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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_methacrylate

Ethyl methacrylate

["1 Environmental issues and health hazards","2 See also","3 References"]

Organic compound Ethyl methacrylate Names Preferred IUPAC name Ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Other names Ethyl 2-methylpropenoate, Acryester E, Acryester BMA Identifiers CAS Number 97-63-2 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL3182984 ChemSpider 7066 ECHA InfoCard 100.002.362 EC Number 202-597-5 PubChem CID 7343 RTECS number OZ4550000 UNII 80F70CLT4O UN number 2277 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1025308 InChI InChI=1S/C6H10O2/c1-4-8-6(7)5(2)3/h2,4H2,1,3H3Key: SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CCOC(=O)C(=C)C Properties Chemical formula C6H10O2 Molar mass 114.144 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless liquid Density 0.9135 g/cm3 Boiling point 117 °C (243 °F; 390 K) Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H225, H315, H317, H319, H335 Precautionary statements P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 2 3 2 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Ethyl methacrylate is the organic compound with the formula C2H5O2CC(CH3)=CH2. A colorless liquid, it is a common monomer for the preparation of acrylate polymers. It is typically polymerized under free-radical conditions. Ethyl methacrylate was first obtained by treating ethyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate with phosphorus pentachloride in an apparent dehydration reaction. Environmental issues and health hazards The related methyl and butyl methacrylates have respective acute LD50s 10 and 20 g/kg (oral, rat); a linear extrapolation suggests that ethyl methacrylate would have LD50 approximately 13 g/kg. Acrylate esters irritate the eyes and can cause blindness. See also Methyl methacrylate Butyl methacrylate References ^ a b c Bauer, Jr., William (2002). "Methacrylic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_441. ISBN 978-3527306732.. ^ Granel, C.; Dubois, Ph.; Jérôme, R.; Teyssié, Ph. (1996). "Controlled Radical Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers in the Presence of a Bis(ortho-chelated) Arylnickel(II) Complex and Different Activated Alkyl Halides". Macromolecules. 29 (27): 8576–8582. Bibcode:1996MaMol..29.8576G. doi:10.1021/ma9608380. ^ E. Frankland, B. F. Duppa (1865). "Untersuchungen über Säuren aus der Acrylsäure-Reihe; 1) Umwandlung der Säuren aus der Milchsäure-Reihe in die der Acrylsäure-Reihe". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 136: 12. doi:10.1002/jlac.18651360102.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Donati

Tyler Donati

["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]

Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Tyler Donati Born (1986-10-17) October 17, 1986 (age 37)Oakville, Ontario, CanadaHeight 5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight 182 lb (83 kg; 13 st 0 lb)Position Right WingShoots LeftACH teamFormer teams Stoney Creek GeneralsBrampton BeastBinghamton SenatorsPhiladelphia PhantomsHartford Wolf PackConnecticut WhaleVålerengaHC TWK InnsbruckNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 2006–present Tyler Donati (born October 17, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right wing, who last played for the Brampton Beast of the ECHL. Tyler is the identical twin of hockey player Justin Donati, and is older than Justin by just 7 minutes. Though neither brother has been drafted, both attended the Detroit Red Wings rookie camp in 2006. Playing career On January 8, 2005 Tyler, along with brother Justin, was acquired from the Oshawa Generals to the Toronto St. Michael's Majors for Cal Clutterbuck. Tyler played alongside of Justin on the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the OHL, but this was ended when Tyler was traded to the Belleville Bulls. Tyler and his brother both attended the Detroit Red Wings rookie camp as non-draft invitees in August/September 2006 and played well, both producing points regularly throughout the tournament games. His 2010-11 season with the Elmira Jackals was cut short after being side-lined due to shoulder surgery. On May 23, 2012, Donati left for Europe to join Vålerenga Ishockey of the GET-ligaen in Oslo, Norway. After two seasons abroad, Donati returned to his home province of Ontario, in signing a one-year deal with the Brampton Beast of the ECHL on September 15, 2014. Personal life Tyler and his brother Justin were actively involved in the Points for Cancer fund, with money for each point either Donati scores being matched by their respective hockey clubs and going towards research to find a cure for ovarian cancer. They joined this organization because their mother Corinne was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2003. Following their mother's death in July 2006, the brothers continue Points for Cancer fundraising in her name. Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2002–03 Burlington Cougars OPJHL 46 19 15 34 4 — — — — — 2003–04 Oshawa Generals OHL 65 20 36 56 25 7 1 2 3 2 2004–05 Oshawa Generals OHL 25 12 14 26 18 — — — — — 2004–05 Toronto St. Michael's Majors OHL 28 9 8 17 12 10 2 5 7 0 2005–06 Toronto St. Michael's Majors OHL 68 36 36 72 50 4 1 2 3 2 2005–06 Motor City Mechanics UHL 4 0 1 1 4 — — — — — 2006–07 Belleville Bulls OHL 66 54 75 129 52 15 6 20 26 4 2007–08 Binghamton Senators AHL 53 6 12 18 26 — — — — — 2007–08 Elmira Jackals ECHL 5 0 3 3 0 — — — — — 2008–09 Elmira Jackals ECHL 15 6 14 20 2 — — — — — 2008–09 Philadelphia Phantoms AHL 4 0 1 1 0 — — — — — 2009–10 HC Thurgau NLB 3 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2009–10 Elmira Jackals ECHL 67 38 76 114 52 5 2 5 7 0 2010–11 Hartford Wolf Pack/CT Whale AHL 9 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2010–11 Elmira Jackals ECHL 18 10 11 21 34 — — — — — 2011–12 Chicago Express ECHL 46 14 47 61 29 — — — — — 2012–13 Vålerenga Ishockey GET 39 18 42 60 18 15 10 13 23 28 2013–14 HC TWK Innsbruck EBEL 53 18 33 51 10 — — — — — 2014–15 Brampton Beast ECHL 25 9 14 23 46 — — — — — 2015–16 Stoney Creek Generals ACH 17 9 15 24 16 8 2 5 7 0 2016–17 Stoney Creek Generals ACH 17 12 16 28 0 9 0 7 7 10 2017–18 Stoney Creek Generals ACH 14 6 17 23 2 6 4 5 9 12 2018–19 Stoney Creek Generals ACH 14 7 13 20 0 — — — — — 2019–20 Brantford Blast ACH 3 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 ECHL totals 176 77 165 242 163 5 2 5 7 0 AHL totals 66 6 13 19 26 — — — — — Awards 2009–10 CCM U+ ECHL Most Valuable Player 2009–10 Leading Scorer References ^ "Donati twins in Innsbruck!". haifischbecken.at (in German). May 26, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ "Beast sign former ECHL MVP Tyler Donati". Brampton Beast. September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ Inscoe, Robin (October 21, 2014). "Donati re-introduces Points for Cancer campaign". bramptonguardian.com. Retrieved September 12, 2018. External links Tyler Donati career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/315th_Cyberspace_Operations_Squadron

315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron

["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 Korean Service","2.2 Clark Air Base","2.3 Consolidated unit","3 Lineage","3.1 Assignments","3.2 Stations","3.3 Awards and campaigns","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]

315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron Active1951-1955; 1970-1991; 1993-2001; 2005-presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleOffensive Cyberspace OperationsSize130 personnelPart ofAir Combat CommandGarrison/HQFort George G. Meade, MarylandNickname(s)Cobras (1970-1991)Motto(s)Ready to Respond (1970-1991)Cavete Draconem Latin Beware of the Dragon (2005-present)Mascot(s)DragonEngagementsKorean WarDecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" DeviceAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardRepublic of Korea Presidential Unit CitationPhilippine Presidential Unit CitationVietnamese Gallantry Cross with PalmInsignia315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron emblem (approved 9 May 1996)Patch with 6922d Electronic Security Squadron emblemPatch with 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile emblemMilitary unit The United States Air Force's 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron is a cyberspace warfare unit located at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. The first predecessor of the unit was the 15th Radio Squadron, which was activated in 1951 and performed signals intelligence missions from locations in Japan and Korea during the Korean War. It was inactivated in May 1955 and its mission and assets were transferred to the 6922d Radio Group, Mobile. The 315th's second predecessor was the 6922d Security Group, which was activated at Clark Air Base in the Philippines in April 1970. When the American presence in Southeast Asia was reduced, the group was reduced in size and became the 6922d Security Squadron. This unit was inactivated with the closure of Clark due to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. These two units were consolidated as the 315th Intelligence Squadron in 1993. Mission The squadron's mission is to hack the hackers. History Korean Service The 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile was organized at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas for service in the Korean War. In July, the squadron departed Texas for Ashiya Air Base, Japan, where it was to operate until inactivated in May 1955. Upon the squadron's arrival in Japan, the former Detachment 3 of the 1st Radio Squadron, Mobile, located at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, Korea was transferred to the 15th as Detachment 1, 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile. The squadron mission was to provide tactical intelligence data to the air operations center of Fifth Air Force in Korea, located a short distance from Detachment 3. By 1952, the need for intelligence collection closer to the battle lines than Seoul became evident. The People's Liberation Army Air Force was upgrading their tactical communications from High Frequency to Very High Frequency systems, which could not be effectively detected at long ranges. Fifth Air Force began to operate Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft from Yokota Air Base, Japan. Members of the 15th flew in the back of these airplanes, which patrolled just behind the front lines and off the coast of North Korea, recording data on wire recorders. Recordings were dropped to the unit's Detachment 2, which had been established on Cho Do Island, off the coast of North Korea. This was then transferred to ground controlled intercept controllers of the 608th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the island to provide near real time threat information to American fighter aircraft. In May 1955, the squadron was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 6922d Radio Group, Mobile at Ashiya. It was kept on the Air Force's books as an inactive unit until June 1983, when it was disbanded. Clark Air Base The 6922d Security Group was activated in April 1970 at Clark Air Base in the Philippines. Initially, the group conducted operations through subordinate detachments ranging from Thailand through Japan. With the withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam, operations were substantially reduced, and by 1974 were limited to direction finding, and the group was reduced to the 6922d Security Squadron. Operations continued through June 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted, covering Clark with volcanic ash. It became apparent that resumption of operations at Clark was neither financially or politically viable, and the squadron began to devote itself to the salvage and removal of equipment, except for a small contingent of linguists. The squadron was inactivated as remaining Air Force assets at Clark were turned over to the Philippine government. Consolidated unit The 15th and 6922d squadrons were consolidated in 1993 as the 315th Intelligence Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan. The squadron was inactivated in 2001, but was again activated as the 315th Information Operations Squadron at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, where it has been active under various designations until today. Lineage 15th Radio Squadron Constituted as the 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile on 2 February 1951 Activated on 9 February 1951 Inactivated on 8 May 1955 Disbanded on 15 June 1983 Reconstituted, and consolidated with the 6922d Electronic Security Squadron on 1 October 1993 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron Established as the 6922d Security Group on 1 April 1970 Redesignated 6922d Security Squadron on 1 July 1974 Redesignated 6922d Electronic Security Squadron on 1 August 1979 Inactivated on 15 December 1991 Consolidated with the 15th Radio Squadron, redesignated 315th Intelligence Squadron and activated on 1 October 1993 Inactivated on 1 July 2001 Redesignated 315th Information Operations Squadron on 10 May 2005 Activated on 16 May 2005 Redesignated 315th Network Warfare Squadron on 26 July 2007 Redesignated 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron on 15 May 2015 Assignments United States Air Force Security Service, 9 February 1951 6920th Security Group (later, 6920th Security Wing), 16 February 1952 – 8 May 1955 Pacific Security Region, 1 April 1970 United States Air Force Security Service (later Electronic Security Command), 31 December 1972 Electronic Security, Pacific (later Pacific Electronic Security Division, 692d Intelligence Wing), 30 September 1980 – 15 December 1991 692d Intelligence Group (later 692d Information Operations Group), 1 October 1993 – 1 July 2001 318th Information Operations Group, 16 May 2005 67th Information Operations Group (later 67th Network Warfare Group, 67th Cyberspace Operations Group), 12 June 2006 – 18 September 2020 867th Cyberspace Operations Group, 18 September 2020 – present Stations Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 9 February 1951 – 3 July 1951 Ashiya Air Base, Japan, 26 July 1951 – 8 May 1955 Clark Air Base, Luzon, Philippines, 1 April 1970 – 15 December 1991 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 1 October 1993 – 1 July 2001 Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, 16 May 2005 – present Awards and campaigns Award streamer Award Dates Notes Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device 1 October 2010-30 September 2012 315th Network Warfare Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 December 1952 – 27 July 1953 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 April 1970–31 October 1970 6922d Security Group Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 January 1976–30 June 1977 6922d Security Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1978–30 June 1980 6922d Security Squadron (later 6922d Electronic Security Squadron) Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1985–30 June 1987 6922d Electronic Security Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1987–30 June 1989 6922d Electronic Security Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1991–4 December 1991 6922d Electronic Security Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 1993–30 September 1994 315th Intelligence Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 1994–30 September 1995 315th Intelligence Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 1997–30 September 1998 315th Intelligence Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 1999–30 September 2000 315th Intelligence Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 12 June 2006-31 May 2007 315th Information Operations Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 2012-30 September 2013 315th Network Warfare Squadron Korean Presidential Unit Citation 1 July 1951–27 July 1953 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation 21 July 1972–15 August 1972 6922d Security Group Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm 1 April 1970–28 January 1973 6922d Security Group Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes Korean Service 26 July 1951 – 27 July 1953 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile See also List of cyber warfare forces References Notes ^ a b c "About us: Fact Sheets: 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron". Twenty-Fourth Air Force Public Affairs. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ a b c Hurst, Joseph L. (2 January 2008). "6922 Electronic Security Squadron History". Tripod.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2004. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Lacomia, John M. (15 July 2015). "Factsheet 315 Cyberspace Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ a b Lewis, Delora. "15th Radio Squadron, Mobile United States Air Force Security Service". RootsWeb. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ a b Van Nederveen, p. 19 ^ Cohen, Rachel S. (18 September 2020). "New Ops Group Tries a Better Approach to Cyber Warfare". Air Force Magazine. Air Force Association. Retrieved 21 September 2020. Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Van Nederveen, Giles K. (2001). Wizardry for air campaigns : signals intelligence support to the cockpit. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-1428926417. External links Department of the Army: Fort George G. Meade, Maryland vte United States Air Force cyber unitsAir Forces 16 AF WingsCombat Communications 689th Information Operations 688th Network Warfare 67th GroupsCombat Communications 3d 5th 201st 226th 254th 281st Cyberspace Engineering Installation 38th 251st 253d Information Operations 318th Network Operations 26th 50th Network Support 690th Network Warfare 67th SquadronsCombat Communications 1st (USAFE) 23d 31st 32d 33d 34th 35th 42d 51st 52d 53d 54th 55th 147th 221st 232d 236th 239th 242d 263d 264th 265th 267th 269th 271st 280th (AFSOC) 282d 283d 291st 292d 293d 644th (PACAF) Combat Communications Support 3d 5th Command and Control 119th 153d 222d Communications 21st 721st Cyberspace Readiness 38th Engineering 38th Engineering Installation 85th 130th 202d 205th 210th 211th 212th 213th 214th 215th 217th 219th 220th 241st 243d 270th 272d Information Operations 39th 90th 92d Intelligence Support 690th Network Operations 26th 83d 561st Network Support 690th Network Warfare 33d 68th 91st 315th 352d 426th Operations Support 38th Space Communications 30th 45th 50th 460th FlightsCommunications 310th 710th Centers 614 OC 624 OC vte Space Operations CommandAir Forces Fourteenth (Strategic) Centers Space and Missile Systems Space Innovation and Development 614th Air and Space Operations Bases Buckley Los Angeles Patrick Peterson Schriever Thule Vandenberg Stations Cape Canaveral Cape Cod Cavalier Cheyenne Mountain Clear Eldorado (closed) Kaena Point New Boston Onizuka (closed) Space wings 21st 30th 45th 50th 310th 460th Air Base groups 61st 821st Air Base Group SquadronsCommand and Control 1st 2d 3d 4th 55th Mobile 119th 153d 222d 721st Mobile Space Control 1st 4th 16th 20th 25th 76th 380th Space Launch 1st 2nd 3d Space Launch Squadron 4th 5th Space Operations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 19th 21st 22d 23d 111th 148th AFSPC Space Warning 2nd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 137th 213th Others 26th Space Aggressor (AFRC) 527th Space Aggressor (ACC) 3d Space Communications 50th Space Communications 850th Space Communications 1st Space Development Squadron 2d Space Development Squadron 3d Space Development Squadron 3rd Space Experimentation 1st Space Surveillance 3d Space Surveillance 5th Space Surveillance 1st Air and Space Test 2d Test Operations Squadron 3d Space Test Squadron 4th Space Test Squadron 55th Space Weather vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fort George G. Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_George_G._Meade"},{"link_name":"signals intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Clark Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Mount Pinatubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo"}],"text":"Military unitThe United States Air Force's 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron is a cyberspace warfare unit located at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.The first predecessor of the unit was the 15th Radio Squadron, which was activated in 1951 and performed signals intelligence missions from locations in Japan and Korea during the Korean War. It was inactivated in May 1955 and its mission and assets were transferred to the 6922d Radio Group, Mobile.The 315th's second predecessor was the 6922d Security Group, which was activated at Clark Air Base in the Philippines in April 1970. When the American presence in Southeast Asia was reduced, the group was reduced in size and became the 6922d Security Squadron. This unit was inactivated with the closure of Clark due to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. These two units were consolidated as the 315th Intelligence Squadron in 1993.","title":"315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24AFfactsheet-1"}],"text":"The squadron's mission is to hack the hackers.[1]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooks Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Ashiya Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiya_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"1st Radio Squadron, Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Radio_Squadron,_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Ewha Womans University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-4"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"High Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Frequency"},{"link_name":"Very High Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_High_Frequency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vannederveen19-5"},{"link_name":"Fifth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Cho Do Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cho_Do_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-4"},{"link_name":"ground controlled intercept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_controlled_intercept"},{"link_name":"608th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=608th_Aircraft_Control_and_Warning_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vannederveen19-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"Korean Service","text":"The 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile was organized at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas for service in the Korean War. In July, the squadron departed Texas for Ashiya Air Base, Japan, where it was to operate until inactivated in May 1955.[3] Upon the squadron's arrival in Japan, the former Detachment 3 of the 1st Radio Squadron, Mobile, located at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, Korea was transferred to the 15th as Detachment 1, 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile. The squadron mission was to provide tactical intelligence data to the air operations center of Fifth Air Force in Korea, located a short distance from Detachment 3.[4]By 1952, the need for intelligence collection closer to the battle lines than Seoul became evident. The People's Liberation Army Air Force was upgrading their tactical communications from High Frequency to Very High Frequency systems, which could not be effectively detected at long ranges.[5] Fifth Air Force began to operate Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft from Yokota Air Base, Japan. Members of the 15th flew in the back of these airplanes, which patrolled just behind the front lines and off the coast of North Korea, recording data on wire recorders. Recordings were dropped to the unit's Detachment 2, which had been established on Cho Do Island, off the coast of North Korea.[4] This was then transferred to ground controlled intercept controllers of the 608th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the island to provide near real time threat information to American fighter aircraft.[5]In May 1955, the squadron was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 6922d Radio Group, Mobile at Ashiya.[2] It was kept on the Air Force's books as an inactive unit until June 1983, when it was disbanded.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"direction finding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_finding"},{"link_name":"Mount Pinatubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst-2"}],"sub_title":"Clark Air Base","text":"The 6922d Security Group was activated in April 1970 at Clark Air Base in the Philippines.[3] Initially, the group conducted operations through subordinate detachments ranging from Thailand through Japan. With the withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam, operations were substantially reduced, and by 1974 were limited to direction finding, and the group was reduced to the 6922d Security Squadron. Operations continued through June 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted, covering Clark with volcanic ash. It became apparent that resumption of operations at Clark was neither financially or politically viable, and the squadron began to devote itself to the salvage and removal of equipment, except for a small contingent of linguists. The squadron was inactivated as remaining Air Force assets at Clark were turned over to the Philippine government.[3][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Fort George G. Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_George_G._Meade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"Consolidated unit","text":"The 15th and 6922d squadrons were consolidated in 1993 as the 315th Intelligence Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan. The squadron was inactivated in 2001, but was again activated as the 315th Information Operations Squadron at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, where it has been active under various designations until today.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"}],"text":"15th Radio SquadronConstituted as the 15th Radio Squadron, Mobile on 2 February 1951Activated on 9 February 1951\nInactivated on 8 May 1955Disbanded on 15 June 1983\nReconstituted, and consolidated with the 6922d Electronic Security Squadron on 1 October 1993[3]315th Cyberspace Operations SquadronEstablished as the 6922d Security Group on 1 April 1970Redesignated 6922d Security Squadron on 1 July 1974\nRedesignated 6922d Electronic Security Squadron on 1 August 1979\nInactivated on 15 December 1991Consolidated with the 15th Radio Squadron, redesignated 315th Intelligence Squadron and activated on 1 October 1993Inactivated on 1 July 2001Redesignated 315th Information Operations Squadron on 10 May 2005Activated on 16 May 2005\nRedesignated 315th Network Warfare Squadron on 26 July 2007\nRedesignated 315th Cyberspace Operations Squadron on 15 May 2015[3]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Security, Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Security,_Pacific"},{"link_name":"318th Information Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/318th_Information_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"67th Information Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Information_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"United States Air Force Security Service, 9 February 1951\n6920th Security Group (later, 6920th Security Wing), 16 February 1952 – 8 May 1955\nPacific Security Region, 1 April 1970\nUnited States Air Force Security Service (later Electronic Security Command), 31 December 1972\nElectronic Security, Pacific (later Pacific Electronic Security Division, 692d Intelligence Wing), 30 September 1980 – 15 December 1991\n692d Intelligence Group (later 692d Information Operations Group), 1 October 1993 – 1 July 2001\n318th Information Operations Group, 16 May 2005\n67th Information Operations Group (later 67th Network Warfare Group, 67th Cyberspace Operations Group), 12 June 2006 – 18 September 2020[3]\n867th Cyberspace Operations Group, 18 September 2020 – present[6]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315COSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 9 February 1951 – 3 July 1951\nAshiya Air Base, Japan, 26 July 1951 – 8 May 1955\nClark Air Base, Luzon, Philippines, 1 April 1970 – 15 December 1991\nYokota Air Base, Japan, 1 October 1993 – 1 July 2001\nFort George G. Meade, Maryland, 16 May 2005 – present[3]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Air_Combat_Command.png/60px-Air_Combat_Command.png"}]

[{"title":"List of cyber warfare forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cyber_warfare_forces"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87

Milan Martić

["1 Biography","1.1 ICTY prosecution","2 References","3 External links"]

Croatian Serb politician and war criminal Milan MartićМилан МартићMartić in 20094th President of Republic of Serbian KrajinaIn office23 January 1994 – 7 August 1995Prime MinisterBorislav Mikelić Milan Babić Milorad BuhaPreceded byMilan BabićSucceeded byPosition abolished1st Interior minister of Republic of Serbian KrajinaIn office19 December 1991 – 26 January 1994Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byIlija Prijić Personal detailsBorn (1954-12-18) 18 December 1954 (age 69)Žagrović, PR Croatia, FPR YugoslaviaNationalitySerbPolitical partySerb Party of SocialistsChildrenDuško MartićProfessionChief of police Milan Martić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Мартић; born 18 December 1954) is a Croatian Serb politician and war criminal who served as the president of the unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina, a self-proclaimed state largely populated by Serbs of Croatia that wished to break away from Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence. After the war, Martić was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2005 was convicted of war crimes on 12 June 2007 and sentenced to 35 years in prison where he was transferred to in 2009. He is serving his sentence in Estonia. Biography Martić was born on 18 November 1954 in the village of Žagrović, in the Knin municipality. He graduated from the Post-Secondary Police School in Zagreb and between 1976 and 1981 worked as a policeman at the Public Security Station (SJB) in Šibenik. From 1982 onwards, Martić was a Junior Police Inspector in Knin and was eventually promoted to Chief of the SJB. He was the local police chief in Knin at the time of Croatia's declaration of independence. In 1990, he took on the position of local Serb leader, organizing the Milicija Krajina militia, also known as Martić's Police. From 4 January 1991 to August 1995, Martić held various leadership positions, including President, Minister of Defence, Minister of Internal Affairs, in SAO Krajina and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (both unrecognised). Also in 1991, Serbian opposition leader Vuk Drašković claimed Martić and Goran Hadžić had organized an assassination attempt on him. Martić replied that this was "an ordinary stupidity" and that "if he were to organize an assassination attempt, he would go through with it." Martić was critical of Drašković as Drašković called against mobilization and called for desertion. Martić was supported by Slobodan Milošević during the presidential election in Serbian Krajina. Martić ran for the Serb Party of Socialists which received significant financial support from Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia. On 21 January, Martić stated that he would “speed up the process of unification” and “pass on the baton to our all Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević. In a second round of voting in 1994 he was elected president and remained in power until the fall of Serbian Krajina during Croatia's Operation Storm in 1995. After the fall of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, Martić and a large portion of the Serbian Krajina army and civilians, escaped to Banja Luka. Initially, he was rumored to have been either killed or wounded. He did not issue any statement for a number of days. Martić went on to announce a plan of guerrilla warfare that would "last until the final freedom of the Republic of Serbian Krajina". Martić said in a statement: "After the tragedy that has happened to the Serbian people of Krajina, the situation is slowly consolidating. In Banja Luka, we've formed a crisis staff which is led by President of the Krajina Parliament Rajko Ležaić. The goal of the staff is taking care of the refugees. I have taken upon myself the task of consolidating the dismantled army and preparing it for battle. I expect that many of these soldiers – the ones who aren't cowards – will return and attempt to liberate their centuries-old homeland and give Tuđman the hit that he deserves."— Milan Martić ICTY prosecution Main article: Trial of Milan Martić Initially indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on 25 July 1995, Martić surrendered on 15 May 2002, and was transferred to the tribunal in The Hague the same day. He was charged with murder, persecution, inhumane treatment, forced displacement, plunder of public or private property, and wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages. He pleaded not guilty to all counts. According to the ICTY, in the amended indictment, he "helped organize an ethnic cleansing campaign of Croats and other non-Serbs from Krajina and virtually the entire non-Serb population was forcibly removed, deported or killed". He was originally charged only with ordering rocket attacks on Zagreb which killed seven civilians and wounded 214 as retaliation to Operation Flash. Two days later, in an interview, Martić admitted he had personally ordered the shelling of the city. Milan Babić, who, along with Martić, was one of the most important leaders of the rebel Croatian Serbs, stated in court during Martić's trial that the entire war in Croatia was Martić's responsibility, orchestrated by Belgrade. His trial started on 13 December 2005 and ended on 12 January 2007. On 12 June 2007, Martić was sentenced to 35 years in prison. His sentence of 35 years in prison was confirmed by ICTY appellate council on 8 October 2008. He was found to have been part of a "joint criminal enterprise" which included Blagoje Adžić, Milan Babić, Radmilo Bogdanović, Veljko Kadijević, Radovan Karadžić, Slobodan Milošević, Ratko Mladić, Vojislav Šešelj, Franko Simatović, Jovica Stanišić, and Dragan Vasiljković. In June 2009, he was transferred to Tartu prison in Estonia to serve out his sentence. References ^ a b c Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement. p. 8. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; accessed 25 August 2013. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Accessed 13 September 2009. (On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked "Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favour, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".) ^ Pogledi, 15 November 1991, issue 96, pg. 29 (in Serbian) ^ "Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader". 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ Filip Švarm, Milosevic Loses Krajina Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vreme News Digest Agency No 117, rutgers.edu, 20 December 1993. ^ "Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader". 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ Logos, Aleksandar (2019). Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Belgrade: Beograd ATC. p. 127. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6. ^ "1994/01/23 18:30 THE ELECTION SHOCK IN KRAJINA". www.aimpress.ch. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "January 17, 1994 Vreme News Digest Agency No 121". www.scc.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "Милан Мартић председник" (PDF). www.glassrpske.com. 27 January 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022. ^ Novine, 6 August 1995. (in Serbian) ^ Novine, 15 August 1995, No. 101 (in Serbian) ^ a b "Serb leader jailed for war crimes". BBC News. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007. ^ "Prosecutors Seek Life Sentence for War Crimes Suspect Martic". Voice of America. January 10, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007. ^ "War crimes suspects surrender to tribunal". BBC News. May 15, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2011. ^ "Meeting the Challenge – I. The Technological Evolution and Early Proliferation and Use of Cluster Munitions". Human Rights Watch. November 22, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2011. ^ "Leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state convicted and jailed by UN tribunal". UN News. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ Goran Jungvirth. "Martić "Provoked" Croatian Conflict". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007. ^ "U utorak presuda Milanu Martiću" (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007. ^ a b "Summary of Judgement for Milan Martić" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 18 May 2011. ^ "War criminal transferred to Estonia", baltictimes.com; accessed 23 November 2016. External links ICTY proceedings on Milan Martić (IT-95-11) "RSK" vteYugoslav WarsWars and conflicts Log Revolution (1990) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Kosovo War (1998–99) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) Background SFR Yugoslavia Breakup of Yugoslavia Anti-war protests Belgrade Sarajevo YUTEL for Peace Ex-Yugoslav formed countries Republic of Croatia Republic of Slovenia Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Macedonia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY/SRJ) Unrecognized entities Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska (RS) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO North-Eastern Bosnia SAO Romanija Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB) Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Republic of Kosova United Nations protectorate UNTAES UNMIK Armies Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO) Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS) Yugoslav Army (VJ) Croatian Army (HV) BiH Territorial Defence (TORBIH) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK) Croatian Defence Council (HVO) Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Serbia) National Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Macedonia) Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) Military formations and volunteers Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) White Eagles Serb Guard (SG) Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG) Scorpions Yellow Wasps Greek Volunteer Guard Wolves of Vučjak AKSH National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (NOZB) External factors NATO IFOR SFOR KFOR EU (EUMM) United Nations (UN) UNPROFOR UNCRO Politicians Fikret Abdić Milan Babić Mate Boban Momir Bulatović Milo Đukanović Nijaz Duraković Vuk Drašković Goran Hadžić Alija Izetbegović Janez Janša Borisav Jović Mirko Jović Radovan Karadžić Vojislav Koštunica Momčilo Krajišnik Milan Kučan Ante Marković Milan Martić Stjepan Mesić Slobodan Milošević Ante Paradžik  X Dobroslav Paraga Lojze Peterle Biljana Plavšić Jadranko Prlić Jovan Rašković  † Ibrahim Rugova Vojislav Šešelj Haris Silajdžić Franjo Tuđman Krešimir Zubak Top military commanders Rahim Ademi Janko Bobetko Agim Çeku Wesley Clark Rasim Delić Sefer Halilović Veljko Kadijević Ratko Mladić Mile Novaković Dragoljub Ojdanić Života Panić Nebojša Pavković Momčilo Perišić Milivoj Petković Ridvan Qazimi  † Martin Špegelj Gojko Šušak Other notable commanders Mehmed Alagić Tihomir Blaškić Đorđe Božović  † Valentin Ćorić Jovan Divjak Atif Dudaković Ante Gotovina Zaim Imamović Adem Jashari  † Blaž Kraljević  X Vladimir Lazarević Veljko Milanković  (DOW) Mile Mrkšić Naser Orić Arif Pašalić Slobodan Praljak Ivica Rajić Željko Ražnatović Ljubiša Savić Stjepan Šiber Veselin Šljivančanin Vukašin Šoškoćanin  † Milan Tepić  † Milorad Ulemek Dragan Vasiljković Blago Zadro  † Key foreign figures Robert Badinter Lord Carrington Jimmy Carter Willy Claes Pieter Feith Richard Holbrooke Lord Owen Cyrus Vance Jacques Paul Klein Peter Galbraith Javier Solana Manfred Wörner vteCroatian War of IndependencePart of the Yugoslav WarsPrelude Log Revolution SAO Krajina 1991 Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia 1991 killings of Serbs in Vukovar Sisak killings Tenja killings Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Banija villages killings Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Petrinja killings Berak killings Battle of Kusonje Četekovac massacre Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Korana bridge killings Tovarnik massacre Siege of Dubrovnik Novo Selo Glinsko massacre Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas killings Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Požega villages massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Poljanak and Vukovići massacres Erdut killings Pula incident Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Novska murders Vance plan Murder of the Zec family Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil's Beam Mašićka Šagovina killings Bruška massacre Vrsar airport bombing 1992 Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger (1992) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica 1993–94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z-4 Plan Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Medari massacre Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Operation Maestral 2 Timeline of the Croatian War of IndependenceInternment camps Begejci camp Bučje camp Kerestinec camp Knin camp Kuline prison camp Lora prison camp Marino Selo camp Ovčara camp Pakračka Poljana camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Other Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Erdut Agreement (UNTAES) Category Commons vteBosnian WarPart of the Yugoslav WarsBelligerents Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Croatian Defence Forces Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Prelude Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War) Category CommonsvteBreakup of YugoslaviaOverview Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Background Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) 1981 protests in Kosovo Islamic Declaration (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Events and actors Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) vte Independence referendums in YugoslaviaRepublics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy SAO Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Consequences Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–) Graz agreement (1992) Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Nationalism Greater Albania Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian–Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Category Category Commons vtePresidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina Milan Babić Mile Paspalj (acting) Goran Hadžić Milan Martić Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Croatian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbian Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"}],"text":"Milan Martić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Мартић; born 18 December 1954) is a Croatian Serb politician and war criminal who served as the president of the unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina, a self-proclaimed state largely populated by Serbs of Croatia that wished to break away from Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence.After the war, Martić was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2005 was convicted of war crimes on 12 June 2007 and sentenced to 35 years in prison where he was transferred to in 2009. He is serving his sentence in Estonia.","title":"Milan Martić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Žagrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDagrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-1"},{"link_name":"police chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_police"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"declaration of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_independence"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"SAO Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAO_Krajina"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbian Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY2-2"},{"link_name":"Vuk Drašković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Hadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Serb Party of Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Party_of_Socialists"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"Serbian Krajina army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Army_of_Krajina"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tuđman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man"}],"text":"Martić was born on 18 November 1954 in the village of Žagrović, in the Knin municipality. He graduated from the Post-Secondary Police School in Zagreb and between 1976 and 1981 worked as a policeman at the Public Security Station (SJB) in Šibenik.[1]From 1982 onwards, Martić was a Junior Police Inspector in Knin and was eventually promoted to Chief of the SJB.[1] He was the local police chief in Knin at the time of Croatia's declaration of independence. In 1990, he took on the position of local Serb leader, organizing the Milicija Krajina militia, also known as Martić's Police.From 4 January 1991 to August 1995, Martić held various leadership positions, including President, Minister of Defence, Minister of Internal Affairs, in SAO Krajina and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (both unrecognised).[2]Also in 1991, Serbian opposition leader Vuk Drašković claimed Martić and Goran Hadžić had organized an assassination attempt on him. Martić replied that this was \"an ordinary stupidity\" and that \"if he were to organize an assassination attempt, he would go through with it.\" Martić was critical of Drašković as Drašković called against mobilization and called for desertion.[3]Martić was supported by Slobodan Milošević during the presidential election in Serbian Krajina.[4] Martić ran for the Serb Party of Socialists which received significant financial support from Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia.[5] On 21 January, Martić stated that he would “speed up the process of unification” and “pass on the baton to our all Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[1]In a second round of voting in 1994 he was elected president[6][7][8][9][10] and remained in power until the fall of Serbian Krajina during Croatia's Operation Storm in 1995. After the fall of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, Martić and a large portion of the Serbian Krajina army and civilians, escaped to Banja Luka. Initially, he was rumored to have been either killed or wounded. He did not issue any statement for a number of days.[11]Martić went on to announce a plan of guerrilla warfare that would \"last until the final freedom of the Republic of Serbian Krajina\". Martić said in a statement:[12]\"After the tragedy that has happened to the Serbian people of Krajina, the situation is slowly consolidating. In Banja Luka, we've formed a crisis staff which is led by President of the Krajina Parliament Rajko Ležaić. The goal of the staff is taking care of the refugees. I have taken upon myself the task of consolidating the dismantled army and preparing it for battle. I expect that many of these soldiers – the ones who aren't cowards – will return and attempt to liberate their centuries-old homeland and give Tuđman the hit that he deserves.\"— Milan Martić","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"pleaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-13"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"rocket attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attacks"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meeting_the_challenge-16"},{"link_name":"Operation Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flash"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Milan Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY_judgment-20"},{"link_name":"Blagoje Adžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoje_Ad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radmilo Bogdanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Veljko Kadijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko_Kadijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ratko Mladić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vojislav Šešelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj"},{"link_name":"Franko Simatović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko_Simatovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovica Stanišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovica_Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dragan Vasiljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Vasiljkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY_judgment-20"},{"link_name":"Tartu prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_prison"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"ICTY prosecution","text":"Initially indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on 25 July 1995, Martić surrendered on 15 May 2002, and was transferred to the tribunal in The Hague the same day. He was charged with murder, persecution, inhumane treatment, forced displacement, plunder of public or private property, and wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages. He pleaded not guilty to all counts.[13]According to the ICTY, in the amended indictment, he \"helped organize an ethnic cleansing campaign of Croats and other non-Serbs from Krajina and virtually the entire non-Serb population was forcibly removed, deported or killed\". He was originally charged only with ordering rocket attacks on Zagreb which killed seven civilians[14][15] and wounded 214[16] as retaliation to Operation Flash. Two days later, in an interview, Martić admitted he had personally ordered the shelling of the city.[17]Milan Babić, who, along with Martić, was one of the most important leaders of the rebel Croatian Serbs, stated in court during Martić's trial that the entire war in Croatia was Martić's responsibility, orchestrated by Belgrade.[18]His trial started on 13 December 2005 and ended on 12 January 2007.[19] On 12 June 2007, Martić was sentenced to 35 years in prison.[13][20] His sentence of 35 years in prison was confirmed by ICTY appellate council on 8 October 2008. He was found to have been part of a \"joint criminal enterprise\" which included Blagoje Adžić, Milan Babić, Radmilo Bogdanović, Veljko Kadijević, Radovan Karadžić, Slobodan Milošević, Ratko Mladić, Vojislav Šešelj, Franko Simatović, Jovica Stanišić, and Dragan Vasiljković.[20] In June 2009, he was transferred to Tartu prison in Estonia to serve out his sentence.[21]","title":"Biography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader\". 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4779362.stm","url_text":"\"Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader\". 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4779362.stm","url_text":"\"Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader\""}]},{"reference":"Logos, Aleksandar (2019). Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Belgrade: Beograd ATC. p. 127. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/42147440","url_text":"Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-85117-46-6","url_text":"978-86-85117-46-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1994/01/23 18:30 THE ELECTION SHOCK IN KRAJINA\". www.aimpress.ch. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/trae/archive/data/199401/40123-021-trae-beo.htm","url_text":"\"1994/01/23 18:30 THE ELECTION SHOCK IN KRAJINA\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 17, 1994 Vreme News Digest Agency No 121\". www.scc.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbiandigest/121/t121-10.htm","url_text":"\"January 17, 1994 Vreme News Digest Agency No 121\""}]},{"reference":"\"Милан Мартић председник\" (PDF). www.glassrpske.com. 27 January 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706055358/https://arhivapdf.glassrpske.rs/novine/1994/01/GlasSrpske19940127.pdf","url_text":"\"Милан Мартић председник\""},{"url":"https://arhivapdf.glassrpske.rs/novine/1994/01/GlasSrpske19940127.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Serb leader jailed for war crimes\". BBC News. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6743607.stm","url_text":"\"Serb leader jailed for war crimes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Prosecutors Seek Life Sentence for War Crimes Suspect Martic\". Voice of America. January 10, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-10-voa46.cfm?CFID=161290729&CFTOKEN=38299627","url_text":"\"Prosecutors Seek Life Sentence for War Crimes Suspect Martic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America","url_text":"Voice of America"}]},{"reference":"\"War crimes suspects surrender to tribunal\". BBC News. May 15, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1988406.stm","url_text":"\"War crimes suspects surrender to tribunal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meeting the Challenge – I. The Technological Evolution and Early Proliferation and Use of Cluster Munitions\". Human Rights Watch. November 22, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/node/94330/section/5","url_text":"\"Meeting the Challenge – I. The Technological Evolution and Early Proliferation and Use of Cluster Munitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state convicted and jailed by UN tribunal\". UN News. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/06/222002-leader-breakaway-croatian-serb-state-convicted-and-jailed-un-tribunal","url_text":"\"Leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state convicted and jailed by UN tribunal\""}]},{"reference":"Goran Jungvirth. \"Martić \"Provoked\" Croatian Conflict\". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103034/http://www.iwpr.net/?p=tri&s=f&o=259675&apc_state=henftri259753","url_text":"\"Martić \"Provoked\" Croatian Conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting","url_text":"Institute for War and Peace Reporting"},{"url":"http://www.iwpr.net/?p=tri&s=f&o=259675&apc_state=henftri259753","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U utorak presuda Milanu Martiću\" (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041559/http://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,8,martic_presuda,77793.jl","url_text":"\"U utorak presuda Milanu Martiću\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutarnji_list","url_text":"Jutarnji list"},{"url":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,8,martic_presuda,77793.jl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Judgement for Milan Martić\" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/tjug/en/070612_summary_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Judgement for Milan Martić\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia","url_text":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa

Marine Corps Air Station Ewa

["1 History","2 Redevelopment","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 21°19′20″N 158°02′58″W / 21.32222°N 158.04944°W / 21.32222; -158.04944 (Marine Corps Air Station Ewa)Former air station in Hawaii Marine Corps Air Station EwaOahu, Hawaii Civilian barracks at EwaCoordinates21°19′20″N 158°02′58″W / 21.32222°N 158.04944°W / 21.32222; -158.04944 (Marine Corps Air Station Ewa)TypeMilitary air stationSite informationControlled byUSMCSite historyBuilt1925 – 18 June 1952In use1925 - 1952Battles/warsWorld War II * Attack on Pearl Harbor Marine Corps Air Station Ewa (MCAS Ewa) was a United States Marine Corps air station that was located 7 miles (11 km) west of Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The base was hit during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and later served as the hub for all Marine aviation units heading into combat in the Pacific Theater during World War II. The base was closed in 1952 because its runways were too short for jet aircraft, and expansion was impossible due to the proximity of Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Ewa has been abandoned since 1952; however, two of its runways are still visible from the air and many of the revetments still remain in good condition. History Destroyed SBD from VMSB-232 at Ewa, 7 December 1941. Covered concrete revetments at Ewa It was founded as an airship base for the United States Navy in 1925, but no airships ever landed there. The USS Shenandoah crashed in Ohio in 1925, the USS Akron was destroyed in 1933 and the USS Macon in 1935, leading to the cancellation of the airship program. The base's upgrade to an air station began in September 1940, and on 3 February 1941, it was commissioned Marine Corps Air Station Ewa. By the onset of World War II, the air station had four runways and numerous hangars. On 7 December 1941, MCAS Ewa was the first installation hit during the attack on Pearl Harbor. All forty-eight aircraft based there were destroyed, although the runway was not bombed and remained serviceable. During the attack, an Aichi D3A dive bomber was shot down by pilots George Welch and Kenneth Taylor in their P-40s above the Station. Private William Turner also fired at the Japanese planes from a gunner's position on a grounded aircraft. He managed to shoot down at least one Japanese plane during the attack, for which he received a posthumous Bronze Star. In April 1944, the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing was relocated to MCAS Ewa where they stayed for the remainder of the war. The start of the Korean War saw another surge in activity at MCAS Ewa, but because the runways were becoming more and more unsuitable for jet aircraft, the Marine Corps shifted its aviation assets to Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay. Ewa was officially closed on 18 June 1952, and its property assumed by Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Redevelopment This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2014) In 2008, the US Navy announced they would be leasing 499 acres (2.02 km2) of the old air station to Ford Island Properties, who plan on building expensive homes and shopping centers to create an urban center for Kapolei. The Navy has said that 4 to 5 acres (20,000 m2) of the base near the center of the old runways qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places, while some locals looking to preserve the field were trying to rally support to make it a National Cemetery. The Navy and Ford Island Properties were expected to conclude their lease agreement in August 2008. In 2013 the Honolulu City Council moved forwards on a plan to have a road built over the airfield. In 2018 The Louis Berger company was commissioned by Hunt Development Corp (Ford Island properties) to provide an Ewa Battlefield preservation plan. See also History of the United States Marine Corps List of United States Marine Corps Air Stations References ^ a b Stubblebine, David. "Ewa Marine Corps Air Station". World War II Database. Retrieved 8 March 2017. ^ a b Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31906-5. ^ Freeman, Paul (1 January 2017). "Hawaii, Southern Oahu Island". Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields. Retrieved 8 March 2017. ^ "The Heroes of Marine Corps Air Station Ewa". PearlHarbor.org. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Cole, William (30 June 2008). "Preserving 'Ewa Marine Corps field an uphill struggle". www.honoluluadvertiser.com. Retrieved 30 June 2008. ^ "Developers have WWII airfield in their sights." External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa. External image Map of MCAS Ewa Photos of MCAS Ewa past and present Pictures from the Hawaiian Aviation History Page vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps four-star generals Marine Corps three-star generals 1942–1959 2000–2009 2010–present US Congress House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower subcommittee Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Marine Corps Systems Command Auxiliary Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Marine Security Guard Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personneland trainingPersonnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniformsand equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment Historyand traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Horse Marines Marine One Color Guard Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments "Marines' Hymn" Oorah National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Gung ho Category vteAirports in HawaiiPrimary Honolulu Kahului Kona–Keāhole Lihue Hilo Molokai Lanai Non-primary Hana Kalaupapa Kapalua–West Maui Waimea–Kohala Reliever Kalaeloa–Rodgers General Dillingham Port Allen Upolu Private use French Frigate Shoals Princeville Military NAS Barbers Point–Rodgers (CGAS Barbers Point) PMRF Barking Sands Dillingham NALF Ford Island MCB Hawaii MCAS Kaneohe Bay JB Pearl Harbor–Hickam Hickam Field Pohakuloa TA (Bradshaw AAF) Wheeler AAF Defunct Ewa Ford Haleiwa Kaanapali Kipapa Kona Kualoa Morse Stanley

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Oahu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Pacific Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Barbers_Point"},{"link_name":"revetments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)"}],"text":"Former air station in HawaiiMarine Corps Air Station Ewa (MCAS Ewa) was a United States Marine Corps air station that was located 7 miles (11 km) west of Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The base was hit during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and later served as the hub for all Marine aviation units heading into combat in the Pacific Theater during World War II. The base was closed in 1952 because its runways were too short for jet aircraft, and expansion was impossible due to the proximity of Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Ewa has been abandoned since 1952; however, two of its runways are still visible from the air and many of the revetments still remain in good condition.","title":"Marine Corps Air Station Ewa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_SBD_Ewa_7_Dec_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"SBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBD_Dauntless"},{"link_name":"VMSB-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marine_Corps_Station_Ewa_-_Covered_concrete_revetments.jpg"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW2_Database-1"},{"link_name":"USS Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)"},{"link_name":"USS Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Akron_(ZRS-4)"},{"link_name":"USS Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rottman_-_416-2"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW2_Database-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[[Abandoned_&_Little-Known_Airfields]]-3"},{"link_name":"Aichi D3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_D3A"},{"link_name":"George Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor"},{"link_name":"P-40s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rottman_-_416-2"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Facility_Kaneohe_Bay"}],"text":"Destroyed SBD from VMSB-232 at Ewa, 7 December 1941.Covered concrete revetments at EwaIt was founded as an airship base for the United States Navy in 1925, but no airships ever landed there.[1] The USS Shenandoah crashed in Ohio in 1925, the USS Akron was destroyed in 1933 and the USS Macon in 1935, leading to the cancellation of the airship program. The base's upgrade to an air station began in September 1940, and on 3 February 1941, it was commissioned Marine Corps Air Station Ewa.[2]By the onset of World War II, the air station had four runways and numerous hangars. On 7 December 1941, MCAS Ewa was the first installation hit during the attack on Pearl Harbor. All forty-eight aircraft based there were destroyed, although the runway was not bombed and remained serviceable.[1][3] During the attack, an Aichi D3A dive bomber was shot down by pilots George Welch and Kenneth Taylor in their P-40s above the Station. Private William Turner also fired at the Japanese planes from a gunner's position on a grounded aircraft. He managed to shoot down at least one Japanese plane during the attack, for which he received a posthumous Bronze Star.[4]In April 1944, the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing was relocated to MCAS Ewa where they stayed for the remainder of the war.[2]The start of the Korean War saw another surge in activity at MCAS Ewa, but because the runways were becoming more and more unsuitable for jet aircraft, the Marine Corps shifted its aviation assets to Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay. Ewa was officially closed on 18 June 1952, and its property assumed by Naval Air Station Barbers Point.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kapolei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapolei"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2008, the US Navy announced they would be leasing 499 acres (2.02 km2) of the old air station to Ford Island Properties, who plan on building expensive homes and shopping centers to create an urban center for Kapolei. The Navy has said that 4 to 5 acres (20,000 m2) of the base near the center of the old runways qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places, while some locals looking to preserve the field were trying to rally support to make it a National Cemetery. The Navy and Ford Island Properties were expected to conclude their lease agreement in August 2008.[5]In 2013 the Honolulu City Council moved forwards on a plan to have a road built over the airfield.[6]In 2018 The Louis Berger company was commissioned by Hunt Development Corp (Ford Island properties) to provide an Ewa Battlefield preservation plan.","title":"Redevelopment"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Cohen_(singer)

Hannah Cohen (singer)

["1 Family background","2 Music career","2.1 Child Bride","2.2 Pleasure Boy","2.3 Welcome Home","3 References","4 External links"]

American singer and model Hannah CohenBackground informationBirth nameHannah CohenBorn (1986-10-25) October 25, 1986 (age 37)San Francisco, CaliforniaOccupation(s)Singer, SongwriterMusical artist Hannah Cohen (born October 25, 1986) is an American singer and model. She has released three albums and toured internationally. Family background Hannah Cohen was born in San Francisco and comes from a family of musicians and booksellers. Her grandfather, Bertie Rodgers, was a poet. Her father is the Jazz drummer Myron Cohen. Hannah left home as a teenager, soon finding herself in New York and becoming something of a muse to the city's art scene, posing for Richard Prince, Terry Richardson, David Salle, Will Cotton, and Ryan McGinley. Hannah immersed herself in New York's music scene, working at the Village Vanguard. Music career Child Bride Hannah's debut record, Child Bride, was produced by Thomas Bartlett, aka Doveman, known for his keyboard work with artists like The National and Antony and the Johnsons. Drawn from Hannah and Thomas's mutual friends, the core band is a small group of New York musicians, including Sam Amidon, Rob Moose, Brad Albetta, Doug Wieselman and Kenny Wollesen. Their sessions were recorded by engineer Patrick Dillett. Child Bride was released by Bella Union on April 23, 2012. Pleasure Boy A second album, Pleasure Boy was released March 2015. Welcome Home A third album, Welcome Home was released April 2019. References ^ a b Gallacher, Alex. "Introducing Hannah Cohen". Folkradio. Folk Radio UK. Retrieved 2 March 2012. ^ Interview Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine for 7Digital, accessed November 11, 2014. ^ "WR Rodgers". Culture Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012. ^ Prose, Francine. "Will Cotton's Food Art: Buche de Noel". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2 March 2012. ^ Conner, Matt (April 25, 2014). "Hannah Cohen - Child Bride". The Line Best Fit. Retrieved November 11, 2014. ^ Moeller, Sean. "Cold Smoke Finds Loves Losses". Daytrotter.com. Retrieved June 21, 2012. External links Bella Union: Hannah Cohen Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncino

Oncino

["1 Demographic evolution","2 References"]

Coordinates: 44°41′N 7°11′E / 44.683°N 7.183°E / 44.683; 7.183Comune in Piedmont, ItalyOncinoComuneComune di OncinoLocation of Oncino OncinoLocation of Oncino in ItalyShow map of ItalyOncinoOncino (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 44°41′N 7°11′E / 44.683°N 7.183°E / 44.683; 7.183CountryItalyRegionPiedmontProvinceProvince of Cuneo (CN)FrazioniVilla, Ruata, Ruera, Serre, Saret, Sant'Ilario, Arlongo, Piatette, Paschie', Tirolo, Bigorie, Chiotti, PorciliArea • Total48.6 km2 (18.8 sq mi)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total93 • Density1.9/km2 (5.0/sq mi)DemonymOncinesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code12030Dialing code0175 Oncino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 93 and an area of 48.6 square kilometres (18.8 sq mi). The municipality of Oncino contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Villa, Ruata, Ruera, Serre, Saret, Sant'Ilario, Arlongo, Paschie', Tirolo, Bigorie, Chiotti, and Porcili. Oncino borders the following municipalities: Casteldelfino, Crissolo, Ostana, Paesana, Pontechianale, and Sampeyre. Demographic evolution References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Province of Cuneo Acceglio Aisone Alba Albaretto della Torre Alto Argentera Arguello Bagnasco Bagnolo Piemonte Baldissero d'Alba Barbaresco Barge Barolo Bastia Mondovì Battifollo Beinette Bellino Belvedere Langhe Bene Vagienna Benevello Bergolo Bernezzo Bonvicino Borgo San Dalmazzo Borgomale Bosia Bossolasco Boves Bra Briaglia Briga Alta Brondello Brossasco Busca Camerana Camo Canale Canosio Caprauna Caraglio Caramagna Piemonte Cardè Carrù Cartignano Casalgrasso Castagnito Casteldelfino Castellar Castelletto Stura Castelletto Uzzone Castellinaldo Castellino Tanaro Castelmagno Castelnuovo di Ceva Castiglione Falletto Castiglione Tinella Castino Cavallerleone Cavallermaggiore Celle di Macra Centallo Ceresole Alba Cerretto Langhe Cervasca Cervere Ceva Cherasco Chiusa di Pesio Cigliè Cissone Clavesana Corneliano d'Alba Cortemilia Cossano Belbo Costigliole Saluzzo Cravanzana Crissolo Cuneo Demonte Diano d'Alba Dogliani Dronero Elva Entracque Envie Farigliano Faule Feisoglio Fossano Frabosa Soprana Frabosa Sottana Frassino Gaiola Gambasca Garessio Genola Gorzegno Gottasecca Govone Grinzane Cavour Guarene Igliano Isasca La Morra Lagnasco Lequio Berria Lequio Tanaro Lesegno Levice Limone Piemonte Lisio Macra Magliano Alfieri Magliano Alpi Mango Manta Marene Margarita Marmora Marsaglia Martiniana Po Melle Moiola Mombarcaro Mombasiglio Monastero di Vasco Monasterolo Casotto Monasterolo di Savigliano Monchiero Mondovì Monesiglio Monforte d'Alba Montaldo Roero Montaldo di Mondovì Montanera Montelupo Albese Montemale di Cuneo Monterosso Grana Monteu Roero Montezemolo Monticello d'Alba Montà Moretta Morozzo Murazzano Murello Narzole Neive Neviglie Niella Belbo Niella Tanaro Novello Nucetto Oncino Ormea Ostana Paesana Pagno Pamparato Paroldo Perletto Perlo Peveragno Pezzolo Valle Uzzone Pianfei Piasco Pietraporzio Piobesi d'Alba Piozzo Pocapaglia Polonghera Pontechianale Pradleves Prazzo Priero Priocca Priola Prunetto Racconigi Revello Rifreddo Rittana Roaschia Roascio Robilante Roburent Rocca Cigliè Rocca de' Baldi Roccabruna Roccaforte Mondovì Roccasparvera Roccavione Rocchetta Belbo Roddi Roddino Rodello Rossana Ruffia Sale San Giovanni Sale delle Langhe Saliceto Salmour Saluzzo Sambuco Sampeyre San Benedetto Belbo San Damiano Macra San Michele Mondovì Sanfront Sanfrè Sant'Albano Stura Santa Vittoria d'Alba Santo Stefano Belbo Santo Stefano Roero Savigliano Scagnello Scarnafigi Serralunga d'Alba Serravalle Langhe Sinio Somano Sommariva Perno Sommariva del Bosco Stroppo Tarantasca Torre Bormida Torre Mondovì Torre San Giorgio Torresina Treiso Trezzo Tinella Trinità Valdieri Valgrana Valloriate Venasca Verduno Vernante Verzuolo Vezza d'Alba Vicoforte Vignolo Villafalletto Villanova Mondovì Villanova Solaro Villar San Costanzo Vinadio Viola Vottignasco This article on a location in the Province of Cuneo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain_Hates_the_Sea

