Zinoviev and MacManus. In 1925, MacManus was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny. MacManus was able to attend the founding conference of the League Against Imperialism in 1927, but died later in the year. His ashes were placed within the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Personal life In 1920, MacManus married Harriete "Hettie" Wheeldon (1891-1920), daughter of William Augustus and Alice Wheeldon of Derby, a schoolteacher who was a socialist and had been an anti-war campaigner during World War I. Within the year the couple had a child who was stillborn, but later Hettie died of peritonitis following appendicitis. See also Campbell case References ^ a b "Arthur MacManus, first chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1914-1919" ^ "The Singer Strike 1911" ^ Warrant summons issued to Maxton, Shinwell, Maclean, 12 December 1915 ^ "Deportation of CWC leaders 1916", 1 April 1916 ^ a b Mark Hayes, The British Communist Left 1914-45 (International Communist Current) ^ Steve Reynolds, "The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925" ^ "Reds Warned", Time ^ "Tom Bell: Radical Glasgow" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Communist International (1919-1943) Officials ^ Postcard of 12 defendants in trial of Communist Party officials, November 1925 ^ "Shapurji Saklatvala and the Fight against Racism and Imperialism 1921-28", The Marxist ^ Sheila Rowbotham (2015). Friends of Alice Wheeldon: The Anti-War Activist Accused of Plotting to Kill Lloyd George. NYU Press. pp. 8–9, 91–2. ISBN 978-1-58367-555-7. External links Media related to Arthur MacManus at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Arthur MacManus at Wikiquote Arthur MacManus Archive, Marxists Internet Archive. vteCommunist Party of Great BritainLeadershipGeneral Secretaries Albert Inkpin (1920–1928) J. R. Campbell (1929) Harry Pollitt (1929–1939) Rajani Palme Dutt (1939–1941) Harry Pollitt (1941–1956) John Gollan (1956–1975) Gordon McLennan (1975–1989) Nina Temple (1989–1991) Assistant General Secretaries Fred Peet (1920–1922) John Gollan (1947–1949) George Matthews (1949–1956) Bill Wainwright (1956-59) Bill Alexander (1959–1967) Reuben Falber (1968–1979) Chairs Arthur MacManus (1920–1927) Willie Gallacher (1943–1956) Harry Pollitt (1956–1960) Frank Stanley (1964–1967) Tony Chater (1968–1969) John Tocher (1969–1971) Irene Swann (1972–1974) Mick McGahey (1974–1979) Ron Halverson (1980s) George Bolton (1980s–1990) National Organisers Tom Bell (1920–1921) Bob Stewart (1921–1923) Harry Pollitt (1923) Idris Cox (1930s) R. W. Robson (1930s) Dave Springhall (1940–1943) Peter Kerrigan (1943–1951) Mick Bennett (1951–1954) John Gollan (1954–1956) Bill Lauchlan (1956–1966) Gordon McLennan (1966–1975) Dave Cook (1975–1981) Ian McKay (1982–1991) National Industrial Organisers Ernie Woolley (1925–) Finlay Hart (1937–1939) Peter Kerrigan (1939–1942) George Allison (1942–1951) Peter Kerrigan (1951–1966) Bert Ramelson (1965–1978) Mick Costello (1979–1982) Pete Carter (1982–1991) Publications Marxism Today Morning Star Workers' Weekly Associated groups Communist Party Historians Group Jersey Communist Party Democratic Left National Minority Movement National Unemployed Workers' Movement New Politics Network New Times Straight Left Young Communist League Connolly Association Predecessors British Socialist Party Communist Labour Party Communist Party (British Section of the Third International) Communist Unity Group South Wales Socialist Society Splits Communist Party of Britain Appeal Group Committee to Defeat Revisionism, for Communist Unity Communist League Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party of Great Britain (PCC) Workers' Socialist Federation Fife Socialist League New Communist Party of Britain New Left Revolutionary Marxist–Leninist League Other topics Britain's Road to Socialism Campbell Case Election results Members of Parliament Percy Glading Zinoviev letter Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"trade unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionist"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"}],"text":"Arthur MacManus (1889 – 27 February 1927) was a Scottish trade unionist and communist politician.","title":"Arthur MacManus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Arthur MacManus was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1889, later moving to Glasgow, Scotland, with his parents.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Leonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Leonist"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chairman-1"},{"link_name":"Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank"},{"link_name":"Red Clydeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Clydeside"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"George Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Square"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clyde Workers Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Workers_Committee"},{"link_name":"David Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkwood"},{"link_name":"William Beardmore and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beardmore_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"British Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Workers Socialist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Socialist_Federation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-left-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_-_MacManus,_Arthur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Tom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bell_(socialist)"},{"link_name":"William Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paul_(socialist)"},{"link_name":"Communist Unity Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Unity_Group"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-left-5"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zinoviev letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinoviev_letter"},{"link_name":"1924 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Grigory Zinoviev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev"},{"link_name":"seditious libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditious_libel"},{"link_name":"mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"League Against Imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Against_Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chairman-1"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"MacManus joined the De Leonist Socialist Labour Party (SLP)[1] and began work at Singers in Clydebank, then known as part of the Red Clydeside. However, he was sacked in April 1911 following an unsuccessful strike.[2]Supporting the SLP's opposition to World War I, MacManus was arrested in 1915 at a meeting in George Square, Glasgow, for speaking against the threatened introduction of conscription.[3]MacManus became a leading member of the Clyde Workers Committee, and for supporting David Kirkwood in the William Beardmore and Company strike of 1916, he was one of five people deported to Edinburgh.[4]In the 1918 general election, MacManus stood unsuccessfully for the SLP in Halifax. Following the October Revolution, he became a proponent of a united communist party. In January 1919, he was appointed to serve on a Unity Committee, to engage in discussions on uniting with the British Socialist Party, Workers Socialist Federation and various smaller groups.[5]Plaque indicating MacManus's interment in the Kremlin WallIn an attempt to resolve differences between the various socialist groups, the committee proposed to form a communist party, then hold a vote on Labour Party affiliation one year later. The SLP executive publicly repudiated this proposal and decided to cease unity negotiations. Together with Tom Bell and William Paul, MacManus did not accept this. They continued to attend the negotiations, and in April 1920, formed the Communist Unity Group. In August, this became the second largest group to participate in the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and MacManus became the party's first chairman, a post he held until 1922.[5] That year, he attended a special conference of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, at which it was decided to reorganise the party.[6] MacManus became its colonial secretary,[7] and attended the Fourth Congress of the Comintern in September,[8] at which he was elected to its Executive Committee and Praesidium.[9]In 1924, the Zinoviev letter was circulated, calling for increased communist agitation in Britain. This forgery, intended to damage the Labour Party's chances in the 1924 general election, was purportedly signed both by Grigory Zinoviev and MacManus.In 1925, MacManus was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny.[10]MacManus was able to attend the founding conference of the League Against Imperialism in 1927,[11] but died later in the year. His ashes were placed within the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harriete \"Hettie\" Wheeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettie_Wheeldon"},{"link_name":"Alice Wheeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wheeldon"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowbotham2015-12"}],"text":"In 1920, MacManus married Harriete \"Hettie\" Wheeldon (1891-1920), daughter of William Augustus and Alice Wheeldon of Derby, a schoolteacher who was a socialist and had been an anti-war campaigner during World War I. Within the year the couple had a child who was stillborn, but later Hettie died of peritonitis following appendicitis. [12]","title":"Personal life"}]

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[{"title":"Campbell case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_case"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Fisheries_University

Shanghai Ocean University

["1 Administration and organization","2 Academics","3 Rankings and reputation","4 International presence","5 Campuses","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 30°53′09″N 121°53′34″E / 30.88583°N 121.89278°E / 30.88583; 121.89278Public university in Shanghai, China Shanghai Ocean University上海海洋大学Former namesShanghai Fisheries University (1985–2008)MottoChinese: 勤 朴 忠 实Motto in English"Diligent, Plain, Loyal, Honest"TypePublic research universityEstablishedDecember 1912; 111 years ago (1912-12)Academic affiliationsDouble First-Class ConstructionPresidentRong WanAcademic staff800 (2023)Administrative staff700 (2023)Students17,700 (2023)Undergraduates12,000 (2023)Postgraduates5,700 (2023)LocationPudong, Shanghai, China30°53′09″N 121°53′34″E / 30.88583°N 121.89278°E / 30.88583; 121.89278CampusMidsize city, Total: 1.1 square kilometres (270 acres)ColorsOcean BlueNicknameSHOUWebsitewww.shou.edu.cn Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU) is a public research university in Shanghai, China, dedicated to the study of aquaculture, marine science and engineering. This university is a part of the national Double First-Class Construction Initiative. It is co-established by the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Shanghai Municipal Government. Founded in 1912, the university has been a fisheries higher education institution, known as Jiangsu Provincial Fisheries School, founded by Zhang Jian and Huang Yanpei. In 1952, it became Shanghai Fisheries College and then was renamed Shanghai Ocean University in 2008. Today it enrolls approximately 12,098 undergraduate students and 5,700 graduate students. The university consists of 14 colleges and offers degree programs at undergraduate and graduate levels in some 44 disciplines. Administration and organization College of Fisheries and Life Science College of Marine Science Shenyuan Science and Technology Research Center Pelagic Fisheries College College of Marine Ecology and Environment College of Engineering Science and Technology College of Food Science and Technology College of Information Technology College of Economics and Management College of Foreign Languages College of Marine Culture and Law AIEN Institute Department of Physical Education and Sport School of Marxism Gate of Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong (Lingang Campus) Academics 5 disciplines of Shanghai Ocean University (Plant and Animal Science, Agricultural Science, Environment/Ecology, Engineering, and Biology & Biochemistry) have entered the world’s top 1% of the Clarivate Essential Science Indicators (ESI) international discipline ranking. In 2016, it sponsored an open access journal Aquaculture and Fisheries, the first English journal of fisheries science in China Mainland, cooperating with Elsevier and KeAi Publishing. Library Building on Lingang Campus of Shanghai Ocean University The university takes the nationwide lead in such academic fields as Ichthyology, Aquatic Animal Proliferation and Breeding, Fish Diseases Prevention, Fish Nutrition and Feeds, Fish Species and Quality Resources, Seaweed Cells Engineering, Fishing Gear and Methodology, Fishery Machinery, Preservation and Management of Fishery Resources, Fishery Regulations and Policy, Fishery Economics, Biological Technology, Marine Ecology, Food Science and Engineering, Refrigeration and Cryogenics. Rankings and reputation As of 2023, Shanghai Ocean University is ranked among the world's top 800-900th universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities. As of 2021, the U.S. News & World Report ranks Shanghai Ocean University at 499th among the best universities in Asia. The university ranked no. 1 nationwide in "Marine fisheries science and technology" in the recognized Best Chinese Universities Ranking. International presence This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Shanghai Ocean University has made agreeable advances in international cooperation and communication. It has enrolled many international students who are pursuing doctorate or graduate and undergraduate degrees. As for the training courses and further education, subjects such as Chinese Techniques of Aquatic Breeding, Development of Marine Fishery and Preservation of Fishery Resources, Chinese Language, Chinese Traditional Culture have formed their own features and gained their own advantages. Up to now, the university has established long-term academic cooperation with more than 40 foreign institutions of higher education and research. Campuses Main Campus - Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong (Lingang Campus): 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R.China (Zip Code: 201306) Shanghai Ocean University, Yangpu (Jungong Road Campus): 334 Jungong Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, P.R.China (Zip Code: 200090) Shanghai Ocean University, Yangpu References ^ "Spotlight on Shanghai". Nature. October 22, 2014. doi:10.1038/nj0435. ISSN 1476-4687. ^ "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知" . 中华人民共和国教育部. ^ a b "How the university and colleges work". Shanghai Ocean University. Retrieved October 6, 2023. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU) - Institution outputs". Nature Index. Nature. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University ". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. EduRank. November 21, 2019. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University Ranking 2022-2023 | CWUR". cwur.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University Ranking". ARWU. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University". Times Higher Education (THE). October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "Shanghai Ocean University in China". US News Best Global Universities. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ "2022 Best Global Universities: Shanghai Ocean University". U.S. News & World Report. October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022. ^ "2021 china university major rankings". www.shanghairanking.cn. Retrieved March 2, 2022. External links Official website in Chinese Official website in English vteUniversities and colleges in ShanghaiEducation, Higher education, and Universities in ChinaNational Donghua East China Normal East China Science and Technology Fudan Naval Medical Shanghai International Studies Shanghai Jiaotong Shanghai Finance and Economics Tongji Municipal East China Political Science and Law Music Visual Art Applied Technology Lixin Maritime Normal Ocean Poly Tech Theatre Shanghai Electric Power Engineering Science International Business and Economics Political Science and Law Sport For Science and Technology Open Private China Europe International Business Chinesisch-Deutsches Hochschulkolleg New York University Shanghai Sanda Former Aurora University Great China University Kwang Hua St. John's University of Shanghai Utopia University See also: List of universities in China Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

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In 1952, it became Shanghai Fisheries College and then was renamed Shanghai Ocean University in 2008. Today it enrolls approximately 12,098 undergraduate students and 5,700 graduate students. The university consists of 14 colleges and offers degree programs at undergraduate and graduate levels in some 44 disciplines.[3]","title":"Shanghai Ocean University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_of_Shanghai_Ocean_University,_Pudong_(Lingang_Campus).jpg"}],"text":"College of Fisheries and Life Science\nCollege of Marine Science\nShenyuan Science and Technology Research Center\nPelagic Fisheries CollegeCollege of Marine Ecology and Environment\nCollege of Engineering Science and Technology\nCollege of Food Science and Technology\nCollege of Information Technology\nCollege of Economics and Management\nCollege of Foreign Languages\nCollege of Marine Culture and Law\nAIEN Institute\nDepartment of Physical Education and Sport\nSchool of MarxismGate of Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong (Lingang Campus)","title":"Administration and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarivate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivate"},{"link_name":"Essential Science Indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Science_Indicators"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"Aquaculture and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sciencedirect.com/journal/aquaculture-and-fisheries"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_Building_on_Lingang_Campus_of_Shanghai_Ocean_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"5 disciplines of Shanghai Ocean University (Plant and Animal Science, Agricultural Science, Environment/Ecology, Engineering, and Biology & Biochemistry) have entered the world’s top 1% of the Clarivate Essential Science Indicators (ESI) international discipline ranking. [4][5][6] In 2016, it sponsored an open access journal Aquaculture and Fisheries, the first English journal of fisheries science in China Mainland, cooperating with Elsevier and KeAi Publishing.Library Building on Lingang Campus of Shanghai Ocean UniversityThe university takes the nationwide lead in such academic fields as Ichthyology, Aquatic Animal Proliferation and Breeding, Fish Diseases Prevention, Fish Nutrition and Feeds, Fish Species and Quality Resources, Seaweed Cells Engineering, Fishing Gear and Methodology, Fishery Machinery, Preservation and Management of Fishery Resources, Fishery Regulations and Policy, Fishery Economics, Biological Technology, Marine Ecology, Food Science and Engineering, Refrigeration and Cryogenics. [7][8][9]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic Ranking of World Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Best Chinese Universities Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"As of 2023, Shanghai Ocean University is ranked among the world's top 800-900th universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[10] As of 2021, the U.S. News & World Report ranks Shanghai Ocean University at 499th among the best universities in Asia.[11] The university ranked no. 1 nationwide in \"Marine fisheries science and technology\" in the recognized Best Chinese Universities Ranking.[12]","title":"Rankings and reputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shanghai Ocean University has made agreeable advances in international cooperation and communication. It has enrolled many international students who are pursuing doctorate or graduate and undergraduate degrees. As for the training courses and further education, subjects such as Chinese Techniques of Aquatic Breeding, Development of Marine Fishery and Preservation of Fishery Resources, Chinese Language, Chinese Traditional Culture have formed their own features and gained their own advantages. Up to now, the university has established long-term academic cooperation with more than 40 foreign institutions of higher education and research.","title":"International presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Ocean_University_-_Jungong_Road_Campus.JPG"}],"text":"Main Campus - Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong (Lingang Campus): 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R.China (Zip Code: 201306)\nShanghai Ocean University, Yangpu (Jungong Road Campus): 334 Jungong Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, P.R.China (Zip Code: 200090)Shanghai Ocean University, Yangpu","title":"Campuses"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Spotlight on Shanghai\". Nature. October 22, 2014. doi:10.1038/nj0435. ISSN 1476-4687.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nj0435","url_text":"\"Spotlight on Shanghai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnj0435","url_text":"10.1038/nj0435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"}]},{"reference":"\"教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知\" [Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines]. 中华人民共和国教育部.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html","url_text":"\"教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知\""}]},{"reference":"\"How the university and colleges work\". Shanghai Ocean University. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shou.edu.cn/eng/6688/list.htm","url_text":"\"How the university and colleges work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU) - Institution outputs\". Nature Index. Nature. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/china/shanghai-ocean-university-shou/51d189fe140ba01302000000","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU) - Institution outputs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University [Acceptance Rate + Statistics]\". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. EduRank. November 21, 2019. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207113651/https://edurank.org/uni/shanghai-ocean-university/","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University [Acceptance Rate + Statistics]\""},{"url":"https://edurank.org/uni/shanghai-ocean-university/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University Ranking 2022-2023 | CWUR\". cwur.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220927044956/https://cwur.org/2022-23/Shanghai-Ocean-University.php","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University Ranking 2022-2023 | CWUR\""},{"url":"https://cwur.org/2022-23/Shanghai-Ocean-University.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University Ranking\". ARWU. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230701064239/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/shanghai-ocean-university","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University Ranking\""},{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/shanghai-ocean-university","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University\". Times Higher Education (THE). October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230630114802/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/shanghai-ocean-university","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University\""},{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/shanghai-ocean-university","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shanghai Ocean University in China\". US News Best Global Universities. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230630114802/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/shanghai-ocean-university-529171","url_text":"\"Shanghai Ocean University in China\""},{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/shanghai-ocean-university-529171","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities\". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved August 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/shanghai-ocean-university","url_text":"\"ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Best Global Universities: Shanghai Ocean University\". U.S. News & World Report. October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/shanghai-ocean-university-529171","url_text":"\"2022 Best Global Universities: Shanghai Ocean University\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 china university major rankings\". www.shanghairanking.cn. Retrieved March 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.cn/rankings/bcmr/2021/090602","url_text":"\"2021 china university major rankings\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Cready

Gwyn Cready

["1 Biography","1.1 Personal life","1.2 Writing career","2 Works","3 References","4 Sources"]

American author of romance novels Gwyn CreadyCready in September 2008Born (1962-01-17) January 17, 1962 (age 62)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.OccupationNovelistEducationMt. Lebanon High SchoolUniversity of Chicago (MBA)Period2007–presentGenreRomance Gwyn Cready (born January 17, 1962) is an American author of romance novels. Biography Personal life Cready was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She attended Mt. Lebanon High School, where she became close friends with novelist Teri Coyne and shared theatre classes with actress Ming-Na. She graduated in 1979 and attended the University of Chicago, graduating with a bachelor's in English literature in 1983 and an MBA in marketing in 1986. After graduation, Cready worked as a brand manager in the pharmaceutical industry. She married Lester Pyle in 1986. They have two children, born in 1988 and 1994. Writing career Cready is a paranormal romance author who specializes in comedic time travel stories. Her novels are typically set in her hometown, Pittsburgh. Her first book, Tumbling Through Time (2008), involves a woman who tries on a pair of magical pink sandals in the Nine West shoe store in the Pittsburgh Airport and ends up on the deck of a privateer ship in 1705. Her second book, Seducing Mr. Darcy (2008), involves a woman who, through a magical massage in which one is encouraged to "imagine oneself in one's favorite book," enters the world of Pride and Prejudice. Publishers Weekly called Tumbling Through Time "a joy" and Cready "an author worth watching." Given the humorous tone and situations which often involve one woman and two men, Cready's books have been likened to those of Janet Evanovich. Seducing Mr. Darcy won the 2009 RITA Award for Best Paranormal Romance Novel. Works Tumbling Through Time (2007) Seducing Mr. Darcy (2008) Flirting With Forever (2010) Aching for Always (2010) A Novel Seduction (2011) Timeless Desire (2012) References ^ "Acts of union". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-04. Sources Author's web site Publishers Weekly review of Tumbling Through Time Author's page on publisher site Best Romance Stories review of Flirting With Forever Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_checkpoint