The Captain Hates the Sea

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]

1934 film by Lewis Milestone The Captain Hates the SeaDirected byLewis MilestoneScreenplay byWallace SmithArnold BelgardBased onThe Captain Hates the Sea1933 novelby Wallace SmithProduced byLewis MilestoneStarringVictor McLaglenWynne GibsonAlison SkipworthJohn GilbertHelen VinsonCinematographyJoseph H. AugustEdited byGene MilfordDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date November 2, 1934 (1934-11-02) Running time92 minutes85 minutes(Sony Pictures Television Print)CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Captain Hates the Sea is a 1934 comedy film directed by Lewis Milestone and released by Columbia Pictures. The film, which involves a Grand Hotel-style series of intertwining stories involving the passengers on a cruise ship, is notable as the last feature film of silent film icon John Gilbert and the first Columbia feature to include The Three Stooges (Curly Howard, Moe Howard and Larry Fine) in the cast, cast as the ship's orchestra. The film also stars Victor McLaglen, Arthur Treacher, Akim Tamiroff, Leon Errol and Walter Connolly. Plot Alcoholic newspaperman Steve Bramley boards the ship San Capador for a restful cruise, hoping to quit drinking and begin writing a book. Also on board are Steve's friend Schulte, a private detective hoping to nab criminal Danny Checkett with a fortune in stolen bonds. Steve begins drinking, all the while observing the various stories of other passengers on board, several of whom turn out not to be who they seem to be. Cast Victor McLaglen - Junius P. Schulte Wynne Gibson - Mrs. Jeddock Alison Skipworth - Mrs. Yolanda Magruder John Gilbert - Steve Bramley Helen Vinson - Janet Grayson Fred Keating - Danny Checkett Leon Errol - Layton Walter Connolly - Captain Helquist Tala Birell - Gerta Klangi Walter Catlett - Joe Silvers John Wray – Mr. Jeddock Claude Gillingwater – Judge Griswold Emily Fitzroy – Mrs. Victoria Griswold Donald Meek - Josephus Bushmills Luis Alberni – Juan Gilboa Akim Tamiroff – General Salazaro Arthur Treacher – Major Warringforth Inez Courtney – Flo G. Pat Collins – Donlin The Three Stooges – Orchestra Musicians Production During production, the film went over budget due in large part to the alcohol-fueled partying by Gilbert, McLaglen, Errol, Catlett and Connolly. Harry Cohn, the head of Columbia, became alarmed and sent a cable to Lewis Milestone that read: "Hurry up! The cost is staggering!" Milestone, in turn, sent a cable to Cohn that read: "So is the cast!" The exterior footage of the San Capeador (filmed at San Pedro Harbor) would be recycled in the Three Stooges' short Dunked in the Deep. A DVD of The Captain Hates the Sea was released on August 2, 2011 by Sony and is available at shop.tcm.com . References ^ threestooges.net ^ Variety film review; December 4, 1934, page 12. ^ Harrison's Reports film review; December 1, 1934, page 191. ^ New York Times review ^ a b Film Threat review ^ Medved, Harry & Michael. "The Hollywood Hall of Shame," Perigree Books, 1984. ISBN 0-399-50714-0 ^ Thomas, Bob, "King Cohn: The Life and Times of Harry Cohn," G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1967. ^ Solomon, Jon (2000). The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion. Glendale, California: Comedy III Productions, Inc. p. 309. ISBN 0971186804. External links The Captain Hates the Sea at IMDb The Captain Hates the Sea at AllMovie The Captain Hates the Sea at the TCM Movie Database The Captain Hates the Sea at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms by Lewis MilestoneDirected Seven Sinners (1925) The Caveman (1926) The New Klondike (1926) Two Arabian Knights (1927) The Garden of Eden (1928) Tempest (uncredited, 1928) The Racket (1928) Betrayal (1929) New York Nights (1929) All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) The Front Page (1931) Rain (1932) Hallelujah, I'm a Bum (1933) The Captain Hates the Sea (1934) Paris in Spring (1935) Anything Goes (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Night of Nights (1939) Of Mice and Men (1939) Lucky Partners (1940) My Life with Caroline (1941) Our Russian Front (1942) Edge of Darkness (1943) The North Star (1943) The Purple Heart (1944) A Walk in the Sun (1945) The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) Arch of Triumph (1948) No Minor Vices (1948) The Red Pony (1949) Halls of Montezuma (1951) Kangaroo (1952) Les Misérables (1952) Melba (1953) They Who Dare (1954) The Widow (1955) Pork Chop Hill (1959) Ocean's 11 (1960) Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) Screenplays Up and at 'Em (1922) The Yankee Consul (1924) Listen Lester (1924) The Mad Whirl (1925) Dangerous Innocence (1925) The Teaser (1925) Bobbed Hair (1925) vteThe Three Stooges Moe Howard Larry Fine Curly Howard Shemp Howard Joe Besser Curly Joe DeRita Works The Three Stooges filmography The Three Stooges Collection Jerks of All Trades The New 3 Stooges The Three Stooges Scrapbook Kook's Tour Moe Howard and the Three Stooges Relatedtopics List of supporting actors in Three Stooges films Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No The Robonic Stooges Stoogemania "Swingin' the Alphabet" "The Curly Shuffle" 1984 arcade game 1987 video game 2000 TV biopic 2012 feature film C3 Entertainment Associatedpeople Felix Adler Edward Bernds Tiny Brauer Clyde Bruckman Charley Chase Paul Garner Ted Healy Rich Koz Del Lord Norman Maurer Hugh McCollum Christine McIntyre Frank Mitchell Joe Palma/Fake Shemp Fred Sanborn Emil Sitka Greta Thyssen Elwood Ullman Jack White Jules White Category This 1930s comedy film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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The film also stars Victor McLaglen, Arthur Treacher, Akim Tamiroff, Leon Errol and Walter Connolly.[4][5]","title":"The Captain Hates the Sea"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alcoholic newspaperman Steve Bramley boards the ship San Capador for a restful cruise, hoping to quit drinking and begin writing a book. Also on board are Steve's friend Schulte, a private detective hoping to nab criminal Danny Checkett with a fortune in stolen bonds. Steve begins drinking, all the while observing the various stories of other passengers on board, several of whom turn out not to be who they seem to be.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor McLaglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_McLaglen"},{"link_name":"Wynne Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynne_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Alison Skipworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Skipworth"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Helen Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Fred Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Keating_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Leon Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Errol"},{"link_name":"Walter Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Tala Birell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_Birell"},{"link_name":"Walter Catlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Catlett"},{"link_name":"John Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wray_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Claude Gillingwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gillingwater"},{"link_name":"Emily Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Fitzroy"},{"link_name":"Donald Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Meek"},{"link_name":"Luis Alberni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberni"},{"link_name":"Akim Tamiroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff"},{"link_name":"Arthur Treacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Treacher"},{"link_name":"Inez Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_Courtney"},{"link_name":"G. Pat Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Pat_Collins"},{"link_name":"The Three Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Stooges"}],"text":"Victor McLaglen - Junius P. Schulte\nWynne Gibson - Mrs. Jeddock\nAlison Skipworth - Mrs. Yolanda Magruder\nJohn Gilbert - Steve Bramley\nHelen Vinson - Janet Grayson\nFred Keating - Danny Checkett\nLeon Errol - Layton\nWalter Connolly - Captain Helquist\nTala Birell - Gerta Klangi\nWalter Catlett - Joe Silvers\nJohn Wray – Mr. Jeddock\nClaude Gillingwater – Judge Griswold\nEmily Fitzroy – Mrs. Victoria Griswold\nDonald Meek - Josephus Bushmills\nLuis Alberni – Juan Gilboa\nAkim Tamiroff – General Salazaro\nArthur Treacher – Major Warringforth\nInez Courtney – Flo\nG. Pat Collins – Donlin\nThe Three Stooges – Orchestra Musicians","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cohn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Dunked in the Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunked_in_the_Deep"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-5"}],"text":"During production, the film went over budget due in large part to the alcohol-fueled partying by Gilbert, McLaglen, Errol, Catlett and Connolly. Harry Cohn, the head of Columbia, became alarmed and sent a cable to Lewis Milestone that read: \"Hurry up! The cost is staggering!\" Milestone, in turn, sent a cable to Cohn that read: \"So is the cast!\"[6][7]The exterior footage of the San Capeador (filmed at San Pedro Harbor) would be recycled in the Three Stooges' short Dunked in the Deep.[8]A DVD of The Captain Hates the Sea was released on August 2, 2011 by Sony and is available at shop.tcm.com .[5]","title":"Production"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Solomon, Jon (2000). The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion. Glendale, California: Comedy III Productions, Inc. p. 309. ISBN 0971186804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California","url_text":"Glendale, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0971186804","url_text":"0971186804"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Eskandani

Mori Eskandani

["1 References","2 External links"]

American television producer (born 1956) Mori EskandaniResidenceUnited StatesBorn (1956-01-29) January 29, 1956 (age 68)World Series of PokerBracelet(s)NoneMoney finish(es)16Highest ITMMain Event finish15th, 1993World Poker TourTitle(s)NoneFinal table(s)NoneMoney finish(es)1 Mori Eskandani (born January 29, 1956) is a producer of many American television poker programs such as Poker After Dark, High Stakes Poker, and the National Heads-Up Poker Championship. Eskandani is a veteran cash game poker player who has amassed several live tournament winnings as well. Mori began his gambling career in the Portland, Oregon area playing card rooms and moved to Las Vegas in the mid 1980s. Mori's first foray into television was in collaboration with Henry Orenstein on Poker Superstars in 2004 as Co-Creator, Tournament Director and Consultant. Since then Mori's Production Company, PokerPROductions, has gone on to produce Poker After Dark, High Stakes Poker, National Heads-Up Poker Championship, Face the Ace, and more. As of 2009, Poker PROductions started producing WSOP Europe and in 2011, the World Series of Poker. Eskandani was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in 2018. References ^ "Mori Eskandani". WSOP.com. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ "Mori Eskandani". PokerWorks.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2010. ^ "Mori Eskandani's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved March 26, 2024. ^ Rinkema, Remko (July 27, 2018). "Mori Eskandani's Journey to the Poker Hall of Fame". Poker Central. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Pempus, Brian (July 13, 2018). "Poker Hall Of Fame: John Hennigan, Mori Eskandani Inducted". cardplayer.com. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Holloway, Chad (July 13, 2018). "John Hennigan & Mori Eskandani in as Poker Hall of Fame Class of 2018". PokerNews. Retrieved January 1, 2019. External links Mori Eskandani Interview Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WSOP profile vtePoker Hall of Fame1979 Johnny Moss Nick Dandolos Corky McCorquodale Red Winn Sid Wyman Wild Bill Hickok Edmond Hoyle 1980s Blondie Forbes Bill Boyd Tom Abdo Joe Bernstein Murph Harrold Red Hodges Henry Green Puggy Pearson Doyle Brunson Jack Straus Sarge Ferris 1990s Benny Binion Chip Reese Amarillo Slim Jack Keller Little Man Popwell Roger Moore 2000s Stu Ungar Lyle Berman Johnny Chan Bobby Baldwin Berry Johnston Jack Binion Crandell Addington T. J. Cloutier Billy Baxter Barbara Enright Phil Hellmuth Dewey Tomko Henry Orenstein Mike Sexton 2010s Dan Harrington Erik Seidel Barry Greenstein Linda Johnson Eric Drache Sailor Roberts Tom McEvoy Scotty Nguyen Jack McClelland Daniel Negreanu Jennifer Harman John Juanda Todd Brunson Carlos Mortensen Dave Ulliott Phil Ivey Mori Eskandani John Hennigan Chris Moneymaker David Oppenheim 2020s Huck Seed Eli Elezra Layne Flack Brian Rast This article about a television producer from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-closed_space

H-closed space

["1 Examples and equivalent formulations","2 See also","3 References"]

In mathematics, a Hausdorff space is said to be H-closed, or Hausdorff closed, or absolutely closed if it is closed in every Hausdorff space containing it as a subspace. This property is a generalization of compactness, since a compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed. Thus, every compact Hausdorff space is H-closed. The notion of an H-closed space has been introduced in 1924 by P. Alexandroff and P. Urysohn. Examples and equivalent formulations The unit interval [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle } , endowed with the smallest topology which refines the euclidean topology, and contains Q ∩ [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle Q\cap } as an open set is H-closed but not compact. Every regular Hausdorff H-closed space is compact. A Hausdorff space is H-closed if and only if every open cover has a finite subfamily with dense union. See also Compact space References K.P. Hart, Jun-iti Nagata, J.E. Vaughan (editors), Encyclopedia of General Topology, Chapter d20 (by Jack Porter and Johannes Vermeer)

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[]

[{"title":"Compact space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"}]

[]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_psychology

Military psychology

["1 Role","2 Area of study","2.1 Terrorism","2.2 Operational psychology","2.3 Tactical psychology","2.4 Health, organizational, and occupational psychology","2.5 Feminism","3 History","3.1 Early work","3.2 Intelligence testing in the U.S. military","3.3 Yerkes and war","3.4 World War II","3.5 Korean War","3.6 Vietnam War","3.7 Global War on Terror","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Specialized field in psychological science The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Positive Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Concepts Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Psychology portalvte Military psychology is a specialization within psychology that applies psychological science to promote the readiness of military members, organizations, and operations. Military psychologists provide support to the military in many ways, including through direct clinical care, consultation to military commanders, teaching others and supporting military training, and through research relevant to military operations and personnel. Military psychology as a field has been growing since the early 20th century, evidence that the demands and needs for psychological clinical and operational application is continuing to grow steadily. There are many stressors associated with military service, including exposure to high-risk training and combat. As such, psychologists are critical support components that assist military leaders in designing appropriate training programs, providing oversight to those programs, and assisting military members as they navigate the challenges of military training and their new lifestyle. Military psychology covers a wide range of fields throughout the military including operational, tactical, and occupational psychology. Gender differences between military-trained personnel who seek mental health assistance have been extensively studied. Specific examples include post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with combat, or guilt and family/partner difficulties accompanying extended or frequent deployments due to separation. Clinical providers in military psychology are often focused on the treatment of stress, fatigue, and other personal readiness issues. Previous wars such as the Korean war, Vietnam war, and WW 2 provide great insight to the workings and practices of military psychology and how the practices have changed and assisted the military over the years. Psychologist Performing a Test Role The military is a group of individuals who are trained and equipped to perform national security tasks in unique and often chaotic and trauma-filled situations. These situations can include the front-lines of battle, national emergencies, counter-terrorism support, allied assistance, or the disaster response scenarios where they are providing relief-aid for the host populations of both friendly and enemy states. Though many psychologists may have a general understanding with regards to a humans response to traumatic situations, military psychologists are uniquely trained and experienced specialists in applied science and practice among this special population. While the service members may be providing direct aid to the victims of events, military psychologists are providing specialized aid to both members, their families, and the victims of military operations as they cope with the often "normal" response or reaction to uncommon and abnormal circumstances. Military psychologists can assess, diagnose, treat and recommend the duty status most suitable for the optimal well-being of the individual, group, and organization. Through the use of group therapy, individual therapy, and behavior modification, these psychologists actively treat psychological disorders, most commonly emotional trauma. When counseling members of a military personnel's family, they are most often tasked with providing grief counseling after the loss of a loved one in the line of duty. Events that affect the mental state, resilience or psychological assets and vulnerabilities of the warrior and the command are where military psychologists are most equipped to meet the unique challenges and provide expert care and consultation to preserve the behavioral health of the fighting force. In addition to the specialized roles previously mentioned, military psychologists often provide support to many non-healthcare-related activities. For example, military psychologists may provide their expertise and training in the consultation to hostage negotiations. Military psychologists are not hostage negotiators; however, they often consult with those directly communicating with hostage-takers in a manner that seeks the safety and protections of all involved. Military psychologists may also apply their science to aviation selection and training, to the study and application of survival training, and the selection of personnel for special military duties. Another common practice domain for military psychologists is in performing fitness for duty evaluations, especially in high risk and high reliability occupations. The types of fitness evaluations include both basic entry examinations and career progression examinations such as those conducted when individuals are seeking promotion, higher-classification clearance status, and specialized, hazardous, and mission critical working conditions. When operational commanders become concerned about the impact of continuous, critical, and traumatic operations on those in their command, they often consult with a military psychologist. The fitness evaluations might lead to command directed administrative actions or provide the information necessary to make decisions by a medical board or other tribunal and must be thoroughly conducted by non-biased individuals with the experience and training necessary to render a professional opinion that is critical to key decision makers. Military psychologists must be well versed in the art and science of psychology as specialized applied practice professionals. They must also be highly competent generalists in the military profession, and be able to understand both professions well enough to examine human behavior in the context of military operations. It takes the psychologist several years beyond the doctorate to develop the expertise necessary to understand how to integrate psychology with the complex needs of the military. Another very select and infrequent use of military psychology is in the interview of subjects, the interrogation of prisoners, and the vetting of those who may provide information of operational or intelligence value that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly and enemy casualties. Psychology's scientific principles applied here allow the interviewer, agent, or interrogator to get as much information as possible through non-invasive means without the need to resort to active measures or risk violating the rules of engagement, host nation agreements, international and military law or crossing the threshold of the Geneva Conventions' guidelines to which the United States and its allies subscribe, regardless of the status of many of the modern belligerent countries on the international laws and United Nations agreements. Area of study The goals and missions of current military psychologists have been retained over the years, varying with the focus and strength of intensity of research put forth into each sector. Working in research as a military psychologist entails performing personnel research, such as determining what traits are best utilized in which positions, the training procedures, and analyzing what variables impact the health and performance of military personnel. The need for mental health care is now an expected part of high-stress military environments. The importance and severity of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has gained more credibility than those suffering from it received in the past, and is being highlighted in treatment programs. More extensive post-deployment screenings take place now to home in on problematic recoveries that used to be passed unnoticed and untreated. Terrorism Terrorism and counterterrorism, information management, and psychological warfare are value-added roles for the applied aspects of military psychology that are developing. For instance, contrary to the common myths and stereotypes about modern terrorists, that tend portray them as mentally disturbed individuals; most terrorists are far from that typology according to studies conducted by behavioral and social scientists who have either directly interviewed and observed terrorists or conducted meta-analytic studies of terrorism and terrorists. Terrorists have tended to be from among the more well educated in their host countries. They often have developed a well thought out, but not very often publicized or well articulated, rigid ideology that provides the foundation for their strategy and tactics. Psychologically disturbed terrorists increase the risk of damage to the terror organization's strategic outcomes. As in any organization, mentally disturbed terrorists are a liability and the leaders of terrorist groups are well aware of the risks that these types of persons present. As any good organizational leader, the effective terrorist will try to recruit the best person for the job. It is doubtful that modern terrorist groups would adopt the affirmative action and other hiring practices dictated under employment laws in the United States or other Western countries. It is important to understand when and how the label of terrorism is applied because of its psychological impact as suggested above. The causes, goals, methodology, and strategy of the terrorist mindset is well suited for psychological inquiry and the development of the strategy and tactics used to confront it. Terrorism is an ideology that uses behavioral, emotional, and group dynamics, along with social and psychological principles to influence populations for political purposes. It is a form of psychological warfare. The terrorists are experts in the use of fear, violence, threats of violence and trauma in order to advance the political agenda. Terrorists seek psychological control and use violent behavior to cause the population to behave in ways that disrupt and destroy the existing political processes and symbols of political power. They control people by using deep primal emotions to elicit a reaction and shape behavior. The goal of a terrorist is to use violence to create the natural fear of death and dismemberment and use it to change or shape political behavior, control thought and modify speech. Military and operational psychologists are highly trained and experienced. They are experts equipped with the specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities in the art and science of the military and psychology professions that give them a great deal of potential in this unique operational environment. Operational psychology Operational psychology is a specialty within the field of psychology that applies behavioral science principles through the use of consultation to enable key decision makers to more effectively understand, develop, target, and influence an individual, group or organization to accomplish tactical, operational, or strategic objectives within the domain of national security or national defense. This is a relatively new sub-discipline that has been employed largely by psychologists and behavioral scientists in military, intelligence, and law enforcement arenas (although other areas of public safety employ psychologists in this capacity as well). While psychology has been utilized in non-health related fields for many decades, recent years have seen an increased focus on its national security applications. Examples of such applications include the development of counterinsurgency strategy through human profiling, interrogation and detention support, information-psychological operations, and the selection of personnel for specialized military or other public safety activities. Recently, operational psychology has been under increased scrutiny due to allegations of unethical conduct by some practitioners supporting military and law enforcement interrogations. As a result, a small group of psychologists have raised concerns about the ethics of such practice. Supporters of operational psychology have responded by providing an ethical defense of such activity. They argue that the American Psychological Association's ethical code is sufficient to support operational psychologists in a number of activities (to include legal interrogation by the military and other law enforcement agencies). In response to this controversy, the American Psychological Association (APA) assembled a cross-divisional task force to draft professional practice guidelines built around the APA ethics code and related policies. These guidelines were adopted by the APA's Council of Representatives in August 2023 at their annual convention. Tactical psychology Tactical psychology is "a sharp focus on what soldiers do once they are in contact with the enemy...on what a front-line soldier can do to win a battle". It combines psychology and historical analysis (the application of statistics to military historical data) to find out how tactics make the enemy freeze, flee or fuss, instead of fight. Tactical psychology examines how techniques like suppressive fire, combined arms or flanking reduce the enemy's will to fight. Health, organizational, and occupational psychology Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, including operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing research to help select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. Some military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families. Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs within the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportunity. More modern programs employ the skills and knowledge of military psychologists to address issues such as integrating diverse ethnic and racial groups into the military and reducing sexual assault and discrimination. Others assist in the employment of women in combat positions and other positions traditionally held by men. Other responsibilities include helping to utilize low-capability recruits and rehabilitate drug-addicted and wounded service members. Many military psychologists are in charge of drug testing and psychological treatment for mental illnesses, such as alcohol and substance abuse. In terms of the prevalence of psychological issues in the military, active duty members and veterans most commonly struggle with PTSD, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. Worsening psychological symptoms due to potentially traumatic events can cause decision-making impairments. During high-stress situations, decision-making impairments can heavily impact the safety of the individual and their unit. Veteran men who served in the Army and Marine Corps showed poorer mental health than Air Force. These men also showed higher use of alcohol and drugs. Research shows that there are high rates of alcohol use in the military, with a higher prevalence in service men than in service women. In modern times, the advisement of military psychologists is being heard and taken into consideration for national policy more than ever before. There are now more psychologists employed by the U.S. Department of Defense than by any other organization in the world. Since the downsizing of the military in the 1990s, however, there has been a considerable reduction in psychological research and support in the armed forces as well. Female Soldiers Playing Cards Feminism Women in military roles is an area of study receiving an increasing amount of attention. Currently women make up 10%-15% of the armed forces. However, gender integration in the military has been an ongoing process. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act was established, allowing women's units to be a part of federal forces. In 1976, women were officially permitted to be integrated into the three main Department of Defense service academies, which only men were originally allowed to attend. While this decision was highly debated, research has shown that gender integration has resulted in men having more positive attitudes towards working in combat positions with women. However, as women tended to move to away from nursing and helping roles, increasing attention is given to how the brutal realities of combat would affect the women psychologically. Research shows that, when affected, women tend to ask for help, more so than men, thus avoiding many of the long-term mental suffering that male soldiers face after their deployment has ended. Some of the mental issues that researchers have been looking into lately is the link between PTSD, sexual harassment, and sexual trauma. Reports indicate that military personnel who report experiencing sexual trauma have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental health condition during their lifetime (e.g., PTSD) as compared to their civilian counterparts. There are gender differences in regard to sexual assault and or harassment while on deployment. Women have shown statistically that they receive more sexual assault than men. A large majority of military members turn away from seeking psychological help because they fear differential treatment from leaders. History US Armed Forces Seals Psychological stress and disorders have always been a part of military life, especially during and after wartime, but the mental health section of military psychology has not always experienced the awareness it does now. Even in the present day there is much more research and awareness needed concerning this area. One of the first institutions created to care for military psychiatric patients was St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Formerly known as the United States Government Hospital for the Insane, the hospital was founded by the United States Congress in 1855 and is currently in a state of disrepair although operational, with revitalization plans scheduled to begin in 2010. Early work In 1890 James McKeen Cattell coined the term “mental tests”. Cattell studied under Wundt at Leipzig in Germany at one point during his life and strongly advocated for psychology to be viewed as a science on par with the physical and life sciences. He promoted the need for standardization of procedures, use of norms, and advocated the use of statistical analysis to study individual differences. He was unwavering in his opposition to America's involvement in World War I. Lightner Witmer, who also spent some time working under Wundt, changed the scene for psychology forever from his position at the University of Pennsylvania when he coined the term “clinical psychology” and outlined a program of training and study. This model for clinical psychology is still followed in modern times. Eleven years later in 1907 Witmer founded the journal The Psychological Clinic. Also in 1907, a routine psychological screening plan for hospitalized psychiatric patients was developed by Shepard Ivory Franz, civilian research psychologist at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Two years later, under the leadership of William Alanson White, St. Elizabeth's Hospital became known for research and training of psychiatrists and military medical officers. In 1911 Hebert Butts, a navy medical officer stationed at St. Elizabeth's, published the first protocol for psychological screening of navy recruits based on Franz's work. Intelligence testing in the U.S. military Lewis M. Terman, a professor at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon Scale in 1916, renaming it the Stanford-Binet Revision. This test was the beginning of the “Intelligence Testing Movement” and was administered to over 170,000 soldiers in the United States Army during World War I. Yerkes published the results of these tests in 1921 in a document that became known as the Army Report. There were two tests that initially made up the intelligence tests for the military: Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. They were developed to evaluate vast numbers of military recruits that were both literate (Army Alpha tests) and illiterate (Army Beta tests). The Army Beta test were designed to “measure native intellectual capacity”. The Army Beta test also helped to test non-English speaking service members. The standardized intelligence and entrance tests that have been used for each military branch in the United States has transformed over the years. Finally, in 1974, “the Department of Defense decided that all Services should use Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) for both screening enlistees and assigning them to military occupations. Combining selection and classification testing made the testing process more efficient. It also enabled the Services to improve the matching of applicants with available job positions and allowed job guarantees for those qualified”. This went fully into effect in 1976. Yerkes and war Robert M. Yerkes, while he was president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1917, worked with Edward B. Titchener and a group of psychologists that were known as the “Experimentalists”. Their work resulted in formulating a plan for APA members to offer their professional services to the World War I effort, even though Yerkes was known for being opposed to America being involved in the war at all. It was decided that psychologists could provide support in developing methods for selection of recruits and treatment of war victims. This was spurred, in part, by America's growing interest in the work of Alfred Binet in France on mental measurement, as well as the scientific management movement to enhance worker productivity. In 1919, Yerkes was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. In a plan proposed to the Surgeon General, Yerkes wrote: "The Council of the American Psychological Association is convinced that in the present emergency American psychology can substantially serve the Government, under the medical corps of the Army and Navy, by examining recruits with respect to intellectual deficiency, psychopathic tendencies, nervous instability, and inadequate self-control". Also in 1919, the Army Division of Psychology in the Medical Department was established at the medical training camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia to train personnel to provide mental testing of large groups. This was also the era when the condition referred to as “shell shock” was first seriously studied by psychologists and standardized screening tests for pilots were administered. World War II World War II ushered in an era of substantial growth for the psychological field, centering around four major areas: testing for individual abilities, applied social psychology, instruction and training, and clinical psychology. During World War II, the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and the Navy General Classification Test (NGCT) were used in place of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests for similar purposes. The United States Army had no unified program for the use of clinical psychologists until 1944, towards the end of World War II. Before this time, no clinical psychologists were serving in Army hospitals under the supervision of psychiatrists. This had to do with psychologists’ opposition to this type of service and also to the limited role the Army assigned to psychiatry. At this time, the only psychiatric interview that was being processed on the ever-increasing numbers of military recruits lasted only three minutes and could only manage to weed out the severely disturbed recruits. Under these conditions, it was impossible to determine which seemingly normal recruits would crack under the strain of military duties, and the need for clinical psychologists grew. By 1945 there were over 450 clinical psychologists serving in the U.S. Army. Military psychology matured well past the areas aforementioned that concerned psychologists up until this time, branching off into sectors that included military leadership, the effects of environmental factors on human performance, military intelligence, psychological operations and warfare (such as Special Forces like PSYOP), selection for special duties, and the influences of personal background, attitudes, and the work group on soldier motivation and morals. Korean War The Korean War was the first war in which clinical psychologists served overseas, positioned in hospitals as well as combat zones. Their particular roles were vague, broad, and fairly undefined, except for the U.S. Air Force, which provided detailed job descriptions. The Air Force also outlined the standardized tests and procedures for evaluating recruits that were to be used. Vietnam War In the Vietnam War, there were significant challenges that obstructed the regular use of psychologists to support combat troops. The mental health teams were very small, usually only consisting of one psychiatrist, one psychologist, and three or four enlisted corpsmen. Quite often, medical officers, including psychologists, were working in severe conditions with little or no field experience. Despite these challenges, military psychiatry had improved compared to previous wars, which focused on maximizing function and minimizing disability by preventive and therapeutic measures. Global War on Terror A 2014 study of soldiers who had mental health problems after Overseas Contingency Operation service found that a majority of them had symptoms before they enlisted. See also Army Alpha Army Beta Center for Deployment Psychology Human subject research Military science MKULTRA Morale Psychological warfare Unit cohesion References ^ a b Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric A. (30 June 2022). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-4994-8. ^ a b The Oxford handbook of military psychology. Janice H. Laurence, Michael D. Matthews. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-539932-5. OCLC 713834813.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Hacker Hughes, Jamie; McCauley, M; Wilson, L (9 November 2018). "History of military psychology". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 165 (2): 68–70. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001048. ISSN 0035-8665. PMID 30415213. S2CID 53286244. ^ a b c Carrie H. Kennedy and Eric A. Zillmer, ed. (2006). "Military Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations" (PDF). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-724-7. ^ "How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org". careersinpsychology.org. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ "Careers in the Military". www.careersinthemilitary.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ "Research Psychologist". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ a b c "Psychological Warfare and Terrorism" ^ "Research Psychologist". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ Staal, Mark; Michael DeVries (2018). "Military Operational Psychology". Psychological Services. 17 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1037/ser0000308. PMID 30211574. S2CID 52198101. ^ Staal, Mark A.; James A. Stephenson (2006). "Operational Psychology: An Emerging Subdiscipline". Military Psychology. 18 (4): 269–282. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1804_2. S2CID 143762046. ^ Staal, M.A. & Stephenson, J.A. (2013). Operational Psychology Post-9/11: A Decade of Evolution. Military Psychology, 25(2), 93-104. doi:10.1037/h0094951 ^ Kennedy, C. H., & Williams, T. J. (2010). Operational psychology ethics: Addressing evolving dilemmas. In C. Kennedy and T. Williams (Eds.), The ethics of operational psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ^ Arrigo, J. M., Eidelson, R. J., & Bennett, R. (2012). Psychology under fire: Adversarial operational psychology and psychological ethics. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18, 384–400. ^ Staal, Mark A.; DeVries, Michael R. (May 2020). "Military operational psychology". Psychological Services. 17 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1037/ser0000308. ISSN 1939-148X. PMID 30211574. ^ Staal, Mark A. (2018). "Applied Psychology Under Attack: A Response to the Brookline Principles". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 24 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1037/pac0000333. S2CID 149490959. ^ Staal, M. A., & Greene, C. (2015). An Examination of “Adversarial” Operational Psychology. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21, 264–268. ^ Staal, M. A., & Greene, C. (2015). Operational psychology: An ethical practice–A reply to Arrigo, Eidelson, and Rockwood (2015). Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21, 279–281. ^ "APA, 202". ^ Murray, L., Brains and Bullets: How Psychology Wins War (London: Biteback, 2013) ISBN 978-1849545167 ^ a b c d "Division 19 – Society for Military Psychology", (2009). About Military Psychology. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Penix, Elizabeth (2024). "Psychotherapy Dropout in Military Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 85 (2–B): 1–2. ProQuest 2844941463 – via ProQuest. ^ Cohen, G. H.; Fink, D. S.; Sampson, L.; Galea, S. (1 January 2015). "Mental Health Among Reserve Component Military Service Members and Veterans". Epidemiologic Reviews. 37 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu007. ISSN 0193-936X. PMC 4325668. PMID 25595172. ^ Eisen, Susan V.; Schultz, Mark R.; Vogt, Dawne; Glickman, Mark E.; Elwy, A. Rani; Drainoni, Mari-Lynn; Osei-Bonsu, Princess E.; Martin, James (1 March 2012). "Mental and Physical Health Status and Alcohol and Drug Use Following Return From Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (S1): S66–S73. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3496463. PMID 22390605. ^ Osborne, A K; Wilson-Menzfeld, G; McGill, G; Kiernan, M D (2022). "Military service and alcohol use: a systematic narrative review". Occupational Medicine. 72 (5): 313–323. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqac045. ISSN 0962-7480. PMC 9272263. PMID 35674143. ^ Hoggatt, K. J.; Jamison, A. L.; Lehavot, K.; Cucciare, M. A.; Timko, C.; Simpson, T. L. (1 January 2015). "Alcohol and Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence in Women Veterans". Epidemiologic Reviews. 37 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu010. ISSN 0193-936X. ^ Segal, Mady Wechsler; Smith, David G.; Segal, David R.; Canuso, Amy A. (2016). "The Role of Leadership and Peer Behaviors in the Performance and Well-Being of Women in Combat: Historical Perspectives, Unit Integration, and Family Issues". Military Medicine. 181 (1S): 28–39. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00342. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 26741899. ^ "Psychosocial Effects of Trauma on Military Women Serving in the National Guard and Reserves". Advances in Social Work. 13 (1): 166–184. 2012. ^ "Women and War". www.apa.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022. ^ Katz, Lori S.; Cojucar, Geta; Davenport, Cory T.; Pedram, Christina; Lindl, Claire (20 January 2010). "Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences". Military Psychology. 22 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/08995600903249222. ISSN 0899-5605. S2CID 144431584. ^ Hom, Melanie A.; Stanley, Ian H.; Schneider, Matthew E.; Joiner, Thomas E. (1 April 2017). "A systematic review of help-seeking and mental health service utilization among military service members". Clinical Psychology Review. 53: 59–78. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.008. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 28214634. ^ a b c d e f g h i Michels, K. (2004)." Intelligence Testing in the United States Military Archived 25 January 2013 at archive.today". Retrieved 29 October 2009. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2006). "Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital". Retrieved 1 December 2009. ^ a b Plucker, J. A. (Ed.). (2003). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved 19 November 2009, from http://www.indiana.edu/~intell ^ Grassetti, S. (2007). Lightner Witmer Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 December 2009. ^ a b c "History of Military Testing", ASVAB. Retrieved 21 November 2009. ^ a b Xiao, H. (2007). "CWU Lecture to Outline History of Military Psychology Archived 30 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine", News and Headlines. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ United States Veterans Administration and Department of Medicine and Surgery (1972). The Vietnam Veteran in contemporary society; collected materials pertaining to the young veterans. Washington, D.C.: Department of Medicine and Surgery. pp. III–55. ^ "Study: Nearly 1-In-5 US Army Soldiers Had Mental Illness Before Enlistment". cbslocal.com. CBS DC. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014. External links The Center for Deployment Psychology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EEG_early_studies_edited.jpg"}],"text":"Military psychology is a specialization within psychology that applies psychological science to promote the readiness of military members, organizations, and operations.[1] Military psychologists provide support to the military in many ways, including through direct clinical care, consultation to military commanders, teaching others and supporting military training, and through research relevant to military operations and personnel. Military psychology as a field has been growing since the early 20th century, evidence that the demands and needs for psychological clinical and operational application is continuing to grow steadily.[1] There are many stressors associated with military service, including exposure to high-risk training and combat. As such, psychologists are critical support components that assist military leaders in designing appropriate training programs, providing oversight to those programs, and assisting military members as they navigate the challenges of military training and their new lifestyle. Military psychology covers a wide range of fields throughout the military including operational, tactical, and occupational psychology.[2] Gender differences between military-trained personnel who seek mental health assistance have been extensively studied. Specific examples include post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with combat, or guilt and family/partner difficulties accompanying extended or frequent deployments due to separation. Clinical providers in military psychology are often focused on the treatment of stress, fatigue, and other personal readiness issues.[2] Previous wars such as the Korean war, Vietnam war, and WW 2 provide great insight to the workings and practices of military psychology and how the practices have changed and assisted the military over the years.[3]Psychologist Performing a Test","title":"Military psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"},{"link_name":"national emergencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"applied science and practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"group therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapy"},{"link_name":"individual therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_therapy"},{"link_name":"behavior modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"survival training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_training"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"interrogation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"international laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"text":"The military is a group of individuals who are trained and equipped to perform national security tasks in unique and often chaotic and trauma-filled situations. These situations can include the front-lines of battle, national emergencies, counter-terrorism support, allied assistance, or the disaster response scenarios where they are providing relief-aid for the host populations of both friendly and enemy states. Though many psychologists may have a general understanding with regards to a humans response to traumatic situations, military psychologists are uniquely trained and experienced specialists in applied science and practice among this special population. While the service members may be providing direct aid to the victims of events, military psychologists are providing specialized aid to both members, their families, and the victims of military operations as they cope with the often \"normal\" response or reaction to uncommon and abnormal circumstances.[4] Military psychologists can assess, diagnose, treat and recommend the duty status most suitable for the optimal well-being of the individual, group, and organization. Through the use of group therapy, individual therapy, and behavior modification, these psychologists actively treat psychological disorders, most commonly emotional trauma. When counseling members of a military personnel's family, they are most often tasked with providing grief counseling after the loss of a loved one in the line of duty.[5][6][7] Events that affect the mental state, resilience or psychological assets and vulnerabilities of the warrior and the command are where military psychologists are most equipped to meet the unique challenges and provide expert care and consultation to preserve the behavioral health of the fighting force.In addition to the specialized roles previously mentioned, military psychologists often provide support to many non-healthcare-related activities. For example, military psychologists may provide their expertise and training in the consultation to hostage negotiations. Military psychologists are not hostage negotiators; however, they often consult [ation] with those directly communicating with hostage-takers in a manner that seeks the safety and protections of all involved. Military psychologists may also apply their science to aviation selection and training, to the study and application of survival training, and the selection of personnel for special military duties.[8]Another common practice domain for military psychologists is in performing fitness for duty evaluations, especially in high risk and high reliability occupations. The types of fitness evaluations include both basic entry examinations and career progression examinations such as those conducted when individuals are seeking promotion, higher-classification clearance status, and specialized, hazardous, and mission critical working conditions. When operational commanders become concerned about the impact of continuous, critical, and traumatic operations on those in their command, they often consult with a military psychologist.The fitness evaluations might lead to command directed administrative actions or provide the information necessary to make decisions by a medical board or other tribunal and must be thoroughly conducted by non-biased individuals with the experience and training necessary to render a professional opinion that is critical to key decision makers. Military psychologists must be well versed in the art and science of psychology as specialized applied practice professionals. They must also be highly competent generalists in the military profession, and be able to understand both professions well enough to examine human behavior in the context of military operations. It takes the psychologist several years beyond the doctorate to develop the expertise necessary to understand how to integrate psychology with the complex needs of the military.[4]Another very select and infrequent use of military psychology is in the interview of subjects, the interrogation of prisoners, and the vetting of those who may provide information of operational or intelligence value that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly and enemy casualties. Psychology's scientific principles applied here allow the interviewer, agent, or interrogator to get as much information as possible through non-invasive means without the need to resort to active measures or risk violating the rules of engagement, host nation agreements, international and military law or crossing the threshold of the Geneva Conventions' guidelines to which the United States and its allies subscribe, regardless of the status of many of the modern belligerent countries on the international laws and United Nations agreements.[8]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"mental health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_care"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"post traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder"}],"text":"The goals and missions of current military psychologists have been retained over the years, varying with the focus and strength of intensity of research put forth into each sector. Working in research as a military psychologist entails performing personnel research, such as determining what traits are best utilized in which positions, the training procedures, and analyzing what variables impact the health and performance of military personnel.[9] The need for mental health care is now an expected part of high-stress military environments.[4] The importance and severity of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has gained more credibility than those suffering from it received in the past, and is being highlighted in treatment programs. More extensive post-deployment screenings take place now to home in on problematic recoveries that used to be passed unnoticed and untreated.","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"counterterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"social scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scientists"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal"},{"link_name":"methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"sub_title":"Terrorism","text":"Terrorism and counterterrorism, information management, and psychological warfare are value-added roles for the applied aspects of military psychology that are developing. For instance, contrary to the common myths and stereotypes about modern terrorists, that tend portray them as mentally disturbed individuals; most terrorists are far from that typology according to studies conducted by behavioral and social scientists who have either directly interviewed and observed terrorists or conducted meta-analytic studies of terrorism and terrorists.Terrorists have tended to be from among the more well educated in their host countries. They often have developed a well thought out, but not very often publicized or well articulated, rigid ideology that provides the foundation for their strategy and tactics. Psychologically disturbed terrorists increase the risk of damage to the terror organization's strategic outcomes. As in any organization, mentally disturbed terrorists are a liability and the leaders of terrorist groups are well aware of the risks that these types of persons present. As any good organizational leader, the effective terrorist will try to recruit the best person for the job. It is doubtful that modern terrorist groups would adopt the affirmative action and other hiring practices dictated under employment laws in the United States or other Western countries.It is important to understand when and how the label of terrorism is applied because of its psychological impact as suggested above. The causes, goals, methodology, and strategy of the terrorist mindset is well suited for psychological inquiry and the development of the strategy and tactics used to confront it. Terrorism is an ideology that uses behavioral, emotional, and group dynamics, along with social and psychological principles to influence populations for political purposes. It is a form of psychological warfare. The terrorists are experts in the use of fear, violence, threats of violence and trauma in order to advance the political agenda. Terrorists seek psychological control and use violent behavior to cause the population to behave in ways that disrupt and destroy the existing political processes and symbols of political power. They control people by using deep primal emotions to elicit a reaction and shape behavior.The goal of a terrorist is to use violence to create the natural fear of death and dismemberment and use it to change or shape political behavior, control thought and modify speech. Military and operational psychologists are highly trained and experienced. They are experts equipped with the specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities in the art and science of the military and psychology professions that give them a great deal of potential in this unique operational environment.[8]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"behavioral science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal3-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Operational psychology","text":"Operational psychology is a specialty within the field of psychology that applies behavioral science principles through the use of consultation to enable key decision makers to more effectively understand, develop, target, and influence an individual, group or organization to accomplish tactical, operational, or strategic objectives within the domain of national security or national defense. This is a relatively new sub-discipline that has been employed largely by psychologists and behavioral scientists in military, intelligence, and law enforcement arenas (although other areas of public safety employ psychologists in this capacity as well). While psychology has been utilized in non-health related fields for many decades, recent years have seen an increased focus on its national security applications. Examples of such applications include the development of counterinsurgency strategy through human profiling, interrogation and detention support, information-psychological operations, and the selection of personnel for specialized military or other public safety activities.[10][11][12][13]Recently, operational psychology has been under increased scrutiny due to allegations of unethical conduct by some practitioners supporting military and law enforcement interrogations. As a result, a small group of psychologists have raised concerns about the ethics of such practice.[14][15] Supporters of operational psychology have responded by providing an ethical defense of such activity. They argue that the American Psychological Association's ethical code is sufficient to support operational psychologists in a number of activities (to include legal interrogation by the military and other law enforcement agencies).[16][17][18]In response to this controversy, the American Psychological Association (APA) assembled a cross-divisional task force to draft professional practice guidelines built around the APA ethics code and related policies. These guidelines were adopted by the APA's Council of Representatives in August 2023 at their annual convention.[19]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suppressive fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressive_fire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Tactical psychology","text":"Tactical psychology is \"a sharp focus on what soldiers do once they are in contact with the enemy...on what a front-line soldier can do to win a battle\". It combines psychology and historical analysis (the application of statistics to military historical data) to find out how tactics make the enemy freeze, flee or fuss, instead of fight. Tactical psychology examines how techniques like suppressive fire, combined arms or flanking reduce the enemy's will to fight.[20]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"suicidal ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Soldier.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Health, organizational, and occupational psychology","text":"Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, including operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing research to help select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. Some military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families. Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs within the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportunity. More modern programs employ the skills and knowledge of military psychologists to address issues such as integrating diverse ethnic and racial groups into the military and reducing sexual assault and discrimination. Others assist in the employment of women in combat positions and other positions traditionally held by men. Other responsibilities include helping to utilize low-capability recruits and rehabilitate drug-addicted and wounded service members.[21]Many military psychologists are in charge of drug testing and psychological treatment for mental illnesses, such as alcohol and substance abuse. In terms of the prevalence of psychological issues in the military, active duty members and veterans most commonly struggle with PTSD, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. Worsening psychological symptoms due to potentially traumatic events can cause decision-making impairments. During high-stress situations, decision-making impairments can heavily impact the safety of the individual and their unit.[22][23] Veteran men who served in the Army and Marine Corps showed poorer mental health than Air Force. These men also showed higher use of alcohol and drugs.[24] Research shows that there are high rates of alcohol use in the military, with a higher prevalence in service men than in service women.[25][26] In modern times, the advisement of military psychologists is being heard and taken into consideration for national policy more than ever before. There are now more psychologists employed by the U.S. Department of Defense than by any other organization in the world. Since the downsizing of the military in the 1990s, however, there has been a considerable reduction in psychological research and support in the armed forces as well.[21]Female Soldiers Playing Cards","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women in military roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"Women's Armed Services Integration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Armed_Services_Integration_Act"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"mental suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_suffering"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Feminism","text":"Women in military roles is an area of study receiving an increasing amount of attention. Currently women make up 10%-15% of the armed forces. However, gender integration in the military has been an ongoing process. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act was established, allowing women's units to be a part of federal forces. In 1976, women were officially permitted to be integrated into the three main Department of Defense service academies, which only men were originally allowed to attend. While this decision was highly debated, research has shown that gender integration has resulted in men having more positive attitudes towards working in combat positions with women.[27] However, as women tended to move to away from nursing and helping roles, increasing attention is given to how the brutal realities of combat would affect the women psychologically. Research shows that, when affected, women tend to ask for help, more so than men, thus avoiding many of the long-term mental suffering that male soldiers face after their deployment has ended.[28] Some of the mental issues that researchers have been looking into lately is the link between PTSD, sexual harassment, and sexual trauma. Reports indicate that military personnel who report experiencing sexual trauma have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental health condition during their lifetime (e.g., PTSD) as compared to their civilian counterparts. [29] There are gender differences in regard to sexual assault and or harassment while on deployment. Women have shown statistically that they receive more sexual assault than men.[30] A large majority of military members turn away from seeking psychological help because they fear differential treatment from leaders.[31]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seals_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces.png"},{"link_name":"St. Elizabeths Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"US Armed Forces SealsPsychological stress and disorders have always been a part of military life, especially during and after wartime, but the mental health section of military psychology has not always experienced the awareness it does now. Even in the present day there is much more research and awareness needed concerning this area.One of the first institutions created to care for military psychiatric patients was St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Formerly known as the United States Government Hospital for the Insane, the hospital was founded by the United States Congress in 1855 and is currently in a state of disrepair although operational, with revitalization plans scheduled to begin in 2010.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James McKeen Cattell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plucker-34"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Lightner Witmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"clinical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"William Alanson White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alanson_White"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"In 1890 James McKeen Cattell coined the term “mental tests”. Cattell studied under Wundt at Leipzig in Germany at one point during his life and strongly advocated for psychology to be viewed as a science on par with the physical and life sciences.[34] He promoted the need for standardization of procedures, use of norms, and advocated the use of statistical analysis to study individual differences. He was unwavering in his opposition to America's involvement in World War I.[32]Lightner Witmer, who also spent some time working under Wundt, changed the scene for psychology forever from his position at the University of Pennsylvania when he coined the term “clinical psychology” and outlined a program of training and study.[35] This model for clinical psychology is still followed in modern times. Eleven years later in 1907 Witmer founded the journal The Psychological Clinic.Also in 1907, a routine psychological screening plan for hospitalized psychiatric patients was developed by Shepard Ivory Franz, civilian research psychologist at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Two years later, under the leadership of William Alanson White, St. Elizabeth's Hospital became known for research and training of psychiatrists and military medical officers. In 1911 Hebert Butts, a navy medical officer stationed at St. Elizabeth's, published the first protocol for psychological screening of navy recruits based on Franz's work.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis M. Terman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_M._Terman"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford-Binet Revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plucker-34"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Army Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Army Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Beta"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"},{"link_name":"Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence testing in the U.S. military","text":"Lewis M. Terman, a professor at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon Scale in 1916, renaming it the Stanford-Binet Revision.[34] This test was the beginning of the “Intelligence Testing Movement” and was administered to over 170,000 soldiers in the United States Army during World War I. Yerkes published the results of these tests in 1921 in a document that became known as the Army Report.[32]There were two tests that initially made up the intelligence tests for the military: Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. They were developed to evaluate vast numbers of military recruits that were both literate (Army Alpha tests) and illiterate (Army Beta tests). The Army Beta test were designed to “measure native intellectual capacity”. The Army Beta test also helped to test non-English speaking service members.[36]The standardized intelligence and entrance tests that have been used for each military branch in the United States has transformed over the years. Finally, in 1974, “the Department of Defense decided that all Services should use Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) for both screening enlistees and assigning them to military occupations. Combining selection and classification testing made the testing process more efficient. It also enabled the Services to improve the matching of applicants with available job positions and allowed job guarantees for those qualified”. This went fully into effect in 1976.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert M. Yerkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Yerkes"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"Edward B. Titchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Alfred Binet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binet"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"link_name":"Surgeon General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"psychopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopath"},{"link_name":"Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-37"}],"sub_title":"Yerkes and war","text":"Robert M. Yerkes, while he was president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1917, worked with Edward B. Titchener and a group of psychologists that were known as the “Experimentalists”. Their work resulted in formulating a plan for APA members to offer their professional services to the World War I effort, even though Yerkes was known for being opposed to America being involved in the war at all. It was decided that psychologists could provide support in developing methods for selection of recruits and treatment of war victims.[32] This was spurred, in part, by America's growing interest in the work of Alfred Binet in France on mental measurement, as well as the scientific management movement to enhance worker productivity.[21]In 1919, Yerkes was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. In a plan proposed to the Surgeon General, Yerkes wrote: \"The Council of the American Psychological Association is convinced that in the present emergency American psychology can substantially serve the Government, under the medical corps of the Army and Navy, by examining recruits with respect to intellectual deficiency, psychopathic tendencies, nervous instability, and inadequate self-control\". Also in 1919, the Army Division of Psychology in the Medical Department was established at the medical training camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia to train personnel to provide mental testing of large groups.[32]This was also the era when the condition referred to as “shell shock” was first seriously studied by psychologists and standardized screening tests for pilots were administered.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-37"},{"link_name":"Army General Classification Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_General_Classification_Test"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"PSYOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Operations_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"World War II ushered in an era of substantial growth for the psychological field, centering around four major areas: testing for individual abilities, applied social psychology, instruction and training, and clinical psychology.[37] During World War II, the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and the Navy General Classification Test (NGCT) were used in place of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests for similar purposes.[36]The United States Army had no unified program for the use of clinical psychologists until 1944, towards the end of World War II. Before this time, no clinical psychologists were serving in Army hospitals under the supervision of psychiatrists. This had to do with psychologists’ opposition to this type of service and also to the limited role the Army assigned to psychiatry. At this time, the only psychiatric interview that was being processed on the ever-increasing numbers of military recruits lasted only three minutes and could only manage to weed out the severely disturbed recruits. Under these conditions, it was impossible to determine which seemingly normal recruits would crack under the strain of military duties, and the need for clinical psychologists grew. By 1945 there were over 450 clinical psychologists serving in the U.S. Army.[32]Military psychology matured well past the areas aforementioned that concerned psychologists up until this time, branching off into sectors that included military leadership, the effects of environmental factors on human performance, military intelligence, psychological operations and warfare (such as Special Forces like PSYOP), selection for special duties, and the influences of personal background, attitudes, and the work group on soldier motivation and morals.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"}],"sub_title":"Korean War","text":"The Korean War was the first war in which clinical psychologists served overseas, positioned in hospitals as well as combat zones. Their particular roles were vague, broad, and fairly undefined, except for the U.S. Air Force, which provided detailed job descriptions. The Air Force also outlined the standardized tests and procedures for evaluating recruits that were to be used.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"In the Vietnam War, there were significant challenges that obstructed the regular use of psychologists to support combat troops. The mental health teams were very small, usually only consisting of one psychiatrist, one psychologist, and three or four enlisted corpsmen. Quite often, medical officers, including psychologists, were working in severe conditions with little or no field experience.[32] Despite these challenges, military psychiatry had improved compared to previous wars, which focused on maximizing function and minimizing disability by preventive and therapeutic measures.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overseas Contingency Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Contingency_Operation"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Global War on Terror","text":"A 2014 study of soldiers who had mental health problems after Overseas Contingency Operation service found that a majority of them had symptoms before they enlisted.[39]","title":"History"}]

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[{"title":"Army Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Alpha"},{"title":"Army Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Beta"},{"title":"Center for Deployment Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Deployment_Psychology"},{"title":"Human subject research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_subject_research"},{"title":"Military science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science"},{"title":"MKULTRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA"},{"title":"Morale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale"},{"title":"Psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"title":"Unit cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cohesion"}]

[{"reference":"Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric A. (30 June 2022). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-4994-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pDh4EAAAQBAJ&dq=military+psychology&pg=PP1","url_text":"Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-4994-8","url_text":"978-1-4625-4994-8"}]},{"reference":"The Oxford handbook of military psychology. Janice H. Laurence, Michael D. Matthews. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-539932-5. OCLC 713834813.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713834813","url_text":"The Oxford handbook of military psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539932-5","url_text":"978-0-19-539932-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713834813","url_text":"713834813"}]},{"reference":"Hacker Hughes, Jamie; McCauley, M; Wilson, L (9 November 2018). \"History of military psychology\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 165 (2): 68–70. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001048. ISSN 0035-8665. PMID 30415213. S2CID 53286244.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001048","url_text":"\"History of military psychology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjramc-2018-001048","url_text":"10.1136/jramc-2018-001048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8665","url_text":"0035-8665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415213","url_text":"30415213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53286244","url_text":"53286244"}]},{"reference":"Carrie H. Kennedy and Eric A. Zillmer, ed. (2006). \"Military Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations\" (PDF). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-724-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.igetdoc.com/ddata/84.pdf","url_text":"\"Military Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-724-7","url_text":"978-1-57230-724-7"}]},{"reference":"\"How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org\". careersinpsychology.org. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://careersinpsychology.org/become-a-military-psychologist/","url_text":"\"How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Careers in the Military\". www.careersinthemilitary.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.careersinthemilitary.com/","url_text":"\"Careers in the Military\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Psychologist\". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/career-match/science-medicine/research/71f-research-psychologist.html","url_text":"\"Research Psychologist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Psychologist\". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/career-match/science-medicine/research/71f-research-psychologist.html","url_text":"\"Research Psychologist\""}]},{"reference":"Staal, Mark; Michael DeVries (2018). \"Military Operational Psychology\". Psychological Services. 17 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1037/ser0000308. PMID 30211574. S2CID 52198101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fser0000308","url_text":"10.1037/ser0000308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30211574","url_text":"30211574"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52198101","url_text":"52198101"}]},{"reference":"Staal, Mark A.; James A. Stephenson (2006). \"Operational Psychology: An Emerging Subdiscipline\". Military Psychology. 18 (4): 269–282. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1804_2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Reunion

Bloody Reunion

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Bloody Reunion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 South Korean filmBloody ReunionTheatrical posterHangul스승의 은혜Revised RomanizationSeuseung-ui eunhyeMcCune–ReischauerSŭsŭng-ŭi ŭn-hye Directed byIm Dae-woongWritten byPark Se-yeolStarringOh Mi-heeSeo Young-heeCinematographyKim Yoon-suEdited byPark Gok-jiDistributed byShow EastRelease date August 3, 2006 (2006-08-03) Running time93 minutesCountrySouth KoreaLanguageKoreanBox office$3,094,683 Bloody Reunion (Korean: 스승의 은혜; RR: Seuseungui Eunhye) (aka To Sir, with Love, My Teacher or Teacher's Mercy) is a 2006 South Korean horror film, and the feature film debut of director Im Dae-Woong. Plot Detective Ma investigates a mass murder at the residence of Ms. Park. Five were killed with two survivors: Ms. Park and her caretaker, Mi-Ja. Mi-Ja recounts her story to Ma. Mi-Ja takes care of her ex-teacher, Ms. Park. They organize a class reunion with Ms. Park's past students: Se-Ho, Eun-Young, Dal-Bong, Sun-Hee, Myung-Ho, and Jung-Won. Each resent Ms. Park for different reasons: the couple Se-Ho and Eun-Young because of Ms. Park's belittling of their poverty; Dal-Bong because of his cast leg caused by Ms. Park punishing him with repeated squats after losing a relay at track; Sun-Hee because of Ms. Park's criticizing of her former obesity; and Myung-Ho because of Ms. Park sexually abusing him. The friendless and quiet Jung-Won, once ridiculed for defecating in class, stopped attending school when his mother was hit by a car. Nevertheless, they all try to maintain a facade of jolliness for the reunion. However, tensions arise as the former classmates become more open about their anger. Se-Ho drunkenly explodes during the barbecue party and accuses the others of lying to themselves. A bunny-masked figure later drags him to the basement, where he is killed. Eun-Young tries to drown Ms. Park while the latter is bathing, though it fails. She is attacked next by the bunny figure and killed. Dal-Bong tries to attack Ms. Park but is caught by the bunny figure, who inserts insects into his ear to kill him. Throughout the murders, flashbacks show the students laughing at Ms. Park's deformed son, who wore a bunny mask to hide his face. Only Jung-Won wanted to befriend him, but Ms. Park mistakenly assumed him the bully. Sun-Hee tries to throw Ms. Park off the cliff, but is interrupted by Mi-Ja. In the ensuing struggle, Sun-Hee falls off instead and dies. Mi-Ja is knocked out by Myung-Ho, who would have set Ms. Park on fire if not for the bunny figure killing him. The figure is revealed to be Jung-Won. Detective Ma investigates Jung-Won's supposed apartment. All he finds is his mother's decaying corpse, women's clothing, and articles about the success of Ms. Park's ex-students, contrary to Mi-Ja's claims. It is revealed that there is no male student of Ms. Park's bearing the name "Jung-Won"; it is instead the real name of Mi-Ja. She fabricated the story for the police: she was the one who was poor and overweight, broke her leg after doing Ms. Park's punishment, and was mocked when her period stained her clothes in class. Her mother rushed to school to confront Ms. Park and was struck by a car. She became handicapped and died when Jung-Won was an adult. Jung-Won then took the identity of Mi-Ja and became Ms. Park's caretaker until she could kill her classmates at the reunion. Jung-Won drives Ms. Park to the beach and vents her frustration at her before committing suicide by jumping from the pier, while Ms. Park can only watch. The film closes with Ms. Park's wheelchair on the pier, with Ms. Park implied to have committed suicide as well. Cast Oh Mi-hee as Ms. Park, the teacher Seo Young-hee as Mi-Ja/Jung-Won, former student and caretaker Lee Ji-Hyun as Sun-Hee Lee Dong-kyu as Myung-Ho Yu Seol-ah as Eun-Young Park Hyo-jun as Dal-Bong Yeo Hyun-soo as Se-Ho Jang Seong-won as Jung-Won Kim Eung-soo as Detective Ma Lee Ji-hyun as Sun-hee References ^ "Box office by Country: To Sir With Love Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-06-04 External links Bloody Reunion at IMDb Bloody Reunion at AllMovie Bloody Reunion at HanCinema Review at Koreanfilm.org

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CISD2

CISD2

["1 Function","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Protein-coding gene in humans CISD2Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes3FNV, 4OO7, 4OOAIdentifiersAliasesCISD2, ERIS, Miner1, NAF-1, WFS2, ZCD2, CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2External IDsOMIM: 611507; MGI: 1914256; HomoloGene: 36436; GeneCards: CISD2; OMA:CISD2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 4 (human)Band4q24Start102,868,974 bpEnd102,892,807 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 3 (mouse)Band3|3 G3Start135,112,173 bpEnd135,129,686 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inpancreatic epithelial celltendon of biceps brachiiislet of Langerhansinternal globus pallidusponscerebellar vermisright lobe of liverpancreatic ductal cellbone marrow cellsC1 segmentTop expressed ininterventricular septummyocardium of ventricleright kidneysoleus musclePaneth cellextraocular muscleproximal tubuletemporal muscledigastric muscleretinal pigment epitheliumMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function iron-sulfur cluster binding protein binding protein homodimerization activity metal ion binding 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding RNA binding Cellular component intracellular membrane-bounded organelle integral component of membrane mitochondrial outer membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane mitochondrion protein-containing complex perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum Biological process autophagy regulation of autophagy autophagy of mitochondrion multicellular organism aging Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez49385667006EnsemblENSG00000145354ENSMUSG00000028165UniProtQ8N5K1Q9CQB5RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001008388NM_025902RefSeq (protein)NP_001008389NP_080178Location (UCSC)Chr 4: 102.87 – 102.89 MbChr 3: 135.11 – 135.13 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISD2 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein binds an iron/sulfur cluster and may be involved in calcium homeostasis. Defects in this gene are a cause of Wolfram syndrome 2. . See also CDGSH iron sulfur domain References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000145354 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028165 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "CISD2 CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 ". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2018-06-04. Further reading Shu SG, Tsai CR, Chi CS (November 2003). "Wolfram syndrome: phenotype and novel mutation in two Taiwanese siblings". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 102 (11): 808–11. PMID 14724730. Amr S, Heisey C, Zhang M, Xia XJ, Shows KH, Ajlouni K, Pandya A, Satin LS, El-Shanti H, Shiang R (October 2007). "A homozygous mutation in a novel zinc-finger protein, ERIS, is responsible for Wolfram syndrome 2". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (4): 673–83. doi:10.1086/520961. PMC 2227919. PMID 17846994. Conlan AR, Axelrod HL, Cohen AE, Abresch EC, Zuris J, Yee D, Nechushtai R, Jennings PA, Paddock ML (September 2009). "Crystal structure of Miner1: The redox-active 2Fe-2S protein causative in Wolfram Syndrome 2". J. Mol. Biol. 392 (1): 143–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.079. PMC 2739586. PMID 19580816. Chang NC, Nguyen M, Germain M, Shore GC (February 2010). "Antagonism of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by BCL-2 at the endoplasmic reticulum requires NAF-1". EMBO J. 29 (3): 606–18. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.369. PMC 2830692. PMID 20010695. Chen YF, Wu CY, Kirby R, Kao CH, Tsai TF (July 2010). "A role for the CISD2 gene in lifespan control and human disease". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1201 (1): 58–64. Bibcode:2010NYASA1201...58C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05619.x. PMID 20649540. S2CID 22176942. Tamir S, Zuris JA, Agranat L, Lipper CH, Conlan AR, Michaeli D, Harir Y, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Cabantchik ZI, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R (2013). "Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1): biochemical properties of a novel cellular target for anti-diabetic drugs". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e61202. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...861202T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061202. PMC 3661554. PMID 23717386. Sohn YS, Tamir S, Song L, Michaeli D, Matouk I, Conlan AR, Harir Y, Holt SH, Shulaev V, Paddock ML, Hochberg A, Cabanchick IZ, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R, Mittler R (September 2013). "NAF-1 and mitoNEET are central to human breast cancer proliferation by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting tumor growth". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (36): 14676–81. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11014676S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313198110. PMC 3767537. PMID 23959881. Tamir S, Rotem-Bamberger S, Katz C, Morcos F, Hailey KL, Zuris JA, Wang C, Conlan AR, Lipper CH, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Friedler A, Nechushtai R (April 2014). "Integrated strategy reveals the protein interface between cancer targets Bcl-2 and NAF-1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (14): 5177–82. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.5177T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403770111. PMC 3986192. PMID 24706857. Liu L, Xia M, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhang Y, He M (September 2014). "CISD2 expression is a novel marker correlating with pelvic lymph node metastasis and prognosis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer". Med. Oncol. 31 (9): 183. doi:10.1007/s12032-014-0183-5. PMID 25134919. S2CID 40242445. External links CISD2 This article on a gene on human chromosome 4 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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NAF-1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986192"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014PNAS..111.5177T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.5177T"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.1403770111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1403770111"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3986192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986192"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24706857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706857"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12032-014-0183-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12032-014-0183-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25134919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25134919"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40242445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40242445"}],"text":"Shu SG, Tsai CR, Chi CS (November 2003). \"Wolfram syndrome: phenotype and novel mutation in two Taiwanese siblings\". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 102 (11): 808–11. PMID 14724730.\nAmr S, Heisey C, Zhang M, Xia XJ, Shows KH, Ajlouni K, Pandya A, Satin LS, El-Shanti H, Shiang R (October 2007). \"A homozygous mutation in a novel zinc-finger protein, ERIS, is responsible for Wolfram syndrome 2\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (4): 673–83. doi:10.1086/520961. PMC 2227919. PMID 17846994.\nConlan AR, Axelrod HL, Cohen AE, Abresch EC, Zuris J, Yee D, Nechushtai R, Jennings PA, Paddock ML (September 2009). \"Crystal structure of Miner1: The redox-active 2Fe-2S protein causative in Wolfram Syndrome 2\". J. Mol. Biol. 392 (1): 143–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.079. PMC 2739586. PMID 19580816.\nChang NC, Nguyen M, Germain M, Shore GC (February 2010). \"Antagonism of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by BCL-2 at the endoplasmic reticulum requires NAF-1\". EMBO J. 29 (3): 606–18. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.369. PMC 2830692. PMID 20010695.\nChen YF, Wu CY, Kirby R, Kao CH, Tsai TF (July 2010). \"A role for the CISD2 gene in lifespan control and human disease\". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1201 (1): 58–64. Bibcode:2010NYASA1201...58C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05619.x. PMID 20649540. S2CID 22176942.\nTamir S, Zuris JA, Agranat L, Lipper CH, Conlan AR, Michaeli D, Harir Y, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Cabantchik ZI, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R (2013). \"Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1): biochemical properties of a novel cellular target for anti-diabetic drugs\". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e61202. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...861202T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061202. PMC 3661554. PMID 23717386.\nSohn YS, Tamir S, Song L, Michaeli D, Matouk I, Conlan AR, Harir Y, Holt SH, Shulaev V, Paddock ML, Hochberg A, Cabanchick IZ, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R, Mittler R (September 2013). \"NAF-1 and mitoNEET are central to human breast cancer proliferation by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting tumor growth\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (36): 14676–81. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11014676S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313198110. PMC 3767537. PMID 23959881.\nTamir S, Rotem-Bamberger S, Katz C, Morcos F, Hailey KL, Zuris JA, Wang C, Conlan AR, Lipper CH, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Friedler A, Nechushtai R (April 2014). \"Integrated strategy reveals the protein interface between cancer targets Bcl-2 and NAF-1\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (14): 5177–82. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.5177T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403770111. PMC 3986192. PMID 24706857.\nLiu L, Xia M, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhang Y, He M (September 2014). \"CISD2 expression is a novel marker correlating with pelvic lymph node metastasis and prognosis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer\". Med. Oncol. 31 (9): 183. doi:10.1007/s12032-014-0183-5. PMID 25134919. S2CID 40242445.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"CDGSH iron sulfur domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDGSH_iron_sulfur_domain"}]

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Retrieved 2018-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/493856","url_text":"\"CISD2 CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information","url_text":"National Center for Biotechnology Information"}]},{"reference":"Shu SG, Tsai CR, Chi CS (November 2003). \"Wolfram syndrome: phenotype and novel mutation in two Taiwanese siblings\". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 102 (11): 808–11. PMID 14724730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14724730","url_text":"14724730"}]},{"reference":"Amr S, Heisey C, Zhang M, Xia XJ, Shows KH, Ajlouni K, Pandya A, Satin LS, El-Shanti H, Shiang R (October 2007). \"A homozygous mutation in a novel zinc-finger protein, ERIS, is responsible for Wolfram syndrome 2\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (4): 673–83. doi:10.1086/520961. PMC 2227919. 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PMID 19580816.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739586","url_text":"\"Crystal structure of Miner1: The redox-active 2Fe-2S protein causative in Wolfram Syndrome 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2009.06.079","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739586","url_text":"2739586"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19580816","url_text":"19580816"}]},{"reference":"Chang NC, Nguyen M, Germain M, Shore GC (February 2010). \"Antagonism of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by BCL-2 at the endoplasmic reticulum requires NAF-1\". EMBO J. 29 (3): 606–18. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.369. PMC 2830692. PMID 20010695.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830692","url_text":"\"Antagonism of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by BCL-2 at the endoplasmic reticulum requires NAF-1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Femboj.2009.369","url_text":"10.1038/emboj.2009.369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830692","url_text":"2830692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010695","url_text":"20010695"}]},{"reference":"Chen YF, Wu CY, Kirby R, Kao CH, Tsai TF (July 2010). \"A role for the CISD2 gene in lifespan control and human disease\". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1201 (1): 58–64. Bibcode:2010NYASA1201...58C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05619.x. PMID 20649540. S2CID 22176942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NYASA1201...58C","url_text":"2010NYASA1201...58C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2010.05619.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05619.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20649540","url_text":"20649540"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22176942","url_text":"22176942"}]},{"reference":"Tamir S, Zuris JA, Agranat L, Lipper CH, Conlan AR, Michaeli D, Harir Y, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Cabantchik ZI, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R (2013). \"Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1): biochemical properties of a novel cellular target for anti-diabetic drugs\". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e61202. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...861202T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061202. PMC 3661554. PMID 23717386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3661554","url_text":"\"Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1): biochemical properties of a novel cellular target for anti-diabetic drugs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...861202T","url_text":"2013PLoSO...861202T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0061202","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0061202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3661554","url_text":"3661554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23717386","url_text":"23717386"}]},{"reference":"Sohn YS, Tamir S, Song L, Michaeli D, Matouk I, Conlan AR, Harir Y, Holt SH, Shulaev V, Paddock ML, Hochberg A, Cabanchick IZ, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R, Mittler R (September 2013). \"NAF-1 and mitoNEET are central to human breast cancer proliferation by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting tumor growth\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FabricLive.13

FabricLive.13

["1 Track listing","2 External links"]

2003 compilation album by J MajikFabricLive.13Compilation album by J MajikReleasedDecember 1, 2003GenreDrum and bassLabelFabricProducerJ MajikJ Majik chronology Infrastructure(2001) FabricLive.13(2003) Red Alert(2005) FabricLive chronology FabricLive.12(2003) FabricLive.13(2003) FabricLive.14(2004) FabricLive.13 is a DJ mix compilation album by J Majik, as part of the FabricLive Mix Series. Track listing Infrared – Me Lever – Infrared 4:38 Tali – High Hopes – Full Cycle 1:23 DJ Hazard – Enuff Iz Enuff – Ganja 4:41 J Majik, Future Bound & Wickerman – Pitbull – Infrared 1:25 Generation Dub – Deliverance – Formation 2:08 Pascal – P Funk 04 (Movin Fusion mix) – True Playaz 2:30 Total Science & Baron – Monkey See, Monkey Do – Baron Inc 3:50 M.I.S.T. Vs DJ Marky & XRS – Back To Love – Soul:R 2:51 Infrared Vs Gil Felix – Capoeira – Infrared 4:17 DJ Hype – Original Foundation – Ganja 3:12 Wickerman – Hustler – Infrared 1:47 Hold Tight – 9 2 5 – Industry 2:19 Total Science – Nosher (Baron remix) – CIA 2:19 Peshay feat. Studio 12 – Jammin' – Cubik 3:34 DJ Clipz – Cuban Links (Fresh mix) – Emcee 2:29 Swift – Play Me – Charge 1:46 Dillinja – Fast Car – Valve – 3:12 John B – Pressure (remix) – Valve 2:35 DJ Fresh – Temple Of Doom – Breakbeat Kaos 2:29 J Majik & Wickerman – Fleshwound – Infrared 1:54 Photek – We Got Heat (Ram Trilogy mix) – 51st State/Photek 3:44 Badmarsh & Shri Signs (Calibre remix) – Outcaste 2:18 Black Widow – No Trace – Black Widow 2:59 Twisted Individual – Bandwagon Blues – Formation 3:12 J Majik & Wickerman ft. Kathy Brown – Feel The Music – Infrared 4:39 External links Fabric: FabricLive.13 vteFabric albumsfabric series fabric 20 fabric 21 fabric 25 fabric 26 fabric 29 fabric 30 fabric 31 fabric 34 fabric 35 fabric 36 fabric 63 FabricLive series 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 88 93 Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2000s DJ mix album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkele_Wildlife_Sanctuary

Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary

["1 Wildlife","1.1 Fauna","2 Conservation","3 Notes"]

Wildlife sanctuary in Ethiopia Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest SanctuaryIUCN category II (national park)a herd Swayne's hartebeestLocation in EthiopiaLocationOromia Region, EthiopiaNearest cityHawassaCoordinates7°11′N 38°20′E / 7.183°N 38.333°E / 7.183; 38.333Area54 km2 (21 sq mi)Established1972Governing bodyEthiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA) Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary is a protected area in the Oromia Region (or kilil) of Ethiopia, dedicated especially to the protection of the Swayne's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei). Covering 54 square kilometers, the reserve is located some 10 kilometers south of the Shashemene-Arba Minch road near the town of Aje. Wildlife Fauna The sanctuary provides a home to one of Ethiopia's endemic subspecies, the Swayne Hartebeest with a population of 500 individuals roaming across the grasslands. Other species such as Bohor Reedbuck, Warthog, Greater kudu, and Oribi roam within the area of the sanctuary. Crested porcupine, Aardvark, and Abyssinian hare are also observed within the area for coexistence. Conservation Although the sanctuary was set aside to protect the largest population of Swayne's hartebeest in Ethiopia, a mammal endemic to the country, the original herd of 3,000 animals has dwindled to a few hundred due to poaching. Nevertheless, according to the travel writer Philip Briggs "the small size of the reserve and open terrain make it the one place in Ethiopia where Swayne's hartebeest sightings are practically guaranteed." Notes ^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 28 February 2022. ^ a b Philip Briggs, Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide, 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 464 ^ Sultan Dalu, Mustefa & Amano, Teyiba & Alemayo, Ejigu. (2017). Contributions of Protected Area for Local Community Livelihood: The Case of Senkele Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary, South Eastern Ethiopia. This article about a location in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteNational parks and protected areas of EthiopiaNational parks Abijatta-Shalla Alitash Arsi Mountains Awash Bale Mountains Borena Chebera Churchura Didessa Gambella Kafta Sheraro Mago Maze Nechisar Omo Simien Mountains Yangudi Rassa Wildlife reserves and sanctuaries Babile Elephant Sanctuary Chelbi Wildlife Reserve Kuni-Muktar Mountain Nyala Sanctuary Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary

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Other species such as Bohor Reedbuck, Warthog, Greater kudu, and Oribi roam within the area of the sanctuary. Crested porcupine, Aardvark, and Abyssinian hare are also observed within the area for coexistence. [3]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Briggs-464-2"}],"text":"Although the sanctuary was set aside to protect the largest population of Swayne's hartebeest in Ethiopia, a mammal endemic to the country, the original herd of 3,000 animals has dwindled to a few hundred due to poaching. 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Protected Area Profile for Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 28 February 2022. [1]\n\n^ a b Philip Briggs, Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide, 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 464\n\n^ Sultan Dalu, Mustefa & Amano, Teyiba & Alemayo, Ejigu. (2017). Contributions of Protected Area for Local Community Livelihood: The Case of Senkele Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary, South Eastern Ethiopia.This article about a location in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Africa protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteNational parks and protected areas of EthiopiaNational parks\nAbijatta-Shalla\nAlitash\nArsi Mountains\nAwash\nBale Mountains\nBorena\nChebera Churchura\nDidessa\nGambella\nKafta Sheraro\nMago\nMaze\nNechisar\nOmo\nSimien Mountains\nYangudi Rassa\nWildlife reserves and sanctuaries\nBabile Elephant Sanctuary\nChelbi Wildlife Reserve\nKuni-Muktar Mountain Nyala Sanctuary\nMille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve\nSenkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary\nYabelo Wildlife Sanctuary","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Scottish_Cup

1903–04 Scottish Cup

["1 Calendar","2 First round","2.1 First round replay","2.2 Second round replay","3 Second round","3.1 Second round replay","4 Quarter-final","4.1 Quarter-final replay","4.2 Quarter-final second replay","5 Semi-finals","6 Final","6.1 Teams","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Football tournament season 1903–04 Scottish CupTournament detailsCountryScotlandDefending championsRangersFinal positionsChampionsCelticRunner-upRangers← 1902–031904–05 → The 1903–04 Scottish Cup was the 31st season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The cup was won by Celtic when they beat holders Rangers 3–2 in the final at the newly built Hampden Park to claim the trophy for a fourth time. The fixture may have been the point when the 'Old Firm' term began to be used in media to denote the relationship between the clubs, due to the increasing frequency of their meetings and the mutual commercial benefits of the growing rivalry. Calendar Round First match date Fixtures Clubs First round 28 January 1904 16 32 → 16 Second round 6 February 1904 8 16 → 80 Quarter-finals 20 February 1904 4 8 → 4 Semi-finals 5 March 1904 2 4 → 2 Final 16 April 1904 1 2 → 1 First round Home team Score Away team Abercorn 2 – 2 Maxwelltown Volunteers Albion Rovers 2 – 1 Kilwinning Eglinton Alloa Athletic 2 – 1 Aberdeen Ayr 0 – 2 St Mirren Celtic Walkover Stanley Clyde 2 – 2 Arbroath Dundee 3 – 0 Queen's Park Hibernian 2 – 1 Airdrieonians Greenock Morton 8 – 1 6th GRV Motherwell 2 – 1 Partick Thistle Nithsdale Wanderers 2 – 2 Kilmarnock Port Glasgow Athletic 1 – 2 Leith Athletic Rangers 3 – 2 Heart of Midlothian St Bernard's 1 – 1 West Calder Swifts St Johnstone 2 – 0 Hearts of Beath Third Lanark Walkover Newton Stewart First round replay Home team Score Away team Arbroath 4 – 0 Clyde Kilmarnock 1 – 1 Nithsdale Wanderers Maxwelltown Volunteers 1 – 1 Abercorn West Calder Swifts 3 – 3 St Bernard's Second round replay Home team Score Away team Abercorn 2 – 1 Maxwelltown Volunteers Kilmarnock 2 – 1 Nithsdale Wanderers St Bernard's 2 – 0 West Calder Swifts Second round Home team Score Away team Dundee 4 –0 Abercorn Hibernian 1 – 2 Rangers Kilmarnock 2 – 2 Albion Rovers Leith Athletic 3 – 1 Motherwell Greenock Morton 2 – 0 Arbroath St Bernard's 0 – 4 Celtic St Mirren 4 – 0 St Johnstone Third Lanark 3 – 1 Alloa Athletic Second round replay Home team Score Away team Albion Rovers 0 – 1 Kilmarnock Quarter-final Home team Score Away team Celtic 1 – 1 Dundee Leith Athletic 1 – 3 Greenock Morton St Mirren 0 – 1 Rangers Third Lanark 3 – 0 Kilmarnock Quarter-final replay Home team Score Away team Dundee 0 – 0 Celtic Quarter-final second replay Home team Score Away team Celtic 5 – 0 Dundee Semi-finals Home team Score Away team Celtic 2 – 1 Third Lanark Rangers 3 – 0 Greenock Morton Final 16 April 1904 Celtic3–2Rangers Quinn Speedie Hampden ParkAttendance: 64,472 Teams Celtic: GK Davey Adams RB Donald McLeod LB Willie Orr RH James Young CH Willie Loney LH Jimmy Hay OR Bobby Muir IR Jimmy McMenemy CF Jimmy Quinn IL Peter Somers OL Davie Hamilton Rangers: GK John Watson RB Nicol Smith LB Jock Drummond RH George Henderson CH James Stark LH John Robertson OR Johnny Walker IR Finlay Speedie CF Alec Mackie IL Charles Donaghy OL Alex Smith See also 1903–04 in Scottish football References ^ a b Scottish Cup Final Tie. | Celtic v. Rangers., The Glasgow Herald, 18 April 1904 ^ "Six classic matches: the birth of the Old Firm and the day Hampden burned". The Herald. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "The Old Firm story: When fans joined forces to riot". The Scotsman. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "The elite players who scored cup final hat-tricks". The Scotsman. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ 2-3 Vs Celtic in Scottish Cup (16/04/1904), FitbaStats External links Season 1903-04 Celtic , The Beautiful Dribbling Game Scottish Cup 1903/04, RSSSF vteScottish CupSeasons 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–1919 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–1946 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915–1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940–1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of finals Winning managers Scottish Qualifying Cup vte1903–04 in Scottish football « 1902–03 1904–05 » Domestic leagues Football League Division One Division Two Highland League Domestic cups Scottish Cup (Final) Junior Cup Related to national team Results British Home Championship Club seasonsDivision One Airdrieonians Celtic Dundee Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Morton Motherwell Partick Thistle Port Glasgow Athletic Queen's Park Rangers St. Mirren Third Lanark Division Two Abercorn Albion Rovers Arthurlie Ayr Ayr Parkhouse Clyde East Stirlingshire Falkirk Hamilton Academical Leith Athletic Raith Rovers St Bernard's Other teams Aberdeen vte1903–04 in European football « 1902–03 1904–05 » Domestic leagues Belgium Denmark England Germany Hungary '03 '04 Italy Netherlands Ireland Scotland Switzerland Domestic cups England Netherlands Ireland Norway '03 '04 Scotland Spain '03 '04 Wales Portals: Association football Scotland

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Engineering

Civil engineer

["1 Specialization","2 Work environment","3 Education and licensing","3.1 Belgium","3.2 Scandinavia","3.3 Spain","3.4 United Kingdom","3.5 Eastern Europe","3.6 United States","4 Professional associations","4.1 ASCE","4.2 ICE","4.3 CSCE","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Engineering of infrastructure Civil engineerTennessee Valley Authority civil engineers monitoring water flow on a scale model of Tellico DamOccupationNamesCivil engineerOccupation typeProfessionActivity sectorsDesign and management of structures, transportation systems, infrastructureDescriptionCompetenciesTechnical knowledge, management skills, mathematical analysis A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructure while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructure that may have been neglected. Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines because it deals with constructed environment including planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. The term "civil engineer" was established by John Smeaton in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the military engineers, who worked on armaments and defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of civil engineering have become recognized and much of military engineering has been absorbed by civil engineering. Other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. In some places, a civil engineer may perform land surveying; in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying, unless an additional qualification is obtained. Specialization Civil engineers usually practice in a particular specialty, such as construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, land development, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering. A civil engineer is concerned with determining the right design for these structures and looking after the construction process so that the longevity of these structures is guaranteed after completion. These structures should also be satisfactory for the public in terms of comfort. Some civil engineers, particularly those working for government agencies, may practice across multiple specializations, particularly when involved in critical infrastructure development or maintenance. While all civil engineers tend to spend at least some time working "on site", much of the modern civil engineering work is done in offices, working with plans or computers. Work environment Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions. Much of a civil engineer's work is dealing with non-engineers or others from different technical disciplines, so training should give skills preparing future civil engineers in organizational relationships between parties to projects, cost and time. Many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite. The job is typically a blend of in-office and on-location work depending on the focus of each engineer. Most engineers work full-time. Education and licensing In most countries, a civil engineer will have graduated from a post-secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in mathematics and the physical sciences; this degree is typically a bachelor's degree, though many civil engineers study further to obtain master's, engineer, doctoral and post doctoral degrees. In many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves "civil engineers". Belgium In Belgium, Civil Engineer (abbreviated Ir.) (French: Ingénieur Civil, Dutch: Burgerlijk Ingenieur) is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six universities and the Royal Military Academy. Their speciality can be all fields of engineering: civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical, physics and even computer science. This use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian "civil" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. In fact, Belgians use the adjective "civil" in the sense of "civilian", as opposed to military engineers. The formation of the civil engineer has a strong mathematical and scientific base and is more theoretical in approach than the practical oriented industrial engineer (Ing.) educated in a five-year program at a polytechnic. Traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. This exam was abolished in 2004 for the Flemish Community, but is still organised in the French Community. Scandinavia This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Civil engineer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Scandinavian countries, "civil engineer" (civilingenjör in Swedish; sivilingeniør in Norwegian; civilingeniør in Danish) is a first professional degree, approximately equivalent to Master of Science in Engineering, and a protected title granted to students by selected institutes of technology. As in English, the word has its origin in the distinction between civilian and military engineers; before the start of the 19th century only military engineers existed, and the prefix "civil" was a way to separate those who had studied engineering in a regular university from their military counterparts. Today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, and electronics engineering, among others. There is generally a slight difference between a Master of Science in Engineering degree and the Scandinavian civil engineer degree, the latter's programme having closer ties with the industry's demands. A civil engineer is the better-known of the two; still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the mandatory courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent master's degree, e.g. computer science. Although a "college engineer" (högskoleingenjör, diplomingenjör, or mellaningenjör in Swedish; høgskoleingeniør in Norwegian; diplomingeniør in Danish) is roughly equivalent to a Bachelor of Science in Scandinavia, to become a "civil engineer" one often has had to do up to one extra year of overlapping studies compared to attaining a B.Sc./M.Sc. combination. This is because the higher educational system is not fully adapted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a professional degree. Today (2009) this is starting to change due to the Bologna process. A Scandinavian civilingenjör will in international contexts commonly use the title of "Master of Science in Engineering" and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring. At the Norwegian Institute of Technology (now the Norwegian University of Science and Technology), the tradition with an NTH Ring goes back to 1914, before the Canadian iron ring. In Norway, the title Sivilingeniør is no longer issued after 2007, and has been replaced with Master i teknologi. In the English translation of the diploma, the title will be "Master of Science", since "Master of Technology" is not an established title in the English-speaking world. The extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make Norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts. Spain In Spain, a civil engineering degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The earned degree is called Grado en Ingeniería Civil. Further studies at a graduate school include master's and doctoral degrees. Before the current situation, that is, before the implementation of Bologna Process in 2010, a degree in civil engineering in Spain could be obtained after three to six years of study and was divided into two main degrees. In the first case, the earned degree was called Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas (ITOP), literally translated as "Public Works Engineer" obtained after three years of study and equivalent to a Bachelor of Civil Engineering. In the second case, the academic degree was called Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (often shortened to Ingeniero de Caminos or ICCP), that literally means "Highways, Canals and Harbors Engineer", though civil engineers in Spain practice in the same fields as civil engineers do elsewhere. This degree is equivalent to a Master of Civil Engineering and is obtained after five or six years of study depending on the school granting the title. The first Spanish Civil Engineering School was the Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Caminos y Canales (now called Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos), established in 1802 in Madrid, followed by the Escuela Especial de Ayudantes de Obras Públicas (now called Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Obras Públicas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid), founded in 1854 in Madrid. Both schools now belong to the Technical University of Madrid. In Spain, a civil engineer has the technical and legal ability to design projects of any branch, so any Spanish civil engineer can oversee projects about structures, buildings (except residential structures which are reserved for architects), foundations, hydraulics, the environment, transportation, urbanism, etc. Mechanical and Electrical engineering tasks are included under the Industrial engineering degree. United Kingdom A chartered civil engineer (known as certified or professional engineer in other countries) is a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and has also passed membership exams. However a non-chartered civil engineer may be a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers or the Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors. The description "Civil Engineer" is not restricted to members of any particular professional organisation although "Chartered Civil Engineer" is. Eastern Europe In many Eastern European countries, civil engineering does not exist as a distinct degree or profession but its various sub-professions are often studied in separate university faculties and performed as separate professions, whether they are taught in civilian universities or military engineering academies. Even many polytechnic tertiary schools give out separate degrees for each field of study. Typically study in geology, geodesy, structural engineering and urban engineering allows a person to obtain a degree in construction engineering. Mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, hydraulics and even sometimes metallurgy are fields in a degree in "Machinery Engineering". Computer sciences, control engineering and electrical engineering are fields in a degree in electrical engineering, while security, safety, environmental engineering, transportation, hydrology and meteorology are in a category of their own, typically each with their own degrees, either in separate university faculties or at polytechnic schools. United States In the United States, civil engineers are typically employed by municipalities, construction firms, consulting engineering firms, architect/engineer firms, the military, state governments, and the federal government. Each state requires engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the state. Licensure is obtained by meeting specified education, examination, and work experience requirements. Specific requirements vary by state. Typically licensed engineers must graduate from an ABET-accredited university or college engineering program with a minimum of bachelor's degree, pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam (FE), obtain several years of engineering experience under the supervision of a licensed engineer, then pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam. After completing these steps and the granting of licensure by a state board, engineers may use the title "Professional Engineer" or PE in advertising and documents. Most states have implemented mandatory continuing education requirements to maintain a license. Professional associations ASCE Main article: American Society of Civil Engineers The ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) represents more than 150,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Official members of the ASCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program and be a licensed professional engineer or have five years responsible charge of engineering experience. Most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. ICE Main article: Institution of Civil Engineers The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) is a professional association that has helped Civil Engineer's in their training and jobs since 1818. The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) founded in 1818, represents, as of 2008, more than 80,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, provides training, recruitment, publishing and contract services. CSCE Main article: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Founded in 1887, the CSCE (Canadian Society for Civil Engineering) represents members of the Canadian civil engineering profession. Official members of the CSCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program. Most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering; as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. Local sections frequently host events such as seminars, tours, and courses. See also Engineering portal Canal engineer Construction engineering Critical infrastructure Environmental engineering Sanitary engineering Geotechnical engineering Glossary of civil engineering Hydraulic engineering List of civil engineers National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying Professional engineer Structural engineer Structural engineering Transport engineering Urban planning References ^ "What is Civil Engineering?". Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015. ^ a b "Civil Engineers". BLS.gov. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2015-12-19. ^ Mark Denny (2007). "Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World". p. 34. Johns Hopkins University Press. ^ Florman, Samuel (1987). The Civilized Engineer. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-312-02559-5. ^ "Sub-disciplines of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering". Islamic University of Madinah: Faculty of Engineering. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2015. ^ Singh, Amarjit (January 2007). "Civil Engineering: Anachronism and Black Sheep". Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 133: 18–30. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:1(18). ^ Jamal, Haseeb. "Importance of Civil Engineering and Application of Civil Engg. in the World". www.aboutcivil.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ Faulkner, A. C.; Sargent, J. H.; Wearne, S. H. (June 1989). "Civil engineers' managerial roles and needs: report of survey". Construction Management and Economics. 7 (2): 155–174. doi:10.1080/01446198900000019. ISSN 0144-6193. ^ "Faculté des Sciences Appliquées – Ingénieur Civil" (in French). University of Liège. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. ^ National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying; Licensure Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 24, 2010. ^ a b Civil Engineering Study.com; Requirements for Becoming a Civil Engineer Archived 2015-12-12 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 19, 2015. ^ "About ASCE". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2024-02-22. ^ About ASCE Archived 2010-12-13 at the Wayback Machine External links Media related to Civil engineers at Wikimedia Commons vteConstructionTypes Home construction Offshore construction Underground construction Tunnel construction History Architecture Construction Structural engineering Timeline of architecture Water supply and sanitation Professions Architect Building engineer Building estimator Building officials Chartered Building Surveyor Civil engineer Civil estimator Clerk of works Project manager Quantity surveyor Site manager Structural engineer Superintendent Trades workers(List) Banksman Boilermaker Bricklayer Carpenter Concrete finisher Construction foreman Construction worker Electrician Glazier Ironworker Millwright Plasterer Plumber Roofer Steel fixer Welder Organizations American Institute of Constructors (AIC) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association (ATAC) Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors (APHC) Build UK Construction History Society Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES) Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE) Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA) The Concrete Society Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) FIDIC Home Builders Federation (HBF) Lighting Association National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRC) National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA) Railway Tie Association (RTA) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Scottish Building Federation (SBF) Society of Construction Arbitrators By country India Iran Japan Romania United Kingdom Regulation Building code Construction law Site safety Zoning Architecture Style List Industrial architecture British Indigenous architecture Interior architecture Landscape architecture Vernacular architecture Engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering Civil engineering Coastal engineering Construction engineering Structural engineering Earthquake engineering Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering Methods List Earthbag construction Monocrete construction Slip forming Other topics Building material List of building materials Millwork Construction bidding Construction delay Construction equipment theft Construction loan Construction management Construction waste Demolition Design–build Design–bid–build Heavy equipment Interior design List of tallest buildings and structures Megaproject Megastructure Plasterwork Damp Proofing Parge coat Roughcast Harling Real estate development Stonemasonry Sustainability in construction Unfinished building Urban design Urban planning Outline Category Authority control databases: National Germany 2 Israel United States Czech Republic 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"environmental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLS_2014-2"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"John Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"military engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"armaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaments"},{"link_name":"sub-disciplines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering#Sub-disciplines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"land surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_surveying"},{"link_name":"construction surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_surveying"}],"text":"A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructure while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructure that may have been neglected.Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines because it deals with constructed environment[1] including planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems.[2]The term \"civil engineer\" was established by John Smeaton in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the military engineers,[3][4] who worked on armaments and defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of civil engineering have become recognized[5] and much of military engineering has been absorbed by civil engineering.[6] Other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering.In some places, a civil engineer may perform land surveying; in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying, unless an additional qualification is obtained.","title":"Civil engineer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering"},{"link_name":"geotechnical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering"},{"link_name":"structural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"land development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_development"},{"link_name":"transportation engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineering"},{"link_name":"hydraulic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"sanitary engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"critical infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_infrastructure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBQreview.jpeg"}],"text":"Civil engineers usually practice in a particular specialty, such as construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, land development, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering. A civil engineer is concerned with determining the right design for these structures and looking after the construction process so that the longevity of these structures is guaranteed after completion. These structures should also be satisfactory for the public in terms of comfort.[7] Some civil engineers, particularly those working for government agencies, may practice across multiple specializations, particularly when involved in critical infrastructure development or maintenance.While all civil engineers tend to spend at least some time working \"on site\", much of the modern civil engineering work is done in offices, working with plans or computers.","title":"Specialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLS_2014-2"}],"text":"Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions. Much of a civil engineer's work is dealing with non-engineers or others from different technical disciplines, so training should give skills preparing future civil engineers in organizational relationships between parties to projects, cost and time.[8] Many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite.[2] The job is typically a blend of in-office and on-location work depending on the focus of each engineer. Most engineers work full-time.","title":"Work environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"physical sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_science"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral"},{"link_name":"post doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher"},{"link_name":"licensure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensure"}],"text":"In most countries, a civil engineer will have graduated from a post-secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in mathematics and the physical sciences; this degree is typically a bachelor's degree, though many civil engineers study further to obtain master's, engineer, doctoral and post doctoral degrees. In many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves \"civil engineers\".","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"mathematical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"industrial engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineer"},{"link_name":"polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology#Belgium_and_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exam"},{"link_name":"Flemish Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Community"},{"link_name":"French Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"In Belgium, Civil Engineer (abbreviated Ir.) (French: Ingénieur Civil, Dutch: Burgerlijk Ingenieur) is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six universities and the Royal Military Academy. Their speciality can be all fields of engineering: civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical, physics and even computer science.[9] This use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian \"civil\" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. In fact, Belgians use the adjective \"civil\" in the sense of \"civilian\", as opposed to military engineers.The formation of the civil engineer has a strong mathematical and scientific base and is more theoretical in approach than the practical oriented industrial engineer (Ing.) educated in a five-year program at a polytechnic. Traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. This exam was abolished in 2004 for the Flemish Community, but is still organised in the French Community.","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"first professional degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_professional_degree"},{"link_name":"Master of Science in Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Engineering"},{"link_name":"institutes of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"professional degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_degree"},{"link_name":"Bologna process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_process"},{"link_name":"class ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_ring"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"NTH Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTH_Ring"},{"link_name":"iron ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Ring"}],"sub_title":"Scandinavia","text":"In Scandinavian countries, \"civil engineer\" (civilingenjör in Swedish; sivilingeniør in Norwegian; civilingeniør in Danish) is a first professional degree, approximately equivalent to Master of Science in Engineering, and a protected title granted to students by selected institutes of technology. As in English, the word has its origin in the distinction between civilian and military engineers; before the start of the 19th century only military engineers existed, and the prefix \"civil\" was a way to separate those who had studied engineering in a regular university from their military counterparts. Today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, and electronics engineering, among others.There is generally a slight difference between a Master of Science in Engineering degree and the Scandinavian civil engineer degree, the latter's programme having closer ties with the industry's demands. A civil engineer is the better-known of the two; still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the mandatory courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent master's degree, e.g. computer science.Although a \"college engineer\" (högskoleingenjör, diplomingenjör, or mellaningenjör in Swedish; høgskoleingeniør in Norwegian; diplomingeniør in Danish) is roughly equivalent to a Bachelor of Science in Scandinavia, to become a \"civil engineer\" one often has had to do up to one extra year of overlapping studies compared to attaining a B.Sc./M.Sc. combination. This is because the higher educational system is not fully adapted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a professional degree. Today (2009) this is starting to change due to the Bologna process.A Scandinavian civilingenjör will in international contexts commonly use the title of \"Master of Science in Engineering\" and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring. At the Norwegian Institute of Technology (now the Norwegian University of Science and Technology), the tradition with an NTH Ring goes back to 1914, before the Canadian iron ring.In Norway, the title Sivilingeniør is no longer issued after 2007, and has been replaced with Master i teknologi. In the English translation of the diploma, the title will be \"Master of Science\", since \"Master of Technology\" is not an established title in the English-speaking world. The extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make Norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts.","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"graduate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Industrial engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"In Spain, a civil engineering degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The earned degree is called Grado en Ingeniería Civil. Further studies at a graduate school include master's and doctoral degrees.Before the current situation, that is, before the implementation of Bologna Process in 2010, a degree in civil engineering in Spain could be obtained after three to six years of study and was divided into two main degrees. \nIn the first case, the earned degree was called Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas (ITOP), literally translated as \"Public Works Engineer\" obtained after three years of study and equivalent to a Bachelor of Civil Engineering. \nIn the second case, the academic degree was called Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (often shortened to Ingeniero de Caminos or ICCP), that literally means \"Highways, Canals and Harbors Engineer\", though civil engineers in Spain practice in the same fields as civil engineers do elsewhere. This degree is equivalent to a Master of Civil Engineering and is obtained after five or six years of study depending on the school granting the title.The first Spanish Civil Engineering School was the Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Caminos y Canales (now called Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos), established in 1802 in Madrid, followed by the Escuela Especial de Ayudantes de Obras Públicas (now called Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Obras Públicas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid), founded in 1854 in Madrid. Both schools now belong to the Technical University of Madrid.In Spain, a civil engineer has the technical and legal ability to design projects of any branch, so any Spanish civil engineer can oversee projects about structures, buildings (except residential structures which are reserved for architects), foundations, hydraulics, the environment, transportation, urbanism, etc. Mechanical and Electrical engineering tasks are included under the Industrial engineering degree.","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institution of Civil Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"A chartered civil engineer (known as certified or professional engineer in other countries) is a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and has also passed membership exams. However a non-chartered civil engineer may be a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers or the Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors. The description \"Civil Engineer\" is not restricted to members of any particular professional organisation although \"Chartered Civil Engineer\" is.","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_using_the_term_%22institute_of_technology%22_or_%22polytechnic%22"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"geodesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy"},{"link_name":"structural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"urban engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_engineering"},{"link_name":"construction engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"automotive engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering"},{"link_name":"hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Computer sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciences"},{"link_name":"control engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation"},{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Europe","text":"In many Eastern European countries, civil engineering does not exist as a distinct degree or profession [citation needed] but its various sub-professions are often studied in separate university faculties and performed as separate professions, whether they are taught in civilian universities or military engineering academies. Even many polytechnic tertiary schools give out separate degrees for each field of study. Typically study in geology, geodesy, structural engineering and urban engineering allows a person to obtain a degree in construction engineering. Mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, hydraulics and even sometimes metallurgy are fields in a degree in \"Machinery Engineering\". Computer sciences, control engineering and electrical engineering are fields in a degree in electrical engineering, while security, safety, environmental engineering, transportation, hydrology and meteorology are in a category of their own, typically each with their own degrees, either in separate university faculties or at polytechnic schools.","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ABET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABET"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study.com-11"},{"link_name":"Fundamentals of Engineering exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Engineering_exam"},{"link_name":"Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_and_Practice_of_Engineering_Exam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study.com-11"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, civil engineers are typically employed by municipalities, construction firms, consulting engineering firms, architect/engineer firms, the military, state governments, and the federal government. Each state requires engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the state.[10] Licensure is obtained by meeting specified education, examination, and work experience requirements. Specific requirements vary by state.Typically licensed engineers must graduate from an ABET-accredited university or college engineering program with a minimum of bachelor's degree,[11] pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam (FE), obtain several years of engineering experience under the supervision of a licensed engineer, then pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam. After completing these steps and the granting of licensure by a state board, engineers may use the title \"Professional Engineer\" or PE in advertising and documents. Most states have implemented mandatory continuing education requirements to maintain a license.[11]","title":"Education and licensing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"ASCE","text":"The ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) represents more than 150,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide.[12] Official members of the ASCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program and be a licensed professional engineer or have five years responsible charge of engineering experience.[13]\nMost civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree.","title":"Professional associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Institution_of_Civil_Engineers.png"}],"sub_title":"ICE","text":"The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) is a professional association that has helped Civil Engineer's in their training and jobs since 1818.The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) founded in 1818, represents, as of 2008, more than 80,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, provides training, recruitment, publishing and contract services.","title":"Professional associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CSCE","text":"Founded in 1887, the CSCE (Canadian Society for Civil Engineering) represents members of the Canadian civil engineering profession. Official members of the CSCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program. Most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering; as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. Local sections frequently host events such as seminars, tours, and courses.","title":"Professional associations"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_Possum

Playing Possum

["1 Reception and packaging","2 Awards","2.1 Other honors and recognitions","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","4.1 Musicians","4.2 Production","5 Charts","6 References","7 External links"]