DNA repair

["1 DNA damage","1.1 Sources","1.2 Types","1.3 Nuclear versus mitochondrial","1.4 Senescence and apoptosis","1.5 Mutation","2 Mechanisms","2.1 Direct reversal","2.2 Single-strand damage","2.3 Double-strand breaks","2.4 Translesion synthesis","3 Global response to DNA damage","3.1 Initial steps","3.2 DNA damage checkpoints","3.3 The prokaryotic SOS response","3.4 Eukaryotic transcriptional responses to DNA damage","4 Aging","4.1 Pathological effects of poor DNA repair","4.2 Longevity and caloric restriction","5 Medicine and DNA repair modulation","5.1 Hereditary DNA repair disorders","6 Cancer","6.1 DNA repair defects in cancer","6.2 Epigenetic DNA repair defects in cancer","6.3 Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes","6.4 Genome-wide distribution of DNA repair in human somatic cells","7 Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair","7.1 Repair of oxidative DNA damage can alter epigenetic markers","7.2 Homologous recombinational repair alters epigenetic markers","7.3 Non-homologous end joining can cause some epigenetic marker alterations","8 Evolution","8.1 Rate of evolutionary change","9 Technology","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Cellular mechanism For the journal, see DNA Repair (journal). DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure. When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur. This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two-hit hypothesis. The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred to its DNA, can enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous The DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection. Paul Modrich talks about himself and his work in DNA repair. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their work on the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair processes. DNA damage Further information: DNA damage (naturally occurring) and Free radical damage to DNA DNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 10,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day. While this constitutes at most only 0.0003125% of the human genome's approximately 3.2 billion bases, unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability to carry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. The vast majority of DNA damage affects the primary structure of the double helix; that is, the bases themselves are chemically modified. These modifications can in turn disrupt the molecules' regular helical structure by introducing non-native chemical bonds or bulky adducts that do not fit in the standard double helix. Unlike proteins and RNA, DNA usually lacks tertiary structure and therefore damage or disturbance does not occur at that level. DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around "packaging" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage. Sources DNA damage can be subdivided into two main types: endogenous damage such as attack by reactive oxygen species produced from normal metabolic byproducts (spontaneous mutation), especially the process of oxidative deamination also includes replication errors exogenous damage caused by external agents such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200–400 nm) from the sun or other artificial light sources other radiation frequencies, including x-rays and gamma rays hydrolysis or thermal disruption certain plant toxins human-made mutagenic chemicals, especially aromatic compounds that act as DNA intercalating agents viruses The replication of damaged DNA before cell division can lead to the incorporation of wrong bases opposite damaged ones. Daughter cells that inherit these wrong bases carry mutations from which the original DNA sequence is unrecoverable (except in the rare case of a back mutation, for example, through gene conversion). Types There are several types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular processes: oxidation of bases and generation of DNA strand interruptions from reactive oxygen species, alkylation of bases (usually methylation), such as formation of 7-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenine, 6-O-Methylguanine hydrolysis of bases, such as deamination, depurination, and depyrimidination. "bulky adduct formation" (e.g., benzopyrene diol epoxide-dG adduct, aristolactam I-dA adduct) mismatch of bases, due to errors in DNA replication, in which the wrong DNA base is stitched into place in a newly forming DNA strand, or a DNA base is skipped over or mistakenly inserted. Monoadduct damage cause by change in single nitrogenous base of DNA Di adduct damage Damage caused by exogenous agents comes in many forms. Some examples are: UV-B light causes crosslinking between adjacent cytosine and thymine bases creating pyrimidine dimers. This is called direct DNA damage. UV-A light creates mostly free radicals. The damage caused by free radicals is called indirect DNA damage. Ionizing radiation such as that created by radioactive decay or in cosmic rays causes breaks in DNA strands. Intermediate-level ionizing radiation may induce irreparable DNA damage (leading to replicational and transcriptional errors needed for neoplasia or may trigger viral interactions) leading to pre-mature aging and cancer. Thermal disruption at elevated temperature increases the rate of depurination (loss of purine bases from the DNA backbone) and single-strand breaks. For example, hydrolytic depurination is seen in the thermophilic bacteria, which grow in hot springs at 40–80 °C. The rate of depurination (300 purine residues per genome per generation) is too high in these species to be repaired by normal repair machinery, hence a possibility of an adaptive response cannot be ruled out. Industrial chemicals such as vinyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, and environmental chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in smoke, soot and tar create a huge diversity of DNA adducts- ethanoates, oxidized bases, alkylated phosphodiesters and crosslinking of DNA, just to name a few. UV damage, alkylation/methylation, X-ray damage and oxidative damage are examples of induced damage. Spontaneous damage can include the loss of a base, deamination, sugar ring puckering and tautomeric shift. Constitutive (spontaneous) DNA damage caused by endogenous oxidants can be detected as a low level of histone H2AX phosphorylation in untreated cells. Nuclear versus mitochondrial In human cells, and eukaryotic cells in general, DNA is found in two cellular locations – inside the nucleus and inside the mitochondria. Nuclear DNA (n-DNA) exists as chromatin during non-replicative stages of the cell cycle and is condensed into aggregate structures known as chromosomes during cell division. In either state the DNA is highly compacted and wound up around bead-like proteins called histones. Whenever a cell needs to express the genetic information encoded in its n-DNA the required chromosomal region is unraveled, genes located therein are expressed, and then the region is condensed back to its resting conformation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located inside mitochondria organelles, exists in multiple copies, and is also tightly associated with a number of proteins to form a complex known as the nucleoid. Inside mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals, byproducts of the constant production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation, create a highly oxidative environment that is known to damage mtDNA. A critical enzyme in counteracting the toxicity of these species is superoxide dismutase, which is present in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Senescence and apoptosis Senescence, an irreversible process in which the cell no longer divides, is a protective response to the shortening of the chromosome ends, called telomeres. The telomeres are long regions of repetitive noncoding DNA that cap chromosomes and undergo partial degradation each time a cell undergoes division (see Hayflick limit). In contrast, quiescence is a reversible state of cellular dormancy that is unrelated to genome damage (see cell cycle). Senescence in cells may serve as a functional alternative to apoptosis in cases where the physical presence of a cell for spatial reasons is required by the organism, which serves as a "last resort" mechanism to prevent a cell with damaged DNA from replicating inappropriately in the absence of pro-growth cellular signaling. Unregulated cell division can lead to the formation of a tumor (see cancer), which is potentially lethal to an organism. Therefore, the induction of senescence and apoptosis is considered to be part of a strategy of protection against cancer. Mutation It is important to distinguish between DNA damage and mutation, the two major types of error in DNA. DNA damage and mutation are fundamentally different. Damage results in physical abnormalities in the DNA, such as single- and double-strand breaks, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine residues, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts. DNA damage can be recognized by enzymes, and thus can be correctly repaired if redundant information, such as the undamaged sequence in the complementary DNA strand or in a homologous chromosome, is available for copying. If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of a gene can be prevented, and thus translation into a protein will also be blocked. Replication may also be blocked or the cell may die. In contrast to DNA damage, a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation. Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce. Although distinctly different from each other, DNA damage and mutation are related because DNA damage often causes errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair; these errors are a major source of mutation. Given these properties of DNA damage and mutation, it can be seen that DNA damage is a special problem in non-dividing or slowly-dividing cells, where unrepaired damage will tend to accumulate over time. On the other hand, in rapidly dividing cells, unrepaired DNA damage that does not kill the cell by blocking replication will tend to cause replication errors and thus mutation. The great majority of mutations that are not neutral in their effect are deleterious to a cell's survival. Thus, in a population of cells composing a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, infrequent mutations that provide a survival advantage will tend to clonally expand at the expense of neighboring cells in the tissue. This advantage to the cell is disadvantageous to the whole organism because such mutant cells can give rise to cancer. Thus, DNA damage in frequently dividing cells, because it gives rise to mutations, is a prominent cause of cancer. In contrast, DNA damage in infrequently-dividing cells is likely a prominent cause of aging. Mechanisms Main article: DNA damage (naturally occurring) § Repair of damaged DNA Cells cannot function if DNA damage corrupts the integrity and accessibility of essential information in the genome (but cells remain superficially functional when non-essential genes are missing or damaged). Depending on the type of damage inflicted on the DNA's double helical structure, a variety of repair strategies have evolved to restore lost information. If possible, cells use the unmodified complementary strand of the DNA or the sister chromatid as a template to recover the original information. Without access to a template, cells use an error-prone recovery mechanism known as translesion synthesis as a last resort. Damage to DNA alters the spatial configuration of the helix, and such alterations can be detected by the cell. Once damage is localized, specific DNA repair molecules bind at or near the site of damage, inducing other molecules to bind and form a complex that enables the actual repair to take place. Direct reversal Cells are known to eliminate three types of damage to their DNA by chemically reversing it. These mechanisms do not require a template, since the types of damage they counteract can occur in only one of the four bases. Such direct reversal mechanisms are specific to the type of damage incurred and do not involve breakage of the phosphodiester backbone. The formation of pyrimidine dimers upon irradiation with UV light results in an abnormal covalent bond between adjacent pyrimidine bases. The photoreactivation process directly reverses this damage by the action of the enzyme photolyase, whose activation is obligately dependent on energy absorbed from blue/UV light (300–500 nm wavelength) to promote catalysis. Photolyase, an old enzyme present in bacteria, fungi, and most animals no longer functions in humans, who instead use nucleotide excision repair to repair damage from UV irradiation. Another type of damage, methylation of guanine bases, is directly reversed by the enzyme methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT), the bacterial equivalent of which is called ogt. This is an expensive process because each MGMT molecule can be used only once; that is, the reaction is stoichiometric rather than catalytic. A generalized response to methylating agents in bacteria is known as the adaptive response and confers a level of resistance to alkylating agents upon sustained exposure by upregulation of alkylation repair enzymes. The third type of DNA damage reversed by cells is certain methylation of the bases cytosine and adenine. Single-strand damage Structure of the base-excision repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase excising a hydrolytically-produced uracil residue from DNA. The uracil residue is shown in yellow. When only one of the two strands of a double helix has a defect, the other strand can be used as a template to guide the correction of the damaged strand. In order to repair damage to one of the two paired molecules of DNA, there exist a number of excision repair mechanisms that remove the damaged nucleotide and replace it with an undamaged nucleotide complementary to that found in the undamaged DNA strand. Base excision repair (BER): damaged single bases or nucleotides are most commonly repaired by removing the base or the nucleotide involved and then inserting the correct base or nucleotide. In base excision repair, a glycosylase enzyme removes the damaged base from the DNA by cleaving the bond between the base and the deoxyribose. These enzymes remove a single base to create an apurinic or apyrimidinic site (AP site). Enzymes called AP endonucleases nick the damaged DNA backbone at the AP site. DNA polymerase then removes the damaged region using its 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and correctly synthesizes the new strand using the complementary strand as a template. The gap is then sealed by enzyme DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair (NER): bulky, helix-distorting damage, such as pyrimidine dimerization caused by UV light is usually repaired by a three-step process. First the damage is recognized, then 12-24 nucleotide-long strands of DNA are removed both upstream and downstream of the damage site by endonucleases, and the removed DNA region is then resynthesized. NER is a highly evolutionarily conserved repair mechanism and is used in nearly all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, NER is mediated by Uvr proteins. In eukaryotes, many more proteins are involved, although the general strategy is the same. Mismatch repair systems are present in essentially all cells to correct errors that are not corrected by proofreading. These systems consist of at least two proteins. One detects the mismatch, and the other recruits an endonuclease that cleaves the newly synthesized DNA strand close to the region of damage. In E. coli , the proteins involved are the Mut class proteins: MutS, MutL, and MutH. In most Eukaryotes, the analog for MutS is MSH and the analog for MutL is MLH. MutH is only present in bacteria. This is followed by removal of damaged region by an exonuclease, resynthesis by DNA polymerase, and nick sealing by DNA ligase. Double-strand breaks The main double-strand break repair pathways Double-strand breaks, in which both strands in the double helix are severed, are particularly hazardous to the cell because they can lead to genome rearrangements. In fact, when a double-strand break is accompanied by a cross-linkage joining the two strands at the same point, neither strand can be used as a template for the repair mechanisms, so that the cell will not be able to complete mitosis when it next divides, and will either die or, in rare cases, undergo a mutation. Three mechanisms exist to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs): non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), and homologous recombination (HR): DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide ester bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides. In NHEJ, DNA Ligase IV, a specialized DNA ligase that forms a complex with the cofactor XRCC4, directly joins the two ends. To guide accurate repair, NHEJ relies on short homologous sequences called microhomologies present on the single-stranded tails of the DNA ends to be joined. If these overhangs are compatible, repair is usually accurate. NHEJ can also introduce mutations during repair. Loss of damaged nucleotides at the break site can lead to deletions, and joining of nonmatching termini forms insertions or translocations. NHEJ is especially important before the cell has replicated its DNA, since there is no template available for repair by homologous recombination. There are "backup" NHEJ pathways in higher eukaryotes. Besides its role as a genome caretaker, NHEJ is required for joining hairpin-capped double-strand breaks induced during V(D)J recombination, the process that generates diversity in B-cell and T-cell receptors in the vertebrate immune system. MMEJ starts with short-range end resection by MRE11 nuclease on either side of a double-strand break to reveal microhomology regions. In further steps, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is required and may be an early step in MMEJ. There is pairing of microhomology regions followed by recruitment of flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to remove overhanging flaps. This is followed by recruitment of XRCC1–LIG3 to the site for ligating the DNA ends, leading to an intact DNA. MMEJ is always accompanied by a deletion, so that MMEJ is a mutagenic pathway for DNA repair. HR requires the presence of an identical or nearly identical sequence to be used as a template for repair of the break. The enzymatic machinery responsible for this repair process is nearly identical to the machinery responsible for chromosomal crossover during meiosis. This pathway allows a damaged chromosome to be repaired using a sister chromatid (available in G2 after DNA replication) or a homologous chromosome as a template. DSBs caused by the replication machinery attempting to synthesize across a single-strand break or unrepaired lesion cause collapse of the replication fork and are typically repaired by recombination. In an in vitro system, MMEJ occurred in mammalian cells at the levels of 10–20% of HR when both HR and NHEJ mechanisms were also available. The extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans has a remarkable ability to survive DNA damage from ionizing radiation and other sources. At least two copies of the genome, with random DNA breaks, can form DNA fragments through annealing. Partially overlapping fragments are then used for synthesis of homologous regions through a moving D-loop that can continue extension until complementary partner strands are found. In the final step, there is crossover by means of RecA-dependent homologous recombination. Topoisomerases introduce both single- and double-strand breaks in the course of changing the DNA's state of supercoiling, which is especially common in regions near an open replication fork. Such breaks are not considered DNA damage because they are a natural intermediate in the topoisomerase biochemical mechanism and are immediately repaired by the enzymes that created them. Another type of DNA double-strand breaks originates from the DNA heat-sensitive or heat-labile sites. These DNA sites are not initial DSBs. However, they convert to DSB after treating with elevated temperature. Ionizing irradiation can induces a highly complex form of DNA damage as clustered damage. It consists of different types of DNA lesions in various locations of the DNA helix. Some of these closely located lesions can probably convert to DSB by exposure to high temperatures. But the exact nature of these lesions and their interactions is not yet known Translesion synthesis Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance process that allows the DNA replication machinery to replicate past DNA lesions such as thymine dimers or AP sites. It involves switching out regular DNA polymerases for specialized translesion polymerases (i.e. DNA polymerase IV or V, from the Y Polymerase family), often with larger active sites that can facilitate the insertion of bases opposite damaged nucleotides. The polymerase switching is thought to be mediated by, among other factors, the post-translational modification of the replication processivity factor PCNA. Translesion synthesis polymerases often have low fidelity (high propensity to insert wrong bases) on undamaged templates relative to regular polymerases. However, many are extremely efficient at inserting correct bases opposite specific types of damage. For example, Pol η mediates error-free bypass of lesions induced by UV irradiation, whereas Pol ι introduces mutations at these sites. Pol η is known to add the first adenine across the T^T photodimer using Watson-Crick base pairing and the second adenine will be added in its syn conformation using Hoogsteen base pairing. From a cellular perspective, risking the introduction of point mutations during translesion synthesis may be preferable to resorting to more drastic mechanisms of DNA repair, which may cause gross chromosomal aberrations or cell death. In short, the process involves specialized polymerases either bypassing or repairing lesions at locations of stalled DNA replication. For example, Human DNA polymerase eta can bypass complex DNA lesions like guanine-thymine intra-strand crosslink, GT, although it can cause targeted and semi-targeted mutations. Paromita Raychaudhury and Ashis Basu studied the toxicity and mutagenesis of the same lesion in Escherichia coli by replicating a GT-modified plasmid in E. coli with specific DNA polymerase knockouts. Viability was very low in a strain lacking pol II, pol IV, and pol V, the three SOS-inducible DNA polymerases, indicating that translesion synthesis is conducted primarily by these specialized DNA polymerases. A bypass platform is provided to these polymerases by Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Under normal circumstances, PCNA bound to polymerases replicates the DNA. At a site of lesion, PCNA is ubiquitinated, or modified, by the RAD6/RAD18 proteins to provide a platform for the specialized polymerases to bypass the lesion and resume DNA replication. After translesion synthesis, extension is required. This extension can be carried out by a replicative polymerase if the TLS is error-free, as in the case of Pol η, yet if TLS results in a mismatch, a specialized polymerase is needed to extend it; Pol ζ. Pol ζ is unique in that it can extend terminal mismatches, whereas more processive polymerases cannot. So when a lesion is encountered, the replication fork will stall, PCNA will switch from a processive polymerase to a TLS polymerase such as Pol ι to fix the lesion, then PCNA may switch to Pol ζ to extend the mismatch, and last PCNA will switch to the processive polymerase to continue replication. Global response to DNA damage Cells exposed to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light or chemicals are prone to acquire multiple sites of bulky DNA lesions and double-strand breaks. Moreover, DNA damaging agents can damage other biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and RNA. The accumulation of damage, to be specific, double-strand breaks or adducts stalling the replication forks, are among known stimulation signals for a global response to DNA damage. The global response to damage is an act directed toward the cells' own preservation and triggers multiple pathways of macromolecular repair, lesion bypass, tolerance, or apoptosis. The common features of global response are induction of multiple genes, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell division. Initial steps The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin presents a barrier to all DNA-based processes that require recruitment of enzymes to their sites of action. To allow DNA repair, the chromatin must be remodeled. In eukaryotes, ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes are two predominant factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process. Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage. In one of the earliest steps, the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to double-strand breaks or other DNA damage. This post-translational modification facilitates the mobilization of SIRT6 to DNA damage sites, and is required for efficient recruitment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to DNA break sites and for efficient repair of DSBs. PARP1 protein starts to appear at DNA damage sites in less than a second, with half maximum accumulation within 1.6 seconds after the damage occurs. PARP1 synthesizes polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chains on itself. Next the chromatin remodeler ALC1 quickly attaches to the product of PARP1 action, a poly-ADP ribose chain, and ALC1 completes arrival at the DNA damage within 10 seconds of the occurrence of the damage. About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation, presumably due to action of ALC1, occurs by 10 seconds. This then allows recruitment of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11, to initiate DNA repair, within 13 seconds. γH2AX, the phosphorylated form of H2AX is also involved in the early steps leading to chromatin decondensation after DNA double-strand breaks. The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10% of the H2A histones in human chromatin. γH2AX (H2AX phosphorylated on serine 139) can be detected as soon as 20 seconds after irradiation of cells (with DNA double-strand break formation), and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurs in one minute. The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double-strand break. γH2AX does not, itself, cause chromatin decondensation, but within 30 seconds of irradiation, RNF8 protein can be detected in association with γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. DDB2 occurs in a heterodimeric complex with DDB1. This complex further complexes with the ubiquitin ligase protein CUL4A and with PARP1. This larger complex rapidly associates with UV-induced damage within chromatin, with half-maximum association completed in 40 seconds. The PARP1 protein, attached to both DDB1 and DDB2, then PARylates (creates a poly-ADP ribose chain) on DDB2 that attracts the DNA remodeling protein ALC1. Action of ALC1 relaxes the chromatin at the site of UV damage to DNA. This relaxation allows other proteins in the nucleotide excision repair pathway to enter the chromatin and repair UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer damages. After rapid chromatin remodeling, cell cycle checkpoints are activated to allow DNA repair to occur before the cell cycle progresses. First, two kinases, ATM and ATR are activated within 5 or 6 minutes after DNA is damaged. This is followed by phosphorylation of the cell cycle checkpoint protein Chk1, initiating its function, about 10 minutes after DNA is damaged. DNA damage checkpoints After DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoints are activated. Checkpoint activation pauses the cell cycle and gives the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide. DNA damage checkpoints occur at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. An intra-S checkpoint also exists. Checkpoint activation is controlled by two master kinases, ATM and ATR. ATM responds to DNA double-strand breaks and disruptions in chromatin structure, whereas ATR primarily responds to stalled replication forks. These kinases phosphorylate downstream targets in a signal transduction cascade, eventually leading to cell cycle arrest. A class of checkpoint mediator proteins including BRCA1, MDC1, and 53BP1 has also been identified. These proteins seem to be required for transmitting the checkpoint activation signal to downstream proteins. DNA damage checkpoint is a signal transduction pathway that blocks cell cycle progression in G1, G2 and metaphase and slows down the rate of S phase progression when DNA is damaged. It leads to a pause in cell cycle allowing the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide. Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-like group, two serine/threonine(S/T) kinases and their adaptors. Central to all DNA damage induced checkpoints responses is a pair of large protein kinases belonging to the first group of PI3K-like protein kinases-the ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (Ataxia- and Rad-related) kinases, whose sequence and functions have been well conserved in evolution. All DNA damage response requires either ATM or ATR because they have the ability to bind to the chromosomes at the site of DNA damage, together with accessory proteins that are platforms on which DNA damage response components and DNA repair complexes can be assembled. An important downstream target of ATM and ATR is p53, as it is required for inducing apoptosis following DNA damage. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is induced by both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints by deactivating cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. The prokaryotic SOS response The SOS response is the changes in gene expression in Escherichia coli and other bacteria in response to extensive DNA damage. The prokaryotic SOS system is regulated by two key proteins: LexA and RecA. The LexA homodimer is a transcriptional repressor that binds to operator sequences commonly referred to as SOS boxes. In Escherichia coli it is known that LexA regulates transcription of approximately 48 genes including the lexA and recA genes. The SOS response is known to be widespread in the Bacteria domain, but it is mostly absent in some bacterial phyla, like the Spirochetes. The most common cellular signals activating the SOS response are regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), arising from stalled replication forks or double-strand breaks, which are processed by DNA helicase to separate the two DNA strands. In the initiation step, RecA protein binds to ssDNA in an ATP hydrolysis driven reaction creating RecA–ssDNA filaments. RecA–ssDNA filaments activate LexA autoprotease activity, which ultimately leads to cleavage of LexA dimer and subsequent LexA degradation. The loss of LexA repressor induces transcription of the SOS genes and allows for further signal induction, inhibition of cell division and an increase in levels of proteins responsible for damage processing. In Escherichia coli, SOS boxes are 20-nucleotide long sequences near promoters with palindromic structure and a high degree of sequence conservation. In other classes and phyla, the sequence of SOS boxes varies considerably, with different length and composition, but it is always highly conserved and one of the strongest short signals in the genome. The high information content of SOS boxes permits differential binding of LexA to different promoters and allows for timing of the SOS response. The lesion repair genes are induced at the beginning of SOS response. The error-prone translesion polymerases, for example, UmuCD'2 (also called DNA polymerase V), are induced later on as a last resort. Once the DNA damage is repaired or bypassed using polymerases or through recombination, the amount of single-stranded DNA in cells is decreased, lowering the amounts of RecA filaments decreases cleavage activity of LexA homodimer, which then binds to the SOS boxes near promoters and restores normal gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional responses to DNA damage Eukaryotic cells exposed to DNA damaging agents also activate important defensive pathways by inducing multiple proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, protein trafficking and degradation. Such genome wide transcriptional response is very complex and tightly regulated, thus allowing coordinated global response to damage. Exposure of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to DNA damaging agents results in overlapping but distinct transcriptional profiles. Similarities to environmental shock response indicates that a general global stress response pathway exist at the level of transcriptional activation. In contrast, different human cell types respond to damage differently indicating an absence of a common global response. The probable explanation for this difference between yeast and human cells may be in the heterogeneity of mammalian cells. In an animal different types of cells are distributed among different organs that have evolved different sensitivities to DNA damage. In general global response to DNA damage involves expression of multiple genes responsible for postreplication repair, homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair, DNA damage checkpoint, global transcriptional activation, genes controlling mRNA decay, and many others. A large amount of damage to a cell leaves it with an important decision: undergo apoptosis and die, or survive at the cost of living with a modified genome. An increase in tolerance to damage can lead to an increased rate of survival that will allow a greater accumulation of mutations. Yeast Rev1 and human polymerase η are members of Y family translesion DNA polymerases present during global response to DNA damage and are responsible for enhanced mutagenesis during a global response to DNA damage in eukaryotes. Aging Main article: DNA damage theory of aging Pathological effects of poor DNA repair DNA repair rate is an important determinant of cell pathology. Experimental animals with genetic deficiencies in DNA repair often show decreased life span and increased cancer incidence. For example, mice deficient in the dominant NHEJ pathway and in telomere maintenance mechanisms get lymphoma and infections more often, and, as a consequence, have shorter lifespans than wild-type mice. In similar manner, mice deficient in a key repair and transcription protein that unwinds DNA helices have premature onset of aging-related diseases and consequent shortening of lifespan. However, not every DNA repair deficiency creates exactly the predicted effects; mice deficient in the NER pathway exhibited shortened life span without correspondingly higher rates of mutation. The maximum life spans of mice, naked mole-rats and humans are respectively ~3, ~30 and ~129 years. Of these, the shortest lived species, mouse, expresses DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways, at a lower level than do humans and naked mole rats. Furthermore several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole-rats are up-regulated compared to mouse. These observations suggest that elevated DNA repair facilitates greater longevity. If the rate of DNA damage exceeds the capacity of the cell to repair it, the accumulation of errors can overwhelm the cell and result in early senescence, apoptosis, or cancer. Inherited diseases associated with faulty DNA repair functioning result in premature aging, increased sensitivity to carcinogens and correspondingly increased cancer risk (see below). On the other hand, organisms with enhanced DNA repair systems, such as Deinococcus radiodurans, the most radiation-resistant known organism, exhibit remarkable resistance to the double-strand break-inducing effects of radioactivity, likely due to enhanced efficiency of DNA repair and especially NHEJ. Longevity and caloric restriction Most life span influencing genes affect the rate of DNA damage. A number of individual genes have been identified as influencing variations in life span within a population of organisms. The effects of these genes is strongly dependent on the environment, in particular, on the organism's diet. Caloric restriction reproducibly results in extended lifespan in a variety of organisms, likely via nutrient sensing pathways and decreased metabolic rate. The molecular mechanisms by which such restriction results in lengthened lifespan are as yet unclear (see for some discussion); however, the behavior of many genes known to be involved in DNA repair is altered under conditions of caloric restriction. Several agents reported to have anti-aging properties have been shown to attenuate constitutive level of mTOR signaling, an evidence of reduction of metabolic activity, and concurrently to reduce constitutive level of DNA damage induced by endogenously generated reactive oxygen species. For example, increasing the gene dosage of the gene SIR-2, which regulates DNA packaging in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, can significantly extend lifespan. The mammalian homolog of SIR-2 is known to induce downstream DNA repair factors involved in NHEJ, an activity that is especially promoted under conditions of caloric restriction. Caloric restriction has been closely linked to the rate of base excision repair in the nuclear DNA of rodents, although similar effects have not been observed in mitochondrial DNA. The C. elegans gene AGE-1, an upstream effector of DNA repair pathways, confers dramatically extended life span under free-feeding conditions but leads to a decrease in reproductive fitness under conditions of caloric restriction. This observation supports the pleiotropy theory of the biological origins of aging, which suggests that genes conferring a large survival advantage early in life will be selected for even if they carry a corresponding disadvantage late in life. Medicine and DNA repair modulation Main article: DNA repair-deficiency disorder Hereditary DNA repair disorders Defects in the NER mechanism are responsible for several genetic disorders, including: Xeroderma pigmentosum: hypersensitivity to sunlight/UV, resulting in increased skin cancer incidence and premature aging Cockayne syndrome: hypersensitivity to UV and chemical agents Trichothiodystrophy: sensitive skin, brittle hair and nails Mental retardation often accompanies the latter two disorders, suggesting increased vulnerability of developmental neurons. Other DNA repair disorders include: Werner's syndrome: premature aging and retarded growth Bloom's syndrome: sunlight hypersensitivity, high incidence of malignancies (especially leukemias). Ataxia telangiectasia: sensitivity to ionizing radiation and some chemical agents All of the above diseases are often called "segmental progerias" ("accelerated aging diseases") because those affected appear elderly and experience aging-related diseases at an abnormally young age, while not manifesting all the symptoms of old age. Other diseases associated with reduced DNA repair function include Fanconi anemia, hereditary breast cancer and hereditary colon cancer. Cancer Because of inherent limitations in the DNA repair mechanisms, if humans lived long enough, they would all eventually develop cancer. There are at least 34 Inherited human DNA repair gene mutations that increase cancer risk. Many of these mutations cause DNA repair to be less effective than normal. In particular, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is strongly associated with specific mutations in the DNA mismatch repair pathway. BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important genes whose mutations confer a hugely increased risk of breast cancer on carriers, are both associated with a large number of DNA repair pathways, especially NHEJ and homologous recombination. Cancer therapy procedures such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy work by overwhelming the capacity of the cell to repair DNA damage, resulting in cell death. Cells that are most rapidly dividing – most typically cancer cells – are preferentially affected. The side-effect is that other non-cancerous but rapidly dividing cells such as progenitor cells in the gut, skin, and hematopoietic system are also affected. Modern cancer treatments attempt to localize the DNA damage to cells and tissues only associated with cancer, either by physical means (concentrating the therapeutic agent in the region of the tumor) or by biochemical means (exploiting a feature unique to cancer cells in the body). In the context of therapies targeting DNA damage response genes, the latter approach has been termed 'synthetic lethality'. Perhaps the most well-known of these 'synthetic lethality' drugs is the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor olaparib, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015 for the treatment in women of BRCA-defective ovarian cancer. Tumor cells with partial loss of DNA damage response (specifically, homologous recombination repair) are dependent on another mechanism – single-strand break repair – which is a mechanism consisting, in part, of the PARP1 gene product. Olaparib is combined with chemotherapeutics to inhibit single-strand break repair induced by DNA damage caused by the co-administered chemotherapy. Tumor cells relying on this residual DNA repair mechanism are unable to repair the damage and hence are not able to survive and proliferate, whereas normal cells can repair the damage with the functioning homologous recombination mechanism. Many other drugs for use against other residual DNA repair mechanisms commonly found in cancer are currently under investigation. However, synthetic lethality therapeutic approaches have been questioned due to emerging evidence of acquired resistance, achieved through rewiring of DNA damage response pathways and reversion of previously inhibited defects. DNA repair defects in cancer It has become apparent over the past several years that the DNA damage response acts as a barrier to the malignant transformation of preneoplastic cells. Previous studies have shown an elevated DNA damage response in cell-culture models with oncogene activation and preneoplastic colon adenomas. DNA damage response mechanisms trigger cell-cycle arrest, and attempt to repair DNA lesions or promote cell death/senescence if repair is not possible. Replication stress is observed in preneoplastic cells due to increased proliferation signals from oncogenic mutations. Replication stress is characterized by: increased replication initiation/origin firing; increased transcription and collisions of transcription-replication complexes; nucleotide deficiency; increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Replication stress, along with the selection for inactivating mutations in DNA damage response genes in the evolution of the tumor, leads to downregulation and/or loss of some DNA damage response mechanisms, and hence loss of DNA repair and/or senescence/programmed cell death. In experimental mouse models, loss of DNA damage response-mediated cell senescence was observed after using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to inhibit the double-strand break response kinase ataxia telangiectasia (ATM), leading to increased tumor size and invasiveness. Humans born with inherited defects in DNA repair mechanisms (for example, Li-Fraumeni syndrome) have a higher cancer risk. The prevalence of DNA damage response mutations differs across cancer types; for example, 30% of breast invasive carcinomas have mutations in genes involved in homologous recombination. In cancer, downregulation is observed across all DNA damage response mechanisms (base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination repair (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). As well as mutations to DNA damage repair genes, mutations also arise in the genes responsible for arresting the cell cycle to allow sufficient time for DNA repair to occur, and some genes are involved in both DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, for example ATM and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) – a tumor suppressor that is often absent or downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer. HR NHEJ SSA FA BER NER MMR ATM ATR PAXIP RPA BRCA1 BRCA2 RAD51 RFC XRCC1 PCNA PARP1 ERCC1 MSH3 Genes involved in DNA damage response pathways and frequently mutated in cancer (HR = homologous recombination; NHEJ = non-homologous end joining; SSA = single-strand annealing; FA = fanconi anemia pathway; BER = base excision repair; NER = nucleotide excision repair; MMR = mismatch repair) Epigenetic DNA repair defects in cancer Classically, cancer has been viewed as a set of diseases that are driven by progressive genetic abnormalities that include mutations in tumour-suppressor genes and oncogenes, and chromosomal aberrations. However, it has become apparent that cancer is also driven by epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic alterations refer to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are changes in DNA methylation (hypermethylation and hypomethylation) and histone modification, changes in chromosomal architecture (caused by inappropriate expression of proteins such as HMGA2 or HMGA1) and changes caused by microRNAs. Each of these epigenetic alterations serves to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes usually remain through cell divisions, last for multiple cell generations, and can be considered to be epimutations (equivalent to mutations). While large numbers of epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, appear to be particularly important. Such alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to be a likely cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers. Reduced expression of DNA repair genes causes deficient DNA repair. When DNA repair is deficient DNA damages remain in cells at a higher than usual level and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR). Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells. Higher levels of DNA damage not only cause increased mutation, but also cause increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing. Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can cause increased risk of cancer. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair-deficiency disorder) have an increased risk of cancer, with some defects causing up to a 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g. p53 mutations). However, such germline mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers. Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers. Deficiencies in DNA repair enzymes are occasionally caused by a newly arising somatic mutation in a DNA repair gene, but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. For example, when 113 colorectal cancers were examined in sequence, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration). Five different studies found that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region. Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, miR-155, which down-regulates MLH1. In a further example, epigenetic defects were found in various cancers (e.g. breast, ovarian, colorectal and head and neck). Two or three deficiencies in the expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al. The chart in this section shows some frequent DNA damaging agents, examples of DNA lesions they cause, and the pathways that deal with these DNA damages. At least 169 enzymes are either directly employed in DNA repair or influence DNA repair processes. Of these, 83 are directly employed in repairing the 5 types of DNA damages illustrated in the chart. Some of the more well studied genes central to these repair processes are shown in the chart. The gene designations shown in red, gray or cyan indicate genes frequently epigenetically altered in various types of cancers. Wikipedia articles on each of the genes highlighted by red, gray or cyan describe the epigenetic alteration(s) and the cancer(s) in which these epimutations are found. Review articles, and broad experimental survey articles also document most of these epigenetic DNA repair deficiencies in cancers. Red-highlighted genes are frequently reduced or silenced by epigenetic mechanisms in various cancers. When these genes have low or absent expression, DNA damages can accumulate. Replication errors past these damages (see translesion synthesis) can lead to increased mutations and, ultimately, cancer. Epigenetic repression of DNA repair genes in accurate DNA repair pathways appear to be central to carcinogenesis. The two gray-highlighted genes RAD51 and BRCA2, are required for homologous recombinational repair. They are sometimes epigenetically over-expressed and sometimes under-expressed in certain cancers. As indicated in the Wikipedia articles on RAD51 and BRCA2, such cancers ordinarily have epigenetic deficiencies in other DNA repair genes. These repair deficiencies would likely cause increased unrepaired DNA damages. The over-expression of RAD51 and BRCA2 seen in these cancers may reflect selective pressures for compensatory RAD51 or BRCA2 over-expression and increased homologous recombinational repair to at least partially deal with such excess DNA damages. In those cases where RAD51 or BRCA2 are under-expressed, this would itself lead to increased unrepaired DNA damages. Replication errors past these damages (see translesion synthesis) could cause increased mutations and cancer, so that under-expression of RAD51 or BRCA2 would be carcinogenic in itself. Cyan-highlighted genes are in the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) pathway and are up-regulated in cancer. MMEJ is an additional error-prone inaccurate repair pathway for double-strand breaks. In MMEJ repair of a double-strand break, an homology of 5–25 complementary base pairs between both paired strands is sufficient to align the strands, but mismatched ends (flaps) are usually present. MMEJ removes the extra nucleotides (flaps) where strands are joined, and then ligates the strands to create an intact DNA double helix. MMEJ almost always involves at least a small deletion, so that it is a mutagenic pathway. FEN1, the flap endonuclease in MMEJ, is epigenetically increased by promoter hypomethylation and is over-expressed in the majority of cancers of the breast, prostate, stomach, neuroblastomas, pancreas, and lung. PARP1 is also over-expressed when its promoter region ETS site is epigenetically hypomethylated, and this contributes to progression to endometrial cancer and BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Other genes in the MMEJ pathway are also over-expressed in a number of cancers (see MMEJ for summary), and are also shown in cyan. Genome-wide distribution of DNA repair in human somatic cells Differential activity of DNA repair pathways across various regions of the human genome causes mutations to be very unevenly distributed within tumor genomes. In particular, the gene-rich, early-replicating regions of the human genome exhibit lower mutation frequencies than the gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin. One mechanism underlying this involves the histone modification H3K36me3, which can recruit mismatch repair proteins, thereby lowering mutation rates in H3K36me3-marked regions. Another important mechanism concerns nucleotide excision repair, which can be recruited by the transcription machinery, lowering somatic mutation rates in active genes and other open chromatin regions. Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair Damage to DNA is very common and is constantly being repaired. Epigenetic alterations can accompany DNA repair of oxidative damage or double-strand breaks. In human cells, oxidative DNA damage occurs about 10,000 times a day and DNA double-strand breaks occur about 10 to 50 times a cell cycle in somatic replicating cells (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)). The selective advantage of DNA repair is to allow the cell to survive in the face of DNA damage. The selective advantage of epigenetic alterations that occur with DNA repair is not clear. Repair of oxidative DNA damage can alter epigenetic markers In the steady state (with endogenous damages occurring and being repaired), there are about 2,400 oxidatively damaged guanines that form 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the average mammalian cell DNA. 8-OHdG constitutes about 5% of the oxidative damages commonly present in DNA. The oxidized guanines do not occur randomly among all guanines in DNA. There is a sequence preference for the guanine at a methylated CpG site (a cytosine followed by guanine along its 5' → 3' direction and where the cytosine is methylated (5-mCpG)). A 5-mCpG site has the lowest ionization potential for guanine oxidation. Initiation of DNA demethylation at a CpG site. In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides (CpG sites), forming 5-methylcytosine-pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The base excision repair enzyme OGG1 targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits TET1 and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC. Oxidized guanine has mispairing potential and is mutagenic. Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) is the primary enzyme responsible for the excision of the oxidized guanine during DNA repair. OGG1 finds and binds to an 8-OHdG within a few seconds. However, OGG1 does not immediately excise 8-OHdG. In HeLa cells half maximum removal of 8-OHdG occurs in 30 minutes, and in irradiated mice, the 8-OHdGs induced in the mouse liver are removed with a half-life of 11 minutes. When OGG1 is present at an oxidized guanine within a methylated CpG site it recruits TET1 to the 8-OHdG lesion (see Figure). This allows TET1 to demethylate an adjacent methylated cytosine. Demethylation of cytosine is an epigenetic alteration. As an example, when human mammary epithelial cells were treated with H2O2 for six hours, 8-OHdG increased about 3.5-fold in DNA and this caused about 80% demethylation of the 5-methylcytosines in the genome. Demethylation of CpGs in a gene promoter by TET enzyme activity increases transcription of the gene into messenger RNA. In cells treated with H2O2, one particular gene was examined, BACE1. The methylation level of the BACE1 CpG island was reduced (an epigenetic alteration) and this allowed about 6.5 fold increase of expression of BACE1 messenger RNA. While six-hour incubation with H2O2 causes considerable demethylation of 5-mCpG sites, shorter times of H2O2 incubation appear to promote other epigenetic alterations. Treatment of cells with H2O2 for 30 minutes causes the mismatch repair protein heterodimer MSH2-MSH6 to recruit DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of some kinds of oxidative DNA damage. This could cause increased methylation of cytosines (epigenetic alterations) at these locations. Jiang et al. treated HEK 293 cells with agents causing oxidative DNA damage, (potassium bromate (KBrO3) or potassium chromate (K2CrO4)). Base excision repair (BER) of oxidative damage occurred with the DNA repair enzyme polymerase beta localizing to oxidized guanines. Polymerase beta is the main human polymerase in short-patch BER of oxidative DNA damage. Jiang et al. also found that polymerase beta recruited the DNA methyltransferase protein DNMT3b to BER repair sites. They then evaluated the methylation pattern at the single nucleotide level in a small region of DNA including the promoter region and the early transcription region of the BRCA1 gene. Oxidative DNA damage from bromate modulated the DNA methylation pattern (caused epigenetic alterations) at CpG sites within the region of DNA studied. In untreated cells, CpGs located at −189, −134, −29, −19, +16, and +19 of the BRCA1 gene had methylated cytosines (where numbering is from the messenger RNA transcription start site, and negative numbers indicate nucleotides in the upstream promoter region). Bromate treatment-induced oxidation resulted in the loss of cytosine methylation at −189, −134, +16 and +19 while also leading to the formation of new methylation at the CpGs located at −80, −55, −21 and +8 after DNA repair was allowed. Homologous recombinational repair alters epigenetic markers At least four articles report the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of DNA double-strand breaks. During homologous recombinational repair (HR) of the double-strand break, the involvement of DNMT1 causes the two repaired strands of DNA to have different levels of methylated cytosines. One strand becomes frequently methylated at about 21 CpG sites downstream of the repaired double-strand break. The other DNA strand loses methylation at about six CpG sites that were previously methylated downstream of the double-strand break, as well as losing methylation at about five CpG sites that were previously methylated upstream of the double-strand break. When the chromosome is replicated, this gives rise to one daughter chromosome that is heavily methylated downstream of the previous break site and one that is unmethylated in the region both upstream and downstream of the previous break site. With respect to the gene that was broken by the double-strand break, half of the progeny cells express that gene at a high level and in the other half of the progeny cells expression of that gene is repressed. When clones of these cells were maintained for three years, the new methylation patterns were maintained over that time period. In mice with a CRISPR-mediated homology-directed recombination insertion in their genome there were a large number of increased methylations of CpG sites within the double-strand break-associated insertion. Non-homologous end joining can cause some epigenetic marker alterations Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of a double-strand break can cause a small number of demethylations of pre-existing cytosine DNA methylations downstream of the repaired double-strand break. Further work by Allen et al. showed that NHEJ of a DNA double-strand break in a cell could give rise to some progeny cells having repressed expression of the gene harboring the initial double-strand break and some progeny having high expression of that gene due to epigenetic alterations associated with NHEJ repair. The frequency of epigenetic alterations causing repression of a gene after an NHEJ repair of a DNA double-strand break in that gene may be about 0.9%. Evolution The basic processes of DNA repair are highly conserved among both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and even among bacteriophages (viruses which infect bacteria); however, more complex organisms with more complex genomes have correspondingly more complex repair mechanisms. The ability of a large number of protein structural motifs to catalyze relevant chemical reactions has played a significant role in the elaboration of repair mechanisms during evolution. For an extremely detailed review of hypotheses relating to the evolution of DNA repair, see. The fossil record indicates that single-cell life began to proliferate on the planet at some point during the Precambrian period, although exactly when recognizably modern life first emerged is unclear. Nucleic acids became the sole and universal means of encoding genetic information, requiring DNA repair mechanisms that in their basic form have been inherited by all extant life forms from their common ancestor. The emergence of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere (known as the "oxygen catastrophe") due to photosynthetic organisms, as well as the presence of potentially damaging free radicals in the cell due to oxidative phosphorylation, necessitated the evolution of DNA repair mechanisms that act specifically to counter the types of damage induced by oxidative stress. The mechanism by which this came about, however, is unclear. Rate of evolutionary change On some occasions, DNA damage is not repaired or is repaired by an error-prone mechanism that results in a change from the original sequence. When this occurs, mutations may propagate into the genomes of the cell's progeny. Should such an event occur in a germ line cell that will eventually produce a gamete, the mutation has the potential to be passed on to the organism's offspring. The rate of evolution in a particular species (or, in a particular gene) is a function of the rate of mutation. As a consequence, the rate and accuracy of DNA repair mechanisms have an influence over the process of evolutionary change. DNA damage protection and repair does not influence the rate of adaptation by gene regulation and by recombination and selection of alleles. On the other hand, DNA damage repair and protection does influence the rate of accumulation of irreparable, advantageous, code expanding, inheritable mutations, and slows down the evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genome of organisms with new functionalities. The tension between evolvability and mutation repair and protection needs further investigation. Technology A technology named clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (shortened to CRISPR-Cas9) was discovered in 2012. The new technology allows anyone with molecular biology training to alter the genes of any species with precision, by inducing DNA damage at a specific point and then altering DNA repair mechanisms to insert new genes. It is cheaper, more efficient, and more precise than other technologies. With the help of CRISPR–Cas9, parts of a genome can be edited by scientists by removing, adding, or altering parts in a DNA sequence. 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(September 2004). "In situ analysis of repair processes for oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (38): 13738–43. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10113738L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406048101. PMC 518826. PMID 15365186. ^ Maeder ML, Angstman JF, Richardson ME, Linder SJ, Cascio VM, Tsai SQ, et al. (December 2013). "Targeted DNA demethylation and activation of endogenous genes using programmable TALE-TET1 fusion proteins". Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (12): 1137–42. doi:10.1038/nbt.2726. PMC 3858462. PMID 24108092. ^ Ding N, Bonham EM, Hannon BE, Amick TR, Baylin SB, O'Hagan HM (June 2016). "Mismatch repair proteins recruit DNA methyltransferase 1 to sites of oxidative DNA damage". J Mol Cell Biol. 8 (3): 244–54. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjv050. PMC 4937888. PMID 26186941. ^ a b Jiang Z, Lai Y, Beaver JM, Tsegay PS, Zhao ML, Horton JK, et al. (January 2020). "Oxidative DNA Damage Modulates DNA Methylation Pattern in Human Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) Gene via the Crosstalk between DNA Polymerase β and a de novo DNA Methyltransferase". Cells. 9 (1): 225. doi:10.3390/cells9010225. PMC 7016758. PMID 31963223. ^ Mortusewicz O, Schermelleh L, Walter J, Cardoso MC, Leonhardt H (June 2005). "Recruitment of DNA methyltransferase I to DNA repair sites". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (25): 8905–9. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8905M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501034102. PMC 1157029. PMID 15956212. ^ a b Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, et al. (July 2007). "DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation". PLOS Genet. 3 (7): e110. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110. PMC 1913100. PMID 17616978. ^ Ha K, Lee GE, Palii SS, Brown KD, Takeda Y, Liu K, et al. (January 2011). "Rapid and transient recruitment of DNMT1 to DNA double-strand breaks is mediated by its interaction with multiple components of the DNA damage response machinery". 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External links Library resources about DNA repair Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Listen to this article (20 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 17 June 2005 (2005-06-17), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Media related to DNA repair at Wikimedia Commons Roswell Park Cancer Institute DNA Repair Lectures A comprehensive list of Human DNA Repair Genes 3D structures of some DNA repair enzymes Human DNA repair diseases DNA repair special interest group DNA Repair Archived 12 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine DNA Damage and DNA Repair Segmental Progeria DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly Heavy Metal Exposure Influences Double Strand Break DNA Repair Outcomes vteDNA repairExcision repair Base excision repair/AP site DNA glycosylase Uracil-DNA glycosylase Poly ADP ribose polymerase Nucleotide excision repair/ERCC XPA XPB XPC XPD/ERCC2 XPE/DDB1 XPF/DDB1 XPG/ERCC5 ERCC1 RPA RAD23A RAD23B Excinuclease DNA mismatch repair MLH1 MSH2 Other forms of repair Transcription-coupled repair ERCC6 ERCC8 Homology directed repair Non-homologous end joining Ku Microhomology-mediated end joining Postreplication repair Photolyase CRY1 CRY2 Other/ungrouped proteins Ogt PcrA Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Homologous recombination RecA/RAD51 Sgs1 Slx4 Regulation SOS box SOS response Other/ungrouped 8-Oxoguanine Adaptive response Meiotic recombination checkpoint RecF pathway DNA helicase: BLM WRN FANC proteins: core protein complex FANCA FANCB FANCC FANCE FANCF FANCG FANCL FANCM FANCD1 FANCD2 FANCI FANCJ FANCN Category Portal: Biology