For the animal behaviour, see Apparent death. 1975 studio album by Carly SimonPlaying PossumStudio album by Carly SimonReleasedApril 21, 1975Recorded1974–1975StudioSound Labs, Sunset Sound Recorders, Crystal Sound, A&M Studios and Burbank Studios, CaliforniaGenreRockpopdiscojazzLength34:48LabelElektraProducerRichard PerryCarly Simon chronology Hotcakes(1974) Playing Possum(1975) The Best of Carly Simon(1975) Singles from Playing Possum "Attitude Dancing"Released: 1975 "Waterfall"Released: 1975 "More and More"Released: 1975 Playing Possum is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Carly Simon, released by Elektra Records, on April 21, 1975. It was Simon's third consecutive album to reach the top 10 on the Billboard Pop albums chart, peaking at No. 10 in June 1975. The lead single from the album, "Attitude Dancing", which featured Carole King on backing vocals, was also a success, peaking at No. 21 on Billboard Pop singles chart, and No. 18 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. A second single, "Waterfall", which featured prominent backing vocals by Simon's then-husband James Taylor, didn't fare as well, reaching no higher than No. 78 on the Pop singles chart. It fared much better on the Adult Contemporary chart, entering the Top 40 and peaking at No. 21. The album's third and final single "More and More" was co-written by New Orleans pianist Dr. John, who also played piano on the track, along with Ringo Starr on drums, but it peaked no higher than No. 94 on the Pop singles chart. Reception and packaging Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic In his review of the album, Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone said it "represents a breakthrough of sorts for Simon", in her continued shift from a "sensitive singer/songwriter role" to a "rock songstress". He wrote that "Attitude Dancing" was "easily the most exciting Carly Simon cut since 'You're So Vain.'" Other standouts from his review were "After the Storm", "Love Out in the Street", "Are You Ticklish", "Look Me in the Eyes", "Waterfall", and "Slave". Cash Box said of the single "More and More" that "Carly belts out a hard blues vocal over barrelhouse piano, with Memphis style horns and a soulful female chorus lending support." Today, Playing Possum may best be remembered for its controversial cover photograph, which shows the singer wearing only a black negligee, sheer-to-waist pantyhose, and knee-high black boots. The photographer was Norman Seeff. It was nominated for Best Album Package at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards in Feb. 1976. In 1991, it ranked at No. 20 on the Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest album covers. Simon further included photographs from the session in the booklets accompanying her three-disc boxed set Clouds in My Coffee (1995) and the two-disc Anthology (2002). The latter also includes the singles "Attitude Dancing" and "Waterfall". Awards Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 1976 Grammy Awards Best Album Package Playing PossumA Nominated Notes A The nomination is credited to Gene Christensen. The photographer was Norman Seeff. Other honors and recognitions 1991 – Playing Possum ranked No. 20 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Album Covers of All-Time list. Track listing Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."After the Storm"Carly Simon2:472."Love Out in the Street"Simon3:403."Look Me in the Eyes"Simon3:344."More and More"Mac RebennackAlvin Robinson4:025."Slave"SimonJacob Brackman3:54 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Attitude Dancing"SimonBrackman3:522."Sons of Summer"Billy Mernit3:053."Waterfall"Simon3:314."Are You Ticklish"Simon2:265."Playing Possum"Simon3:57Total length:34:38 Personnel Musicians Carly Simon – lead vocals, acoustic piano (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10), horn arrangements (1), string arrangements (1, 10), backing vocals (2, 3, 5–8), acoustic guitar (3) Billy Mernit – acoustic piano (2, 7) James Newton Howard – ARP synthesizer (3), electric piano (3) Dr. John – acoustic piano (4) Lee Ritenour – electric guitar (1, 5, 8), mandolin (5) James Taylor – acoustic guitar (3, 5, 8), backing vocals (3, 5, 8, 10) Jeff Baxter – guitar (4) Alvin Robinson – guitar (4) Sneaky Pete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar (10) Klaus Voormann – bass (1, 4) Willie Weeks – bass (2, 6, 10) Leland Sklar – bass (5, 8) Joe Mondragon – bass (9) Andrew Gold – drums (1, 10), guitar (2, 6), tambourine (2), acoustic guitar (10) Andy Newmark – drums (2) Ringo Starr – drums (4) Russ Kunkel – drums (5, 8) Jim Gordon – drums (6) Irving Cottler – drums (9) Alan Estes – percussion (1, 3) Emil Richards – percussion (2) Fred Staehle – percussion (4) Richard Perry – tambourine (4) Eddie Bongo – congas (6) Trevor Lawrence – alto sax solo (1) Derrek Van Eaton – flute (8) Lon Van Eaton – clarinet (8), sitar (10) Tommy Morgan – harmonica (10) Perry Botkin Jr. – string arrangements (2, 5), orchestration (2, 5), conductor (2, 5, 9), horn and woodwind arrangements (5), clarinet and trombone arrangement (9) Paul Riser – horn and string arrangements (6) Rita Coolidge – backing vocals (2, 5) Clydie King – backing vocals (2, 5) Rodney Richmond – backing vocals (2) Vini Poncia – backing vocals (3) Julia Tillman Waters – backing vocals (4) Maxine Willard – backing vocals (4) Carolyn Willis – backing vocals (4) Abigale Haness – backing vocals (6) Carole King – backing vocals (6) Ken Moore – backing vocals (6) Production Producer – Richard Perry Engineers – Bill Schnee (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–10); Norm Kinney (Track 3); Andrew Berliner (Track 4). Second Engineer – Charles Beasley Assistant Engineers – Larry Emerine and Reed Stanley Remixing – Norm Kinney and Bill Schnee Mastered by Doug Sax at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, CA). Art Direction – Glen Christensen Design and Photography – Norman Seeff Management – Arlyne Rothberg, Inc. Charts Album – Billboard (United States) Year Chart Position 1975 Billboard 100 10 Album – International Year Country Position 1975 Australia 25 Canada 22 Japan 70 Singles – Billboard (United States) Year Single Chart Position 1975 "Attitude Dancing" Adult Contemporary 18 Hot 100 21 "Waterfall" Adult Contemporary 21 Hot 100 78 "More and More" 94 References ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Playing Possum". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2007. ^ Holden, Stephen (June 19, 1975). "Playing Possum review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2014. ^ "CashBox Singles Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. September 13, 1975. p. 15. Retrieved December 11, 2021. ^ Estes, Lenora Jane (September 12, 2013). "The 'Lost Archive' of Norman Seeff". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2014. ^ a b "18th Annual Grammy Awards". The Recording Academy. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ a b "Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Album Covers". Rate Your Music. November 14, 1991. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "Anthology". Carlysimon.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ Playing Possum (booklet). Carly Simon. Elektra. 1975.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b "Carly Simon – Chart history". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2015. ^ David Kent (1993). Australian Charts Book 1970—1992. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ a b "CAN Charts > Carly Simon". RPM. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015. External links Carly Simon's Official Website vteCarly SimonStudio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better Anthology Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector's Edition Original Album Series Playlist: The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs from the Trees (A Musical Memoir Collection) These Are the Good Old Days: The Carly Simon and Jac Holzman Story Live albums Greatest Hits Live Live at Grand Central Christmas albums Christmas Is Almost Here Soundtrack albums Working Girl (Original Soundtrack Album) This Is My Life (Music from the Motion Picture) Piglet's Big Movie (soundtrack) The Best of Pooh and Heffalumps, Too Other albums No Nukes: The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record In Harmony 2 Romulus Hunt: A Family Opera Concert films Live from Martha's Vineyard Carly in Concert – My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles "That's the Way I've Always Heard It Should Be" "Anticipation" "Legend in Your Own Time" "You're So Vain" "The Right Thing to Do" "Mockingbird" "Haven't Got Time for the Pain" "Attitude Dancing" "Waterfall" "It Keeps You Runnin'" "Half a Chance" "Nobody Does It Better" "You Belong to Me" "Devoted to You" "Vengeance" "Jesse" "Hurt" "Why" "Kissing with Confidence" "You Know What to Do" "Tired of Being Blonde" "My New Boyfriend" "Coming Around Again" "Give Me All Night" "The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of" "All I Want Is You" "Let the River Run" "Better Not Tell Her" "Love of My Life" "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" "Let It Snow" Other songs "Angel from Montgomery" "We Have No Secrets" "Night Owl" "You Can Close Your Eyes" "When Manhattan Was a Maiden" The Simon Sisters Meet the Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin', Blinkin' and Nod: The Kapp Recordings Memoirs Boys in the Trees: A Memoir Touched by the Sun: My Friendship with Jackie Family Richard Simon (father) Andrea Heinemann Simon (mother) George Simon (uncle) Joanna Simon (sister) Lucy Simon (sister) James Taylor (ex-husband) Sally Taylor (daughter) Related articles Awards and nominations Discography The Simon Sisters Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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The album's third and final single \"More and More\" was co-written by New Orleans pianist Dr. John, who also played piano on the track, along with Ringo Starr on drums, but it peaked no higher than No. 94 on the Pop singles chart.","title":"Playing Possum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS1975-2"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"barrelhouse piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie-woogie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-3"},{"link_name":"Norman Seeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Seeff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Best Album Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"18th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammys-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rateyourmusic.com-6"},{"link_name":"Clouds in My Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouds_in_My_Coffee"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_(Carly_Simon_album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In his review of the album, Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone said it \"represents a breakthrough of sorts for Simon\", in her continued shift from a \"sensitive singer/songwriter role\" to a \"rock songstress\". He wrote that \"Attitude Dancing\" was \"easily the most exciting Carly Simon cut since 'You're So Vain.'\" Other standouts from his review were \"After the Storm\", \"Love Out in the Street\", \"Are You Ticklish\", \"Look Me in the Eyes\", \"Waterfall\", and \"Slave\".[2] Cash Box said of the single \"More and More\" that \"Carly belts out a hard blues vocal over barrelhouse piano, with Memphis style horns and a soulful female chorus lending support.\"[3]Today, Playing Possum may best be remembered for its controversial cover photograph, which shows the singer wearing only a black negligee, sheer-to-waist pantyhose, and knee-high black boots. The photographer was Norman Seeff.[4] It was nominated for Best Album Package at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards in Feb. 1976.[5] In 1991, it ranked at No. 20 on the Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest album covers.[6]Simon further included photographs from the session in the booklets accompanying her three-disc boxed set Clouds in My Coffee (1995) and the two-disc Anthology (2002). The latter also includes the singles \"Attitude Dancing\" and \"Waterfall\".[7]","title":"Reception and packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note1A"},{"link_name":"Norman Seeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Seeff"}],"text":"NotesA The nomination is credited to Gene Christensen. The photographer was Norman Seeff.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rateyourmusic.com-6"}],"sub_title":"Other honors and recognitions","text":"1991 – Playing Possum ranked No. 20 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Album Covers of All-Time list.[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_booklet-8"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Mac Rebennack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Alvin Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Robinson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Brackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Brackman"},{"link_name":"Attitude Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_Dancing"},{"link_name":"Waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_(Carly_Simon_song)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[8]Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"After the Storm\"Carly Simon2:472.\"Love Out in the Street\"Simon3:403.\"Look Me in the Eyes\"Simon3:344.\"More and More\"Mac RebennackAlvin Robinson4:025.\"Slave\"SimonJacob Brackman3:54Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Attitude Dancing\"SimonBrackman3:522.\"Sons of Summer\"Billy Mernit3:053.\"Waterfall\"Simon3:314.\"Are You Ticklish\"Simon2:265.\"Playing Possum\"Simon3:57Total length:34:38","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Newton Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Newton_Howard"},{"link_name":"ARP synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Lee Ritenour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ritenour"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jeff Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Alvin Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Robinson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sneaky Pete Kleinow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaky_Pete_Kleinow"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Klaus Voormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Voormann"},{"link_name":"Willie Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Leland Sklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Sklar"},{"link_name":"Andrew Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gold"},{"link_name":"Andy Newmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Newmark"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"Russ Kunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Kunkel"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Irving Cottler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Cottler"},{"link_name":"Emil Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Richards"},{"link_name":"Richard Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perry"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"congas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"Trevor Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Lawrence_(musician)"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Tommy Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Perry Botkin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Botkin_Jr."},{"link_name":"Paul Riser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Riser"},{"link_name":"Rita Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Clydie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydie_King"},{"link_name":"Vini Poncia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini_Poncia"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Carly Simon – lead vocals, acoustic piano (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10), horn arrangements (1), string arrangements (1, 10), backing vocals (2, 3, 5–8), acoustic guitar (3)\nBilly Mernit – acoustic piano (2, 7)\nJames Newton Howard – ARP synthesizer (3), electric piano (3)\nDr. John – acoustic piano (4)\nLee Ritenour – electric guitar (1, 5, 8), mandolin (5)\nJames Taylor – acoustic guitar (3, 5, 8), backing vocals (3, 5, 8, 10)\nJeff Baxter – guitar (4)\nAlvin Robinson – guitar (4)\nSneaky Pete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar (10)\nKlaus Voormann – bass (1, 4)\nWillie Weeks – bass (2, 6, 10)\nLeland Sklar – bass (5, 8)\nJoe Mondragon – bass (9)\nAndrew Gold – drums (1, 10), guitar (2, 6), tambourine (2), acoustic guitar (10)\nAndy Newmark – drums (2)\nRingo Starr – drums (4)\nRuss Kunkel – drums (5, 8)\nJim Gordon – drums (6)\nIrving Cottler – drums (9)\nAlan Estes – percussion (1, 3)\nEmil Richards – percussion (2)\nFred Staehle – percussion (4)\nRichard Perry – tambourine (4)\nEddie Bongo – congas (6)\nTrevor Lawrence – alto sax solo (1)\nDerrek Van Eaton – flute (8)\nLon Van Eaton – clarinet (8), sitar (10)\nTommy Morgan – harmonica (10)\nPerry Botkin Jr. – string arrangements (2, 5), orchestration (2, 5), conductor (2, 5, 9), horn and woodwind arrangements (5), clarinet and trombone arrangement (9)\nPaul Riser – horn and string arrangements (6)\nRita Coolidge – backing vocals (2, 5)\nClydie King – backing vocals (2, 5)\nRodney Richmond – backing vocals (2)\nVini Poncia – backing vocals (3)\nJulia Tillman Waters – backing vocals (4)\nMaxine Willard – backing vocals (4)\nCarolyn Willis – backing vocals (4)\nAbigale Haness – backing vocals (6)\nCarole King – backing vocals (6) \nKen Moore – backing vocals (6)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Schnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Schnee"},{"link_name":"Doug Sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Sax"},{"link_name":"Norman Seeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Seeff"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Producer – Richard Perry\nEngineers – Bill Schnee (Tracks 1, 2 & 5–10); Norm Kinney (Track 3); Andrew Berliner (Track 4).\nSecond Engineer – Charles Beasley\nAssistant Engineers – Larry Emerine and Reed Stanley\nRemixing – Norm Kinney and Bill Schnee\nMastered by Doug Sax at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, CA).\nArt Direction – Glen Christensen\nDesign and Photography – Norman Seeff \nManagement – Arlyne Rothberg, Inc.","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-9"}],"text":"Album – Billboard (United States)[9]Album – InternationalSingles – Billboard (United States)[9]","title":"Charts"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_(tribe)

Mian Arain (surname)

["1 Historical background","2 Origins","3 British Raj period","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]

Not to be confused with Mian (title). Ethnic group Mian (Tribe)Regions with significant populationsPakistanLanguagesPunjabi • UrduReligionIslam The Mian (Urdu: میاں) is a Pakistani Punjabi noble Arain family who were the owner of Ishaqpura region, the territory where the Mughal Empire wanted to build a Garden named as Shalimar in Lahore. Historical background The Baghbanpura family members ware considered authoritative by the Mughals for their services for the community. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan gave the larger extended family the title of 'Mian'. Mian Muhammad Yousaf, then family head, gifted his ancestral land to the emperor in lieu of a garden. The project was finished by 1642 AD and emperor Shah Jahan granted the area back to the same family appointing them as the custodians of the site and Shalimar Gardens, Lahore. Since that day to General Ayub Khan's martial law, the Shalimar Garden was under the care of the same family. With passage of time, their extended family also adopted the title 'Mian'. By the 20th century, off-shoots of Arain tribe associated with Mian Family also adopted Mian as their surname, now commonly referred to as 'Mian Baradari' (community or sub-tribe) in general. Origins The Mian Arain family has been residing in Baghbanpura, Lahore since the 10th century. British Raj period The British favoured the ‘Mian family’ for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". Subsequent development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in their additional value. Many of them used the profession of law and some of them used journalism to enter politics. Notable people Sir Mian Mohammad Shafi (1869 – 1932) – Member, Viceroy's Executive Council. Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz – a politician in Punjab during the 1920s Justice Sir Mian Abdul Rashid – first Chief Justice of Pakistan (1947) Mian Iftikharuddin – politician, owner of Pakistan Times and Daily Imroz Mian Muhammad Yusaf Manga – a noble zamindar who was appointed custodian of the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore by Mughals and received the title of 'Mian' from Mughal emperor Shah Jahan) Jahanara Shahnawaz (1896-1979) – politician and Muslim League activist. Mumtaz Shahnawaz (1912-1948) – political activist and author, who died in a plane crash at the age of 35 en route to represent Pakistan at the UN General Assembly, the first woman in Asia to preside over a legislative session Justice Mian Shah Din (1868–1918) – first Muslim judge in British India, poet, and writer Justice Ajmal Mian (1934 - 2017) - former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Salahuddin Mian (1938 - 2006) - Pakistan's first ceramic or pottery artist References ^ a b c d e Road in capital being named after Justice Sir Abdul Rashid Dawn (newspaper), Published 2 September 2005, Retrieved 16 January 2023 ^ "Arain History (scroll down to read the tab - Arain Family Names)". Arain Sciety website. Retrieved 16 January 2023. ^ Burki, Shahid Javed (October 1988). "Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988". Asian Survey. 28 (10): 1082–1100. doi:10.2307/2644708. JSTOR 2644708. (subscription required) ^ The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947 by Tan Tai Yong pg.263 ^ Shalamar Bagh, World Heritage Series published by UNESCO ^ Aditya Pandey (2005). South Asia: Politics of South Asia. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-81-8205-303-8. ^ Muneeza Shamsie (11 July 2015). And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women. Feminist Press at The City University of New York. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-55861-931-9. ^ Justice Shah Din: A Biography by Bashir Ahmad, 1962. ^ Obituary: Ex-chief justice Ajmal Mian dies at 83 Dawn (newspaper), Published 17 October 2017, Retrieved 17 January 2023 External links vteEthnic groups, social groups and tribes of the PunjabisAgrawal Bansal Arains Rayeen Mian Mehr Kardar Ramay Ahirs Yaduvanshi Ahirs Ahirs Ghosi Hindu Ghosi Aharwar Ranghar Awan Alvi Ahmed Gul Khel Budhal Khattar Khokhar Malik Chauhans Khandowya Scheduled Castes Ad-Dharmi Balmiki Bazigar Chamar Khatik Mazhabi Sikh Mochi Mirasi Nat Ramdasia Sikh Ravidasi Gakhars Kayani Gurjars Gurjara-Pratihara Bhati Baisla Jats Aulakh Bajwa Bhutta Buttar Chaudhary Cheema Chohan Dhankhar Deol Gill Grewal Jaswal Kahlon Kharal Khokhar Maan Malhi Noon Ranjha Randhawa Sandhu Sekhon Sidhu Sial tribe Sipra Sodhi Sohal Tiwana Uppal Virk Warraich Wyne Labana Labana Khatris Anand Bhamba Bhambri Bhandari Bhasin Bindra Chadha Chopra Dhawan Duggal Gambhir Ghai Gujral Kakkar Kandhari Kapoor Khanna Khattar Khosla Khukhrain Kohli Khullar Madhok Mahendru Makan Malhotra Mehra Mehrotra Nagpal Nanda Narula Nayyar Oberoi Puri Roshan Sabharwal Sahni Sehgal Seth Sethi Sodhi Soni Talwar Tandon Thapar Trehan Vadera Vadra Vohra Mohyal Brahmins Bali Bhimwal Chhibber Datt Lau Mohan Vaid Rajputs Jarral Bhatti Janjua Rathore Chauhan Minhas Jaswal Jamwal Rana Raja Wattoo Tarkhans Panesar Sohal Others Arora Bagga Bakarwal Bania Dogar Kamboj Kumhar Saini Sansi Sayyid Shaikh This article about a Pakistani ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mian (title)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_(title)"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Arain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arain"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_family_of_Baghbanpura"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shalimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore,_Punjab"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mian (title).Ethnic groupThe Mian (Urdu: میاں) is a Pakistani Punjabi noble Arain family who were the owner of Ishaqpura region, the territory where the Mughal Empire wanted to build a Garden named as Shalimar in Lahore.","title":"Mian Arain (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_family_of_Baghbanpura"},{"link_name":"Shalimar Gardens, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"General Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Ayub_Khan"},{"link_name":"Arain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arain"},{"link_name":"Mian Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_family_of_Baghbanpura"}],"text":"The Baghbanpura family members ware considered authoritative by the Mughals for their services for the community. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan gave the larger extended family the title of 'Mian'. Mian Muhammad Yousaf, then family head, gifted his ancestral land to the emperor in lieu of a garden. The project was finished by 1642 AD and emperor Shah Jahan granted the area back to the same family appointing them as the custodians of the site and Shalimar Gardens, Lahore. Since that day to General Ayub Khan's martial law, the Shalimar Garden was under the care of the same family. With passage of time, their extended family also adopted the title 'Mian'. By the 20th century, off-shoots of Arain tribe associated with Mian Family also adopted Mian as their surname, now commonly referred to as 'Mian Baradari' (community or sub-tribe) in general.","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baghbanpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghbanpura"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Mian Arain family has been residing in Baghbanpura, Lahore since the 10th century.[1][2]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burki-3"}],"text":"The British favoured the ‘Mian family’ for their \"hard work, frugality and sense of discipline\". Subsequent development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in their additional value. Many of them used the profession of law and some of them used journalism to enter politics.[1][3]","title":"British Raj period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mian Mohammad Shafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Mohammad_Shafi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Sir_Muhammad_Shah_Nawaz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mian Abdul Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"Mian Iftikharuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikharuddin"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Times"},{"link_name":"zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"Shalimar Gardens, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jahanara Shahnawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandey2005-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shamsie2015-7"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Mumtaz Shahnawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Shahnawaz"},{"link_name":"Mian Shah Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Shah_Din"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ajmal Mian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmal_Mian"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Salahuddin Mian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_Mian"}],"text":"Sir Mian Mohammad Shafi (1869 – 1932)[1] – Member, Viceroy's Executive Council.\nMian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz[4] – a politician in Punjab during the 1920s\nJustice Sir Mian Abdul Rashid – first Chief Justice of Pakistan (1947)[1]\nMian Iftikharuddin – politician, owner of Pakistan Times and Daily Imroz\nMian Muhammad Yusaf Manga – a noble zamindar who was appointed custodian of the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore by Mughals and received the title of 'Mian' from Mughal emperor Shah Jahan)[5]\nJahanara Shahnawaz[6][7] (1896-1979) – politician and Muslim League activist.\nMumtaz Shahnawaz (1912-1948) – political activist and author, who died in a plane crash at the age of 35 en route to represent Pakistan at the UN General Assembly, the first woman in Asia to preside over a legislative session\nJustice Mian Shah Din[1][8] (1868–1918) – first Muslim judge in British India, poet, and writer\nJustice Ajmal Mian (1934 - 2017) - former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan[9]\nSalahuddin Mian (1938 - 2006) - Pakistan's first ceramic or pottery artist","title":"Notable people"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Arain History (scroll down to read the tab - Arain Family Names)\". Arain Sciety website. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arainsociety.com/community/arain-history/#","url_text":"\"Arain History (scroll down to read the tab - Arain Family Names)\""}]},{"reference":"Burki, Shahid Javed (October 1988). \"Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988\". Asian Survey. 28 (10): 1082–1100. doi:10.2307/2644708. JSTOR 2644708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644708","url_text":"10.2307/2644708"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644708","url_text":"2644708"}]},{"reference":"Aditya Pandey (2005). South Asia: Politics of South Asia. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-81-8205-303-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LaINywMCwgAC&pg=PA21","url_text":"South Asia: Politics of South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-303-8","url_text":"978-81-8205-303-8"}]},{"reference":"Muneeza Shamsie (11 July 2015). And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women. Feminist Press at The City University of New York. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-55861-931-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=82NFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-931-9","url_text":"978-1-55861-931-9"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/154904/road-in-capital-being-named-after-justice-sir-abdul-rashid","external_links_name":"Road in capital being named after Justice Sir Abdul Rashid"},{"Link":"https://arainsociety.com/community/arain-history/#","external_links_name":"\"Arain History (scroll down to read the tab - Arain Family Names)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644708","external_links_name":"10.2307/2644708"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644708","external_links_name":"2644708"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y_iHAwAAQBAJ&dq=Mian%20Family%20Baghbanpura%20arain&pg=PA263","external_links_name":"The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947 by Tan Tai Yong pg.263"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LaINywMCwgAC&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"South Asia: Politics of South Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=82NFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1364300","external_links_name":"Obituary: Ex-chief justice Ajmal Mian dies at 83"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mian_Arain_(surname)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_Glacier

Rusk Glacier

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 46°12′17″N 121°28′04″W / 46.20472°N 121.46778°W / 46.20472; -121.46778Glacier in the state of Washington Rusk GlacierRusk GlacierShow map of Washington (state)Rusk GlacierShow map of the United StatesTypeMountain glacierLocationMount Adams, Yakima County, Washington, USACoordinates46°12′17″N 121°28′04″W / 46.20472°N 121.46778°W / 46.20472; -121.46778Area1.47 km2 (0.57 sq mi) in 2006Length1 mi (1.6 km)TerminusTalusStatusRetreating Rusk Glacier is located on the eastern face of Mount Adams in the U.S. state of Washington. Starting at an elevation of over 10,200 ft (3,100 m) at just below The Castle, the glacier flows eastward down slope. A significant portion of the glacier is covered by rock debris and in the middle of the glacier, at about 9,200 ft (2,800 m), there is a small ice-free island of rock. The glacier terminates at about 7,500 ft (2,300 m) at its rock-covered moraine. The glacier has decreased in surface area by 23 percent between 1904 and 2006. The glacier was named for Claude Ewing Rusk, who made the first ascent of The Castle in 1921, by Harry Fielding Reid. See also List of glaciers in the United States References ^ "Rusk Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-11-03. ^ a b Sitts, Danielle; Andrew G. Fountain; Matthew J. Hoffman (2010). "Twentieth Century Glacier Change on Mount Adams, Washington, USA" (pdf). Northwest Science. 84 (4). Northwest Scientific Association: 378–385. doi:10.3955/046.084.0407. Retrieved 2012-11-03. ^ a b Mount Adams East, WA (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved 2012-11-03. ^ Rusk, Claude Ewing (1978) . Tales of a Western Mountaineer (1st ed.). Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-916890-62-7. LCCN 78054427. OCLC 4667368. OL 11004497M. Retrieved March 29, 2016. ^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6. vteGlaciers of Mount Adams Adams Glacier Avalanche Glacier Crescent Glacier Gotchen Glacier Klickitat Glacier Lava Glacier Lyman Glacier Mazama Glacier Pinnacle Glacier Rusk Glacier Wilson Glacier White Salmon Glacier See also: Glaciers of Mount Baker Glaciers of Glacier Peak Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains Glaciers of Mount Rainier Category:Glaciers of the Goat Rocks Glaciers of other Washington mountains

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[]

[{"title":"List of glaciers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_United_States"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_facial_tumour_disease

Devil facial tumour disease

["1 Clinical signs","2 Transmission","3 Pathology","4 Tumour characteristics","5 Preservation response","6 History","7 Society and culture","8 Research directions","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]

Cancer affecting Tasmanian devils Devil facial tumour disease causes tumours to form in and around the mouth. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is an aggressive non-viral clonally transmissible cancer which affects Tasmanian devils, a marsupial native to the Australian island of Tasmania. The cancer manifests itself as lumps of soft and ulcerating tissue around the mouth, which may invade surrounding organs and metastasise to other parts of the body. Severe genetic abnormalities exist in cancer cells—for example, DFT2 cells are tetraploid, containing twice as much genetic material as normal cells. DFTD is most often spread by bites, when teeth come into contact with cancer cells; less important pathways of transmission are ingesting of infected carcasses and sharing of food. Adult Tasmanian devils who are otherwise the fittest are most susceptible to the disease. DFTD is estimated to have first developed in 1986. There are two currently existing strains, both appearing to be derived from Schwann cells. DFT1 is the main and older strain that infects most of the devil population. It was first described in 1996 in an animal from Mount William National Park in northeastern Tasmania. DFT2 appeared around 2011 and was first detected in 2014; all cases are limited to the area of southern Tasmania near the D'Entrecasteaux Channel. There still remain disease-free pockets in the relatively isolated south-west of the island. The disease poses a direct threat to the survival of Tasmanian devils as a species as the disease is almost universally fatal. In the two decades since the disease was first spotted, population of Devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) declined by 80% (locally exceeding 90%), as the condition spread through virtually entire Tasmania. The Tasmanian Government, Australian universities and zoos are engaged in efforts to curb the disease. Culling infected individuals, the policy used by state officials until 2010, brought little success. Thus the main prevention method became taking hundreds of devils into captivity and then releasing some of them into the wild. There is no cure for the cancer so far. Vaccination offers some promise in the fight against the pathogen, but researchers have not found a suitable candidate yet. A 2017 vaccine trial found that only 1 in 5 devils could resist DFTD; a DFT1 oral vaccine candidate is being tested in the captive devil population. Clinical signs There is often more than one primary tumour. Visible signs of DFTD begin with lumps of soft tissue around the mouth, which ulcerate. Tumours are locally aggressive, destroying the underlying bone of the jaw which interferes with feeding. Tumours may also cover the eyes. Devils usually die within six months from organ failure, secondary infection, or metabolic starvation. DFTD is rare in juveniles. It affects males and females equally. Transmission The most plausible route of transmission is through biting, particularly when canine teeth come into direct contact with the diseased cells. Other modes of transmission may include the ingestion of infected carcasses and the sharing of food, both of which involve an allogeneic transfer of cells between unrelated individuals. The animals most likely to become infected are the fittest devil individuals. Pathology DFTD tumours are large soft tissue masses which become centrally ulcerated. The tumours are composed of lobules of nodules of round to spindle-shaped cells, often within a pseudocapsule. Tumours metastasise to regional lymph nodes involvement and systemically to the lungs, spleen and heart. Tumour characteristics Karyotype of DFTD Tasmanian devil cells have 14 chromosomes; the oldest-known strain of the tumour cells have thirteen chromosomes, nine of which are recognisable and four of which are mutated "marker" chromosomes. More recently evolved strains have an additional mutant marker chromosome, for a total of fourteen chromosomes. Researchers identified the cancer as a neuroendocrine tumour, and found identical chromosomal rearrangements in all the cancer cells. The karyotype anomalies of DFTD cells are similar to those of cancer cells from canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT), a cancer of dogs that is transmitted by physical contact. Among the mutations present in the tumour genome is trisomy in chromosome 5p, as well as several single base mutations, and short insertions and deletions, e.g., deletions in the chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. Some of the mutated or deleted genes in DFTD are RET, FANCD2, MAST3 and BTNL9-like gene. Classical DFTD likely originated in the Schwann cells of a single devil. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, and produce myelin and other proteins essential for the functions of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system. Researchers sampled 25 tumours and found that the tumours were genetically identical. Using deep sequencing technology, the study authors then profiled the tumours' transcriptome, the set of genes that are active in tumours; the transcriptomes closely matched those of Schwann cells, revealing high activity in many of the genes coding for myelin basic protein production. Several specific markers were identified, including the MBP and PRX genes, which may enable veterinarians to more easily distinguish DFTD from other types of cancer, and may eventually help identify a genetic pathway that can be targeted to treat it. In 2015, a second genetically distinct strain of DFTD was identified, which was tetraploid, not diploid like the main form of the cancer. The tetraploid form has been linked to lower mortality rates. The cell type origin of this strain of DFTD is unknown. Increased levels of tetraploidy have been shown to exist in the oldest strain of DFTD as of 2014, which correlates with the point at which devils became involved in a DFTD removal programme. Because ploidy slows the tumour growth rate, the DFTD removal programme has been suggested as a selective pressure favouring slower-growing tumours, and more generally that disease eradication programmes aimed at DFTD may encourage the evolution of DFTD. The existence of multiple strains may complicate attempts to develop a vaccine, and there are reports of concerns that the evolution of the cancer may allow it to spread to related species such as the quoll. In 2023 both DFTD strains were sequenced in a family tree indicating that the main strain DFT1 emerged around 1986 while DFT2 arose around 2011 and is found in only a small region of the island but it mutates around three times faster. Preservation response Wild Tasmanian devil populations are being monitored to track the spread of the disease and to identify changes in disease prevalence. Field monitoring involves trapping devils within a defined area to check for the presence of the disease and determine the number of affected animals. The same area is visited repeatedly to characterise the spread of the disease over time. So far, it has been established that the short-term effects of the disease in an area can be severe. Long-term monitoring at replicated sites will be essential to assess whether these effects remain, or whether populations can recover. Field workers are also testing the effectiveness of disease suppression by trapping and removing diseased devils, with the expectation that removal of diseased devils from wild populations would decrease disease prevalence, allowing devils to survive beyond juvenile years and so to breed. One study reported that a system of culling prior to 2010 did not impede disease spread. A plan to create "insurance populations" of disease-free devils has been ongoing since 2005. As of June 2012, the insurance population has reached a combined total of 500 animals and representing over 98% of the genetic diversity of this species. Most of these devils are living in Australian zoos and wildlife reserves. Beginning in November 2012 however, in an effort to create a population that is both wild and disease-free, Tasmanian devils have been relocated to Maria Island, a mountainous island off the east coast of Tasmania. The Maria Island population has grown from a starting population of twenty-eight to 90, and experts will soon begin transferring healthy devils back to the mainland population. A study on the survival rates of the Maria Island population found that in contrast to other carnivores raised in captivity, the Tasmanian devils were not adversely affected by being born in captivity when released on Maria Island. Due to the decreased life expectancy of the devils with DFTD, affected individuals have begun breeding at younger ages in the wild, with reports that many only live to participate in one breeding cycle. Hence, Tasmanian devils appear to have changed breeding habits in response to the disease; females had previously begun to breed annually at age two, for about three more years, dying thereafter of a variety of causes. Populations are now characterised by onset of breeding at age one, dying of DFTD, on average, shortly thereafter. Social interactions have been seen to contribute to spread of DFTD in a local area. The decline in devil numbers is also an ecological problem, since its presence in the Tasmanian forest ecosystem is believed to have prevented the establishment of the red fox, with the most recent known organism accidentally being introduced into Tasmania in 1998. Tasmanian devil young may now be more vulnerable to red fox predation, as pups are left alone for long periods of time. In response to the impact of DFTD on Tasmanian devil populations, 47 devils have been shipped to mainland Australian wildlife parks to attempt to preserve the genetic diversity of the species. The largest of these efforts is the Devil Ark project in Barrington Tops, New South Wales; an initiative of the Australian Reptile Park. This project aims to create a set of one thousand genetically representative devils, and is now a major focus of the insurance policy. In August 2023, the Devil Ark at Barrington celebrated the birth of the 500th devil since the project was launched. The Tasman peninsula is being considered as a possible "clean area" with the single narrow access point controlled by physical barriers. The Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water is experimenting on culling infected animals with some signs of success. A diagnostic blood test was developed in mid-2009 to screen for the disease. In early 2010, scientists found some Tasmanian devils, mostly in the north-west of Tasmania, that are genetically different enough for their bodies to recognise the cancer as foreign. They have only one major histocompatibility complex, whereas the cancerous cells have both. Oocyte banking may be useful in the conservation effort for Tasmanian devils, as the survival rate of cryopreserved oocytes is 70%. History Spread of the disease as of 2015 In 1996, a photographer from The Netherlands captured several images of devils with facial tumours near Mount William in Tasmania's northeast. Around the same time, farmers reported a decline in devil numbers. Menna Jones first encountered the disease in 1999 near Little Swanport, in 2001 capturing three devils with facial tumours on the Freycinet Peninsula. The theory that cancer cells themselves could be an infective agent (the Allograft Theory) was first offered in 2006 by Pearse, Swift and colleagues, who analysed DFTD cells from devils in several locations, determining that all DFTD cells sampled were genetically identical to each other, and genetically distinct from their hosts and from all other individual Tasmanian devils whose genetics had been studied; this allowed them to conclude that the cancer originated from a single individual and spread from it, rather than arising repeatedly, and independently. Twenty-one different subtypes have been identified by analysing the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 104 tumours from different Tasmanian devils. Researchers have also witnessed a previously uninfected devil develop tumours from lesions caused by an infected devil's bites, supporting the contention that the disease is spread by allograft, with transmission via biting, scratching, and aggressive sexual activity between individuals. During biting, infection can spread from the bitten devil to the biter. Initially, it was suspected that devils had low genetic diversity, so that their immune system did not recognise the tumour cells as foreign. However, it was later demonstrated that devils are sufficiently genetically diverse to mount a strong immune response to foreign tissue. Since June 2005, three females have been found that are partially resistant to DFTD. The devil population on the peninsula decreased dramatically. In March 2003 Nick Mooney wrote a memo to be circulated within the Parks and Wildlife Services calling for more funding to study the disease, but the call for funding was edited out before the memo was presented to Bryan Green, then Tasmania's Minister for Primary Industries, Water and Environment. In April 2003, a working group was formed by the Tasmanian Government to respond to the disease. In September 2003, Nick Mooney went to the Tasmanian daily newspaper The Mercury, informing the general public of the disease and proposing a quarantine of healthy Tasmanian devils. At the time, it was thought that a retrovirus was a possible cause. David Chadwick of the state Animal Health Laboratory said that the laboratory did not have the resources needed to research the possibility of a retrovirus. The Tasmanian Conservation Trust criticised the Tasmanian government for providing insufficient funds for research and suggested that DFTD could be zoonotic, posing a threat to livestock and humans. On 14 October 2003, a workshop was held in Launceston. In 2004, Kathryn Medlock found three oddly shaped devil skulls in European museums and found a description of a devil in London Zoo dying, which showed a similarity to DFTD. Calicivirus, 1080 poison, agricultural chemicals, and habitat fragmentation combined with a retrovirus were other proposed causes. Environmental toxins had also been suspected. In March 2006 a devil escaped from a park into an area infected with DFTD. She was recaptured with bite marks on her face, and returned to live with the other devils in the park. She wounded a male and by October both devils had DFTD, which was subsequently spread to two others (an incident that in retrospect would be understood in the context of the allograft theory of transmission). In 2006, DFTD was classed a List B notifiable disease under the Government of Tasmania's Animal Health Act 1995. The strategy of developing an insurance population in captivity was developed. It was reassessed in 2008. A 2007 investigation into the immune system of the devils found that when combatting other pathogens, the response from the immune system was normal, leading to suspicion that the devils were not capable of detecting the cancerous cells as "non-self". In 2007, it was predicted that populations could become locally extinct within 10–15 years of DFTD occurring, and predicted that the disease would spread across the entire range of the Tasmanian devils causing the devils to become extinct within 25–35 years. In 2016, devils are endangered as the localised populations were shown to have declined by 90 per cent and an overall species decline of more than 80 per cent in less than 20 years, with some models predicting extinction. Despite this, devil populations persist in disease-stricken areas. The devils have, in a way, fought back the extinction by developing the gene that is immune to face tumors. The genes have already existed in the Tasmanian devil as part of their immune system. They increased in frequency due to natural selection. That is, the individuals with particular forms of these genes (alleles) survived and reproduced disproportionately to those that lacked the specific variants when disease was present. In 2018, a devil population in the far southwest of Tasmania was reported to be free of DFTD. Society and culture In 2008, a devil—given the name Cedric by those who treated and worked with him—was thought to have a natural immunity to the disease, but developed two facial tumours in late 2008. The tumours were removed, and officials thought Cedric was recovering well, but in September 2010, the cancer was discovered to have spread to the lungs, leading to his euthanasia. Research directions Vaccination with irradiated cancer cells has not proven successful. In 2013, a study using mice as a model for Tasmanian devils suggested that a DFTD vaccine could be beneficial. In 2015, a study which mixed dead DFTD cells with an inflammatory substance stimulated an immune response in five out of six devils injected with the mixture, engendering for a vaccine against DFTD. Field testing of the potential vaccines has been undertaken as a collaborative project between the Menzies Institute for Medical Research and the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program. Strong immune responses were induced by the vaccine, but the vaccine did not protect all devils from developing DFTD. An oral bait vaccine for DFTD is in the early stages of development as of 2020. Research by Professor Greg Woods from the University of Tasmania's Menzies Institute for Medical Research has shown encouraging evidence for the potential development of a vaccine using dead devil facial tumour disease cells to trigger an immune response in healthy devils. Field testing of the vaccine is being undertaken as a collaborative project between the Menzies Institute for Medical Research and the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program under the Wild Devil Recovery program, and aims to test the immunisation protocol as a tool in ensuring the devil's long-term survival in the wild. In March 2017, scientists at the University of Tasmania presented an apparent first report of having successfully treated Tasmanian devils with the disease, by injecting live cancer cells into the infected devils to stimulate their immune system to recognise and fight the disease. 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PMID 28515726. ^ Ong CE, Lyons AB, Woods GM, Flies AS (14 Jan 2019). "Inducible IFN-γ Expression for MHC-I Upregulation in Devil Facial Tumor Cells". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 3117. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03117. PMC 6340284. PMID 30692995. ^ Flies AS, Darby JM, Lennard PR, Murphy PR, Ong CE, Pinfold TL, et al. (July 2020). "A novel system to map protein interactions reveals evolutionarily conserved immune evasion pathways on transmissible cancers". Science Advances. 6 (27): eaba5031. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5031F. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba5031. PMC 7458443. PMID 32937435. ^ "It's hard, long and sometimes stinky work, but this marathon effort may have found hope for Tasmanian devils". ABC News. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-02. Bibliography Owen D, Pemberton D (2005). Tasmanian Devil: A unique and threatened animal. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741143683. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devil facial tumour disease. The Aussie Devil Ark Conservation Project

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tasmanian_Devil_Facial_Tumour_Disease.png"},{"link_name":"clonally transmissible cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"marsupial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlIdentification_of_candidate_genes_for_devil_facial_tumour_disease_is_caused_by_feces_tumourigenesis_|_Scientific_Reports-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bender_2010-2"},{"link_name":"metastasise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"tetraploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Schwann cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mount William National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_William_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bender_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"D'Entrecasteaux Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Channel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Government"},{"link_name":"Culling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb2010-8"},{"link_name":"Vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Cancer affecting Tasmanian devilsDevil facial tumour disease causes tumours to form in and around the mouth.Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is an aggressive non-viral clonally transmissible cancer which affects Tasmanian devils, a marsupial native to the Australian island of Tasmania.[1][2] The cancer manifests itself as lumps of soft and ulcerating tissue around the mouth, which may invade surrounding organs and metastasise to other parts of the body. Severe genetic abnormalities exist in cancer cells—for example, DFT2 cells are tetraploid, containing twice as much genetic material as normal cells. DFTD is most often spread by bites, when teeth come into contact with cancer cells; less important pathways of transmission are ingesting of infected carcasses and sharing of food. Adult Tasmanian devils who are otherwise the fittest are most susceptible to the disease.DFTD is estimated to have first developed in 1986.[3] There are two currently existing strains, both appearing to be derived from Schwann cells.[4] DFT1 is the main and older strain that infects most of the devil population. It was first described in 1996 in an animal from Mount William National Park in northeastern Tasmania.[2] DFT2 appeared around 2011[3] and was first detected in 2014; all cases are limited to the area of southern Tasmania near the D'Entrecasteaux Channel.[5] There still remain disease-free pockets in the relatively isolated south-west of the island.[6]The disease poses a direct threat to the survival of Tasmanian devils as a species as the disease is almost universally fatal. In the two decades since the disease was first spotted, population of Devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) declined by 80% (locally exceeding 90%), as the condition spread through virtually entire Tasmania. The Tasmanian Government, Australian universities and zoos are engaged in efforts to curb the disease. Culling infected individuals, the policy used by state officials until 2010, brought little success.[7][8] Thus the main prevention method became taking hundreds of devils into captivity and then releasing some of them into the wild. There is no cure for the cancer so far. Vaccination offers some promise in the fight against the pathogen, but researchers have not found a suitable candidate yet. A 2017 vaccine trial found that only 1 in 5 devils could resist DFTD; a DFT1 oral vaccine candidate is being tested in the captive devil population.[9]","title":"Devil facial tumour disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loh_2006-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogelnest-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONeill2010-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogelnest-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCallum2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grueber2015-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There is often more than one primary tumour.[10] Visible signs of DFTD begin with lumps of soft tissue around the mouth, which ulcerate.[11] Tumours are locally aggressive,[12] destroying the underlying bone of the jaw which interferes with feeding.[11] Tumours may also cover the eyes.[13] Devils usually die within six months from organ failure, secondary infection, or metabolic starvation.[14]DFTD is rare in juveniles.[15] It affects males and females equally.[16]","title":"Clinical signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"allogeneic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotransplantation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The most plausible route of transmission is through biting, particularly when canine teeth come into direct contact with the diseased cells.[17] Other modes of transmission may include the ingestion of infected carcasses and the sharing of food, both of which involve an allogeneic transfer of cells between unrelated individuals.[18][19] The animals most likely to become infected are the fittest devil individuals.[20]","title":"Transmission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loh_2006-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loh_2006-10"},{"link_name":"metastasise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"lymph nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONeill2010-12"}],"text":"DFTD tumours are large soft tissue masses which become centrally ulcerated.[10] The tumours are composed of lobules of nodules of round to spindle-shaped cells, often within a pseudocapsule.[10] Tumours metastasise to regional lymph nodes involvement and systemically to the lungs, spleen and heart.[12]","title":"Pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karyotype_of_DFTD_Tasmanian_devil_(Sarcophilus_Harrisii).png"},{"link_name":"Karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc060202-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deakin-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearse2012-23"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine tumour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumour"},{"link_name":"chromosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bostanci2005-24"},{"link_name":"karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"canine transmissible venereal tumour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_transmissible_venereal_tumor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bostanci2005-24"},{"link_name":"insertions and deletions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P._Murchison_780%E2%80%93791-25"},{"link_name":"Schwann cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deakin-22"},{"link_name":"peripheral nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"myelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2010-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2010-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2010-27"},{"link_name":"deep sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-Seq"},{"link_name":"transcriptome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome"},{"link_name":"active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"myelin basic protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_basic_protein"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2010-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2010-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flies_2016-29"},{"link_name":"tetraploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraploid"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"quoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abc.net.au-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Karyotype of DFTDTasmanian devil cells have 14 chromosomes; the oldest-known strain of the tumour cells have thirteen chromosomes, nine of which are recognisable and four of which are mutated \"marker\" chromosomes.[21] More recently evolved strains have an additional mutant marker chromosome, for a total of fourteen chromosomes.[22][23] Researchers identified the cancer as a neuroendocrine tumour, and found identical chromosomal rearrangements in all the cancer cells.[24] The karyotype anomalies of DFTD cells are similar to those of cancer cells from canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT), a cancer of dogs that is transmitted by physical contact.[24] Among the mutations present in the tumour genome is trisomy in chromosome 5p, as well as several single base mutations, and short insertions and deletions, e.g., deletions in the chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. Some of the mutated or deleted genes in DFTD are RET, FANCD2, MAST3 and BTNL9-like gene.[25]Classical DFTD likely originated in the Schwann cells of a single devil.[26][22] Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, and produce myelin and other proteins essential for the functions of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system.[27][28] Researchers sampled 25 tumours and found that the tumours were genetically identical.[27] Using deep sequencing technology, the study authors then profiled the tumours' transcriptome, the set of genes that are active in tumours; the transcriptomes closely matched those of Schwann cells, revealing high activity in many of the genes coding for myelin basic protein production.[28] Several specific markers were identified, including the MBP and PRX genes, which may enable veterinarians to more easily distinguish DFTD from other types of cancer, and may eventually help identify a genetic pathway that can be targeted to treat it.[28]In 2015, a second genetically distinct strain of DFTD was identified,[29] which was tetraploid, not diploid like the main form of the cancer. The tetraploid form has been linked to lower mortality rates.[30] The cell type origin of this strain of DFTD is unknown.[31] Increased levels of tetraploidy have been shown to exist in the oldest strain of DFTD as of 2014, which correlates with the point at which devils became involved in a DFTD removal programme.[citation needed] Because ploidy slows the tumour growth rate, the DFTD removal programme has been suggested as a selective pressure favouring slower-growing tumours, and more generally that disease eradication programmes aimed at DFTD may encourage the evolution of DFTD.[32] The existence of multiple strains may complicate attempts to develop a vaccine, and there are reports of concerns that the evolution of the cancer may allow it to spread to related species such as the quoll.[33]In 2023 both DFTD strains were sequenced in a family tree indicating that the main strain DFT1 emerged around 1986 while DFT2 arose around 2011 and is found in only a small region of the island but it mutates around three times faster.[34][3]","title":"Tumour characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpiwe_dms2005-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpiwe_dms2005-35"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb2010-8"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STDP-36"},{"link_name":"Maria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Island"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STDP-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPemberton20056-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bostanci2005-24"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpiwfox-44"},{"link_name":"Devil Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_Ark"},{"link_name":"Barrington Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Tops"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australian Reptile Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Reptile_Park"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devilark-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Tasman peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Department of Primary Industries and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Primary_Industries_and_Water"},{"link_name":"culling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciAm-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"major histocompatibility complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Oocyte banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cryo2010-51"}],"text":"Wild Tasmanian devil populations are being monitored to track the spread of the disease and to identify changes in disease prevalence. Field monitoring involves trapping devils within a defined area to check for the presence of the disease and determine the number of affected animals. The same area is visited repeatedly to characterise the spread of the disease over time. So far, it has been established that the short-term effects of the disease in an area can be severe. Long-term monitoring at replicated sites will be essential to assess whether these effects remain, or whether populations can recover.[35] Field workers are also testing the effectiveness of disease suppression by trapping and removing diseased devils, with the expectation that removal of diseased devils from wild populations would decrease disease prevalence, allowing devils to survive beyond juvenile years and so to breed.[35] One study reported that a system of culling prior to 2010 did not impede disease spread.[8]A plan to create \"insurance populations\" of disease-free devils has been ongoing since 2005. As of June 2012, the insurance population has reached a combined total of 500 animals and representing over 98% of the genetic diversity of this species.[36] Most of these devils are living in Australian zoos and wildlife reserves. Beginning in November 2012 however, in an effort to create a population that is both wild and disease-free, Tasmanian devils have been relocated to Maria Island, a mountainous island off the east coast of Tasmania.[36] The Maria Island population has grown from a starting population of twenty-eight to 90, and experts will soon begin transferring healthy devils back to the mainland population.[37] A study on the survival rates of the Maria Island population found that in contrast to other carnivores raised in captivity, the Tasmanian devils were not adversely affected by being born in captivity when released on Maria Island.[38]Due to the decreased life expectancy of the devils with DFTD, affected individuals have begun breeding at younger ages in the wild, with reports that many only live to participate in one breeding cycle.[39] Hence, Tasmanian devils appear to have changed breeding habits in response to the disease;[40] females had previously begun to breed annually at age two, for about three more years, dying thereafter of a variety of causes.[citation needed] Populations are now characterised by onset of breeding at age one, dying of DFTD, on average, shortly thereafter.[41] Social interactions have been seen to contribute to spread of DFTD in a local area.[42]The decline in devil numbers is also an ecological problem, since its presence in the Tasmanian forest ecosystem is believed to have prevented the establishment of the red fox, with the most recent known organism accidentally being introduced into Tasmania in 1998.[43][24] Tasmanian devil young may now be more vulnerable to red fox predation, as pups are left alone for long periods of time.[44]In response to the impact of DFTD on Tasmanian devil populations, 47 devils have been shipped to mainland Australian wildlife parks to attempt to preserve the genetic diversity of the species. The largest of these efforts is the Devil Ark project in Barrington Tops, New South Wales; an initiative of the Australian Reptile Park. This project aims to create a set of one thousand genetically representative devils, and is now a major focus of the insurance policy.[45]In August 2023, the Devil Ark at Barrington celebrated the birth of the 500th devil since the project was launched.[46]The Tasman peninsula is being considered as a possible \"clean area\" with the single narrow access point controlled by physical barriers. The Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water is experimenting on culling infected animals with some signs of success.[47][48]A diagnostic blood test was developed in mid-2009 to screen for the disease.[49] In early 2010, scientists found some Tasmanian devils, mostly in the north-west of Tasmania, that are genetically different enough for their bodies to recognise the cancer as foreign. They have only one major histocompatibility complex, whereas the cancerous cells have both.[50]Oocyte banking may be useful in the conservation effort for Tasmanian devils, as the survival rate of cryopreserved oocytes is 70%.[51]","title":"Preservation response"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spread_of_devil_facial_tumor_disease_as_of_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natcomm2016-52"},{"link_name":"Mount William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_William_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPemberton2005170f-54"},{"link_name":"Little Swanport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Swanport"},{"link_name":"Freycinet Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freycinet_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc070421-55"},{"link_name":"Allograft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograft_diseases"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearse-56"},{"link_name":"Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Maree_Pearse"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearse-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearse-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P._Murchison_780%E2%80%93791-25"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obendorf2008-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flies_2016-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flies_2016-29"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature060202-60"},{"link_name":"Nick Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mooney"},{"link_name":"Bryan Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Green"},{"link_name":"Minister for Primary Industries, Water and Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Primary_Industries,_Water_and_Environment_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPemberton2005177-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thaa031029-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tha030820-63"},{"link_name":"The Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)"},{"link_name":"retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Conservation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Conservation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Government"},{"link_name":"zoonotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDUT-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc031014-65"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc040910-66"},{"link_name":"Calicivirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicivirus"},{"link_name":"1080 poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080_poison"},{"link_name":"agricultural chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPemberton2005178-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPemberton2005184f-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsg08-71"},{"link_name":"non-self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecoh43-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distimpactdftd-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-74"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natcomm2016-52"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Spread of the disease as of 2015[52]In 1996, a photographer from The Netherlands captured several images of devils with facial tumours near Mount William in Tasmania's northeast.[53] Around the same time, farmers reported a decline in devil numbers.[54] Menna Jones first encountered the disease in 1999 near Little Swanport, in 2001 capturing three devils with facial tumours on the Freycinet Peninsula.[55]The theory that cancer cells themselves could be an infective agent (the Allograft Theory[56]) was first offered in 2006 by Pearse, Swift and colleagues,[56] who analysed DFTD cells from devils in several locations, determining that all DFTD cells sampled were genetically identical to each other, and genetically distinct from their hosts and from all other individual Tasmanian devils whose genetics had been studied; this allowed them to conclude that the cancer originated from a single individual and spread from it, rather than arising repeatedly, and independently.[56][57] Twenty-one different subtypes have been identified by analysing the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 104 tumours from different Tasmanian devils.[25] Researchers have also witnessed a previously uninfected devil develop tumours from lesions caused by an infected devil's bites, supporting the contention that the disease is spread by allograft, with transmission via biting, scratching, and aggressive sexual activity between individuals.[58] During biting, infection can spread from the bitten devil to the biter.[59]Initially, it was suspected that devils had low genetic diversity, so that their immune system did not recognise the tumour cells as foreign.[29] However, it was later demonstrated that devils are sufficiently genetically diverse to mount a strong immune response to foreign tissue.[29]Since June 2005, three females have been found that are partially resistant to DFTD.[60]The devil population on the peninsula decreased dramatically. In March 2003 Nick Mooney wrote a memo to be circulated within the Parks and Wildlife Services calling for more funding to study the disease, but the call for funding was edited out before the memo was presented to Bryan Green, then Tasmania's Minister for Primary Industries, Water and Environment.[61][62] In April 2003, a working group was formed by the Tasmanian Government to respond to the disease.[63] In September 2003, Nick Mooney went to the Tasmanian daily newspaper The Mercury, informing the general public of the disease and proposing a quarantine of healthy Tasmanian devils. At the time, it was thought that a retrovirus was a possible cause. David Chadwick of the state Animal Health Laboratory said that the laboratory did not have the resources needed to research the possibility of a retrovirus. The Tasmanian Conservation Trust criticised the Tasmanian government for providing insufficient funds for research and suggested that DFTD could be zoonotic, posing a threat to livestock and humans.[64] On 14 October 2003, a workshop was held in Launceston.[65] In 2004, Kathryn Medlock found three oddly shaped devil skulls in European museums and found a description of a devil in London Zoo dying, which showed a similarity to DFTD.[66]Calicivirus, 1080 poison, agricultural chemicals, and habitat fragmentation combined with a retrovirus were other proposed causes.[67] Environmental toxins had also been suspected.[68] In March 2006 a devil escaped from a park into an area infected with DFTD. She was recaptured with bite marks on her face, and returned to live with the other devils in the park. She wounded a male and by October both devils had DFTD, which was subsequently spread to two others (an incident that in retrospect would be understood in the context of the allograft theory of transmission).[69]In 2006, DFTD was classed a List B notifiable disease under the Government of Tasmania's Animal Health Act 1995.[70] The strategy of developing an insurance population in captivity was developed. It was reassessed in 2008.[71] A 2007 investigation into the immune system of the devils found that when combatting other pathogens, the response from the immune system was normal, leading to suspicion that the devils were not capable of detecting the cancerous cells as \"non-self\".[72] In 2007, it was predicted that populations could become locally extinct within 10–15 years of DFTD occurring, and predicted that the disease would spread across the entire range of the Tasmanian devils causing the devils to become extinct within 25–35 years.[73]In 2016, devils are endangered as the localised populations were shown to have declined by 90 per cent and an overall species decline of more than 80 per cent in less than 20 years, with some models predicting extinction. Despite this, devil populations persist in disease-stricken areas.[74] The devils have, in a way, fought back the extinction by developing the gene that is immune to face tumors. The genes have already existed in the Tasmanian devil as part of their immune system. They increased in frequency due to natural selection. That is, the individuals with particular forms of these genes (alleles) survived and reproduced disproportionately to those that lacked the specific variants when disease was present.[52]In 2018, a devil population in the far southwest of Tasmania was reported to be free of DFTD.[75]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc100901-77"}],"text":"In 2008, a devil—given the name Cedric by those who treated and worked with him—was thought to have a natural immunity to the disease, but developed two facial tumours in late 2008. The tumours were removed,[76] and officials thought Cedric was recovering well, but in September 2010, the cancer was discovered to have spread to the lungs, leading to his euthanasia.[77]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzies_Institute_for_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"University of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzies_Institute_for_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"Save the Tasmanian Devil Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Save_the_Tasmanian_Devil_Program&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"PD-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-1"},{"link_name":"PD-L1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"Vaccination with irradiated cancer cells has not proven successful.[78]In 2013, a study using mice as a model for Tasmanian devils suggested that a DFTD vaccine could be beneficial.[79] In 2015, a study which mixed dead DFTD cells with an inflammatory substance stimulated an immune response in five out of six devils injected with the mixture, engendering for a vaccine against DFTD.[80] Field testing of the potential vaccines has been undertaken as a collaborative project between the Menzies Institute for Medical Research and the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program. Strong immune responses were induced by the vaccine,[81] but the vaccine did not protect all devils from developing DFTD. An oral bait vaccine for DFTD is in the early stages of development as of 2020.[82]Research by Professor Greg Woods from the University of Tasmania's Menzies Institute for Medical Research has shown encouraging evidence for the potential development of a vaccine using dead devil facial tumour disease cells to trigger an immune response in healthy devils. Field testing of the vaccine is being undertaken as a collaborative project between the Menzies Institute for Medical Research and the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program under the Wild Devil Recovery program, and aims to test the immunisation protocol as a tool in ensuring the devil's long-term survival in the wild.[83]In March 2017, scientists at the University of Tasmania presented an apparent first report of having successfully treated Tasmanian devils with the disease, by injecting live cancer cells into the infected devils to stimulate their immune system to recognise and fight the disease.[84][85] In 2019, researchers from University of Sydney reported constricted diversity of the T cell repertoire in devils with DFTD, suggesting that DFTD may impact the host immune system directly.[86] Several studies of immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and PD-L1, have been undertaken in devils and suggest that potential immune evasion pathways used by human cancers could also be active in DFTD.[87][88][89][90]There is some evidence suggesting that the DFTD tumour is evolving to be less fatal to the Tasmanian devils.[91]","title":"Research directions"}]

[{"image_text":"Devil facial tumour disease causes tumours to form in and around the mouth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tasmanian_Devil_Facial_Tumour_Disease.png/220px-Tasmanian_Devil_Facial_Tumour_Disease.png"},{"image_text":"Karyotype of DFTD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Karyotype_of_DFTD_Tasmanian_devil_%28Sarcophilus_Harrisii%29.png/220px-Karyotype_of_DFTD_Tasmanian_devil_%28Sarcophilus_Harrisii%29.png"},{"image_text":"Spread of the disease as of 2015[52]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spread_of_devil_facial_tumor_disease_as_of_2015.jpg/240px-Spread_of_devil_facial_tumor_disease_as_of_2015.jpg"}]

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priorities in the Tasmanian devil facial tumour debate\""},{"Link":"http://tasmaniantimes.com/images/uploads/obendorf_eur_j_oncol_4-08.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930102857/http://www.tassiedevil.com.au/tasdevil.nsf/file/DD87BEF28EFEF6C3CA2576D20004BB2C/$file/FAQs%20Devil%20Facial%20Tumour%20Disease.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions About Devil Facial Tumour Disease\""},{"Link":"http://www.tassiedevil.com.au/tasdevil.nsf/file/DD87BEF28EFEF6C3CA2576D20004BB2C/$file/FAQs%20Devil%20Facial%20Tumour%20Disease.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsg.org/cbsg/workshopreports/23/tasmanian_devil_phva_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tasmanian Devil PHVA Final Report\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10393-007-0117-1","external_links_name":"\"The Immune Response of the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Devil Facial Tumour 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save species from extinction\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7810933.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC NEWS - World - Asia-Pacific - Fence hope for Tasmanian Devils\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/01/2999309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cancer-related death for Cedric the devil – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091231/full/news.2009.1169.html","external_links_name":"\"Hopes of a tumour test for Tasmanian devils\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2009.1169","external_links_name":"10.1038/news.2009.1169"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034705","external_links_name":"\"Mouse Model of Devil Facial Tumour Disease Establishes That an Effective Immune Response Can be Generated Against the Cancer Cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2014.00251","external_links_name":"10.3389/fimmu.2014.00251"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034705","external_links_name":"4034705"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24904594","external_links_name":"24904594"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2015.01.039","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for induction of humoral and cytotoxic immune responses against devil facial tumor disease cells in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) immunized with killed cell preparations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2015.01.039","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.039"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25708088","external_links_name":"25708088"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826075","external_links_name":"\"Immunization Strategies Producing a Humoral IgG Immune Response against Devil Facial Tumor Disease in the Majority of Tasmanian Devils Destined for Wild Release\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2018.00259","external_links_name":"10.3389/fimmu.2018.00259"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826075","external_links_name":"5826075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29515577","external_links_name":"29515577"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14760584.2020.1711058","external_links_name":"10.1080/14760584.2020.1711058"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F273489","external_links_name":"11343/273489"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31971036","external_links_name":"31971036"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210872744","external_links_name":"210872744"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630062737/http://www.tassiedevil.com.au/tasdevil.nsf/news/AF31ACD37279099DCA257DF7001EF257","external_links_name":"\"Save the Tasmanian Devil Program moves closer to immunized devil trial\""},{"Link":"http://www.tassiedevil.com.au/tasdevil.nsf/news/AF31ACD37279099DCA257DF7001EF257","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5343465","external_links_name":"\"Regression of devil facial tumour disease following immunotherapy in immunised Tasmanian devils\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...743827T","external_links_name":"2017NatSR...743827T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep43827","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep43827"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5343465","external_links_name":"5343465"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276463","external_links_name":"28276463"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-09/scientists-successfully-treat-devils-for-tumour-disease/8339630","external_links_name":"\"Live cancer cell injection helps beat devil facial tumour disease\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6416256","external_links_name":"\"Tasmanian devils with contagious cancer exhibit a constricted T-cell repertoire diversity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-019-0342-5","external_links_name":"10.1038/s42003-019-0342-5"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6416256","external_links_name":"6416256"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30886908","external_links_name":"30886908"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5145852","external_links_name":"\"PD-L1 Is Not Constitutively Expressed on Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Cells but Is Strongly Upregulated in Response to IFN-γ and Can Be Expressed in the Tumor Microenvironment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2016.00581","external_links_name":"10.3389/fimmu.2016.00581"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5145852","external_links_name":"5145852"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018348","external_links_name":"28018348"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10226811","external_links_name":"10226811"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5413580","external_links_name":"\"Comparative Analysis of Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Their Potential Role in the Transmissible Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2017.00513","external_links_name":"10.3389/fimmu.2017.00513"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5413580","external_links_name":"5413580"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28515726","external_links_name":"28515726"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6340284","external_links_name":"\"Inducible IFN-γ Expression for MHC-I Upregulation in Devil Facial Tumor Cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2018.03117","external_links_name":"10.3389/fimmu.2018.03117"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6340284","external_links_name":"6340284"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30692995","external_links_name":"30692995"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7458443","external_links_name":"\"A novel system to map protein interactions reveals evolutionarily conserved immune evasion pathways on transmissible cancers\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.5031F","external_links_name":"2020SciA....6.5031F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aba5031","external_links_name":"10.1126/sciadv.aba5031"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7458443","external_links_name":"7458443"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32937435","external_links_name":"32937435"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-02/18-yr-study-tasmanian-devils-hope-deadly-facial-tumour-disease/102800670","external_links_name":"\"It's hard, long and sometimes stinky work, but this marathon effort may have found hope for Tasmanian devils\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tasmaniandevilun00owen_0","external_links_name":"Tasmanian Devil: A unique and threatened animal"},{"Link":"https://www.aussieark.org.au/devil-ark/","external_links_name":"The Aussie Devil Ark Conservation Project"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad_(river)

Cad (river)

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 46°28′27″N 25°45′44″E / 46.4742°N 25.7621°E / 46.4742; 25.7621For Cad Brook in Somerset, see River Isle § Tributaries. River in Harghita County, RomaniaCadLocationCountryRomaniaCountiesHarghita CountyPhysical characteristicsMouthOlt • locationDownstream of Mădăraș • coordinates46°28′27″N 25°45′44″E / 46.4742°N 25.7621°E / 46.4742; 25.7621Length13 km (8.1 mi)Basin size24 km2 (9.3 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionOlt→ Danube→ Black Sea The Cad is a left tributary of the river Olt which flows through Romania. It merges into the Olt near Mădăraș. It is 13 km (8.1 mi) long and its river basin covers an area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). References ^ "Planul național de management. Sinteza planurilor de management la nivel de bazine/spații hidrografice, anexa 7.1" (PDF, 5.1 MB). Administrația Națională Apele Române. 2010. p. 640. ^ a b Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România. Partea 1 (in Romanian). Bucharest: Ministerul Mediului. 1992. p. 264. OCLC 895459847. River code: VIII.1.11 Portal: Romania This article related to a river in Harghita County is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Doehring

Jim Doehring

["1 References"]

American shot putter Jim DoehringPersonal informationFull nameJames F. DoehringBornJanuary 27, 1962 (1962-01-27) (age 62)Santa Barbara, California, U.S. Medal record Men's Athletics Representing  United States Olympic Games 1992 Barcelona Shot Put IAAF World Indoor Championships 1993 Toronto Shot Put James F. Doehring (born January 27, 1962, in Santa Barbara, California) is a former American athlete who primarily competed in the shot put. In 1981, Doehring was the United States junior champion in shot put before being severely injured in a motorcycle accident. He recovered to earn a berth on the 1988 Summer Olympics team, finishing in eleventh place. In December 1990 Doehring tested positive for steroids and was given a two year suspension. He was reinstated in March 1992 due to "procedural improprieties" in the test. This allowed Doehring to compete for the United States in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain where he won the silver medal in the men's shot put. The U.S. finished first and second in the event for the first time since the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. At the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he again won the silver medal in the men's shot put. References ^ "Dream Comes True for Southland Shotputter : Jim Doehring Almost Lost His Life in Newport Beach Motorcycle Accident". Los Angeles Times. July 16, 1988. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b Hersh, Phil (February 28, 1991). "SHOT-PUTTER EARNS DRUG SUSPENSION". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TRACK AND FIELD; Doehring's Drug Suspension Is Upheld (Published 1991)". The New York Times. September 17, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TRACK AND FIELD; Shot-Putter Reinstated (Published 1992)". The New York Times. March 26, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Noden, Merrell. "Shot Down". Sports Illustrated Vault | SI.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "1992 Olympic Games Barcelona - Men's Shot Put". www.sport-olympic.gr. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Wilbon, Michael (August 1, 1992). "STULCE, DOEHRING FINISH A STUNNING 1-2 IN SHOT PUT". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "Shot Put Result | 4th IAAF World Indoor Championships". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved November 18, 2020. vteWorld best year performance in men's shot put 1960: Bill Nieder (USA) 1961 – 1964: Dallas Long (USA) 1965 – 1968: Randy Matson (USA) 1969: Neal Steinhauer (USA) and Hans-Peter Gies (GDR) 1970: Randy Matson (USA) 1971: Heinz-Joachim Rothenburg (GDR) 1972: Hartmut Briesenick (GDR) 1973: Al Feuerbach (USA) 1974: Aleksandr Baryshnikov (URS) 1975 – 1976: Brian Oldfield (USA) 1977 – 1980: Udo Beyer (GDR) 1981: Brian Oldfield (USA) 1982: Dave Laut (USA) 1983: Udo Beyer (GDR) 1984: Brian Oldfield (USA) 1985: Ulf Timmermann (GDR) 1986: Udo Beyer (GDR) 1987: Alessandro Andrei (ITA) 1988 – 1989: Ulf Timmermann (GDR) 1990: Randy Barnes (USA) 1991: Werner Günthör (SUI) 1992: Gregg Tafralis (USA) 1993: Werner Günthör (SUI) 1994: Jim Doehring (USA) 1995: John Godina (USA) 1996 – 1997: Randy Barnes (USA) 1998 – 1999: John Godina (USA) 2000: Adam Nelson (USA) 2001: Janus Robberts (RSA) 2002: Adam Nelson (USA) 2003: Kevin Toth (USA) 2004: Christian Cantwell (USA) 2005: John Godina (USA) 2006: Christian Cantwell (USA) 2007: Reese Hoffa (USA) 2008: Adam Nelson (USA) 2009: – 2010: Christian Cantwell (USA) 2011: Dylan Armstrong (CAN) 2012: Christian Cantwell (USA) 2013 – 2014: Ryan Whiting (USA) 2015: Joe Kovacs (USA) 2016 – 2017 Ryan Crouser (USA) 2018: Tom Walsh (NZL) 2019: Joe Kovacs (USA) 2020 – 2021 Ryan Crouser (USA) 2022: Joe Kovacs (USA) vteUS National Championship winners in men's shot put1876–1878New York Athletic Club 1876–78: Henry Buermeyer 1879–1888NAAAA 1879–80: A.W. Adams 1881–86: Frank Lambrecht 1887: George Gray/Frank Lambrecht 1888Note 1: Frank Lambrecht 1888–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1888–94Note 1: George Gray 1895: William Hickok 1896: George Gray 1897: Charles Hennemann 1898–99: Richard Sheldon 1900: Denis Horgan 1901: Fred Beck 1902: George Gray 1903: Leon Feuerbach 1904: Martin Sheridan 1905–06: Wesley Coe 1907–10: Ralph Rose 1911–12: Pat McDonald 1913: Lawrence Whitney 1914: Pat McDonald 1915–17: Arlie Mucks 1918: Alma Richards 1919–20OT: Pat McDonald 1921: Bud Houser 1922: Pat McDonald 1923: Orville Wanzer 1924: Ralph Hills 1925: Bud Houser 1926: Herbert Schwarze 1927: John Kuck 1928OT–31: Herman Brix 1932OT: Leo Sexton 1933–35: Jack Torrance 1936: Dimitri Zaitz 1937: James Reynolds 1938: Frank Ryan 1939: Lilburn Williams 1940–42: Al Blozis 1943–44: Earl Audet 1945–46: Bill Bangert 1947–48: Jim Delaney 1949–50: Jim Fuchs 1951–55: Parry O'Brien 1956: Ken Bantum 1957: Bill Nieder 1958–60: Parry O'Brien 1961: Dallas Long 1962: Gary Gubner 1963: Dave Davis 1964: Randy Matson 1965: John McGrath 1966–68: Randy Matson 1969: Neal Steinhauer 1970: Randy Matson 1971: Karl Salb 1972: Randy Matson 1973–75: Al Feuerbach 1976–77: Terry Albritton 1978: Al Feuerbach 1979: Dave Laut 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Brian Oldfield 1981: Dave Laut 1982: Kevin Akins 1983: Dave Laut 1984: Augie Wolf 1985: Dave Laut 1986–87: John Brenner 1988: Ed Wade 1989: Randy Barnes 1990: Jim Doehring 1991: Ron Backes 1992OT: Mike Stulce 1993–onwardsUSA Track & Field 1993: Randy Barnes 1994: C. J. Hunter 1995: Brent Noon 1996OT–97: Randy Barnes 1998–99: John Godina 2000OT: Adam Nelson 2001: John Godina 2002: Adam Nelson 2003: John Godina 2004OT: Adam Nelson 2005: Christian Cantwell 2006: Adam Nelson 2007–08OT: Reese Hoffa 2009–10: Christian Cantwell 2011: Adam Nelson 2012OT: Reese Hoffa 2013: Ryan Whiting 2014–15: Joe Kovacs 2016OT-17: Ryan Crouser 2018: Darrell Hill 2019: Ryan Crouser 20212020 OT: Ryan Crouser 2022-23: Ryan Crouser Notes Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. vte1988 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification 1988 United States Olympic trials (track and field) Men's trackand road athletes Brian Abshire Jeff Atkinson Tracy Baskin Bruce Bickford Arthur Blake Terry Brahm Tonie Campbell Mark Conover Mark Deady Joe DeLoach Brian Diemer Danny Everett Mark Everett Marco Evoniuk Ed Eyestone Johnny Gray Jim Heiring Andy Kaestner Roger Kingdom Carl Lewis Steve Lewis Tim Lewis Sydney Maree Henry Marsh Roy Martin Antonio McKay (r) Lee McNeill (r) Dennis Mitchell Gary Morgan Edwin Moses Doug Padilla Pete Pfitzinger Andre Phillips Steve Plasencia Pat Porter Butch Reynolds Albert Robinson (r) Kevin Robinzine (r) Carl Schueler Steve Scott Calvin Smith Andrew Valmon (r) Kevin Young Men'sfield athletes Willie Banks Randy Barnes Earl Bell Tim Bright Mike Buncic Robert Cannon Hollis Conway Brian Crouser Lance Deal Jim Doehring Ken Flax Randy Heisler Jim Howard Dave Johnson Gary Kinder Carl Lewis Jud Logan Larry Myricks Billy Olson Tom Petranoff Mike Powell Charles Simpkins Brian Stanton Dave Stephens Gregg Tafralis Kory Tarpenning Mac Wilkins Women's trackand road athletes Evelyn Ashford Valerie Brisco Alice Brown (r) Joetta Clark Gail Devers-Roberts Nancy Ditz Diane Dixon Sheila Echols (r) Kim Gallagher Margaret Groos Denean Howard-Hill Sherri Howard (r) Vicki Huber Jacqueline Humphrey Regina Jacobs Lynn Jennings Florence Griffith Joyner Francie Larrieu-Smith Lillie Leatherwood (r) Pam Marshall LaVonna Martin Leslie Maxie Lynn Nelson Cathy O'Brien PattiSue Plumer LaTanya Sheffield Mary Decker Slaney Gwen Torrence Delisa Walton-Floyd Schowonda Williams Dannette Young (r) Women'sfield athletes Wendy Brown Carol Cady Bonnie Dasse Sheila Echols Cindy Greiner Jackie Joyner-Kersee Trish King Carol Lewis Donna Mayhew Ramona Pagel Connie Price Louise Ritter Karin Smith Coleen Sommer Lynda Sutfin Coaches Stan Huntsman (men's head coach) Dean Hayes (men's assistant coach) Irving "Moon" Mondschein (men's assistant coach) Tom Pagani (men's assistant coach) Russ Rogers (men's assistant coach) Joe Vigil (men's assistant coach) Terry Crawford (women's head coach) Ken Foreman (women's assistant coach) Dave Rodda (women's assistant coach) Fred Thompson (women's assistant coach) vte1992 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification 1992 United States Olympic trials (track and field) Men's trackand road athletes Michael Bates Arthur Blake Leroy Burrell Mark Croghan Tony Dees Brian Diemer Danny Everett Mark Everett Marco Evoniuk Ed Eyestone Johnny Gray Darnell Hall (r) Terrance Herrington Steve Holman Allen James Chip Jenkins James Jett (r) Michael Johnson Bob Kempainen Bob Kennedy Carl Lewis (r) Steve Lewis Daniel Lopez Michael Marsh Dennis Mitchell McClinton Neal Herm Nelson José Parrilla David Patrick Jack Pierce Steve Plasencia Aaron Ramirez Reuben Reina Carl Schueler Steve Spence Jim Spivey John Trautmann Andrew Valmon (r) Quincy Watts Todd Williams Mark Witherspoon Kevin Young Men'sfield athletes Charles Austin Ron Backes Mike Barnett Brian Blutreich Tim Bright Mike Buncic Mike Conley Hollis Conway Brian Crouser Lance Deal Jim Doehring Ken Flax Joe Greene Dave Johnson Carl Lewis Jud Logan Aric Long Rob Muzzio Darrin Plab Mike Powell Tom Pukstys Charles Simpkins Mike Stulce Kory Tarpenning John Tillman Dave Volz Anthony Washington Women's trackand road athletes Evelyn Ashford Tonja Buford Joetta Clark Gwynneth Coogan Gail Devers Sandra Farmer-Patrick Michelle Finn Carlette Guidry Suzy Hamilton Victoria Herazo Denean Hill (r) Regina Jacobs Julie Jenkins Lynn Jennings Esther Jones (r) Natasha Kaiser Janis Klecker Francie Larrieu-Smith Debbi Lawrence LaVonna Martin Jearl Miles Cathy O'Brien Annette Peters PattiSue Plumer Meredith Rainey Michelle Rohl Shelly Steely Rochelle Stevens Judi St. Hilaire Lynda Tolbert Gwen Torrence Janeene Vickers Dannette Young (r) Women'sfield athletes Paula Berry Kym Carter Sharon Couch Bonnie Dasse Pam Dukes Sheila Echols Carla Garrett Cindy Greiner Tanya Hughes Jackie Joyner-Kersee Donna Mayhew Penny Neer Ramona Pagel Connie Price-Smith Sue Rembao Amber Welty Coaches Mel Rosen (men's head coach) Harry Groves (men's assistant coach) Erv Hunt (men's assistant coach) Ed Jacoby (men's assistant coach) Bill Moultrie (men's assistant coach) Fred Samara (men's assistant coach) Barbara Jacket (women's head coach) Dorothy Doolittle (women's assistant coach) Lance Harter (women's assistant coach) Bert Lyle (women's assistant coach) Authority control databases: People World Athletics This article about a track and field Olympic medalist of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"shot put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"James F. Doehring (born January 27, 1962, in Santa Barbara, California) is a former American athlete who primarily competed in the shot put.In 1981, Doehring was the United States junior champion in shot put before being severely injured in a motorcycle accident.[1] He recovered to earn a berth on the 1988 Summer Olympics team, finishing in eleventh place.[2] In December 1990 Doehring tested positive for steroids and was given a two year suspension.[3][2] He was reinstated in March 1992 due to \"procedural improprieties\" in the test.[4] This allowed Doehring to compete for the United States in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain where he won the silver medal in the men's shot put.[5][6] The U.S. finished first and second in the event for the first time since the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.[7] At the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he again won the silver medal in the men's shot put.[8]","title":"Jim Doehring"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_Croizet

Cognac Croizet

["1 History","2 Products","3 Sources","4 References","5 External links"]

French cognac producer Cognac Croizet is a cognac producer based in St Même Les Carrieres in the Cognac Region of France. The company has two main offices in France and in Hong Kong. History The Cognac region in France is divided into six districts, with the Grande Champagne district being the most prestigious as the course of grapes grown for cognac. Leon Croizet established his Cognac House in the Grande Champagne Region in 1805. Prior to that he was sommelier to Napoleon I's (Bonaparte) High Command. Croizet is one of three vintage cognac houses that has continuously sold single vintage cognacs. The Croizet family has been making wines since the 16th century and their coat of arms which is found on all its bottles can still be seen all over St Même in buildings such as the town church. The Croizet emblem comes from the church of St Même les Carrières. It can be found on the keystone of the 12th-century church and is the combination of 2 emblems, one of which is the coat of arms of the de Culant – Alexandre de Culant who was lord of St Même. This double emblem is topped by a final crown and carries the wordings "FPMG BOVNEAU 1731" (Done By Me Guillaume Bonneau). Guillaume Bonneau is the stone cutter who worked on the construction of the church in the town in 1731. The brand is associated with successfully combating the Phylloxera disease, which eliminated all the vineyards in the Bordeaux region, thus greatly impoverishing wine and cognac production. However, in 1883, Leon Croizet's grandson - Benjamin Leon Croizet, replanted American vines, in place of the diseased French ones, and surrounded these by stone walls. This technique overcame the Phylloxera disease, for which Benjamin Leon Croizet was honored with the Légion d'honneur. More recently in the San Francisco World Spirit Competition Croizet won double gold medals for its XO in both 2004/5. In 2015 Croizet's XO again won Double Gold for the best XO Cognac in the San Francisco World Spirit Competition. Some of Croizet's bottles date back to the early 19th Century such as Cuvee Leonie. On 24 September 2011 a single bottle of Cognac Croizet dating back to the single harvest of 1858 (Cuvee Leonie) was sold at auction in Shanghai, China for 1 million yuan (approx. $156,760). This cognac is recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive cognac sold at auction. According to the World's Best Bartender's Guide by Joseph Scott it says on page 46 that "Winston Churchill and General Eisenhower plotted the allies victory in World War 2 over an 1858 Croizet that had been secreted out of France by the French Underground." This cognac is also known as a comet vintage for which Croizet holds a number of. Comet vintages are years during which an astronomical event, involving generally a "Great Comet", occurs prior to harvest. Throughout the history of wine, winemakers have attributed successful vintages and ideal weather conditions to the unexplained effects caused by the comets. Since the auction some private collectors of cognac have announced plans to sell their collection. Bay Van Der Bunt of the Old Liquor Company has stated his intention to sell his cognac collection for 5 million British Pounds, he told the media that his most prized cognac is an 1842 Croizet. Cognac Croizet's famous 1858 cognac, Cuvée Leonie was recently the main base used to make the world's most expensive cocktail, The Winston which is now recognized by the Guinness World Records as such.This cocktail was sold for 12,500 Australian Dollars in Melbourne, Australia at Club 23 on 7 February 2013 located in Crown's integrated resort. Cognac Croizet is now recognized as a well known brand in mainland China and Asia due to the two Guinness World Records that Croizet Hong Kong has overseen since opening an office in the city in 2008. Jason Gillott and Alexander Shponko are the two Directors which have overseen this expansion. Products Croizet VS Croizet VSOP Croizet XO Croizet EXTRA Exclusive Cognacs (limited production) Single Vintage Cognacs Légion d' Honneur 1883 Exposition Universelle 1889 Cuvee Leonie dating back to the single harvest of 1858 Cuvee 989 Sources http://cognacs.wordpress.com/ http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/ https://web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/ http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room References ^ News article ^ News article ^ "News article". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-03-16. ^ "Notice no. LH//633/12". Base Léonore (in French). ^ "News article" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2012-03-17. ^ "News article" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-03-17. ^ News article ^ News article ^ News article ^ News article ^ "World's rarest liquors being sold for £5m by Dutch collector". The Guardian. 2012-02-19. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. ^ "News article". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-03-08. ^ News article External links Official website English, Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese. Cognac Croizet on youku

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The company has two main offices in France and in Hong Kong.[1][2]","title":"Cognac Croizet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Champagne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"their coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304003815/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/croizet-cognac-logo/"},{"link_name":"final crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)#France"},{"link_name":"Phylloxera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"single harvest of 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_vintages"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"According to the World's Best Bartender's Guide by Joseph Scott it says on page 46 that \"Winston Churchill and General Eisenhower plotted the allies victory in World War 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q3mwmJqAjNQC&dq=1858+croizet+winston+churchill&pg=PA46"},{"link_name":"1858 Croizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_vintages"},{"link_name":"comet vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_vintages"},{"link_name":"Comet vintages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_vintages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Cognac region in France is divided into six districts, with the Grande Champagne district being the most prestigious as the course of grapes grown for cognac. Leon Croizet established his Cognac House in the Grande Champagne Region in 1805.[3] Prior to that he was sommelier to Napoleon I's (Bonaparte) High Command. Croizet is one of three vintage cognac houses that has continuously sold single vintage cognacs.The Croizet family has been making wines since the 16th century and their coat of arms which is found on all its bottles can still be seen all over St Même in buildings such as the town church. The Croizet emblem comes from the church of St Même les Carrières.It can be found on the keystone of the 12th-century church and is the combination of 2 emblems, one of which is the coat of arms of the de Culant – Alexandre de Culant who was lord of St Même. This double emblem is topped by a final crown and carries the wordings \"FPMG BOVNEAU 1731\" (Done By Me Guillaume Bonneau). Guillaume Bonneau is the stone cutter who worked on the construction of the church in the town in 1731.The brand is associated with successfully combating the Phylloxera disease, which eliminated all the vineyards in the Bordeaux region, thus greatly impoverishing wine and cognac production. However, in 1883, Leon Croizet's grandson - Benjamin Leon Croizet, replanted American vines, in place of the diseased French ones, and surrounded these by stone walls. This technique overcame the Phylloxera disease, for which Benjamin Leon Croizet was honored with the Légion d'honneur.[4] More recently in the San Francisco World Spirit Competition Croizet won double gold medals for its XO in both 2004/5.[5][6] In 2015 Croizet's XO again won Double Gold for the best XO Cognac in the San Francisco World Spirit Competition.Some of Croizet's bottles date back to the early 19th Century such as Cuvee Leonie.[7]On 24 September 2011 a single bottle of Cognac Croizet dating back to the single harvest of 1858 (Cuvee Leonie) was sold at auction in Shanghai, China for 1 million yuan (approx. $156,760).[8][9][10] This cognac is recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive cognac sold at auction. According to the World's Best Bartender's Guide by Joseph Scott it says on page 46 that \"Winston Churchill and General Eisenhower plotted the allies victory in World War 2 over an 1858 Croizet that had been secreted out of France by the French Underground.\"This cognac is also known as a comet vintage for which Croizet holds a number of. Comet vintages are years during which an astronomical event, involving generally a \"Great Comet\", occurs prior to harvest. Throughout the history of wine, winemakers have attributed successful vintages and ideal weather conditions to the unexplained effects caused by the comets.Since the auction some private collectors of cognac have announced plans to sell their collection. Bay Van Der Bunt of the Old Liquor Company has stated his intention to sell his cognac collection for 5 million British Pounds, he told the media that his most prized cognac is an 1842 Croizet.[11][12][13]Cognac Croizet's famous 1858 cognac, Cuvée Leonie was recently the main base used to make the world's most expensive cocktail, The Winston which is now \nrecognized by the Guinness World Records as such.This cocktail was sold for 12,500 Australian Dollars in Melbourne, Australia at Club 23 on 7 February 2013 located in Crown's integrated resort.Cognac Croizet is now recognized as a well known brand in mainland China and Asia due to the two Guinness World Records that Croizet Hong Kong has overseen since opening an office in the city in 2008. Jason Gillott and Alexander Shponko are the two Directors which have overseen this expansion.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuvee Leonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9AXnJ_0ttY"},{"link_name":"Cuvee 989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mgmmacau.com/goldenlionclub/supreme"}],"text":"Croizet VS\nCroizet VSOP\nCroizet XO\nCroizet EXTRAExclusive Cognacs (limited production)Single Vintage Cognacs\nLégion d' Honneur 1883\nExposition Universelle 1889\nCuvee Leonie dating back to the single harvest of 1858\nCuvee 989","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cognacs.wordpress.com/"},{"link_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/"},{"link_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room"}],"text":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/\nhttp://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/\nhttp://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003815/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/croizet-cognac-logo/","external_links_name":"their coat of arms"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q3mwmJqAjNQC&dq=1858+croizet+winston+churchill&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"According to the World's Best Bartender's Guide by Joseph Scott it says on page 46 that \"Winston Churchill and General Eisenhower plotted the allies victory in World War 2"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9AXnJ_0ttY","external_links_name":"Cuvee Leonie"},{"Link":"http://www.mgmmacau.com/goldenlionclub/supreme","external_links_name":"Cuvee 989"},{"Link":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/"},{"Link":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/","external_links_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/b-leon-croizet-cognac-region-was-ravaged-by-phylloxera-in-late-19th-century-and-croizet-developed-techniques-that-replanted-cognac-video/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325073931/http://cognacwiki.com/croizet-brand-information/"},{"Link":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room","external_links_name":"http://cognacs.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/cognac-croizet-distillery-the-archive-room"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130208114815/http://www.macaubusiness.com/news/liquid-market-2/12705/","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"http://www.szdaily.com/content/2011-09/26/content_6084039.htm","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510173331/http://wine.xmnn.cn/jydt/201112/t20111214_2105785.htm","external_links_name":"\"News article\""},{"Link":"http://wine.xmnn.cn/jydt/201112/t20111214_2105785.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/96567","external_links_name":"\"Notice no. LH//633/12\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821164154/http://www.sfspiritscomp.com/pdfs/medals_04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"News article\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfspiritscomp.com/pdfs/medals_04.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155223/http://www.sfspiritscomp.com/pdfs/medals_05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"News article\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfspiritscomp.com/pdfs/medals_05.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ytlcommunity.com/commnews/shownews.asp?newsid=59708&category=top","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/most-expensive-cognac","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2011/09/28/china-breaks-cognac-auction-mark/","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2012/02/21/china-has-a-thing-for-cognac/","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/feb/19/worlds-rarest-liquors-sale","external_links_name":"\"World's rarest liquors being sold for £5m by Dutch collector\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011813/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/feb/19/worlds-rarest-liquors-sale","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302203741/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/worlds-oldest-liquor-collection-a-true-passion/501413","external_links_name":"\"News article\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/worlds-oldest-liquor-collection-a-true-passion/501413","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://economia.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=201202171734_RTI_80872043","external_links_name":"News article"},{"Link":"http://www.cognac-croizet.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzEyMDcyNjcy.html","external_links_name":"Cognac Croizet on youku"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrington_baronets

Codrington baronets

["1 Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1721)","2 Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1876)","3 References","4 Sources"]

Baronetcy in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom There have been two baronetcies created for members of the Codrington family, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. The family was for a long time connected with Dodington Park.Escutcheon of the Codrington baronets The Codrington baronetcy, of Dodington in the County of Gloucester, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 21 April 1721 for William Codrington, the first cousin and heir of Christopher Codrington, owner of large plantations in the West Indies. He later represented Minehead in the House of Commons. The second Baronet sat as a Member of Parliament for Beverley and Tewkesbury. He disinherited his son, Sir William, the third Baronet, and bequeathed his estates to his nephew Christopher Bethell-Codrington (1764–1843), the eldest son of his brother Edward Codrington, fourth son of the first Baronet. Bethell-Codrington also became a Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury. Among other members of the Codrington family who have gained distinction are Christopher Codrington (died 1698), uncle of the first Baronet, who was Governor of the Leeward Islands and made the family fortune; Sir Edward Codrington, son of Edward Codrington, younger brother of Christopher Bethell-Codrington, who was an admiral in the Royal Navy and a hero of the Battle of Trafalgar; his elder son Sir William Codrington, who was a lieutenant-general in the Army and represented Greenwich in the House of Commons; and his younger son, Sir Henry Codrington, who became an admiral of the fleet. Dodington Park The Codrington baronetcy, of Dodington in the County of Gloucester, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 25 February 1876 for Gerald Codrington, a grandson of the Christopher Bethell-Codrington mentioned above. His father, Sir Christopher William Codrington (1805–1864), also served as a Member of Parliament for East Gloucestershire from 1834 to 1864, and married a daughter of the 7th Duke of Beaufort, another substantial landowner in the county. Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1721) Sir William Codrington, 1st Baronet (died 1738) Sir William Codrington, 2nd Baronet (1719–1792) Sir William Codrington, 3rd Baronet (c. 1737–1816) Sir William Raimond Codrington, 4th Baronet (1805–1873) Sir William Mary Joseph Codrington, 5th Baronet (1829–1904) Sir William Robert Codrington, 6th Baronet (1867–1932) Sir William Richard Codrington, 7th Baronet (1904–1961) Sir William Alexander Codrington, 8th Baronet (1934–2006) Sir Giles Peter Codrington, 9th Baronet (born 1943) The heir apparent to the baronetcy is Christopher Harry Codrington (born 1988), eldest son of the 9th Baronet. Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1876) Sir Gerald William Henry Codrington, 1st Baronet (1850–1929) Sir Christopher William Gerald Henry Codrington, 2nd Baronet (1894–1979) Sir Simon Francis Bethell Codrington, 3rd Baronet (1923–2005) Sir Christopher George Wayne Codrington, 4th Baronet (born 1960) The heir apparent to the baronetcy is William George Bethell Codrington (born 2003) References ^ "No. 5950". The London Gazette. 25 April 1721. p. 2. ^ Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1906), Complete Baronetage volume 5 (1707–1800), vol. 5, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 9 October 2018 ^ He changed his name to Bethell-Codrington by Royal Licence in 1797. ^ "No. 24295". The London Gazette. 18 February 1876. p. 760. ^ a b "Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 19 August 2019)". Retrieved 23 August 2019. Sources https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-10852168 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. Leigh Rayment's list of baronets

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The family was for a long time connected with Dodington Park.Escutcheon of the Codrington baronetsThe Codrington baronetcy, of Dodington in the County of Gloucester, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 21 April 1721 for William Codrington,[1] the first cousin and heir of Christopher Codrington, owner of large plantations in the West Indies.[2] He later represented Minehead in the House of Commons. The second Baronet sat as a Member of Parliament for Beverley and Tewkesbury. He disinherited his son, Sir William, the third Baronet, and bequeathed his estates to his nephew Christopher Bethell-Codrington (1764–1843),[3] the eldest son of his brother Edward Codrington, fourth son of the first Baronet. Bethell-Codrington also became a Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury.Among other members of the Codrington family who have gained distinction are Christopher Codrington (died 1698), uncle of the first Baronet, who was Governor of the Leeward Islands and made the family fortune; Sir Edward Codrington, son of Edward Codrington, younger brother of Christopher Bethell-Codrington, who was an admiral in the Royal Navy and a hero of the Battle of Trafalgar; his elder son Sir William Codrington, who was a lieutenant-general in the Army and represented Greenwich in the House of Commons; and his younger son, Sir Henry Codrington, who became an admiral of the fleet.Dodington ParkThe Codrington baronetcy, of Dodington in the County of Gloucester, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 25 February 1876 for Gerald Codrington,[4] a grandson of the Christopher Bethell-Codrington mentioned above. His father, Sir Christopher William Codrington (1805–1864), also served as a Member of Parliament for East Gloucestershire from 1834 to 1864, and married a daughter of the 7th Duke of Beaufort, another substantial landowner in the county.","title":"Codrington baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Codrington, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Codrington,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Codrington, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Codrington,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfRoll-5"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"Sir William Codrington, 1st Baronet (died 1738)\nSir William Codrington, 2nd Baronet (1719–1792)\nSir William Codrington, 3rd Baronet (c. 1737–1816)\nSir William Raimond Codrington, 4th Baronet (1805–1873)\nSir William Mary Joseph Codrington, 5th Baronet (1829–1904)\nSir William Robert Codrington, 6th Baronet (1867–1932)\nSir William Richard Codrington, 7th Baronet (1904–1961)\nSir William Alexander Codrington, 8th Baronet (1934–2006)\nSir Giles Peter Codrington, 9th Baronet (born 1943)[5]The heir apparent to the baronetcy is Christopher Harry Codrington (born 1988), eldest son of the 9th Baronet.","title":"Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1721)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfRoll-5"}],"text":"Sir Gerald William Henry Codrington, 1st Baronet (1850–1929)\nSir Christopher William Gerald Henry Codrington, 2nd Baronet (1894–1979)\nSir Simon Francis Bethell Codrington, 3rd Baronet (1923–2005)\nSir Christopher George Wayne Codrington, 4th Baronet (born 1960)[5]The heir apparent to the baronetcy is William George Bethell Codrington (born 2003)","title":"Codrington baronets, of Dodington (1876)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-10852168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-10852168"},{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm"}],"text":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-10852168Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.\nLeigh Rayment's list of baronets","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Dzi%C8%9Bac

Ioan Dzițac

["1 Education and career","2 Management positions","3 Awards","4 Published works","5 Family life","6 Death","7 Notes","8 External links"]

Romanian mathematician (1953–2021) Ioan Dzițac (14 February 1953 – 6 February 2021) was a Romanian professor (of Ukrainian descent) of mathematics and computer science. He obtained his B.S. and M.Sc. in Mathematics (1977) and PhD in Computer Science (2002) from Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca. He was a professor at the Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad and part of the leadership of Agora University in Oradea until his sudden death in 2021. Education and career Dzițac was born in Poienile de sub Munte, Maramureș County. After attending elementary school in Repedea (1960–1968), he studied at the Dragoș Vodă High School in Sighetu Marmației (1968–1972) and then at the Faculty of Mathematics, Babeș-Bolyai University (1972–1977). In 2002 he obtained his PhD in computer science at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Babeș-Bolyai University with thesis "Methods for parallel and distributed computing in solving operational equations" under the supervision of Grigor Moldovan. Between 1977 and 1991, Dzițac taught mathematics in pre-university education, obtaining a permanent teacher certification on all levels (1980), second grade teacher certification (1985), and first grade teacher certification (1990). In 1986 he received the title of Distinguished Professor. Since 1991, he accessed through competition in the higher education system the position of Lecturer (1991–2003) and associate professor (2003–2005) at the University of Oradea, associate professor (2005–2009) at Agora University, and then Professor (2009–2021) at Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad. At Agora University he founded, together with Florin Gheorghe Filip and Mișu-Jan Manolescu, the International conference on Computers, Communications & Control (ICCCC) and the International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control (IJCCC) journals which, in less than two years, have been covered by Thomson ISI. Since 2006 he was the associate editor-in-chief of the IJCCC journal until his sudden death in 2021. Dzițac was a visiting professor at the Chinese Academy of Science (2013–2016), as well as a consulting member of the Hoseo University in South Korea. Management positions In 1996, Dzițac was elected Vice President of the Romanian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ROMAI), a position he occupied until 2011 (he was re-elected in 1999–2009). In April 2004, he was elected as Director of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Oradea, a position he occupied for a year, and in October 2005 he was elected Head of Department at Agora University. Since October 2009 he was the Director of the Centre "Agora Research & Development". As of 2012, Dzițac was Rector of Agora University. Awards In recognition of his merits, Dzițac was awarded the following degrees and titles (see ) Title of “Distinguished Professor” accorded by the Romanian Ministry of Education (1988) The Award for Young Researcher accorded by the Romanian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics (2003) “SIVECO” Popularity Award accorded for an informatics product for E-Learning (2006) “Excellence Diploma” accorded by the Associations of the Economics Faculties from Romania (2007) “Excellence Diploma” EWNLC 2008 (2008) Title of “Teacher of the Year 2008” accorded by the Agora University Senate “Excellence Diploma” accorded by the “Aurel Vlaicu” University from Arad (2010) Senior Member of IEEE (2011) Published works Dzițac was the author or co-author of over 50 scientific papers in mathematics, computer science, and didactics, including over 15 in the ISI. Dzițac was the author / co-author / editor of over 20 books on mathematics, computer science and didactics. May be mentioned: Monte Carlo Method: Hazard and Determinism (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2000) Parallel Computing (University of Oradea Publishing House, 2001) Didactics of Informatics (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2003) Proceedings of the 11th Conference on applied and industrial mathematics (CAIM 2003), Vol. 1–2 (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2003) Proceedings of International Conference on Computers and Communications-ICCC 2004 (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2004) Economic Mathematics ( Agora University Publishing House, 2005) Distributed Systems: Information Models (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006) Distributed Systems: Mathematical Models (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006) Parallel and Distributed Methods for Algebraic Systems Resolution ( Agora University Publishing House, 2006) Proceedings of International Conference on Computers, Communications & Control-ICCCC 2006 (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006), Proceedings of International Conference on Computers, Communications & Control-ICCCC 2008 (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2008), From Natural Language to Soft Computing: New Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence (in collaboration, Romanian Academy Publishing House, 2008) etc. Family life Dzițac was married to Karla Dzițac, marriage that resulted in two children: Renata Moca and Cristian Dzițac. Renata is a commodity specialist at Plexus in Oradea and Cristian is an engineer. Dzițac divorced his first wife in the 1990s. In 1996, on 14 February, he married Simona Dzițac (an Assistant Professor of Engineering at University of Oradea) with whom he had another daughter, Domnica Ioana Dzițac (born January 30, 1999). He considered his youngest daughter, Domnica, his heiress to his academic and professional work. She attended the International Baccalaureate Diploma in Denmark and then continued on her father's steps with an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from New York University Abu Dhabi (September 2017 – May 2021). Death Dzițac died on 6 February 2021 due to a heart attack in Oradea, Romania, eight days short from his 68th birthday. He was greatly regretted by family, friends, collaborators, mentees and students. His work will remain as legacy. Notes ^ Marinescu, Elena (February 7, 2021). "A murit profesorul Ioan Dzițac, fostul rector al Universităţii Agora din Oradea". e-Bihoreanul. Retrieved February 8, 2021. ^ Personal Website ^ Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty ^ Ioan Dzițac at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ IJCCC ^ ROMAI ^ http://stiinte.uoradea.ro/ ^ Agora Research and Development Centre ^ Published papers ^ Published books Adelina GEORGESCU, Cătălin-Liviu BICHIR, George CÂRLIG, Romanian Mathematicians from everywhere, Ed. Power Flower, 2004, Archived 2013-05-25 at the Wayback Machine Personal website of Ioan Dzițac Romanian National Library Ioan Dzițac profile at Ad Astra ROMAI website Agora University ISI Web of Science RID "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad Prof.univ.Phd. Ioan Dzițac, Archived 2010-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Ioan Dzițac in Google Scholar Citations External links Website International Conference on Computers, Communications & Control Website International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control Authority control databases: Academics DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Publons ResearcherID Scopus zbMATH

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babeș-Bolyai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu_University_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Oradea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ioan Dzițac (14 February 1953 – 6 February 2021) was a Romanian professor (of Ukrainian descent) of mathematics and computer science. He obtained his B.S. and M.Sc. in Mathematics (1977) and PhD in Computer Science (2002) from Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca. He was a professor at the Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad and part of the leadership of Agora University in Oradea until his sudden death in 2021.[1]","title":"Ioan Dzițac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poienile de sub Munte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poienile_de_sub_Munte"},{"link_name":"Maramureș County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"Repedea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repedea"},{"link_name":"Dragoș Vodă High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago%C8%99_Vod%C4%83_National_College_(Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei)"},{"link_name":"Sighetu Marmației","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perspage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSCFaculty-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Oradea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oradea"},{"link_name":"Aurel Vlaicu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu_University"},{"link_name":"Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad,_Romania"},{"link_name":"Thomson ISI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ijccc-5"}],"text":"Dzițac was born in Poienile de sub Munte, Maramureș County. After attending elementary school in Repedea (1960–1968), he studied at the Dragoș Vodă High School in Sighetu Marmației (1968–1972) and then at the Faculty of Mathematics, Babeș-Bolyai University (1972–1977).[2] In 2002 he obtained his PhD in computer science at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Babeș-Bolyai University with thesis \"Methods for parallel and distributed computing in solving operational equations\" under the supervision of Grigor Moldovan.[3][4]Between 1977 and 1991, Dzițac taught mathematics in pre-university education, obtaining a permanent teacher certification on all levels (1980), second grade teacher certification (1985), and first grade teacher certification (1990). In 1986 he received the title of Distinguished Professor.Since 1991, he accessed through competition in the higher education system the position of Lecturer (1991–2003) and associate professor (2003–2005) at the University of Oradea, associate professor (2005–2009) at Agora University, and then Professor (2009–2021) at Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad. At Agora University he founded, together with Florin Gheorghe Filip and Mișu-Jan Manolescu, the International conference on Computers, Communications & Control (ICCCC) and the International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control (IJCCC) journals which, in less than two years, have been covered by Thomson ISI. Since 2006 he was the associate editor-in-chief of the IJCCC journal until his sudden death in 2021.[5]Dzițac was a visiting professor at the Chinese Academy of Science (2013–2016), as well as a consulting member of the Hoseo University in South Korea.","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romai-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uoradea-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cda-8"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"}],"text":"In 1996, Dzițac was elected Vice President of the Romanian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ROMAI), a position he occupied until 2011 (he was re-elected in 1999–2009).[6] In April 2004, he was elected as Director of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Oradea,[7] a position he occupied for a year, and in October 2005 he was elected Head of Department at Agora University. Since October 2009 he was the Director of the Centre \"Agora Research & Development\".[8]As of 2012, Dzițac was Rector of Agora University.","title":"Management positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dzitac.ro/en/ioan/index"}],"text":"In recognition of his merits, Dzițac was awarded the following degrees and titles (see [1])Title of “Distinguished Professor” accorded by the Romanian Ministry of Education (1988)\nThe Award for Young Researcher accorded by the Romanian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics (2003)\n“SIVECO” Popularity Award accorded for an informatics product for E-Learning (2006)\n“Excellence Diploma” accorded by the Associations of the Economics Faculties from Romania (2007)\n“Excellence Diploma” EWNLC 2008 (2008)\nTitle of “Teacher of the Year 2008” accorded by the Agora University Senate\n“Excellence Diploma” accorded by the “Aurel Vlaicu” University from Arad (2010)\nSenior Member of IEEE (2011)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papers-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books-10"}],"text":"Dzițac was the author or co-author of over 50 scientific papers in mathematics, computer science, and didactics, including over 15 in the ISI.[9]\nDzițac was the author / co-author / editor of over 20 books on mathematics, computer science and didactics. May be mentioned:[10]Monte Carlo Method: Hazard and Determinism (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2000)\nParallel Computing (University of Oradea Publishing House, 2001)\nDidactics of Informatics (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2003)\nProceedings of the 11th Conference on applied and industrial mathematics (CAIM 2003), Vol. 1–2 (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2003)\nProceedings of International Conference on Computers and Communications-ICCC 2004 (in collaboration, University of Oradea Publishing House, 2004)\nEconomic Mathematics ( Agora University Publishing House, 2005)\nDistributed Systems: Information Models (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006)\nDistributed Systems: Mathematical Models (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006)\nParallel and Distributed Methods for Algebraic Systems Resolution ( Agora University Publishing House, 2006)\nProceedings of International Conference on Computers, Communications & Control-ICCCC 2006 (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2006),\nProceedings of International Conference on Computers, Communications & Control-ICCCC 2008 (in collaboration, Agora University Publishing House, 2008),\nFrom Natural Language to Soft Computing: New Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence (in collaboration, Romanian Academy Publishing House, 2008) etc.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Abu_Dhabi"}],"text":"Dzițac was married to Karla Dzițac, marriage that resulted in two children: Renata Moca and Cristian Dzițac. Renata is a commodity specialist at Plexus in Oradea and Cristian is an engineer. Dzițac divorced his first wife in the 1990s. In 1996, on 14 February, he married Simona Dzițac (an Assistant Professor of Engineering at University of Oradea) with whom he had another daughter, Domnica Ioana Dzițac (born January 30, 1999). He considered his youngest daughter, Domnica, his heiress to his academic and professional work. She attended the International Baccalaureate Diploma in Denmark and then continued on her father's steps with an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from New York University Abu Dhabi (September 2017 – May 2021).","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"}],"text":"Dzițac died on 6 February 2021 due to a heart attack in Oradea, Romania, eight days short from his 68th birthday. He was greatly regretted by family, friends, collaborators, mentees and students. His work will remain as legacy.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A murit profesorul Ioan Dzițac, fostul rector al Universităţii Agora din Oradea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebihoreanul.ro/stiri/a-murit-profesorul-ioan-dzitac-fostul-rector-al-universitatii-agora-din-oradea-161652.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-perspage_2-0"},{"link_name":"Personal Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dzitac.ro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MSCFaculty_3-0"},{"link_name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ioan Dzițac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=101873"},{"link_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ijccc_5-0"},{"link_name":"IJCCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.journal.univagora.ro/?page=editorial"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-romai_6-0"},{"link_name":"ROMAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.romai.ro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uoradea_7-0"},{"link_name":"http://stiinte.uoradea.ro/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stiinte.uoradea.ro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cda_8-0"},{"link_name":"Agora Research and Development Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cd-agora.ro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-papers_9-0"},{"link_name":"Published papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dzitac.ro/en/ioan/papers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-books_10-0"},{"link_name":"Published books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dzitac.ro/en/ioan/books"},{"link_name":"Adelina GEORGESCU, Cătălin-Liviu BICHIR, George CÂRLIG, Romanian Mathematicians from everywhere, Ed. Power Flower, 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.romai.ro/documente_poze/Publicatii/MAtRom/MatRom_2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130525024419/http://www.romai.ro/documente_poze/Publicatii/MAtRom/MatRom_2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Personal website of Ioan Dzițac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dzitac.ro"},{"link_name":"Romanian National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bibnat.ro/"},{"link_name":"Ioan Dzițac profile at Ad Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130927071144/http://www.ad-astra.ro/whoswho/view_profile.php?user_id=1584&lang=ro"},{"link_name":"ROMAI website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.romai.ro"},{"link_name":"Agora University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.univagora.ro/"},{"link_name":"ISI Web of Science RID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.researcherid.com/rid/A-6169-2010"},{"link_name":"\"Aurel Vlaicu\" University of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uav.ro/"},{"link_name":"Prof.univ.Phd. Ioan Dzițac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uav.ro/ro/personal/stiinte-exacte/dzitac-ioan"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100719091923/http://www.uav.ro/ro/personal/stiinte-exacte/dzitac-ioan"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Ioan Dzițac in Google Scholar Citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.google.com/citations?user=lyZnORoAAAAJ&hl=en"}],"text":"^ Marinescu, Elena (February 7, 2021). \"A murit profesorul Ioan Dzițac, fostul rector al Universităţii Agora din Oradea\". e-Bihoreanul. Retrieved February 8, 2021.\n\n^ Personal Website\n\n^ Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty\n\n^ Ioan Dzițac at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\n\n^ IJCCC\n\n^ ROMAI\n\n^ http://stiinte.uoradea.ro/\n\n^ Agora Research and Development Centre\n\n^ Published papers\n\n^ Published booksAdelina GEORGESCU, Cătălin-Liviu BICHIR, George CÂRLIG, Romanian Mathematicians from everywhere, Ed. Power Flower, 2004, Archived 2013-05-25 at the Wayback Machine\nPersonal website of Ioan Dzițac\nRomanian National Library\nIoan Dzițac profile at Ad Astra\nROMAI website\nAgora University\nISI Web of Science RID\n\"Aurel Vlaicu\" University of Arad\nProf.univ.Phd. Ioan Dzițac, Archived 2010-07-19 at the Wayback Machine\nIoan Dzițac in Google Scholar Citations","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitbruch