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA Repair (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Repair_(journal)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brokechromo.jpg"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-Bartek-2009-1"},{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"molecular lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_lesion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lodish-2"},{"link_name":"transcribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"two-hit hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-hit_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"senescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"programmed cell death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"cancerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"life span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browner-3"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Tomas Lindahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl"},{"link_name":"Paul Modrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Modrich"},{"link_name":"Aziz Sancar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Sancar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20151007-wjb-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP-20151007-5"}],"text":"Cellular mechanismFor the journal, see DNA Repair (journal).DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomesDNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.[1] In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day.[2] Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure. When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur. This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two-hit hypothesis.The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred to its DNA, can enter one of three possible states:an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence\ncell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death\nunregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerousThe DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection.[3]Paul Modrich talks about himself and his work in DNA repair.The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their work on the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair processes.[4][5]","title":"DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA damage (naturally occurring)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)"},{"link_name":"Free radical damage to DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical_damage_to_DNA"},{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lodish-2"},{"link_name":"tumor suppressor genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"tumor heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour_heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"primary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structure"},{"link_name":"adducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"tertiary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"supercoiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercoil"},{"link_name":"histones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone"}],"text":"Further information: DNA damage (naturally occurring) and Free radical damage to DNADNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 10,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day.[2] While this constitutes at most only 0.0003125% of the human genome's approximately 3.2 billion bases, unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability to carry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation and contribute to tumor heterogeneity.The vast majority of DNA damage affects the primary structure of the double helix; that is, the bases themselves are chemically modified. These modifications can in turn disrupt the molecules' regular helical structure by introducing non-native chemical bonds or bulky adducts that do not fit in the standard double helix. Unlike proteins and RNA, DNA usually lacks tertiary structure and therefore damage or disturbance does not occur at that level. DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around \"packaging\" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage.","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endogenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"oxidative deamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_deamination"},{"link_name":"replication errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_error"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"x-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"mutagenic chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic"},{"link_name":"intercalating agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10547702-6"},{"link_name":"back mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation#By_effect_on_function"},{"link_name":"gene conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_conversion"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"DNA damage can be subdivided into two main types:endogenous damage such as attack by reactive oxygen species produced from normal metabolic byproducts (spontaneous mutation), especially the process of oxidative deamination\nalso includes replication errors\nexogenous damage caused by external agents such as\nultraviolet (UV) radiation (200–400 nm) from the sun or other artificial light sources\nother radiation frequencies, including x-rays and gamma rays\nhydrolysis or thermal disruption\ncertain plant toxins\nhuman-made mutagenic chemicals, especially aromatic compounds that act as DNA intercalating agents\nviruses[6]The replication of damaged DNA before cell division can lead to the incorporation of wrong bases opposite damaged ones. Daughter cells that inherit these wrong bases carry mutations from which the original DNA sequence is unrecoverable (except in the rare case of a back mutation, for example, through gene conversion).","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_oxidation"},{"link_name":"alkylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"7-methylguanosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-methylguanosine"},{"link_name":"6-O-Methylguanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-O-Methylguanine"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"deamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination"},{"link_name":"depurination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depurination"},{"link_name":"\"bulky adduct formation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_adduct"},{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"UV-B light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_light"},{"link_name":"cytosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine"},{"link_name":"thymine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine"},{"link_name":"pyrimidine dimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer"},{"link_name":"direct DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_DNA_damage"},{"link_name":"UV-A light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_light"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"indirect DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_DNA_damage"},{"link_name":"Ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rays"},{"link_name":"depurination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depurination"},{"link_name":"purine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine"},{"link_name":"thermophilic bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophilic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toshihiro-8"},{"link_name":"purine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine"},{"link_name":"adaptive response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_response"},{"link_name":"vinyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"crosslinking of DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA"},{"link_name":"ring puckering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_pucker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"There are several types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular processes:oxidation of bases [e.g. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG)] and generation of DNA strand interruptions from reactive oxygen species,\nalkylation of bases (usually methylation), such as formation of 7-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenine, 6-O-Methylguanine\nhydrolysis of bases, such as deamination, depurination, and depyrimidination.\n\"bulky adduct formation\" (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-dG adduct, aristolactam I-dA adduct)\nmismatch of bases, due to errors in DNA replication, in which the wrong DNA base is stitched into place in a newly forming DNA strand, or a DNA base is skipped over or mistakenly inserted.\nMonoadduct damage cause by change in single nitrogenous base of DNA\nDi adduct damageDamage caused by exogenous agents comes in many forms. Some examples are:UV-B light causes crosslinking between adjacent cytosine and thymine bases creating pyrimidine dimers. This is called direct DNA damage.\nUV-A light creates mostly free radicals. The damage caused by free radicals is called indirect DNA damage.\nIonizing radiation such as that created by radioactive decay or in cosmic rays causes breaks in DNA strands. Intermediate-level ionizing radiation may induce irreparable DNA damage (leading to replicational and transcriptional errors needed for neoplasia or may trigger viral interactions) leading to pre-mature aging and cancer.\nThermal disruption at elevated temperature increases the rate of depurination (loss of purine bases from the DNA backbone) and single-strand breaks. For example, hydrolytic depurination is seen in the thermophilic bacteria, which grow in hot springs at 40–80 °C.[7][8] The rate of depurination (300 purine residues per genome per generation) is too high in these species to be repaired by normal repair machinery, hence a possibility of an adaptive response cannot be ruled out.\nIndustrial chemicals such as vinyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, and environmental chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in smoke, soot and tar create a huge diversity of DNA adducts- ethanoates, oxidized bases, alkylated phosphodiesters and crosslinking of DNA, just to name a few.UV damage, alkylation/methylation, X-ray damage and oxidative damage are examples of induced damage. Spontaneous damage can include the loss of a base, deamination, sugar ring puckering and tautomeric shift. Constitutive (spontaneous) DNA damage caused by endogenous oxidants can be detected as a low level of histone H2AX phosphorylation in untreated cells.[9]","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"histones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histones"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelles"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"adenosine triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"superoxide dismutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear versus mitochondrial","text":"In human cells, and eukaryotic cells in general, DNA is found in two cellular locations – inside the nucleus and inside the mitochondria. Nuclear DNA (n-DNA) exists as chromatin during non-replicative stages of the cell cycle and is condensed into aggregate structures known as chromosomes during cell division. In either state the DNA is highly compacted and wound up around bead-like proteins called histones. Whenever a cell needs to express the genetic information encoded in its n-DNA the required chromosomal region is unraveled, genes located therein are expressed, and then the region is condensed back to its resting conformation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located inside mitochondria organelles, exists in multiple copies, and is also tightly associated with a number of proteins to form a complex known as the nucleoid. Inside mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals, byproducts of the constant production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation, create a highly oxidative environment that is known to damage mtDNA. A critical enzyme in counteracting the toxicity of these species is superoxide dismutase, which is present in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"telomeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeres"},{"link_name":"noncoding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA"},{"link_name":"Hayflick limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick_limit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-braig-10"},{"link_name":"quiescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch-11"},{"link_name":"cellular signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_signaling"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17667954-12"}],"sub_title":"Senescence and apoptosis","text":"Senescence, an irreversible process in which the cell no longer divides, is a protective response to the shortening of the chromosome ends, called telomeres. The telomeres are long regions of repetitive noncoding DNA that cap chromosomes and undergo partial degradation each time a cell undergoes division (see Hayflick limit).[10] In contrast, quiescence is a reversible state of cellular dormancy that is unrelated to genome damage (see cell cycle). Senescence in cells may serve as a functional alternative to apoptosis in cases where the physical presence of a cell for spatial reasons is required by the organism,[11] which serves as a \"last resort\" mechanism to prevent a cell with damaged DNA from replicating inappropriately in the absence of pro-growth cellular signaling. Unregulated cell division can lead to the formation of a tumor (see cancer), which is potentially lethal to an organism. Therefore, the induction of senescence and apoptosis is considered to be part of a strategy of protection against cancer.[12]","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nDNA-13"}],"sub_title":"Mutation","text":"It is important to distinguish between DNA damage and mutation, the two major types of error in DNA. DNA damage and mutation are fundamentally different. Damage results in physical abnormalities in the DNA, such as single- and double-strand breaks, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine residues, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts. DNA damage can be recognized by enzymes, and thus can be correctly repaired if redundant information, such as the undamaged sequence in the complementary DNA strand or in a homologous chromosome, is available for copying. If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of a gene can be prevented, and thus translation into a protein will also be blocked. Replication may also be blocked or the cell may die.In contrast to DNA damage, a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation. Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce.Although distinctly different from each other, DNA damage and mutation are related because DNA damage often causes errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair; these errors are a major source of mutation.Given these properties of DNA damage and mutation, it can be seen that DNA damage is a special problem in non-dividing or slowly-dividing cells, where unrepaired damage will tend to accumulate over time. On the other hand, in rapidly dividing cells, unrepaired DNA damage that does not kill the cell by blocking replication will tend to cause replication errors and thus mutation. The great majority of mutations that are not neutral in their effect are deleterious to a cell's survival. Thus, in a population of cells composing a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, infrequent mutations that provide a survival advantage will tend to clonally expand at the expense of neighboring cells in the tissue. This advantage to the cell is disadvantageous to the whole organism because such mutant cells can give rise to cancer. Thus, DNA damage in frequently dividing cells, because it gives rise to mutations, is a prominent cause of cancer. In contrast, DNA damage in infrequently-dividing cells is likely a prominent cause of aging.[13]","title":"DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"chromatid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid"},{"link_name":"translesion synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Translesion_synthesis"}],"text":"Cells cannot function if DNA damage corrupts the integrity and accessibility of essential information in the genome (but cells remain superficially functional when non-essential genes are missing or damaged). Depending on the type of damage inflicted on the DNA's double helical structure, a variety of repair strategies have evolved to restore lost information. If possible, cells use the unmodified complementary strand of the DNA or the sister chromatid as a template to recover the original information. Without access to a template, cells use an error-prone recovery mechanism known as translesion synthesis as a last resort.Damage to DNA alters the spatial configuration of the helix, and such alterations can be detected by the cell. Once damage is localized, specific DNA repair molecules bind at or near the site of damage, inducing other molecules to bind and form a complex that enables the actual repair to take place.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyrimidine dimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer"},{"link_name":"photoreactivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreactivation"},{"link_name":"photolyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase"},{"link_name":"blue/UV light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sancar-14"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"nucleotide excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"ogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGT_II"},{"link_name":"stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric"},{"link_name":"catalytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-16"},{"link_name":"adaptive response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_response"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkert-17"}],"sub_title":"Direct reversal","text":"Cells are known to eliminate three types of damage to their DNA by chemically reversing it. These mechanisms do not require a template, since the types of damage they counteract can occur in only one of the four bases. Such direct reversal mechanisms are specific to the type of damage incurred and do not involve breakage of the phosphodiester backbone. The formation of pyrimidine dimers upon irradiation with UV light results in an abnormal covalent bond between adjacent pyrimidine bases. The photoreactivation process directly reverses this damage by the action of the enzyme photolyase, whose activation is obligately dependent on energy absorbed from blue/UV light (300–500 nm wavelength) to promote catalysis.[14] Photolyase, an old enzyme present in bacteria, fungi, and most animals no longer functions in humans,[15] who instead use nucleotide excision repair to repair damage from UV irradiation. Another type of damage, methylation of guanine bases, is directly reversed by the enzyme methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT), the bacterial equivalent of which is called ogt. This is an expensive process because each MGMT molecule can be used only once; that is, the reaction is stoichiometric rather than catalytic.[16] A generalized response to methylating agents in bacteria is known as the adaptive response and confers a level of resistance to alkylating agents upon sustained exposure by upregulation of alkylation repair enzymes.[17] The third type of DNA damage reversed by cells is certain methylation of the bases cytosine and adenine.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uracil_base_glycosidase.jpg"},{"link_name":"uracil-DNA glycosylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase"},{"link_name":"excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excision_repair"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-16"},{"link_name":"Base excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"glycosylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_glycosylase"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey-18"},{"link_name":"AP site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_site"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey-18"},{"link_name":"AP endonucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_endonuclease"},{"link_name":"nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_(DNA)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nucleotide excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"pyrimidine dimerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer"},{"link_name":"endonucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reardon-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reardon-20"},{"link_name":"Uvr proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UvrABC_endonuclease"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reardon-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reardon-20"},{"link_name":"Mismatch repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_repair"},{"link_name":"proofreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreading_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berg-21"}],"sub_title":"Single-strand damage","text":"Structure of the base-excision repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase excising a hydrolytically-produced uracil residue from DNA. The uracil residue is shown in yellow.When only one of the two strands of a double helix has a defect, the other strand can be used as a template to guide the correction of the damaged strand. In order to repair damage to one of the two paired molecules of DNA, there exist a number of excision repair mechanisms that remove the damaged nucleotide and replace it with an undamaged nucleotide complementary to that found in the undamaged DNA strand.[16]Base excision repair (BER): damaged single bases or nucleotides are most commonly repaired by removing the base or the nucleotide involved and then inserting the correct base or nucleotide. In base excision repair, a glycosylase[18] enzyme removes the damaged base from the DNA by cleaving the bond between the base and the deoxyribose. These enzymes remove a single base to create an apurinic or apyrimidinic site (AP site).[18] Enzymes called AP endonucleases nick the damaged DNA backbone at the AP site. DNA polymerase then removes the damaged region using its 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and correctly synthesizes the new strand using the complementary strand as a template.[18] The gap is then sealed by enzyme DNA ligase.[19]\nNucleotide excision repair (NER): bulky, helix-distorting damage, such as pyrimidine dimerization caused by UV light is usually repaired by a three-step process. First the damage is recognized, then 12-24 nucleotide-long strands of DNA are removed both upstream and downstream of the damage site by endonucleases, and the removed DNA region is then resynthesized.[20] NER is a highly evolutionarily conserved repair mechanism and is used in nearly all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.[20] In prokaryotes, NER is mediated by Uvr proteins.[20] In eukaryotes, many more proteins are involved, although the general strategy is the same.[20]\nMismatch repair systems are present in essentially all cells to correct errors that are not corrected by proofreading. These systems consist of at least two proteins. One detects the mismatch, and the other recruits an endonuclease that cleaves the newly synthesized DNA strand close to the region of damage. In E. coli , the proteins involved are the Mut class proteins: MutS, MutL, and MutH. In most Eukaryotes, the analog for MutS is MSH and the analog for MutL is MLH. MutH is only present in bacteria. This is followed by removal of damaged region by an exonuclease, resynthesis by DNA polymerase, and nick sealing by DNA ligase.[21]","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DsDNA_break_repair_pathways.svg"},{"link_name":"genome rearrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharya-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorksten-23"},{"link_name":"non-homologous end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining"},{"link_name":"microhomology-mediated end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16012167-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Repair.jpg"},{"link_name":"ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"DNA Ligase IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIG4"},{"link_name":"DNA ligase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase"},{"link_name":"XRCC4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCC4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore_and_Haber-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_and_Lieber-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wang-30"},{"link_name":"V(D)J recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V(D)J_recombination"},{"link_name":"B-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_receptor"},{"link_name":"T-cell receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"end resection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_end_resection"},{"link_name":"MRE11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRE11"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truong-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25789972-33"},{"link_name":"Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1"},{"link_name":"flap structure-specific endonuclease 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_structure-specific_endonuclease_1"},{"link_name":"XRCC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCC1"},{"link_name":"LIG3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIG3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23565119-34"},{"link_name":"chromosomal crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover"},{"link_name":"chromatid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid"},{"link_name":"homologous chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome"},{"link_name":"replication fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truong-32"},{"link_name":"extremophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile"},{"link_name":"Deinococcus radiodurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"annealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(biology)"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#Homology_of_sequences_in_genetics"},{"link_name":"D-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-loop"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover"},{"link_name":"RecA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination#RecBCD_pathway"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRadman-35"},{"link_name":"Topoisomerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase"},{"link_name":"supercoiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercoil"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Double-strand breaks","text":"The main double-strand break repair pathwaysDouble-strand breaks, in which both strands in the double helix are severed, are particularly hazardous to the cell because they can lead to genome rearrangements. In fact, when a double-strand break is accompanied by a cross-linkage joining the two strands at the same point, neither strand can be used as a template for the repair mechanisms, so that the cell will not be able to complete mitosis when it next divides, and will either die or, in rare cases, undergo a mutation.[22][23] Three mechanisms exist to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs): non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), and homologous recombination (HR):[16][24]DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide ester bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.In NHEJ, DNA Ligase IV, a specialized DNA ligase that forms a complex with the cofactor XRCC4, directly joins the two ends.[25] To guide accurate repair, NHEJ relies on short homologous sequences called microhomologies present on the single-stranded tails of the DNA ends to be joined. If these overhangs are compatible, repair is usually accurate.[26][27][28][29] NHEJ can also introduce mutations during repair. Loss of damaged nucleotides at the break site can lead to deletions, and joining of nonmatching termini forms insertions or translocations. NHEJ is especially important before the cell has replicated its DNA, since there is no template available for repair by homologous recombination. There are \"backup\" NHEJ pathways in higher eukaryotes.[30] Besides its role as a genome caretaker, NHEJ is required for joining hairpin-capped double-strand breaks induced during V(D)J recombination, the process that generates diversity in B-cell and T-cell receptors in the vertebrate immune system.[31]\nMMEJ starts with short-range end resection by MRE11 nuclease on either side of a double-strand break to reveal microhomology regions.[32] In further steps,[33] Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is required and may be an early step in MMEJ. There is pairing of microhomology regions followed by recruitment of flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to remove overhanging flaps. This is followed by recruitment of XRCC1–LIG3 to the site for ligating the DNA ends, leading to an intact DNA. MMEJ is always accompanied by a deletion, so that MMEJ is a mutagenic pathway for DNA repair.[34]\nHR requires the presence of an identical or nearly identical sequence to be used as a template for repair of the break. The enzymatic machinery responsible for this repair process is nearly identical to the machinery responsible for chromosomal crossover during meiosis. This pathway allows a damaged chromosome to be repaired using a sister chromatid (available in G2 after DNA replication) or a homologous chromosome as a template. DSBs caused by the replication machinery attempting to synthesize across a single-strand break or unrepaired lesion cause collapse of the replication fork and are typically repaired by recombination.In an in vitro system, MMEJ occurred in mammalian cells at the levels of 10–20% of HR when both HR and NHEJ mechanisms were also available.[32]The extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans has a remarkable ability to survive DNA damage from ionizing radiation and other sources. At least two copies of the genome, with random DNA breaks, can form DNA fragments through annealing. Partially overlapping fragments are then used for synthesis of homologous regions through a moving D-loop that can continue extension until complementary partner strands are found. In the final step, there is crossover by means of RecA-dependent homologous recombination.[35]Topoisomerases introduce both single- and double-strand breaks in the course of changing the DNA's state of supercoiling, which is especially common in regions near an open replication fork. Such breaks are not considered DNA damage because they are a natural intermediate in the topoisomerase biochemical mechanism and are immediately repaired by the enzymes that created them.Another type of DNA double-strand breaks originates from the DNA heat-sensitive or heat-labile sites. These DNA sites are not initial DSBs. However, they convert to DSB after treating with elevated temperature. Ionizing irradiation can induces a highly complex form of DNA damage as clustered damage. It consists of different types of DNA lesions in various locations of the DNA helix. Some of these closely located lesions can probably convert to DSB by exposure to high temperatures. But the exact nature of these lesions and their interactions is not yet known[36]","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"thymine dimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine_dimer"},{"link_name":"AP sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_site"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19258535-37"},{"link_name":"DNA polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"processivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processivity"},{"link_name":"PCNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCNA"},{"link_name":"Pol η","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_eta"},{"link_name":"UV irradiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"Pol ι","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLI"},{"link_name":"T^T photodimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimers#Mutagenesis"},{"link_name":"Watson-Crick base pairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"Hoogsteen base pairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair"},{"link_name":"point mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation"},{"link_name":"polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerases"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18616294-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21302943-39"},{"link_name":"Proliferating cell nuclear antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen"},{"link_name":"lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"RAD18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD18"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pol ζ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase#Polymerases_Rev1_and_%CE%B6_(zeta)"}],"sub_title":"Translesion synthesis","text":"Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance process that allows the DNA replication machinery to replicate past DNA lesions such as thymine dimers or AP sites.[37] It involves switching out regular DNA polymerases for specialized translesion polymerases (i.e. DNA polymerase IV or V, from the Y Polymerase family), often with larger active sites that can facilitate the insertion of bases opposite damaged nucleotides. The polymerase switching is thought to be mediated by, among other factors, the post-translational modification of the replication processivity factor PCNA. Translesion synthesis polymerases often have low fidelity (high propensity to insert wrong bases) on undamaged templates relative to regular polymerases. However, many are extremely efficient at inserting correct bases opposite specific types of damage. For example, Pol η mediates error-free bypass of lesions induced by UV irradiation, whereas Pol ι introduces mutations at these sites. Pol η is known to add the first adenine across the T^T photodimer using Watson-Crick base pairing and the second adenine will be added in its syn conformation using Hoogsteen base pairing. From a cellular perspective, risking the introduction of point mutations during translesion synthesis may be preferable to resorting to more drastic mechanisms of DNA repair, which may cause gross chromosomal aberrations or cell death. In short, the process involves specialized polymerases either bypassing or repairing lesions at locations of stalled DNA replication. For example, Human DNA polymerase eta can bypass complex DNA lesions like guanine-thymine intra-strand crosslink, G[8,5-Me]T, although it can cause targeted and semi-targeted mutations.[38] Paromita Raychaudhury and Ashis Basu[39] studied the toxicity and mutagenesis of the same lesion in Escherichia coli by replicating a G[8,5-Me]T-modified plasmid in E. coli with specific DNA polymerase knockouts. Viability was very low in a strain lacking pol II, pol IV, and pol V, the three SOS-inducible DNA polymerases, indicating that translesion synthesis is conducted primarily by these specialized DNA polymerases.\nA bypass platform is provided to these polymerases by Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Under normal circumstances, PCNA bound to polymerases replicates the DNA. At a site of lesion, PCNA is ubiquitinated, or modified, by the RAD6/RAD18 proteins to provide a platform for the specialized polymerases to bypass the lesion and resume DNA replication.[40][41] After translesion synthesis, extension is required. This extension can be carried out by a replicative polymerase if the TLS is error-free, as in the case of Pol η, yet if TLS results in a mismatch, a specialized polymerase is needed to extend it; Pol ζ. Pol ζ is unique in that it can extend terminal mismatches, whereas more processive polymerases cannot. So when a lesion is encountered, the replication fork will stall, PCNA will switch from a processive polymerase to a TLS polymerase such as Pol ι to fix the lesion, then PCNA may switch to Pol ζ to extend the mismatch, and last PCNA will switch to the processive polymerase to continue replication.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_light"},{"link_name":"biomolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"replication forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-textbook-42"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"}],"text":"Cells exposed to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light or chemicals are prone to acquire multiple sites of bulky DNA lesions and double-strand breaks. Moreover, DNA damaging agents can damage other biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and RNA. The accumulation of damage, to be specific, double-strand breaks or adducts stalling the replication forks, are among known stimulation signals for a global response to DNA damage.[42] The global response to damage is an act directed toward the cells' own preservation and triggers multiple pathways of macromolecular repair, lesion bypass, tolerance, or apoptosis. The common features of global response are induction of multiple genes, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell division.","title":"Global response to DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"remodeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"chromatin remodeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling"},{"link_name":"histone-modifying enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sellou-45"},{"link_name":"c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Jun_N-terminal_kinases"},{"link_name":"SIRT6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIRT6"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohr-46"},{"link_name":"post-translational modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohr-46"},{"link_name":"PARP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haince-47"},{"link_name":"polymeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric"},{"link_name":"adenosine diphosphate ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose"},{"link_name":"ALC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHD1L"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sellou-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sellou-45"},{"link_name":"MRE11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRE11A"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haince-47"},{"link_name":"H2AX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2AFX"},{"link_name":"histone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogakou_1998-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogakou_1998-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogakou_1998-48"},{"link_name":"RNF8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNF8"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18001824-49"},{"link_name":"CHD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHD4"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22531782-50"},{"link_name":"NuRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-2/NuRD_complex"},{"link_name":"DDB2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB2"},{"link_name":"DDB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB1"},{"link_name":"ubiquitin ligase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase"},{"link_name":"CUL4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUL4A"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luijsterburg2007-51"},{"link_name":"PARP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pines-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luijsterburg2007-51"},{"link_name":"PARylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation#Poly_ADP-ribosylation"},{"link_name":"ALC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHD1L"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pines-52"},{"link_name":"nucleotide excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer"},{"link_name":"chromatin remodeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated"},{"link_name":"ATR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_Telangiectasia_and_Rad3_related"},{"link_name":"Chk1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEK1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16327781-53"}],"sub_title":"Initial steps","text":"The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin presents a barrier to all DNA-based processes that require recruitment of enzymes to their sites of action. To allow DNA repair, the chromatin must be remodeled. In eukaryotes, ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes are two predominant factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process.[43]Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage.[44][45] In one of the earliest steps, the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to double-strand breaks or other DNA damage.[46] This post-translational modification facilitates the mobilization of SIRT6 to DNA damage sites, and is required for efficient recruitment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to DNA break sites and for efficient repair of DSBs.[46] PARP1 protein starts to appear at DNA damage sites in less than a second, with half maximum accumulation within 1.6 seconds after the damage occurs.[47] PARP1 synthesizes polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chains on itself. Next the chromatin remodeler ALC1 quickly attaches to the product of PARP1 action, a poly-ADP ribose chain, and ALC1 completes arrival at the DNA damage within 10 seconds of the occurrence of the damage.[45] About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation, presumably due to action of ALC1, occurs by 10 seconds.[45] This then allows recruitment of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11, to initiate DNA repair, within 13 seconds.[47]γH2AX, the phosphorylated form of H2AX is also involved in the early steps leading to chromatin decondensation after DNA double-strand breaks. The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10% of the H2A histones in human chromatin.[48] γH2AX (H2AX phosphorylated on serine 139) can be detected as soon as 20 seconds after irradiation of cells (with DNA double-strand break formation), and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurs in one minute.[48] The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double-strand break.[48] γH2AX does not, itself, cause chromatin decondensation, but within 30 seconds of irradiation, RNF8 protein can be detected in association with γH2AX.[49] RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4,[50] a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD.DDB2 occurs in a heterodimeric complex with DDB1. This complex further complexes with the ubiquitin ligase protein CUL4A[51] and with PARP1.[52] This larger complex rapidly associates with UV-induced damage within chromatin, with half-maximum association completed in 40 seconds.[51] The PARP1 protein, attached to both DDB1 and DDB2, then PARylates (creates a poly-ADP ribose chain) on DDB2 that attracts the DNA remodeling protein ALC1.[52] Action of ALC1 relaxes the chromatin at the site of UV damage to DNA. This relaxation allows other proteins in the nucleotide excision repair pathway to enter the chromatin and repair UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer damages.After rapid chromatin remodeling, cell cycle checkpoints are activated to allow DNA repair to occur before the cell cycle progresses. First, two kinases, ATM and ATR are activated within 5 or 6 minutes after DNA is damaged. This is followed by phosphorylation of the cell cycle checkpoint protein Chk1, initiating its function, about 10 minutes after DNA is damaged.[53]","title":"Global response to DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"},{"link_name":"G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_phase"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated"},{"link_name":"ATR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_Telangiectasia_and_Rad3_related"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"replication forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork"},{"link_name":"phosphorylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"BRCA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1"},{"link_name":"MDC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDC1"},{"link_name":"53BP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53BP1"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"signal transduction pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction_pathway"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"metaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3-kinase"},{"link_name":"protein kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"proliferating cell nuclear antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen"},{"link_name":"Ataxia telangiectasia mutated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"p53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"p21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21"},{"link_name":"cyclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin"},{"link_name":"cyclin-dependent kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"DNA damage checkpoints","text":"After DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoints are activated. Checkpoint activation pauses the cell cycle and gives the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide. DNA damage checkpoints occur at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. An intra-S checkpoint also exists. Checkpoint activation is controlled by two master kinases, ATM and ATR. ATM responds to DNA double-strand breaks and disruptions in chromatin structure,[54] whereas ATR primarily responds to stalled replication forks. These kinases phosphorylate downstream targets in a signal transduction cascade, eventually leading to cell cycle arrest. A class of checkpoint mediator proteins including BRCA1, MDC1, and 53BP1 has also been identified.[55] These proteins seem to be required for transmitting the checkpoint activation signal to downstream proteins.DNA damage checkpoint is a signal transduction pathway that blocks cell cycle progression in G1, G2 and metaphase and slows down the rate of S phase progression when DNA is damaged. It leads to a pause in cell cycle allowing the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide.Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-like group, two serine/threonine(S/T) kinases and their adaptors. Central to all DNA damage induced checkpoints responses is a pair of large protein kinases belonging to the first group of PI3K-like protein kinases-the ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (Ataxia- and Rad-related) kinases, whose sequence and functions have been well conserved in evolution. All DNA damage response requires either ATM or ATR because they have the ability to bind to the chromosomes at the site of DNA damage, together with accessory proteins that are platforms on which DNA damage response components and DNA repair complexes can be assembled.An important downstream target of ATM and ATR is p53, as it is required for inducing apoptosis following DNA damage.[56] The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is induced by both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints by deactivating cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes.[57]","title":"Global response to DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOS response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_response"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"prokaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic"},{"link_name":"LexA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexA"},{"link_name":"RecA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA"},{"link_name":"homodimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimer"},{"link_name":"transcriptional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"repressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janion-58"},{"link_name":"Spirochetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochetes"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erill-59"},{"link_name":"replication forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork"},{"link_name":"DNA helicase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_helicase"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-textbook-42"},{"link_name":"ATP hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"palindromic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erill-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodman-60"}],"sub_title":"The prokaryotic SOS response","text":"The SOS response is the changes in gene expression in Escherichia coli and other bacteria in response to extensive DNA damage. The prokaryotic SOS system is regulated by two key proteins: LexA and RecA. The LexA homodimer is a transcriptional repressor that binds to operator sequences commonly referred to as SOS boxes. In Escherichia coli it is known that LexA regulates transcription of approximately 48 genes including the lexA and recA genes.[58] The SOS response is known to be widespread in the Bacteria domain, but it is mostly absent in some bacterial phyla, like the Spirochetes.[59]\nThe most common cellular signals activating the SOS response are regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), arising from stalled replication forks or double-strand breaks, which are processed by DNA helicase to separate the two DNA strands.[42] In the initiation step, RecA protein binds to ssDNA in an ATP hydrolysis driven reaction creating RecA–ssDNA filaments. RecA–ssDNA filaments activate LexA autoprotease activity, which ultimately leads to cleavage of LexA dimer and subsequent LexA degradation. The loss of LexA repressor induces transcription of the SOS genes and allows for further signal induction, inhibition of cell division and an increase in levels of proteins responsible for damage processing.In Escherichia coli, SOS boxes are 20-nucleotide long sequences near promoters with palindromic structure and a high degree of sequence conservation. In other classes and phyla, the sequence of SOS boxes varies considerably, with different length and composition, but it is always highly conserved and one of the strongest short signals in the genome.[59] The high information content of SOS boxes permits differential binding of LexA to different promoters and allows for timing of the SOS response. The lesion repair genes are induced at the beginning of SOS response. The error-prone translesion polymerases, for example, UmuCD'2 (also called DNA polymerase V), are induced later on as a last resort.[60] Once the DNA damage is repaired or bypassed using polymerases or through recombination, the amount of single-stranded DNA in cells is decreased, lowering the amounts of RecA filaments decreases cleavage activity of LexA homodimer, which then binds to the SOS boxes near promoters and restores normal gene expression.","title":"Global response to DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"cell cycle checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"},{"link_name":"shock response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_response"},{"link_name":"heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"mammalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fry,_Begle,_Samson_2004-61"},{"link_name":"postreplication repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postreplication_repair"},{"link_name":"DNA damage checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-textbook-42"}],"sub_title":"Eukaryotic transcriptional responses to DNA damage","text":"Eukaryotic cells exposed to DNA damaging agents also activate important defensive pathways by inducing multiple proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, protein trafficking and degradation. Such genome wide transcriptional response is very complex and tightly regulated, thus allowing coordinated global response to damage. Exposure of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to DNA damaging agents results in overlapping but distinct transcriptional profiles. Similarities to environmental shock response indicates that a general global stress response pathway exist at the level of transcriptional activation. In contrast, different human cell types respond to damage differently indicating an absence of a common global response. The probable explanation for this difference between yeast and human cells may be in the heterogeneity of mammalian cells. In an animal different types of cells are distributed among different organs that have evolved different sensitivities to DNA damage.[61]In general global response to DNA damage involves expression of multiple genes responsible for postreplication repair, homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair, DNA damage checkpoint, global transcriptional activation, genes controlling mRNA decay, and many others. A large amount of damage to a cell leaves it with an important decision: undergo apoptosis and die, or survive at the cost of living with a modified genome. An increase in tolerance to damage can lead to an increased rate of survival that will allow a greater accumulation of mutations. Yeast Rev1 and human polymerase η are members of Y family translesion DNA polymerases present during global response to DNA damage and are responsible for enhanced mutagenesis during a global response to DNA damage in eukaryotes.[42]","title":"Global response to DNA damage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-Repair_1.png"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nDNA-13"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espejel-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deboer-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dolle-64"},{"link_name":"maximum life spans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_life_span"},{"link_name":"mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"naked mole-rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_mole-rat"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae2015-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae2015-65"},{"link_name":"longevity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae2015-65"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nDNA-13"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Medicine_and_DNA_repair_modulation"},{"link_name":"Deinococcus radiodurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans"},{"link_name":"radioactivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobayashi-66"}],"sub_title":"Pathological effects of poor DNA repair","text":"DNA repair rate is an important determinant of cell pathology.Experimental animals with genetic deficiencies in DNA repair often show decreased life span and increased cancer incidence.[13] For example, mice deficient in the dominant NHEJ pathway and in telomere maintenance mechanisms get lymphoma and infections more often, and, as a consequence, have shorter lifespans than wild-type mice.[62] In similar manner, mice deficient in a key repair and transcription protein that unwinds DNA helices have premature onset of aging-related diseases and consequent shortening of lifespan.[63] However, not every DNA repair deficiency creates exactly the predicted effects; mice deficient in the NER pathway exhibited shortened life span without correspondingly higher rates of mutation.[64]The maximum life spans of mice, naked mole-rats and humans are respectively ~3, ~30 and ~129 years.[65] Of these, the shortest lived species, mouse, expresses DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways, at a lower level than do humans and naked mole rats.[65] Furthermore several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole-rats are up-regulated compared to mouse. These observations suggest that elevated DNA repair facilitates greater longevity.[65]If the rate of DNA damage exceeds the capacity of the cell to repair it, the accumulation of errors can overwhelm the cell and result in early senescence, apoptosis, or cancer. Inherited diseases associated with faulty DNA repair functioning result in premature aging,[13] increased sensitivity to carcinogens and correspondingly increased cancer risk (see below). On the other hand, organisms with enhanced DNA repair systems, such as Deinococcus radiodurans, the most radiation-resistant known organism, exhibit remarkable resistance to the double-strand break-inducing effects of radioactivity, likely due to enhanced efficiency of DNA repair and especially NHEJ.[66]","title":"Aging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dnadamage.png"},{"link_name":"Caloric restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction"},{"link_name":"nutrient sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_sensing"},{"link_name":"metabolic rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_rate"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spindler-67"},{"link_name":"mTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR"},{"link_name":"metabolic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_activity"},{"link_name":"DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"gene dosage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_dosage"},{"link_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tissenbaum-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabelof-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuart-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-73"},{"link_name":"pleiotropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"},{"link_name":"biological origins of aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence#Theories_of_aging"}],"sub_title":"Longevity and caloric restriction","text":"Most life span influencing genes affect the rate of DNA damage.A number of individual genes have been identified as influencing variations in life span within a population of organisms. The effects of these genes is strongly dependent on the environment, in particular, on the organism's diet. Caloric restriction reproducibly results in extended lifespan in a variety of organisms, likely via nutrient sensing pathways and decreased metabolic rate. The molecular mechanisms by which such restriction results in lengthened lifespan are as yet unclear (see[67] for some discussion); however, the behavior of many genes known to be involved in DNA repair is altered under conditions of caloric restriction. Several agents reported to have anti-aging properties have been shown to attenuate constitutive level of mTOR signaling, an evidence of reduction of metabolic activity, and concurrently to reduce constitutive level of DNA damage induced by endogenously generated reactive oxygen species.[68]For example, increasing the gene dosage of the gene SIR-2, which regulates DNA packaging in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, can significantly extend lifespan.[69] The mammalian homolog of SIR-2 is known to induce downstream DNA repair factors involved in NHEJ, an activity that is especially promoted under conditions of caloric restriction.[70] Caloric restriction has been closely linked to the rate of base excision repair in the nuclear DNA of rodents,[71] although similar effects have not been observed in mitochondrial DNA.[72]The C. elegans gene AGE-1, an upstream effector of DNA repair pathways, confers dramatically extended life span under free-feeding conditions but leads to a decrease in reproductive fitness under conditions of caloric restriction.[73] This observation supports the pleiotropy theory of the biological origins of aging, which suggests that genes conferring a large survival advantage early in life will be selected for even if they carry a corresponding disadvantage late in life.","title":"Aging"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medicine and DNA repair modulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xeroderma pigmentosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum"},{"link_name":"Cockayne syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Trichothiodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichothiodystrophy"},{"link_name":"Werner's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Bloom's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_syndrome"},{"link_name":"malignancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant"},{"link_name":"leukemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Ataxia telangiectasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia"},{"link_name":"progerias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria"},{"link_name":"accelerated aging diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_aging_disease"},{"link_name":"Fanconi anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"colon cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer"}],"sub_title":"Hereditary DNA repair disorders","text":"Defects in the NER mechanism are responsible for several genetic disorders, including:Xeroderma pigmentosum: hypersensitivity to sunlight/UV, resulting in increased skin cancer incidence and premature aging\nCockayne syndrome: hypersensitivity to UV and chemical agents\nTrichothiodystrophy: sensitive skin, brittle hair and nailsMental retardation often accompanies the latter two disorders, suggesting increased vulnerability of developmental neurons.Other DNA repair disorders include:Werner's syndrome: premature aging and retarded growth\nBloom's syndrome: sunlight hypersensitivity, high incidence of malignancies (especially leukemias).\nAtaxia telangiectasia: sensitivity to ionizing radiation and some chemical agentsAll of the above diseases are often called \"segmental progerias\" (\"accelerated aging diseases\") because those affected appear elderly and experience aging-related diseases at an abnormally young age, while not manifesting all the symptoms of old age.Other diseases associated with reduced DNA repair function include Fanconi anemia, hereditary breast cancer and hereditary colon cancer.","title":"Medicine and DNA repair modulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weinberg-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Inherited human DNA repair gene mutations that increase cancer risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherited_human_DNA_repair_gene_mutations_that_increase_cancer_risk"},{"link_name":"Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"BRCA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1"},{"link_name":"BRCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17683622-76"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"PARP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1"},{"link_name":"olaparib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaparib"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Olaparib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaparib"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Because of inherent limitations in the DNA repair mechanisms, if humans lived long enough, they would all eventually develop cancer.[74][75] There are at least 34 Inherited human DNA repair gene mutations that increase cancer risk. Many of these mutations cause DNA repair to be less effective than normal. In particular, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is strongly associated with specific mutations in the DNA mismatch repair pathway. BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important genes whose mutations confer a hugely increased risk of breast cancer on carriers,[76] are both associated with a large number of DNA repair pathways, especially NHEJ and homologous recombination.Cancer therapy procedures such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy work by overwhelming the capacity of the cell to repair DNA damage, resulting in cell death. Cells that are most rapidly dividing – most typically cancer cells – are preferentially affected. The side-effect is that other non-cancerous but rapidly dividing cells such as progenitor cells in the gut, skin, and hematopoietic system are also affected. Modern cancer treatments attempt to localize the DNA damage to cells and tissues only associated with cancer, either by physical means (concentrating the therapeutic agent in the region of the tumor) or by biochemical means (exploiting a feature unique to cancer cells in the body). In the context of therapies targeting DNA damage response genes, the latter approach has been termed 'synthetic lethality'.[77]Perhaps the most well-known of these 'synthetic lethality' drugs is the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor olaparib, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015 for the treatment in women of BRCA-defective ovarian cancer. Tumor cells with partial loss of DNA damage response (specifically, homologous recombination repair) are dependent on another mechanism – single-strand break repair – which is a mechanism consisting, in part, of the PARP1 gene product.[78] Olaparib is combined with chemotherapeutics to inhibit single-strand break repair induced by DNA damage caused by the co-administered chemotherapy. Tumor cells relying on this residual DNA repair mechanism are unable to repair the damage and hence are not able to survive and proliferate, whereas normal cells can repair the damage with the functioning homologous recombination mechanism.Many other drugs for use against other residual DNA repair mechanisms commonly found in cancer are currently under investigation. However, synthetic lethality therapeutic approaches have been questioned due to emerging evidence of acquired resistance, achieved through rewiring of DNA damage response pathways and reversion of previously inhibited defects.[79]","title":"Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-82"},{"link_name":"Replication stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_stress"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"short hairpin RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_hairpin_RNA"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-82"},{"link_name":"Li-Fraumeni syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fraumeni_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-80"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"DNA repair defects in cancer","text":"It has become apparent over the past several years that the DNA damage response acts as a barrier to the malignant transformation of preneoplastic cells.[80] Previous studies have shown an elevated DNA damage response in cell-culture models with oncogene activation[81] and preneoplastic colon adenomas.[82] DNA damage response mechanisms trigger cell-cycle arrest, and attempt to repair DNA lesions or promote cell death/senescence if repair is not possible. Replication stress is observed in preneoplastic cells due to increased proliferation signals from oncogenic mutations. Replication stress is characterized by: increased replication initiation/origin firing; increased transcription and collisions of transcription-replication complexes; nucleotide deficiency; increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS).[83]Replication stress, along with the selection for inactivating mutations in DNA damage response genes in the evolution of the tumor,[84] leads to downregulation and/or loss of some DNA damage response mechanisms, and hence loss of DNA repair and/or senescence/programmed cell death. In experimental mouse models, loss of DNA damage response-mediated cell senescence was observed after using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to inhibit the double-strand break response kinase ataxia telangiectasia (ATM), leading to increased tumor size and invasiveness.[82] Humans born with inherited defects in DNA repair mechanisms (for example, Li-Fraumeni syndrome) have a higher cancer risk.[85]The prevalence of DNA damage response mutations differs across cancer types; for example, 30% of breast invasive carcinomas have mutations in genes involved in homologous recombination.[80] In cancer, downregulation is observed across all DNA damage response mechanisms (base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination repair (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS).[86] As well as mutations to DNA damage repair genes, mutations also arise in the genes responsible for arresting the cell cycle to allow sufficient time for DNA repair to occur, and some genes are involved in both DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, for example ATM and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) – a tumor suppressor that is often absent or downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer.[87]","title":"Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epigenetic alterations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"histone modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"HMGA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA2"},{"link_name":"HMGA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA1"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"microRNAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA"},{"link_name":"DNA sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"},{"link_name":"cell divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_instability"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"DNA mismatch repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"homologous recombinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hagan-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"DNA repair-deficiency disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair-deficiency_disorder"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"germline mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_mutation"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Epigenetic DNA repair defects in cancer","text":"Classically, cancer has been viewed as a set of diseases that are driven by progressive genetic abnormalities that include mutations in tumour-suppressor genes and oncogenes, and chromosomal aberrations. However, it has become apparent that cancer is also driven by epigenetic alterations.[88]Epigenetic alterations refer to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are changes in DNA methylation (hypermethylation and hypomethylation) and histone modification,[89] changes in chromosomal architecture (caused by inappropriate expression of proteins such as HMGA2 or HMGA1)[90] and changes caused by microRNAs. Each of these epigenetic alterations serves to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes usually remain through cell divisions, last for multiple cell generations, and can be considered to be epimutations (equivalent to mutations).While large numbers of epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, appear to be particularly important. Such alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to be a likely cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers.[91][92][93]Reduced expression of DNA repair genes causes deficient DNA repair. When DNA repair is deficient DNA damages remain in cells at a higher than usual level and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair[94][95] or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR).[96] Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells.[97]Higher levels of DNA damage not only cause increased mutation, but also cause increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing.[98][99]Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can cause increased risk of cancer. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair-deficiency disorder) have an increased risk of cancer, with some defects causing up to a 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g. p53 mutations).[100] However, such germline mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers.[101]","title":"Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_damage,_repair,_alteration_of_repair_in_cancer.png"},{"link_name":"missense mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mutation"},{"link_name":"MGMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-6-methylguanine-DNA_methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"PMS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMS2"},{"link_name":"MLH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLH1"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"microRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA"},{"link_name":"miR-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-155"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"ERCC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC1"},{"link_name":"XPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC4"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facista-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22956494-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"translesion synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#translesion_synthesis"},{"link_name":"carcinogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis"},{"link_name":"RAD51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51"},{"link_name":"BRCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2"},{"link_name":"homologous recombinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"RAD51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51"},{"link_name":"BRCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2"},{"link_name":"translesion synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#translesion_synthesis"},{"link_name":"microhomology-mediated end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16012167-24"},{"link_name":"FEN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_structure-specific_endonuclease_1"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16879693-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15701830-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24590400-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15922863-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12651607-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14562054-121"},{"link_name":"ETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETS1"},{"link_name":"epigenetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_epigenetics"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23762867-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23442605-123"},{"link_name":"MMEJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining"},{"link_name":"MMEJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining"}],"sub_title":"Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes","text":"A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers.Deficiencies in DNA repair enzymes are occasionally caused by a newly arising somatic mutation in a DNA repair gene, but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. For example, when 113 colorectal cancers were examined in sequence, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration).[102] Five different studies found that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.[103][104][105][106][107]Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1).[108] In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, miR-155, which down-regulates MLH1.[109]In a further example, epigenetic defects were found in various cancers (e.g. breast, ovarian, colorectal and head and neck). Two or three deficiencies in the expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al.[110]The chart in this section shows some frequent DNA damaging agents, examples of DNA lesions they cause, and the pathways that deal with these DNA damages. At least 169 enzymes are either directly employed in DNA repair or influence DNA repair processes.[111] Of these, 83 are directly employed in repairing the 5 types of DNA damages illustrated in the chart.[citation needed]Some of the more well studied genes central to these repair processes are shown in the chart. The gene designations shown in red, gray or cyan indicate genes frequently epigenetically altered in various types of cancers. Wikipedia articles on each of the genes highlighted by red, gray or cyan describe the epigenetic alteration(s) and the cancer(s) in which these epimutations are found. Review articles,[112] and broad experimental survey articles[113][114] also document most of these epigenetic DNA repair deficiencies in cancers.Red-highlighted genes are frequently reduced or silenced by epigenetic mechanisms in various cancers. When these genes have low or absent expression, DNA damages can accumulate. Replication errors past these damages (see translesion synthesis) can lead to increased mutations and, ultimately, cancer. Epigenetic repression of DNA repair genes in accurate DNA repair pathways appear to be central to carcinogenesis.The two gray-highlighted genes RAD51 and BRCA2, are required for homologous recombinational repair. They are sometimes epigenetically over-expressed and sometimes under-expressed in certain cancers. As indicated in the Wikipedia articles on RAD51 and BRCA2, such cancers ordinarily have epigenetic deficiencies in other DNA repair genes. These repair deficiencies would likely cause increased unrepaired DNA damages. The over-expression of RAD51 and BRCA2 seen in these cancers may reflect selective pressures for compensatory RAD51 or BRCA2 over-expression and increased homologous recombinational repair to at least partially deal with such excess DNA damages. In those cases where RAD51 or BRCA2 are under-expressed, this would itself lead to increased unrepaired DNA damages. Replication errors past these damages (see translesion synthesis) could cause increased mutations and cancer, so that under-expression of RAD51 or BRCA2 would be carcinogenic in itself.Cyan-highlighted genes are in the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) pathway and are up-regulated in cancer. MMEJ is an additional error-prone inaccurate repair pathway for double-strand breaks. In MMEJ repair of a double-strand break, an homology of 5–25 complementary base pairs between both paired strands is sufficient to align the strands, but mismatched ends (flaps) are usually present. MMEJ removes the extra nucleotides (flaps) where strands are joined, and then ligates the strands to create an intact DNA double helix. MMEJ almost always involves at least a small deletion, so that it is a mutagenic pathway.[24] FEN1, the flap endonuclease in MMEJ, is epigenetically increased by promoter hypomethylation and is over-expressed in the majority of cancers of the breast,[115] prostate,[116] stomach,[117][118] neuroblastomas,[119] pancreas,[120] and lung.[121] PARP1 is also over-expressed when its promoter region ETS site is epigenetically hypomethylated, and this contributes to progression to endometrial cancer[122] and BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer.[123] Other genes in the MMEJ pathway are also over-expressed in a number of cancers (see MMEJ for summary), and are also shown in cyan.","title":"Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng-2014-125"},{"link_name":"heterochromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"},{"link_name":"histone modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification"},{"link_name":"H3K36me3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36me3"},{"link_name":"mismatch repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"H3K36me3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36me3"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"nucleotide excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng-2014-125"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Genome-wide distribution of DNA repair in human somatic cells","text":"Differential activity of DNA repair pathways across various regions of the human genome causes mutations to be very unevenly distributed within tumor genomes.[124][125] In particular, the gene-rich, early-replicating regions of the human genome exhibit lower mutation frequencies than the gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin. One mechanism underlying this involves the histone modification H3K36me3, which can recruit mismatch repair proteins,[126] thereby lowering mutation rates in H3K36me3-marked regions.[127] Another important mechanism concerns nucleotide excision repair, which can be recruited by the transcription machinery, lowering somatic mutation rates in active genes[125] and other open chromatin regions.[128]","title":"Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA damage (naturally occurring)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Damage to DNA is very common and is constantly being repaired. Epigenetic alterations can accompany DNA repair of oxidative damage or double-strand breaks. In human cells, oxidative DNA damage occurs about 10,000 times a day and DNA double-strand breaks occur about 10 to 50 times a cell cycle in somatic replicating cells (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)). The selective advantage of DNA repair is to allow the cell to survive in the face of DNA damage. The selective advantage of epigenetic alterations that occur with DNA repair is not clear.[citation needed]","title":"Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21163908-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-130"},{"link_name":"methylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"CpG site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site"},{"link_name":"5' → 3' direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24571128-131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_site.svg"},{"link_name":"DNA demethylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_demethylation"},{"link_name":"CpG site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site"},{"link_name":"CpG sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_sites"},{"link_name":"5-methylcytosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methylcytosine"},{"link_name":"8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine"},{"link_name":"base excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"OGG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoguanine_glycosylase"},{"link_name":"TET1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_methylcytosine_dioxygenase_1"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31993111-133"},{"link_name":"Oxoguanine glycosylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoguanine_glycosylase"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid33171795-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15365186-135"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-130"},{"link_name":"CpG site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site"},{"link_name":"TET1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TET_enzymes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-132"},{"link_name":"TET enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TET_enzymes"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24108092-136"},{"link_name":"BACE1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase_1"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-132"},{"link_name":"CpG island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site#CpG_islands"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26186941-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jiang-138"},{"link_name":"HEK 293 cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEK_293_cells"},{"link_name":"potassium bromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromate"},{"link_name":"potassium chromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chromate"},{"link_name":"Base excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"polymerase beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jiang-138"},{"link_name":"DNA methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"BRCA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1"},{"link_name":"messenger RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Repair of oxidative DNA damage can alter epigenetic markers","text":"In the steady state (with endogenous damages occurring and being repaired), there are about 2,400 oxidatively damaged guanines that form 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the average mammalian cell DNA.[129] 8-OHdG constitutes about 5% of the oxidative damages commonly present in DNA.[130] The oxidized guanines do not occur randomly among all guanines in DNA. There is a sequence preference for the guanine at a methylated CpG site (a cytosine followed by guanine along its 5' → 3' direction and where the cytosine is methylated (5-mCpG)).[131] A 5-mCpG site has the lowest ionization potential for guanine oxidation.Initiation of DNA demethylation at a CpG site. In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides (CpG sites), forming 5-methylcytosine-pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The base excision repair enzyme OGG1 targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits TET1 and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC.[132]Oxidized guanine has mispairing potential and is mutagenic.[133] Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) is the primary enzyme responsible for the excision of the oxidized guanine during DNA repair. OGG1 finds and binds to an 8-OHdG within a few seconds.[134] However, OGG1 does not immediately excise 8-OHdG. In HeLa cells half maximum removal of 8-OHdG occurs in 30 minutes,[135] and in irradiated mice, the 8-OHdGs induced in the mouse liver are removed with a half-life of 11 minutes.[130]When OGG1 is present at an oxidized guanine within a methylated CpG site it recruits TET1 to the 8-OHdG lesion (see Figure). This allows TET1 to demethylate an adjacent methylated cytosine. Demethylation of cytosine is an epigenetic alteration.[citation needed]As an example, when human mammary epithelial cells were treated with H2O2 for six hours, 8-OHdG increased about 3.5-fold in DNA and this caused about 80% demethylation of the 5-methylcytosines in the genome.[132] Demethylation of CpGs in a gene promoter by TET enzyme activity increases transcription of the gene into messenger RNA.[136] In cells treated with H2O2, one particular gene was examined, BACE1.[132] The methylation level of the BACE1 CpG island was reduced (an epigenetic alteration) and this allowed about 6.5 fold increase of expression of BACE1 messenger RNA.[citation needed]While six-hour incubation with H2O2 causes considerable demethylation of 5-mCpG sites, shorter times of H2O2 incubation appear to promote other epigenetic alterations. Treatment of cells with H2O2 for 30 minutes causes the mismatch repair protein heterodimer MSH2-MSH6 to recruit DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of some kinds of oxidative DNA damage.[137] This could cause increased methylation of cytosines (epigenetic alterations) at these locations.Jiang et al.[138] treated HEK 293 cells with agents causing oxidative DNA damage, (potassium bromate (KBrO3) or potassium chromate (K2CrO4)). Base excision repair (BER) of oxidative damage occurred with the DNA repair enzyme polymerase beta localizing to oxidized guanines. Polymerase beta is the main human polymerase in short-patch BER of oxidative DNA damage. Jiang et al.[138] also found that polymerase beta recruited the DNA methyltransferase protein DNMT3b to BER repair sites. They then evaluated the methylation pattern at the single nucleotide level in a small region of DNA including the promoter region and the early transcription region of the BRCA1 gene. Oxidative DNA damage from bromate modulated the DNA methylation pattern (caused epigenetic alterations) at CpG sites within the region of DNA studied. In untreated cells, CpGs located at −189, −134, −29, −19, +16, and +19 of the BRCA1 gene had methylated cytosines (where numbering is from the messenger RNA transcription start site, and negative numbers indicate nucleotides in the upstream promoter region). Bromate treatment-induced oxidation resulted in the loss of cytosine methylation at −189, −134, +16 and +19 while also leading to the formation of new methylation at the CpGs located at −80, −55, −21 and +8 after DNA repair was allowed.[citation needed]","title":"Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15956212-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuozzo-140"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hagan-98"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20940144-141"},{"link_name":"homologous recombinational repair (HR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"CpG sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27629060-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid33267773-143"}],"sub_title":"Homologous recombinational repair alters epigenetic markers","text":"At least four articles report the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of DNA double-strand breaks.[139][140][98][141] During homologous recombinational repair (HR) of the double-strand break, the involvement of DNMT1 causes the two repaired strands of DNA to have different levels of methylated cytosines. One strand becomes frequently methylated at about 21 CpG sites downstream of the repaired double-strand break. The other DNA strand loses methylation at about six CpG sites that were previously methylated downstream of the double-strand break, as well as losing methylation at about five CpG sites that were previously methylated upstream of the double-strand break. When the chromosome is replicated, this gives rise to one daughter chromosome that is heavily methylated downstream of the previous break site and one that is unmethylated in the region both upstream and downstream of the previous break site. With respect to the gene that was broken by the double-strand break, half of the progeny cells express that gene at a high level and in the other half of the progeny cells expression of that gene is repressed. When clones of these cells were maintained for three years, the new methylation patterns were maintained over that time period.[142]In mice with a CRISPR-mediated homology-directed recombination insertion in their genome there were a large number of increased methylations of CpG sites within the double-strand break-associated insertion.[143]","title":"Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-homologous end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuozzo-140"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28423717-144"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hagan-98"}],"sub_title":"Non-homologous end joining can cause some epigenetic marker alterations","text":"Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of a double-strand break can cause a small number of demethylations of pre-existing cytosine DNA methylations downstream of the repaired double-strand break.[140] Further work by Allen et al.[144] showed that NHEJ of a DNA double-strand break in a cell could give rise to some progeny cells having repressed expression of the gene harboring the initial double-strand break and some progeny having high expression of that gene due to epigenetic alterations associated with NHEJ repair. The frequency of epigenetic alterations causing repression of a gene after an NHEJ repair of a DNA double-strand break in that gene may be about 0.9%.[98]","title":"Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"prokaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotes"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotes"},{"link_name":"bacteriophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cromie-145"},{"link_name":"structural motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_motif"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obrien-146"},{"link_name":"fossil record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_record"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Nucleic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"oxygen catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_catastrophe"},{"link_name":"photosynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"oxidative stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The basic processes of DNA repair are highly conserved among both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and even among bacteriophages (viruses which infect bacteria); however, more complex organisms with more complex genomes have correspondingly more complex repair mechanisms.[145] The ability of a large number of protein structural motifs to catalyze relevant chemical reactions has played a significant role in the elaboration of repair mechanisms during evolution. For an extremely detailed review of hypotheses relating to the evolution of DNA repair, see.[146]The fossil record indicates that single-cell life began to proliferate on the planet at some point during the Precambrian period, although exactly when recognizably modern life first emerged is unclear. Nucleic acids became the sole and universal means of encoding genetic information, requiring DNA repair mechanisms that in their basic form have been inherited by all extant life forms from their common ancestor. The emergence of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere (known as the \"oxygen catastrophe\") due to photosynthetic organisms, as well as the presence of potentially damaging free radicals in the cell due to oxidative phosphorylation, necessitated the evolution of DNA repair mechanisms that act specifically to counter the types of damage induced by oxidative stress. The mechanism by which this came about, however, is unclear.[citation needed]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"germ line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_line"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maresca-147"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rate of evolutionary change","text":"On some occasions, DNA damage is not repaired or is repaired by an error-prone mechanism that results in a change from the original sequence. When this occurs, mutations may propagate into the genomes of the cell's progeny. Should such an event occur in a germ line cell that will eventually produce a gamete, the mutation has the potential to be passed on to the organism's offspring. The rate of evolution in a particular species (or, in a particular gene) is a function of the rate of mutation. As a consequence, the rate and accuracy of DNA repair mechanisms have an influence over the process of evolutionary change.[147] DNA damage protection and repair does not influence the rate of adaptation by gene regulation and by recombination and selection of alleles. On the other hand, DNA damage repair and protection does influence the rate of accumulation of irreparable, advantageous, code expanding, inheritable mutations, and slows down the evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genome of organisms with new functionalities. The tension between evolvability and mutation repair and protection needs further investigation.[citation needed]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRISPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A technology named clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (shortened to CRISPR-Cas9) was discovered in 2012. The new technology allows anyone with molecular biology training to alter the genes of any species with precision, by inducing DNA damage at a specific point and then altering DNA repair mechanisms to insert new genes.[148] It is cheaper, more efficient, and more precise than other technologies. With the help of CRISPR–Cas9, parts of a genome can be edited by scientists by removing, adding, or altering parts in a DNA sequence.[citation needed]","title":"Technology"}]

[{"image_text":"DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Brokechromo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paul Modrich talks about himself and his work in DNA repair."},{"image_text":"Structure of the base-excision repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase excising a hydrolytically-produced uracil residue from DNA. The uracil residue is shown in yellow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Uracil_base_glycosidase.jpg/250px-Uracil_base_glycosidase.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main double-strand break repair pathways","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/DsDNA_break_repair_pathways.svg/230px-DsDNA_break_repair_pathways.svg.png"},{"image_text":"DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide ester bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/DNA_Repair.jpg/230px-DNA_Repair.jpg"},{"image_text":"DNA repair rate is an important determinant of cell pathology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DNA-Repair_1.png/360px-DNA-Repair_1.png"},{"image_text":"Most life span influencing genes affect the rate of DNA damage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dnadamage.png"},{"image_text":"A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DNA_damage%2C_repair%2C_alteration_of_repair_in_cancer.png/400px-DNA_damage%2C_repair%2C_alteration_of_repair_in_cancer.png"},{"image_text":"Initiation of DNA demethylation at a CpG site. In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides (CpG sites), forming 5-methylcytosine-pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The base excision repair enzyme OGG1 targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits TET1 and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC.[132]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_site.svg/200px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_site.svg.png"},{}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"title":"Accelerated aging disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_aging_disease"},{"title":"Aging DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_DNA"},{"title":"Cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"title":"DNA damage (naturally occurring)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)"},{"title":"DNA damage theory of aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging"},{"title":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"title":"Direct DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_DNA_damage"},{"title":"Error detection and correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction"},{"title":"Gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"title":"Human mitochondrial genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics"},{"title":"Indirect DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_DNA_damage"},{"title":"Life extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension"},{"title":"Progeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria"},{"title":"REPAIRtoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REPAIRtoire"},{"title":"Senescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence"},{"title":"SiDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiDNA"},{"title":"Mutation Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_Research_(journal)"}]

[{"reference":"\"Nature Reviews Series: DNA damage\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/collections/hwnqqcstyj","url_text":"\"Nature Reviews Series: DNA damage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Molecular_Cell_Biology","url_text":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"}]},{"reference":"Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). New York: WH Freeman. p. 963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Browner WS, Kahn AJ, Ziv E, Reiner AP, Oshima J, Cawthon RM, et al. (December 2004). \"The genetics of human longevity\". The American Journal of Medicine. 117 (11): 851–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.6874. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.033. 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nervous\""},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=DNA+repair&library=OLBP","external_links_name":"Online books"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=DNA+repair","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=DNA+repair&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080825230122/http://asajj.roswellpark.org/huberman/DNA_Repair/DNA_Repair.htm","external_links_name":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute DNA Repair Lectures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040724083244/http://www.cgal.icnet.uk/DNA_Repair_Genes.html","external_links_name":"A comprehensive list of Human DNA Repair Genes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033016/http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repair/tibs3.html","external_links_name":"3D structures of some DNA repair enzymes"},{"Link":"http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-84551997000400032&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en","external_links_name":"Human DNA repair diseases"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060928234605/http://tango01.cit.nih.gov/sig/home.taf?_function=main","external_links_name":"DNA repair special interest group"},{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DNArepair.html","external_links_name":"DNA Repair"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180212073520/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DNArepair.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225121710/http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html#dna","external_links_name":"DNA Damage and DNA Repair"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225121710/http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html#progeria","external_links_name":"Segmental Progeria"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5565866_DNA-damage_repair_the_good_the_bad_and_the_ugly","external_links_name":"DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26966913/","external_links_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure Influences Double Strand Break DNA Repair Outcomes"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Le_Cheminant

Peter Le Cheminant

["1 Military career","2 Later career","3 References","4 Further reading"]

Sir Peter Le CheminantWing Commander Le Cheminant briefs aircrews for a bombing raid on La Fauconnerie South, Tunisia (scene reconstructed after the event).Born(1920-06-17)17 June 1920Died8 April 2018(2018-04-08) (aged 97)AllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal Air ForceYears of service1939–1979RankAir Chief MarshalCommands heldVice-Chief of the Defence Staff (1974–76)Joint Warfare Establishment (1968–71)RAF Geilenkirchen (1961–63)No. 223 Squadron (1949–51)No. 223 Squadron (1943–44)Battles/warsSecond World WarKorean WarIndonesia–Malaysia confrontationAwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the British EmpireKnight Commander of the Order of the BathDistinguished Flying Cross & Bar Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter de Lacy Le Cheminant, GBE, KCB, DFC & Bar (17 June 1920 – 8 April 2018) was a senior commander of the Royal Air Force (RAF), who served as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff from 1974 to 1976 and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Central Europe from 1976 until his retirement in 1979. Military career Educated at Elizabeth College (Guernsey) and the Royal Air Force College Cranwell, Le Cheminant was commissioned into the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a pilot officer (on probation) on 23 December 1939, shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War. He was confirmed in his rank and promoted to flying officer (war-substantive) on 23 December 1940. He was promoted to flight lieutenant (war-substantive) on 23 December 1941 and to the substantive rank of flight lieutenant on 23 June 1943. An acting squadron leader by 1943, he was promoted to squadron leader (war-substantive) on 4 August 1943. Also in 1943, Le Cheminant was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He was promoted to the permanent rank of squadron leader on 1 August 1947. He also served in the Korean War and was awarded a Bar to his DFC in 1951. He was promoted to wing commander on 1 July 1951 and to group captain on 1 July 1958. Promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1964, Le Cheminant was appointed Senior Air Staff Officer, Far East Air Force on 16 May 1966 with the acting rank of air vice marshal. He was promoted to the permanent rank of air vice marshal on 1 January 1967, and became Commandant of the Joint Warfare Establishment at Old Sarum on 20 November and Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Policy) on 1 May 1971. Promoted air marshal on 4 July 1972, he then became Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1974. He was promoted to air chief marshal on 2 February 1976 and appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Central Europe on 5 February. He relinquished the command on 1 June 1979 and retired from the RAF on 27 August. Le Cheminant was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1968 Birthday Honours, and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1972 Birthday Honours. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in the 1978 Birthday Honours. Later career Le Cheminant served as Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey from 1980 to 1985. He was the only native Guernseyman to have held that post. After his retirement he remained a keen Bisley marksman. Le Cheminant died on 8 April 2018. References ^ "No. 34776". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 January 1940. p. 377. ^ "No. 35065". The London Gazette. 4 February 1941. p. 692. ^ "No. 35467". The London Gazette. 24 February 1942. p. 908. ^ "No. 37571". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 May 1946. p. 2396. ^ "No. 36330". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 January 1944. p. 311. ^ "No. 36108". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 July 1943. p. 3383. ^ "No. 38035". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 August 1947. p. 3663. ^ a b c Debretts People of Today 1994 ^ "No. 39271". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 June 1951. p. 3544. ^ "No. 41433". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 July 1958. p. 4142. ^ "No. 43210". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 January 1964. p. 77. ^ "No. 43999". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1966. p. 6351. ^ "No. 44218". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 January 1967. p. 79. ^ "No. 44718". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 November 1968. p. 12406. ^ "No. 45359". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 May 1971. p. 4534. ^ "No. 45718". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 July 1972. p. 7981. ^ "No. 46814". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 February 1976. p. 1676. ^ "No. 46819". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 February 1976. p. 2057. ^ "No. 47864". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 June 1979. p. 7401. ^ "No. 47972". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 October 1979. p. 12648. ^ "No. 44600". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1968. p. 6301. ^ "No. 45678". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1972. p. 6257. ^ "No. 47549". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1978. p. 6235. ^ a b Bailiwick Express (4 August 1943). "Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Le Cheminant has died | Bailiwick Express". Gsy.bailiwickexpress.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ^ "Top Marks". Thisisguernsey.com. 19 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Le Cheminant. The Royal Air Force: A Personal Experience by Peter Le Cheminant, Ian Allan Publishing, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7110-2786-2 Military offices Preceded bySir John Gibbon Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff 1973–1975 Succeeded bySir Henry Leach Preceded bySir Lewis Hodges Deputy Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central Europe 1976–1979 Succeeded bySir John Stacey Government offices Preceded bySir John Martin Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey 1980–1985 Succeeded bySir Alexander Boswell vteVice Chiefs of the Defence Staff Sir Alfred Earle Sir George Cole Sir Ian Hogg Sir John Barraclough Sir John Gibbon Sir Peter Le Cheminant Sir Henry Leach Sir Anthony Morton Sir Edwin Bramall Sir Neil Cameron Sir Terence Lewin Sir Edwin Bramall Sir Patrick Howard-Dobson Sir David Evans Sir Peter Herbert Sir Peter Harding Sir Patrick Hine Sir Richard Vincent Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir John Slater Sir John Willis Sir Peter Abbott Sir Anthony Bagnall Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman Sir Nicholas Houghton Sir Stuart Peach Sir Gordon Messenger Sir Timothy Fraser Gwyn Jenkins Dame Sharon Nesmith Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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permanent rank of squadron leader on 1 August 1947.[7] He also served in the Korean War and was awarded a Bar to his DFC in 1951.[8] He was promoted to wing commander on 1 July 1951 and to group captain on 1 July 1958.[9][10]Promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1964, Le Cheminant was appointed Senior Air Staff Officer, Far East Air Force on 16 May 1966 with the acting rank of air vice marshal.[11][12] He was promoted to the permanent rank of air vice marshal on 1 January 1967,[13] and became Commandant of the Joint Warfare Establishment at Old Sarum on 20 November and Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Policy) on 1 May 1971.[14][15] Promoted air marshal on 4 July 1972,[16] he then became Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1974.[8] He was promoted to air chief marshal on 2 February 1976 and appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Central Europe on 5 February.[17][18] He relinquished the command on 1 June 1979 and retired from the RAF on 27 August.[19][20]Le Cheminant was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1968 Birthday Honours,[21] and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1972 Birthday Honours.[22] He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in the 1978 Birthday Honours.[23]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailiwickexpress1-24"},{"link_name":"Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailiwickexpress1-24"}],"text":"Le Cheminant served as Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey from 1980 to 1985.[8] He was the only native Guernseyman to have held that post.[24] After his 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Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony Bagnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bagnall"},{"link_name":"Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Granville-Chapman"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Sir Stuart Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Peach"},{"link_name":"Sir Gordon Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Messenger"},{"link_name":"Sir Timothy Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Gwyn Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Dame Sharon Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3376710#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/463518/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000043467031"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/33957700"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMF4wB6Kb7MyyJm4JkXd"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2001002833"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Le Cheminant.The Royal Air Force: A Personal Experience by Peter Le Cheminant, Ian Allan Publishing, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7110-2786-2vteVice Chiefs of the Defence Staff\nSir Alfred Earle\nSir George Cole\nSir Ian Hogg\nSir John Barraclough\nSir John Gibbon\nSir Peter Le Cheminant\nSir Henry Leach\nSir Anthony Morton\nSir Edwin Bramall\nSir Neil Cameron\nSir Terence Lewin\nSir Edwin Bramall\nSir Patrick Howard-Dobson\nSir David Evans\nSir Peter Herbert\nSir Peter Harding\nSir Patrick Hine\nSir Richard Vincent\nSir Benjamin Bathurst\nSir John Slater\nSir John Willis\nSir Peter Abbott\nSir Anthony Bagnall\nSir Timothy Granville-Chapman\nSir Nicholas Houghton\nSir Stuart Peach\nSir Gordon Messenger\nSir Timothy Fraser\nGwyn Jenkins\nDame Sharon NesmithAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_pop

Cowboy pop

["1 History","1.1 Pop ballads in western films","1.2 Soft rock of the 1970s and 1980s","2 2010s","3 References","4 External links"]

Subgenre of pop music This article is about cowboy pop music. For more mainstream fusion of country and pop genres, see Country pop. For Chinese-language popular music, see C-pop. Cowboy popStylistic originsSoft rockcowboy musicexperimental poppsychedeliacountrypolitanoutlaw countrycountry popcountryfolk poppopCultural origins1970s and 1980s in Nashville, TennesseeTypical instrumentsPedal steel guitarkeyboardguitarsynthesizerbass guitardrum kitdobroorganOther topicsAlternative country Cowboy pop is a term that American music journalist J. D. Considine first coined in his review of Rubber Rodeo's 1984 album Scenic Views. Although the term was coined in the 1980s, its usage since that time has been varied. In the late 2010s, the term began to be used to describe country-influenced indie rock and indie pop bands. History The music of Michael Martin Murphey has been referred to as cowboy pop Pop ballads in western films Following Considine's coining of the term "cowboy pop" in the 1980s, the term was used retrospectively to describe a broad range of music recorded throughout the 20th century. In the early 2000s, music journalists such as Barry Mazor, John T. Davis, and Richard Carlin began to describe pop ballads used in western films as cowboy pop. Barry Mazor called Jimmy Wakely a "cowboy pop singer" and argued that "when singing cowboy movies ruled, Hollywood hardly made a distinction between the sounds of cowboy pop balladeers and another sound entirely, born in Texas, in which Jimmie Rodgers had a formative role." As an actor and cowboy pop balladeer, Wakely sang in many of the western films in which he appeared, such as Riders of the Dawn and Silver Trails. Similarly, John T. Davis called Marty Robbins a "cowboy pop balladeer," who would later act and provide music for western films such as Gun of a Stranger. Marty Robbins' 1959 song "El Paso" was featured on Cowboy Pop, a 2011 compilation released by Ling Music Group. Similar to Jimmy Wakely and Marty Robbins, Wilf Carter's 1949 recording "Bluebird on Your Windowsill" was described by Richard Carlin as "the kind of cowboy pop that is treasured as a kitsch classic." Wilf Carter's songs were also used to score cowboy films, such as John Ford's 1939 Stagecoach. Though these popular cowboy singers preceded the coining of the term cowboy pop by music journalist J. D. Considine, they have been identified in retrospect for their singing of pop ballads in the context of western films. Soft rock of the 1970s and 1980s Beyond the early pop balladry of cowboy singers like Jimmy Wakely, Marty Robbins, and Wilf Carter, the term cowboy pop has also been used to describe soft rock performers from the 1970s and 1980s who embodied cowboy aesthetics in their music, such as Michael Martin Murphey and Alex Harvey. Stereo Review referred to Michael Martin Murphey as a cowboy pop singer and JazzTimes similarly referred to Alex Harvey's 1971 song "Rings" as cowboy pop. In December 1974, soft rock singer Paul Davis released the song "Ride 'Em Cowboy," which peaked at #4 on Billboard's Pop-Standard Singles and #27 on the Hot 100. In the context of baroque pop music, Van Dyke Parks' employed cowboy aesthetics in his 1989 song "Cowboy," which The Wire described as "a complex narrative about Hawaii and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour." Parks went on to produce Utah Carol's "Cowboy Pop Song" in 2001. 2010s A music fan displays a cowboy pop CD at a music festival In the late 2010s, the term cowboy pop began to be used to describe several country-influenced indie rock and indie pop bands in New York City. Some associated groups include Babies' Babies, Baby Jey, Cut Worms, Dark Tea, Dougie Poole, New Love Crowd, Sam Evian, Widowspeak, and Wilder Maker, several of whom have performed together. In 2015, Stereogum described Wilder Maker's music as "cowboy pop that’s got one eye wandering toward outlaw territory and one fixed on catchy melodies." The influence of outlaw country was similarly noted by New Commute, which described Dougie Poole's music as an "intersection of experimental pop and outlaw country." London in Stereo called Widowspeak's 2017 release Expect the Best an "accomplished album that would fit snugly in a cowboy pop genre." In a 2018 interview, Baby Jey cited influences such as Prince and 1980s country singers Tanya Tucker, Keith Whitley, and Johnny Lee, giving further context to the development of contemporary cowboy pop. As of 2018, the music blog aggregator Hype Machine employs the term cowboy pop as a music genre. References ^ Considine, J.D. (August 1984). "Rubber Rodeo — Scenic Views". Musician. 70: 100. ^ As a description of pop ballads used in cowboy films, see Mazor, Barry (2012). Meeting Jimmie Rodgers: How America's Original Roots Music Hero Changed the Pop Sounds of a Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0199891863. As a description of soft rock performers who employed cowboy aesthetics in their music, see "Popular Music". Stereo Review. 60: 92. 1995. ^ a b c "Stream Wilder Maker Everyday Crimes Against Objects of Desire, Vol II. (". Stereogum. 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ a b c Smith, Lauren (2017-08-23). "Widowspeak - Expect The Best // Album Review". London in Stereo. Retrieved 2018-12-15. ^ a b Murphy, Sarah (December 20, 2018). "Baby Jey Reveal Surreal Every Thing Video". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2019-01-02. ^ "VMP Rising: Dreamer Boy". Vinyl Me Please. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-16. ^ Mazor, Barry (2014). Ralph Peer and the Making of Popular Roots Music. Chicago Review Press. p. 228. ^ Mazor, Barry (2012). Meeting Jimmie Rodgers: How America's Original Roots Music Hero Changed the Pop Sounds of a Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0199891863. ^ "Riders of the Dawn (1945) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17. ^ "Silver Trails (1948) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17. ^ "Jimmy Wakely Profile". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17. ^ Davis, John T. (2000). Austin City Limits: 25 Years of American Music. Billboard Books. pp. 55. ISBN 9780823083039. ^ "Guns of a Stranger (1973) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ "Release "Cowboy Pop" by Various Artists - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ Carlin, Richard (November 2002). "Carter, Wilf". Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary: 60. ^ "Stagecoach (1939) - Notes - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2018-12-15. ^ "Popular Music". Stereo Review. 60: 92. 1995. ^ Carlson, Russell. "Leo Kottke and Mike Gordon: Sixty Six Steps". JazzTimes. Retrieved 2019-01-13. ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ "Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ Bell, Clive (February 2000). "Van Dyke Parks + The High Llamas". The Wire. 192: 69. ^ "Utah Carol | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2019-02-22. ^ "Baby Jey's "U Don't Have 2 Go Alone" shows us how cowboys do pop". Earmilk. 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ For Cut Worms and Sam Evian, see "Cut Worms & Sam Evian at Brooklyn Steel". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved 2018-09-29. For Dark Tea, Dougie Poole, and Babies' Babies, see "Dark Tea, Dougie Poole, and Babies' Babies". For Babies' Babies and Dark Tea, see "Babies' Babies plays Alphaville on 05.05 with Dark Tea". The Deli Magazine | nyc.thedelimagazine.com/. Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-08. For Dougie Poole and New Love Crowd, see "Dougie Poole and New Love Crowd at Baby's All Right". www.ticketfly.com. Retrieved 2018-09-29. For Dark Tea, Baby Jey, New Love Crowd, and Babies' Babies, see "Dark Tea, Baby Jey, New Love Crowd, and Babies' Babies at Brooklyn Bazaar". For Cut Worms and Widowspeak, see "Widowspeak and Cut Worms at Bowery Ballroom in New York on 06/23/2016". Oh My Rockness. Retrieved 2018-12-15. For Sam Evian and Wilder Maker, see "Sam Evian, Wilder Maker @ Rough Trade in Brooklyn on 05/06/2017". Oh My Rockness. Retrieved 2019-01-11. ^ "Dougie Poole- Wideass Highway". New Commute. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ "Baby Jey – "Someday My Space Cowboy Will Come"". Orcasound.com. Retrieved 2019-01-12. ^ "Songs tagged cowboy pop / Hype Machine". Hype Machine. Retrieved 2018-09-29. vteCountry music genresGenres Bluegrass Progressive Traditional Christian country music Country en Español Country and Irish Country pop Bro-country Cowboy pop Country rap Country rock Alternative country Americana Cowpunk Gothic country Gothic Western Rockabilly Gothabilly Psychobilly Roots rock Heartland rock Southern rock Swamp rock Honky-tonk Neotraditional country Norteño Outlaw country Progressive country Sertanejo music Southern soul Talking blues Traditional country music Truck-driving country Western music New Mexico music Red dirt Tejano Texas country music Western swing Regional scenes Atlantan Australian Bush band Bakersfield sound Canadian Canadian fiddle Cape Breton fiddle Métis fiddle Quebec fiddle Newfoundland & Labrador Lubbock sound Nashville sound Nigerian UK West Country / Scrumpy and Western Related Appalachian music Cajun music Classic country Country radio Rock and roll vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat External links Cowboy pop on Last.fm

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Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Davis"},{"link_name":"Richard Carlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carlin"},{"link_name":"western films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wakely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wakely"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Riders of the Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riders_of_the_Dawn_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"Silver Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Trails"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marty Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Gun of a Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_of_a_Stranger"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_(song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wilf Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilf_Carter_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Pop ballads in western films","text":"Following Considine's coining of the term \"cowboy pop\" in the 1980s, the term was used retrospectively to describe a broad range of music recorded throughout the 20th century. In the early 2000s, music journalists such as Barry Mazor, John T. Davis, and Richard Carlin began to describe pop ballads used in western films as cowboy pop. Barry Mazor called Jimmy Wakely a \"cowboy pop singer\" and argued that \"when singing cowboy movies ruled, Hollywood hardly made a distinction between the sounds of cowboy pop balladeers and another sound entirely, born in Texas, in which Jimmie Rodgers had a formative role.\"[7][8] As an actor and cowboy pop balladeer, Wakely sang in many of the western films in which he appeared, such as Riders of the Dawn and Silver Trails.[9][10][11] Similarly, John T. Davis called Marty Robbins a \"cowboy pop balladeer,\" who would later act and provide music for western films such as Gun of a Stranger.[12][13] Marty Robbins' 1959 song \"El Paso\" was featured on Cowboy Pop, a 2011 compilation released by Ling Music Group.[14] Similar to Jimmy Wakely and Marty Robbins, Wilf Carter's 1949 recording \"Bluebird on Your Windowsill\" was described by Richard Carlin as \"the kind of cowboy pop that is treasured as a kitsch classic.\"[15] Wilf Carter's songs were also used to score cowboy films, such as John Ford's 1939 Stagecoach.[16] Though these popular cowboy singers preceded the coining of the term cowboy pop by music journalist J. D. Considine, they have been identified in retrospect for their singing of pop ballads in the context of western films.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Martin Murphey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Martin_Murphey"},{"link_name":"Alex Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Harvey_(country_musician)"},{"link_name":"Stereo Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Review"},{"link_name":"JazzTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzTimes"},{"link_name":"Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_(song)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Paul Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davis_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ride 'Em Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_%27Em_Cowboy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pop-Standard Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-Standard_Singles"},{"link_name":"the Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_Parks"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Soft rock of the 1970s and 1980s","text":"Beyond the early pop balladry of cowboy singers like Jimmy Wakely, Marty Robbins, and Wilf Carter, the term cowboy pop has also been used to describe soft rock performers from the 1970s and 1980s who embodied cowboy aesthetics in their music, such as Michael Martin Murphey and Alex Harvey. Stereo Review referred to Michael Martin Murphey as a cowboy pop singer and JazzTimes similarly referred to Alex Harvey's 1971 song \"Rings\" as cowboy pop.[17][18] In December 1974, soft rock singer Paul Davis released the song \"Ride 'Em Cowboy,\" which peaked at #4 on Billboard's Pop-Standard Singles and #27 on the Hot 100.[19][20] In the context of baroque pop music, Van Dyke Parks' employed cowboy aesthetics in his 1989 song \"Cowboy,\" which The Wire described as \"a complex narrative about Hawaii and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour.\"[21] Parks went on to produce Utah Carol's \"Cowboy Pop Song\" in 2001.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Music_fan.jpg"},{"link_name":"music fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(person)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Babies' Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babies%27_Babies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baby Jey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Jey"},{"link_name":"Cut Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_Worms"},{"link_name":"Dark Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tea_(musical_group)"},{"link_name":"Dougie Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_Poole"},{"link_name":"New Love Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Love_Crowd"},{"link_name":"Sam Evian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Evian"},{"link_name":"Widowspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widowspeak"},{"link_name":"Wilder Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Maker"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"outlaw country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"London in Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_in_Stereo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tanya Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Keith Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lee_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hype Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_Machine"},{"link_name":"music genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"A music fan displays a cowboy pop CD at a music festivalIn the late 2010s, the term cowboy pop began to be used to describe several country-influenced indie rock and indie pop bands in New York City.[3][4][5][23] Some associated groups include Babies' Babies, Baby Jey, Cut Worms, Dark Tea, Dougie Poole, New Love Crowd, Sam Evian, Widowspeak, and Wilder Maker, several of whom have performed together.[24] In 2015, Stereogum described Wilder Maker's music as \"cowboy pop that’s got one eye wandering toward outlaw territory and one fixed on catchy melodies.\"[3] The influence of outlaw country was similarly noted by New Commute, which described Dougie Poole's music as an \"intersection of experimental pop and outlaw country.\"[25] London in Stereo called Widowspeak's 2017 release Expect the Best an \"accomplished album that would fit snugly in a cowboy pop genre.\"[4] In a 2018 interview, Baby Jey cited influences such as Prince and 1980s country singers Tanya Tucker, Keith Whitley, and Johnny Lee, giving further context to the development of contemporary cowboy pop.[26]As of 2018, the music blog aggregator Hype Machine employs the term cowboy pop as a music genre.[27]","title":"2010s"}]

[{"image_text":"The music of Michael Martin Murphey has been referred to as cowboy pop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Michael-Martin-Murphey-1.jpg/220px-Michael-Martin-Murphey-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A music fan displays a cowboy pop CD at a music festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Music_fan.jpg/220px-Music_fan.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Considine, J.D. (August 1984). \"Rubber Rodeo — Scenic Views\". Musician. 70: 100.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mazor, Barry (2012). Meeting Jimmie Rodgers: How America's Original Roots Music Hero Changed the Pop Sounds of a Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0199891863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199891863","url_text":"978-0199891863"}]},{"reference":"\"Popular Music\". Stereo Review. 60: 92. 1995.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stream Wilder Maker Everyday Crimes Against Objects of Desire, Vol II. (\". Stereogum. 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1791651/stream-wilder-maker-everyday-crimes-against-objects-of-desire-vol-ii-stereogum-premiere/music/album-stream/","url_text":"\"Stream Wilder Maker Everyday Crimes Against Objects of Desire, Vol II. (\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Lauren (2017-08-23). \"Widowspeak - Expect The Best // Album Review\". London in Stereo. Retrieved 2018-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londoninstereo.com/widowspeak-expect-the-best-album-review/","url_text":"\"Widowspeak - Expect The Best // Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_in_Stereo","url_text":"London in Stereo"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Sarah (December 20, 2018). \"Baby Jey Reveal Surreal Every Thing Video\". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2019-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/baby_jey_reveal_surreal_every_thing_video","url_text":"\"Baby Jey Reveal Surreal Every Thing Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"}]},{"reference":"\"VMP Rising: Dreamer Boy\". Vinyl Me Please. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/vmp-rising-dreamer-boy/","url_text":"\"VMP Rising: Dreamer Boy\""}]},{"reference":"Mazor, Barry (2014). Ralph Peer and the Making of Popular Roots Music. Chicago Review Press. p. 228.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mazor, Barry (2012). Meeting Jimmie Rodgers: How America's Original Roots Music Hero Changed the Pop Sounds of a Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0199891863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199891863","url_text":"978-0199891863"}]},{"reference":"\"Riders of the Dawn (1945) - Overview - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88242/Riders-of-the-Dawn/","url_text":"\"Riders of the Dawn (1945) - Overview - TCM.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silver Trails (1948) - Overview - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/90201/Silver-Trails/","url_text":"\"Silver Trails (1948) - Overview - TCM.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jimmy Wakely Profile\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/410830%7C410971/Jimmy-Wakely-Profile.html","url_text":"\"Jimmy Wakely Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, John T. (2000). Austin City Limits: 25 Years of American Music. Billboard Books. pp. 55. ISBN 9780823083039.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/austincitylimits0000davi/page/55","url_text":"Austin City Limits: 25 Years of American Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/austincitylimits0000davi/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823083039","url_text":"9780823083039"}]},{"reference":"\"Guns of a Stranger (1973) - Overview - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77149/Guns-of-a-Stranger/","url_text":"\"Guns of a Stranger (1973) - Overview - TCM.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Release \"Cowboy Pop\" by Various Artists - MusicBrainz\". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/release/77de44fa-f906-4f02-ab20-8af3b67884fa","url_text":"\"Release \"Cowboy Pop\" by Various Artists - MusicBrainz\""}]},{"reference":"Carlin, Richard (November 2002). \"Carter, Wilf\". Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary: 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stagecoach (1939) - Notes - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2018-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/91227/Stagecoach/notes.html","url_text":"\"Stagecoach (1939) - Notes - TCM.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popular Music\". Stereo Review. 60: 92. 1995.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carlson, Russell. \"Leo Kottke and Mike Gordon: Sixty Six Steps\". JazzTimes. Retrieved 2019-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/leo-kottke-and-mike-gordon-sixty-six-steps/","url_text":"\"Leo Kottke and Mike Gordon: Sixty Six Steps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Contemporary Music Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-contemporary","url_text":"\"Adult Contemporary Music Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100","url_text":"\"Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Clive (February 2000). \"Van Dyke Parks + The High Llamas\". The Wire. 192: 69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Utah Carol | Biography & History\". AllMusic. 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Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ticketfly.com/purchase/event/1628676","url_text":"\"Dougie Poole and New Love Crowd at Baby's All Right\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Tea, Baby Jey, New Love Crowd, and Babies' Babies at Brooklyn Bazaar\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/dark-tea-baby-jey-new-love-crowd-babies-babies-tickets-50362988053","url_text":"\"Dark Tea, Baby Jey, New Love Crowd, and Babies' Babies at Brooklyn Bazaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Widowspeak and Cut Worms at Bowery Ballroom in New York on 06/23/2016\". Oh My Rockness. Retrieved 2018-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohmyrockness.com/shows/283817-quilt-widowspeak-cut-worms-bowery-ballroom","url_text":"\"Widowspeak and Cut Worms at Bowery Ballroom in New York on 06/23/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Evian, Wilder Maker @ Rough Trade in Brooklyn on 05/06/2017\". Oh My Rockness. Retrieved 2019-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohmyrockness.com/shows/303212-sam-evian-wilder-maker-rough-trade","url_text":"\"Sam Evian, Wilder Maker @ Rough Trade in Brooklyn on 05/06/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dougie Poole- Wideass Highway\". New Commute. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcommute.net/feed/2018/2/1/dougie-poole-wideass-highway","url_text":"\"Dougie Poole- Wideass Highway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baby Jey – \"Someday My Space Cowboy Will Come\"\". Orcasound.com. Retrieved 2019-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orcasound.com/2018/08/01/baby-jey-someday-my-space-cowboy-will-come/","url_text":"\"Baby Jey – \"Someday My Space Cowboy Will Come\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songs tagged cowboy pop / Hype Machine\". Hype Machine. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypem.com/tags/cowboy%20pop","url_text":"\"Songs tagged cowboy pop / Hype Machine\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reischek%27s_parakeet

Reischek's parakeet

["1 Taxonomy","2 Behaviour","2.1 Feeding","3 Conservation","4 References"]

Species of bird Reischek's parakeet Conservation status Range Restricted (NZ TCS) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Genus: Cyanoramphus Species: C. hochstetteri Binomial name Cyanoramphus hochstetteri(Reischek, 1889) Reischek's parakeet (Cyanoramphus hochstetteri) is a small green parrot confined to 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) Antipodes Island, one of New Zealand’s subantarctic islands, which it shares with a congener, the larger Antipodes parakeet. Taxonomy The common name commemorates pioneering naturalist and collector Andreas Reischek, who collected specimens of the parrot in 1888 and who named it Platycercus hochstetteri for the son of his friend, Austrian geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter, who made a geological survey of New Zealand. Reischek’s parakeet was previously considered to be a subspecies of the red-crowned parakeet C. novaezelandiae, which it resembles in appearance, but was later lumped with the Macquarie parakeet from Macquarie Island in a 2001 paper by Wee Ming Boon and others following an examination of the molecular systematics of the genus which found that many of the red-crowned parakeet subspecies should be elevated to full species. However, subsequently the provenance of Boon et al.’s supposed Macquarie Island material was shown to be mistaken, originating from the Antipodes Islands instead. Behaviour Feeding Reischek’s parakeet feeds on tussock flowers, leaves, seeds, berries as well as invertebrates such as fly larvae in the guano of the penguin colonies. It also scavenges on the carcasses of petrels and albatrosses. Conservation Though the population of Reischek's parakeet is healthy, its limited distribution makes it potentially vulnerable to events such as the accidental introduction of rodents to its island home. On the New Zealand Threatened Species classification it is listed as ‘range restricted’. References ^ "New Zealand Threat Classification System". New Zealand Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2015-01-04. ^ Reischek, A. (1888). Notes on the Islands to the South of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 21: 378-389. ^ Boon, Wee Ming; Kearvell, Jonathan C.; Daugherty, Charles H.; & Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2001). Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (Cyanoramphus spp.). Science for Conservation 176. Dept of Conservation:Wellington, New Zealand. ISBN 0-478-22031-6 ^ Scofield, R. Paul. (2005). The supposed Macquarie Parakeet in the collection of Canterbury Museum. Notornis 52(2): 117-120 ^ Chambers, Geoffrey K.; & Boon, Wee Ming. (2005). Molecular systematics of Macquarie Island and Reischek's parakeets. Notornis 52 (4): 249–250. ^ Greene, Terry C. (1999). Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) and Reischek's Parakeet (C. novaezelandiae hochstetteri) on Antipodes Island, October - November 1995. Notornis 46: 301-310. Archived 2007-06-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Warham, J.; & Bell, B.D. (1979). The birds of the Antipodes Islands, New Zealand. Notornis 26(2):121-170. ^ TerraNature: Reischek’s Parakeet Taxon identifiersCyanoramphus hochstetteri Wikidata: Q1261020 Avibase: F613770E0D3C45DD BioLib: 445173 BOLD: 379472 BOW: reipar1 eBird: reipar1 GBIF: 6085512 iNaturalist: 144561 NCBI: 1592685 NZBO: reischeks-parakeet NZOR: 2c7abd8f-1254-46cc-a3ae-6e721cfafbde Open Tree of Life: 3600393 Xeno-canto: Cyanoramphus-hochstetteri

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_98

London Buses route 98

["1 History","2 Current route","3 References","4 External links"]

London bus route 98Metroline Wright Gemini 3 bodied Volvo B5LH on Oxford StreetOverviewOperatorMetrolineGarageWillesdenVehicleVolvo B5LH Wright Gemini 3Peak vehicle requirement22PredecessorsRoute 8Night-timeNight Bus N98RouteStartWillesden bus garageViaKilburnMaida ValeEdgware RoadMarble ArchOxford CircusEndRed Lion SquareLength7 miles (11 km)ServiceLevelDailyFrequencyAbout every 7-12 minutesJourney time35-70 minutesOperates05:30 until 00:44 London Buses route 98 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Willesden bus garage and Red Lion Square, it is operated by Metroline. History Metroline AEC Routemaster on Oxford Street in March 2004 Metroline Plaxton President bodied Volvo B7TL in Kilburn in September 2007 Route 98 commenced on 18 July 1992 to replace route 8 between Willesden bus garage and Oxford Circus, before continuing to Holborn. The route has always been operated by Metroline's Willesden bus garage. It was initially operated by AEC Routemasters on Mondays to Saturdays in the daytime and Dennis Darts, MCW Metrobuses and Leyland Titans on Sundays and late evenings. On 27 March 2004 routes 6 and 98 were converted to driver-only operation, with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Plaxton President bodied Volvo B7TLs. In April 2016 the first five BYD double-decker electric buses in the world since trolleybuses started operating on the route as part of a pilot scheme. They were operated from Willesden bus garage. Current route Route 98 operates via these primary locations: Willesden bus garage Willesden Green station Kilburn High Road station Maida Vale station Edgware Road station Marble Arch station Oxford Circus station Tottenham Court Road station Holborn station Holborn Red Lion Square References ^ a b Blacker, Ken (2007). Routemaster: 1970–2005. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. pp. 118, 168. ISBN 978-1-85414-303-7. ^ Stewart, David (2006). London's Last Routemasters. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-85414-295-5. ^ London bus routes Route 98/N98 Transport for London 6 June 2003 ^ "World's first electric double-decker bus ready to hit London's roads". Evening Standard. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ First pure electric double deck buses on streets of London Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine BYD 16 March 2016 ^ Route 98 Map Transport for London External links Media related to London Buses route 98 at Wikimedia Commons Timetable vteLondon bus routes1–99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100–199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108D 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200–299 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300–399 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 339 340 341 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 388 389 390 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400–499 401 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 422 423 424 425 427 428 430 432 433 434 436 439 440 444 450 452 453 456 460 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 472 473 474 476 481 481D 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 496 498 499 500–599 533 549 600–699 601 602 603 605 606 608 612 613 616 617 621 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 634 635 638 639 640 642 643 646 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 665 667 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 677 678 679 681 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 696 697 698 699 900–999 969 Letter prefix A10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 C1 C3 C10 C11 D3 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 G1 H2 H3 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H17 H18 H19 H20 H22 H25 H26 H28 H32 H37 H91 H98 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 P4 P5 P12 P13 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R68 R70 S1 S2 S3 S4 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U7 U9 U10 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W19 East London Transit EL1 EL2 EL3 Superloop SL1 SL2 SL3 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 Night only N1 N2 N3 N5 N7 N8 N9 N11 N15 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N31 N32 N33 N38 N41 N44 N53 N55 N63 N65 N68 N72 N73 N74 N83 N86 N87 N89 N91 N97 N98 N109 N113 N133 N136 N137 N140 N155 N171 N199 N205 N207 N242 N250 N253 N266 N277 N279 N343 N381 N550 N551 Former 9H 10 15H 48 77A 82 87 129 143D 168 271 305 332 369 387 391 405D 455 497 507 521 530 541 558 588 607 609 611 618 619 636 637 641 648 689 692 718 (2019-21) 718 (2022-24) 719 720 728 733 931 953 965 C2 H50 PR1 PR2 RV1 S2 S5 T31 T32 T33 W10 N10 N13 N16 N35 N36 N47 N64 N76 N93 N159 N213 X26 X68 X140 Future 618 N518 SL4 List of bus routes in London Buses portal London transport portal

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Running between Willesden bus garage and Red Lion Square, it is operated by Metroline.","title":"London Buses route 98"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Routemaster_RML2384_(JJD_384D),_6_March_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"AEC Routemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Bus_route_98.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plaxton President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_President"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7TL"},{"link_name":"Kilburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn,_London"},{"link_name":"route 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_8"},{"link_name":"Willesden bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"AEC Routemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"Dennis Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dart"},{"link_name":"MCW Metrobuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCW_Metrobus"},{"link_name":"Leyland Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Titan_(B15)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBlack-1"},{"link_name":"AEC Routemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"Plaxton President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_President"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7TL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBlack-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Auto"},{"link_name":"electric buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bus"},{"link_name":"trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Willesden bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline#Willesden_(AC)"}],"text":"Metroline AEC Routemaster on Oxford Street in March 2004Metroline Plaxton President bodied Volvo B7TL in Kilburn in September 2007Route 98 commenced on 18 July 1992 to replace route 8 between Willesden bus garage and Oxford Circus, before continuing to Holborn. The route has always been operated by Metroline's Willesden bus garage. It was initially operated by AEC Routemasters on Mondays to Saturdays in the daytime and Dennis Darts, MCW Metrobuses and Leyland Titans on Sundays and late evenings.[1]On 27 March 2004 routes 6 and 98 were converted to driver-only operation, with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Plaxton President bodied Volvo B7TLs.[1][2][3]In April 2016 the first five BYD double-decker electric buses in the world since trolleybuses started operating on the route as part of a pilot scheme.[4][5] They were operated from Willesden bus garage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Willesden bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Willesden Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Bakerloo_line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square"}],"text":"Route 98 operates via these primary locations:[6]Willesden bus garage\nWillesden Green station \nKilburn High Road station \nMaida Vale station \nEdgware Road station \nMarble Arch station \nOxford Circus station \nTottenham Court Road station \nHolborn station \nHolborn Red Lion Square","title":"Current route"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanner

Wrench

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Types","4 Other types of keys","5 Size designations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage "Spanner" redirects here. For other uses, see Wrench (disambiguation) and Spanner (disambiguation). A set of metric spanners or wrenches, open at one end and box/ring at the other. These are commonly known as “combination” spanners. A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning. In the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench—an adjustable pipe wrench. In North American English, wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-end wrench and box-end wrench. In American English, spanner refers to a specialized wrench with a series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut into the object to be turned). In American commerce, such a wrench may be called a spanner wrench to distinguish it from the British sense of spanner. In Turkey, wrench is most commonly called "English wrench", "froglet wrench" or "adjustable wrench". Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion and for ease of cleaning. Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches in English, but exceptions are the plumber wrench (pipe wrench in British English) and Mole wrench (sometimes Mole grips in British English). The word can also be used in slang to describe an unexpected obstacle, for example, "He threw a spanner in the works" (in U.S. English, "monkey wrench"). Etymology Wheel-lock gun of Sigismund III Vasa: The original spanner had a square hole for turning the shaft (r.) of the wheel, which tensioned the mainspring. See also § External links. 'Wrench' is derived from Middle English wrench, from Old English wrenċ, from Proto-Germanic *wrankiz ("a turning, twisting"). The oldest recorded use dates to 1794. 'Spanner' came into use in the 1630s, referring to the tool for winding the spring of a wheel-lock firearm. From German Spanner (n.), from spannen (v.) ("to join, fasten, extend, connect"), from Proto-Germanic *spannan, from PIE root *(s)pen- ("to draw, stretch, spin"). History Wrenches and applications using wrenches or devices that needed wrenches, such as pipe clamps and suits of armor, have been noted by historians as far back as the 15th century. Adjustable coach wrenches for the odd-sized nuts of wagon wheels were manufactured in England and exported to North America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The mid 19th century began to see patented wrenches that used a screw for narrowing and widening the jaws, including patented monkey wrenches. Most box end wrenches are sold as '12-point' because 12-point wrenches fit over both 12-point and 6-point bolts. 12-point wrenches also offer a higher number of engagement points over 6-point. However, 12-point wrenches have been known to cause round-off damage to 6-point bolts as they provide less contact space. Types Image American name British/Commonwealth name Description Group open-end wrench open-ended spanner A one-piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut. This wrench is often double-ended, with a different-sized opening at each end. The ends are generally oriented at an angle of around 15 degrees to the axis of the handle; it allows a greater range of movement in enclosed spaces by flipping the wrench. common box-end wrench ring spanner A one-piece wrench with an enclosed opening that grips the faces of the bolt or nut. The recess is generally a six-point or twelve-point opening for use with nuts or bolt heads with a hexagonal shape. The twelve-point fits onto the fastening at twice as many angles, an advantage where swing is limited. Eight-point wrenches are also made for square-shaped nuts and bolt heads. Ring spanners are often double-ended and usually with offset handles to improve access to the nut or bolt. common combination wrench combination spanneropen-ring spanner A double-ended tool with one end being like an open-end wrench or open-ended spanner, and the other end being like a box-end wrench or ring spanner. Both ends generally fit the same size of bolt. common flare-nut wrenchtube wrenchline wrench flare spannerflare nut spannerbrake spannercrow's-foot spanner A wrench that is used for gripping the nuts on the ends of tubes. It is similar to a box-end wrench but, instead of encircling the nut completely, it has a narrow opening just wide enough to allow the wrench to fit over the tube, and thick jaws to increase the contact area with the nut. It allows for maximum contact on plumbing nuts, which are typically softer metals and therefore more prone to damage from open-ended wrenches. common ratcheting box wrench ratcheting ring spanner A type of ring spanner, or box wrench, whose end section ratchets. Ratcheting can be reversed by flipping over the wrench, or by activating a reversing lever on the wrench. This type of wrench combines the compact design of a box wrench, with the utility and quickness of use of a ratchet wrench. A variety of ratcheting mechanisms are used, from simple pawls to more complex captured rollers, with the latter being more compact and smoother, but also more expensive to manufacture. The one pictured also features a drift pin on the tail. common flex-head socket wrenchSaltus wrench swivel head spanner Similar in concept to a socket wrench. A Saltus wrench features a socket permanently affixed to a handle. Sockets are not interchangeable as with a socket wrench. The socket often rotates around the handle to allow the user to access a fastener from a variety of angles. Commonly a Saltus wrench is part of a double-ended wrench, with an open-end type head on the opposite side from the socket head. common spanner wrench or simply spanner ; pin spanner hook spanner C spanner pin face spanner A wrench with one or several pins or hooks, designed to drive spanner head screws, threaded collars and retainer rings, shafts, and so on. Note the difference in the American and British senses of the word "spanner". In American English, "spanners" are a subset of the class of tools called "wrenches". common striking face box wrenchslammer wrenchslugger wrenchhammer wrench slogging spannerflogging spanner A specialized thick, short, stocky wrench with a block end to the handle specifically designed for use with a hammer, enabling one to impart great force. Used commonly with large fasteners, especially a nut and stud which both have index marks: the nut is screwed hand-tight, then further tightened with the striking wrench a known number of index marks calculated from the elasticity of the bolt or stud, thus giving precise torque (preload). Striking wrenches also provide shock and high force used to release large and/or stuck nuts and bolts; and when space does not allow room for a large wrench. common adjustable wrenchadjustable end wrench Crescent wrench adjustable spannershifting spannerwrench The most common type of adjustable wrench in use today. The adjustable end wrench differs from the monkey wrench in that the gripping faces of the jaws are displaced to a (typically) 15 degree angle relative to the tool's handle, a design feature that facilitates the wrench's use in close quarters. The modern adjustable end wrench was invented by Johan Petter Johansson of Bahco. The common use of "Crescent wrench" to describe this design is derived from the Crescent brand, owned by Apex Brands, Inc. Apex Tool Group, LLC. adjustable self-adjusting wrench self-adjusting spanner With a serrated jaw which is self-tightening. adjustable monkey wrench gas gripsKing Dick An old type of adjustable wrench with a straight handle and smooth jaws whose gripping faces are perpendicular to the handle. historical pipe wrenchmonkey wrench Stillson wrenchStillsonsPipe wrench A tool that is similar in design and appearance to a monkey wrench, but with self-tightening properties and hardened, serrated jaws that securely grip soft iron pipe and pipe fittings. Sometimes known by the original patent holder's brand name as a "Stillson wrench". adjustable socket wrench socket wrenchsocket spanner A hollow cylinder that fits over one end of a nut or bolt head. It may include a handle, if it does not then it is often just referred to as a socket and is usually used with various drive tools to make it a wrench or spanner such as a ratchet handle, a tee bar (sliding tommy bar) bar or a knuckle bar (single axis pivot). It generally has a six-point, eight-point or twelve-point recess, may be shallow or deep, and may have a built-in universal joint. socket clamp ratchet wrench clamp ratchet spanner An open-ended multi-size ratchet wrench. The ratcheting mechanism allows the nut to be clamped on or loosened with a reciprocating motion; flip the wrench to change the direction of the drive. The wrench takes the advantage of the clamp action to allow multiple sizes in both SAE and metric standards. Each wrench typically will allow up to 3 non-metric sizes and 3 metric sizes. adjustable breaker barbreak-over handle knuckle barjointed nut spinnerflex head nut spinnerPower Bar This tool is a long non-ratcheting bar that allows the user to impart considerable torque to fasteners, especially in cases where corrosion has resulted in a difficult-to-loosen part. socket crowfoot wrenchcrow's-foot wrench crow's foot A type of wrench designed to use the same drive sizes as socket wrenches, but non-cylindrical in shape. The ends are the same as those found on the open-end, box-end, or the flare-nut wrenches. These wrenches are used when torque must be measured, or when the application precludes the use of a regular socket or wrench. Also used in place of conventional open/box wrenches where the wrenches are large, usually at a lower cost, or for when space and weight restrictions are critical. socket ratchet wrench ratchet handle It contains a one-way mechanism that allows the socket to be turned without removing it from the nut or bolt simply by cycling the handle backward and forward. (The photo shows both ratchet and sockets.) socket speed handlespeed wrench speed handlecrank handlespeed braceleg winder (in the context of caravans) A crank-shaped handle that drives a socket. The socket-driving analog of the brace used to drive a drill bit. Used instead of a ratchet in a few contexts when it can save substantial time and effort—that is, when there is a lot of turning to be done (many fasteners), ample room to swing the handle, ample access to the fastener heads, etc. Has less leverage than a conventional ratchet wrench. Used occasionally in automotive repair or job shop work. socket torque wrench torque wrench A socket wrench drive tool that is employed to impart a precise amount of torque to a fastener, essential in many cases during the assembly of precision mechanisms. socket Allen wrenchAllen keyhex keyL wrench Allen key A wrench used to turn screw or bolt heads designed with a hexagonal socket (recess) to receive the wrench. The wrenches come in two common forms: L-shaped and T-handles. The L-shaped wrenches are formed from hexagonal wire stock, while the T-handles are the same hex wire stock with a metal or plastic handle attached to the end. There are also indexable-driver-bits that can be used in indexable screwdrivers. keys Bristol wrenchBristol spline wrench ? Another wrench designed for internal socket-head screws and bolts. The cross-section resembles a square-toothed gear. Not a common design, it is chiefly used on small set screws. keys Torx wrench Torx key An internal socket-head screw design. The cross-section resembles a star. Commonly used in automobiles, automated equipment, and computer components as it is resistant to wrench cam-out and so suitable for use in the types of powered tools used in production-line assembly. keys alligator wrench ? A formerly common type of wrench that was popular with mechanics, factory workers, and farmers for maintenance, repair and operations tasks in the days when fasteners often had square rather than hex heads. The wrench's shape suggests the open mouth of an alligator. historical cone wrench cone spanner A thin open-end wrench used to fit narrow wrench flats of adjustable bearing bicycle hubs. Called a "cone" wrench because it fits wrench flats of the cone section of a "cup and cone" hub, this tool is also used with some other adjustable hub bearings. The wrench is very thin so has little strength; to compensate, cone wrenches typically have a large head. Most bicycle front hubs use a 13 mm; most rears use 15 mm. Similar designs are used for bicycle pedals specialty die-stockdie wrench die stockdie holder A double-handled wrench for turning the dies used in threading operations (cutting the male threads such as on a bolt). specialty drum key lug wrench drum wrench drum key A small, square-head socket wrench used on drum (percussion musical instrument) tuning lugs and fasteners. This key is often interchangeable with radiator bleed keys. specialty Shower Valve Socket Wrench box spanner tube spannerspark plug spanner A tube with six-sided sockets on both ends. It is turned with a short length of rod (tommy bar or T bar) inserted through two holes in the middle of the tube. common drum wrench bung wrench ? A tool commonly used to open bungs on large 55-gallon drums (cylindrical containers). specialty fire hydrant wrench (hose connection) ? The hose connection has a threaded collar with a protruding pin. From the handle of the wrench an arc has at its end a loop to engage the pin. specialty fire hydrant wrench (valve operator) ? A pentagonal (five-sided) box wrench. The unusual shape of the lug makes the valve tamper-resistant: with the opposite faces nonparallel, unauthorized opening of the hydrant is more difficult without a suitable tool. specialty curb key Toby key A wrench for opening and closing valves on municipal water pipes (often at the curb , hence the name). The valve usually has a rectangular lug and is set deep into the ground, requiring the key. specialty golf shoe spike wrench ? A T-handle wrench with two pins and clearance for the spike—allows removal and insertion of spikes in shoes. specialty head nut wrench ? A flat wrench with a circular hole and two inward protruding pins to engage slots in the nut. This type of nut is used on bicycles to secure the front fork pivot bearing to the headpiece of the frame. specialty 4-way lug wrench wheel lug cross wrench cross rim wrench spider wrench wheel brace tyre spanner A socket wrench used to turn lug nuts on automobile wheels. specialty plumber wrench multigrips multigrip pliers A tool to screw (rotate with force) various pipes during plumbing. specialty rigger-jigger rigger-jigger An offset 10mm/13mm spanner used in attaching riggers to rowing boats to allow users to keep grip when flush with boat, originally designed by Henri Tengvall for Sons of the Thames Rowing Club in 1991. specialty basin wrenchsink wrench basin wrench A self-tightening wrench mounted at the end of a shaft with a transverse handle at the opposite end. Used to tighten or loosen fasteners located in recesses. specialty dogbone wrench dumbbell spanner A compact spanner for multiple sizes, historically used as a cheap DIY tool for bicycles when they used nuts or bolts, rather than the more modern allen bolt fittings specialty spoke wrench nipple wrench spoke key A wrench with a clearance slot for a wire wheel spoke such as on a bicycle wheel and a drive head for the adjustment nipple nut. The handle is offset to make the wrench more convenient to grip, and the handle is short to fit between spokes, allowing the wrench to turn 360 degrees without being removed. specialty spud wrench podging spannerpodger A steel erecting tool which consists of a normal wrench at one end and a tapered drift pin at the other, used for lining up bolt holes, typically when mating two structural steel beams, or the flanges on two segments of steel pipe. specialty chain whip chain whip A self-tightening wrench that engages the teeth of a chain drive sprocket, and used typically to remove bicycle cogsets. Similar to a strap wrench, but uses positive engagement rather than friction, and so needs to grab only one end of the chain. specialty strap wrenchoil-filter wrenchchain wrench strap wrenchoil filter wrench chain wrench A self-tightening wrench with either a chain or strap of metal, leather, or rubber attached to a handle, used to grip and turn smooth cylindrical objects (such as automotive oil filters). It relies entirely on friction between the strap or chain and the object to be manipulated. Similar to a pipe wrench, but uses a chain similar to a drive chain or strap, instead of an adjustable jaw. The links of the chain have extended pegs which fit into grooves in the front of the handle, with one end of the chain attached permanently to the handle. It is used in situations where pipe wrenches cannot maintain a proper grip on an object such as a wet or oily pipe. Larger versions of chain wrenches are sometimes known as "bull tongs" and are used with large diameter pipe such as is used deep wells. specialty tap wrenchtap handleT-handle tap wrench A double-handled wrench for turning the square drive on taps used in threading operations (cutting the female threads such as within a nut) or a precision reamer. specialty tappet wrench ? A spanner of small to moderate size constructed similarly to an open-ended wrench, but with a thinner cross-section. Its purpose is to apply torque to the fasteners found on the valve trains of older engines, especially automobile engines, where the valve train required adjustment of the tappets (also known as lifters). Tappets, push rods, rocker arms and similar adjustable pieces are often equipped with locknuts which are thinner than standard nuts, due to space limitations. Frequently, the hex section of the adjustment is contiguous to the lock nut, thus requiring a thinner "tappet wrench" to be used. specialty tuning wrench tuning "T" hammer piano tuning lever A socket wrench used to tune some stringed musical instruments. Similar, and in some cases identical to drum tuning keys, but often provide greater torque due to the higher tension of strings. specialty wing nut wrench A tool specifically for use with wing nuts, allowing the application of greater torque than is possible by hand. It is generally advised not to use such spanners for tightening the wing nut, but rather only for loosening. It is a "hand saver" more than anything else. specialty graduated wrench ? An adjustable wrench with a small number (usually 2–4) of discrete sizes. It is sometimes used as an inexpensive substitute for a monkey wrench. power wrench ? A broad type of wrenches that use electricity or compressed air to power the wrench. power impact wrench impact driver garage air gunpneumatic spannerwindy spannerrattle gunimpact driver Windy gun A powered wrench that delivers quick, repeated impulses of torque. Typically powered by air, but can also be electric. Like other wrenches which deliver a large amount of torque, impact wrenches can be useful for loosening stubborn, difficult-to-remove nuts and bolts. Misuse, however, can over-torque and damage the threads on lug nuts and wheel studs. This risk is one of the reasons they are often found in professional auto repair shops, but not among do-it-yourselfers’ tools. They are closely associated with auto repair shops, as the source of the iconic “rap-rap-rap” sound often heard there. power Other types of keys These types of keys are not emically classified as wrenches by English speakers, but they are etically similar in function to wrenches. American name British/Commonwealth name Description Group chuck key chuck key A key used to tighten or loosen a chuck. household/industrial church key, church key bottle opener church key, bottle opener A key used to remove bottle caps or to pierce can lids. household paint can key paint can opener A key used to open the lids of paint cans. Its upturned edge helps to apply a levering motion to the crimped lip of the can lid. household sillcock key sillcock key, loose key, tap key A key used to open or close sillcock valves. Many are designed the same way as a spider-type lug wrench, with four common sizes (one on each end) built into one portable tool. household window crank window crank A socket-like key slipped over the splined shaft that operates the opening and closing of some types of window. household sardine can key sardine tin key A key used in opening the lids of canned fish or canned meat. A tab on the metal lid fits into the slot in the shaft of the key and the lid is wound onto the key, tearing it away from the can. household dental key dental key A key formerly used in dentistry for leverage in pulling teeth historical Size designations Main article: Wrench size Two wrenches, both nominal size 5⁄8 in, with a diagram superimposed to show the logic that allows them both to be labeled the same when their actual sizes are clearly different (across-flats distance vs screw diameter). The larger wrench in this photo is from the 1920s or earlier; its face was polished to allow the size stamp to be visible in the photograph. See also List of screw drives References ^ "AskOxford". Archived from the original on 18 October 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2010. ^ "wrench | Etymology, origin and meaning of wrench by etymonline". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 7 February 2023. ^ "spanner (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019. ^ Henry C. Mercer, Ancient Carpenters' Tools: Illustrated and Explained, Together with the Implements of the Lumberman, Joiner and Cabinet-Maker, 1928, reprint Courier Corporation - 2013, pages 271-272 ^ "Undoing stripped nuts with 6 point wrenches |". rtstools.com. 22 September 2017. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ "Who is Bahco? | Bahco International". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ "McMaster-Carr Catalog". www.mcmaster.com. McMaster-Carr. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ "Drill Chuck Keys & Keyleashes". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ "World Wide Words: Church key". World Wide Words. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2016. External links The dictionary definition of Wrench at Wiktionary Media related to Wrench at Wikimedia Commons Spanner for Nuremberg hunting wheel-lock pistol c1610 with matching powder flask and built-in key (half-way down page) Spanner Jaw Sizes Archived 11 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Additional background information and spanner jaw size table. Conversion chart Whitworth/BSF/AF and metric spanner and thread sizes ER Type Hook Wrenches vteHand tools Sawhorse Toolbox Workbench Adjustable spanner Antique tools Basin wrench Block plane Brace Bradawl Breaker bar Cat's paw Caulking gun Clamp Crimper Crowbar Fish tape Gimlet Glass breaker Grease gun Hammer Hammer tacker Hawk Headlamp Hex key Hole punch Impact driver Jack Locking pliers Lug wrench Mallet Mitre box Monkey wrench Multi-tool Nut driver Paint roller Paintbrush Pencil sharpener Persian drill Pincers Pipe wrench Pliers Plumber wrench Plumber's snake Plunger Podger spanner Punch Punch down tool Scratch awl Screwdriver Sledgehammer Slide hammer Socket wrench Spike maul Staple gun Stitching awl Strap wrench Tactical light Tire iron Tongue-and-groove pliers Torque wrench Tweezers Upholstery hammer Wrench Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Woodworking vteMetalworkingvteMetalworking toolsCutting machines Bandsaw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma Water jet cutter Cutting tools Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Oxy-fuel cutting torch Reamer Shears Tipped tool Tool bit Forming tools Brake Die English wheel Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Screw press Stamping press Hand tools Clamp Combination square Drift pin Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Needlegun scaler Piercing saw Pliers Punch Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench Machine tooling Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic switchable device Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler Measuring instruments Bore gauge Caliper Center gauge Dial indicator Engineer's blue Engineer's spirit level Feeler gauge Gauge Gauge block Go/no go gauge Height gauge Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Optical comparator Radius gauge Ruler Sine bar Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch gauge Vernier scale Smithing tools Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy tools Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools and terminology Welding Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrench (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrench_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanner (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanner_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gedore_No._7_combination_wrenches_6%E2%80%9319_mm.jpg"},{"link_name":"tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"fasteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(hardware)"},{"link_name":"bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"monkey wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"pipe wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_wrench"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"vanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium"},{"link_name":"tool steels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel"},{"link_name":"drop-forged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging#Processes"},{"link_name":"chrome-plated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_plating"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"pliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliers"},{"link_name":"tongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongs"},{"link_name":"plumber wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber_wrench"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"Mole wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_pliers"}],"text":"\"Spanner\" redirects here. For other uses, see Wrench (disambiguation) and Spanner (disambiguation).A set of metric spanners or wrenches, open at one end and box/ring at the other. These are commonly known as “combination” spanners.A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.In the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench—an adjustable pipe wrench.[1]In North American English, wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-end wrench and box-end wrench. In American English, spanner refers to a specialized wrench with a series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut into the object to be turned). In American commerce, such a wrench may be called a spanner wrench to distinguish it from the British sense of spanner.In Turkey, wrench is most commonly called \"English wrench\", \"froglet wrench\" or \"adjustable wrench\".[citation needed]Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion and for ease of cleaning.Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches in English, but exceptions are the plumber wrench (pipe wrench in British English) and Mole wrench (sometimes Mole grips in British English).The word can also be used in slang to describe an unexpected obstacle, for example, \"He threw a spanner in the works\" (in U.S. English, \"monkey wrench\").","title":"Wrench"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monogramist_HLF_Wheel-lock_gun_13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wheel-lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel-lock"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"§ External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etymonline_wrench-2"},{"link_name":"wheel-lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel-lock"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_(language)"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic"},{"link_name":"PIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etymonline_spanner-3"}],"text":"Wheel-lock gun of Sigismund III Vasa: The original spanner had a square hole for turning the shaft (r.) of the wheel, which tensioned the mainspring. See also § External links.'Wrench' is derived from Middle English wrench, from Old English wrenċ, from Proto-Germanic *wrankiz (\"a turning, twisting\"). The oldest recorded use dates to 1794.[2]'Spanner' came into use in the 1630s, referring to the tool for winding the spring of a wheel-lock firearm. From German Spanner (n.), from spannen (v.) (\"to join, fasten, extend, connect\"), from Proto-Germanic *spannan, from PIE root *(s)pen- (\"to draw, stretch, spin\").[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"monkey wrenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wrenches and applications using wrenches or devices that needed wrenches, such as pipe clamps and suits of armor, have been noted by historians as far back as the 15th century.[4] Adjustable coach wrenches for the odd-sized nuts of wagon wheels were manufactured in England and exported to North America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The mid 19th century began to see patented wrenches that used a screw for narrowing and widening the jaws, including patented monkey wrenches.Most box end wrenches are sold as '12-point' because 12-point wrenches fit over both 12-point and 6-point bolts. 12-point wrenches also offer a higher number of engagement points over 6-point. However, 12-point wrenches have been known to cause round-off damage to 6-point bolts as they provide less contact space.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_etic"}],"text":"These types of keys are not emically classified as wrenches by English speakers, but they are etically similar in function to wrenches.","title":"Other types of keys"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-8_vs_5-8_003.jpg"}],"text":"Two wrenches, both nominal size 5⁄8 in, with a diagram superimposed to show the logic that allows them both to be labeled the same when their actual sizes are clearly different (across-flats distance vs screw diameter). The larger wrench in this photo is from the 1920s or earlier; its face was polished to allow the size stamp to be visible in the photograph.","title":"Size designations"}]

[{"image_text":"A set of metric spanners or wrenches, open at one end and box/ring at the other. These are commonly known as “combination” spanners.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gedore_No._7_combination_wrenches_6%E2%80%9319_mm.jpg/250px-Gedore_No._7_combination_wrenches_6%E2%80%9319_mm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wheel-lock gun of Sigismund III Vasa: The original spanner had a square hole for turning the shaft (r.) of the wheel, which tensioned the mainspring. See also § External links.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Monogramist_HLF_Wheel-lock_gun_13.jpg/220px-Monogramist_HLF_Wheel-lock_gun_13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two wrenches, both nominal size 5⁄8 in, with a diagram superimposed to show the logic that allows them both to be labeled the same when their actual sizes are clearly different (across-flats distance vs screw diameter). The larger wrench in this photo is from the 1920s or earlier; its face was polished to allow the size stamp to be visible in the photograph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/5-8_vs_5-8_003.jpg/220px-5-8_vs_5-8_003.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of screw drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Church_of_Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator

Armenian Church, Singapore

["1 History","1.1 Foundation and early history","1.2 Later history","1.3 Current state","2 Architecture","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 1°17′35″N 103°50′57.5″E / 1.29306°N 103.849306°E / 1.29306; 103.849306Armenian church For the general article about the Armenian Apostolic Church, see Armenian Apostolic Church. For other uses, see St. Gregory the Illuminator's Church (disambiguation). Armenian Church of Saint Gregory The IlluminatorReligionAffiliationArmenian Apostolic ChurchRiteArmenian RitePatronSt. Gregory the IlluminatorYear consecrated1836LocationLocation60 Hill Street, SingaporeCountrySingaporeShown within SingaporeGeographic coordinates1°17′35″N 103°50′57.5″E / 1.29306°N 103.849306°E / 1.29306; 103.849306ArchitectureArchitect(s)George Drumgoole ColemanStyleNeoclassicalGroundbreaking1834Completed1835Construction cost5,058 Spanish dollarsDesignated as NHL National monument of SingaporeDesignated6 July 1973Reference no.2 The Armenian Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, referred to locally as the Armenian Church, is the oldest Christian church in Singapore, located at Hill Street in the Museum Planning Area, within the Central Area. The church was completed in 1835 and consecrated the next year. Originally a parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church, an Oriental Orthodox denomination, the last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s as Armenian population in Singapore dwindled. It was designated as a national monument in 1973. Armenian and Oriental Orthodox services are now regularly held at the church. History Foundation and early history The east front of the church has a bowed apse with a pediment supporting a spire. The inscribed date "1835" commemorates the year the church's foundation was laid. The church was commissioned by the first twelve Armenian families that settled in Singapore. It was designed by George Drumgoole Coleman, the architect of many of Singapore's early buildings who also became the first Superintendent of Public Works. The church is dedicated to St Gregory the Illuminator, the first Patriarch of the Armenian Church. The Armenians were among the earliest merchants and traders to arrive in Singapore after Sir Stamford Raffles established it as a trading port in 1819. The community already held religious services in Singapore by 1821, and the first priest, the Reverend Krikor Hovhannes (Gregory John), arrived in July 1827. A temporary chapel was set up at the back of John Little & Company at Commercial Square (today's Raffles Place). The community started to raise funds for the construction of a new church in 1827. Over half the construction cost of 5,058.30 Spanish dollars was donated by the Armenian community in Singapore, with the rest coming from Armenians in Java and India, and a small portion from European and Chinese merchants in Singapore. The Armenian community was very small – the 1824 census counted only 16 members, and 34 in 1836 when the church opened – its contribution to the Armenian Church was therefore considerable in proportion, an indication of the prosperity and religious devotion of the Armenians. A request for land to build the church was made by the Armenian community in 1833, and the government granted the land at the foot of Fort Canning in 1834. The foundation stone was laid on 1 January 1835 by the Supreme, Archimandrite Reverend Thomas Gregorian, who also opened and consecrated the new church on Easter Sunday in 1836. He was assisted by Reverend Khachig Hovhannes, the priest for the local community. It is the oldest Christian church built in Singapore. The church has undergone a few modifications since it was first built. A bell turret designed by Coleman was deemed structurally unsound, and it was replaced first by a square tower in 1847, then again replaced in 1853 with the spire as it appears today, which was designed by George Maddock. In 1909, the church became the first building in Singapore with electricity. Later history In the late 1960s, when the Christian Cemetery at Fort Canning was cleared for a park, early Armenian tombstones there were moved into the Memorial Garden at the church ground. Tombstones from Bukit Timah-Cavenagh Road cemetery were also moved here. A number of tombstones of prominent Armenians in Singapore, such as members of the Sarkies family of Raffles Hotel fame, Agnes Joaquim who bred Singapore's national flower and Catchick Moses who founded the newspaper Straits Times, are placed here. The Memorial Garden however was never used as a burial ground. Armenian Street is named after the church and it was known earlier by its Chinese name seng poh sin chu au meaning "the back of Seng Poh's new building" (Tan Seng Poh was the first Chinese to serve on the Municipal Commission). The last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s with the dwindling Armenian population in Singapore. The Armenian Church was gazetted as a national monument on 6 July 1973. On 17 September 1979 vardapet Daron Djerejian, an Armenian priest from Nice, France, visited the church and conducted a Divine Liturgy. At that point, the church had been abandoned religiously for decades. In 1985 the Armenian Church celebrated the 150th anniversary of the church. Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, the primate of the diocese of Australia, led a group of Armenian pilgrims from Australia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, and San Francisco, U.S. to Singapore in June 1985. Current state President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan inside the church, during his state visit to Singapore (2012) Divine Liturgy was performed at the church in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of adoption of Christianity as a state religion of Armenia. On 27 March 2011 some 160 Armenians from 20 countries gathered at the church to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the church. On 29 March 2016 by the Pontifical Order of Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, Fr. Zaven Yazichyan, a member of the Brotherhood of Holy Etchmiadzin, was appointed to serve as the Pastor of the Armenian Spiritual Pastorates of Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Yazichyan, who is based in Yangon, Myanmar, visits Singapore five or six times a year to serve mass. On 20 May 2016 the church received a grant from the government of Singapore for restoration, which was still ongoing as of February 2017. The small Coptic Orthodox community in Singapore occasionally hold services in the building. Architecture The church's interior showing the altar and nave The existing Armenian Church, built primarily in the British neoclassical style with a few eclectic influences, is centrally-designed in the manner of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the mother church of Armenia. The church interior is circular, and said to resemble the round Holy Sepulchre in Cambridge, England. The circle however is imposed within a square-cross plan, with projecting square porticos in Roman Doric orders. The Palladian-style design may have been inspired by the circular plan for St Andrews's Church in Chennai, which is in turn derived from one of James Gibbs' designs for St Martin-in-the-Fields in London that was published in his Book of Architecture. The original symmetrical design by Coleman included neither tower nor spire, instead it featured an octagonal cone supporting a small bell turret with Ionic columns. The current spire, designed by an English architect George Maddock, is the second to replace the original bell turret by Coleman. The original was first replaced in 1846 by a square tower with Doric pilasters. In 1953, the square tower was replaced by present spire that sits on an octagonal tower, and topped with a ball and cross. Maddock had the pitched roof replaced by the present one and, to support the tower and spire, added the east portico around the apse where the chancel is. The semi-circular chancel with the raised grand altar is located opposite the main entrance. Probably at the same time the main entrance on the west portico was also widened. The Tuscan Doric porticos on the north, south and west fronts of the church are each topped with a triangular pediment. Originally the east front simply had a bowed apse with Tuscan Doric pilasters, however the bowed apse has since been boxed in by the portico on which the spire was built. The pediment on this portico is inscribed the date "1835", the year of the church's foundation. The north, south and west porticos were designed to allow horse carriages to pull into the porches, where ladies may then alight and step directly into the church without soiling their dresses. Coleman's design is adapted to suit Singapore's tropical climate; for instance, the wide verandahs give shade and protect the timber-louvred windows on the ground floor from heavy downpours. The windows, in turn, diffuse the sunlight and induce cross ventilation. The pews are backed with woven rattan, a lighter, cooler and more comfortable material. Located within the church ground are the Memorial Garden and the parsonage, a two-storey bungalow built in 1905 by Nanajan Sarkies in memory of her late husband, John Shanazar Sarkies. Gallery A view from across the church The church's entrance features heavy two-leaf timber doors framed by moulded semi-circular pediments. The parsonage on the church grounds, built in 1905 by Nanajan Sarkies in memory of her late husband, John Shanazar Sarkies. Tuscan Doric porticos capped with triangular pediments feature on the south front of the church. Three two-leaf timber doors lead into the southern entrance of the church. The Memorial Garden to Armenians. Altar and pews Interior of Armenian Church showing the altar See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armenian Church, Singapore. Armenians in Singapore References ^ "Small group big part of S'pore's heritage". AsiaOne. 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ Wright, Nadia (6 January 2015). "The Armenians of Singapore: An Historical Perspective". Armenian Weekly. ^ a b c d e Beamish, Jane; Ferguson, Jane (1985). A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City. Graham Brash Publishing. pp. 39–43. ISBN 978-9971-947-97-2. ^ a b c d e "Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator". Roots. National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2016. ^ a b c d "Armenian Church". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. ^ a b c d e f g Uma Devi, G.; Danam, Jacqueline, eds. (2002). Singapore's 100 historic places: temples, churches, mosques, museums, battle sites and much more... Singapore: Archipelago Press pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-981-4068-23-9. ^ a b c Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda (2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish. p. 23. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9. ^ a b c d "Divine Liturgy Celebrated in Armenian Church in Singapore". Asbarez. 27 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ Buniatian, Grigoris vardapet (1979). "Այց Սինգապուրի հայոց ս. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցի". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 36 (4): 25–26. ^ Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, ed. (1986). "Սինկափուրի Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցվո 150-ամյակը". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 43 (7–8): 31–33. ^ "Հայկական եկեղեցին Սինգապուրի խորհրդանիշերից է ". Aravot (in Armenian). 29 July 2010. ^ "Սինգապուրի հայ համայնքը մեծ շուքով նշել է երկրի ամենահին քրիստոնեական եկեղեցու 175-ամյակը" (in Armenian). PanARMENIAN.Net. 28 March 2011. ^ "New Clergy Appointments in the Far East". Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ^ "Սինգապուրի հայկական եկեղեցու հաւատացեալները թոյլ չեն տայ, որ այն անհետանայ ". Alik (in Armenian). 21 May 2017. ^ Zaccheus, Melody (5 May 2016). "Services in Singapore for Copts started in 2002". The Straits Times. Retrieved 3 February 2016. ^ "Plate 10: Gibbs' Design for Circular Church". British History Online. Further reading Norman Edwards, Peter Keys (1996), Singapore – A Guide to Buildings, Streets, Places, Times Books International, ISBN 9971-65-231-5 Nadia Wright 'Respected Citizens: the history of Armenians in Singapore and Malaysia' Amassia Publishing 2003, Chapter 9. Sarkissian, Margaret (1987). "Armenians in South-East Asia". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (2–3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University: 1–33. JSTOR 40860241. External links The History of Armenians in Singapore and Malaysia Uniquely Singapore article Armenian Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator Singapore 360-degree virtual tour of the Armenian Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator Singapore vteChristianity in SingaporeProtestantismMegachurches City Harvest Church New Creation Church Faith Community Baptist Church Lighthouse Evangelism Anglican Anglican Diocese of Singapore St Andrew's Cathedral St Matthew's Church Saint George's Church Holy Trinity Anglican Church Church of Our Saviour Assemblies of God Elim Church Grace Assembly of God Baptist Singapore Baptist Convention Bible-Presbyterian Bible-Presbyterian Church Life Bible-Presbyterian Church Evangelical Free Covenant Evangelical Free Church Independent Bethany Independent-Presbyterian Church Cornerstone Community Church Heart of God Church Lutheran Lutheran Church in Singapore Methodist Methodist Church in Singapore Wesley Methodist Church Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church Faith Methodist Church Kampong Kapor Methodist Church Barker Road Methodist Church Pentecostal The Alliance of Pentecostals and Charismatics The Assemblies of God in Singapore Presbyterian Presbyterian Church in Singapore Singapore Life Church Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church Bethel Presbyterian Church Orchard Road Presbyterian Church Catholic Church Catholic Church in Singapore Cathedral of the Good Shepherd Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea Church of St Francis Xavier Saint Joseph's Church, Bukit Timah Saint Joseph's Church, Victoria Street (Parochial House) Church of Saint Alphonsus (Novena Church) Church of the Holy Trinity Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church of St Mary of the Angels Church of the Risen Christ Church of the Sacred Heart Oriental Orthodox Singapore Armenian Church Eastern Orthodox(Ecumenical Patriarchate-affiliated) Ecumenical Patriarchate Diocese of Singapore (Moscow Patriarchate-affiliated) Moscow Patriarchate Diocese of Singapore Interdenominationalorganisations Evangelical Alliance of Singapore vteModern Armenian churches and seminariesArmenia Yerevan Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral Holy Trinity Saint John the Baptist Saint Sarkis (Kentron) Saint Sarkis (Nor Nork) Saint Anna Church Holy Vartanants Martyrs Church Elsewhere Gyumri Holy Saviour's Church Holy Mother of God Church of the Holy Saviour Vagharshapat Church of the Holy Archangels Oshakan Saint Mesrop Mashtots Church Abovyan Saint John the Baptist Church Seminaries Gevorkian Theological Seminary Vaskenian Theological Academy Caucasus Tbilisi, Georgia Ejmiatsin Church Vank Monastery Church of the Red Gospel Church of the Holy Seal Azerbaijan Saint Gregory Church of Baku Ghazanchetsots Cathedral Kanach Zham Russia Moscow Armenian Cathedral Saint Catherine's Armenian Church, Saint Petersburg Europe Austria Mekhitarist Monastery of Vienna France Paris Cathedral Italy Mekhitarist Monastery of Venice (San Lazzaro) Santa Croce degli Armeni Romania Armenian Church, Bucharest United Kingdom Church of St Yeghiche St Sarkis Middle East Cyprus Holy Mother of God Cathedral, Nicosia Lebanon Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia Armenian Catholic Patriarchate Cathedral of St Elias and St Gregory the Illuminator Syria Church of the Holy Mother of God Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs of Sebastia St. Hagop Church St. Gregory the Illuminator Church Holy Trinity Church Holy Cross Church Armenian Genocide Memorial Church (Der Zor) Iran St. Sargis Church, Tehran Holy Mother of God Church, Tehran St. Vartanants Church, Tehran Shoghakat Church, Tabriz Turkey Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople St. Giragos Armenian Church Kartal Surp Nişan Armenian Orthodox Church Taksim Surp Harutyun Church Asia Singapore Saint Gregory United States Church of Our Savior, Worcester Holy Trinity Church, Fresno St. Stephen's Armenian Apostolic Church St. Vartan Cathedral Saint Sarkis of Dearborn Seminaries St. Nersess Armenian Seminary National monuments of Singapore(Legend: † demolished)Gazettedin 1970s1973 1. Old Thong Chai Medical Institution 2. Armenian Church 3. St Andrew's Cathedral 4. Former Telok Ayer Market 5. Thian Hock Keng 6. Sri Mariamman Temple 7. Masjid Hajjah Fatimah 8. Cathedral of the Good Shepherd 1974 9. Nagore Durgha 10. Masjid Al-Abrar 11. House of Tan Yeok Nee 12. Tan Si Chong Su 13. Masjid Jamae 1975 14. Sultan Mosque 1978 15. Saint George's Church 16. Hong San See 17. Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple 1979 18. Masjid Abdul Gaffoor Gazettedin 1980s1980 19. Siong Lim Temple 1987 20. Raffles Hotel 1989 21. Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church 22. Goodwood Park Hotel (Tower Block) Gazettedin 1990s1990 23. (Caldwell House and Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus Chapel) 1992 24. (The Istana and Sri Temasek) 25. City Hall 26. Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 27. Old Parliament House and Annex Building 28. Old Supreme Court Building 29. Empress Place Building 30. National Museum of Singapore 31. Former Saint Joseph's Institution 32. Former Attorney-General's Chambers 1994 33. Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall 1996 34. Yueh Hai Ching Temple 1998 35. Maghain Aboth Synagogue 36. Old Ministry of Labour Building 37. Old Tao Nan School 38. Chesed-El Synagogue 39. Old Hill Street Police Station 40. Ying Fo Fui Kun 41. Central Fire Station 42. Nanyang University Arch, Nanyang University Memorial and Nanyang University Library and Administration Building 1999 43. The Chinese High School Clock Tower Building Gazettedin 2000s2002 44. Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church 45. Former Admiralty House 46. Tan Teck Guan Building 47. College of Medicine Building 2003 48. Cathay Building † 49. Church of Saints Peter and Paul 50. MacDonald House 2005 51. Saint Joseph's Church 52. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes 53. Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 54. Tou Mu Kung Temple 2006 55. Former Ford Factory 2009 56. (Manasseh Meyer Building and Former Raffles College, currently the Bukit Timah campus of National University of Singapore) 57. Church of St Teresa 58. Keng Teck Whay 59. Former Command House 60. St James Power Station 61. Bowyer Block, Singapore General Hospital Gazettedin 2010s2010 62. Singapore Conference Hall 63. (Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Tan Kim Seng Fountain and The Cenotaph) 2011 64. Former Tanjong Pagar railway station 2013 65. Civilian War Memorial 2014 66. Chung Cheng High School (Main) 67. Sri Thendayuthapani Temple 68. Masjid Alkaff Upper Serangoon 2015 69. Jurong Town Hall 70. Istana Kampong Glam 71. Fullerton Building 2016 72. Changi Prison, Old Entrance Gate, Turret and Wall 2019 73. (Anderson Bridge, Cavenagh Bridge and Elgin Bridge) Gazettedin 2020s2022 74. Fort Siloso 75. Padang Authority control databases VIAF 2 1°17′35″N 103°50′57.5″E / 1.29306°N 103.849306°E / 1.29306; 103.849306

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Gregory the Illuminator's Church (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gregory_the_Illuminator%27s_Church_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-2"},{"link_name":"Hill Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Museum Planning Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Planning_Area"},{"link_name":"Central Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Area,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"national monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Singapore"}],"text":"Armenian churchFor the general article about the Armenian Apostolic Church, see Armenian Apostolic Church.For other uses, see St. Gregory the Illuminator's Church (disambiguation).The Armenian Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, referred to locally as the Armenian Church, is the oldest Christian church in Singapore,[1][2] located at Hill Street in the Museum Planning Area, within the Central Area. The church was completed in 1835 and consecrated the next year. Originally a parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church, an Oriental Orthodox denomination, the last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s as Armenian population in Singapore dwindled. It was designated as a national monument in 1973. Armenian and Oriental Orthodox services are now regularly held at the church.","title":"Armenian Church, Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_9,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beamish_1-3"},{"link_name":"George Drumgoole Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Drumgoole_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"St Gregory the Illuminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator"},{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-4"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Sir Stamford Raffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-5"},{"link_name":"Raffles Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Place"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Canning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-5"},{"link_name":"Archimandrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite"},{"link_name":"Easter Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street_names-7"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and early history","text":"The east front of the church has a bowed apse with a pediment supporting a spire. The inscribed date \"1835\" commemorates the year the church's foundation was laid.The church was commissioned by the first twelve Armenian families that settled in Singapore.[3] It was designed by George Drumgoole Coleman, the architect of many of Singapore's early buildings who also became the first Superintendent of Public Works. The church is dedicated to St Gregory the Illuminator, the first Patriarch of the Armenian Church.[4]The Armenians were among the earliest merchants and traders to arrive in Singapore after Sir Stamford Raffles established it as a trading port in 1819. The community already held religious services in Singapore by 1821, and the first priest, the Reverend Krikor Hovhannes (Gregory John), arrived in July 1827.[5] A temporary chapel was set up at the back of John Little & Company at Commercial Square (today's Raffles Place).[4] The community started to raise funds for the construction of a new church in 1827. Over half the construction cost of 5,058.30 Spanish dollars was donated by the Armenian community in Singapore, with the rest coming from Armenians in Java and India, and a small portion from European and Chinese merchants in Singapore. The Armenian community was very small – the 1824 census counted only 16 members, and 34 in 1836 when the church opened – its contribution to the Armenian Church was therefore considerable in proportion, an indication of the prosperity and religious devotion of the Armenians.[5][6]A request for land to build the church was made by the Armenian community in 1833, and the government granted the land at the foot of Fort Canning in 1834.[5] The foundation stone was laid on 1 January 1835 by the Supreme, Archimandrite Reverend Thomas Gregorian, who also opened and consecrated the new church on Easter Sunday in 1836. He was assisted by Reverend Khachig Hovhannes, the priest for the local community.[4] It is the oldest Christian church built in Singapore.[6]The church has undergone a few modifications since it was first built. A bell turret designed by Coleman was deemed structurally unsound, and it was replaced first by a square tower in 1847, then again replaced in 1853 with the spire as it appears today, which was designed by George Maddock.[4]In 1909, the church became the first building in Singapore with electricity.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bukit Timah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Timah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street_names-7"},{"link_name":"Sarkies family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkies_brothers"},{"link_name":"Raffles Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Agnes Joaquim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Joaquim"},{"link_name":"Singapore's national flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27"},{"link_name":"Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street_names-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbarez2017-8"},{"link_name":"gazetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette"},{"link_name":"national monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"vardapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardapet"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"In the late 1960s, when the Christian Cemetery at Fort Canning was cleared for a park, early Armenian tombstones there were moved into the Memorial Garden at the church ground. Tombstones from Bukit Timah-Cavenagh Road cemetery were also moved here.[7] A number of tombstones of prominent Armenians in Singapore, such as members of the Sarkies family of Raffles Hotel fame, Agnes Joaquim who bred Singapore's national flower and Catchick Moses who founded the newspaper Straits Times, are placed here. The Memorial Garden however was never used as a burial ground.[6]Armenian Street is named after the church and it was known earlier by its Chinese name seng poh sin chu au meaning \"the back of Seng Poh's new building\" (Tan Seng Poh was the first Chinese to serve on the Municipal Commission).[7]The last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s with the dwindling Armenian population in Singapore.[8]The Armenian Church was gazetted as a national monument on 6 July 1973.[9]On 17 September 1979 vardapet Daron Djerejian, an Armenian priest from Nice, France, visited the church and conducted a Divine Liturgy. At that point, the church had been abandoned religiously for decades.[10] In 1985 the Armenian Church celebrated the 150th anniversary of the church. Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, the primate of the diocese of Australia, led a group of Armenian pilgrims from Australia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, and San Francisco, U.S. to Singapore in June 1985.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sargsyan_Armenian_Church_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"President of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Serzh Sargsyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Karekin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karekin_II"},{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch#Oriental_Orthodox_Churches"},{"link_name":"Catholicos of All Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbarez2017-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbarez2017-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbarez2017-8"},{"link_name":"Coptic Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Current state","text":"President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan inside the church, during his state visit to Singapore (2012)Divine Liturgy was performed at the church in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of adoption of Christianity as a state religion of Armenia.[12] On 27 March 2011 some 160 Armenians from 20 countries gathered at the church to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the church.[13]On 29 March 2016 by the Pontifical Order of Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, Fr. Zaven Yazichyan, a member of the Brotherhood of Holy Etchmiadzin, was appointed to serve as the Pastor of the Armenian Spiritual Pastorates of Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh.[8][14] Yazichyan, who is based in Yangon, Myanmar,[8] visits Singapore five or six times a year to serve mass.[15] On 20 May 2016 the church received a grant from the government of Singapore for restoration, which was still ongoing as of February 2017.[8]The small Coptic Orthodox community in Singapore occasionally hold services in the building.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_11,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"neoclassical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_style"},{"link_name":"eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism"},{"link_name":"Etchmiadzin Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-5"},{"link_name":"Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Sepulchre,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"porticos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Doric orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian"},{"link_name":"St Andrews's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"James Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"St Martin-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beamish_1-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"symmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"octagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(resin)"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beamish_1-3"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beamish_1-3"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beamish_1-3"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"horse carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_carriage"},{"link_name":"porches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"verandahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah"},{"link_name":"shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_(shadow)"},{"link_name":"louvred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_(window)"},{"link_name":"ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew"},{"link_name":"rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-4"},{"link_name":"parsonage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonage"},{"link_name":"bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_historic_places-6"}],"text":"The church's interior showing the altar and naveThe existing Armenian Church, built primarily in the British neoclassical style with a few eclectic influences, is centrally-designed in the manner of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the mother church of Armenia.[5] The church interior is circular, and said to resemble the round Holy Sepulchre in Cambridge, England.[6] The circle however is imposed within a square-cross plan, with projecting square porticos in Roman Doric orders. The Palladian-style design may have been inspired by the circular plan for St Andrews's Church in Chennai, which is in turn derived from one of James Gibbs' designs for St Martin-in-the-Fields in London that was published in his Book of Architecture.[3][17]The original symmetrical design by Coleman included neither tower nor spire, instead it featured an octagonal cone supporting a small bell turret with Ionic columns. The current spire, designed by an English architect George Maddock, is the second to replace the original bell turret by Coleman. The original was first replaced in 1846 by a square tower with Doric pilasters. In 1953, the square tower was replaced by present spire that sits on an octagonal tower, and topped with a ball and cross.[6] Maddock had the pitched roof replaced by the present one and, to support the tower and spire, added the east portico around the apse where the chancel is.[3] The semi-circular chancel with the raised grand altar is located opposite the main entrance. Probably at the same time the main entrance on the west portico was also widened.The Tuscan Doric porticos on the north, south and west fronts of the church are each topped with a triangular pediment.[3] Originally the east front simply had a bowed apse with Tuscan Doric pilasters, however the bowed apse has since been boxed in by the portico on which the spire was built.[3] The pediment on this portico is inscribed the date \"1835\", the year of the church's foundation. The north, south and west porticos were designed to allow horse carriages to pull into the porches, where ladies may then alight and step directly into the church without soiling their dresses.[6]Coleman's design is adapted to suit Singapore's tropical climate; for instance, the wide verandahs give shade and protect the timber-louvred windows on the ground floor from heavy downpours. The windows, in turn, diffuse the sunlight and induce cross ventilation. The pews are backed with woven rattan, a lighter, cooler and more comfortable material.[4]Located within the church ground are the Memorial Garden and the parsonage, a two-storey bungalow built in 1905 by Nanajan Sarkies in memory of her late husband, John Shanazar Sarkies.[6]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_6,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"pediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_7,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"parsonage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_5,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"pediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_8,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_10,_Singapore,_Jan_06.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar_of_Armenian_Church_Singapore.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Armenian_Church_showing_the_Altar.jpg"}],"text":"A view from across the church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe church's entrance features heavy two-leaf timber doors framed by moulded semi-circular pediments.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe parsonage on the church grounds, built in 1905 by Nanajan Sarkies in memory of her late husband, John Shanazar Sarkies.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTuscan Doric porticos capped with triangular pediments feature on the south front of the church.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThree two-leaf timber doors lead into the southern entrance of the church.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Memorial Garden to Armenians.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAltar and pews\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of Armenian Church showing the altar","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The east front of the church has a bowed apse with a pediment supporting a spire. The inscribed date \"1835\" commemorates the year the church's foundation was laid.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Armenian_Church_9%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG/220px-Armenian_Church_9%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG"},{"image_text":"President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan inside the church, during his state visit to Singapore (2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sargsyan_Armenian_Church_%283%29.jpg/220px-Sargsyan_Armenian_Church_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church's interior showing the altar and nave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Armenian_Church_11%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG/220px-Armenian_Church_11%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Armenian Church, Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Armenian_Church,_Singapore"},{"title":"Armenians in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore"}]