Weitbruch

["1 Population","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°45′25″N 7°46′43″E / 48.7569°N 7.7786°E / 48.7569; 7.7786You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Weitbruch}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Grand Est, FranceWeitbruchCommuneThe town hall in Weitbruch Coat of armsLocation of Weitbruch WeitbruchShow map of FranceWeitbruchShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°45′25″N 7°46′43″E / 48.7569°N 7.7786°E / 48.7569; 7.7786CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentBas-RhinArrondissementHaguenau-WissembourgCantonBrumathIntercommunalityCC Basse-ZornGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Damien HenrionArea115.11 km2 (5.83 sq mi)Population (2021)2,719 • Density180/km2 (470/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code67523 /67500Elevation143–187 m (469–614 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Weitbruch is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 815—    1821 1,113+1.12%1846 1,557+1.35%1871 1,744+0.45%1900 1,778+0.07%1926 1,704−0.16%1946 1,730+0.08%1962 1,725−0.02%YearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,909+1.70%1975 2,083+1.25%1982 2,264+1.20%1990 2,323+0.32%1999 2,473+0.70%2007 2,661+0.92%2012 2,730+0.51%2017 2,832+0.74%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) See also Communes of the Bas-Rhin department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Weitbruch, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weitbruch. Official web site of the commune vte Communes of the Bas-Rhin department Achenheim Adamswiller Albé Alteckendorf Altenheim Altorf Altwiller Andlau Artolsheim Aschbach Asswiller Avolsheim Baerendorf Balbronn Baldenheim Barembach Barr Bassemberg Batzendorf Beinheim Bellefosse Belmont Benfeld Berg Bergbieten Bernardswiller Bernardvillé Bernolsheim Berstett Berstheim Betschdorf Bettwiller Biblisheim Bietlenheim Bilwisheim Bindernheim Bischheim Bischholtz Bischoffsheim Bischwiller Bissert Bitschhoffen Blaesheim Blancherupt Blienschwiller Bœrsch Bœsenbiesen Bolsenheim Boofzheim Bootzheim Bosselshausen Bossendorf Bourg-Bruche Bourgheim Bouxwiller Breitenau Breitenbach Breuschwickersheim La Broque Brumath Buhl Burbach Bust Buswiller Butten Châtenois Cleebourg Climbach Colroy-la-Roche Cosswiller Crastatt Crœttwiller Dachstein Dahlenheim Dalhunden Dambach Dambach-la-Ville Dangolsheim Daubensand Dauendorf Dehlingen Dettwiller Diebolsheim Diedendorf Dieffenbach-au-Val Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth Dieffenthal Diemeringen Dimbsthal Dingsheim Dinsheim-sur-Bruche Domfessel Donnenheim Dorlisheim Dossenheim-Kochersberg Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel Drachenbronn-Birlenbach Drulingen Drusenheim Duntzenheim Duppigheim Durningen Durrenbach Durstel Duttlenheim Eberbach-Seltz Ebersheim Ebersmunster Eckartswiller Eckbolsheim Eckwersheim Eichhoffen Elsenheim Engwiller Entzheim Epfig Erckartswiller Ergersheim Ernolsheim-Bruche Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne Erstein Eschau Eschbach Eschbourg Eschwiller Ettendorf Eywiller Fegersheim Fessenheim-le-Bas Flexbourg Forstfeld Forstheim Fort-Louis Fouchy Fouday Friedolsheim Friesenheim Frœschwiller Frohmuhl Furchhausen Furdenheim Gambsheim Geispolsheim Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf Gerstheim Gertwiller Geudertheim Gœrlingen Gœrsdorf Gottenhouse Gottesheim Gougenheim Goxwiller Grandfontaine Grassendorf Grendelbruch Gresswiller Gries Griesheim-près-Molsheim Griesheim-sur-Souffel Gumbrechtshoffen Gundershoffen Gungwiller Gunstett Haegen Haguenausubpr Handschuheim Hangenbieten Harskirchen Hatten Hattmatt Hegeney Heidolsheim Heiligenberg Heiligenstein Hengwiller Herbitzheim Herbsheim Herrlisheim Hessenheim Hilsenheim Hindisheim Hinsbourg Hinsingen Hipsheim Hirschland Hochfelden Hochstett Hœnheim Hœrdt Hoffen Hohengœft Hohfrankenheim Le Hohwald Holtzheim Hunspach Hurtigheim Huttendorf Huttenheim Ichtratzheim Illkirch-Graffenstaden Ingenheim Ingolsheim Ingwiller Innenheim Issenhausen Ittenheim Itterswiller Jetterswiller Kaltenhouse Kauffenheim Keffenach Kertzfeld Keskastel Kesseldorf Kienheim Kilstett Kindwiller Kintzheim Kirchheim Kirrberg Kirrwiller Kleingœft Knœrsheim Kogenheim Kolbsheim Krautergersheim Krautwiller Kriegsheim Kurtzenhouse Kuttolsheim Kutzenhausen Lalaye Lampertheim Lampertsloch Landersheim Langensoultzbach Laubach Lauterbourg Lembach Leutenheim Lichtenberg Limersheim Lingolsheim Lipsheim Littenheim Lixhausen Lobsann Lochwiller Lohr Lorentzen Lupstein Lutzelhouse Mackenheim Mackwiller Maennolsheim Maisonsgoutte Marckolsheim Marlenheim Marmoutier Matzenheim Meistratzheim Melsheim Memmelshoffen Menchhoffen Merkwiller-Pechelbronn Mertzwiller Mietesheim Minversheim Mittelbergheim Mittelhausbergen Mittelschaeffolsheim Mollkirch Molsheimsubpr Mommenheim Monswiller Morsbronn-les-Bains Morschwiller Mothern Muhlbach-sur-Bruche Mulhausen Munchhausen Mundolsheim Mussig Muttersholtz Mutzenhouse Mutzig Natzwiller Neewiller-près-Lauterbourg Neubois Neugartheim-Ittlenheim Neuhaeusel Neuve-Église Neuviller-la-Roche Neuwiller-lès-Saverne Niederbronn-les-Bains Niederhaslach Niederhausbergen Niederlauterbach Niedermodern Niedernai Niederrœdern Niederschaeffolsheim Niedersoultzbach Niedersteinbach Nordheim Nordhouse Nothalten Obenheim Oberbronn Oberdorf-Spachbach Oberhaslach Oberhausbergen Oberhoffen-lès-Wissembourg Oberhoffen-sur-Moder Oberlauterbach Obermodern-Zutzendorf Obernai Oberrœdern Oberschaeffolsheim Obersoultzbach Obersteinbach Odratzheim Oermingen Offendorf Offwiller Ohlungen Ohnenheim Olwisheim Orschwiller Osthoffen Osthouse Ostwald Ottersthal Otterswiller Ottrott Ottwiller Petersbach La Petite-Pierre Pfalzweyer Pfulgriesheim Plaine Plobsheim Preuschdorf Printzheim Puberg Quatzenheim Rangen Ranrupt Ratzwiller Rauwiller Reichsfeld Reichshoffen Reichstett Reinhardsmunster Reipertswiller Retschwiller Reutenbourg Rexingen Rhinau Richtolsheim Riedseltz Rimsdorf Ringendorf Rittershoffen Rœschwoog Rohr Rohrwiller Romanswiller Roppenheim Rosenwiller Rosheim Rossfeld Rosteig Rothau Rothbach Rott Rottelsheim Rountzenheim-Auenheim Russ Saales Saasenheim Saessolsheim Saint-Blaise-la-Roche Saint-Jean-Saverne Saint-Martin Saint-Maurice Saint-Nabor Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre-Bois Salmbach Sand Sarre-Union Sarrewerden Saulxures Savernesubpr Schaeffersheim Schaffhouse-près-Seltz Schalkendorf Scharrachbergheim-Irmstett Scheibenhard Scherlenheim Scherwiller Schillersdorf Schiltigheim Schirmeck Schirrhein Schirrhoffen Schleithal Schnersheim Schœnau Schœnbourg Schœnenbourg Schopperten Schweighouse-sur-Moder Schwenheim Schwindratzheim Schwobsheim Seebach Sélestatsubpr Seltz Sermersheim Sessenheim Siegen Siewiller Siltzheim Solbach Sommerau Souffelweyersheim Soufflenheim Soultz-les-Bains Soultz-sous-Forêts Sparsbach Stattmatten Steige Steinbourg Steinseltz Still Stotzheim Strasbourgpref Struth Stundwiller Stutzheim-Offenheim Sundhouse Surbourg Thal-Drulingen Thal-Marmoutier Thanvillé Tieffenbach Traenheim Triembach-au-Val Trimbach Truchtersheim Uhlwiller Uhrwiller Urbeis Urmatt Uttenheim Uttenhoffen Uttwiller Val-de-Moder Valff La Vancelle Vendenheim Villé Vœllerdingen Volksberg Wahlenheim Walbourg Waldersbach Waldhambach Waldolwisheim Waltenheim-sur-Zorn Wangen Wangenbourg-Engenthal La Wantzenau Wasselonne Weinbourg Weislingen Weitbruch Weiterswiller Westhoffen Westhouse Westhouse-Marmoutier Weyer Weyersheim Wickersheim-Wilshausen Wildersbach Willgottheim Wilwisheim Wimmenau Windstein Wingen Wingen-sur-Moder Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans Wintershouse Wintzenbach Wintzenheim-Kochersberg Wisches Wissembourg Witternheim Wittersheim Wittisheim Wiwersheim Wœrth Wolfisheim Wolfskirchen Wolschheim Wolxheim Zehnacker Zeinheim Zellwiller Zinswiller Zittersheim pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Bas-Rhin geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral_Synagogue_(disambiguation)

Choral Synagogue

["1 Belarus","2 Latvia","3 Lithuania","4 Romania","5 Russia","6 Ukraine","7 See also"]

Choral Synagogue may refer to: Belarus Choral Synagogue (Brest) Latvia Great Choral Synagogue (Riga) Lithuania Kaunas Synagogue (Kaunas) Choral Synagogue (Vilnius) Romania Templul Coral (Bucharest) Russia Moscow Choral Synagogue (Moscow) Main Choral Synagogue (Rostov-on-Don) Choral Synagogue (Smolensk) Grand Choral Synagogue (St. Petersburg) Ukraine Choral Synagogue (Bila Tserkva) Golden Rose Synagogue (Dnipro) Choral Synagogue (Drohobych) Kharkiv Choral Synagogue (Kharkiv) Brodsky Choral Synagogue (Kyiv) Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv) See also List of choral synagogues Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about synagogues with the same or similar names. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended airport article, if one exists.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deplorable_Word

Deplorable Word

["1 Background","2 Meaning","3 References"]

Fictional magical curse in The Chronicles of Narnia The Deplorable Word, as used by author C. S. Lewis in The Chronicles of Narnia, is a fictional magical curse which ends all life on a world except that of the one who speaks it. Background In The Magician's Nephew, the children who are the central characters, Digory Kirke and Polly Plummer, come to a lifeless world called Charn. In an ancient, ruined building they awaken a queen called Jadis. She tells them of a worldwide civil war she fought against her sister. All of Jadis's armies were defeated, having been made to fight to the death of the last soldier, and her sister claimed victory. Then Jadis spoke the horrible curse which her sister knew she had discovered but did not think she would use. In speaking the Deplorable Word, Jadis killed every living thing in her world, except herself, to avoid losing the war to her sister. The children are shocked by this account, but Jadis has no remorse or pity for all the ordinary people whom she killed; in her eyes, they existed only for her to use. The past rulers of her race, who evidently had not always been evil, knew of the Deplorable Word's existence but not the word itself, and had vowed that none of them, nor their descendants, would seek to discover it. Jadis said she had “learned it in a secret place and paid a terrible price to learn it". Lewis did not say what the word was, or the price paid to learn it. Meaning The book was written in 1955 during the Cold War, ten years after the first atomic weapons were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and three years after the hydrogen bomb was first detonated. Lewis does not explicitly link the Deplorable Word to any specific weapon of mass destruction, but he alludes to the power of humanity to destroy life. Near the end of the story Lewis has the lion Aslan say to the central characters from the Victorian era: It is not certain that some wicked one of your race will not find out a secret as evil as the Deplorable Word and use it to destroy all living things. And soon, very soon, before you are an old man and an old woman, great nations of your world will be ruled by tyrants who care no more for joy and justice and mercy than the Empress Jadis. Let your world beware. That is the warning. Several writers have interpreted this warning as an allusion to atomic weapons. References ^ Lewis, Clive Staples (1970). The Magician's Nephew. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp. 41–65. ISBN 0-02-044230-0. ^ Mony, Neetha (2003). "True Independent Women: A Close Comparison Between C. S. Lewis's Jadis, the White Witch, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Galadriel, The Lady of the Golden Wood" (PDF). In Diana Pavlac Glyer (ed.). Tollers and Jack: A Comparative Look at the Lives and Works of J.R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. p. 8. By saying the Deplorable Word, a word that Lewis does not reveal. ^ Ford, Paul F. (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition: A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis's THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA. New York: Zondervan. p. 138. ISBN 0060791276. ^ Lewis, Clive Staples (1970). The Magician's Nephew. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN 0-02-044230-0. ^ Walls, Kathryn (2009). "When Curiosity Gets the Better of Us: The Atomic Bomb in The Magician's Nephew". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 20 (3): 334. In what follows, I want to suggest that The Magician's Nephew is very much the product of Lewis's own anxiety about nuclear weapons. Aslan... effectively aligns the "Deplorable Word" (with which Jadis had destroyed the city of Charn) with the scientific knowledge behind the bomb. ... ^ Hinten, Marvin D. (Spring 2003). "The Founding of Narnia: Allusions in 'The Magician's Nephew'". The Lamp-Post of the Southern California C.S. Lewis Society. 27 (1): 19. JSTOR 45349888. In the final chapter, Aslan tells Polly and Digory that a "Deplorable Word" equivalent may soon appear on our planet, an obvious reference to the atomic bomb... Speculative fiction portal vteThe Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. LewisBooks The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician's Nephew The Last Battle AdaptationsTelevision 1967 TV serial 1979 animated special 1988–1990 BBC series The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair Film series The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe soundtrack attraction video game Prince Caspian soundtrack attraction video game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader soundtrack Cast list Music Accolades Characters Aravis Aslan Bree Caspian Coriakin Lord Drinian Edmund Pevensie Emeth Eustace Scrubb Hwin Jill Pole Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Pevensie Maugrim Miraz Peter Pevensie Polly Plummer Puddleglum Ramandu Ramandu's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta/Cor Shift Susan Pevensie Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Places Narnia (world) Aslan's How Calormen Charn Underland General Deplorable Word Food Magical creatures Religion Category Outline

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia"},{"link_name":"magical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse"}],"text":"The Deplorable Word, as used by author C. S. Lewis in The Chronicles of Narnia, is a fictional magical curse which ends all life on a world except that of the one who speaks it.","title":"Deplorable Word"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Magician's Nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magician%27s_Nephew"},{"link_name":"Digory Kirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digory_Kirke"},{"link_name":"Polly Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Charn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charn"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant"},{"link_name":"Jadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Witch"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In The Magician's Nephew, the children who are the central characters, Digory Kirke and Polly Plummer, come to a lifeless world called Charn. In an ancient, ruined building they awaken a queen called Jadis. She tells them of a worldwide civil war she fought against her sister. All of Jadis's armies were defeated, having been made to fight to the death of the last soldier, and her sister claimed victory. Then Jadis spoke the horrible curse which her sister knew she had discovered but did not think she would use. In speaking the Deplorable Word, Jadis killed every living thing in her world, except herself, to avoid losing the war to her sister.The children are shocked by this account, but Jadis has no remorse or pity for all the ordinary people whom she killed; in her eyes, they existed only for her to use. The past rulers of her race, who evidently had not always been evil, knew of the Deplorable Word's existence but not the word itself, and had vowed that none of them, nor their descendants, would seek to discover it. Jadis said she had “learned it in a secret place and paid a terrible price to learn it\".[1]Lewis did not say what the word was, or the price paid to learn it.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb"},{"link_name":"weapon of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"allusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"atomic weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weapons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The book was written in 1955 during the Cold War, ten years after the first atomic weapons were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and three years after the hydrogen bomb was first detonated. Lewis does not explicitly link the Deplorable Word to any specific weapon of mass destruction, but he alludes to the power of humanity to destroy life.[3] Near the end of the story Lewis has the lion Aslan say to the central characters from the Victorian era:It is not certain that some wicked one of your race will not find out a secret as evil as the Deplorable Word and use it to destroy all living things. And soon, very soon, before you are an old man and an old woman, great nations of your world will be ruled by tyrants who care no more for joy and justice and mercy than the Empress Jadis. Let your world beware. That is the warning.[4]Several writers have interpreted this warning as an allusion to atomic weapons.[5][6]","title":"Meaning"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Lewis, Clive Staples (1970). The Magician's Nephew. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp. 41–65. ISBN 0-02-044230-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi","url_text":"The Magician's Nephew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi/page/41","url_text":"41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-044230-0","url_text":"0-02-044230-0"}]},{"reference":"Mony, Neetha (2003). \"True Independent Women: A Close Comparison Between C. S. Lewis's Jadis, the White Witch, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Galadriel, The Lady of the Golden Wood\" (PDF). In Diana Pavlac Glyer (ed.). Tollers and Jack: A Comparative Look at the Lives and Works of J.R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. p. 8. By saying the Deplorable Word, a word that Lewis does not reveal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dianaglyer.com/wp-content/uploads/Mony-Chapter-3.pdf","url_text":"\"True Independent Women: A Close Comparison Between C. S. Lewis's Jadis, the White Witch, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Galadriel, The Lady of the Golden Wood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Pavlac_Glyer","url_text":"Diana Pavlac Glyer"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Paul F. (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition: A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis's THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA. New York: Zondervan. p. 138. ISBN 0060791276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060791276","url_text":"0060791276"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Clive Staples (1970). The Magician's Nephew. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN 0-02-044230-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi","url_text":"The Magician's Nephew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi/page/178","url_text":"178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-044230-0","url_text":"0-02-044230-0"}]},{"reference":"Walls, Kathryn (2009). \"When Curiosity Gets the Better of Us: The Atomic Bomb in The Magician's Nephew\". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 20 (3): 334. In what follows, I want to suggest that The Magician's Nephew is very much the product of Lewis's own anxiety about nuclear weapons. [...] Aslan... effectively aligns the \"Deplorable Word\" (with which Jadis had destroyed the city of Charn) with the scientific knowledge behind the bomb. ...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hinten, Marvin D. (Spring 2003). \"The Founding of Narnia: Allusions in 'The Magician's Nephew'\". The Lamp-Post of the Southern California C.S. Lewis Society. 27 (1): 19. JSTOR 45349888. In the final chapter, Aslan tells Polly and Digory that a \"Deplorable Word\" equivalent may soon appear on our planet, an obvious reference to the atomic bomb...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/45349888","url_text":"\"The Founding of Narnia: Allusions in 'The Magician's Nephew'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45349888","url_text":"45349888"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi","external_links_name":"The Magician's Nephew"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi/page/41","external_links_name":"41"},{"Link":"http://www.dianaglyer.com/wp-content/uploads/Mony-Chapter-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"True Independent Women: A Close Comparison Between C. S. Lewis's Jadis, the White Witch, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Galadriel, The Lady of the Golden Wood\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi","external_links_name":"The Magician's Nephew"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magiciansnephew00lewi/page/178","external_links_name":"178"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/45349888","external_links_name":"\"The Founding of Narnia: Allusions in 'The Magician's Nephew'\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45349888","external_links_name":"45349888"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_PCHA_season

1921–22 PCHA season

["1 League business","2 Regular season","2.1 Final standings","3 Playoffs","4 Schedule and results","5 Player statistics","5.1 Goaltending averages","5.2 Scoring leaders","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Bibliography"]

Professional ice hockey league season Sports season1921–22 PCHA seasonLeaguePacific Coast Hockey AssociationSportIce hockeyDurationDecember 5, 1921–February 24, 1922Number of teams3Regular seasonLeague leaderSeattle MetropolitansTop scorerJack Adams (Vancouver)PlayoffsChampionsVancouver Millionaires  Runners-upSeattle Metropolitans PCHA seasons← 1920–211922–23 → Part of a series on theEmergenceof the NHL Early development 1875 game Montreal tournaments Leagues AHAC (1886–1898) MHA (1892–1909) WPHL (1896–1909) CAHL (1898–1905) FAHL (1904–1909) IPHL (1904–1907) ECAHA (1906–1909) TPHL (1906–1911) OPHL (1908–1911) CHA (1909–1910) NHA (1909–1917) PCHA (1912–1924) NHL (1917–present) WCHL (1921–1926) Ice hockey portalvte The 1921–22 PCHA season was the 11th season of the professional men's ice hockey Pacific Coast Hockey Association league. Season play ran from December 5, 1921, until February 24, 1922. The season was enlarged to 24 games per team. The Seattle Metropolitans were the regular-season PCHA champions, but lost the play-off with Vancouver Millionaires. League business The league introduced the penalty shot rule this season to counter deliberate fouls when a player had a clear goal-scoring opportunity. Three dots, 35 feet from each net were painted on the ice from which players would shoot on the goalkeeper. Play started two weeks earlier to accommodate the playoffs against the Western Canada Hockey League. Regular season Lester Patrick twice subbed for goaltender Norman "Hec" Fowler when Fowler was sent off for fighting. His style of getting to his knees to make a save earned him the nickname of the Praying Colonel. Ernie "Moose" Johnson played the last game in his career on January 18. He scored the final goal in his career on January 13. Frank Foyston had the best one-game performance of the season, scoring five goals against Vancouver on January 11. Jack Adams though led the league in scoring with 25 goals in 24 games. Final standings Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals against Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold Pacific Coast Hockey Association GP W L T GF GA Seattle Metropolitans 24 12 11 1 65 64 Vancouver Millionaires 24 12 12 0 77 68 Victoria Aristocrats 24 11 12 1 61 71 Source: Coleman(1966). Playoffs The Millionaires won the two-game total-goals series against Seattle 1-0, 1-0 (2-0) The Millionaires then played against the Western Canada Hockey League champion Regina in a two-game total-goals series for the right to play the NHL champion. Vancouver won the series 1-2, 4-0 (5-2). The Millionaires then played the Toronto St. Pats in the 1922 Stanley Cup Finals. The St. Pats won the best-of-five series three games to two to win their second Stanley Cup and the only one while the team was named the St. Pats. Five years later the St. Pats were renamed as the Toronto Maple Leafs. Schedule and results Month Day Visitor Score Home Score Dec 5 Seattle 1 Vancouver 2 7 Victoria 4 Seattle 1 9 Seattle 1 Victoria 1 (20:00 OT) 12 Victoria 2 Vancouver 0 14 Vancouver 4 Seattle 5 16 Vancouver 3 Victoria 4 19 Seattle 2 Vancouver 1 21 Victoria 1 Seattle 2 23 Seattle 3 Victoria 2 (1:15 OT) 26 Victoria 2 Vancouver 3 28 Vancouver 5 Seattle 0 30 Vancouver 5 Victoria 3 Jan 2 Seattle 0 Vancouver 5 4 Victoria 4 Seattle 3 (14:34 OT) 6 Vancouver 2 Victoria 5 9 Victoria 0 Vancouver 4 11 Vancouver 2 Seattle 5 13 Seattle 2 Victoria 5 16 Seattle 3 Vancouver 10 18 Victoria 4 Seattle 3 20 Vancouver 4 Victoria 3 (5:22 OT) 23 Victoria 5 Vancouver 4 25 Vancouver 3 Seattle 4 27 Seattle 4 Victoria 0 30 Seattle 2 Vancouver 3 (3:03 OT) Feb 1 Victoria 1 Seattle 3 3 Vancouver 1 Victoria 2 6 Victoria 2 Vancouver 3 8 Vancouver 0 Seattle 3 10 Seattle 2 Victoria 0 13 Seattle 0 Vancouver 2 15 Victoria 0 Seattle 7 17 Seattle 2 Victoria 3 20 Victoria 1 Vancouver 5 22 Vancouver 2 Seattle 7 24 Vancouver 4 Victoria 7 Source: Coleman(1966). Player statistics Victoria Aristocrats goaltender Norman "Hec" Fowler. Goaltending averages Name Club GP GA SO Avg. Holmes, Hap Seattle 24 64 4 2.7 Lehman, Hugh Vancouver 22 62 4 2.8 Fowler, Norman Victoria 24 70 2.9 Murray, Tommy Vancouver 2 6 3.0 Patrick, Lester Victoria 2 1 0.5 Source: Coleman(1966). Scoring leaders Player Team GP G A Pts PIM Jack Adams Vancouver Millionaires 24 26 4 30 24 Mickey MacKay Vancouver Millionaires 24 14 12 26 20 Frank Fredrickson Victoria Aristocrats 24 15 10 25 26 Bernie Morris Seattle Metropolitans 24 14 10 24 36 Frank Foyston Seattle Metropolitans 24 16 7 23 25 Tommy Dunderdale Victoria Aristocrats 24 13 6 19 37 Jim Riley Seattle Metropolitans 24 16 2 18 27 Eddie Oatman Victoria Aristocrats 21 9 6 15 28 Smokey Harris Vancouver Millionaires 23 10 4 14 21 Art Duncan Vancouver Millionaires 24 5 9 14 25 See also 1921–22 NHL season 1921–22 WCHL season References Notes ^ a b c Coleman 1966, p. 398. ^ Coleman 1966, p. 399. ^ Coleman 1966, p. 401. ^ a b Coleman 1966, p. 400. ^ Coleman 1966, p. 404. Bibliography Boileau, Ron; Wolf, Philip (2000), "The Pacific Coast Hockey Association", in Diamond, Dan (ed.), Total Hockey, pp. 51–54, ISBN 1-892129-85-X Coleman, Charles (1966). The Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol. 1, 1893-1936 inc. vtePacific Coast Hockey AssociationSeasons 1912 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1919 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 Teams New Westminster Royals Portland Rosebuds Seattle Metropolitans Spokane Canaries Vancouver Millionaires Victoria Cougars Stanley Cup winners Vancouver Millionaires, 1915 Seattle Metropolitans, 1917

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Seattle Metropolitans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Metropolitans"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Millionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Millionaires"}],"text":"Sports seasonThe 1921–22 PCHA season was the 11th season of the professional men's ice hockey Pacific Coast Hockey Association league. Season play ran from December 5, 1921, until February 24, 1922. The season was enlarged to 24 games per team. The Seattle Metropolitans were the regular-season PCHA champions, but lost the play-off with Vancouver Millionaires.","title":"1921–22 PCHA season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penalty shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shot_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966398-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966398-1"}],"text":"The league introduced the penalty shot rule this season to counter deliberate fouls when a player had a clear goal-scoring opportunity.[1] Three dots, 35 feet from each net were painted on the ice from which players would shoot on the goalkeeper.Play started two weeks earlier to accommodate the playoffs against the Western Canada Hockey League.[1]","title":"League business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lester Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Norman \"Hec\" Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hec_Fowler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966399-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966398-1"},{"link_name":"Frank Foyston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Foyston"},{"link_name":"Jack Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Adams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966401-3"}],"text":"Lester Patrick twice subbed for goaltender Norman \"Hec\" Fowler when Fowler was sent off for fighting. His style of getting to his knees to make a save earned him the nickname of the Praying Colonel.[2]Ernie \"Moose\" Johnson played the last game in his career on January 18. He scored the final goal in his career on January 13.[1]Frank Foyston had the best one-game performance of the season, scoring five goals against Vancouver on January 11. Jack Adams though led the league in scoring with 25 goals in 24 games.[3]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966400-4"}],"sub_title":"Final standings","text":"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals against\nTeams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in boldSource: Coleman(1966).[4]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Canada Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Toronto St. Pats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_St._Pats"},{"link_name":"1922 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"}],"text":"The Millionaires won the two-game total-goals series against Seattle 1-0, 1-0 (2-0)The Millionaires then played against the Western Canada Hockey League champion Regina in a two-game total-goals series for the right to play the NHL champion. Vancouver won the series 1-2, 4-0 (5-2).The Millionaires then played the Toronto St. Pats in the 1922 Stanley Cup Finals. The St. Pats won the best-of-five series three games to two to win their second Stanley Cup and the only one while the team was named the St. Pats. Five years later the St. Pats were renamed as the Toronto Maple Leafs.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966400-4"}],"text":"Source: Coleman(1966).[4]","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hec_Fowler,_Victoria_Aristocrats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman \"Hec\" Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hec_Fowler"}],"text":"Victoria Aristocrats goaltender Norman \"Hec\" Fowler.","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman1966404-5"}],"sub_title":"Goaltending averages","text":"Source: Coleman(1966).[5]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scoring leaders","title":"Player statistics"}]

[{"image_text":"Victoria Aristocrats goaltender Norman \"Hec\" Fowler.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hec_Fowler%2C_Victoria_Aristocrats.jpg/185px-Hec_Fowler%2C_Victoria_Aristocrats.jpg"}]

[{"title":"1921–22 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_NHL_season"},{"title":"1921–22 WCHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_WCHL_season"}]

[{"reference":"Boileau, Ron; Wolf, Philip (2000), \"The Pacific Coast Hockey Association\", in Diamond, Dan (ed.), Total Hockey, pp. 51–54, ISBN 1-892129-85-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892129-85-X","url_text":"1-892129-85-X"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Charles (1966). The Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol. 1, 1893-1936 inc.","urls":[]}]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_expansion

Extensor expansion

["1 Bands","2 Function","3 References","4 External links"]

Special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges Extensor expansionExtensor expansion covers the tendon of extensor digitorum tendons over the proximal phalangesTA22502Anatomical terminology An extensor expansion (extensor hood, dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges. These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges. At the distal end of the metacarpal, the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx. Bands The expansion soon divides into three bands: lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand, extensor indicis muscle, dorsal interossei of the hand, and palmar interossei insert on these bands. A single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, inserting into the base of the middle phalanx. A band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion. Function The extensor expansion allows for contractile forces from the extensor compartment muscles to be transferred to the phalanges. It also balances the forces across the phalanges. References ^ a b Blankenbaker, Donna G.; Davis, Kirkland W.; Sonin, Andrew; Crim, Julia R., eds. (2016-01-01), "Extensor Tendon Injury, Wrist and Fingers", Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Trauma (Second Edition), Diagnostic Imaging, Elsevier, pp. 468–473, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-39253-2.50118-x, ISBN 978-0-323-39253-2, retrieved 2021-01-04 ^ "eMedicine - Hand, Tendon Lacerations: Extensors : Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS". Retrieved 2008-01-20. ^ Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 43. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0. External links lesson5musofpostforearm at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) Hand kinesiology at the University of Kansas Medical Center vteMuscles of the armShoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia: deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm(compartments)anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm(compartments)anteriorsuperficial: pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep: pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial: mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep: supinator anatomical snuffbox abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel osborne's ligament Handlateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fasciaposterior: extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior: flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"extensor tendons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_tendon_compartments_of_the_wrist"},{"link_name":"phalanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone"},{"link_name":"aponeurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"metacarpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarpal"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bones"}],"text":"An extensor expansion (extensor hood,[1] dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis[citation needed]) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges.These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges.[2]At the distal end of the metacarpal, the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx.","title":"Extensor expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lumbricals of the hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand"},{"link_name":"extensor indicis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-7817-5309-0-3"},{"link_name":"dorsal interossei of the hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand"},{"link_name":"palmar interossei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar_interossei"}],"text":"The expansion soon divides into three bands:lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand, extensor indicis muscle,[3] dorsal interossei of the hand, and palmar interossei insert on these bands.\nA single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, inserting into the base of the middle phalanx.\nA band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion.","title":"Bands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extensor compartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_compartment_of_the_forearm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The extensor expansion allows for contractile forces from the extensor compartment muscles to be transferred to the phalanges. It also balances the forces across the phalanges.[1]","title":"Function"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Blankenbaker, Donna G.; Davis, Kirkland W.; Sonin, Andrew; Crim, Julia R., eds. (2016-01-01), \"Extensor Tendon Injury, Wrist and Fingers\", Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Trauma (Second Edition), Diagnostic Imaging, Elsevier, pp. 468–473, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-39253-2.50118-x, ISBN 978-0-323-39253-2, retrieved 2021-01-04","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032339253250118X","url_text":"\"Extensor Tendon Injury, Wrist and Fingers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-39253-2.50118-x","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-323-39253-2.50118-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39253-2","url_text":"978-0-323-39253-2"}]},{"reference":"\"eMedicine - Hand, Tendon Lacerations: Extensors : Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS\". Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic324.htm","url_text":"\"eMedicine - Hand, Tendon Lacerations: Extensors : Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS\""}]},{"reference":"Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 43. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5309-0","url_text":"0-7817-5309-0"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ridge

Juan Fernández Ridge

["1 References"]

Volcanic island and seamount chain on the Nazca Plate Map of the volcanic arcs in the Andes and subducted structures affecting volcanism The Juan Fernández Ridge is a volcanic island and seamount chain on the Nazca Plate. It runs in a west–east direction from the Juan Fernández hotspot to the Peru–Chile Trench at a latitude of 33° S near Valparaíso. The Juan Fernández Islands are the only seamounts that reach the surface. Subduction of the ridge beneath South America is thought to have caused the Pampean flat-slab and its associated inland tectonic deformation and reduced magmatic activity. References ^ Ramos, Victor A.; Cristallini, E.O.; Pérez, Daniel J. (2002). "The Pampean flat-slab of the Central Andes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 15 (1): 59–78. Bibcode:2002JSAES..15...59R. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(02)00006-8. hdl:11336/93813. ^ Stern, Charles R (December 2004). "Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting". Revista Geológica de Chile. 31 (2): 161–206. doi:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001. ISSN 0716-0208. Retrieved 2008-11-20. von Huene, R.; Corvalán, J.; Flueh, E. R.; Hinz, K.; Korstgard, J.; Ranero, C. R.; Weinrebe, W. (1997), "Tectonic control of the subducting Juan Fernández Ridge on the Andean margin near Valparaiso, Chile", Tectonics, 16 (3): 474–488, Bibcode:1997Tecto..16..474V, doi:10.1029/96TC03703, S2CID 129668321 vteGeology of ChileTerranes Arequipa-Antofalla Chaitenia Chilenia Chiloé Cuyania Fitz Roy Madre de Dios Mejillonia Patagonia Sedimentary formationsand groupsCenozoicNeogene Abanico Fm. Angostura Fm. Ayacara Fm. Bahía Inglesa Fm. Caldera Beds Caleta Godoy Fm. Caleta Herradura Fm. Campanario Fm. Chaicayán Gp. Cheuquemó Fm. Cholchol Fm. Chucal Fm. Cola de Zorro Fm. Coquimbo Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. Farellones Fm. La Cascada Fm. Lacui Fm. La Montaña Fm. La Portada Fm. Lauca Fm. Malleco Fm. Mininco Fm. Navidad Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Puduhuapi Fm. Pupunahue Beds Quebrada Macusa Fm. Ranquil Fm. Río Frías Fm. San Pedro Beds Santo Domingo Fm. Temuco Fm. Traiguén Fm. Trapa-Trapa Fm. Tubul Fm. Vargas Fm. Paleogene Abanico Fm. Azapa Fm. Caleta Chonos Fm. Cheuquemó Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. La Cascada Fm. Lebu Gp. Loreto Fm. Lupica Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Purilactis Gp. Pupunahue Beds Temuco Fm. Vargas Fm. MesozoicCretaceous Baños del Flaco Fm. Cerro Colorado Fm. Chacarilla Fm. Chañarcillo Gp. Coihaique Gp. Divisadero Gp. Dorotea Fm. Hornitos Fm. La Liga Fm. Ñirehuao Fm. Punta del Cobre Fm. Purilactis Gp. Quiriquina Fm. Viñita Fm. Way Gp. Zapata Fm. Jurassic Chacarilla Fm. Coihaique Gp. Ibáñez Fm. La Liga Fm. La Negra Fm. Nacientes del Biobío Fm. Nacientes del Teno Fm. Pan de Azúcar Fm. Tobífera Fm. Triassic Canto del Agua Fm. Choiyoi Gp. Panguipulli Fm. Santa Juana Fm. Tralcán Fm. Paleozoic Llano de Chocolate Beds Batholiths Coastal central Chile Elqui-Limarí Futrono-Riñihue North Patagonian Panguipulli South Patagonian Vicuña Mackenna Metamorphic complexes Bahía Mansa Belén Chañaral Choapa Chonos Cordillera Darwin Eastern Andes Mejillones Puerto Edén Punta de Choros Quebrada del Carrizo Trafún Tierra del Fuego Faults Atacama Fault Biobío-Aluminé Fault Cachet Fault Domeyko Fault El Arrayán Fault Futrono Fault Gastre Fault Lanalhue Fault Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Magallanes-Fagnano Fault Mocha-Villarrica Fault Pichilemu Fault Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault San Ramón Fault Valeriano Fault Geology portal • Chile portal This Chile location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This tectonics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InBr

Indium(I) bromide

["1 See also","2 References"]

Indium(I) bromide Names IUPAC name Indium(I) bromide Identifiers CAS Number 14280-53-6 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image ChemSpider 21106449 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.034.686 PubChem CID 71317298 InChI InChI=1S/BrH.In/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 YKey: KLRHPHDUDFIRKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M YInChI=1/BrH.In/h1H;/q;+1/p-1Key: KLRHPHDUDFIRKB-REWHXWOFAH SMILES Br. Properties Chemical formula InBr Molar mass 194.722 g/mol Density 4.960 g/cm3 Melting point 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) Boiling point 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Indium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure. Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr3. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes. See also Indium halides References WebElements Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ Stephenson N.C., Mellor D.P. "The crystal structure of indium monobromide" Australian journal of scientific research A 3 (1950) 581-586 ^ C. Peppe and R. Pavão das Chagas (2004). "Indium(I) Bromide-Mediated Reductive Coupling of α,α-Dichloroketones to 1-Aryl-butane-1,4-diones". Synlett (7): 1187–1190. doi:10.1055/s-2004-825591. ^ M. J. S. Gynane, L. G. Waterworth and I. J. Worrall (1972). "Oxidative addition reactions of group III metals in low oxidation states III. Reactions of indium monohalides with alkyl halides". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 43 (2): 257–264. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)81599-5. ^ J. Weiss, T. Priermeier and R. A. Fischer (1996). "Reactions of Elemental Indium and Indium(I) Bromide with Nickel-Bromine Bonds: Structure of (η5-C5H5)(Ph3P)Ni-InBr2(O=PPh3)". Inorg. Chem. 35 (1): 71–75. doi:10.1021/ic950614i. PMID 11666166. ^ R. Dronskowski (1994). "Ambient-Temperature Formation of Crystalline Indium Monohalides from Aqueous Media". Inorg. Chem. 33 (25): 5960–5963. doi:10.1021/ic00103a054. vteIndium compoundsIndium(I) InBr InCl InI In2SO4 Organoindium(I) compounds Indium(I,III) InSe Indium(III) InN InP InAs InSb InF3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 InH3 In(OH)3 In2O3 In(ClO4)3 In2S3 In2Se3 In2Te3 In2(SO4)3 In(NO3)3 InxGa1−xNOrganoindium(III) compounds In(CH3COO)3 In(C5H7O2)3 In(C2H5)3 In(CH3)3 vteBromine compoundsBr(−I) Br− CH3Br CH2Br2 CHBr3 CBr4 HBr C3H5Br Br(−I,I) Br3− Br(I) BrCl BrF BrN3 BrNO3 Br2O BrO− NBr3 Br(II) BrO Br(I,V) Br2O3 Br(III) BrF3 BrO2− Br(IV) BrO2 Br(V) BrF5 Br2O5 BrO3− BrOF3 BrO2F Br(VII) BrO4− BrO3F

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"indium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium"},{"link_name":"bromine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"link_name":"β-TlI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium(I)_iodide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"InBr3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tribromide"},{"link_name":"sulfur lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_lamp"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"indium tribromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tribromide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chemical compoundIndium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure.[1] Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr3. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones.[2] Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides[3] and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known.[4] It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes.[5]","title":"Indium(I) bromide"}]

[]

[{"title":"Indium halides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_halides"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee

Polish Liquidation Committee

["1 Timeline","2 See also","3 References"]

The logo of the Polish Liquidation Committee. Map of the Kingdom of Galicia Austrian occupied part of Russian Poland in light green The Polish Liquidation Committee of Galicia and Cieszyn Silesia (Polish: Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna Galicji i Śląska Cieszyńskiego) was a temporary Polish government body that operated in Galicia at the end of World War I. Created on 28 October 1918, with its seat in Kraków, the Committee was headed by Wincenty Witos and Ignacy Daszyński. The Committee aimed primarily to maintain order in the territories of the former Austrian part of partitioned Poland during the re-establishment of an independent Poland. Timeline It was founded by Polish members of the Austrian parliament on 28 October 1918. On 27 March 1919 the committee handed over its authority to the central Polish government seated in Warsaw. See also Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Poverty in Austrian Galicia References ^ Richard Frucht. Eastern Europe. ABC-CLIO. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. ^ a b c Halina Lerski (19 January 1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-CLIO. pp. 365, 455, 509. ISBN 978-0-313-03456-5. ^ Christopher Mick (2016). Lemberg, Lwow, and Lviv 1914-1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City. Purdue University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-55753-671-6.   This Polish history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Kataev

Valentin Kataev

["1 Life and works","2 English translations","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]

Soviet writer and editor (1897–1986) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valentin Kataev" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Valentin KataevBornValentin Petrovich Kataev(1897-01-28)28 January 1897Odessa, Kherson Governorate, Russian EmpireDied12 April 1986(1986-04-12) (aged 89)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionResting placeNovodevichy CemeteryOccupationWriter, dramatist, poet, editor, journalist, screenwriterNationalityRussianRelativesYevgeny Petrov (brother) Valentin Petrovich Kataev (Russian: Валенти́н Петро́вич Ката́ев; also spelled Katayev or Kataiev; 28 January  1897 – 12 April 1986) was a Soviet writer and editor who managed to create penetrating works discussing post-revolutionary social conditions without running afoul of the demands of official Soviet style. Kataev is credited with suggesting the idea for The Twelve Chairs to his brother Yevgeny Petrov and Ilya Ilf. In return, Kataev insisted that the novel be dedicated to him, in all editions and translations. Kataev's relentless imagination, sensitivity, and originality made him one of the most distinguished Soviet writers. Life and works Kataev was born in Odessa, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) into the family of Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev, a Court councillor and a teacher at the Odesa Female seminary, and Eugenia Ivanovna Bachei who belonged to a noble family of the Poltava Governorate. Thus it's no coincidence that the main character in Kataev's semi-autobiographical novel A White Sail Gleams is named Pyotr Bachei. His father came from a long line of Russian clergy originally from Vyatka where Valentin's grandfather served as a protoiereus. His maternal grandfather was a major general in the Imperial Russian Army. Despite the obvious class conflict, Kataev never tried to hide his origins during the Soviet period. He began writing while he was still in secondary school. He was then a sympathizer of the Union of the Russian People and wrote nationalistic and anti-Semitic poetry (later in his life he married a Jewish woman, Esther Brenner (1913-2009)). He did not finish school, but volunteered for the army in 1915, serving in the artillery. After the October Revolution, he was mobilized into the Red Army, where he fought against Anton Denikin and served in the Russian Telegraph Agency. In 1920, he became a journalist in Odessa. He moved to Moscow in 1922, where he worked on the staff of The Whistle (Gudok), writing humorous pieces under various pseudonyms. His first novel, The Embezzlers (Rastratchiki, 1926), was printed in the journal Krasnaya Nov. In the satire of the new Soviet bureaucracy in the tradition of Nikolai Gogol, the protagonists are two bureaucrats "who more or less by instinct or by accident conspire to defraud the Soviet state". The novel was well received, and the seminal modernist theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski asked Kataev to adapt it for the stage. It was produced at the Moscow Art Theatre, opening on 20 April 1928. A cinematic adaptation under the title The Virtuous Sinner was filmed in 1931. His comedy Squaring the Circle (Kvadratura kruga, 1928) satirizes the effect of the housing shortage on two married couples who share a room. His novel Time, Forward! (Vremya, vperyod!, 1932) describes workers' attempts to build the huge steel plant at Magnitogorsk in record time. "The title...was taken from a poem by Mayakovsky, and its theme is the speeding up of time in the Soviet Union where the historical development of a century must be completed in ten years." The heroes are described as "being unable to trust such a valuable thing as time, to clocks, mere mechanical devices." Kataev adapted it into a screenplay, which was released as the eponymously titled film in 1965. A White Sail Gleams (Beleyet parus odinoky, 1936) treats the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Potemkin uprising from the viewpoint of two Odessa schoolboys. In 1937, Vladimir Legoshin directed a film version, which became a classic children's adventure. Kataev wrote its screenplay and took an active part in the filming process, finding locations and acting as a historical advisor. Many of his contemporaries considered the novel to be a prose poem. During the 1950s and 1960s Kataev edited the magazine Yunost (Youth), publishing some of the most promising literary talent of the young generation, including Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Bella Akhmadulina. Kataev himself developed a style he called "lyrical diary," mixing autobiography and fiction. In 1966 the literary magazine Novy Mir printed his The Grass of Oblivion (Trava zabveniya), which was published under the title The Holy Well (Svyatoy kolodets: Trava zabveniya) two years later. In it, Kataev weaves scenes from the lives of his family, friends, and lovers, events of Soviet history, and memories of his travels in America into a kind of stream-of-consciousness autobiography, considered by some critics to be the summary work of his career. Dodona Kiziria describes this work as "a tribute to the Russian writers who were forced to choose their path during the revolution and the civil war", adding that "in all of Soviet literature it would be difficult to find tragic images comparable to the two poets in this narrative (Bunin and Mayakovsky) who are compelled, finally and irrevocably, either to accept or reject the role offered to them by the new social order". Kataev was proud of being a Soviet writer, and related the following account. Returning home one day, a long time ago, I found an envelope with foreign stamps on it in my mail box. Inside the envelope, there was an invitation from the Pen Club, an international literary association, to attend its next conference, in Vienna. I was a young writer then, and was greatly flattered. I told everyone I met about the remarkable honor that had been accorded me. When I ran into Vladimir Mayakovsky in one of the editorial offices, I showed him the letter from abroad. He calmly produced an elegant envelope exactly like mine from the pocket of his jacket. "Look," he said. "They invited me too, but I'm not bragging about this. Because they did not invite me, of course, as Mayakovsky, but as a representative of the Soviet literature. The same applies to you. Get it? Reflect, Kataich (as he called me when he was in a good mood), on what it means to be a writer in the Land of Soviets." Mayakovsky's words made a lasting impression on me. I realized that I owed my success as a creative writer to the Soviet people, who had backed me. I realized that being a Soviet writer meant marching in synch with the people, being always on the crest of revolutionary wave. Dodona Kiziria describes Kataev as "one of the most brilliant writers of modern Russia. Of the authors writing in Russian, only Nabokov could be considered a worthy rival in his ability to convey with almost cinematic precision the images of visually perceived reality. English translations Poster for the Federal Theatre Project production of The Path of Flowers (1936) The Embezzlers (novel), Dial Press, 1929. Squaring the Circle (play), Samuel French, 1936. Peace is Where the Tempests Blow (novel), Farrar & Rinehart, 1937. The Blue Handkerchief (play), University of California Press, 1944. The Small Farm in the Steppe (novel), Lawrence & Wishart, 1958. A White Sail Gleams (novel), Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954. "Our Father Who Art in Heaven" (story), in Great Soviet Short Stories, Dell, 1962. "The Beautiful Trousers", "The Suicide", "A Goat in the Orchard" and "The Struggle Unto Death" (stories), in The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, Macmillan, NY, 1965. The Holy Well, Harvill, 1967. The Grass of Oblivion (memoirs), McGraw-Hill, 1970. Mosaic of Life (memoirs), The Book Service Ltd, 1976. "The Sleeper" (story), in The New Soviet Fiction, Abbeville Press, 1989. Time, Forward! (novel), Northwestern University Press, 1995. References ^ As related in Kataev's volume of memoirs My Emerald Crown. ^ Ludmila Skorino (1965). Writer and His Time: Life and Works of V. P. Kataev. — Moscow: Sovetsky Pisatel, p. 8 ^ Ilya Ilf, Yevgeni Petrov (2017). Twelve Chairs. Full Version of the Novel. — Moscow: AST, p. 64 ISBN 978-5-17-099057-3 ^ Viktor Eryomin (2016). Biographies of the Great Fairy Tale Writers. — Moscow: Osteon Fond, p. 315 ISBN 9781772466751 ^ Brown (1982, 101). ^ Benedetti (1999, 388). ^ Brown (1982, 102). ^ Kiziria (1985, 647). ^ Kiziria (1985, 648). Sources Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-52520-1. Brown, Edward J. 1982. Russian Literature Since the Revolution. Revised edition. 101-2, 341-2. Kiziria, Dodona. 1985. "Four Demons of Valentin Kataev." Slavic Review 44.4 (Winter): 647-662. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995), p. 623 Seymour-Smith, Martin. 1973. Funk & Wagnalls Guide to Modern World Literature. 951. External links Kataev's novel A White Sail Gleams (in English) Kataev's novel The Cottage in the Steppe (in English) Full text in English of Kataev's story "Rainbow Flower" Works (in Russian) A short biography (in English) "Son of the Regiment" (summary) (in English) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain 2 France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Museum of Modern Art People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine SNAC IdRef

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1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"},{"link_name":"Potemkin uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Legoshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Legoshin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prose poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_poem"},{"link_name":"Yunost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunost"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Yevtushenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Yevtushenko"},{"link_name":"Bella Akhmadulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Akhmadulina"},{"link_name":"Novy Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novy_Mir"},{"link_name":"The Holy Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holy_Well&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stream-of-consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)"},{"link_name":"Bunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunin"},{"link_name":"Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nabokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabokov"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kataev was born in Odessa, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) into the family of Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev, a Court councillor and a teacher at the Odesa Female seminary, and Eugenia Ivanovna Bachei who belonged to a noble family of the Poltava Governorate. Thus it's no coincidence that the main character in Kataev's semi-autobiographical novel A White Sail Gleams is named Pyotr Bachei. His father came from a long line of Russian clergy originally from Vyatka where Valentin's grandfather served as a protoiereus. His maternal grandfather was a major general in the Imperial Russian Army. Despite the obvious class conflict, Kataev never tried to hide his origins during the Soviet period.[2][3][4]He began writing while he was still in secondary school. He was then a sympathizer of the Union of the Russian People and wrote nationalistic and anti-Semitic poetry (later in his life he married a Jewish woman, Esther Brenner (1913-2009)).[citation needed] He did not finish school, but volunteered for the army in 1915, serving in the artillery. After the October Revolution, he was mobilized into the Red Army, where he fought against Anton Denikin and served in the Russian Telegraph Agency. In 1920, he became a journalist in Odessa. He moved to Moscow in 1922, where he worked on the staff of The Whistle (Gudok), writing humorous pieces under various pseudonyms.His first novel, The Embezzlers (Rastratchiki, 1926), was printed in the journal Krasnaya Nov. In the satire of the new Soviet bureaucracy in the tradition of Nikolai Gogol, the protagonists are two bureaucrats \"who more or less by instinct or by accident conspire to defraud the Soviet state\".[5] The novel was well received, and the seminal modernist theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski asked Kataev to adapt it for the stage. It was produced at the Moscow Art Theatre, opening on 20 April 1928.[6] A cinematic adaptation under the title The Virtuous Sinner was filmed in 1931.His comedy Squaring the Circle (Kvadratura kruga, 1928) satirizes the effect of the housing shortage on two married couples who share a room.His novel Time, Forward! (Vremya, vperyod!, 1932) describes workers' attempts to build the huge steel plant at Magnitogorsk in record time. \"The title...was taken from a poem by Mayakovsky, and its theme is the speeding up of time in the Soviet Union where the historical development of a century must be completed in ten years.\"[7] The heroes are described as \"being unable to trust such a valuable thing as time, to clocks, mere mechanical devices.\" Kataev adapted it into a screenplay, which was released as the eponymously titled film in 1965.A White Sail Gleams (Beleyet parus odinoky, 1936) treats the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Potemkin uprising from the viewpoint of two Odessa schoolboys. In 1937, Vladimir Legoshin directed a film version, which became a classic children's adventure. Kataev wrote its screenplay and took an active part in the filming process, finding locations and acting as a historical advisor. Many of his contemporaries considered the novel to be a prose poem.During the 1950s and 1960s Kataev edited the magazine Yunost (Youth), publishing some of the most promising literary talent of the young generation, including Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Bella Akhmadulina.Kataev himself developed a style he called \"lyrical diary,\" mixing autobiography and fiction. In 1966 the literary magazine Novy Mir printed his The Grass of Oblivion (Trava zabveniya), which was published under the title The Holy Well (Svyatoy kolodets: Trava zabveniya) two years later. In it, Kataev weaves scenes from the lives of his family, friends, and lovers, events of Soviet history, and memories of his travels in America into a kind of stream-of-consciousness autobiography, considered by some critics to be the summary work of his career. Dodona Kiziria describes this work as \"a tribute to the Russian writers who were forced to choose their path during the revolution and the civil war\", adding that \"in all of Soviet literature it would be difficult to find tragic images comparable to the two poets in this narrative (Bunin and Mayakovsky) who are compelled, finally and irrevocably, either to accept or reject the role offered to them by the new social order\".[8]Kataev was proud of being a Soviet writer, and related the following account.Returning home one day, a long time ago, I found an envelope with foreign stamps on it in my mail box. Inside the envelope, there was an invitation from the Pen Club, an international literary association, to attend its next conference, in Vienna. I was a young writer then, and was greatly flattered. I told everyone I met about the remarkable honor that had been accorded me. When I ran into Vladimir Mayakovsky in one of the editorial offices, I showed him the letter from abroad. He calmly produced an elegant envelope exactly like mine from the pocket of his jacket. \"Look,\" he said. \"They invited me too, but I'm not bragging about this. Because they did not invite me, of course, as Mayakovsky, but as a representative of the Soviet literature. The same applies to you. Get it? Reflect, Kataich (as he called me when he was in a good mood), on what it means to be a writer in the Land of Soviets.\" Mayakovsky's words made a lasting impression on me. I realized that I owed my success as a creative writer to the Soviet people, who had backed me. I realized that being a Soviet writer meant marching in synch with the people, being always on the crest of revolutionary wave.[citation needed]Dodona Kiziria describes Kataev as \"one of the most brilliant writers of modern Russia. Of the authors writing in Russian, only Nabokov could be considered a worthy rival in his ability to convey with almost cinematic precision the images of visually perceived reality.[9]","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_path_of_flowers%22_LCCN98514342.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federal Theatre Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project"},{"link_name":"The Embezzlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Embezzlers"}],"text":"Poster for the Federal Theatre Project production of The Path of Flowers (1936)The Embezzlers (novel), Dial Press, 1929.\nSquaring the Circle (play), Samuel French, 1936.\nPeace is Where the Tempests Blow (novel), Farrar & Rinehart, 1937.\nThe Blue Handkerchief (play), University of California Press, 1944.\nThe Small Farm in the Steppe (novel), Lawrence & Wishart, 1958.\nA White Sail Gleams (novel), Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954.\n\"Our Father Who Art in Heaven\" (story), in Great Soviet Short Stories, Dell, 1962.\n\"The Beautiful Trousers\", \"The Suicide\", \"A Goat in the Orchard\" and \"The Struggle Unto Death\" (stories), in The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, Macmillan, NY, 1965.\nThe Holy Well, Harvill, 1967.\nThe Grass of Oblivion (memoirs), McGraw-Hill, 1970.\nMosaic of Life (memoirs), The Book Service Ltd, 1976.\n\"The Sleeper\" (story), in The New Soviet Fiction, Abbeville Press, 1989.\nTime, Forward! (novel), Northwestern University Press, 1995.","title":"English translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-413-52520-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-52520-1"}],"text":"Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-52520-1.\nBrown, Edward J. 1982. Russian Literature Since the Revolution. Revised edition. 101-2, 341-2.\nKiziria, Dodona. 1985. \"Four Demons of Valentin Kataev.\" Slavic Review 44.4 (Winter): 647-662.\nMerriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995), p. 623\nSeymour-Smith, Martin. 1973. Funk & Wagnalls Guide to Modern World Literature. 951.","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_Returns

DD Returns

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Release","5.1 Theatrical release","6 Home Media","7 Reception","8 Trivia","9 References","10 External links"]

2023 Indian horror comedy film DD ReturnsTheatrical release posterDirected byS.Prem AnandWritten byS.Prem AnandProduced byC. Ramesh KumarStarringSanthanamSurbhiCinematographyDipak Kumar PadhyEdited byN. B. SrikanthMusic byOfRoProductioncompanyRK EntertainmentRelease date 28 July 2023 (2023-07-28) Running time125 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamilBox officeest. ₹41.28 crore DD Returns (expansion Dare Demons Returns) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language comedy horror film written and directed by debutant S. Prem Anand, produced by C Ramesh Kumar under RK Entertainment. The film stars an ensemble cast with Santhanam and Surbhi in the lead roles and Redin Kingsley, Maran and Pradeep Rawat in supporting roles. The film is a stand-alone sequel to Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 and the third film in the Dhilluku Dhuddu film series. The music is composed by OfRo, with the cinematography and editing handled by Dipak Kumar Padhy and N. B. Srikanth. The film was released theatrically on 28 July 2023. It received positive reviews from critics and became commercially successful at box office. Plot Cast Santhanam as Sathish Surbhi as Sofia FEFSI Vijayan as Francis Anbarasu Pradeep Rawat as Fernandes Redin Kingsley as Benny Lollu Sabha Maaran as Ravi Masoom Shankar as Clara Manasvi Kottachi as Rachel (Clara's Daughter, Fernandes Grand Daughter) Rajendran as Professor Thangadurai as "Blade" Babu Munishkanth as Bheem Bipin as Kulanthai Sai Dheena as Mathi Saidai Sethu as Paambu Jeevitha as Sofia’s mother Deepa Shankar as Mallika Cool Suresh as Money stealer Swaminathan as Church Father Lollu Sabha Manohar as Local Manager Manohar Praveen Devasagayam Madan Gowri as himself (special appearance) Sandy Master (special appearance in "French Kuthu") Premanidhi Majhi Production In mid-2019, Rambhala announced his intentions of making a third part to his Dhilluku Dhuddu film series featuring Santhanam in the lead role and was referred to as Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 during production. The film was reported to be shot in 3D and expected to be produced by Chowdhary of 18 Reels Entertainment. Following a period of stagnation, Rambhala's assistant Prem Anand took over as the project director in early 2022, following creative differences between the director and Santhanam. The film subsequently marked the second project of Prem Anand, who had earlier worked with Santhanam on the comedy series Lollu Sabha and had co-directed the film Inimey Ippadithan (2015). Actresses Surbhi and Masoom Shankar joined the film's shoot, as did Pradeep Rawat, with scenes shot across Chennai and Pondicherry. Production on the untitled film took place throughout 2022, with the project completed by December 2022. The title of the film was publicly revealed as DD Returns in April 2023. A song was shot on Sri Lanka. Music The film's music is composed by OfRo in his maiden collaboration with Santhanam and Prem. DD ReturnsSoundtrack album by OfRoReleased2023Recorded2022–2023GenreFeature film soundtrackLanguageTamilLabelThink MusicProducerOfRoOfRo chronology Rudhran(2023) DD Returns(2023) Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."French Kuthu"DuraiGana Muthu, OfRo3:502."I'm So Prabalam"DuraiofRo, T. M. S. Selvakumar, Susha, Gana Muthu2:46Total length:6:36 Release Theatrical release DD Returns was released theatrically on 28 July 2023. Home Media The streaming rights of the film were acquired by ZEE5 and the film had its worldwide streaming release on 1 September 2023. Revanza Global Ventures sold the Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada Dubbing Rights for the movie "DD Returns" to Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited. Reception Logesh Balachandran of The Times of India gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Except for the first few minutes, the film is undoubtedly a fun ride for movie lovers looking for a clean entertainer for the weekend." Pechi Aavudaiyappan of ABP Live Tamil gave the film a positive review and noted that Santhanam gave another hit film with this horror comedy film. Trivia Santhanam breaks the fourth wall by said "it's the third part" at the end of movie. References ^ "DD ReturnsUA". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ^ "Santhanam to team up with Rambala for Dhilluku Dhuddu 3". Behindwoods. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Santhanam's Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 will be shot in 3D format". Behindwoods. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Will Rambala's associate direct 'Dhillukku Dhuddu 3'?". The Times of India. 28 February 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ Balachandran, Logesh (14 April 2023). "Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023. ^ "Maasoom learns French to play antagonist in Santhanam's next". The Times of India. 14 April 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Santhanam leaves fans surprised with an update on his next film. Details inside". OTTPlay. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy". The Times of India. 14 April 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "DD ReturnsUA". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ^ "DD Returns - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic". Wynk Music. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023. ^ a b "DD Returns Movie Review : A well-staged, hilarious comic caper where the laughs don't run out". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "DD Returns OTT Platform: OTT Release Date, Satellite Rights, Story, and Watch Online". Filmybeat. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ "ZEE5 announce digital release of comedy film DD Returns". Film Companion. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ ஆவுடையப்பன், பேச்சி. "சிரிப்பு சரவெடி.. பேய் கதையில் மீண்டும் வென்ற சந்தானம்.. டிடி ரிட்டர்ன்ஸ் படத்தின் விமர்சனம்..!". ABP Nadu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. External links DD Returns at IMDb DD Returns on ZEE5

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"comedy horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Santhanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhanam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Surbhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbhi"},{"link_name":"Redin Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redin_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Pradeep Rawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep_Rawat_(actor)"},{"link_name":"stand-alone sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_sequel"},{"link_name":"Dhilluku Dhuddu 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhilluku_Dhuddu_2"},{"link_name":"Dhilluku Dhuddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhilluku_Dhuddu_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"OfRo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfRo"},{"link_name":"N. B. Srikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._B._Srikanth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"DD Returns (expansion Dare Demons Returns) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language comedy horror film written and directed by debutant S. Prem Anand, produced by C Ramesh Kumar under RK Entertainment. The film stars an ensemble cast with Santhanam and Surbhi in the lead roles and Redin Kingsley, Maran and Pradeep Rawat in supporting roles. The film is a stand-alone sequel to Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 and the third film in the Dhilluku Dhuddu film series. The music is composed by OfRo, with the cinematography and editing handled by Dipak Kumar Padhy and N. B. Srikanth.[1] The film was released theatrically on 28 July 2023. It received positive reviews from critics and became commercially successful at box office.","title":"DD Returns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santhanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhanam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Surbhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbhi"},{"link_name":"FEFSI Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEFSI_Vijayan"},{"link_name":"Pradeep Rawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep_Rawat_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Redin Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redin_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Lollu Sabha Maaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollu_Sabha_Maaran"},{"link_name":"Manasvi Kottachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasvi_Kottachi"},{"link_name":"Rajendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendran"},{"link_name":"Munishkanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munishkanth"},{"link_name":"Sai Dheena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Dheena"},{"link_name":"Deepa Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Cool Suresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Suresh"},{"link_name":"Swaminathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminathan"},{"link_name":"Lollu Sabha Manohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollu_Sabha_Manohar"},{"link_name":"Premanidhi Majhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premanidhi_Majhi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Santhanam as Sathish\nSurbhi as Sofia\nFEFSI Vijayan as Francis Anbarasu\nPradeep Rawat as Fernandes\nRedin Kingsley as Benny\nLollu Sabha Maaran as Ravi\nMasoom Shankar as Clara\nManasvi Kottachi as Rachel (Clara's Daughter, Fernandes Grand Daughter)\nRajendran as Professor\nThangadurai as \"Blade\" Babu\nMunishkanth as Bheem\nBipin as Kulanthai\nSai Dheena as Mathi\nSaidai Sethu as Paambu\nJeevitha as Sofia’s mother\nDeepa Shankar as Mallika\nCool Suresh as Money stealer\nSwaminathan as Church Father\nLollu Sabha Manohar as Local Manager Manohar\nPraveen Devasagayam\nMadan Gowri as himself (special appearance)\nSandy Master (special appearance in \"French Kuthu\")\nPremanidhi Majhi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rambhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambhala"},{"link_name":"Dhilluku Dhuddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhilluku_Dhuddu_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Santhanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhanam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lollu Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollu_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Inimey Ippadithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimey_Ippadithan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Surbhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbhi"},{"link_name":"Pradeep Rawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep_Rawat_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"}],"text":"In mid-2019, Rambhala announced his intentions of making a third part to his Dhilluku Dhuddu film series featuring Santhanam in the lead role and was referred to as Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 during production. The film was reported to be shot in 3D and expected to be produced by Chowdhary of 18 Reels Entertainment.[2][3] Following a period of stagnation, Rambhala's assistant Prem Anand took over as the project director in early 2022, following creative differences between the director and Santhanam.[4] The film subsequently marked the second project of Prem Anand, who had earlier worked with Santhanam on the comedy series Lollu Sabha and had co-directed the film Inimey Ippadithan (2015).[5]Actresses Surbhi and Masoom Shankar joined the film's shoot, as did Pradeep Rawat, with scenes shot across Chennai and Pondicherry.[6] Production on the untitled film took place throughout 2022, with the project completed by December 2022.[7] The title of the film was publicly revealed as DD Returns in April 2023.[8]A song was shot on Sri Lanka.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OfRo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfRo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"OfRo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfRo"},{"link_name":"ofRo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfRo"}],"text":"The film's music is composed by OfRo in his maiden collaboration with Santhanam and Prem.[9][10]Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"French Kuthu\"DuraiGana Muthu, OfRo3:502.\"I'm So Prabalam\"DuraiofRo, T. M. S. Selvakumar, Susha, Gana Muthu2:46Total length:6:36","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-11"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical release","text":"DD Returns was released theatrically on 28 July 2023.[11]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZEE5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZEE5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/revanzaglobal.com/dd-returns/about"}],"text":"The streaming rights of the film were acquired by ZEE5 and the film had its worldwide streaming release on 1 September 2023.[12][13]Revanza Global Ventures sold the Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada Dubbing Rights for the movie \"DD Returns\" to Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited.[1]","title":"Home Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-11"},{"link_name":"ABP Live Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABP_News"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Logesh Balachandran of The Times of India gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, \"Except for the first few minutes, the film is undoubtedly a fun ride for movie lovers looking for a clean entertainer for the weekend.\"[11] Pechi Aavudaiyappan of ABP Live Tamil gave the film a positive review and noted that Santhanam gave another hit film with this horror comedy film.[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Santhanam breaks the fourth wall by said \"it's the third part\" at the end of movie.","title":"Trivia"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"DD ReturnsUA\". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","url_text":"\"DD ReturnsUA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230727200921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santhanam to team up with Rambala for Dhilluku Dhuddu 3\". Behindwoods. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-to-team-up-with-rambala-for-dhilluku-dhuddu-3.html","url_text":"\"Santhanam to team up with Rambala for Dhilluku Dhuddu 3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221225064415/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-to-team-up-with-rambala-for-dhilluku-dhuddu-3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santhanam's Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 will be shot in 3D format\". Behindwoods. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanams-dhilluku-dhuddu-3-will-be-shot-in-3d-format.html","url_text":"\"Santhanam's Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 will be shot in 3D format\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113325/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanams-dhilluku-dhuddu-3-will-be-shot-in-3d-format.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Rambala's associate direct 'Dhillukku Dhuddu 3'?\". The Times of India. 28 February 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-rambalas-associate-direct-dhillukku-dhuddu-3/articleshow/89893052.cms","url_text":"\"Will Rambala's associate direct 'Dhillukku Dhuddu 3'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-rambalas-associate-direct-dhillukku-dhuddu-3/articleshow/89893052.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balachandran, Logesh (14 April 2023). \"Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416033827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maasoom learns French to play antagonist in Santhanam's next\". The Times of India. 14 April 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maasoom-learns-french-to-play-antagonist-in-santhanams-next/articleshow/90823791.cms","url_text":"\"Maasoom learns French to play antagonist in Santhanam's next\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230727200925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maasoom-learns-french-to-play-antagonist-in-santhanams-next/articleshow/90823791.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santhanam leaves fans surprised with an update on his next film. Details inside\". OTTPlay. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ottplay.com/news/santhanam-announces-another-horror-comedy-leaving-fans-surprised-with-an-unexpected-update-details-inside/86849a8d68230","url_text":"\"Santhanam leaves fans surprised with an update on his next film. Details inside\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113330/https://www.ottplay.com/news/santhanam-announces-another-horror-comedy-leaving-fans-surprised-with-an-unexpected-update-details-inside/86849a8d68230","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy\". The Times of India. 14 April 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416033827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DD ReturnsUA\". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","url_text":"\"DD ReturnsUA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230727200921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DD Returns - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic\". Wynk Music. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wynk.in/music/album/dd-returns/hu_3617059574535","url_text":"\"DD Returns - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynk_Music","url_text":"Wynk Music"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230722073343/https://wynk.in/music/album/dd-returns/hu_3617059574535","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DD Returns Movie Review : A well-staged, hilarious comic caper where the laughs don't run out\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"DD Returns Movie Review : A well-staged, hilarious comic caper where the laughs don't run out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728071743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DD Returns OTT Platform: OTT Release Date, Satellite Rights, Story, and Watch Online\". Filmybeat. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/dd-returns-ott-platform-ott-release-date-satellite-rights-story-and-watch-online-5-1592.html","url_text":"\"DD Returns OTT Platform: OTT Release Date, Satellite Rights, Story, and Watch Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230903033806/https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/dd-returns-ott-platform-ott-release-date-satellite-rights-story-and-watch-online-5-1592.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ZEE5 announce digital release of comedy film DD Returns\". Film Companion. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/zee5-announces-digital-release-of-comedy-film-dd-returns","url_text":"\"ZEE5 announce digital release of comedy film DD Returns\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230826214020/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/zee5-announces-digital-release-of-comedy-film-dd-returns","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ஆவுடையப்பன், பேச்சி. \"சிரிப்பு சரவெடி.. பேய் கதையில் மீண்டும் வென்ற சந்தானம்.. டிடி ரிட்டர்ன்ஸ் படத்தின் விமர்சனம்..!\". ABP Nadu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dd-returns-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-santhanam-surbhi-horror-movie-dd-returns-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131563/amp","url_text":"\"சிரிப்பு சரவெடி.. பேய் கதையில் மீண்டும் வென்ற சந்தானம்.. டிடி ரிட்டர்ன்ஸ் படத்தின் விமர்சனம்..!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728071827/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dd-returns-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-santhanam-surbhi-horror-movie-dd-returns-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131563/amp","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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Details inside\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113330/https://www.ottplay.com/news/santhanam-announces-another-horror-comedy-leaving-fans-surprised-with-an-unexpected-update-details-inside/86849a8d68230","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","external_links_name":"0971-8257"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416033827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"DD ReturnsUA\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","external_links_name":"0971-8257"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230727200921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wynk.in/music/album/dd-returns/hu_3617059574535","external_links_name":"\"DD Returns - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230722073343/https://wynk.in/music/album/dd-returns/hu_3617059574535","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"DD Returns Movie Review : A well-staged, hilarious comic caper where the laughs don't run out\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728071743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/dd-returns-ott-platform-ott-release-date-satellite-rights-story-and-watch-online-5-1592.html","external_links_name":"\"DD Returns OTT Platform: OTT Release Date, Satellite Rights, Story, and Watch Online\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230903033806/https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/dd-returns-ott-platform-ott-release-date-satellite-rights-story-and-watch-online-5-1592.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/zee5-announces-digital-release-of-comedy-film-dd-returns","external_links_name":"\"ZEE5 announce digital release of comedy film DD Returns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230826214020/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/zee5-announces-digital-release-of-comedy-film-dd-returns","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dd-returns-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-santhanam-surbhi-horror-movie-dd-returns-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131563/amp","external_links_name":"\"சிரிப்பு சரவெடி.. பேய் கதையில் மீண்டும் வென்ற சந்தானம்.. டிடி ரிட்டர்ன்ஸ் படத்தின் விமர்சனம்..!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728071827/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dd-returns-movie-review-in-tamil-starring-santhanam-surbhi-horror-movie-dd-returns-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131563/amp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27510150/","external_links_name":"DD Returns"},{"Link":"https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/dd-returns/0-0-1z5419208","external_links_name":"DD Returns"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_jorioi

Conus jorioi

["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]

Species of sea snail Conus jorioi Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: Conidae Genus: Conus Species: C. jorioi Binomial name Conus jorioi(Petuch, 2013) Synonyms Conus (Dauciconus) jorioi (Petuch, 2013) · accepted, alternate representation Dauciconus jorioi Petuch, 2013 Conus jorioi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones. Description Predatory and venomous, these snails are capable of stinging humans. Their shell size attains 53 mm. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015) Distribution This marine species of cone snail is found in the Atlantic Ocean off Northeastern Brazil. References ^ a b Bouchet P (2015). "Conus jorioi". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-10-13. ^ Puillandre N, Duda TF, Meyer C, Olivera BM, Bouchet P (February 2015). "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu055. PMC 4541476. PMID 26300576. External links To World Register of Marine Species "Dauciconus jorioi". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Taxon identifiersConus jorioi Wikidata: Q22286168 CoL: XXMM WoRMS: 843606 This Conus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Myers

Beth Myers

["1 Early life and career","2 Gubernatorial experience","3 The Shawmut Group","4 2008 presidential campaign","5 2012 presidential campaign","6 Subsequent career","7 References","8 External links"]

Beth MyersPersonal detailsBorn1957 (age 66–67)North Carolina, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseMarc MyersChildren2EducationTufts University (BA)Southern Methodist University (JD) Beth Myers (born 1957) is an American political consultant, campaign advisor, and attorney who has held senior positions in the political campaigns and the Massachusetts governorship of Mitt Romney, the nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Early life and career Myers was born in North Carolina, but spent her childhood in Ohio and upstate New York. After graduating from Tufts University with a degree in English in 1979, she joined Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign, becoming an early protege of Republican campaign political strategist Karl Rove. Her task in the campaign was overseeing voter identification programs in rural counties throughout Texas. During the 1980s she worked for the state election campaigns of Ray Shamie in Massachusetts, serving as Shamie's deputy campaign manager, and of Governor Bill Clements in Texas. She earned a Juris Doctor degree from Southern Methodist University School of Law in 1991. After law school, she worked as a litigation associate at Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer, & Feld LLP. Myers settled with her husband in Massachusetts, where she served as chief of staff to former state treasurer Joe Malone. In 1998, she retired from politics to stay at home and raise her two young children. Gubernatorial experience Myers returned to politics during Mitt Romney’s 2002 campaign for the governorship of Massachusetts, in which she would play the role of the Democratic opponent during debate rehearsals. After helping Romney win the governor's race, Myers served as Romney’s chief of staff during his four years in office (2003—2007). The Shawmut Group On Romney’s leaving the governor’s office in 2006, Myers co-founded a consulting firm, The Shawmut Group, along with two other senior Romney advisors, Eric Fehrnstrom and Peter Flaherty. One of their most prominent clients has been Scott Brown, a then little-known Republican state senator whom they helped win the 2010 special election to fill the U.S. Senate seat formerly held by Democrat Ted Kennedy. Myers has also advised Republican Rick Lazio in his unsuccessful 2010 campaign against Andrew Cuomo for the governorship of New York. Mitt Romney's Free and Strong America PAC is another client of The Shawmut Group. 2008 presidential campaign Myers worked closely with Romney again in 2007–08, serving as campaign manager in his bid for the presidency. 2012 presidential campaign In April 2012, Romney announced that he had chosen Myers to lead his presidential campaign’s search to help him select a vice presidential candidate. Romney aides have described Myers as Romney's most trusted advisor. Subsequent career In 2013, Myers was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. In the 2014 midterm election, Myers' son, Curt Myers, ran for Massachusetts State Representative in Brookline. He challenged Rep. Frank Smizik (D) and lost 80% to 20%. References ^ a b "Who runs government: Beth Myers". The Washington Post. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h Rucker, Philip (April 16, 2012). "Beth Myers, longtime Romney adviser and confidante, to lead VP search". The Washington Post. ^ a b Haberman, Maggie (July 29, 2010). "Lazio, 'sprinting' with new staff". Politico. ^ a b Johnson, Glen (April 17, 2012). "Mitt Romney's choice of Beth Myers to lead VP search highlights his small circle of trust". The Boston Globe. ^ Friedman, Emily (April 16, 2012). "Romney picks head of Veep search, says talks started this weekend". ABC News. ^ Peoples, Kasie Huntsteve (August 12, 2012). "Ryan selection shrouded in secrecy". Businessweek. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. ^ "50 politicos to watch: players in a Romney presidency". Politico. July 12, 2012. ^ Borger, Gloria (August 11, 2012). "How Romney chose his running mate". CNN. ^ Avlon, John (28 February 2013). "The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief". The Daily Beast. External links The Shawmut Group

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Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Frank Smizik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smizik"}],"text":"In 2013, Myers was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.[9]In the 2014 midterm election, Myers' son, Curt Myers, ran for Massachusetts State Representative in Brookline. He challenged Rep. Frank Smizik (D) and lost 80% to 20%.","title":"Subsequent career"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Who runs government: Beth Myers\". The Washington Post. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428235426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beth-myers/gIQAuY3fKP_topic.html","url_text":"\"Who runs government: Beth Myers\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beth-myers/gIQAuY3fKP_topic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rucker, Philip (April 16, 2012). \"Beth Myers, longtime Romney adviser and confidante, to lead VP search\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beth-myers-longtime-romney-adviser-and-confidante-to-lead-vp-search/2012/04/16/gIQAj72PMT_story.html","url_text":"\"Beth Myers, longtime Romney adviser and confidante, to lead VP search\""}]},{"reference":"Haberman, Maggie (July 29, 2010). \"Lazio, 'sprinting' with new staff\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/blogs/maggiehaberman/0710/Lazio_sprinting_with_new_staff_.html?showall","url_text":"\"Lazio, 'sprinting' with new staff\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Glen (April 17, 2012). \"Mitt Romney's choice of Beth Myers to lead VP search highlights his small circle of trust\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/politicalintelligence/2012/04/17/mitt-romney-choice-beth-myers-lead-search-highlights-his-small-circle-trust/56z647zAdJfkn93k1kjyyL/story.html","url_text":"\"Mitt Romney's choice of Beth Myers to lead VP search highlights his small circle of trust\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Emily (April 16, 2012). \"Romney picks head of Veep search, says talks started this weekend\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-picks-head-of-veep-search-says-talks-started-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"Romney picks head of Veep search, says talks started this weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Peoples, Kasie Huntsteve (August 12, 2012). \"Ryan selection shrouded in secrecy\". Businessweek. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815003003/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-08-12/ryan-selection-shrouded-in-secrecy#p1","url_text":"\"Ryan selection shrouded in secrecy\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-08-12/ryan-selection-shrouded-in-secrecy#p1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"50 politicos to watch: players in a Romney presidency\". Politico. July 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78292.html","url_text":"\"50 politicos to watch: players in a Romney presidency\""}]},{"reference":"Borger, Gloria (August 11, 2012). \"How Romney chose his running mate\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/11/exclusive-how-romney-chose-his-running-mate/?iid=article_sidebar","url_text":"\"How Romney chose his running mate\""}]},{"reference":"Avlon, John (28 February 2013). \"The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief\". The Daily Beast.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html","url_text":"\"The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv_Mittra_Sikri

S. M. Sikri

["1 Biography","2 Notable judgements","3 References"]

13th Chief Justice of India Hon'ble JusticeS.M. Sikri13th Chief Justice of IndiaIn office22 January 1971 – 25 April 1973Appointed byV. V. GiriPreceded byJayantilal Chhotalal ShahSucceeded byAjit Nath RayJudge of the Supreme Court of IndiaIn office3 February 1964 – 25 April 1973Nominated byP. B. GajendragadkarAppointed bySarvepalli RadhakrishnanAdvocate General for PunjabIn office1 November 1956 – 2 February 1964Appointed byChandeshwar Prasad Narayan SinghPreceded byoffice establishedSucceeded byS.K. Kapur Personal detailsBorn(1908-04-26)26 April 1908Kabirwala, PunjabDied24 September 1992(1992-09-24) (aged 84)NationalityIndian Sarv Mittra Sikri (26 April 1908 – 24 September 1992) was an Indian lawyer and judge who served as the 13th Chief Justice of India. He previously served as the first Advocate-General for Punjab, before becoming the first of nine judges of the Supreme Court of India, to be directly appointed from the Bar. Additionally, he is the first of only two judges to be CJI, directly from the Bar. Biography Sikri was born in Lahore on 26 April 1908. He moved to London to study medicine, but switched to law, studying at Trinity College, Cambridge. Before returning to Lahore in 1930, he served as a barrister-at-law at Lincoln's Inn, in London. He began his legal practise in the chambers of Jagannath Agarwal, who was a leading advocate in the Lahore High Court and practiced criminal and civil law. Following independence, he was appointed the Assistant Advocate General of Punjab in 1949 and soon as the advocate general in 1951. Held the same position almost entirely until his elevation as a judge of the Supreme Court of India in 1964. As an advocate, he appeared and practised in various courts, ranging from the Lahore High Court and other courts in Punjab to the Federal Court of India and eventually the Supreme Court of India. Notable judgements I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs. had him a part of the thin majority of 6:5, in which the court reversed its earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to curtail Fundamental Rights. References ^ a b "Sarv Mittra Sikri". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ "CJI NV Ramana recommends Justice UU Lalit's name to Centre as the 49th Chief Justice of India". Firstpost. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.M. Sikri". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ a b "Full Court Reference". Supreme Court of India. ^ "S.M. Sikri". SCO. Legal offices Preceded byJayantilal Chhotalal Shah Chief Justice of India January 22, 1971– April 25, 1973 Succeeded byAjit Nath Ray vteChief Justices of India (list) H. J. Kania M. Patanjali Sastri Mehr Chand Mahajan Bijan Kumar Mukherjea Sudhi Ranjan Das Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha P. B. Gajendragadkar Amal Kumar Sarkar Koka Subba Rao Kailas Nath Wanchoo Mohammad Hidayatullah Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah Sarv Mittra Sikri A. N. Ray Mirza Hameedullah Beg Y. V. Chandrachud P. N. Bhagwati Raghunandan Swarup Pathak E. S. Venkataramiah Sabyasachi Mukharji Ranganath Misra Kamal Narain Singh Madhukar Hiralal Kania Lalit Mohan Sharma M. N. Venkatachaliah Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi J. S. Verma Madan Mohan Punchhi Adarsh Sein Anand Sam Piroj Bharucha Bhupinder Nath Kirpal Gopal Ballav Pattanaik V. N. Khare S. Rajendra Babu Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal K. G. Balakrishnan S. H. Kapadia Altamas Kabir P. Sathasivam Rajendra Mal Lodha H. L. Dattu T. S. Thakur Jagdish Singh Khehar Dipak Misra Ranjan Gogoi Sharad Bobde N. V. Ramana Uday Umesh Lalit Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud (incumbent) This Indian law–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton_Park_Tramway

Heaton Park Tramway

["1 History","2 Tramcars","2.1 Permanent collection","2.2 Former Fleet","2.3 Other visitors","3 Projects","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°31′56″N 2°14′58″W / 53.5322°N 2.2495°W / 53.5322; -2.2495Heritage tramway in Manchester, England Heaton Park TramwayTram number 765 in Heaton ParkOperationLocaleHeaton Park, ManchesterStatusOpenOperator(s)Manchester Transport Museum SocietyInfrastructureTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeStatisticsRoute length0.52 Miles The Heaton Park Tramway is a heritage tramway that operates within Heaton Park, a large municipal park in the English city of Manchester. It is operated by the Manchester Transport Museum Society, a registered charity. In normal times, the tramway operates on Sunday afternoons between March and mid-November and on Saturday afternoons between May and mid-September. Operation may be suspended whilst major events are being held in the park, and was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic although the tramway has now reopened. History Heaton Park was originally the private landscape park surrounding Heaton Hall, but was sold to Manchester City Council in 1902 for use as a municipal park. Shortly after the park was bought by the council, a branch of Manchester Corporation Tramways was built 280 yards (260 m) into the park from the existing tramway on Middleton Road. A large waiting shelter was constructed at the end of this branch, and the first tram arrived on 31 May 1903. By 1934 buses were taking over from trams and the stub tramway into the park was disconnected from the main system and covered in tarmac for use by buses. The Manchester Transport Museum Society (MTMS) was founded as a registered charity in the early 1960s, with the aim of the preservation of documents and artifacts relating to public transport in the Manchester region. An early project of the society was the restoration of Manchester Corporation Tramways 765, with aspirations to operate the car in Manchester, and identified Heaton Park as a possible site. In the 1970s the society approached the city council with this idea. The initial plan, to construct a tramway from Grand Lodge to Heaton Hall, was considered too expensive, as it would require remedial works to carry it across the railway tunnel. A new scheme was proposed to open up the old Manchester Corporation Tramways spur from Middleton Road to the old tram shelter. The original track was buried under a layer of tarmac which was cleared and the tram shelter restored and modified to form a depot and museum. Work was completed in 1979 and the Heaton Park Tramway was officially opened on 28 March 1980. Since 1980, the museum tramway has been extended further into the park on three occasions, using track salvaged from elsewhere, and is now 0.52 miles long. The most recent extension was in 2011 and reaches the boathouse and lake. A new tram depot has been constructed at this terminus. Additionally, major restoration of the original depot and museum complex was completed in 2007. Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester 765 & Stockport 5 Tramcars Permanent collection The following trams form the permanent collection of the Heaton Park Tramway: Images Original System Car Number Status Year Built Notes City of Hull Tramways 96 Operational 1901 Built as an open top double deck car for Hull Corporation by Hurst Nelson in 1901, this car was totally enclosed about 1930 and cut down to a single deck works car in 1933. After the closure of the Hull tramways it was sold to Leeds Corporation Tramways, where it was used as a store car with the number 6 until the closure of that system in 1959. It was preserved in the Leeds area until it was brought to Manchester and restored as a single-deck passenger car. It has operated at Heaton Park since 1988. Media related to City of Hull Tramways No. 96 at Wikimedia Commons Blackpool Tramway 623 Operational 1937 This car was built in Loughborough by the Brush Electrical Engineering Company, entered service with Blackpool Corporation as number 286 in July 1937. It has had several modifications over the years, being renumbered 623 when the full fleet was renumbered in 1968. The car last operated in Blackpool in 2009, and the following year was placed on display at the Museum of Museums at the Trafford Centre. It was transferred to Heaton Park in 2011 and has operated there since 2012. Media related to Blackpool Tramway Brush Railcoach car 623 at Wikimedia Commons Manchester Corporation Tramways 765 Operational 1914 This car was built in 1914 and is the only remaining electric tramcar from Manchester in regular operation. It was one of a series of unusual single-deck bogie cars of the combination car type, with a central saloon and open smoking compartments at the ends, built for routes with low bridges. The conversion of these routes to buses in 1930 led to most of these cars being sold, and the body of 765 was acquired by a farm near Huddersfield. In 1960 it passed to a group that was to become the Manchester Tramway Museum Society and restoration work started. It has operated at Heaton Park since 1979. Media related to Manchester Corporation Tramways No. 765 at Wikimedia Commons Stockport Corporation Tramways 5 Operational 1901 This car was built as a 4-wheel open topper, in 1901 and later given a top cover, the car was withdrawn in 1948 and used as a hen house. The lower saloon was later rediscovered and acquired for preservation. The car was fully restored in 1996, and after use on the Blackpool Tramway and display in Doncaster, moved to Heaton Park in 2011, operating until 2013. Stockport 5 underwent major 7 year restoration and was re launched in December 2020. Media related to Stockport Corporation No. 5 at Wikimedia Commons Blackpool Tramway 619 Operational 1987(1935) This car is a replica of a Blackpool and Fleetwood Vanguard tram built in 1987. It was built using Blackpool Railcoach 282, built in 1935 and renumbered 619 in 1968. It operated in Blackpool until 2008, and came to Heaton Park in 2010. It operated until 2017 when it was withdrawn for overhaul, Returning to service in December 2022. Media related to Blackpool Tramway Replica Vanguard car 619 at Wikimedia Commons Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways 23 In storage 1912 This car is a single deck 4-wheeled tram built in 1912 for Rawtenstall, where it operated until withdrawal in 1932. The truck and roof were transferred from storage off site to Heaton Park in 2010, and the tram is currently in 'kit form' awaiting restoration. Oldham Corporation Tramways 43 In storage 1902 This car was originally built in 1902 on a Brill 21E truck as an open topped double-decker. In 1933, it was converted into a single deck car in order to operate the Oldham to Middleton route. Acquired by the Manchester Transport Museum Society after more than 60 years in open storage, it is in poor condition but considered suitable for restoration. Manchester Corporation Tramways 173 In storage 1901 This 4-wheel open-top double deck tram was built by Brush in 1901. Later rebuilt with a top cover, it remained in service until 1931, and was used as a garden shed after withdrawal. Restoration took place at several locations, latterly at the Greater Manchester Museum of Transport, before the tram moved to Heaton Park in December 2013. The restored tram uses the truck from an Oporto coal tram that was imported for the purpose. Media related to Manchester Corporation Tramways No. 173 at Wikimedia Commons Blackpool Tramway 702 In storage 1934 One of Blackpool Corporation's Balloon double-deckers, this car entered service as number 239 in 1934. Initially configured as an open top car, was converted to a totally enclosed car in 1942, and renumbered 702 in 1968. It last saw service in Blackpool in 2009, and in 2010 it was placed on display at the Museum of Museums at the Trafford Centre. It moved to Heaton Park in 2014. Media related to Blackpool Tramway Balloon car 702 at Wikimedia Commons Blackpool Tramway 752 In storage 1928 This car was purpose built as a railgrinder in Blackpool's Rigby Road workshops around 1928, and was originally numbered 1. After being briefly renumbered 2 in 1968, it became 752 in 1972. It was acquired by the MTMS in 2008. The intention is to paint it back into its original red livery, and renumber it back to 1. Media related to Blackpool 752 at Wikimedia Commons Manchester Metrolink 1007 In storage 1991 This car is one of the first generation AnsaldoBreda T-68 cars built for Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and was the first Metrolink tram to operate through the City centre on 27 April 1992. It was withdrawn from service on 26 May 2014, when it operated a farewell tour for the T-68 class. The car is currently in store at Metrolink's Trafford Depot, but will transfer to Heaton Park in due course. Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company 53 On loan to Bury Transport Museum 1877 This car is the last survivor from over 500 cars designed by John Eades in 1877 and operated in and around the Manchester area until 1903. Built by the company to the Eades patent Reversible type, the design is unique in that it uses the horses' own power to turn the body of the tram round on its underframe when reaching the end of the tracks. This avoids the necessity of unhitching the horse from one end of the tram and hitching it to the other, thus saving time. With only one staircase needed, it also increased the capacity and reducing the weight of the car. The remains of L53 were discovered in 1970 near Glossop in Derbyshire, and it arrived at Heaton Park in June 1998. Restoration was completed in 2008, and the car has been on display at the Bury Transport Museum since 2010. Media related to Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company No. 53 at Wikimedia Commons Blackpool Tramway 680 On loan to Blackpool Tramway 1935 This car entered service with Blackpool Corporation as number 280 in 1935. It was converted to a towing car in 1961 and renumbered 680. It last ran as a twin car in 1972, was withdrawn for overhaul in 1989, and returned to service in 1992. It was loaned to Beamish Museum in 2013, and arrived at Heaton Park in March 2015, where it initially ran using its original 280 number. In August 2015, it was renumbered 680 again, and returned on loan to Blackpool Tramway. Media related to Blackpool Tramway Brush Railcoach car 680 at Wikimedia Commons Former Fleet Original System Car Number Status Year Built Notes Blackpool Tramway 708 Ownership transferred to Blackpool Transport in 2023 1934 One of Blackpool Corporation's Balloon double-deckers, this car entered service as number 245 in 1934. Initially configured as an open top car, was converted to a totally enclosed car in 1941, and renumbered 708 in 1968. It last saw passenger service in Blackpool in 2004, and left the town in 2011. In 2013 it moved to NESLAM for display, remaining there until September 2016 when it returned to Blackpool for further storage. Ownership was changed to Blackpool Transport during 2023 in return for spare parts to service the tramways Blackpool fleet. Other visitors Trams that have visited the line include: Blackpool & Fleetwood No. 40 single-decker built in 1914. Blackpool No. 225 Boat open-decker built in 1934. Oporto No. 196 single-decker built in 1935. Marton Box No. 31 open-topper built in 1901. (The first Double Decker to run at the park since 1925). Blackpool No. 706 Balloon open-topper built in 1934. Projects Overhauls to Stockport 5 are now complete, Vanguard 619 is now the main focus of priority for the tramway. A funding appeal will soon start for extension of the Lakeside depot in order to provide space for the T68 being preserved to move to the tramway. Future projects include the restoration of Manchester Corporation Tramways open top tram 173 built in 1901, Blackpool Balloon 702, Oldham 43 built in 1902 and the Blackpool railgrinder No. 752. Plans exist for a further extension of the tramway towards Heaton Park Metrolink stop. References ^ "Heaton Park Tramway About". Heaton Park Tramway. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "History of the park". Manchester City Council. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ a b c "About". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ "Trams in Heaton Park". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester - Home". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway About". Heaton Park Tramway. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Hull 96 / Leeds 6". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ "Blackpool Brush Car 623 / 286". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ Yearsley, Ian (1962) The Manchester Tram. Huddersfield: Advertiser Press; pp. 63-65 ^ Unofficial Blackpool Tramway 125th Anniversary website ^ "Manchester 765". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway Stockport 5". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 619". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Rawtenstall 23". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ "Oldham 43". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ "Manchester 173". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 702". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Blackpool Railgrinder 752". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ "Historic day as Metrolink tram enthusiasts make final trip on the T68". Manchester Evening News. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ "Manchester Metrolink 1007". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ Oliver Green (31 October 2016). Rails in the Road: A History of Tramways in Britain and Ireland. Pen and Sword. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4738-6941-7. ^ a b "Manchester L53". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ Haile, Deborah(2008) All aboard after 25 years, 28 March, Manchester Evening News ^ "Blackpool Railcoach 680 / 280". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Blackpool 708 – Heaton Park Tramway". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 24 December 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heaton Park Tramway. Heaton Park Tramway - official site Heaton Park Tramway on Facebook vteUK light rail systemsTramwaysCurrent Blackpool Tramway Edinburgh Trams London Trams Manchester Metrolink Nottingham Express Transit South Yorkshire Supertram West Midlands Metro Proposed Coventry Very Light Rail South Wales Metro Sutton Link West Yorkshire Wirral Street Car Cancelled Abbey Line Bristol Supertram CITI Belfast Cross River Tram Leeds Supertram Merseytram Penistone Line Tram-Train West London Tram MetroCurrent Docklands Light Railway Glasgow Subway Tyne and Wear Metro Proposed North and West London Light Railway West London Orbital People mover Birmingham Air-Rail Link Gatwick Airport Shuttle Transit Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit Stansted Airport Transit System Luton DART Preserved Beamish Museum Black Country Living Museum East Anglia Transport Museum Great Orme Tramway Heaton Park Tramway National Tramway Museum Seaton Tramway Summerlee Museum Telford steam tram Wirral Transport Museum Wirral Tramway 53°31′56″N 2°14′58″W / 53.5322°N 2.2495°W / 53.5322; -2.2495

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heaton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton_Park"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Heritage tramway in Manchester, EnglandThe Heaton Park Tramway is a heritage tramway that operates within Heaton Park, a large municipal park in the English city of Manchester. It is operated by the Manchester Transport Museum Society, a registered charity.In normal times, the tramway operates on Sunday afternoons between March and mid-November and on Saturday afternoons between May and mid-September. Operation may be suspended whilst major events are being held in the park, and was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic although the tramway has now reopened.[2]","title":"Heaton Park Tramway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heaton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Manchester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Manchester Corporation Tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Corporation_Tramways"},{"link_name":"waiting shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram_stop"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hphist-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hptabout-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manchester Corporation Tramways 765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Corporation_Tramways_765"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hptabout-4"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hptabout-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tramway_about-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heaton_Park_Tramway,_Manchester_765_%26_Stockport_5.jpg"}],"text":"Heaton Park was originally the private landscape park surrounding Heaton Hall, but was sold to Manchester City Council in 1902 for use as a municipal park. Shortly after the park was bought by the council, a branch of Manchester Corporation Tramways was built 280 yards (260 m) into the park from the existing tramway on Middleton Road. A large waiting shelter was constructed at the end of this branch, and the first tram arrived on 31 May 1903. By 1934 buses were taking over from trams and the stub tramway into the park was disconnected from the main system and covered in tarmac for use by buses.[3][4][5]The Manchester Transport Museum Society (MTMS) was founded as a registered charity in the early 1960s, with the aim of the preservation of documents and artifacts relating to public transport in the Manchester region. An early project of the society was the restoration of Manchester Corporation Tramways 765, with aspirations to operate the car in Manchester, and identified Heaton Park as a possible site.[4]In the 1970s the society approached the city council with this idea. The initial plan, to construct a tramway from Grand Lodge to Heaton Hall, was considered too expensive, as it would require remedial works to carry it across the railway tunnel. A new scheme was proposed to open up the old Manchester Corporation Tramways spur from Middleton Road to the old tram shelter. The original track was buried under a layer of tarmac which was cleared and the tram shelter restored and modified to form a depot and museum. Work was completed in 1979 and the Heaton Park Tramway was officially opened on 28 March 1980.[4][6]Since 1980, the museum tramway has been extended further into the park on three occasions, using track salvaged from elsewhere, and is now 0.52 miles long. The most recent extension was in 2011 and reaches the boathouse and lake. A new tram depot has been constructed at this terminus. Additionally, major restoration of the original depot and museum complex was completed in 2007.[7]Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester 765 & Stockport 5","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tramcars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Permanent collection","text":"The following trams form the permanent collection of the Heaton Park Tramway:","title":"Tramcars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former Fleet","title":"Tramcars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other visitors","text":"Trams that have visited the line include:Blackpool & Fleetwood No. 40 single-decker built in 1914.\nBlackpool No. 225 Boat open-decker built in 1934.\nOporto No. 196 single-decker built in 1935.\nMarton Box No. 31 open-topper built in 1901. (The first Double Decker to run at the park since 1925).\nBlackpool No. 706 Balloon open-topper built in 1934.","title":"Tramcars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Overhauls to Stockport 5 are now complete, Vanguard 619 is now the main focus of priority for the tramway. A funding appeal will soon start for extension of the Lakeside depot in order to provide space for the T68 being preserved to move to the tramway. Future projects include the restoration of Manchester Corporation Tramways open top tram 173 built in 1901, Blackpool Balloon 702, Oldham 43 built in 1902 and the Blackpool railgrinder No. 752. Plans exist for a further extension of the tramway towards Heaton Park Metrolink stop.[citation needed]","title":"Projects"}]

[{"image_text":"Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester 765 & Stockport 5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Heaton_Park_Tramway%2C_Manchester_765_%26_Stockport_5.jpg/220px-Heaton_Park_Tramway%2C_Manchester_765_%26_Stockport_5.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tram%2C_Heaton_Park.jpg/100px-Tram%2C_Heaton_Park.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway About\". Heaton Park Tramway. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://hptramway.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the park\". Manchester City Council. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500306/heaton_park/6934/history","url_text":"\"History of the park\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 5 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hptramway.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trams in Heaton Park\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421194340/http://mtms.tjhyde.co.uk/trams_in_heaton_park.htm","url_text":"\"Trams in Heaton Park\""},{"url":"http://mtms.tjhyde.co.uk/trams_in_heaton_park.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester - Home\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081546/http://www.heatonparktramway.btik.com/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway, Manchester - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btik.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway About\". Heaton Park Tramway. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hull 96 / Leeds 6\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000108/http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Hull96Leeds6","url_text":"\"Hull 96 / Leeds 6\""},{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Hull96Leeds6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool Brush Car 623 / 286\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200217235702/http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Blackpool623286","url_text":"\"Blackpool Brush Car 623 / 286\""},{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Blackpool623286","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester 765\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Manchester%20765","url_text":"\"Manchester 765\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Stockport 5\". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/stockport-5/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Stockport 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 619\". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/blackpool-619/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 619\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rawtenstall 23\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Rawtenstall23","url_text":"\"Rawtenstall 23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oldham 43\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Oldham43","url_text":"\"Oldham 43\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester 173\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Manchester173","url_text":"\"Manchester 173\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 702\". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/blackpool-balloon-239-702/","url_text":"\"Heaton Park Tramway Blackpool 702\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool Railgrinder 752\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Blackpool752","url_text":"\"Blackpool Railgrinder 752\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic day as Metrolink tram enthusiasts make final trip on the T68\". Manchester Evening News. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/metrolink-tram-t68-final-video-7173314","url_text":"\"Historic day as Metrolink tram enthusiasts make final trip on the T68\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News","url_text":"Manchester Evening News"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester Metrolink 1007\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000118/http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Metrolink1007","url_text":"\"Manchester Metrolink 1007\""},{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Metrolink1007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oliver Green (31 October 2016). Rails in the Road: A History of Tramways in Britain and Ireland. Pen and Sword. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4738-6941-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vj2GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38","url_text":"Rails in the Road: A History of Tramways in Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-6941-7","url_text":"978-1-4738-6941-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester L53\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Manchester%20L53","url_text":"\"Manchester L53\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool Railcoach 680 / 280\". Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heatonparktramway.btck.co.uk/The%20Trams/Blackpool680280","url_text":"\"Blackpool Railcoach 680 / 280\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool 708 – Heaton Park Tramway\". Heaton Park Tramway. Manchester Transport Museum Society. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hptramway.co.uk/new/blackpool-708/","url_text":"\"Blackpool 708 – Heaton Park Tramway\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_Instructor_Ribbon

Drill Instructor Ribbon

["1 Marine Corps","2 Navy","3 Air Force and Space Force","4 Army and Coast Guard","5 References","6 External links"]

A Drill Instructor Ribbon is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which is issued by the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Space Force, and U.S. Marine Corps. The Drill Instructor Ribbon recognizes those service members who are trained and qualified as military instructors to new recruits during initial basic training. Marine Corps U.S. Marine Corps Drill Instructor RibbonMarine Corps Drill Instructor RibbonTypeRibbonPresented bythe Department of the NavyEligibilityThree years of service as a USMC drill instructor (or equivalent) at recruit training or officer candidates schoolStatusCurrentFirst awardedJuly 15, 1997 (retroactive to October 6, 1952)PrecedenceNext (higher)Marine Corps Recruiting Service RibbonNext (lower)Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon The U.S. Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon was created in July 1997 and recognizes those members of the United States Marine Corps who have successfully trained and qualified as Marine Corps Drill Instructors. To qualify, a Marine must hold the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of 0911 (Drill Instructor) or must have served a successful tour of duty in one of the following positions: Recruit Training Battalion Commander, Executive Officer, S-3, or Sergeant Major. Recruit Training Company Commander, Series Commander, or Assistant Series Commander. Marine Corps Officer Candidate Company First Sergeant, Company Gunnery Sergeant, or Platoon Commander. Naval Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) First Sergeant, Battalion Gunnery Sergeant, or Class Drill Instructor (Navy AOCS has since been disestablished). Furthermore, the duties of the Marine's billet must be executed satisfactorily for a minimum period of 20 months, for those who received their 8511 MOS before December 1996 or 30 months, for those who receive their 0911 MOS on or after 1 December 1996. The Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon is retroactively authorized to October 6, 1952. Multiple awards of the ribbon are denoted by service stars. Navy Navy Accession Training Service RibbonNavy Accession Training Service RibbonTypeRibbonPresented bythe Department of the NavyEligibilityCompletion of a tour of duty at a Navy training commandStatusCurrentFirst awardedMarch 1998 (retroactive to October 1995)PrecedenceNext (higher)Navy Recruiting Service RibbonNext (lower)Armed Forces Reserve Medal The Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon was created in March 1998 by order of the Secretary of the Navy. The ribbon is retroactive to October 1995 and recognizes those officers and enlisted members of the United States (U.S.) Navy who meet the following criteria: (1) Must have successfully completed the prescribed tour of duty at one of the following commands: (a) Naval Service Training Command (NSTC), (b) Recruit Training Command,(c) Officer Training Command, (d) Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps Units, (e) United States Naval Academy (USNA), (f) United States Naval Academy Preparatory School (2) Must have maintained outstanding personal standards without any disciplinary incidents throughout the tour. (3) Must have completed the tour on or after 1 October 1995. Additional awards of the Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon are denoted by service stars. Air Force and Space Force Developmental Special Duty RibbonDevelopmental Special Duty RibbonTypeRibbonPresented bythe Department of the Air ForceEligibilityAny consecutive years of service as a USAF or USSF military training instructor (or equivalent) at recruit training or officer instruction schoolStatusActiveFirst awarded2014PrecedenceNext (lower)Armed Forces Reserve Medal The Developmental Special Duty Ribbon is the United States Air Force and United States Space Force equivalent of the Drill Instructor Ribbon, along with the recruiter ribbons. Created on 4 September 2014, the Special Duty Ribbon is awarded to any member of the Air Force or Space Force who completes any number of consecutive months of duty as a military training instructor or recruiter attached to Air Education and Training Command (AETC), the United States Air Force Academy, Space Training or Readiness Command, or the Air Force Recruiting Service. It may be awarded retroactively provided a service member was on active duty, or a member of a reserve component, as of December 1998. Former Air Force Military Training Instructor ribbon Additional awards of the Special Duty Ribbon are presented for each consecutive three year tour of duty as a military training instructor with such additional awards denoted by oak leaf clusters, and the award had replaced the previous Air Force Military Training Instructor Ribbon. The Air Force also presents the Air Education and Training Command Instructor Badge for those military instructors who so qualify. Both the instructor badge and the Special Duty ribbon may be awarded simultaneously for the same tour of service. Army and Coast Guard The U.S. Army and United States Coast Guard do not issue a ribbon award for those who are qualified drill instructors. The Army provides the Drill Sergeant Identification Badge while the Coast Guard provides the Company Commander Insignia. References ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-18. Retrieved 2018-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "SECNAVINST 1650.1H 2006 4-54 page 166" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-06-08. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2018-06-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Production publication" (PDF). static.e-publishing.af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2015-10-11. External links Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon criteria vteAwards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air ForceDecorations Medal of Honor Air Force Cross Distinguished Service Silver Star Medal Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Airman's Medal Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal Aerial Achievement Air and Space Commendation Air and Space Achievement Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation Gallant Unit Citation Meritorious Unit Air and Space Outstanding Unit Air and Space Organizational Excellence Service medals Combat Action Medal Combat Readiness Air Force Good Conduct Space Force Good Conduct  Remote Combat Effects Campaign Medal Air and Space Campaign Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal Service ribbons Outstanding Airman of the Year Air and Space Recognition Overseas Service Short Tour Overseas Service Long Tour Air and Space Expeditionary Service Air and Space Longevity Developmental Special Duty NCO PME Graduate Basic Training Honor Graduate Marksmanship Air and Space Training vteAwards and decorations of the United States Department of the NavyPersonal decorations Medal of Honor Navy Cross Navy Distinguished Service Silver Star Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Navy and Marine Corps Medal Bronze Star Purple Heart Meritorious Service Air Medal Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Combat Action Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation Navy Unit Commendation Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Navy E Ribbon Good Conduct medals Navy Good Conduct Marine Corps Good Conduct Selected Marine Corps Reserve Expeditionary medals Navy Expeditionary Marine Corps Expeditionary Service ribbon awards Sea Service Naval Reserve Sea Service Arctic Service Antarctica Service Overseas Service Navy Recruiting Service Marine Corps Recruiting Service Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon Marine Corps Drill Instructor Marine Corps Security Guard Marine Corps Combat Instructor Navy Ceremonial Duty Navy Basic Military Training Honor Graduate Marksmanship Navy Expert Rifleman Medal Navy Sharpshooter Rifle Ribbon Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal Navy Sharpshooter Pistol Shot Ribbon Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drill Instructor Ribbon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Occupational Specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Occupational_Specialty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Series Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_Commander"},{"link_name":"service stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"}],"text":"The U.S. Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon was created in July 1997 and recognizes those members of the United States Marine Corps who have successfully trained and qualified as Marine Corps Drill Instructors. To qualify, a Marine must hold the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of 0911 (Drill Instructor) or must have served a successful tour of duty in one of the following positions:[2]Recruit Training Battalion Commander, Executive Officer, S-3, or Sergeant Major.\nRecruit Training Company Commander, Series Commander, or Assistant Series Commander.\nMarine Corps Officer Candidate Company First Sergeant, Company Gunnery Sergeant, or Platoon Commander.\nNaval Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) First Sergeant, Battalion Gunnery Sergeant, or Class Drill Instructor (Navy AOCS has since been disestablished).Furthermore, the duties of the Marine's billet must be executed satisfactorily for a minimum period of 20 months, for those who received their 8511 MOS before December 1996 or 30 months, for those who receive their 0911 MOS on or after 1 December 1996.The Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon is retroactively authorized to October 6, 1952. Multiple awards of the ribbon are denoted by service stars.","title":"Marine Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"service stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"}],"text":"The Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon[3] was created in March 1998 by order of the Secretary of the Navy. The ribbon is retroactive to October 1995 and recognizes those officers and enlisted members of the United States (U.S.) Navy who meet the following criteria:(1) Must have successfully completed the prescribed tour of duty at one of the following commands: (a) Naval Service Training Command (NSTC), (b) Recruit Training Command,(c) Officer Training Command, (d) Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps Units, (e) United States Naval Academy (USNA), (f) United States Naval Academy Preparatory School(2) Must have maintained outstanding personal standards without any disciplinary incidents throughout the tour.(3) Must have completed the tour on or after 1 October 1995.Additional awards of the Navy Accession Training Service Ribbon are denoted by service stars.","title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Training or Readiness Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Training_or_Readiness_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_Training_Instructor_Ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Air Education and Training Command Instructor Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command_Instructor_Badge"}],"text":"The Developmental Special Duty Ribbon is the United States Air Force and United States Space Force equivalent of the Drill Instructor Ribbon, along with the recruiter ribbons. Created on 4 September 2014, the Special Duty Ribbon is awarded to any member of the Air Force or Space Force who completes any number of consecutive months of duty as a military training instructor or recruiter attached to Air Education and Training Command (AETC), the United States Air Force Academy, Space Training or Readiness Command, or the Air Force Recruiting Service. It may be awarded retroactively provided a service member was on active duty, or a member of a reserve component, as of December 1998.[citation needed]Former Air Force Military Training Instructor ribbonAdditional awards of the Special Duty Ribbon are presented for each consecutive three year tour of duty as a military training instructor with such additional awards denoted by oak leaf clusters, and the award had replaced the previous Air Force Military Training Instructor Ribbon.The Air Force also presents the Air Education and Training Command Instructor Badge for those military instructors who so qualify. Both the instructor badge and the Special Duty ribbon may be awarded simultaneously for the same tour of service.","title":"Air Force and Space Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Drill Sergeant Identification Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_Sergeant_Identification_Badge"}],"text":"The U.S. Army and United States Coast Guard do not issue a ribbon award for those who are qualified drill instructors. The Army provides the Drill Sergeant Identification Badge while the Coast Guard provides the Company Commander Insignia.","title":"Army and Coast Guard"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlasting_Regret

Everlasting Regret

["1 Cast","2 See also","3 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Everlasting Regret" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2005 Hong Kong filmEverlasting RegretDVD coverTraditional Chinese長恨歌Simplified Chinese长恨歌Hanyu PinyinCháng Hèn Gē Directed byStanley KwanWritten byElmond YeungBased onThe Song of Everlasting Sorrowby Wang AnyiProduced byJackie ChanWillie ChanFang JunXu PengleChen BaopingStarringSammi ChengTony LeungHu JunDaniel WuDistributed byHong Kong:Golden SceneJCE Movies LimitedSingapore:Shaw OrganisationFestive FilmsRelease date 29 September 2005 (2005-09-29) (Hong Kong) Running time115 minutesCountryHong KongLanguageMandarin Everlasting Regret is a 2005 Hong Kong film directed by Stanley Kwan, and produced by Jackie Chan. It is based on Wang Anyi's 1995 novel The Song of Everlasting Sorrow, about a woman's turbulent life in 20th century Shanghai. The film participated in the 62nd Venice International Film Festival and was shown at the 41st Chicago International Film Festival. Cast Sammi Cheng – Wang Qiyao Tony Leung Ka-fai – Cheng Shilu (Mr. Cheng) Hu Jun – Li Zhongde (Director Li) Daniel Wu – Kang Mingxun Huang Jue – "Old Colour" Su Yan – Jiang Lili Huang Yi – Weiwei Yumiko Cheng – Zhang Yonghong Wu Jing – Wang Qiyao's mother Lan Yan (as extra) See also Jackie Chan filmography External links Everlasting Regret at IMDb vteFilms directed by Stanley Kwan Women (1985) Love Unto Waste (1986) Rouge (1988) Full Moon in New York (1990) Center Stage (1991) Red Rose White Rose (1994) Yang ± Yin: Gender in Chinese Cinema (1996) Hold You Tight (1998) Lan Yu (2001) Everlasting Regret (2005) vteWorks by Wang AnyiNovels Lapse of Time (1982) The Song of Everlasting Sorrow (1995) Screenplay Temptress Moon (1996) Love After Love (2020) Adaptations The Zhang Family's Daughter-in-Law (1985) Everlasting Regret (2005) To Live to Love (2006) See alsoRu Zhijuan (mother) This article related to a Hong Kong film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Jackie Chan filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan_filmography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_tree

Binary expression tree

["1 Construction of an expression tree","1.1 Example","2 Algebraic expressions","3 Boolean expressions","4 See also","5 References"]

Binary tree representing a mathematical expression A binary expression tree is a specific kind of a binary tree used to represent expressions. Two common types of expressions that a binary expression tree can represent are algebraic and boolean. These trees can represent expressions that contain both unary and binary operators. Like any binary tree, each node of a binary expression tree has zero, one, or two children. This restricted structure simplifies the processing of expression trees. Construction of an expression tree Example The input in postfix notation is: a b + c d e + * * Since the first two symbols are operands, one-node trees are created and pointers to them are pushed onto a stack. For convenience the stack will grow from left to right. Stack growing from left to right The next symbol is a '+'. It pops the two pointers to the trees, a new tree is formed, and a pointer to it is pushed onto the stack. Formation of a new tree Next, c, d, and e are read. A one-node tree is created for each and a pointer to the corresponding tree is pushed onto the stack. Creating a one-node tree Continuing, a '+' is read, and it merges the last two trees. Merging two trees Now, a '*' is read. The last two tree pointers are popped and a new tree is formed with a '*' as the root. Forming a new tree with a root Finally, the last symbol is read. The two trees are merged and a pointer to the final tree remains on the stack. Steps to construct an expression tree a b + c d e + * * Algebraic expressions Binary algebraic expression tree equivalent to ((5 + z) / -8) * (4 ^ 2) Algebraic expression trees represent expressions that contain numbers, variables, and unary and binary operators. Some of the common operators are × (multiplication), ÷ (division), + (addition), − (subtraction), ^ (exponentiation), and - (negation). The operators are contained in the internal nodes of the tree, with the numbers and variables in the leaf nodes. The nodes of binary operators have two child nodes, and the unary operators have one child node. Boolean expressions Binary boolean expression tree equivalent to ((true ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } false) ∧ {\displaystyle \land } ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } false) ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } (true ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } false)) Boolean expressions are represented very similarly to algebraic expressions, the only difference being the specific values and operators used. Boolean expressions use true and false as constant values, and the operators include ∧ {\displaystyle \land } (AND), ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } (OR), ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } (NOT). See also Expression (mathematics) Term (logic) Context-free grammar Parse tree Abstract syntax tree References ^ a b c Bruno R. Preiss (1998). "Expression Trees". Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2010. ^ Gopal, Arpita. Magnifying Data Structures. PHI Learning, 2010, p. 353.