[{"reference":"\"Small group big part of S'pore's heritage\". AsiaOne. 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207114408/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/small-group-big-part-spores-heritage","url_text":"\"Small group big part of S'pore's heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsiaOne","url_text":"AsiaOne"},{"url":"http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/small-group-big-part-spores-heritage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Nadia (6 January 2015). \"The Armenians of Singapore: An Historical Perspective\". Armenian Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://armenianweekly.com/2015/01/06/armenians-of-singapore/","url_text":"\"The Armenians of Singapore: An Historical Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Weekly","url_text":"Armenian Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Beamish, Jane; Ferguson, Jane (1985). A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City. Graham Brash Publishing. pp. 39–43. ISBN 978-9971-947-97-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9QpQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-947-97-2","url_text":"978-9971-947-97-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator\". Roots. National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714173756/https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national-monuments/armenian-apostolic-church-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator","url_text":"\"Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_Board_(Singapore)","url_text":"National Heritage Board"},{"url":"https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national-monuments/armenian-apostolic-church-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian Church\". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_809_2004-12-23.html","url_text":"\"Armenian Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_Board","url_text":"National Library Board"}]},{"reference":"Uma Devi, G.; Danam, Jacqueline, eds. (2002). Singapore's 100 historic places: temples, churches, mosques, museums, battle sites and much more... Singapore: Archipelago Press [u.a.] pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-981-4068-23-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4068-23-9","url_text":"978-981-4068-23-9"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda (2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish. p. 23. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23","url_text":"Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish","url_text":"Marshall Cavendish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9","url_text":"978-981-4484-74-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Divine Liturgy Celebrated in Armenian Church in Singapore\". Asbarez. 27 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610202311/http://asbarez.com/160571/divine-liturgy-celebrated-in-armenian-church-in-singapore/","url_text":"\"Divine Liturgy Celebrated in Armenian Church in Singapore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbarez","url_text":"Asbarez"},{"url":"http://asbarez.com/160571/divine-liturgy-celebrated-in-armenian-church-in-singapore/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator\". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120214459/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/armenian-apostolic-church-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator","url_text":"\"Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_Board_(Singapore)","url_text":"National Heritage Board"},{"url":"http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/armenian-apostolic-church-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buniatian, Grigoris vardapet (1979). \"Այց Սինգապուրի հայոց ս. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցի\". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 36 (4): 25–26.","urls":[{"url":"http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/10207/","url_text":"\"Այց Սինգապուրի հայոց ս. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցի\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_(magazine)","url_text":"Etchmiadzin"}]},{"reference":"Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, ed. (1986). \"Սինկափուրի Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցվո 150-ամյակը\". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 43 (7–8): 31–33.","urls":[{"url":"http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/10367/","url_text":"\"Սինկափուրի Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցվո 150-ամյակը\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_(magazine)","url_text":"Etchmiadzin"}]},{"reference":"\"Հայկական եկեղեցին Սինգապուրի խորհրդանիշերից է [The Armenian church is one of the symbols of Singapore]\". Aravot (in Armenian). 29 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aravot.am/2010/07/29/350559/","url_text":"\"Հայկական եկեղեցին Սինգապուրի խորհրդանիշերից է [The Armenian church is one of the symbols of Singapore]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravot","url_text":"Aravot"}]},{"reference":"\"Սինգապուրի հայ համայնքը մեծ շուքով նշել է երկրի ամենահին քրիստոնեական եկեղեցու 175-ամյակը\" (in Armenian). PanARMENIAN.Net. 28 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://panarmenian.net/m/arm/news/65449","url_text":"\"Սինգապուրի հայ համայնքը մեծ շուքով նշել է երկրի ամենահին քրիստոնեական եկեղեցու 175-ամյակը\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanARMENIAN.Net","url_text":"PanARMENIAN.Net"}]},{"reference":"\"New Clergy Appointments in the Far East\". Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=3&nid=3141&y=2016&m=2&d=29&lng=en","url_text":"\"New Clergy Appointments in the Far East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin","url_text":"Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin"}]},{"reference":"\"Սինգապուրի հայկական եկեղեցու հաւատացեալները թոյլ չեն տայ, որ այն անհետանայ [Believers of the Armenian church of Singapore will not allow it to be gone]\". Alik (in Armenian). 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alikonline.ir/news/diaspora/item/39315-%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC-%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5,-%D5%B8%D6%80-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5","url_text":"\"Սինգապուրի հայկական եկեղեցու հաւատացեալները թոյլ չեն տայ, որ այն անհետանայ [Believers of the Armenian church of Singapore will not allow it to be gone]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alik_(daily)","url_text":"Alik"}]},{"reference":"Zaccheus, Melody (5 May 2016). \"Services in Singapore for Copts started in 2002\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 3 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/services-in-singapore-for-copts-started-in-2002","url_text":"\"Services in Singapore for Copts started in 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Plate 10: Gibbs' Design for Circular Church\". British History Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol20/pt3/plate-10","url_text":"\"Plate 10: Gibbs' Design for Circular Church\""}]},{"reference":"Sarkissian, Margaret (1987). \"Armenians in South-East Asia\". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (2–3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University: 1–33. JSTOR 40860241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University","url_text":"Northern Illinois University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40860241","url_text":"40860241"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trammell_Crow

Trammell Crow

["1 Biography","2 Trammell Crow Company","3 Art collection","4 Personal life","5 Awards","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

American real estate developer (1914–2009) Trammell CrowTrammell Crow (left) and his wife, MargaretBornFred Trammell Crow(1914-06-10)June 10, 1914Dallas, Texas, U.S.DiedJanuary 14, 2009(2009-01-14) (aged 94)Tyler, Texas, U.S.Resting placeTexas State CemeteryEducationSouthern Methodist University (BS)Occupation(s)Real estate developer; Art collectorPolitical partyRepublicanSpouse Margaret Doggett ​(m. 1942)​Children6, including Harlan and Stuart Fred Trammell Crow (June 10, 1914 – January 14, 2009) was an American real estate developer from Dallas, Texas. He is credited with the creation of several major real estate projects, including the Dallas Market Center, Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California. Biography A native of Dallas, Crow earned money through a series of odd jobs as a child and later as an adolescent, including plucking chickens, cleaning bricks, and unloading boxcars. He was the fifth of eight children reared in East Dallas. His father, Jefferson Crow, worked as a bookkeeper for Collett Munger, one of Dallas' early real estate developers and the builder of the Munger Place subdivision. Crow graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1932. Unable to attend college because of the Great Depression, he worked at several odd jobs. In 1933, Crow landed a job for roughly $13 a week (equivalent to $305.98 in 2023) as a runner for Mercantile National Bank in Dallas while attending night school in accounting at Southern Methodist University. Upon graduation in 1938, he was, at the age of twenty-four, the youngest CPA in Texas. He then worked for three years as a Certified Public Accountant before joining the United States Navy in 1940. He used his background in accounting and was offered a commission auditing the books of defense contractors. After World War II, he remained with the Navy for another year to handle final settlements with its contractors. He left the Navy after achieving the rank of commander and then returned to Dallas and saw opportunities for the growth of the city. He became an agent for North American Van Lines, a moving company. Shortly thereafter, he worked as a wholesale grain merchandiser, tripled the sizes of the warehouses, and erected new loading facilities. Once the grain business faded, he switched at the age of thirty-three to the burgeoning field of warehouse real estate development. Crow built his first warehouse in 1948 and leased it to Ray-O-Vac Battery Company. The warehouse was larger than what Ray-O-Vac needed, and Crow was able to seek additional tenants. He convinced Decca Records to sign for the leftover space, and began a career as a "speculative builder." This field was a new concept in property development, one in which builders typically designed construction to meet the expressed needs of one specific company, then leased the entire space to that company after the building was in place. He continued from his start with a single-story warehouse on the banks of the Trinity River in the late 1940s. In partnerships with John M. Stemmons, he became one of the largest developers in the Trinity River Industrial Park. By the middle 1950s, Crow was Dallas' largest warehouse builder. His company's skyscrapers – including Dallas' 50-story Trammell Crow Center and the 53-story Chase Tower – reshaped skylines in the 1980s in cities stretching from Charlotte, North Carolina to San Diego, California. Trammell Crow Company Main article: Trammell Crow Company By 1970, Crow had developed the Trammell Crow Company into a nationwide organization, another innovation in a field that was, at the time, dominated strictly by local builders. Forbes in 1971 and The Wall Street Journal in 1986 called Crow the largest landlord in the US. The Journal said the company he founded was then the largest developer in the nation. Crow once had interests in nearly 300,000,000 square feet (28,000,000 m2) of developed real estate, comprising eight thousand properties in more than one hundred cities. Crow's holdings were said to be much larger than those of the better-known William Zeckendorf and Donald Trump and include hotels, hospitals, residential developments, and – just as in the early days of the company – warehouses. The Austin Business Journal said in its profile of TCC, "When compared to Trammell Crow, other real estate companies are for the birds." Yahoo! Finance, also making a joke about the Crow name, said in its company profile: "It takes a tough bird to succeed in the real estate business, and Trammell Crow Company is one of the cocks of the walk." Calling the organization "one of the top diversified real estate management companies in the US," the profile estimates that the company manages nearly 550,000,000 square feet (51,000,000 m2) of warehouse, service center, and retail space in the United States and Canada. As of June 2007, the company was set to grow even further with the scheduled $60 million purchase of the HealthSouth headquarters building in Birmingham, Alabama. The Trammell Crow Company was privately held until 1997 when it went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol TCC. In 2006, the firm was sold to CB Richard Ellis group (NYSE:CBRE) for approximately $2.2 billion. Art collection Trammell Crow was an enthusiastic collector of East Asian art. His son, Trammell S. Crow, went to Yale University with Alex Kerr, and sometime later, after Kerr was more established, he became an art purchaser in Tokyo for the Trammell Crow Company at the behest of his father. In 1998, 598 of the family's best pieces were donated to the people of Dallas with the founding of the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art. He also commissioned several pieces from artist Bjørn Wiinblad, also sculptor David Cargill, incorporating them into his Dallas hotel and real estate projects. Personal life In 1981, Crow received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1989, Crow was an original inductee of the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, which was established in connection with the school's sixtieth anniversary. Crow grave marker at Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas Crow was instrumental in bringing to Dallas the 1984 Republican National Convention, which renominated U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush. He and his wife, the former Margaret Doggett, were avid collectors of Asian art, for which they established a museum, The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art. This private museum is open to the public without charge. It is located on Flora Street in the Arts District of downtown Dallas. Crow married his wife Margaret in 1942. At the time of his death, they had been married for sixty-six years. The couple had six surviving children: Lucy C. Billingsley, Robert Tramell Crow, Harlan Crow, Howard Crow, Stuart Crow, and Trammell S. Crow. The Crows have sixteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. His eldest son, Robert (1943–2011), was addicted to drugs during the 1980s and often found himself in rehabilitation clinics. Late in life, Crow suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died at age 94 in his sleep at his ranch in East Texas on January 14, 2009. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas. His widow Margaret died in 2014, five years later, also at the age of 94. Awards Crow was awarded the H. Neil Mallon Award by the World Affairs Council in 1986. The H. Neil Mallon Award, hosted by the World Affair Council of Dallas/ Fort Worth, is presented annually to individuals who have excelled at promoting the international focus of North Texas. The prestigious Mallon Award is named after the Council’s founder and is presented annually to individuals who have excelled in promoting our region’s international profile. Funds raised from this event support the World Affair Council’s public and education programming, international exchanges, and diplomatic services. References ^ William Bragg Ewald, Jr. "How Trammell Crow hit the real estate jackpot", Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, December 15, 2005 ^ a b c Sobel, Robert (29 June 1989). Trammell Crow, Master Builder: the story of America's largest real estate empire. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0471613268. LCCN 88031170. OCLC 18629360. OL 42855022M. ^ Trammell Crow Co. profile, Austin Business Journal (Austin, Texas). Retrieved June 9, 2007. ^ Trammell Crow Company: Company Profile, Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved June 9, 2007. ^ Trammell Crow to buy HealthSouth headquarters, Dallas Business Journal, June 4, 2007 ^ Kerr, Alex (1994). Lost Japan. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-523-3. OCLC 951481922. OL 28564564M. ^ Enright, Angela (1 December 1984). "Bjorn Again In Dallas". D Magazine. ISSN 0161-7826. OCLC 4020946. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Since that time, Wiinblad has done interior design projects for Marcus and Dallas developer Trammell Crow. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ a b Margaret Crow, philanthropist and matriarch of prominent family, dies at age 94 | Obituaries | Dallas News ^ EarthOptimism's profile for Trammell S. Crow, Founder of Earth Day Texas; President of the Crow Family Foundation. Smithsonian Institution ^ a b c Brown, Steve (16 January 2009). "Legendary Dallas real estate developer Trammell Crow dies". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via Texas State Cemetery. ^ Russell, Jan Jarboe (February 1990). "The $76 Million Divorce: Robert Trammell Crow and his actress wife in a tale of Hollywood, drugs, and divorce". Texas Monthly. Vol. 18, no. 2. Austin: Emmis Communications. p. 102. ISSN 0148-7736. Retrieved 14 August 2023 – via Google Books. ^ "Renowned Texas developer Trammell Crow dies". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009. Further reading Biography portalTexas portal Sobel, Robert (29 June 1989). Trammell Crow, Master Builder: The Story of America's Largest Real Estate Empire. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471613268. Ewald, Jr., Willam Bragg (1 April 2005). Trammell Crow: A Legacy of Real Estate Business Innovation. ISBN 978-0874209358. Nocera, Joseph (August 1984). "The Eccentric Genius of Trammell Crow". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 21 August 2023. External links Trammell Crow Company Website The holding company for the Trammel Crow family's investments Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real estate developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developer"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Dallas Market Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Market_Center"},{"link_name":"Peachtree Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Center"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Embarcadero Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Center"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewald-1-1"}],"text":"Fred Trammell Crow (June 10, 1914 – January 14, 2009) was an American real estate developer from Dallas, Texas. He is credited with the creation of several major real estate projects, including the Dallas Market Center, Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California.[1]","title":"Trammell Crow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bookkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeper"},{"link_name":"Collett Munger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Munger"},{"link_name":"Munger Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munger_Place_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_High_School_(Dallas)"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"CPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobel-2"},{"link_name":"Certified Public Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobel-2"},{"link_name":"North American Van Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Van_Lines"},{"link_name":"real estate development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_development"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobel-2"},{"link_name":"Ray-O-Vac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-O-Vac"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trinity River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"John M. Stemmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Stemmons"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"}],"text":"A native of Dallas, Crow earned money through a series of odd jobs as a child and later as an adolescent, including plucking chickens, cleaning bricks, and unloading boxcars. He was the fifth of eight children reared in East Dallas. His father, Jefferson Crow, worked as a bookkeeper for Collett Munger, one of Dallas' early real estate developers and the builder of the Munger Place subdivision.Crow graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1932. Unable to attend college because of the Great Depression, he worked at several odd jobs. In 1933, Crow landed a job for roughly $13 a week (equivalent to $305.98 in 2023) as a runner for Mercantile National Bank in Dallas while attending night school in accounting at Southern Methodist University. Upon graduation in 1938, he was, at the age of twenty-four, the youngest CPA in Texas.[2]He then worked for three years as a Certified Public Accountant before joining the United States Navy in 1940. He used his background in accounting and was offered a commission auditing the books of defense contractors. After World War II, he remained with the Navy for another year to handle final settlements with its contractors. He left the Navy after achieving the rank of commander and then returned to Dallas and saw opportunities for the growth of the city.[2]He became an agent for North American Van Lines, a moving company. Shortly thereafter, he worked as a wholesale grain merchandiser, tripled the sizes of the warehouses, and erected new loading facilities. Once the grain business faded, he switched at the age of thirty-three to the burgeoning field of warehouse real estate development.[2]Crow built his first warehouse in 1948 and leased it to Ray-O-Vac Battery Company. The warehouse was larger than what Ray-O-Vac needed, and Crow was able to seek additional tenants. He convinced Decca Records to sign for the leftover space, and began a career as a \"speculative builder.\" This field was a new concept in property development, one in which builders typically designed construction to meet the expressed needs of one specific company, then leased the entire space to that company after the building was in place.[citation needed]He continued from his start with a single-story warehouse on the banks of the Trinity River in the late 1940s. In partnerships with John M. Stemmons, he became one of the largest developers in the Trinity River Industrial Park. By the middle 1950s, Crow was Dallas' largest warehouse builder.His company's skyscrapers – including Dallas' 50-story Trammell Crow Center and the 53-story Chase Tower – reshaped skylines in the 1980s in cities stretching from Charlotte, North Carolina to San Diego, California.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"William Zeckendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Zeckendorf"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abj-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoofin-4"},{"link_name":"HealthSouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HealthSouth"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbj060407-5"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE"},{"link_name":"CB Richard Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Richard_Ellis"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE"}],"text":"By 1970, Crow had developed the Trammell Crow Company into a nationwide organization, another innovation in a field that was, at the time, dominated strictly by local builders.Forbes in 1971 and The Wall Street Journal in 1986 called Crow the largest landlord in the US. The Journal said the company he founded was then the largest developer in the nation.Crow once had interests in nearly 300,000,000 square feet (28,000,000 m2) of developed real estate, comprising eight thousand properties in more than one hundred cities. Crow's holdings were said to be much larger than those of the better-known William Zeckendorf and Donald Trump and include hotels, hospitals, residential developments, and – just as in the early days of the company – warehouses.[citation needed] The Austin Business Journal said in its profile of TCC, \"When compared to Trammell Crow, other real estate companies are for the birds.\"[3]Yahoo! Finance, also making a joke about the Crow name, said in its company profile: \"It takes a tough bird to succeed in the real estate business, and Trammell Crow Company is one of the cocks of the walk.\" Calling the organization \"one of the top diversified real estate management companies in the US,\" the profile estimates that the company manages nearly 550,000,000 square feet (51,000,000 m2) of warehouse, service center, and retail space in the United States and Canada.[4]As of June 2007, the company was set to grow even further with the scheduled $60 million purchase of the HealthSouth headquarters building in Birmingham, Alabama.[5]The Trammell Crow Company was privately held until 1997 when it went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol TCC. In 2006, the firm was sold to CB Richard Ellis group (NYSE:CBRE) for approximately $2.2 billion.","title":"Trammell Crow Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Alex Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kerr_(Japanologist)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trammell_%26_Margaret_Crow_Collection_of_Asian_Art"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Wiinblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Wiinblad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Trammell Crow was an enthusiastic collector of East Asian art. His son, Trammell S. Crow, went to Yale University with Alex Kerr, and sometime later, after Kerr was more established, he became an art purchaser in Tokyo for the Trammell Crow Company at the behest of his father.[6] In 1998, 598 of the family's best pieces were donated to the people of Dallas with the founding of the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art.He also commissioned several pieces from artist Bjørn Wiinblad, also sculptor David Cargill, incorporating them into his Dallas hotel and real estate projects.[7]","title":"Art collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trammel_Crow_grave_marker,_Austin,_TX_IMG_6302.JPG"},{"link_name":"Texas State Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"1984 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Herbert Walker Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush"},{"link_name":"The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trammell_%26_Margaret_Crow_Collection_of_Asian_Art"},{"link_name":"Arts District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_District,_Dallas"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dallas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Harlan Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Crow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-11"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron-obit-13"},{"link_name":"Texas State Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"}],"text":"In 1981, Crow received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[8]In 1989, Crow was an original inductee of the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, which was established in connection with the school's sixtieth anniversary.Crow grave marker at Texas State Cemetery in Austin, TexasCrow was instrumental in bringing to Dallas the 1984 Republican National Convention, which renominated U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush. He and his wife, the former Margaret Doggett, were avid collectors of Asian art, for which they established a museum, The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art. This private museum is open to the public without charge. It is located on Flora Street in the Arts District of downtown Dallas.Crow married his wife Margaret in 1942. At the time of his death, they had been married for sixty-six years.[9] The couple had six surviving children: Lucy C. Billingsley, Robert Tramell Crow, Harlan Crow, Howard Crow, Stuart Crow, and Trammell S. Crow.[10] The Crows have sixteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[11] His eldest son, Robert (1943–2011), was addicted to drugs during the 1980s and often found himself in rehabilitation clinics.[12]Late in life, Crow suffered from Alzheimer's disease.[11] He died at age 94 in his sleep at his ranch in East Texas on January 14, 2009.[11][13] He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas. His widow Margaret died in 2014, five years later, also at the age of 94.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Affairs Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Affairs_Council_of_Dallas/Fort_Worth"}],"text":"Crow was awarded the H. Neil Mallon Award by the World Affairs Council in 1986. The H. Neil Mallon Award, hosted by the World Affair Council of Dallas/ Fort Worth, is presented annually to individuals who have excelled at promoting the international focus of North Texas. The prestigious Mallon Award is named after the Council’s founder and is presented annually to individuals who have excelled in promoting our region’s international profile. Funds raised from this event support the World Affair Council’s public and education programming, international exchanges, and diplomatic services.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"link_name":"Sobel, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sobel"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0471613268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471613268"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0874209358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874209358"},{"link_name":"Nocera, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nocera"},{"link_name":"\"The Eccentric Genius of Trammell Crow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/eccentric-genius-trammel-crow/"},{"link_name":"Texas Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly"}],"text":"Biography portalTexas portalSobel, Robert (29 June 1989). Trammell Crow, Master Builder: The Story of America's Largest Real Estate Empire. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471613268.\nEwald, Jr., Willam Bragg (1 April 2005). Trammell Crow: A Legacy of Real Estate Business Innovation. ISBN 978-0874209358.\nNocera, Joseph (August 1984). \"The Eccentric Genius of Trammell Crow\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"reference":"Sobel, Robert (29 June 1989). Trammell Crow, Master Builder: the story of America's largest real estate empire. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0471613268. LCCN 88031170. OCLC 18629360. OL 42855022M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc.","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471613268","url_text":"978-0471613268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88031170","url_text":"88031170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18629360","url_text":"18629360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL42855022M","url_text":"42855022M"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Alex (1994). Lost Japan. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-523-3. OCLC 951481922. OL 28564564M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kerr_(Japanologist)","url_text":"Kerr, Alex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Japan","url_text":"Lost Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet","url_text":"Lonely Planet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-523-3","url_text":"978-1-74179-523-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951481922","url_text":"951481922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28564564M","url_text":"28564564M"}]},{"reference":"Enright, Angela (1 December 1984). \"Bjorn Again In Dallas\". D Magazine. ISSN 0161-7826. OCLC 4020946. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Since that time, Wiinblad has done interior design projects for Marcus and Dallas developer Trammell Crow.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/1984/december/bjorn-again-in-dallas/","url_text":"\"Bjorn Again In Dallas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Magazine","url_text":"D Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7826","url_text":"0161-7826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4020946","url_text":"4020946"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410191533/https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/1984/december/bjorn-again-in-dallas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#business","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Steve (16 January 2009). \"Legendary Dallas real estate developer Trammell Crow dies\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via Texas State Cemetery.","urls":[{"url":"https://cemetery.tspb.texas.gov/pub/user_form822.asp?pers_id=11538","url_text":"\"Legendary Dallas real estate developer Trammell Crow dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery","url_text":"Texas State Cemetery"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Jan Jarboe (February 1990). \"The $76 Million Divorce: Robert Trammell Crow and his actress wife in a tale of Hollywood, drugs, and divorce\". Texas Monthly. Vol. 18, no. 2. Austin: Emmis Communications. p. 102. ISSN 0148-7736. Retrieved 14 August 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jarboe_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Jan Jarboe"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny4EAAAAMBAJ&q=Robert+Trammell+Crow&pg=PA102","url_text":"\"The $76 Million Divorce: Robert Trammell Crow and his actress wife in a tale of Hollywood, drugs, and divorce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly","url_text":"Texas Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-7736","url_text":"0148-7736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned Texas developer Trammell Crow dies\". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234307/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/realestate/6212747.html","url_text":"\"Renowned Texas developer Trammell Crow dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6212747.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sobel, Robert (29 June 1989). Trammell Crow, Master Builder: The Story of America's Largest Real Estate Empire. Wiley. 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Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nocera","url_text":"Nocera, Joseph"},{"url":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/eccentric-genius-trammel-crow/","url_text":"\"The Eccentric Genius of Trammell Crow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly","url_text":"Texas Monthly"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_Ladders_(Gerry_Rafferty_album)

Snakes and Ladders (Gerry Rafferty album)

["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Certifications","4 Personnel","5 Production","6 References","7 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Snakes and Ladders" Gerry Rafferty album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1980 studio album by Gerry RaffertySnakes and LaddersStudio album by Gerry RaffertyReleasedApril 1980StudioChipping Norton Recording Studios (Oxon, England); AIR Studios (Montserrat).GenreRockLength48:44LabelUnited ArtistsProducerGerry Rafferty, Hugh MurphyGerry Rafferty chronology Night Owl(1979) Snakes and Ladders(1980) Sleepwalking(1982) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicSmash Hits8½/10 Snakes and Ladders is the fourth album by Gerry Rafferty. It was released in 1980, following the success of his previous two albums, City to City and Night Owl. The album charted at No. 15 in the UK but only reached No. 61 in the US, while singles achieved #54UK ("Bring It All Home"), and #67UK / #54US ("The Royal Mile"). The album was released on CD in 1998 but deleted soon after that, and it got reissued on CD in August 2012 as a 2-CD set with "Sleepwalking." Some of the songs are available on compilation albums. Four of the songs, "The Garden of England", "I Was a Boy Scout", "Welcome to Hollywood" and "Bring It All Home" were recorded at Beatles producer George Martin's AIR studio in Montserrat. All the songs were original Rafferty compositions, though one – "Johnny's Song" – was a remake of a song which had been previously released by his former band Stealers Wheel, and another – "Didn't I" – was a remake of a song from Rafferty's 1971 album Can I Have My Money Back?. Track listing All tracks composed by Gerry Rafferty "The Royal Mile" – 3:48 "I Was a Boy Scout" – 4:15 "Welcome to Hollywood" – 5:17 "Wastin' Away" – 3:29 "Look at the Moon" – 2:18 "Bring It All Home" – 4:40 "The Garden of England" – 4:08 "Johnny's Song" – 3:25 "Didn't I" – 4:14 "Syncopatin Sandy" – 4:24 "Café Le Cabotin" – 4:51 "Don't Close the Door" – 3:45 Charts Album Chart (1980) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 31 Certifications Certifications for Snakes and Ladders Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 60,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Personnel Gerry Rafferty – vocals, acoustic guitar (1, 2, 3, 9, 11), backing vocals (9) Ian Lynn – keyboards (1, 5, 8, 10, 11), synthesizers (3, 7) Billy Livsey – acoustic piano (2, 3, 6), clavinet (3), mystery voice (3), Polymoog (6), keyboards (7), pianica (11) Pete Wingfield – organ (2, 6, 12), acoustic piano (12) Bryn Haworth – slide guitar (2, 12) Jerry Donahue – lead guitar (3), guitar swells (3), other guitars (4, 6, 8, 9, 11) Richard Brunton – guitars (3, 6, 7, 11), electric guitars (12) Mo Foster – bass (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12) Pete Zorn – bass (4, 8, 9, 10) Liam Genockey – drums (1–4, 6–12) Frank Ricotti – percussion (1, 3, 4, 8, 11), congas (2), tambourine (9), woodblocks (10) Richard Harvey – penny whistle (1) Raphael Ravenscroft – saxophone (3, 6) Chris Mercer – brass arrangements (2) Wil Malone – string arrangements (5, 7, 10), clarinet arrangements (10) Gavyn Wright – string leader (5, 7, 10) Betsy Cook – backing vocals (9) The Baron de Bon Bon – intro (11) Production Gerry Rafferty – producer Hugh Murphy – producer Barry Hammond – recording (1, 4, 5, 8–12), overdubbing (2, 3, 6, 7) Stephen Lipson – recording (2, 3, 6, 7) John Patrick Byrne – cover Michael Gray – inner sleeve photography, inner sleeve concept, management References ^ "Snakes & Ladders Review by Mike DeGagne". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ Starr, Ref. "Gerry Rafferty: Snakes and Ladders". Smash Hits (17–30 April 1980): 30. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 244. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "British album certifications – Gerry Rafferty – Snakes and Ladders". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 25 July 2022. External links Snakes and Ladders at Discogs (list of releases) vteGerry RaffertyDiscographyStudio albums Can I Have My Money Back? City to City Night Owl Snakes and Ladders Sleepwalking North and South On a Wing and a Prayer Over My Head Another World Life Goes On Rest in Blue Compilations Gerry Rafferty Baker Street Singles "Baker Street" "Right Down the Line" "Night Owl" Related articles The Humblebums Stealers Wheel Joe Egan Billy Connolly Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1980s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmabatho

Mmabatho

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 25°51′S 25°38′E / 25.850°S 25.633°E / -25.850; 25.633This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mmabatho" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in North West, South AfricaMmabathoMmabathoShow map of North West (South African province)MmabathoShow map of South AfricaMmabathoShow map of AfricaCoordinates: 25°51′S 25°38′E / 25.850°S 25.633°E / -25.850; 25.633CountrySouth AfricaProvinceNorth WestDistrictNgaka Modiri MolemaMunicipalityMahikengArea • Total18.47 km2 (7.13 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total38,297 • Density2,100/km2 (5,400/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African95.9% • Coloured2.0% • Indian/Asian1.0% • White1.0% • Other0.1%First languages (2011) • Tswana89.6% • English1% • Sotho3.6% • Xhosa2.8% • Other2%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)2735PO box2790Area code018 Mmabatho (Tswana for "Mother of the People") is the former capital of the North-West Province of South Africa. During the apartheid era, it was the capital of the former "Bantustan" of Bophuthatswana, separated from the adjacent Mafeking which temporarily remained outside Bophuthatswana. Following the end of apartheid in 1994, Bophuthatswana was integrated into the newly established North-West Province and Mmabatho was proclaimed the provincial capital. However, Mmabatho's status as the provincial capital was short-lived. Later in 1994, the North West provincial legislature voted to rename the capital to Mahikeng (the town of Mafikeng having been merged with Mmabatho in 1980 and treated as a suburb of Mmabatho between 1980 and 1994), reducing Mmabatho to a suburb of Mafikeng. The city is an enclave within the latter. Mmabatho contains many provincial government buildings, a shopping complex called Mega City and a Sports Stadium formerly called the Independence Stadium. The North-West University, formerly the University of Bophuthatswana, is located in Mmabatho. Situated just south of the Botswana border, the town is connected by main roads to South Africa's national capital of Pretoria in the east and to Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, in the north. A railway runs north and south from the neighbouring town of Mafikeng. The city is served by Mmabatho International Airport, handling flights to and from Johannesburg. References ^ a b c d "Mmabatho". census2011.adrianfrith.com. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ Stander, John (April 2010). "North West High Court, Mafikeng (Or What's in a Name?)" (PDF). Advocate. Vol. 23, no. 1. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ "Mahikeng Local Municipality (NW383)". Municipalities of South Africa. Retrieved 23 August 2022. vteMunicipalities and communities of Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, North WestDistrict seat: MahikengRatlou Kraaipan Madibogo Setlagole Ngaka Modiri Molema District within South AfricaTswaing Delareyville Ganalaagte Geysdorp Ottosdal Sannieshof Springbokfontein Mahikeng Goedgevonden B Mahikeng Mmabatho Ottoshoop Ramatlabama Rooigrond Slurry Tsetse Ditsobotla Bakerville Biesiesvlei Coligny Itsoseng Lichtenburg Ramotshere Moiloa Dinokana Doornlaagte Driefontein Groot Marico Jacobsdal Leeufontein Lehurutshe Motswedi Pachsdraai Rietpan Skilpadshek Supingstad Zeerust Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneityum

Aneityum

["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Traditional Chiefdoms","3.1 Maps","4 Transportation","5 References","6 External links"]

Island in Vanuatu This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Aneityum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AneityumAnejom̃LocationGeographyCoordinates20°12′S 169°49′E / 20.200°S 169.817°E / -20.200; 169.817Area159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi)Highest elevation852 m (2795 ft)Highest pointMount Inrerow AtameinAdministrationVanuatuDemographicsPopulation915 (2009) Aneityum (also known as Anatom or Keamu) is the southernmost island of Vanuatu, in the province of Tafea. Geography Aneityum is the southernmost island of Vanuatu (not counting the Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed with New Caledonia, but considered by the people of Aneityum Island part of their custom ownership). Its southeastern cape Nétchan Néganneaing is the southernmost point of land in Vanuatu, more southerly than the southern satellite islet Inyeug. The latter, however, is surrounded by Intao Reef, that extends even further south, albeit submerged, thus being the southernmost feature of Vanuatu. The island is 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) in size. It rises to an elevation of 852 m (2,795 feet) in Mount Inrerow Atamein. The larger of its two villages is Anelcauhat (a.k.a. Anelghowhat), on the south side. Population Aneityum had a population of 915 in 2009. This population is believed to have been between 9,000 and 20,000 prior to the arrival of the Europeans, in 1793. However, introduced diseases and blackbirding played a major role in Aneityum's massive depopulation, which left the island with fewer than 200 inhabitants in 1930. The main language of Aneityum island is also called Aneityum, or Anejom̃ in the local orthography. Traditional Chiefdoms At the time of first contact with Europeans (around 1830) the island was subdivided into seven chiefdoms (nelcau) that each were presided by a natimarid (high chief) (clockwise, starting in Northwest:): Anau-Unse (Annaunse) Ijipdav (Epege) Anetcho (Aneitio) Anau-Unjai (Aname) Anumej-Anekro (Annuantchai) Umej (Umetch) Anelcauhat The chiefdoms were further subdivided into more than 50 districts that were presided by minor chiefs (natimi alupas). The power of the chiefs was mainly of ritual nature. Maps Map of 1882 Map of the traditional chiefdoms and districts Transportation The island is served by Anatom Airport, not on the main island itself, but on the tiny island to its south, Iñec (or Inyeug, also known as "Mystery Island"), across the main village, which has three weekly flights from Port Vila via Tanna. References ^ "Mystery Island Cruise & Aneityum Island". Vanuatu Travel. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ 2009 Census Summary release final Archived 2013-12-21 at the Wayback Machine - Government of Vanuatu ^ John (Ed.), Lynch (2015). A grammar of Anejom (PDF). CRCL, CRCL, Pacific Linguistics And/Or The Author(S). Pacific Linguistics. p. 3. doi:10.15144/pl-507. ISBN 978-0-85883-484-2. ^ Matthew Spriggs: Population in a Vegetable Kingdom. Aneityum Island (Vanuatu) at European Contact in 1830. Kapitel 14 in Patrick V. Kirch und Jean-Louis Rallou (Hrsg.): The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies. Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu 2007, S. 278–305. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aneityum. Vanuatu Tourism Office vteIslands of Vanuatu by provinceProvinces of Vanuatu Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba Islands and isletsMalampa Akhamb Ambrym Arseo Atchin Avock Awei Khoti Leumanang Lopevi Malakula Maskelyne Islands Norsup Paama Rano Sakao Sowan Tomman Uluveo Uri Uripiv Vao Varo Vulaï Wala Penama Ambae Maewo Pentecost Sanma Aese Aore Araki Asuleka Bokissa Dany Island Elephant Island Espiritu Santo Lataro Lataroa Malo Malokilikili Malotina Malparavu Maltinerava Malvapevu Malwepe Mavea Ratua Sakao Tangoa Thion Tutuba Urelapa Shefa Buninga Efate Ekapum Lep Emae Emao Epi Erakor Eratap Eretoka Erueti Lep Ewose Falea Fatumiala Ifira Iririki Iriwiti Lep Kakula Kuwae Laika Lamen Lelepa Makura Mataso Mele Moso Namuka Nguna Pele Tefala Tongariki Tongoa Wot (Étarik) Tafea Aneityum Aniwa Erromango Futuna Inyeug Tanna Vete Manung (Goat Island) Torba Gaua Hiw Kwakéa Leneu Linua Lo Merelava Merig Metoma Mota Mota Lava Nawila Ngwel Ra Ravenga Rowa Islands Tegua Toga Ureparapara Vanua Lava Vot Tande Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic Global Volcanism Program This Vanuatu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Tafea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Aneityum (also known as Anatom or Keamu) is the southernmost island of Vanuatu, in the province of Tafea.[1]","title":"Aneityum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew and Hunter Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_and_Hunter_Islands"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Inyeug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyeug"},{"link_name":"Intao Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intao_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anelcauhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anelcauhat&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Aneityum is the southernmost island of Vanuatu (not counting the Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed with New Caledonia, but considered by the people of Aneityum Island part of their custom ownership).Its southeastern cape Nétchan Néganneaing is the southernmost point of land in Vanuatu, more southerly than the southern satellite islet Inyeug. The latter, however, is surrounded by Intao Reef, that extends even further south, albeit submerged, thus being the southernmost feature of Vanuatu.The island is 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) in size. It rises to an elevation of 852 m (2,795 feet) in Mount Inrerow Atamein.The larger of its two villages is Anelcauhat (a.k.a. Anelghowhat), on the south side.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793"},{"link_name":"blackbirding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbirding"},{"link_name":"Aneityum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneityum_language"}],"text":"Aneityum had a population of 915 in 2009.[2] This population is believed to have been between 9,000 and 20,000 prior to the arrival of the Europeans,[3] in 1793. However, introduced diseases and blackbirding played a major role in Aneityum's massive depopulation, which left the island with fewer than 200 inhabitants in 1930.The main language of Aneityum island is also called Aneityum, or Anejom̃ in the local orthography.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chiefdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"At the time of first contact with Europeans (around 1830) the island was subdivided into seven chiefdoms (nelcau) that each were presided by a natimarid (high chief) (clockwise, starting in Northwest:):Anau-Unse (Annaunse)\nIjipdav (Epege)\nAnetcho (Aneitio)\nAnau-Unjai (Aname)\nAnumej-Anekro (Annuantchai)\nUmej (Umetch)\nAnelcauhatThe chiefdoms were further subdivided into more than 50 districts that were presided by minor chiefs (natimi alupas). The power of the chiefs was mainly of ritual nature.[4]","title":"Traditional Chiefdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aneiteum.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04-018b_Vanuatu_Aneityum_Is.tif"}],"sub_title":"Maps","text":"Map of 1882\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMap of the traditional chiefdoms and districts","title":"Traditional Chiefdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatom Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatom_Airport"},{"link_name":"Iñec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1ec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vila"},{"link_name":"Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanna_(island)"}],"text":"The island is served by Anatom Airport, not on the main island itself, but on the tiny island to its south, Iñec (or Inyeug, also known as \"Mystery Island\"), across the main village, which has three weekly flights from Port Vila via Tanna.","title":"Transportation"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Drt450

User talk:Drt450

["1 Welcome!","2 May 2021: Sinauli excavation site","3 May 2021","4 Blocked as a sockpuppet"]

Welcome! Hi Drt450! I noticed your contributions to Sinauli excavation site and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay. As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful: Learn more about editing Alternatively, the contributing to Wikipedia page covers the same topics. If you have any questions, we have a friendly space where experienced editors can help you here: Get help at the Teahouse If you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here: Volunteer at the Task Center Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. Happy editing! Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 06:49, 27 April 2021 (UTC) May 2021: Sinauli excavation site I notice that your recent edits to the above article were reverted. Apparently, you were not aware that changes to articles require inline citations of reliable published sources for verification. Also, we ask questions on the article's talk page, not within the article. Every article has its own talk page, which you can access from the tab at the top left of the article. I also note that your English language skills are inadequate for unambiguous communication. If you cannot communicate clearly in English, your edits may be removed for lack of clarity.--Quisqualis (talk) 05:31, 6 May 2021 (UTC) May 2021 Hello, I'm Utcursch. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Paramara dynasty, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at the tutorial on citing sources. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. utcursch | talk 13:28, 19 May 2021 (UTC) Blocked as a sockpuppet You have been blocked indefinitely from editing for abusing multiple accounts as a sockpuppet of User:Srimant ROSHAN per the evidence presented at Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Srimant ROSHAN. Note that multiple accounts are allowed, but not for illegitimate reasons, and any contributions made while evading blocks or bans may be reverted or deleted. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}.  Mz7 (talk) 22:34, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

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I noticed your contributions to Sinauli excavation site and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay.As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful:Learn more about editingAlternatively, the contributing to Wikipedia page covers the same topics.If you have any questions, we have a friendly space where experienced editors can help you here:Get help at the TeahouseIf you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here:Volunteer at the Task CenterPlease remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date.Happy editing! Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 06:49, 27 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]May 2021: Sinauli excavation site[edit]I notice that your recent edits to the above article were reverted. Apparently, you were not aware that changes to articles require inline citations of reliable published sources for verification. Also, we ask questions on the article's talk page, not within the article. Every article has its own talk page, which you can access from the tab at the top left of the article.I also note that your English language skills are inadequate for unambiguous communication. If you cannot communicate clearly in English, your edits may be removed for lack of clarity.--Quisqualis (talk) 05:31, 6 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]May 2021[edit]Hello, I'm Utcursch. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Paramara dynasty, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at the tutorial on citing sources. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. utcursch | talk 13:28, 19 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]Blocked as a sockpuppet[edit]You have been blocked indefinitely from editing for abusing multiple accounts as a sockpuppet of User:Srimant ROSHAN per the evidence presented at Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Srimant ROSHAN. Note that multiple accounts are allowed, but not for illegitimate reasons, and any contributions made while evading blocks or bans may be reverted or deleted. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}.  Mz7 (talk) 22:34, 24 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Drt450"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Glenister

Robert Glenister

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Selected theatre","6 Radio","7 Audio drama","8 Audiobook","9 References","10 External links"]

English actor (born 1960) Robert GlenisterBornRobert Lewis Glenister (1960-03-11) 11 March 1960 (age 64)Watford, Hertfordshire, EnglandOccupationActorYears active1979–presentSpouses Amanda Redman ​ ​(m. 1984; div. 1992)​ Celia de Wolff ​ ​(m. 1999)​ Children2ParentJohn Glenister (father)RelativesPhilip Glenister (brother) Robert Lewis Glenister (born 11 March 1960) is an English actor. He is best known for his television roles as Ash "Three Socks" Morgan in the crime drama series Hustle (2004–2012) and Nicholas Blake in the spy drama series Spooks (2006–2010). Early life Glenister was born in Watford on 11 March 1960. He is the son of Joan Fry Lewis and television director John Glenister, and the older brother of actor Philip Glenister. Until the age of eight he had a slight speech impediment. After starting school, he began to show a talent for acting. He decided to pursue a professional acting career after being encouraged by his father and leaving Harrow Weald Grammar School. He started his career by taking several theatre roles. Career Glenister made his television debut in the BBC sitcom Sink or Swim, which ran from 1980 until 1982. He has also appeared in shows such as Soldier Soldier, Only Fools and Horses (as Myles the millionaire garden centre owner and chairman of the SWANS committee), A Touch of Frost and Inspector George Gently as well as several films. He had a starring role in the BBC drama Hustle as Ash Morgan, a high-level con-man who has to convincingly play various roles or characters to pull off a con and lure a 'mark'. He is the only actor who has appeared in every episode of the series. He has also had regular starring roles in the BBC drama Spooks and appeared in Spartacus. He appeared as an Irish-American mob boss in Ben Affleck's crime drama Live by Night, which was released in December 2016. He has been cast twice in Doctor Who, playing Salateen in The Caves of Androzani (1984) (opposite his Sink or Swim co-star Peter Davison) and Thomas Edison in "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror" (2020). In June 2022 he appeared as Detective Inspector Salisbury in Sherwood, a BBC serial written by James Graham. In 2023, he plays Tony, a cab driver in the Channel 5 thriller series Black Cab. Personal life Glenister married actor Amanda Redman in 1984; the couple had a daughter before they divorced in 1992. He later married BBC Radio producer and director Celia de Wolff, with whom he has a son. In April 2019, it was reported that lawyers acting for a company owned by Glenister – Big Bad Wolff – had lost an appeal in a long-running battle with HM Revenue and Customs regarding liability for National Insurance contributions. Glenister subsequently said that he would have to sell or remortgage his house as a result of the ruling, since he now faced a bill of £147,000 plus interest. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1979 Birth of the Beatles Replacement Drummer 1981 Strike: The Birth of Solidarity Jurek Borowczak Television film 1983 The Campaign Jon Lansman Television film 1985 Me and the Girls Harry Television film 1986 Watching Tom Anderson Television film 1987 Hyper Combat Unit Dangaioh Gil Berg Direct-to-video; Voice role; English version 1989 Ending Up Keith Television film 1991 Arslân Senki Gardeep / Zante Direct-to-video; Voice role; English version 1992 Arslân Senki II Gardeep / Zante Direct-to-video; Voice role; English version 1993 The Secret Rapture Jeremy 1995 Aristophanes: The Gods Are Laughing Aristophanes Television film 2000 You Can't Dance Short film 2001 Just Visiting Earl of Warwick Lover's Prayer Count Malevsky 2002 Safe Conduct Captain Townsend 2003 Eroica Gerhardt Television film Victoria Station The Controller Short film 2004 The Badness of King George IV Television film Who Killed Thomas Becket? Narrator Television film; Voice role 2005 Legless Simon Carter Television film 2006 The Sally Lockhart Mysteries: The Ruby in the Smoke Samuel Selby Television film 2007 Get Off My Land Farmer Short film 2009 Creation Sir Henry Holland 2011 Of Mary Peter Short film 2012 We'll Take Manhattan Ted Shrimpton Television film Worm Dad / Worm Short film 2014 Cryptic Robert 2016 Live by Night Albert White 2017 Journey's End The Colonel 2019 The Aeronauts Ned Chambers 2020 Villain Roy Garrett Spanish Pigeon Harry Gold Short film 2022 National Theatre Live: The Seagull Pyotr Nikolayevich Sorin Television Year Title Role Notes 1979 Crown Court Kevin Laurence Episode: "Forever" 1980 Escape Lorenzo Episode: "The Cartland Murders" Strangers Student Episode: "Clowns Don't Cry" 1980–82 Sink or Swim Steve Webber Series regular; 19 episodes 1981 ITV Playhouse Billy Episode: "Little Girls Don't" 1982 Panorama Kowalczyk Episode: "Two Weeks in Winter: How the Army Took Over Poland" 1984 Doctor Who Salateen Story: "The Caves of Androzani" The Lonelyhearts Kid Ken Series regular; 6 episodes 1985 Cover Her Face Derek Pullen Miniseries; 4 episodes Summer Season Peter Episode: "Long Term Memory" Juliet Bravo Inspector Roger Beavers Episode: "Inspection" 1988 The Bill Sam Rice Episode: "Blue for a Boy" 1989 Megazone 23 Bishop / Jacker Miniseries; Voice role; English version 1990 Chancer Colin Morris Series regular; 11 episodes Blood Rights Pete Miniseries; 3 episodes Casualty Duncan Episode: "Salvation" 1991 Kinsey Mike Hoskyns Recurring role; 4 episodes Soldier Soldier Colour Sergeant Ian Anderson Recurring role; 7 episodes 1992 The Bill D.I. Baker Episode: "Lost Boy" Boon Mr. Richards Episode: "Whispering Grass" Only Fools and Horses Myles Episode: "Mother Nature's Son" 1993 Medics Steven Nelson Episode: "Series 3, Episode 5" 1993–95 Arslân Senki II Gardeep / Zante Miniseries; Voice role; English version 1994 Screen Two Brian Jessel Episode: "A Landing on the Sun" Casualty Chris Wilson Episode: "Grand Rational" Pie in the Sky D.C.I. Fields Episode: "An Innocent Man" 1995 Kavanagh QC Clive Pendle Episode: "Heartland" Screen Two Captain Harville Episdoe: "Persuasion" Prime Suspect Chris Hughes Episode: "The Lost Child" The Bill Paramedic Episode: "Good Intentions" 1996 Bramwell Charles Sheldon Episode: "Series 2, Episode 7" 1997 Drovers' Gold Markby Miniseries; 1 episode 2000 Dirty Work Tubes Series regular; 6 episodes My Fragile Heart Stephen 'Squeal' Blake Miniseries; 2 episodes 2001 Midsomer Murders John Field Episode: "Dark Autumn" 2001–03 A Touch of Frost D.S. Terrence Reid Recurring role; 4 episodes 2002 Heartbeat Oliver Langley Episode: "The Shoot" Murder Robert Weldon Miniseries; 4 episodes Sirens D.I. Clive Wilson Miniseries; 2 episodes 2003 Hitler: The Rise of Evil Anton Drexler Miniseries; 2 episodes Roger Roger Dr. Geoff Episode: "Freedom's Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose" Between the Sheets Clive Stevenson Miniseries; 6 episodes 2004–12 Hustle Ash Morgan Series regular; 48 episodes 2005 Class of '76 Frank Thompson Miniseries; 2 episodes 2006 Jane Hall Dave Searle Series regular; 6 episodes 2006–10 Spooks Nicholas Blake Recurring role; 15 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Marcus Licinius Crassus Episode: "Spartacus" Inspector George Gently Empton Episode: "The Burning Man" 2009 Law & Order: UK D.S. Jimmy Valentine Episode: "Honour Bound" 2009–14 Law & Order: UK Narrator Series regular; Voice role; Uncredited 2010 Moving On Frankie Episode: "Skin Deep" 2011 Appropriate Adult Detective Superintendent John Bennett Miniseries; 2 episodes 2013 Agatha Christie's Marple Father Brophy Episode: "Greenshaw's Folly" The Café Phil Porter Series regular; 7 episodes The Great Train Robbery DI Frank Williams Miniseries; 2 episodes 2014 Vera Owen Preece Episode: "Death of a Family Man" Masterpiece Mystery! Father Raphy Episode: "Agatha Christie's Miss Marple VII: Greenshaw's Folly" 2015 Code of a Killer DCC Chapman Miniseries; 2 episodes 2016 The Musketeers Duke of Lorraine Recurring role; 2 episodes Paranoid Bobby Day Miniseries; 8 episodes 2016 Close to the Enemy Brigadier Wainwright Miniseries; 7 episodes 2017 Cold Feet George Kirkbright Recurring role; 5 episodes 2019 Curfew Jared Grieves Series regular; 6 episodes 2020 Doctor Who Thomas Edison Episode: "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror" Isolation Stories Ron Episode: "Ron & Russell" Strike Jasper Chiswell Story: "Lethal White" 2022 Suspicion Martin Copeland Series regular; 6 episodes Sherwood DI Kevin Salisbury Series regular; 6 episodes 2023 Black Cab Tony Miniseries; 4 episodes Selected theatre Edward Voysey in The Voysey Inheritance by Harley Granville Barker. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1989) Prince Muishkin in The Idiot by Gerard McLarnon. World premiere directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1991) Lord Gorin in An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde. Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1992) Astrov in Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2001) Wilson Tikkel in Great Britain by Richard Bean at the National Theatre/Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2014–15. Dave Moss in Glengarry Glen Ross by David Mamet at The Playhouse Theatre 2017–2018 Sorin in The Seagull by Anton Chekhov at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London (2022) Radio The Party Party 1987 Paradise Lost – Christ (1992, 41 episodes, BBC Radio 4) Paradise Regained – Christ (1992, 9 episodes, BBC Radio 4) The Wench is Dead – Sgt. Lewis (1992, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse Last Seen Wearing – Sgt. Lewis (1994, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse The Sound of Fury (Mike Warner) – Stuart Colman (1994, BBC Radio 4) opposite Anton Lesser as Billy Fury The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn – Sgt. Lewis (1996, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse Barrymore Plus Four (1995) Mansfield Park – Edmund Bertram (1997, Classic Serial, BBC Radio 4) Ghost on the Moor – Graham (2001, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4) A Game of Marbles – Lord Elgin (2004, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4) opposite Paul Scofield The Woman in Black – Arthur Kipps (2004, 4 episodes, BBC Radio 5) Henry's Girls – Henry Purcell (2007, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4) The Fiery World – William Blake (2007, Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3) The Gibson – Saul Judd (2008, 6-part Drama, BBC Radio 4) The Time Machine – Time traveller (2009, Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3) The Journey – Stephen (2010, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4) The Exorcist – Father Damien Karras (2014, 2 episodes, BBC Radio 4) opposite Ian McDiarmid as Father Merrin Alexandre Dumas."The Three Musketeers" 1994 6 episodes Radio Play. BBC Radio 4 Audio drama Doctor Who: Absolution (2007) – Aboresh Audiobook The Death of Kings (2008) The Gates of Rome (2010) The Cuckoo's Calling (2013) The Silkworm (2014) Career of Evil (2015) Lethal White (2018) Troubled Blood (2020) The Ink Black Heart (2022) The Running Grave (2023) References ^ "Robert Glenister - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ Christie, Darnell (14 September 2021). "Philip Glenister's famous older brother who was in The Bill, Spooks & Only Fools". MyLondon. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ a b Greenstreet, Rosanna (23 July 2022). "Robert Glenister: 'I wish I wasn't quite as arrogant when I got successful'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "BBC - Drama - Hustle - Ash Morgan (Robert Glenister)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ Quinn, Angie (13 June 2022). "Sherwood star Robert Glenister is unrecognisable in Only Fools and Horses". MyLondon. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "A Touch of Frost Season 8". Radio Times. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "The Burning Man (2008)". BFI. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "Hustle: Robert Glenister". Manchester Evening News. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "Spartacus (2008)". BFI. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ a b "Hustle actor 'breaks down' on stage midway through West End performance". The Independent. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "Doctor Who announces ER's Goran Višnjić and Hustle's Robert Glenister for new guest roles". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "Sherwood". Radio Times: 65, 66, 74, 76. 18–24 June 2022. ^ "Sherwood and Casualty stars to lead new thriller series Black Cab". Digital Spy. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ Whiting, Kate (13 July 2009). "Amanda Redman: The laughing policemen are back in New Tricks". Chester Chronicle. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ Roy, David (7 August 2019). "Robert Glenister on Brian Friel, Hustle and working with brother Philip – one day". The Irish News. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ Clark, Alex (27 August 2019). "Lost airtime? BBC Radio 4's search for Proust's masterpiece". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ "Actor Robert Glenister on losing side after tribunal tax fight". Belfast Telegraph. 12 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ "Spooks actor Robert Glenister slams 'secret police' as he faces £150K tax bill". ITV News. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. External links Robert Glenister at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

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He started his career by taking several theatre roles.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sink or Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink_or_Swim_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Soldier Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Soldier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Inspector George Gently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_George_Gently"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_and_Villains_(TV_series)#%22Spartacus%22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Live by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_by_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"The Caves of Androzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caves_of_Androzani"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla%27s_Night_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_(2022_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Glenister made his television debut in the BBC sitcom Sink or Swim, which ran from 1980 until 1982.[3] He has also appeared in shows such as Soldier Soldier,[4] Only Fools and Horses (as Myles the millionaire garden centre owner and chairman of the SWANS committee),[5] A Touch of Frost[6] and Inspector George Gently[7] as well as several films.He had a starring role in the BBC drama Hustle as Ash Morgan, a high-level con-man who has to convincingly play various roles or characters to pull off a con and lure a 'mark'. He is the only actor who has appeared in every episode of the series. He has also had regular starring roles in the BBC drama Spooks and appeared in Spartacus.[8][9] He appeared as an Irish-American mob boss in Ben Affleck's crime drama Live by Night, which was released in December 2016.[10] He has been cast twice in Doctor Who, playing Salateen in The Caves of Androzani (1984) (opposite his Sink or Swim co-star Peter Davison) and Thomas Edison in \"Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror\" (2020).[11]In June 2022 he appeared as Detective Inspector Salisbury in Sherwood, a BBC serial written by James Graham.[12] In 2023, he plays Tony, a cab driver in the Channel 5 thriller series Black Cab.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amanda Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Redman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrChr130709-14"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"HM Revenue and Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs"},{"link_name":"National Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Glenister married actor Amanda Redman in 1984; the couple had a daughter before they divorced in 1992.[14] He later married BBC Radio producer and director Celia de Wolff, with whom he has a son.[15][16]In April 2019, it was reported that lawyers acting for a company owned by Glenister – Big Bad Wolff – had lost an appeal in a long-running battle with HM Revenue and Customs regarding liability for National Insurance contributions.[17] Glenister subsequently said that he would have to sell or remortgage his house as a result of the ruling, since he now faced a bill of £147,000 plus interest.[18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Voysey Inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voysey_Inheritance"},{"link_name":"Harley Granville Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Granville_Barker"},{"link_name":"Greg Hersov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hersov"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"The Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot"},{"link_name":"Gerard McLarnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_McLarnon"},{"link_name":"Greg Hersov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hersov"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"An Ideal Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"James Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maxwell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Uncle Vanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Vanya"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Greg Hersov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hersov"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_(play)"},{"link_name":"Richard Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bean"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket"},{"link_name":"Glengarry Glen Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glengarry_Glen_Ross"},{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"Playhouse Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"The Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seagull"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Edward Voysey in The Voysey Inheritance by Harley Granville Barker. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1989)\nPrince Muishkin in The Idiot by Gerard McLarnon. World premiere directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1991)\nLord Gorin in An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde. Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1992)\nAstrov in Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2001)\nWilson Tikkel in Great Britain by Richard Bean at the National Theatre/Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2014–15.\nDave Moss in Glengarry Glen Ross by David Mamet at The Playhouse Theatre 2017–2018[10]\nSorin in The Seagull by Anton Chekhov at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London (2022)[3]","title":"Selected theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Party Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_Party_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"The Wench is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wench_is_Dead"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Lewis"},{"link_name":"John Shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shrapnel"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse"},{"link_name":"Last Seen Wearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Seen_Wearing_(Dexter_novel)#Radio_play"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Lewis"},{"link_name":"John Shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shrapnel"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Fury (Mike Warner)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Fury_(Mike_Warner)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stuart Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Colman"},{"link_name":"Anton Lesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Lesser"},{"link_name":"Billy Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Fury"},{"link_name":"The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_World_of_Nicholas_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Lewis"},{"link_name":"John Shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shrapnel"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse"},{"link_name":"Barrymore Plus Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrymore_Plus_Four"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pwolf.info/ghost-on-the-moor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scofieldsperformances.com"},{"link_name":"Paul Scofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scofield"},{"link_name":"The Time Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Machine#2009_BBC_Radio_3_broadcast"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Father Damien Karras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Damien_Karras"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Father Merrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Merrin"}],"text":"The Party Party 1987\nParadise Lost – Christ (1992, 41 episodes, BBC Radio 4)\nParadise Regained – Christ (1992, 9 episodes, BBC Radio 4)\nThe Wench is Dead – Sgt. Lewis (1992, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse\nLast Seen Wearing – Sgt. Lewis (1994, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse\nThe Sound of Fury (Mike Warner) – Stuart Colman (1994, BBC Radio 4) opposite Anton Lesser as Billy Fury\nThe Silent World of Nicholas Quinn – Sgt. Lewis (1996, BBC Radio 4) opposite John Shrapnel as Inspector Morse\nBarrymore Plus Four (1995)\nMansfield Park – Edmund Bertram (1997, Classic Serial, BBC Radio 4)\nGhost on the Moor – Graham (2001, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4)[1]\nA Game of Marbles – Lord Elgin (2004, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4)[2] opposite Paul Scofield\nThe Woman in Black – Arthur Kipps (2004, 4 episodes, BBC Radio 5)\nHenry's Girls – Henry Purcell (2007, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4)\nThe Fiery World – William Blake (2007, Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3)\nThe Gibson – Saul Judd (2008, 6-part Drama, BBC Radio 4)\nThe Time Machine – Time traveller (2009, Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3)\nThe Journey – Stephen (2010, Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4)\nThe Exorcist – Father Damien Karras (2014, 2 episodes, BBC Radio 4) opposite Ian McDiarmid as Father MerrinAlexandre Dumas.\"The Three Musketeers\" [Athos] 1994 6 episodes Radio Play. BBC Radio 4","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Who: Absolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolution_(Doctor_Who)"}],"text":"Doctor Who: Absolution (2007) – Aboresh","title":"Audio drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Death of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"The Gates of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gates_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"The Cuckoo's Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cuckoo%27s_Calling"},{"link_name":"The Silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silkworm"},{"link_name":"Career of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"Lethal White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_White"},{"link_name":"Troubled Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled_Blood"},{"link_name":"The Ink Black Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ink_Black_Heart"},{"link_name":"The Running Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Running_Grave"}],"text":"The Death of Kings (2008)\nThe Gates of Rome (2010)\nThe Cuckoo's Calling (2013)\nThe Silkworm (2014)\nCareer of Evil (2015)\nLethal White (2018)\nTroubled Blood (2020)\nThe Ink Black Heart (2022)\nThe Running Grave (2023)","title":"Audiobook"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Robert Glenister - Rotten Tomatoes\". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/robert_glenister","url_text":"\"Robert Glenister - Rotten Tomatoes\""}]},{"reference":"Christie, Darnell (14 September 2021). \"Philip Glenister's famous older brother who was in The Bill, Spooks & Only Fools\". MyLondon. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/whats-on/bbc-richard-osmans-house-games-21568549","url_text":"\"Philip Glenister's famous older brother who was in The Bill, Spooks & Only Fools\""}]},{"reference":"Greenstreet, Rosanna (23 July 2022). \"Robert Glenister: 'I wish I wasn't quite as arrogant when I got successful'\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/jul/23/robert-glenister-i-wish-i-wasnt-quite-as-arrogant-when-i-got-successful","url_text":"\"Robert Glenister: 'I wish I wasn't quite as arrogant when I got successful'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Drama - Hustle - Ash Morgan (Robert Glenister)\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/hustle/ash_morgan.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Drama - Hustle - Ash Morgan (Robert Glenister)\""}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Angie (13 June 2022). \"Sherwood star Robert Glenister is unrecognisable in Only Fools and Horses\". MyLondon. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/tv/bbc-sherwood-star-robert-glenister-24217540","url_text":"\"Sherwood star Robert Glenister is unrecognisable in Only Fools and Horses\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Touch of Frost Season 8\". Radio Times. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-3i28pb/a-touch-of-frost-season-8/","url_text":"\"A Touch of Frost Season 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Burning Man (2008)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803100544/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8cc2cf4e","url_text":"\"The Burning Man (2008)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8cc2cf4e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hustle: Robert Glenister\". Manchester Evening News. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/showbiz/hustle-robert-glenister-906601","url_text":"\"Hustle: Robert Glenister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spartacus (2008)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201025062146/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c913787","url_text":"\"Spartacus (2008)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c913787","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hustle actor 'breaks down' on stage midway through West End performance\". The Independent. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/robert-glenister-london-west-end-play-break-down-on-stage-glengarry-glen-ross-theatre-hustle-spooks-playhouse-a8049406.html","url_text":"\"Hustle actor 'breaks down' on stage midway through West End performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who announces ER's Goran Višnjić and Hustle's Robert Glenister for new guest roles\". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-series-12-goran-visnjic-robert-glenister/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who announces ER's Goran Višnjić and Hustle's Robert Glenister for new guest roles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherwood\". Radio Times: 65, 66, 74, 76. 18–24 June 2022.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sherwood and Casualty stars to lead new thriller series Black Cab\". Digital Spy. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a42084112/black-cab-cast-suzanne-packer-robert-glenister/","url_text":"\"Sherwood and Casualty stars to lead new thriller series Black Cab\""}]},{"reference":"Whiting, Kate (13 July 2009). \"Amanda Redman: The laughing policemen are back in New Tricks\". Chester Chronicle. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/whats-on/film-tv/amanda-redman-laughing-policemen-back-5219803","url_text":"\"Amanda Redman: The laughing policemen are back in New Tricks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Chronicle","url_text":"Chester Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Roy, David (7 August 2019). \"Robert Glenister on Brian Friel, Hustle and working with brother Philip – one day\". The Irish News. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2019/08/07/news/robert-glenister-on-brian-friel-hustle-and-working-with-brother-philip-one-day-1679268/","url_text":"\"Robert Glenister on Brian Friel, Hustle and working with brother Philip – one day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_News","url_text":"The Irish News"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Alex (27 August 2019). \"Lost airtime? BBC Radio 4's search for Proust's masterpiece\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/27/lost-airtime-bbc-radio-4s-search-for-prousts-masterpiece","url_text":"\"Lost airtime? BBC Radio 4's search for Proust's masterpiece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Robert Glenister on losing side after tribunal tax fight\". Belfast Telegraph. 12 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/actor-robert-glenister-on-losing-side-after-tribunal-tax-fight-38008517.html","url_text":"\"Actor Robert Glenister on losing side after tribunal tax fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spooks actor Robert Glenister slams 'secret police' as he faces £150K tax bill\". ITV News. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-21/tale-of-a-spooks-star-secret-police-and-a-150k-tax-bill/","url_text":"\"Spooks actor Robert Glenister slams 'secret police' as he faces £150K tax bill\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics

Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics

["1 Qualification","2 Participating nations","3 Schedule","4 Medal summary","4.1 Medal table","4.2 Men's","4.3 Women's","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Fencingat the Games of the XXXI OlympiadVenueCarioca Arena 3Dates6–14 August 2016No. of events10Competitors212 from 48 nations← 20122020 → Fencing at the2016 Summer OlympicsQualificationÉpéemenwomenTeam épéemenwomenFoilmenwomenTeam foilmenSabremenwomenTeam sabrewomenvte The fencing competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 14 August at the Carioca Arena 3 inside the Barra Olympic Park in Barra da Tijuca. Around 212 fencers (an equal distribution between men and women; of which, eight fencers came from the host nation Brazil) competed in 10 events -- six individual and four team. Similar to 2008 and 2012, the International Fencing Federation maintained the format of ten events with a rotation system for team events. As a result, the men's team sabre and the women's team foil were dropped from the program only at these Games. Qualification Main article: Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Qualification Qualification was primarily based on the FIE official rankings as of 4 April 2016, with further individual places available at four zonal qualifying tournaments. Participating nations  Algeria (2)  Argentina (1)  Austria (1)  Azerbaijan (1)  Belarus (1)  Belgium (1)  Benin (1)  Brazil (13)  Bulgaria (1)  Canada (5)  China (11)  Colombia (2)  Cuba (1)  Czech Republic (2)  Egypt (7)  Estonia (5)  France (15)  Georgia (1)  Germany (4)  Great Britain (3)  Greece (2)  Hong Kong (3)  Hungary (9)  Iran (2)  Italy (14)  Ivory Coast (1)  Japan (6)  Kazakhstan (1)  Kuwait (1)  Lebanon (1)  Mexico (7)  Morocco (1)  Netherlands (1)  Panama (1)  Poland (4)  Romania (6)  Russia (16)  Saudi Arabia (1)  Senegal (1)  South Korea (14)  Switzerland (4)  Tunisia (5)  Turkey (1)  Ukraine (10)  United States (14)  Venezuela (6)  Vietnam (4) Schedule Daily schedule Date → Sat 6 Sun 7 Mon 8 Tue 9 Wed 10 Thu 11 Fri 12 Sat 13 Sun 14 Men's Foil individual Épée individual Sabre individual Foil team Épée team Women's Épée individual Sabre individual Foil individual Épée team Sabre team Medal summary Medal table   *   Host nation (Brazil)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Russia41272 Hungary21143 Italy13044 France11135 South Korea10126 Romania10017 United States02248 China0112 Ukraine011210 Tunisia0011Totals (10 entries)10101030 Men's Games Gold Silver Bronze Individual épée details Park Sang-young South Korea Géza Imre Hungary Gauthier Grumier France Team épée details  France (FRA)Gauthier GrumierYannick BorelDaniel JérentJean-Michel Lucenay  Italy (ITA)Enrico GarozzoMarco FicheraPaolo PizzoAndrea Santarelli  Hungary (HUN)Gábor BoczkóGéza ImreAndrás RédliPéter Somfai Individual foildetails Daniele Garozzo Italy Alexander Massialas United States Timur Safin Russia Team foildetails  Russia (RUS)Timur SafinArtur AkhmatkhuzinAleksey Cheremisinov   France (FRA)Jérémy CadotEnzo LefortErwan Le PéchouxJean-Paul Tony Helissey  United States (USA)Miles Chamley-WatsonRace ImbodenAlexander MassialasGerek Meinhardt Individual sabredetails Áron Szilágyi Hungary Daryl Homer United States Kim Jung-hwan South Korea Women's Games Gold Silver Bronze Individual épée details Emese Szász Hungary Rossella Fiamingo Italy Sun Yiwen China Team épée details  Romania (ROU)Loredana DinuSimona GhermanSimona PopAna Maria Popescu  China (CHN)Hao JialuSun YiwenSun YujieXu Anqi  Russia (RUS)Olga KochnevaVioletta KolobovaTatiana LogunovaLyubov Shutova Individual foildetails Inna Deriglazova Russia Elisa Di Francisca Italy Inès Boubakri Tunisia Individual sabredetails Yana Egorian Russia Sofiya Velikaya Russia Olha Kharlan Ukraine Team sabre details  Russia (RUS)Sofia VelikayaYana EgorianEkaterina DyachenkoYuliya Gavrilova  Ukraine (UKR)Olha KharlanOlena KravatskaAlina KomashchukOlena Voronina  United States (USA)Monica AksamitIbtihaj MuhammadDagmara WozniakMariel Zagunis See also Wheelchair fencing at the 2016 Summer Paralympics References ^ "Rio 2016: Fencing". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ Butler, Nick (29 November 2013). "Men's sabre and women's foil team events removed from Rio 2016 fencing programme". Inside the Games. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ "2 fencing team events cut for Rio". ESPN. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ "Rio 2016 – FIE Fencing Qualification System" (PDF). FIE. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ Russia's substitute, Dmitry Zherebchenko, did not fence in the competition and did not receive a medal. "Russian foil fencers score stunning victory at Rio Olympics - coach". TASS. 13 August 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics. "Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio2016.com)". Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics at SR/Olympics (archived) International Fencing Federation Results Book – Fencing vte Events at the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio de Janeiro) Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists vteFencing at the Summer Olympics 1896 1900 1904 1906 (Intercalated) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists men women List of venues

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[]

[{"title":"Wheelchair fencing at the 2016 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina_glauca

Casuarina glauca

["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Cultivation and uses","6 References"]

Species of tree Casuarina glauca In Midway Atoll Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Casuarinaceae Genus: Casuarina Species: C. glauca Binomial name Casuarina glaucaSieber ex Spreng. Synonyms Casuarina obtusa Miq. nom. inval., pro syn. New growth Cones and samaras Australasian figbird roosting on the tree Casuarina glauca, commonly known as swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, swamp she-oak, marsh sheoak, grey she-oak, grey she-oak, native pine, or guman by the Gadigal people, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a dioecious tree that often forms root suckers and has fissured and scaly bark, spreading or drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 12 to 20, the fruit 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long. Description Casuarina glauca is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 8–20 m (26–66 ft), sometimes to 35 m (115 ft), rarely a shrub to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and that often forms root suckers. The bark is greyish brown, fissured and scaly. The branchlets are sometimes drooping, up to 380 mm (15 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.6–0.9 mm (0.024–0.035 in) long, arranged in whorls of usually 12 to 17 around the branchlets, and long and curved back when young. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long and 0.9–1.2 mm (0.035–0.047 in) wide. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 12–40 mm (0.47–1.57 in) long in whorls of 7 to 10 per centimetre (per 0.39 in.) the anthers about 0.8 mm (0.031 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long and sparsely covered with soft, white to rust-coloured hairs when young. Mature cones are 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) in diameter, the samaras 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long. Taxonomy Casuarina glauca was first formally described in 1826 by Kurt Sprengel in Systema Vegetabilium from an unpublished description by Franz Sieber. The specific epithet (glauca) means "glaucous". The Kabi name for the plant, bilai, was used for the town and locality of Bli Bli, Queensland. This species is closely related to C. cunninghamiana, and hybrids with C. cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana have been recorded where the two species co-occur, such as at Lower Portland and Wisemans Ferry. Distribution and habitat Swamp she-oak is found along Australia's east coast from Yeppoon in central Queensland to Bermagui in southern New South Wales. Some stands within the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney predate European settlement. Populations along the New South Wales coastline are at risk due to clearing of habitat for development. It has become highly invasive in Florida. Casuarina glauca grows in or near brackish water along the banks of rivers and estuaries. Suckering from the roots, the swamp oak can form dense stands of trees. It grows on alluvial soils of sandstone or shale origin. The water table lies 30 cm or less under the surface. This tree then acts to turn shallows into land by preventing erosion and collecting material among its roots. They are also a predominant species in the Coastal Swamp Oak Forests in southeastern Australia. Ecology C. glauca is an actinorhizal plant producing root nitrogen-fixing nodules infested by Frankia. There is a regular pattern of cell layers containing flavans. Although not a legume, C. glauca, produces a hemoglobin (not a leghemoglobin) in its symbiotic root nodules. The rat's tail orchid (Dendrobium teretifolium) grows on the swamp oak. It has become naturalised in the Everglades in Florida where it is considered a weed. Casuarina glauca trees can live to 100 to 200 years. Trees regenerate after fire by growing from the roots. Cut stumps sprout suckers vigorously, producing groves of new trees. Casuarina glauca trees drop large amounts of litter, mainly old cones and branchlets, which eventually rots down and enriches the soil unless removed by a flood event. Understory plants recorded from swamp oak groves include Juncus kraussii, Baumea juncea and Sporobolus virginicus on sandier soils and Apium prostratum, Carex appressa, Goodenia ovata, Juncus kraussii and Phragmites australis and the vine Parsonsia straminea on clay soils. Glossy black cockatoos break the cones to eat the seeds, which mature in winter. The seed is eaten by the red-browed finch, and peaceful dove (Geopelia placida). Cultivation and uses 'Cousin It' cultivar Casuarina glauca has been planted widely as a street tree in Canberra. It was introduced to Haiti to stabilise the soil and to be used as timber for poles, and to Florida where it was planted as an ornamental plant and windbreak. The bark has been used to plant orchids on. It tolerates waterlogged soils and even soils with some salinity. A significant inconvenience in urban settings is that its roots can invade underground water and sewer pipes if these are within 15 m (50 ft) of the tree. It can also acidify acid sulphate soils as it lowers the water table. Two prostrate forms are commercially available: Casuarina 'Cousin It' is a cultivar arising from material from Booderee National Park on the New South Wales south coast collected in 1989 and named for its resemblance to Cousin Itt, and C. ‘Kattang Karpet’ is propagated by the Australian Botanic Garden from material collected at Kattang Nature Reserve on the New South Wales mid-north coast in 1998. References ^ a b "Casuarina glauca". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ a b c d "Casuarina glauca". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ "Casuarina glauca prostrate forms". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 2023-09-12. ^ a b c d Wilson, Karen; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. "Casuarina glauca". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). Forest trees of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-643-06969-0. ^ Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7. ^ "Casuarina glauca". APNI. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ Sprengel, Kurt P.J. (1826). Systema Vegetabilium. Vol. 3. Göttingen. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ a b Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 482. ISBN 0-85091-143-5. ^ "Bli Bli (town) (entry 3174)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 June 2015. ^ "Bli Bli (locality) (entry 47165)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 June 2015. ^ Steane, Dorothy A.; Wilson, Karen L.; Hill, Robert S. (2003). "Using matK sequence data to unravel the phylogeny of Casuarinaceae" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (1): 47–59. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00028-9. PMID 12801471. ^ a b c d e f g h Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1995). "Ecology of Sydney plant species Part3: Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomat1aceae". Cunninghamia. 4 (2): 269–270. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ Conservation advice (incorporating listing advice) for the Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of New South Wales and South East Queensland ecological community Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Laplaze, L.; Gherbi, H.; Frutz, T.; Pawlowski, K.; Franche, C.; Macheix, J. J.; Auguy, F.; Bogusz, D.; Duhoux, E. (2002). "Flavan-Containing Cells Delimit Frankia Infected Compartments in Casuarina glauca Nodules". Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture. Vol. 38. p. 455. doi:10.1007/0-306-47615-0_254. ISBN 0-7923-6233-0. ^ Jacobsen-Lyon, K.; Jensen, E.O.; Jørgensen, J.E.; Marcker, K.A.; Peacock, W.J.; Dennis, E.S. (1995). "Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic hemoglobin genes of Casuarina glauca". The Plant Cell. 7 (2): 213–23. doi:10.1105/tpc.7.2.213. PMC 160777. PMID 7756831. ^ "Biological control of Australian native Casuarina species in the USA". Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2010. ^ a b c Clark, Peter J.; Allaway, W.G. (1996). "Litterfall in Casuarina glauca Coastal Wetland Forests" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 44 (4): 373–80. doi:10.1071/bt9960373. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-05-11. ^ Hornsby Shire Council. "Casuarina glauca – Swamp Oak" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016. ^ Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines. Melbourne University Press. p. 306. ISBN 0-643-05007-8. ^ a b Burke, Don. "Casuarinas". Burke's Backyard: Factsheets. CTC Productions. Retrieved 11 May 2016. ^ Dept. Industry & Investment (1 November 2010). "Swamp Oak or Swamp Sheoak" (PDF). Paddock Plants Fact Sheets. New South Wales Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016. ^ Hitchcock, Bobbie (24 December 2015) . "Casuarina glauca prostrate forms". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 May 2016. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. "Growing Prostrate Casuarina Glauca Forms". Gardening. State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Taxon identifiersCasuarina glauca Wikidata: Q2941555 Wikispecies: Casuarina glauca AoFP: 1952 APA: 1477 APDB: 134900 APNI: 55978 Calflora: 9301 CoL: RQW5 Ecocrop: 4341 EoL: 633394 EPPO: CSUGL FloraBase: 18321 FNA: 200005534 FoAO2: Casuarina glauca FoC: 200005534 GBIF: 2891926 GRIN: 9556 iNaturalist: 160234 IPA: 5236 IPNI: 159866-1 IRMNG: 11265388 ISC: 16719 ITIS: 19517 IUCN: 177363793 NatureServe: 2.155678 NCBI: 3522 NSWFlora: Casuarina~glauca NZOR: 2bab7858-17f8-4da6-b4a4-7ce0ffbc32f2 NZPCN: 3640 Open Tree of Life: 216635 Plant List: kew-2705458 PLANTS: CAGL11 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:52191-3 Tropicos: 6400003 VicFlora: 11efc292-959e-4ceb-95e9-855ad241ef04 WFO: wfo-0000590675

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It is a dioecious tree that often forms root suckers and has fissured and scaly bark, spreading or drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 12 to 20, the fruit 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.","title":"Casuarina glauca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"},{"link_name":"anthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boland-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairley-6"}],"text":"Casuarina glauca is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 8–20 m (26–66 ft), sometimes to 35 m (115 ft), rarely a shrub to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and that often forms root suckers. The bark is greyish brown, fissured and scaly. The branchlets are sometimes drooping, up to 380 mm (15 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.6–0.9 mm (0.024–0.035 in) long, arranged in whorls of usually 12 to 17 around the branchlets, and long and curved back when young. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the \"articles\") are 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long and 0.9–1.2 mm (0.035–0.047 in) wide.Male flowers are arranged in spikes 12–40 mm (0.47–1.57 in) long in whorls of 7 to 10 per centimetre (per 0.39 in.) the anthers about 0.8 mm (0.031 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long and sparsely covered with soft, white to rust-coloured hairs when young. Mature cones are 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) in diameter, the samaras 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.[2][4][5][6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurt Sprengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengel"},{"link_name":"Systema Vegetabilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium"},{"link_name":"Franz Sieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Sieber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreng.-8"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-9"},{"link_name":"Kabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_people"},{"link_name":"Bli Bli, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bli_Bli,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnt-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003Phylogenetics-12"},{"link_name":"Lower Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Portland,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wisemans Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisemans_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"}],"text":"Casuarina glauca was first formally described in 1826 by Kurt Sprengel in Systema Vegetabilium from an unpublished description by Franz Sieber.[7][8] The specific epithet (glauca) means \"glaucous\".[9]The Kabi name for the plant, bilai, was used for the town and locality of Bli Bli, Queensland.[10][11]This species is closely related to C. cunninghamiana,[12] and hybrids with C. cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana have been recorded where the two species co-occur, such as at Lower Portland and Wisemans Ferry.[4][13]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeppoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeppoon"},{"link_name":"Bermagui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermagui,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"Coastal Swamp Oak Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Swamp_Oak_Forest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Swamp she-oak is found along Australia's east coast from Yeppoon in central Queensland to Bermagui in southern New South Wales.[2] Some stands within the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney predate European settlement.[13] Populations along the New South Wales coastline are at risk due to clearing of habitat for development.[4] It has become highly invasive in Florida.[13]Casuarina glauca grows in or near brackish water along the banks of rivers and estuaries. Suckering from the roots, the swamp oak can form dense stands of trees.[2] It grows on alluvial soils of sandstone or shale origin. The water table lies 30 cm or less under the surface. This tree then acts to turn shallows into land by preventing erosion and collecting material among its roots.[13] They are also a predominant species in the Coastal Swamp Oak Forests in southeastern Australia.[14]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actinorhizal plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinorhizal_plant"},{"link_name":"Frankia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankia"},{"link_name":"flavans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"leghemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghemoglobin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dendrobium teretifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrobium_teretifolium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"Everglades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark96-18"},{"link_name":"Juncus kraussii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_kraussii"},{"link_name":"Baumea juncea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumea_juncea"},{"link_name":"Sporobolus virginicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporobolus_virginicus"},{"link_name":"Apium prostratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apium_prostratum"},{"link_name":"Carex appressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_appressa"},{"link_name":"Goodenia ovata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodenia_ovata"},{"link_name":"Phragmites australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis"},{"link_name":"Parsonsia straminea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonsia_straminea"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark96-18"},{"link_name":"Glossy black cockatoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossy_black_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark96-18"},{"link_name":"red-browed finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-browed_finch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"peaceful dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_dove"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker_1984-20"}],"text":"C. glauca is an actinorhizal plant producing root nitrogen-fixing nodules infested by Frankia. There is a regular pattern of cell layers containing flavans.[15] Although not a legume, C. glauca, produces a hemoglobin (not a leghemoglobin) in its symbiotic root nodules.[16]The rat's tail orchid (Dendrobium teretifolium) grows on the swamp oak.[13]It has become naturalised in the Everglades in Florida where it is considered a weed.[17]Casuarina glauca trees can live to 100 to 200 years.[13]Trees regenerate after fire by growing from the roots. Cut stumps sprout suckers vigorously, producing groves of new trees.[13] Casuarina glauca trees drop large amounts of litter, mainly old cones and branchlets, which eventually rots down and enriches the soil unless removed by a flood event.[18]Understory plants recorded from swamp oak groves include Juncus kraussii, Baumea juncea and Sporobolus virginicus on sandier soils and Apium prostratum, Carex appressa, Goodenia ovata, Juncus kraussii and Phragmites australis and the vine Parsonsia straminea on clay soils.[18]Glossy black cockatoos break the cones to eat the seeds, which mature in winter.[18] The seed is eaten by the red-browed finch,[19] and peaceful dove (Geopelia placida).[20]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casuarina_glauca_%27Cousin_It%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bby-21"},{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benson-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bby-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Booderee National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booderee_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cousin Itt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_Itt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Growing-Native-Plants-23"},{"link_name":"Kattang Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattang_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"'Cousin It' cultivarCasuarina glauca has been planted widely as a street tree in Canberra.[21] It was introduced to Haiti to stabilise the soil and to be used as timber for poles, and to Florida where it was planted as an ornamental plant and windbreak.[13]The bark has been used to plant orchids on.[9]It tolerates waterlogged soils and even soils with some salinity. A significant inconvenience in urban settings is that its roots can invade underground water and sewer pipes if these are within 15 m (50 ft) of the tree.[21] It can also acidify acid sulphate soils as it lowers the water table.[22]Two prostrate forms are commercially available: Casuarina 'Cousin It' is a cultivar arising from material from Booderee National Park on the New South Wales south coast collected in 1989 and named for its resemblance to Cousin Itt,[23] and C. ‘Kattang Karpet’ is propagated by the Australian Botanic Garden from material collected at Kattang Nature Reserve on the New South Wales mid-north coast in 1998.[24]","title":"Cultivation and uses"}]

[{"image_text":"New growth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Casuarina_glauca_new_growth_%2815816445868%29.jpg/220px-Casuarina_glauca_new_growth_%2815816445868%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cones and samaras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Casuarina_glauca_seeds.jpg/220px-Casuarina_glauca_seeds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Australasian figbird roosting on the tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Australasian_figbird_in_Casuarina_glauca_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1130348.jpg/220px-Australasian_figbird_in_Casuarina_glauca_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1130348.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Cousin It' cultivar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Casuarina_glauca_%27Cousin_It%27.jpg/220px-Casuarina_glauca_%27Cousin_It%27.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Casuarina glauca\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/55978","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casuarina glauca\". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Casuarina%20glauca","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casuarina glauca prostrate forms\". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2005/casuarina-glauca.html","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca prostrate forms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens","url_text":"Australian National Botanic Gardens"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Karen; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. \"Casuarina glauca\". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Casuarina~glauca","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca\""}]},{"reference":"Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). Forest trees of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-643-06969-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q2v3kb9tFsYC&pg=PA82","url_text":"Forest trees of Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-06969-0","url_text":"0-643-06969-0"}]},{"reference":"Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7318-1031-7","url_text":"0-7318-1031-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Casuarina glauca\". APNI. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/458340","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca\""}]},{"reference":"Sprengel, Kurt P.J. (1826). Systema Vegetabilium. Vol. 3. Göttingen. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15254#page/804/mode/1up","url_text":"Systema Vegetabilium"}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 482. ISBN 0-85091-143-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85091-143-5","url_text":"0-85091-143-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Bli Bli (town) (entry 3174)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Bli_Bli_(town)&types=0&place=Bli_Bli_(town)3174","url_text":"\"Bli Bli (town) (entry 3174)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Bli Bli (locality) (entry 47165)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Bli_Bli_(locality)&types=0&place=Bli_Bli_(locality)47165","url_text":"\"Bli Bli (locality) (entry 47165)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Steane, Dorothy A.; Wilson, Karen L.; Hill, Robert S. (2003). \"Using matK sequence data to unravel the phylogeny of Casuarinaceae\" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (1): 47–59. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00028-9. PMID 12801471.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.utas.edu.au/3490/1/Acr664.pdf","url_text":"\"Using matK sequence data to unravel the phylogeny of Casuarinaceae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900028-9","url_text":"10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00028-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801471","url_text":"12801471"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1995). \"Ecology of Sydney plant species Part3: Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomat1aceae\". Cunninghamia. 4 (2): 269–270. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/271021#page/131/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Ecology of Sydney plant species Part3: Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomat1aceae\""}]},{"reference":"Laplaze, L.; Gherbi, H.; Frutz, T.; Pawlowski, K.; Franche, C.; Macheix, J. J.; Auguy, F.; Bogusz, D.; Duhoux, E. (2002). \"Flavan-Containing Cells Delimit Frankia Infected Compartments in Casuarina glauca Nodules\". Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture. Vol. 38. p. 455. doi:10.1007/0-306-47615-0_254. ISBN 0-7923-6233-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-47615-0_254","url_text":"10.1007/0-306-47615-0_254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6233-0","url_text":"0-7923-6233-0"}]},{"reference":"Jacobsen-Lyon, K.; Jensen, E.O.; Jørgensen, J.E.; Marcker, K.A.; Peacock, W.J.; Dennis, E.S. (1995). \"Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic hemoglobin genes of Casuarina glauca\". The Plant Cell. 7 (2): 213–23. doi:10.1105/tpc.7.2.213. PMC 160777. PMID 7756831.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC160777","url_text":"\"Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic hemoglobin genes of Casuarina glauca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.7.2.213","url_text":"10.1105/tpc.7.2.213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC160777","url_text":"160777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7756831","url_text":"7756831"}]},{"reference":"\"Biological control of Australian native Casuarina species in the USA\". Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605113952/http://www.csiro.au/science/ps334.html","url_text":"\"Biological control of Australian native Casuarina species in the USA\""},{"url":"http://www.csiro.au/science/ps334.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Peter J.; Allaway, W.G. (1996). \"Litterfall in Casuarina glauca Coastal Wetland Forests\" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 44 (4): 373–80. doi:10.1071/bt9960373. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820015056/http://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/35274/1996-clarke-allaway-aust-j-bot.pdf","url_text":"\"Litterfall in Casuarina glauca Coastal Wetland Forests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fbt9960373","url_text":"10.1071/bt9960373"},{"url":"http://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/35274/1996-clarke-allaway-aust-j-bot.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hornsby Shire Council. \"Casuarina glauca – Swamp Oak\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319104324/http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/media/documents/environment-and-waste/bushland-and-biodiversity/native-tree-database-fact-sheets/Fact-sheet-Casuarina-glauca-Swamp-Oak.pdf","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca – Swamp Oak\""},{"url":"http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/media/documents/environment-and-waste/bushland-and-biodiversity/native-tree-database-fact-sheets/Fact-sheet-Casuarina-glauca-Swamp-Oak.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines. Melbourne University Press. p. 306. ISBN 0-643-05007-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh0RYPeTOz8C&pg=PA306","url_text":"The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-05007-8","url_text":"0-643-05007-8"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Don. \"Casuarinas\". Burke's Backyard: Factsheets. CTC Productions. Retrieved 11 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Trees-and-Palms/Casuarinas/1338","url_text":"\"Casuarinas\""}]},{"reference":"Dept. Industry & Investment (1 November 2010). \"Swamp Oak or Swamp Sheoak\" (PDF). Paddock Plants Fact Sheets. New South Wales Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215002158/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/agriculture/resources/private-forestry/paddock-plants/Casuarina-glauca-Swamp-Sheoak.pdf","url_text":"\"Swamp Oak or Swamp Sheoak\""},{"url":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/agriculture/resources/private-forestry/paddock-plants/Casuarina-glauca-Swamp-Sheoak.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hitchcock, Bobbie (24 December 2015) [2005]. \"Casuarina glauca prostrate forms\". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2005/casuarina-glauca.html","url_text":"\"Casuarina glauca prostrate forms\""}]},{"reference":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. \"Growing Prostrate Casuarina Glauca Forms\". Gardening. State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 11 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Plants/Gardening/Growing-Prostrate-Casurina-Glauca-Forms","url_text":"\"Growing Prostrate Casuarina Glauca Forms\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_May_I

Miss May I

["1 History","1.1 Formation and early releases (2007–2013)","1.2 Recent work and lineup changes (2013–present)","2 Musical style and influences","3 Religious views","4 Members","5 Discography","5.1 Music videos","5.2 Collaborations","6 References","7 External links"]

American metalcore band Miss May IMiss May I in 2014. From left to right: BJ Stead, Justin Aufdemkampe, Levi Benton, Ryan Neff and Jerod BoydBackground informationAlso known asSaving Small Town, Day of the LocustsOriginTroy, Ohio, U.S.Genres Metalcore melodic metalcore Years active2007–presentLabels SharpTone Rise MembersLevi BentonJerod BoydRyan NeffElisha MullinsPast membersJosh GillespieB.J. SteadJustin AufdemkampeWebsitemissmayimusic.com Miss May I is an American metalcore band from Troy, Ohio. Formed in 2007, they signed to Rise Records in 2008 and released their debut album, Apologies Are for the Weak through the label while the members were still attending high school. The album reached 76 on the Billboard 200, No. 29 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers, and No. 66 on Top Independent Albums. The band has also had some of their material featured in big name productions; the song "Forgive and Forget" is featured on the Saw VI Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, and their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" is included in the video game Saints Row: The Third. The band had retained the same lineup since its formation until 2024 when guitarists B.J. Stead & Justin Aufdemkampe left the band, with the only exception being bassist Ryan Neff, who left the band in 2007 and rejoined in 2009. Miss May I released their second studio album, Monument, on August 16, 2010; their third album, At Heart, on June 12, 2012; their fourth, Rise of the Lion, on April 29, 2014; their fifth, Deathless, on August 7, 2015. On June 24, 2016, the band left Rise Records and signed with SharpTone Records. On June 2, 2017, they released their sixth studio album, Shadows Inside, their first under their new label. On September 2, 2022, Miss May I released Curse of Existence. History Formation and early releases (2007–2013) Miss May I was formed in 2007, in Troy, Ohio with the original members being Levi Benton, Justin Aufdemkampe, BJ Stead, Jerod Boyd, and Ryan Neff. Neff left in late 2007 to join Cincinnati band, Rose Funeral and was then replaced by Josh Gillespie. In late 2007, the band released a five-track EP titled Vows for a Massacre followed by their 2008 demo the next year, both of which were self-released. This demo contained 6 tracks, including "Architect" and "Tides", which would later on be featured in their first full-length album, Apologies Are for the Weak in 2009. It was after this release, that the band was signed onto Rise Records. According to the website of producer Joey Sturgis' Foundation Studios, the band had booked studio time in May 2010 to ostensibly record the follow-up to their debut album. According to Ryan Neff's Twitter, the new album would be released sometime in August along with a new music video. On June 11, 2010, Levi Benton announced that there would be a track on the new album called "Colossal" and that the album would be called Monument and confirmed its release to be on August 17 of that year. The artwork for it was also later revealed, featuring the iconic MMI Lion from the cover of the band's debut. On September 2, 2010, they released their music video for "Relentless Chaos" Directed by Thunder Down Country. In December 2010, they confirmed plans to appear at Warped Tour 2011. The album peaked at 10 on the Top Hard Rock Albums chart, 15 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and 31 on the Top Rock Albums chart. The band toured with Abandon All Ships, Sleeping with Sirens and Bury Tomorrow to support the album. The band appeared on the We Came as Romans Merchnow.com + Arkaik Clothing "I'm Alive" Tour (September - October 2011) with Close To Home, Of Mice & Men, and Texas in July. Following the "I'm Alive" Tour, the band co-headlined the 'No Guts No Glory' tour with Pierce the Veil, Woe, Is Me, and Letlive. The band also appeared on the 2011 Scream it Like you Mean it tour with We Came as Romans, The Word Alive and This or the Apocalypse. On March 8, 2012, the band announced that they had completed work on their new album, At Heart, and were set to release the album on May 29, 2012. To make last-minute changes, the band bumped back the release, to June 12, 2012. They released "Hey Mister" on May 3 on Rise Record's YouTube page. The band soon set out on tour with Whitechapel, After the Burial, The Plot in You, Rescued by a Sinking Ship, and Structures throughout March 2012, followed by a European tour with Parkway Drive, The Ghost Inside and Confession through April. The band also set out to tour with Whitechapel, The Ghost Inside, Within the Ruins and The Plot in You in the US during May 2012. The band played on Warped Tour in mid-2012. They supported Killswitch Engage for the United States Disarm the Descent tour in mid-2013 with others. Recent work and lineup changes (2013–present) On December 14, 2013, the band stated that they are looking for a fan to get a tattoo of their infamous lion design for the cover of their forthcoming album. On February 25, 2014, Rise of the Lion was announced as the title of the new album. The album was released on April 29, 2014. In January 2015, the band supported August Burns Red on the Frozen Flame Tour with Northlane, Fit for a King and Erra. The band recorded their fifth studio album with Joey Sturgis, who recorded the band's first two records. Deathless was released on August 7, 2015. The first single, "I.H.E.", was released on June 17, 2015. On July 29, 2015, the title track from Deathless was released as the second single for the album. On June 24, 2016 the band announced that they had left Rise Records and signed with SharpTone Records. The band enbarked on a headline North American tour in support of their sixth album, Shadows Inside, in 2017. That same year, they joined The Amity Affliction as a part of Motionless in White's "Graveyard Shift" tour. In 2018, they toured North America once again on the Gore Core Metal and More Tour, as support for Gwar and Hatebreed. In early 2019, the band supported August Burns Red on their Dangerous Tour. They played Monument in its entirety in mid-2019 in celebration of its nearing 10th-year anniversary, they co-headlined the tour with The Word Alive with support from After Life and Thousand Below. On September 2, 2022, the band released their seventh studio album, Curse of Existence. On May 31st, 2024 the band announced the departures of guitarists B.J. Stead and Justin Aufdemkampe. They were replaced with Elisha Mullins. Musical style and influences Miss May I's musical style has been described as metalcore or melodic metalcore, mixing melodic death metal and thrash metal riffs with hardcore punk. Almost all of their recorded songs feature both unclean vocals, provided by the band's lead vocalist Levi Benton, and clean vocals, provided by their bassist Ryan Neff (and formerly Josh Gillespie), in similar fashion to many other melodic metalcore bands. The band has stated their main influences are: Metallica, Pantera, Deftones, Unearth, White Zombie, Gojira, As Blood Runs Black, All Shall Perish, As I Lay Dying, Arch Enemy, Killswitch Engage, Lamb of God, Atreyu, Underoath, All That Remains, In Flames, Five Finger Death Punch, Avenged Sevenfold, The Black Dahlia Murder, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Darkest Hour, Bleeding Through, Trivium, Winter Solstice, Bring Me the Horizon, Anti-Flag, Parkway Drive, and It Dies Today. In an interview with Guitar World, the band discussed how their influences have changed over the years. Guitarist Justin Aufdemkampe said he started by covering basic blues, then moved to pop punk by covering Blink-182, and Green Day, then eventually learned lead guitar by listening to and copying his dad's Stevie Ray Vaughan records. In the 10th grade, Justin started learning Taking Back Sunday, Underoath and Avenged Sevenfold songs. However, once he saw Atreyu at Warped Tour, his taste in music abruptly shifted. He then discovered As I Lay Dying, All That Remains and Darkest Hour, and began writing fast, aggressive originals. According to bassist Ryan Neff, his influences are: Unearth, Deftones, Pantera, As I Lay Dying, Darkest Hour, Underoath, As Cities Burn, August Burns Red, the Bled, the Color Morale, Florence and the Machine, Marilyn Manson, A Perfect Circle, Nine Inch Nails, Oceana, Pierce the Veil, PMtoday, Saosin, and Tool. In an interview with Alternative Press, Ryan said his favorite band of all time is White Zombie. Guitarist B.J. Stead stated "I had been playing guitar for years, but not much metal. I mostly listen to Pink Floyd and straight rock." In an interview with Alternative Press, it was said that B.J.'s favorite band is Iron Maiden. The band has stated on their influences: Basically, any metal-core band that doesn't have keyboards and who aren't fake guys who just play instruments. We're trying to be as old school as possible, as it's been working out. So I'm happy with that. In an interview with WIDB, Levi stated on behalf of his biggest musical influences: "As I Lay Dying is definitely the biggest one that really sets Miss May I where we are. We like a lot of All That Remains, Unearth, Darkest Hour and, recently, In Flames. This is weird, because it’s not really the thing that everyone would say, but we're really interested in Five Finger Death Punch. We’ve been researching how they do everything because their story’s really cool. But As I Lay Dying and All That Remains are probably the biggest ones, along with Killswitch Engage" Levi has stated his "dream tour" would be Lamb of God, As I Lay Dying, It Dies Today, and Atreyu. In another interview, Levi Benton stated that he tries to make inspirational music rather than angry music. Through this, he uses his contemporary R&B influences such as Justin Timberlake, Jamie Foxx, and Usher. He also openly admits he listens to a lot of hip hop. His favorite artists are Dr. Dre, Yelawolf, Savage, Jay Z, and Eminem. The band has covered the song "Run This Town" by Jay Z featuring Kanye West and Rihanna for the Punk Goes Pop 3 album. Religious views In an interview with Dayton Daily News writer Madeline Bush, when asked what they thought their music conveyed, Benton replied: "We have been asked a lot if we are a Christian band due to our lyrics. And the answer to that is no, but some of us are Christians and others are not. But myself as a Christian, I try and not put the wrong negative message out in our lyrics. Most of what we stand for is just a band that plays for the crowd to be happy, and to love what we are doing as much as we do." Members Miss May I, live at With Full Force 2018 Vocalist Levi Benton former Lead guitarist B.J. Stead former Rhythm guitarist Justin Aufdemkampe Bassist and vocalist Ryan Neff Drummer Jerod Boyd Current Levi Benton – unclean vocals (2006–present) Jerod Boyd – drums, percussion (2006–present) Ryan Neff – bass, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present) Elisha Mullins – lead guitar (2024–present; live member 2022–2024) Former Josh Gillespie – bass, clean vocals (2007–2009) B.J. Stead – lead guitar (2006–2024); backing vocals (2014–2024) Justin Aufdemkampe – rhythm guitar (2006–2024); backing vocals (2014–2024) Discography Albums Year Album Label Chart peaks US USRock USIndie US HardRock 2009 Apologies Are for the Weak Rise — — 66 — 2010 Monument 76 31 15 10 2012 At Heart 32 12 5 3 2014 Rise of the Lion 21 6 4 2 2015 Deathless 49 5 4 2 2017 Shadows Inside SharpTone 176 37 6 6 2022 Curse of Existence — — — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Other releases Vows for a Massacre (self-released EP; 2007) Demo 2008 (self-released demo; 2008) Music videos This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Song Director 2009 "Architect" (demo version) Thunder Down Country "Forgive and Forget" Spencer Nicholson "Forgive and Forget (Saw VI Soundtrack)" 2010 "Relentless Chaos" Thunder Down Country "Our Kings" 2011 "Masses of a Dying Breed" "Relentless Chaos (Live)" Cole Dabney 2012 "Hey Mister" Thunder Down Country "Day By Day" "Ballad of a Broken Man" Unknown 2014 "Gone" Brad Golowin "Echoes" "You Want Me" Unknown "Hero with No Name" Unknown 2015 "I.H.E." Max Moore "Deathless" "Turn Back the Time" Unknown 2017 "Lost in the Grey" Ramon Boutviseth "Shadows Inside" Unknown 2018 "Under Fire" Nadeem A. Salam 2022 "Unconquered" JOSIAHx "Bleed Together" "Earth Shaker" "Free Fall" Collaborations Year Song Album Artist 2010 "2012" (featuring Levi Benton) Deceiver The Word Alive 2011 "Napalm" (featuring Levi Benton) Conviction The Crimson Armada 2011 "Set in Stone" (featuring Levi Benton) The End of Times EP Ludlow Falls 2011 "Growing, Caving, Searching, Sinking" (featuring Ryan Neff) Echoes & Answers From Atlantis 2014 "The Void" (featuring Levi Benton) Bloodwork Texas in July 2016 "Stacking Bodies" (featuring Levi Benton) Deathgrip Fit for a King 2018 "Everything" (featuring Levi Benton) Persevere Sink the Ship "Paradigm Shift" (featuring Levi Benton) Single Classic Jack 2019 "An Eye for a Lie" (featuring Levi Benton) Reborn EP Out Last References ^ "Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube". August 14, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2024. ^ "Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube". August 14, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2024. ^ "Miss May I | Info". Facebook. Retrieved May 14, 2014. ^ a b c d e f "Miss May I". AllMusic. ^ a b "indiestar.tv". indiestar.tv. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Saw VI Soundtrack Final Lineup Revealed". Metal Underground. September 14, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2009. ^ a b "SharpTone Records Opens With Attila, Miss May I & We Came as Romans on Roster". Billboard. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016. ^ "Miss May I - Awards". AllMusic. ^ "We Came As Romans Official Website". Wecameasromans.com. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "Takeover Studio". Takeover Studio. ^ "Pierce The Veil and Miss May I No Guts, No Glory Tour ::Pierce The Veil News ::antiMusic.com". Retrieved March 22, 2015. ^ "Miss May I announce new album, "At Heart" through Rise Records". Alternative Press. March 8, 2012. ^ "MISS MAY I 'AT HEART' ALBUM GETS BUMPED BACK TO JUNE RELEASE DATE". SMNNews. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012. ^ "Miss May I announce new album, "At Heart"". Alternative Press. March 8, 2012. ^ "Miss May I post second Warped Tour video update". Alternative Press. July 10, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2015. ^ "AS I LAY DYING Officially Drop Off KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Tour; DARKEST HOUR & THE WORD ALIVE Hop On". Metal Injection. May 16, 2013. ^ "Miss May I Looking To Tattoo Fan For Their New Album's Cover Art | Theprp.com – Metal, Hardcore And Rock News, Reviews And More". Theprp.com. December 14, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "August Burns Red announce winter headlining tour with Miss May I, Northlane, Erra". Alternative Press. October 21, 2014. ^ "Miss May I Finish Recording New Album | Theprp.com – Metal And Hardcore News Plus Reviews And More". Theprp.com. April 30, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015. ^ "MISS MAY I To Release 'Deathless' Album in August". Blabbermouth.net. June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015. ^ "SharpTone Records launches, signs Attila, Miss May I, more". Lambgoat. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016. ^ Bowar, Chad. "Miss May I to Embark on Summer 2017 North American Tour". Loudwire. ^ "Motionless In White, Amity Affliction, Miss May I tour". Lambgoat. July 24, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2024. ^ Childers, Chad. "GWAR + Hatebreed Bring 'Gore, Core, Metal + More' on Tour". Loudwire. ^ "August Burns Red announce 2019 North American tour, unveil "Dangerous" music video". October 31, 2018. ^ "MISS MAY I To Perform Monument in Its Entirety on Summer Tour". Metal Injection. May 7, 2019. ^ "Miss May I announce new album 'Curse of Existence'". Lambgoat. May 24, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022. ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/C7oqupCsToC/?igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== ^ "Articles - DAILY RECORD: Miss May I - RVA Magazine - Richmond, VA". RVA Magazine. October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2015. ^ Li, Botong. "Miss May I Apologies Are for the Weak review". Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Botong, Li. "Miss May I Monument review". Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ "Miss May I: 'Gone' Video Released". Blabbermouth.net. February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Monaghan, Steve (May 20, 2017). "Interview: Levi Benton – Miss May I". The Rockpit. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ Imy Thomson (March 11, 2013). "Music - Interview: Miss May I". SHUMedia. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ a b c d e "Interview: Miss May I on Their New Album, 'At Heart'". Guitar World. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ a b "WIDB Interview with Levi Benton of Miss May I". WIDB.net. February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Affliction Blog (November 18, 2013). "Affliction Sits Down with Miss May I". Blog.afflictionclothing.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ a b "This Is: Levi Benton of Miss May I". Plugdinmagazine.com. December 7, 2010. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Sergeant D (July 6, 2010). "MISS MAY I DOES NOT MOSH 4 CHRIST". MetalSucks. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "Miss May I on Tone Deaf - The Home of Australian Music". Tonedeaf.com.au. November 7, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ a b "Photographer Barrett Bailey interviews Levi Benton". Thewellzstreetjournal.tumblr.com. November 11, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "Q&A: Miss May I's Ryan Neff - Legends Arising". Legends Arising. November 3, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2015. ^ "Ryan Neff". Facebook. Retrieved March 22, 2015. ^ a b Archived March 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Miss May I on Monument Re-Release, R&B Influences - Video | The Loop". Video.theloop.ca. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Iann Robinson (June 12, 2012). "Interview: Levi Benton of Miss May I". CraveOnline. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "Miss May I - Swing (Savage cover) Lyrics". SongMeanings. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "Miss May I's Levi Benton Lists His 10 Favorite Recent Hip Hop Albums". Noisecreep.com. May 1, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ "Alternative Press". Alternative Press. October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Bush, Madeline (August 13, 2009). "Miss May I set the record straight on its name and image". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ Apologies Are for the Weak - Miss May I | Billboard.com ^ "The Word Alive - "2012" Official Music Video". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Ludlow Falls Set in Stone (ft. Levi Benton)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "From Atlantis - Growing, Caving, Searching, Sinking (ft. Ryan Neff of Miss May I)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "05 Texas in July - The Void". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Fit for a King - Stacking Bodies (feat. Levi Benton)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Sink The Ship - Everything Feat. Levi Benton (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Classic Jack - Paradigm Shift (feat. Levi Benton)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Out Last - An Eye for a Lie (Ft. Levi Benton of Miss May I)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. External links Official website vteMiss May I Levi Benton B.J. Stead Justin Aufdemkampe Jerod Boyd Ryan Neff Josh Gillespie Studio albums Apologies Are for the Weak (2009) Monument (2010) At Heart (2012) Rise of the Lion (2014) Deathless (2015) Shadows Inside (2017) Curse of Existence (2022) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz

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Formed in 2007,[3] they signed to Rise Records in 2008 and released their debut album, Apologies Are for the Weak through the label while the members were still attending high school. The album reached 76 on the Billboard 200,[4] No. 29 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers, and No. 66 on Top Independent Albums.[5] The band has also had some of their material featured in big name productions; the song \"Forgive and Forget\" is featured on the Saw VI Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, and their song \"Apologies Are for the Weak\" is included in the video game Saints Row: The Third.[6]The band had retained the same lineup since its formation until 2024 when guitarists B.J. Stead & Justin Aufdemkampe left the band, with the only exception being bassist Ryan Neff, who left the band in 2007 and rejoined in 2009. Miss May I released their second studio album, Monument, on August 16, 2010; their third album, At Heart, on June 12, 2012; their fourth, Rise of the Lion, on April 29, 2014; their fifth, Deathless, on August 7, 2015. On June 24, 2016, the band left Rise Records and signed with SharpTone Records.[7] On June 2, 2017, they released their sixth studio album, Shadows Inside, their first under their new label. On September 2, 2022, Miss May I released Curse of Existence.","title":"Miss May I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Apologies Are for the Weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologies_Are_for_the_Weak"},{"link_name":"Rise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_(Miss_May_I_album)"},{"link_name":"Warped Tour 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour_2011"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Abandon All Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandon_All_Ships"},{"link_name":"Sleeping with Sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_with_Sirens"},{"link_name":"Bury Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"We Came as Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Came_as_Romans"},{"link_name":"Close To Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Home_(band)"},{"link_name":"Of Mice & Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_%26_Men_(band)"},{"link_name":"Texas in July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_in_July"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pierce the Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_the_Veil"},{"link_name":"Woe, Is Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woe,_Is_Me"},{"link_name":"Letlive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlive"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Word Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_Alive"},{"link_name":"This or the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_or_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"At Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Heart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_(band)"},{"link_name":"After the Burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Burial"},{"link_name":"The Plot in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plot_in_You"},{"link_name":"Parkway Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Drive"},{"link_name":"The Ghost Inside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_Inside_(band)"},{"link_name":"Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(band)"},{"link_name":"Within the Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_the_Ruins"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Killswitch Engage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killswitch_Engage"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early releases (2007–2013)","text":"Miss May I was formed in 2007, in Troy, Ohio with the original members being Levi Benton, Justin Aufdemkampe, BJ Stead, Jerod Boyd, and Ryan Neff.[4] Neff left in late 2007 to join Cincinnati band, Rose Funeral and was then replaced by Josh Gillespie.[citation needed]In late 2007, the band released a five-track EP titled Vows for a Massacre followed by their 2008 demo the next year, both of which were self-released. This demo contained 6 tracks, including \"Architect\" and \"Tides\", which would later on be featured in their first full-length album, Apologies Are for the Weak in 2009. It was after this release, that the band was signed onto Rise Records.[4]According to the website of producer Joey Sturgis' Foundation Studios, the band had booked studio time in May 2010 to ostensibly record the follow-up to their debut album.[4] According to Ryan Neff's Twitter, the new album would be released sometime in August along with a new music video.On June 11, 2010, Levi Benton announced that there would be a track on the new album called \"Colossal\" and that the album would be called Monument and confirmed its release to be on August 17 of that year. The artwork for it was also later revealed, featuring the iconic MMI Lion from the cover of the band's debut. On September 2, 2010, they released their music video for \"Relentless Chaos\" Directed by Thunder Down Country. In December 2010, they confirmed plans to appear at Warped Tour 2011.[4] The album peaked at 10 on the Top Hard Rock Albums chart, 15 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and 31 on the Top Rock Albums chart.[8] The band toured with Abandon All Ships, Sleeping with Sirens and Bury Tomorrow to support the album.The band appeared on the We Came as Romans Merchnow.com + Arkaik Clothing \"I'm Alive\" Tour (September - October 2011) with Close To Home, Of Mice & Men, and Texas in July.[9][10] \nFollowing the \"I'm Alive\" Tour, the band co-headlined the 'No Guts No Glory' tour with Pierce the Veil, Woe, Is Me, and Letlive.[11] The band also appeared on the 2011 Scream it Like you Mean it tour with We Came as Romans, The Word Alive and This or the Apocalypse.On March 8, 2012, the band announced that they had completed work on their new album, At Heart, and were set to release the album on May 29, 2012.[12] To make last-minute changes, the band bumped back the release, to June 12, 2012.[13] They released \"Hey Mister\" on May 3 on Rise Record's YouTube page.The band soon set out on tour with Whitechapel, After the Burial, The Plot in You, Rescued by a Sinking Ship, and Structures throughout March 2012, followed by a European tour with Parkway Drive, The Ghost Inside and Confession through April. The band also set out to tour with Whitechapel, The Ghost Inside, Within the Ruins and The Plot in You in the US during May 2012.[14] The band played on Warped Tour in mid-2012.[15] They supported Killswitch Engage for the United States Disarm the Descent tour in mid-2013 with others.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rise of the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"August Burns Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Burns_Red"},{"link_name":"Northlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northlane"},{"link_name":"Fit for a King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fit_for_a_King_(band)"},{"link_name":"Erra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erra_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Joey Sturgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Sturgis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Deathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathless_(Miss_May_I_album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Records"},{"link_name":"SharpTone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharpTone_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Shadows Inside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_Inside"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Amity Affliction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction"},{"link_name":"Motionless in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motionless_in_White"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwar"},{"link_name":"Hatebreed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatebreed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Word Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_Alive"},{"link_name":"Thousand Below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Below"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Curse of Existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_Existence"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Recent work and lineup changes (2013–present)","text":"On December 14, 2013, the band stated that they are looking for a fan to get a tattoo of their infamous lion design for the cover of their forthcoming album.[17] On February 25, 2014, Rise of the Lion was announced as the title of the new album. The album was released on April 29, 2014.In January 2015, the band supported August Burns Red on the Frozen Flame Tour with Northlane, Fit for a King and Erra.[18]The band recorded their fifth studio album with Joey Sturgis, who recorded the band's first two records.[19] Deathless was released on August 7, 2015.[20] The first single, \"I.H.E.\", was released on June 17, 2015. On July 29, 2015, the title track from Deathless was released as the second single for the album.On June 24, 2016 the band announced that they had left Rise Records and signed with SharpTone Records.[7][21]The band enbarked on a headline North American tour in support of their sixth album, Shadows Inside, in 2017.[22] That same year, they joined The Amity Affliction as a part of Motionless in White's \"Graveyard Shift\" tour.[23] In 2018, they toured North America once again on the Gore Core Metal and More Tour, as support for Gwar and Hatebreed.[24] In early 2019, the band supported August Burns Red on their Dangerous Tour.[25] They played Monument in its entirety in mid-2019 in celebration of its nearing 10th-year anniversary, they co-headlined the tour with The Word Alive with support from After Life and Thousand Below.[26]On September 2, 2022, the band released their seventh studio album, Curse of Existence.[27]On May 31st, 2024 the band announced the departures of guitarists B.J. Stead and\nJustin Aufdemkampe.[28] They were replaced with Elisha Mullins.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"melodic metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_metalcore"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"melodic death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_death_metal"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"unclean vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_vocals"},{"link_name":"lead vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"bassist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassist"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Pantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantera"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"Unearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unearth"},{"link_name":"White Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gojira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_(band)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"As Blood Runs Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Blood_Runs_Black"},{"link_name":"All Shall Perish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Shall_Perish"},{"link_name":"As I Lay Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying_(band)"},{"link_name":"Arch Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Killswitch Engage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killswitch_Engage"},{"link_name":"Lamb of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Of_God_(band)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Atreyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyu_(band)"},{"link_name":"Underoath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underoath"},{"link_name":"All That Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_Remains_(band)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld1-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-36"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"Five Finger Death Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Finger_Death_Punch"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Avenged Sevenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold"},{"link_name":"The Black Dahlia Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Dahlia_Murder_(band)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld1-35"},{"link_name":"Thirty Seconds to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars"},{"link_name":"Darkest Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(band)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plugdinmagazine1-38"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Through"},{"link_name":"Trivium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(band)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bring Me the Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon"},{"link_name":"Anti-Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Flag"},{"link_name":"Parkway Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Drive"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"It Dies Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Dies_Today"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tumblr1-41"},{"link_name":"Guitar World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"Blink-182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"Stevie Ray Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld1-35"},{"link_name":"Taking Back Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld1-35"},{"link_name":"Unearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unearth"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"As Cities Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Cities_Burn"},{"link_name":"August Burns Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Burns_Red"},{"link_name":"the Bled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bled"},{"link_name":"the Color Morale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_Morale"},{"link_name":"Florence and the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)"},{"link_name":"A Perfect Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Perfect_Circle"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Oceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pierce the Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_the_Veil"},{"link_name":"PMtoday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMtoday"},{"link_name":"Saosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saosin"},{"link_name":"Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_(band)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whatissogreataboutflorida.com-44"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld1-35"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whatissogreataboutflorida.com-44"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plugdinmagazine1-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tumblr1-41"},{"link_name":"contemporary R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Yelawolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelawolf"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Jay Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Z"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Run This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Punk Goes Pop 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_Goes_Pop_3"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Miss May I's musical style has been described as metalcore[4] or melodic metalcore,[29] mixing melodic death metal and thrash metal riffs with hardcore punk.[30][31] Almost all of their recorded songs feature both unclean vocals, provided by the band's lead vocalist Levi Benton, and clean vocals, provided by their bassist Ryan Neff (and formerly Josh Gillespie), in similar fashion to many other melodic metalcore bands.The band has stated their main influences are: Metallica, Pantera, Deftones, Unearth, White Zombie,[32] Gojira,[33] As Blood Runs Black, All Shall Perish, As I Lay Dying, Arch Enemy, Killswitch Engage, Lamb of God,[34] Atreyu, Underoath, All That Remains,[35][36] In Flames, Five Finger Death Punch,[37] Avenged Sevenfold, The Black Dahlia Murder,[35] Thirty Seconds to Mars, Darkest Hour,[38] Bleeding Through, Trivium, Winter Solstice,[39] Bring Me the Horizon, Anti-Flag, Parkway Drive,[40] and It Dies Today.[41]In an interview with Guitar World, the band discussed how their influences have changed over the years. Guitarist Justin Aufdemkampe said he started by covering basic blues, then moved to pop punk by covering Blink-182, and Green Day, then eventually learned lead guitar by listening to and copying his dad's Stevie Ray Vaughan records.[35] In the 10th grade, Justin started learning Taking Back Sunday, Underoath and Avenged Sevenfold songs. However, once he saw Atreyu at Warped Tour, his taste in music abruptly shifted. He then discovered As I Lay Dying, All That Remains and Darkest Hour, and began writing fast, aggressive originals.[35]According to bassist Ryan Neff, his influences are: Unearth,[42] Deftones, Pantera, As I Lay Dying, Darkest Hour, Underoath, As Cities Burn, August Burns Red, the Bled, the Color Morale, Florence and the Machine, Marilyn Manson, A Perfect Circle, Nine Inch Nails, Oceana, Pierce the Veil, PMtoday, Saosin, and Tool.[43][non-primary source needed] In an interview with Alternative Press, Ryan said his favorite band of all time is White Zombie.[44]Guitarist B.J. Stead stated \"I had been playing guitar for years, but not much metal. I mostly listen to Pink Floyd and straight rock.\"[35] In an interview with Alternative Press, it was said that B.J.'s favorite band is Iron Maiden.[44]The band has stated on their influences:Basically, any metal-core band that doesn't have keyboards and who aren't fake guys who just play instruments. We're trying to be as old school as possible, as it's been working out. So I'm happy with that.[38]In an interview with WIDB, Levi stated on behalf of his biggest musical influences: \"As I Lay Dying is definitely the biggest one that really sets Miss May I where we are. We like a lot of All That Remains, Unearth, Darkest Hour and, recently, In Flames. This is weird, because it’s not really the thing that everyone would say, but we're really interested in Five Finger Death Punch. We’ve been researching how they do everything because their story’s really cool. But As I Lay Dying and All That Remains are probably the biggest ones, along with Killswitch Engage\"[36] Levi has stated his \"dream tour\" would be Lamb of God, As I Lay Dying, It Dies Today, and Atreyu.[41]In another interview, Levi Benton stated that he tries to make inspirational music rather than angry music. Through this, he uses his contemporary R&B influences such as Justin Timberlake, Jamie Foxx, and Usher.[45] He also openly admits he listens to a lot of hip hop. His favorite artists are Dr. Dre, Yelawolf,[46] Savage,[47] Jay Z, and Eminem.[48] The band has covered the song \"Run This Town\" by Jay Z featuring Kanye West and Rihanna for the Punk Goes Pop 3 album.[49]","title":"Musical style and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayton Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"}],"text":"In an interview with Dayton Daily News writer Madeline Bush,[50] when asked what they thought their music conveyed, Benton replied:\"We have been asked a lot if we are a Christian band due to our lyrics. And the answer to that is no, but some of us are Christians and others are not. But myself as a Christian, I try and not put the wrong negative message out in our lyrics. Most of what we stand for is just a band that plays for the crowd to be happy, and to love what we are doing as much as we do.\"","title":"Religious views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"With Full Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Full_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_May_I_With_Full_Force_2018_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_May_I_With_Full_Force_2018_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_May_I_With_Full_Force_2018_13.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_May_I_With_Full_Force_2018_12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_May_I_With_Full_Force_2018_20.jpg"}],"text":"Miss May I, live at With Full Force 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVocalist Levi Benton\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tformer Lead guitarist B.J. Stead\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tformer Rhythm guitarist Justin Aufdemkampe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBassist and vocalist Ryan Neff\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrummer Jerod BoydCurrent\n\nLevi Benton – unclean vocals (2006–present)\nJerod Boyd – drums, percussion (2006–present)\nRyan Neff – bass, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)\nElisha Mullins – lead guitar (2024–present; live member 2022–2024)Former\n\nJosh Gillespie – bass, clean vocals (2007–2009)\nB.J. Stead – lead guitar (2006–2024); backing vocals (2014–2024)\nJustin Aufdemkampe – rhythm guitar (2006–2024); backing vocals (2014–2024)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AlbumsOther releasesVows for a Massacre (self-released EP; 2007)\nDemo 2008 (self-released demo; 2008)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collaborations","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube\". August 14, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=GVl_XzzvVQg?si=fZ21DQLF-ECdVq54&t=670","url_text":"\"Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube\". August 14, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=GVl_XzzvVQg?si=fZ21DQLF-ECdVq54&t=1121","url_text":"\"Line Check #11: Jerod Boyd of Miss May I - Wyatt Stav on YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss May I | Info\". Facebook. Retrieved May 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MissMayIMusic/info","url_text":"\"Miss May I | Info\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss May I\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/miss-may-i-mn0002022971","url_text":"\"Miss May I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"indiestar.tv\". indiestar.tv. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090813151623/http://www.indiestar.tv/grafwall/2009/07/miss-may-i-debut-29-on-billboard.html","url_text":"\"indiestar.tv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saw VI Soundtrack Final Lineup Revealed\". Metal Underground. September 14, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=48267","url_text":"\"Saw VI Soundtrack Final Lineup Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"SharpTone Records Opens With Attila, Miss May I & We Came as Romans on Roster\". Billboard. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7415658/sharptone-records-attila-miss-may-i-we-came-as-romans","url_text":"\"SharpTone Records Opens With Attila, Miss May I & We Came as Romans on Roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss May I - Awards\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/miss-may-i-mn0002022971/awards","url_text":"\"Miss May I - Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"We Came As Romans Official Website\". Wecameasromans.com. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://wecameasromans.com/","url_text":"\"We Came As Romans Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takeover Studio\". 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Loudwire.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/gwar-hatebreed-gore-core-metal-more-tour/","url_text":"\"GWAR + Hatebreed Bring 'Gore, Core, Metal + More' on Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"August Burns Red announce 2019 North American tour, unveil \"Dangerous\" music video\". October 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2018/10/august-burns-red-2019-tour-dangerous-music-video/","url_text":"\"August Burns Red announce 2019 North American tour, unveil \"Dangerous\" music video\""}]},{"reference":"\"MISS MAY I To Perform Monument in Its Entirety on Summer Tour\". Metal Injection. May 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/tour-dates/miss-may-i-to-perform-monument-in-its-entirety-on-summer-tour","url_text":"\"MISS MAY I To Perform Monument in Its Entirety on Summer Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss May I announce new album 'Curse of Existence'\". Lambgoat. May 24, 2022. 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Retrieved March 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/stream_punk_goes_pop_vol._3","url_text":"\"Alternative Press\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Madeline (August 13, 2009). \"Miss May I set the record straight on its name and image\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.daytondailynews.com/entertainment/music/miss-may-i-sets-the-record-straight-on-its-name-and-image-248250.html?printArticle=y","url_text":"\"Miss May I set the record straight on its name and image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Word Alive - \"2012\" Official Music Video\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiRs0NH0j40","url_text":"\"The Word Alive - \"2012\" Official Music Video\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UiRs0NH0j40","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ludlow Falls Set in Stone (ft. Levi Benton)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PM7KIVvwEU","url_text":"\"Ludlow Falls Set in Stone (ft. Levi Benton)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1PM7KIVvwEU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"From Atlantis - Growing, Caving, Searching, Sinking (ft. Ryan Neff of Miss May I)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-ztfQcDxuU","url_text":"\"From Atlantis - Growing, Caving, Searching, Sinking (ft. Ryan Neff of Miss May I)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/O-ztfQcDxuU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"05 Texas in July - The Void\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8UAb6pCD1o","url_text":"\"05 Texas in July - The Void\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/L8UAb6pCD1o","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fit for a King - Stacking Bodies (feat. Levi Benton)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTzeUXA5894","url_text":"\"Fit for a King - Stacking Bodies (feat. Levi Benton)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QTzeUXA5894","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sink The Ship - Everything Feat. Levi Benton (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFrBKDOkJBY","url_text":"\"Sink The Ship - Everything Feat. Levi Benton (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vFrBKDOkJBY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Jack - Paradigm Shift (feat. Levi Benton)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz6IM9Gf4lI","url_text":"\"Classic Jack - Paradigm Shift (feat. Levi Benton)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gz6IM9Gf4lI","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Out Last - An Eye for a Lie (Ft. Levi Benton of Miss May I)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ggLKhQEMTQ","url_text":"\"Out Last - An Eye for a Lie (Ft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Walter%27s_Doghouse

Uncle Walter's Doghouse

["1 References"]

Uncle Walter's Doghouse was a radio situation comedy and musical variety program broadcast on NBC from May 2, 1939, to July 8, 1942. The series was sponsored by Raleigh Cigarettes. The host of the series was Tom Wallace who portrayed Uncle Walter. Charles Penman, Kathryn Card and Beryl Vaughn appeared in the roles of father, mother and daughter in The Wiggins Family comedy segments. Gordon and Bud Vandover appeared with Marlin Hurt as the Tom, Dick and Harry vocal trio. Music was provided by the orchestras of Phil Davis and Bob Strong. In 1939-41 shows, Virginia Verrill was the vocalist with the Doghouse Chorus and Charles Lyon announcing. In 1941–42, the featured vocalist was Mary Ann Mercer with Bill Demling and Florence Gill. References ^ a b c d Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 690. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-10-10.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathryn Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Card"},{"link_name":"Marlin Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Hurt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia Verrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Verrill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning-1"},{"link_name":"Florence Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Gill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning-1"}],"text":"The host of the series was Tom Wallace who portrayed Uncle Walter. Charles Penman, Kathryn Card and Beryl Vaughn appeared in the roles of father, mother and daughter in The Wiggins Family comedy segments. Gordon and Bud Vandover appeared with Marlin Hurt as the Tom, Dick and Harry vocal trio. Music was provided by the orchestras of Phil Davis and Bob Strong.[1]In 1939-41 shows, Virginia Verrill was the vocalist with the Doghouse Chorus and Charles Lyon announcing.[1]In 1941–42, the featured vocalist was Mary Ann Mercer with Bill Demling and Florence Gill.[1]","title":"Uncle Walter's Doghouse"}]

[]

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