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This restricted structure simplifies the processing of expression trees.","title":"Binary expression tree"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Construction of an expression tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-3.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-6.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-7.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-8.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gopal2010.353-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-9.svg"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"The input in postfix notation is: a b + c d e + * *\nSince the first two symbols are operands, one-node trees are created and pointers to them are pushed onto a stack. For convenience the stack will grow from left to right.Stack growing from left to rightThe next symbol is a '+'. It pops the two pointers to the trees, a new tree is formed, and a pointer to it is pushed onto the stack.Formation of a new treeNext, c, d, and e are read. A one-node tree is created for each and a pointer to the corresponding tree is pushed onto the stack.Creating a one-node treeContinuing, a '+' is read, and it merges the last two trees.Merging two treesNow, a '*' is read. The last two tree pointers are popped and a new tree is formed with a '*' as the root.Forming a new tree with a rootFinally, the last symbol is read. The two trees are merged and a pointer to the final tree remains on the stack.[2]Steps to construct an expression tree a b + c d e + * *","title":"Construction of an expression tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-12.svg"},{"link_name":"numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number"},{"link_name":"variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition"},{"link_name":"subtraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction"},{"link_name":"exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"negation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation"},{"link_name":"internal nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_node"},{"link_name":"leaf nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_nodes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brpreiss-1"},{"link_name":"child nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_nodes"}],"text":"Binary algebraic expression tree equivalent to ((5 + z) / -8) * (4 ^ 2)Algebraic expression trees represent expressions that contain numbers, variables, and unary and binary operators. Some of the common operators are × (multiplication), ÷ (division), + (addition), − (subtraction), ^ (exponentiation), and - (negation). The operators are contained in the internal nodes of the tree, with the numbers and variables in the leaf nodes.[1] The nodes of binary operators have two child nodes, and the unary operators have one child node.","title":"Algebraic expressions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-tree-ex-13.svg"},{"link_name":"AND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_and"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_or"},{"link_name":"NOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_not"}],"text":"Binary boolean expression tree equivalent to ((true \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n false) \n \n \n \n ∧\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\land }\n \n \n \n \n \n ¬\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg }\n \nfalse) \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n (true \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n false))Boolean expressions are represented very similarly to algebraic expressions, the only difference being the specific values and operators used. Boolean expressions use true and false as constant values, and the operators include \n \n \n \n ∧\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\land }\n \n (AND), \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n (OR), \n \n \n \n ¬\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg }\n \n (NOT).","title":"Boolean expressions"}]

[{"image_text":"Stack growing from left to right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Exp-tree-ex-2.svg/180px-Exp-tree-ex-2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Formation of a new tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Exp-tree-ex-3.svg/229px-Exp-tree-ex-3.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Creating a one-node tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Exp-tree-ex-6.svg/359px-Exp-tree-ex-6.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Merging two trees","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Exp-tree-ex-7.svg/429px-Exp-tree-ex-7.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Forming a new tree with a root","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Exp-tree-ex-8.svg/503px-Exp-tree-ex-8.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Steps to construct an expression tree a b + c d e + * *","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Exp-tree-ex-9.svg/503px-Exp-tree-ex-9.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Binary algebraic expression tree equivalent to ((5 + z) / -8) * (4 ^ 2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Exp-tree-ex-12.svg/270px-Exp-tree-ex-12.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Binary boolean expression tree equivalent to ((true \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n false) \n \n \n \n ∧\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\land }\n \n \n \n \n \n ¬\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg }\n \nfalse) \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n (true \n \n \n \n ∨\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lor }\n \n false))","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Exp-tree-ex-13.svg/270px-Exp-tree-ex-13.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Expression (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Term (logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_(logic)"},{"title":"Context-free grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar"},{"title":"Parse tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree"},{"title":"Abstract syntax tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Oxford

The Encyclopaedia of Oxford

["1 See also","2 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Encyclopaedia of Oxford" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Encyclopaedia of Oxford is an encyclopaedia covering the history of Oxford in England. The book was published by Macmillan in 1988 (ISBN 0-333-39917-X). It was edited by the Oxford-educated historian Christopher Hibbert with the help of the associate editor, his brother Edward Hibbert. The encyclopaedia was published in hardback and then a paperback version (Papermac, reissued in 1992, ISBN 0-333-48614-5), but only one edition was produced and copies are now sought, typically selling for more than the original selling price of £25 for the hardback edition, even in paperback form. The book mainly consists of detailed historical entries in alphabetical order. Many entries concern architecture and buildings, and the University of Oxford and its colleges. Appendices include lists of notable people who have held important offices associated with Oxford, especially the University, in date order. See also The London Encyclopaedia, also edited by Christopher Hibbert References ^ Phillips, David (1990). "Seats of Learning: Oxford and Cambridge in Recent Studies". Oxford Review of Education. 16 (1). Taylor & Francis: 121–129. doi:10.1080/0305498900160111. JSTOR 1050147. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Oxford (Paperback). ASIN 0333486145. ^ "The Encyclopaedia of Oxford". Abe Books. Retrieved 14 January 2012. ^ Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford An Architectural Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198174233. This article about an encyclopedia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This article about a non-fiction book on English history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"The London Encyclopaedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Encyclopaedia"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Napoli

Tommaso Napoli

["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 Sources"]

Italian architect (1659–1725) Villa Valguarnera, begun in 1712, for Marianna del Bosco (Princess of Cattolica). Villa Palagonia. "Dei Monstri" a series of sculpture of Grotesques which adorn the parapet of the villa Tommaso Maria Napoli (16 April 1659 – 12 June 1725) was an Italian architect, Dominican Order friar, engineer and mathematician. Biography Born at Palermo, Tommaso Napoli received his training under Andrea Cirrincione as a novitiate in the Convento di San Domenico. His first architectural experience was in the construction of the church of San Domenico designed by Cirrincione. Napoli, the son of silversmith, was fervent member of the Dominican order and published at least two treatise on civil and military architecture. He travelled extensively including stays in Naples, Rome, Vienna, and Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). He visited Vienna on numerous occasions often in service to the Imperial Court. From 1689 to 1700 he was the official architect of the Republic of Ragusa. He assisted in the ongoing reconstruction of that city after the earthquake of 1667. He made significant contributions to the construction of the new Cathedral, altering the plans made by Bufalini, and to the Rector's palace where in 1691-2 he designed the new chapel. He returned to Palermo by 1711 and served as the Military Architect of the City and later as Architect of Royal Patrimony. He brought to Sicily an understanding of the baroque architecture of the Austrian empire, especially the works of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, best known for his design of Schönbrunn Palace. However Napoli's works also have affinities with the architecture of Carlo Fontana and his contemporaries and followers in Rome especially the Accademia di San Luca. Works Tommaso Maria Napoli is best known for two villas in Bagheria, Sicily, which set him apart from his Sicilian contemporaries. These villas are the Villa Valguarnera begun in 1712 for Marianna del Bosco (Princess of Cattolica), and the Villa Palagonia begun in 1715 for Ferdinando Francesco Gravina, Prince of Palagonia. Valguarnera, built around a courtyard with long curving arms that reference both the earlier villas of Palladio and Bernini's Piazza for St. Peter's in Rome. The three storeyed main facade of the villa has a concave bay at its centre, in which is set an external staircase leading to the piano nobile. The balustraded roof line is adorned by statuary. The piece de resistance of the villa however, is a large terrace and parterre, also designed by Napoli, overlooking the bay and Solunto, this is considered to be the finest view in Sicily. The Villa Palagonia, the larger and more complex of the two, has curved facades of two storeys. The piano nobile is denoted by large arched windows. The rear facade is a great curve, flanked by two straight wings. The plan is a modified pentagon and so recalls renaissance models like Vignola's Caprarola and other fortified villas. A prominent feature of the villa is the external staircase. Of even more complex design than the stairs in the concave at Valguarnera, a double staircase consisting of straight flights, which repeatedly change direction against the straight and curves of the villa's external walls. It is not clear if either of these staircase designs should be attributed to Napoli as they were constructed in later decades. Similarly, the interior of the villa with polychrome marble walls and mirrored ceilings was completed long after Napoli's presence. The Villa Palagonia was a favorite stop for travellers on the Grand Tour like Patrick Brydone, the Comte de Borch, Goethe, and John Soane among many others. Napoli also designed the piazza in front of the church of San Domenico in Palermo with its column dedicated to the Immacolata. He received imperial support from the court in Vienna for this project. The design for the column was altered after Napoli's death by Giovanni Biagio Amico. At the now destroyed Convent of the Sette Angeli in Palermo he designed and completed a protected terrace that allowed the cloistered nuns to view the dramatic procession of Santa Rosalia. He published two short treatises: Utriusque Architecturae Compendium... (1688) and Breve ristretto dell'architettura militare... (1723). References ^ "NAPOLI, Tomaso Maria in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-02-26. ^ K. Horvat-Levaj, "Baroque Reconstruction of the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik," Dubrovnik Annals n.10 (2006) ^ E. H. Neil, "L'Architetto Tomaso Maria Napoli o. p. (1659-1725) in Ferdinando Sanfelice, Napoli e l'Europaa cura di Alfonso Gambardella (Naples, 2004) ^ E. H. Neil, "Architects and Architecture in 17th & 18th century Palermo" in Annali di Architetturan.7 pp.159 - 176. Sources Blunt, Anthony (1968). Sicilian Baroque. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 WorldCat 2 National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Artists ULAN People Italian People Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Cattolica_in_Bagheria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa Valguarnera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Valguarnera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommaso_Napoli,_Villa_Palagonia_(Bagheria).jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa Palagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Palagonia"},{"link_name":"Grotesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesque"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"}],"text":"Villa Valguarnera, begun in 1712, for Marianna del Bosco (Princess of Cattolica).Villa Palagonia. \"Dei Monstri\" a series of sculpture of Grotesques which adorn the parapet of the villaTommaso Maria Napoli (16 April 1659 – 12 June 1725)[1] was an Italian architect, Dominican Order friar, engineer and mathematician.","title":"Tommaso Napoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Dominican order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_order"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Rector's palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace,_Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"link_name":"Accademia di San Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born at Palermo, Tommaso Napoli received his training under Andrea Cirrincione as a novitiate in the Convento di San Domenico. His first architectural experience was in the construction of the church of San Domenico designed by Cirrincione. Napoli, the son of silversmith, was fervent member of the Dominican order and published at least two treatise on civil and military architecture. He travelled extensively including stays in Naples, Rome, Vienna, and Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). He visited Vienna on numerous occasions often in service to the Imperial Court. From 1689 to 1700 he was the official architect of the Republic of Ragusa. He assisted in the ongoing reconstruction of that city after the earthquake of 1667. He made significant contributions to the construction of the new Cathedral, altering the plans made by Bufalini, and to the Rector's palace where in 1691-2 he designed the new chapel.[2] He returned to Palermo by 1711 and served as the Military Architect of the City and later as Architect of Royal Patrimony. He brought to Sicily an understanding of the baroque architecture of the Austrian empire, especially the works of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, best known for his design of Schönbrunn Palace. However Napoli's works also have affinities with the architecture of Carlo Fontana and his contemporaries and followers in Rome especially the Accademia di San Luca.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"Bagheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheria"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Villa Valguarnera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Valguarnera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villa Palagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Palagonia"},{"link_name":"Prince of Palagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Palagonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladio"},{"link_name":"facade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"concave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Concave"},{"link_name":"piano nobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_nobile"},{"link_name":"terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(gardening)"},{"link_name":"parterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"Solunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solunto"},{"link_name":"Villa Palagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Palagonia"},{"link_name":"piano nobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_nobile"},{"link_name":"double staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_staircase"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"Patrick Brydone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Brydone"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe"},{"link_name":"John Soane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Soane"}],"text":"Tommaso Maria Napoli is best known for two villas in Bagheria, Sicily, which set him apart from his Sicilian contemporaries. These villas are the Villa Valguarnera begun in 1712 for Marianna del Bosco (Princess of Cattolica), and the Villa Palagonia begun in 1715 for Ferdinando Francesco Gravina, Prince of Palagonia.[4]Valguarnera, built around a courtyard with long curving arms that reference both the earlier villas of Palladio and Bernini's Piazza for St. Peter's in Rome. The three storeyed main facade of the villa has a concave bay at its centre, in which is set an external staircase leading to the piano nobile. The balustraded roof line is adorned by statuary. The piece de resistance of the villa however, is a large terrace and parterre, also designed by Napoli, overlooking the bay and Solunto, this is considered to be the finest view in Sicily.The Villa Palagonia, the larger and more complex of the two, has curved facades of two storeys. The piano nobile is denoted by large arched windows. The rear facade is a great curve, flanked by two straight wings. The plan is a modified pentagon and so recalls renaissance models like Vignola's Caprarola and other fortified villas. A prominent feature of the villa is the external staircase. Of even more complex design than the stairs in the concave at Valguarnera, a double staircase consisting of straight flights, which repeatedly change direction against the straight and curves of the villa's external walls. It is not clear if either of these staircase designs should be attributed to Napoli as they were constructed in later decades. Similarly, the interior of the villa with polychrome marble walls and mirrored ceilings was completed long after Napoli's presence. The Villa Palagonia was a favorite stop for travellers on the Grand Tour like Patrick Brydone, the Comte de Borch, Goethe, and John Soane among many others.Napoli also designed the piazza in front of the church of San Domenico in Palermo with its column dedicated to the Immacolata. He received imperial support from the court in Vienna for this project. The design for the column was altered after Napoli's death by Giovanni Biagio Amico. At the now destroyed Convent of the Sette Angeli in Palermo he designed and completed a protected terrace that allowed the cloistered nuns to view the dramatic procession of Santa Rosalia.He published two short treatises: Utriusque Architecturae Compendium... (1688) and Breve ristretto dell'architettura militare... (1723).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1856909#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1934887/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000399757291"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96185194"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/294980030"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/3693867"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBqbXwHBHvg6McJ36Kb8d"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxjhFT8wc4tvm6rWGyh3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17110830n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17110830n"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/135597226"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/PALV056629"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013031718"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500071952"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tomaso-maria-napoli_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/241346061"}],"text":"Blunt, Anthony (1968). Sicilian Baroque. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\n3\nWorldCat\n2\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nUnited States\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian People\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Villa Valguarnera, begun in 1712, for Marianna del Bosco (Princess of Cattolica).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Villa_Cattolica_in_Bagheria.jpg/300px-Villa_Cattolica_in_Bagheria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Villa Palagonia. \"Dei Monstri\" a series of sculpture of Grotesques which adorn the parapet of the villa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tommaso_Napoli%2C_Villa_Palagonia_%28Bagheria%29.jpg/300px-Tommaso_Napoli%2C_Villa_Palagonia_%28Bagheria%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"NAPOLI, Tomaso Maria in \"Dizionario Biografico\"\". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treccani.it//enciclopedia/tomaso-maria-napoli_(Dizionario-Biografico)","url_text":"\"NAPOLI, Tomaso Maria in \"Dizionario Biografico\"\""}]},{"reference":"Blunt, Anthony (1968). Sicilian Baroque. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfport_Veterans_Administration_Medical_Center_Historic_District

Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District

["1 History","2 Contributing resources","3 Development","3.1 Mississippi bicentennial celebration","3.2 Resort development","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 30°22′41″N 89°03′08″W / 30.37806°N 89.05222°W / 30.37806; -89.05222Historic district in Mississippi, United States United States historic placeGulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesMississippi Landmark Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District in 2005Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center location in MississippiShow map of MississippiGulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocation200 Beach Blvd, Gulfport, MississippiCoordinates30°22′41″N 89°03′08″W / 30.37806°N 89.05222°W / 30.37806; -89.05222Area48 acres (19 ha)Built1920 to 1950Architectural styleSpanish Colonial RevivalNRHP reference No.13001080USMS No.047-GLF-2400-NR-MLSignificant datesAdded to NRHPJanuary 15, 2014Designated USMSJuly 23, 2010 Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District, also known as Centennial Plaza, is a 48-acre (19 ha) compound located in Gulfport, Mississippi. The facility operated as a medical center under the Veterans Administration from the 1920s until 2005, when damage from Hurricane Katrina resulted in its closure. The property was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 2010 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. History Development of the property began in 1916, when it was selected as the site for Mississippi's centennial statehood celebration. The centennial exposition was set to open in the autumn of 1917, but with the advent of World War I, the event was never held. In support of the war, Mississippi leased the property, including the temporary centennial exhibition buildings, to the U.S. Navy for use as a training facility. When the war ended, the U.S. Public Health Service took over the lease, and in 1921, opened a hospital for neuropsychiatric care of military servicemen. In 1922, the hospital was transferred to the U.S. Veterans' Bureau. That same year, the Bureau purchased the property from the State of Mississippi and began construction of several buildings that were completed in 1923. As time passed, medical services increased and additional buildings were constructed to accommodate more veterans. The medical center continued to operate into the 21st century, but closed after Hurricane Katrina's storm surge caused the collapse of one structure and flooding of the other buildings to a depth of 4 feet (1.2 m). Following storm cleanup, the Veterans Administration transferred the property to the City of Gulfport in 2009. Contributing resources The historic district contains twelve contributing resources, ten of which are historic buildings that were constructed between 1920 and 1950 in Spanish Colonial Revival architectural style. The historic buildings were constructed using poured concrete, terra cotta brick with stucco finishes, and terra cotta tile roofs. In the post-hurricane cleanup, the interiors of all ten buildings were gutted in preparation for future renovation. The two contributing resources that are not buildings include the main entry gates and the site landscape which incorporated southern live oaks around the perimeter of each building. The ten historic buildings are as follows: Location of historic buildings within the Medical Center campus Description BuildingNo. Yearconstructed Main medical building B1 1923 Kitchen & dining hall B2 1923 Ward B B3 1923 Ward C B4 1923 Ward D B5 1923 Infirmary B41 1937 Hospital building B57 1946 Ward G B62 1931 Chapel B63 1931 Administration building B64 1931 Development Development of the property as a community oriented marketplace, utilized existing buildings to create retail outlets, restaurants, and hotels. Mississippi bicentennial celebration The bicentennial celebration for south Mississippi was held at Centennial Plaza on March 31 and April 1, 2017. During the event, the U. S. Postal Service introduced a first-day-of-issue forever stamp to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Mississippi statehood. Approximately 25,000 people attended the two-day celebration. Chapel Event Center, Centennial Plaza Resort development In August 2019, Centennial Plaza Resort opened to the public. The US$100 million development included renovation of 10 historical buildings within the 48-acre (19 ha) complex. When the new resort opened, it had two hotels containing over 200 rooms, two full-service restaurants, a 3-acre (1.2 ha) water park (splash pads, slides, pool), and a wedding chapel so as to accommodate both business and family clientele. References ^ a b National Park Service listing of properties for the National Register of Historic Places (January 24, 2014) Retrieved 2014-02-12 ^ "Mississippi Landmarks" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2014. ^ a b c d e National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form−Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District Retrieved 2014-02-11 ^ a b c Biloxi Veterans Affairs Medical Center−A Historical Perspective Retrieved 2014-02-11 ^ Plan in the works to bring new life to Centennial Plaza Retrieved 2014-02-14 ^ a b Pfister, Tom (August 9, 2019). "$100 Million, 48-Acre Resort Opens On Mississippi Gulf Coast". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2019. ^ Steve Phillips (March 31, 2017). "Thousands enjoy day 1 of Bicentennial Celebration". WLOX (Raycom Media). Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ Roy Betts (March 31, 2017). "Happy Birthday Mississippi! - Postal Service Issues New Forever Stamp Celebrating Mississippi Statehood's 200th Anniversary". GlobeNewswire, Inc. Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ Kristen Durand (April 4, 2017). "Bicentennial Celebration Appreciation". WXXV25 ( WXXV-TV and Morris Networks of Mississippi). Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ Landry, Chet (August 2, 2019). "Centennial Plaza prepares to open its door to the public on Monday". wlox.com. Retrieved October 27, 2019. External links Media related to Gulfport Veterans Administration Medical Center Historic District at Wikimedia Commons Centennial Plaza website vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category

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The ten historic buildings are as follows:[3]Location of historic buildings within the Medical Center campus","title":"Contributing resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-6"}],"text":"Development of the property as a community oriented marketplace, utilized existing buildings to create retail outlets, restaurants, and hotels.[5][6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"U. S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishlak

Kishlak

["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]

For another meaning, see Yaylak. For Azerbaijani settlements, see Qışlaq. For settlements in Iran, see Qeshlaq. A kishlak near Samarkand of early 1900s Kishlak or qishlaq (Uzbek: qishloq, Turkmen: gyşlag, Turkish: kışlak, Azerbaijani: qışlaq, Persian: قشلاق), or qıştaq (Kyrgyz: кыштак) qıstaw (Kazakh: қыстау) is a rural settlement of semi-nomadic Turkic peoples of Central Asia and Azerbaijan. The meaning of the term is "wintering place" in Turkic languages (derives from Turkic qış - winter). The converse term is yaylaq, a summer pasture. Traditionally, a clay/mud fence (dewal, duval, from Persian: دیوار divār) surrounds a kishlak. The term may be seen in the toponyms, such as Afgan-Kishlak (Uzbekistan), Yangi-Kishlak (Turkmenistan), Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan), Qışlaq (Azerbaijan) or Qeshlaq in Iran (such as Qeshlaq, Qareh Qeshlaq, and Qeshlaq Khas). Gallery Kishlak in Djizak region of Uzbekistan Mountain village in Tajikistan Sap village in Navoi region of Uzbekistan The village of Bobosurkhon in the Gissar district of Tajikistan Kishlak Nilu in Gissar district of Tajikistan Shohon village in the Gissar district of Tajikistan Mirankul kishlak in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan Elok village in Faizabad district of Tajikistan See also Aul References ^ "Kishlak" Archived 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Central Asia This Central Asia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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For Azerbaijani settlements, see Qışlaq. For settlements in Iran, see Qeshlaq.A kishlak near Samarkand of early 1900sKishlak or qishlaq (Uzbek: qishloq, Turkmen: gyşlag, Turkish: kışlak, Azerbaijani: qışlaq, Persian: قشلاق), or qıştaq (Kyrgyz: кыштак) qıstaw (Kazakh: қыстау) is a rural settlement of semi-nomadic Turkic peoples of Central Asia and Azerbaijan. The meaning of the term is \"wintering place\" in Turkic languages (derives from Turkic qış - winter).[1]The converse term is yaylaq, a summer pasture.Traditionally, a clay/mud fence (dewal, duval, from Persian: دیوار divār) surrounds a kishlak.The term may be seen in the toponyms, such as Afgan-Kishlak (Uzbekistan), Yangi-Kishlak (Turkmenistan), Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan), Qışlaq (Azerbaijan) or Qeshlaq in Iran (such as Qeshlaq, Qareh Qeshlaq, and Qeshlaq Khas).","title":"Kishlak"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)_03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sap_village.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kishlak_in_Miranqul_mountains.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA-10.05.2015.jpg"}],"text":"Kishlak in Djizak region of Uzbekistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMountain village in Tajikistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSap village in Navoi region of Uzbekistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe village of Bobosurkhon in the Gissar district of Tajikistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKishlak Nilu in Gissar district of Tajikistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShohon village in the Gissar district of Tajikistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMirankul kishlak in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElok village in Faizabad district of Tajikistan","title":"Gallery"}]

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[{"title":"Aul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aul"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Janusz_Zas%C5%82awski

Aleksander Janusz Zasławski

["1 Biography","2 Ancestry","3 References","4 External links"]

Aleksander Janusz ZasławskiCoat of armsOstrogskiBorn1650Died1682FamilyZasławski-OstrogskiFatherWładysław Dominik Zasławski h. OstrogskiMotherKatarzyna Sobieska h. Janina Prince Aleksander Janusz Zasławski-Ostrogski (1650–1682) was the last male representative of the Ostrogski princely line. He was the 4th ordynat of the Ostrogski Family Fee Tail. Biography Son of Prince Władysław Dominik Zasławski and Katarzyna Sobieska, daughter of magnate Voivode of Bełz and Ruthenia Jakub Sobieski h. Janina, the sister of King of Poland Jan III Sobieski. In 1669, he aspired to become Polish King by election but, in the event, the throne went to Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1670, Prince Zasławski founded a Jurydyka in Warsaw on Magdeburg rights, which was named Alexandria in his honour. In this place was built Palace by Janusz Ostrogski. Alexander died in 1682 leaving no successors, whole fortune of both Ostrogski and Zasławski families was inherited by Józef Karol Lubomirski because of his marriage to Teofila Ludwika Zasławska, sister of Aleksander Janusz Zasławski. Ancestry Zofia Teofillia DaniłowiczJakub SobieskiEufrozyna OstrogskaAleksander Zasławski Katarzyna SobieskaWładysław Dominik Zasławski Aleksander Janusz Zasławski References ^ According to some sources, Aleksander was the son of Katarzyna Sobieska and her lover, probably Prince Dymitr Wiśniowiecki (1631-1682) ^ "Wolne Elekcje" (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-25. ^ "Genealogia dynastyczna". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-01-02. External links Marek, Miroslav. "Tree of Ostrozky house". Genealogy.EU. Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_sorrel

Sorrel

["1 Description","2 Subspecies","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Pests","5 Uses","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae This article is about common sorrel. For the "sorrel of the Caribbean", see Roselle (plant). For other uses, see Sorrel (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sorrel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sorrel Plant habit, Muséum de Toulouse Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Polygonaceae Genus: Rumex Species: R. acetosa Binomial name Rumex acetosaL. Synonyms Acetosa agrestis Raf. Acetosa amplexicaulis Raf. Acetosa angustata Raf. Acetosa bidentula Raf. Acetosa fontanopaludosa (Kalela) Holub Acetosa hastifolia Schur Acetosa hastulata Raf. Acetosa magna Gilib. Acetosa officinalis Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. Acetosa olitoria Raf. Acetosa pratensis Garsault nom. inval. Acetosa pratensis Mill. Acetosa subalpina Schur Rumex biformis Lange Rumex fontanopaludosus Kalela Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), also called common sorrel or garden sorrel, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Polygonaceae. Other names for sorrel include spinach dock and narrow-leaved dock ("dock" being a common name for the genus Rumex). Sorrel is native to Eurasia and a common plant in grassland habitats. It is often cultivated as a leaf vegetable or herb. Description Sorrel is a slender herbaceous perennial plant about 60 centimetres (24 inches) high, with roots that run deep into the ground, as well as juicy stems and arrow-shaped (sagittate) leaves which grow from a rosette. The lower leaves are 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in length with long petioles and a membranous ocrea formed of fused, sheathing stipules. The upper leaves are sessile, (growing directly from the stem without a petiole) and frequently become crimson. It has whorled spikes of reddish-green flowers, which bloom in early summer, becoming purplish. The species is dioecious, with stamens and pistils on different plants. Sorrel plant in Ab Pakhsh Leaves Buds Flowers Close-up of subsp. acetosa flowers Close-up of subsp. acetosa nuts Subspecies Several subspecies have been named. Not all are cultivated. Rumex acetosa subsp. acetosa Rumex acetosa subsp. ambiguus Rumex acetosa subsp. arifolius Rumex acetosa subsp. hibernicus Rumex acetosa subsp. hirtulus Rumex acetosa subsp. vinealis Distribution and habitat Rumex acetosa occurs in grassland habitats throughout Europe from the northern Mediterranean coast to the north of Scandinavia and in parts of Central Asia. It occurs as an introduced species in parts of New Zealand, Australia, and North America. It can grow in poor soil. Pests The leaves are eaten by the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) including the blood-vein moth, aphids and by non-specialized snails and slugs. Uses Sorrel soup with egg and croutons, part of Polish cuisine Common sorrel has been cultivated for centuries. The leaves are edible when young but toughen with age; they may be puréed in soups and sauces or added to salad. The plant has a distinct sharp, sour taste. In India, the leaves are used in soups or curries made with yellow lentils and peanuts. In Afghanistan, the leaves are coated in a wet batter and deep fried, then served as an appetizer or if in season during Ramadan, for breaking the fast. In Armenia, the leaves are collected in spring, woven into braids, and dried for use during winter. The most common preparation is aveluk soup, where the leaves are rehydrated and rinsed to reduce bitterness, then stewed with onions, potatoes, walnuts, garlic and bulgur wheat or lentils, and sometimes sour plums. Throughout eastern Europe, wild or garden sorrel is used to make sour soups, stewed with vegetables or herbs, meat or eggs. In rural Greece, it is used with spinach, leeks, and chard in spanakopita. "Escalope de saumon à l'oseille" (salmon escalope in sorrel sauce), invented in 1962 by the Troisgros brothers, is an emblematic dish of the French nouvelle cuisine. French cuisine traditionally cooks fish with sorrel because its acidity dissolves thin fish bones. In the Caribbean, "sorrel" is a type of sweet hibiscus tea commonly made from the roselle flower, but this plant from Western Africa is actually a form of hibiscus unrelated to the Eurasian sorrel herb. See also Wood sorrel (Oxalis), an unrelated genus. References ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", Theplantlist.org, retrieved 10 May 2016 ^ a b c d Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 446. ISBN 9780521707725. ^ a b c Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) . The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606. ^ a b Korpelainen, Helena; Pietiläinen, Maria (December 2020). "Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.): Not Only a Weed but a Promising Vegetable and Medicinal Plant". The Botanical Review. 86 (3–4): 241. doi:10.1007/s12229-020-09225-z. hdl:10138/326558. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 221110563. ^ Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 64. ISBN 978-1408179505. ^ "Global spread map". Linnaeus.nrm.se. Archived from the original (JPG) on August 16, 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ Miller, Bryan; Franey, Pierre (1995-07-12). "GREAT COOKS; Finesse Times Two". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-05. ^ Boulud, Daniel; Greenspan, Dorie (1999). Daniel Boulud's Cafe Boulud Cookbook. Scribner. ISBN 978-0684863436. ^ Le Règne végétal. Librairie des sciences naturelles. 1864. p. 480. ^ Sorrel Drink, A Caribbean Favorite During The Christmas Season ^ A hibiscus drink, by any of its names, is sweet External links Media related to Rumex acetosa at Wikimedia Commons "Rumex acetosa". Plants for a Future. vteCulinary herbs and spicesHerbs Angelica Basil Holy Thai Lemon Bay leaf Indian bay leaf (tejpat) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese (rau răm) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori Ajwain Alligator pepper Allspice Amchoor Anise star Asafoetida Peppercorn (black/green/white) Brazilian pepper Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Chili Chili powder Cayenne Chipotle Crushed red pepper Jalapeño New Mexico Tabasco Cultivars Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger Golpar Grains of paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Japanese pricklyash Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Long pepper Mango-ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella Njangsa Nutmeg Onion powder Paprika Peruvian pepper Pomegranate seed Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso Sichuan pepper (huājiāo) Sumac Tamarind Tasmanian pepper Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Blends Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Húng lìu Idli podi Italian seasoning Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Powder-douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tajin Tandoori masala Thuna paha Vadouvan Yuzu koshō Za'atar Lists Culinary By region Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Seasoning Spice rub Taxon identifiersRumex acetosa Wikidata: Q26297 Wikispecies: Rumex acetosa APDB: 151523 APNI: 104330 BioLib: 38783 CoL: 4TPGJ Ecocrop: 9398 EoL: 485385 EPPO: RUMAC EUNIS: 177593 FNA: 200006745 FoC: 200006745 GBIF: 2888951 GRIN: 32518 iNaturalist: 55821 IPA: 33767 IPNI: 332105-2 IRMNG: 10888514 ITIS: 504901 MichiganFlora: 2301 MoBotPF: 285455 NatureServe: 2.139185 NBN: NBNSYS0000003778 NCBI: 41241 NZOR: 7a184de9-a205-489a-a480-d513a2006eff NZPCN: 2915 Observation.org: 7368 Open Tree of Life: 134757 PalDat: Rumex_acetosa Plant List: kew-2424198 PLANTS: RUAC2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332105-2 Tropicos: 26000095 VASCAN: 8200 WisFlora: 4915 WFO: wfo-0000403595 Authority control databases: National Israel Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roselle (plant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Sorrel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial"},{"link_name":"herbaceous plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"Polygonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonaceae"},{"link_name":"Rumex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stace-2"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"leaf vegetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"}],"text":"This article is about common sorrel. For the \"sorrel of the Caribbean\", see Roselle (plant). For other uses, see Sorrel (disambiguation).Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), also called common sorrel or garden sorrel, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Polygonaceae. Other names for sorrel include spinach dock and narrow-leaved dock (\"dock\" being a common name for the genus Rumex).[2]Sorrel is native to Eurasia and a common plant in grassland habitats. It is often cultivated as a leaf vegetable or herb.","title":"Sorrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"sagittate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittate"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyle-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"petioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"ocrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocrea"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blamey-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stace-2"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"pistils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stace-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ab Pakhsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Pakhsh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oseille_pied.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20140420Rumex_acetosa2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_acetosa_-_Hapu_oblikas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_acetosa_(subsp._acetosa)_sl39.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_acetosa_(subsp._acetosa)_sl41.jpg"}],"text":"Sorrel is a slender herbaceous perennial plant about 60 centimetres (24 inches) high, with roots that run deep into the ground, as well as juicy stems and arrow-shaped (sagittate) leaves which grow from a rosette.[3][4] The lower leaves are 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in length with long petioles and a membranous ocrea formed of fused, sheathing stipules. The upper leaves are sessile, (growing directly from the stem without a petiole) and frequently become crimson. It has whorled spikes of reddish-green flowers, which bloom in early summer, becoming purplish.[5][2] The species is dioecious, with stamens and pistils on different plants.[2]Sorrel plant in Ab Pakhsh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of subsp. acetosa flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of subsp. acetosa nuts","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stace-2"}],"text":"Several subspecies have been named.[2] Not all are cultivated.Rumex acetosa subsp. acetosa\nRumex acetosa subsp. ambiguus\nRumex acetosa subsp. arifolius\nRumex acetosa subsp. hibernicus\nRumex acetosa subsp. hirtulus\nRumex acetosa subsp. vinealis","title":"Subspecies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyle-3"}],"text":"Rumex acetosa occurs in grassland habitats throughout Europe from the northern Mediterranean coast to the north of Scandinavia and in parts of Central Asia. It occurs as an introduced species in parts of New Zealand, Australia, and North America.[6] It can grow in poor soil.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"blood-vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-vein"},{"link_name":"aphids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The leaves are eaten by the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) including the blood-vein moth, aphids and by non-specialized snails and slugs.[4]","title":"Pests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sorrel_soup_with_egg_and_croutons_(Zupa_szczawiowa_z_jajkiem_i_grzankami).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sorrel soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel_soup"},{"link_name":"Polish cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"soups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup"},{"link_name":"sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce"},{"link_name":"salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyle-3"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach"},{"link_name":"leeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek"},{"link_name":"chard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard"},{"link_name":"spanakopita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanakopita"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"escalope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalope"},{"link_name":"Troisgros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisgros"},{"link_name":"nouvelle cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"French cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"fish bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_bone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"hibiscus tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_tea"},{"link_name":"roselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Western Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Africa"},{"link_name":"hibiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sorrel soup with egg and croutons, part of Polish cuisineCommon sorrel has been cultivated for centuries. The leaves are edible when young but toughen with age; they may be puréed in soups and sauces or added to salad.[3] The plant has a distinct sharp, sour taste.In India, the leaves are used in soups or curries made with yellow lentils and peanuts. In Afghanistan, the leaves are coated in a wet batter and deep fried, then served as an appetizer or if in season during Ramadan, for breaking the fast. In Armenia, the leaves are collected in spring, woven into braids, and dried for use during winter. The most common preparation is aveluk soup, where the leaves are rehydrated and rinsed to reduce bitterness, then stewed with onions, potatoes, walnuts, garlic and bulgur wheat or lentils, and sometimes sour plums.Throughout eastern Europe, wild or garden sorrel is used to make sour soups, stewed with vegetables or herbs, meat or eggs. In rural Greece, it is used with spinach, leeks, and chard in spanakopita.\"Escalope de saumon à l'oseille\" (salmon escalope in sorrel sauce), invented in 1962 by the Troisgros brothers, is an emblematic dish of the French nouvelle cuisine.[7][8] French cuisine traditionally cooks fish with sorrel because its acidity dissolves thin fish bones.[9]In the Caribbean, \"sorrel\" is a type of sweet hibiscus tea commonly made from the roselle flower,[10] but this plant from Western Africa is actually a form of hibiscus unrelated to the Eurasian sorrel herb.[11]","title":"Uses"}]

[{"image_text":"Sorrel soup with egg and croutons, part of Polish cuisine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sorrel_soup_with_egg_and_croutons_%28Zupa_szczawiowa_z_jajkiem_i_grzankami%29.jpg/220px-Sorrel_soup_with_egg_and_croutons_%28Zupa_szczawiowa_z_jajkiem_i_grzankami%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Wood sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_sorrel"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria

Royal Society of Victoria

["1 Foundation","2 Activities","3 Awards","4 Presidents","5 Publication","6 References","7 External links"]

Learned society in Victoria, Australia The Royal Society of Victoria's historic headquarters, designed by Joseph Reed, purpose-built in 1859. The Royal Society of Victoria (RSV) is the oldest scientific society in Victoria, Australia. Foundation In 1854 two organisations formed with similar aims and membership, these being the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science (founded 15 June, 1854, inaugural president Justice Sir Redmond Barry) and the Philosophical Society of Victoria (founded 12 August, 1854, inaugural president Andrew Clarke). These two merged in July 1855 to form the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, with Clarke as the inaugural president. The Philosophical Institute received Royal Charter in 1859, and the first president of the freshly renamed Royal Society of Victoria was Ferdinand von Mueller (later Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller), then Victoria's Government Botanist. In 1860 the RSV organised the ill-fated Burke & Wills expedition under the Presidency of Victorian Governor Sir Henry Barkly. Activities Wood engraving published in The illustrated Australian news, depicting a public demonstration of new technology at the Royal Society of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) on 8 August 1878. The society has played an important role in the life of Melbourne and Victoria, including a foundational relationship with the Melbourne Museum, the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, the Melbourne Observatory and Victoria's National Parks. The society convened the first Australian Antarctic Exploration Committee in 1885, commissioned the Burke & Wills expedition and established the Victorian Institute of Marine Sciences in 1978 (now the Marine and Freshwater Discovery Centre in Queenscliff). Many long-standing community organisations concerned with nature and conservation have grown from an early association with the Royal Society of Victoria, such as the Victorian National Parks Association and the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. Located in its heritage-listed headquarters at 8 La Trobe Street, in the centre of Melbourne, the Society's modern role is to communicate and advocate for the important role of science in society, providing public lectures about the latest scientific work and thinking underway in Victoria, and convening forums with government and community to explore an evidence-based approach to issues facing the state. The Society conducts a state-wide program through management of the Inspiring Victoria program, a federally-funded initiative to engage communities with science and promote scientific literacy, including National Science Week. The Society edits and produces the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, one of Australia's longest-running regional science journals. Back issues from the 19th century through to the early 21st century are digitised and accessible from the State Library of Victoria's online catalogue, along with holdings of the Society's historical papers and archives. Issues published from 2009 are available online, open access through CSIRO Publishing. Awards The Society confers prizes, awards and medals to recognise high-achievement throughout a scientist's various career stages. RSV bursaries are provided to school students through annual sponsorship of the Science Talent Search run by the Science Teachers' Association of Victoria. Early career researchers are acknowledged annually through the Young Scientist Research Prizes and the Phillip Law Postdoctoral Award. Peak career achievements are recognised through the annual award of the RSV Medal for Excellence in Scientific Research. Distinguished lifetime contributions to science, in particular the public engagement with and understanding of science, are recognised through election as an RSV Fellow. Fellows of the Royal Society of Victoria are entitled to the use of the professional postnominal FRSV; subscribed members of the RSV are entitled to use of the professional postnominal MRSV. Presidents 1859: Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller 1860-1863: Sir Henry Barkly 1864: Sir Frederick McCoy 1865: Rev. Dr John Ignatius Bleasdale 1866-1884: Robert L.J. Ellery 1885-1900: William Charles Kernot 1901: Dr James Jamieson 1902: Edward John White 1903: John Dennant 1904: Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer 1905: George Sweet 1906: Edward John Dunn 1907: Calder E. Oliver 1908-1909: Pietro P.G.E. Baracchi 1910-1911: Ernest Willington Skeats 1912-1913: John Shephard 1914-1915: Thomas Sergeant Hall 1916-1917: William A. Osborne 1918-1919: James A. Kershaw 1920-1921: Alfred James Ewart 1922-1923: Frank Wisewould 1924: Thomas H. Laby 1925-1926: Joseph M. Baldwin 1927-1928: Wilfred Eade Agar 1929-1930: Frederick Chapman 1931-1932: Herbert S. Summers 1933-1934: William J. Young 1935-1936: Norman A. Esserman 1937-1938: Samuel M. Wadham 1939-1940: Daniel J. Mahony 1941-1942: Reuben T. Patton 1943-1944: William Baragwanath 1945-1946: John King Davis 1947-1948: Dermot A. Casey 1949-1950: Philip Crosbie Morrison 1951-1952: John S. Turner 1953-1954: Frank Leslie Stillwell 1955-1956: Edwin S. Hills 1957-1958: Valentine G. Anderson 1959-1960: Geoffrey W. Leeper 1961-1962: Richard R. Garran 1963-1964: Richard T.M. Pescott 1965-1966: John H. Chinner 1967-1968: Phillip G. Law 1969-1970: Edmund D. Gill 1971-1972: Alfred Dunbavin Butcher 1973-1974: Sir Robert R. Blackwood 1975-1976: James D. Morrison 1977-1978: John F. Lovering AO 1979-1980: Lionel L. Stubbs 1980-1982: Gordon D. Aitchison 1983-1984: David M. Churchill 1985-1986: Dr Grisha A. Sklovsky 1986-1987: Dr Terence P. O'Brien 1987 (Jul-Dec): Dr Grisha A. Sklovsky 1988-1990: Dr William R.S. Briggs 1991-1992: Dr Graeme F. Watson 1993-1994: Dr John W. Zillman AO 1995-1996: Dr Maxwell G. Lay AM 1997-1998: Professor Em. Herbert H. Bolotin 1999-2001: Associate Professor Gordon D. Sanson 2001-2003: Associate Professor Neil W. Archbold 2006-2007: Associate Professor Bruce Livett 2007-2010: Professor Graham D. Burrows AO 2010-2012: Professor Lynne Selwood AO 2013-2017: Dr William D. (Bill) Birch AM 2017-2021: Mr David Zerman 2021-  : Mr Robert Gell AM Publication Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Melbourne : The Society, 1889- Semiannual. ISSN 0035-9211. Formerly the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria References ^ Centre, The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research. "Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science - Corporate entry - Encyclopedia of Australian Science". www.eoas.info. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ Centre, The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research. "Philosophical Society of Victoria - Corporate entry - Encyclopedia of Australian Science". www.eoas.info. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ Malone, Betty, "Clarke, Sir Andrew (1824–1902)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 10 February 2020 ^ "The Royal Society of Victoria". www.burkeandwills.net.au. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ https://vfa.vic.gov.au/education/marine-and-freshwater-discovery-centre/ Marine and Freshwater Discovery Centre ^ https://rsv.org.au/ The Royal Society of Victoria ^ https://inspiringvictoria.org.au/ Inspiring Victoria ^ https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/ State Library of Victoria ^ https://www.publish.csiro.au/rs/AbouttheJournal Proceedings of the RSV ^ https://rsv.org.au/how-to-join/ RSV Membership Science and the making of Victoria. Presidents of the Royal Society of Victoria. External links The Royal Society of Victoria The Royal Society of Victoria's web site. The Royal Society of Victoria Building Tour Virtual tour of the headquarters of The Royal Society of Victoria headquarters in Melbourne. CSIRO Publishing Current, open access editions of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria published online by CSIRO Publishing. State Library of Victoria, Digitised Collections Access to the digitised Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, together with those of its foundation societies. The RSV's Australian Eclipse Expedition to Cape York in 1871 An account of the RSV's Australian Eclipse Expedition to Cape York in 1871 in the Journal of Astronomy History and Heritage by Dr Nick Lomb. Burke & Wills Web A comprehensive website containing many of the historical documents relating to the Victorian Exploring (Burke & Wills) Expedition. Burke & Wills 150th A website recording the activities for the Commemoration of the 150th Anniversary of the Victorian Exploring Expedition (Burke and Wills). The Burke & Wills Historical Society The Burke & Wills Historical Society. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Israel United States Australia Academics CiNii Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)

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Ellery\n1885-1900: William Charles Kernot\n1901: Dr James Jamieson\n1902: Edward John White\n1903: John Dennant\n1904: Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer\n1905: George Sweet\n1906: Edward John Dunn\n1907: Calder E. Oliver\n1908-1909: Pietro P.G.E. Baracchi\n1910-1911: Ernest Willington Skeats\n1912-1913: John Shephard\n1914-1915: Thomas Sergeant Hall\n1916-1917: William A. Osborne\n1918-1919: James A. Kershaw\n1920-1921: Alfred James Ewart\n1922-1923: Frank Wisewould\n1924: Thomas H. Laby\n1925-1926: Joseph M. Baldwin\n1927-1928: Wilfred Eade Agar\n1929-1930: Frederick Chapman\n1931-1932: Herbert S. Summers\n1933-1934: William J. Young\n1935-1936: Norman A. Esserman\n1937-1938: Samuel M. Wadham\n1939-1940: Daniel J. Mahony\n1941-1942: Reuben T. Patton\n1943-1944: William Baragwanath\n1945-1946: John King Davis\n1947-1948: Dermot A. Casey\n1949-1950: Philip Crosbie Morrison\n1951-1952: John S. Turner\n1953-1954: Frank Leslie Stillwell\n1955-1956: Edwin S. Hills\n1957-1958: Valentine G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Manuel

Louis Pierre Manuel

["1 Life","1.1 Revolutionary","1.2 Independent politics and execution","2 Works","3 References"]

French writer, municipal administrator of the police, and public prosecutor Manuel by Pierre-Michel Alix Louis Pierre Manuel (July 1751 – 14 November 1793) was a republican French writer, municipal administrator of the police, and public prosecutor during the French Revolution who was arrested, trialled and guillotined. Life Revolutionary Journée du 20 juin 1792 by Bouillon & Vérité place Dauphine Place Dauphine, nr 2 place Dauphine nr 11 is on the left He was born at Montargis, Loiret, and entered the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, becoming tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 his clandestine pamphlet, Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques, resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille. Manuel, a man of letters passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the storming of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the Garde Nationale and gendarme. Early December 1791 he was elected as procureur public of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of veto (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfillment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity. On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as procureur of the commune, gave a speech warning against anarchy. He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops hanging inside the building. Manuel was associated with the Demonstration of 20 June 1792, which he visited as a private person. Afterwards he and Pétion de Villeneuve, the mayor were dismissed on 6 July by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 23 July by the Assembly. During the 10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace, he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the insurrectionary Paris Commune which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the Hôtel de Ville). On 12 August Robespierre and Manuel visited the Temple prison to check on the security of the royal family. Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment. At the end of the month and with a sense of martyrdom, Manuel or Robespierre seem to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts and die if necessary. On 28 August he helped Madame de Stael and released some of her friends. It is not clear if he saved the life of Beaumarchais who was jailed on the 23rd and released a week later, only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained. Manuel lived at Place Dauphine and was present at the nearby Abbaye Prison on the first day of the September Massacres. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges. Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (Conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion. They were insulted and escaped with their lives. Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by Manuel. He saved the life of governess Madame Tourzel, because of her mother. On 7 September 1792, he was elected one of the deputies from Paris to the National Convention. On 3 November, he declared in the gallery of the Jacobin Club that "the massacres of September had been the Saint Bartholomew's Day of the people, who had shown themselves to be as wicked as a king, and that the whole of Paris was guilty of having suffered these assassinations. He suppressed the decoration of the Cross of Saint Louis, which he called "a stain on a man's coat", requested that Pétion de Villeneuve, the first president of Convention to be housed in the palace of the Tuileries, and demanded the sale of the Palace of Versailles. Independent politics and execution In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing four volumes of the indecent fr: Lettres à Sophie de Ruffey, written in jail by Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau between 1777-1780, but was acquitted. Manuel changed his opinions on King Louis XVI through his connection with Pétion and the Brissotins; he refused to vote in favor of the execution of the former sovereign. Never before the Convention was like a court. He accused The Mountain of being anarchists and murderers. Consequently, he resigned as deputy. succeeded by Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor. He retired to Montargis, where his house was attacked by the crowd on 14 March 1793. Heavily bleeding he was taken to the liberty tree, arrested, and put in prison almost naked. At the end of August he was transported to the Prison de l'Abbaye and on 13 November to the Conciergerie. In his trial Fouquier-Tinville accused him of being a libertine, offering wine to the "septembriseurs", stealing money and organizing a conspiration against the one and indivisible republic. He was guillotined the same day, 24 Brumaire. Works Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1783). Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques. p. 167. Lettre d'un garde du roi, pour servir de suite aux mémoires sur Cagliostro (1786) Manuel, Louis Pierre (1786). Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis. p. 164.; Lettre a la reine (1789) Sur la séance nationale du vingt-cinq juin et lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois sur la séance royale du 23 (1789) Seconde lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois (1789) Le nobiliaire des trois ordres (1789) Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise. p. 154.; Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise.; Louis-Pierre Manuel (1789). La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille. Desenne. According to the bibliographer Antoine-Alexandre Barbier, in his Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, Volume 1, the pamphlet was not written by Manuel, as often cited, but by a Charpentier. Lettre a Monsieur, frere du roi (1791) Lettre de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, aux ministres (1791) La Police de Paris dévoilée. Tome premier'Tome second, avec gravure et tableau (1791) Lettres sur la Révolution (1792). Le trone des Français ne s'emporte pas. lettre superbe & extraordinaire de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, au roi (1792) P. Manuel a ses concitoyens (1793) P. Manuel aux officiers municipaux de Montargis (1793) Opinion de P. Manuel, sur la premiere question, pour le jugement de Louis XVI (1793) References ^ a b Chisholm 1911. ^ La Feuille du jour, 17 décembre 1791, 30 janvier 1792, 4 février 1792, 11 mars 1792 ^ Municipalité de Paris. Installation du Conseil général de la commune, 24 février 1792 ^ Gazette universelle, 29 février 1792 ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793 ^ S. Schama, p. 609, 611, 624, 636 ^ Jesse Goldhammer (2005). The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought. Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-8014-4150-1. ^ Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. p. 272. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793 ^ Jean Massin (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–34 ^ Janes, Dominic; Houen, Alex (1 May 2014). Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-937651-3. ^ L. Moore, p. 142, 146 ^ F. Bluche, p. 56-60 ^ L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163 ^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28. ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793 ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale". ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793 ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale". ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale". ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793 ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793 ^ Mercure universel, 20 mars 1793; Thermomètre du jour, 21 mars 1793 ^ Mercure français, 24 août 1793; Le Journal de Paris, 14 novembre 1793 ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 16 novembre 1793; Feuille du salut public, 16 novembre 1793; Mercure français, 23 novembre 1793 Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Manuel, Louis Pierre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Sycomore Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Demonstration of 20 June 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_of_20_June_1792"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pétion de Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792"},{"link_name":"insurrectionary Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldhammer2005-7"},{"link_name":"Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre"},{"link_name":"Temple prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_du_Temple#French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Madame de Stael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Stael"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beaumarchais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumarchais"},{"link_name":"Place Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"Abbaye Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_de_l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"September Massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Massacres"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Madame Tourzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-%C3%89lisabeth_de_Cro%C3%BF_de_Tourzel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Jacobin Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_Club"},{"link_name":"Saint Bartholomew's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bartholomew%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cross of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"Pétion de Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary","text":"Journée du 20 juin 1792 by Bouillon & Véritéplace DauphinePlace Dauphine, nr 2place Dauphine nr 11 is on the leftHe was born at Montargis, Loiret, and entered the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, becoming tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 his clandestine pamphlet, Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques, resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille.[1]Manuel, a man of letters passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the storming of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the Garde Nationale and gendarme. Early December 1791 he was elected as procureur public of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of veto (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfillment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity.[2] On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as procureur of the commune, gave a speech warning against anarchy.[3] He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops hanging inside the building.[4]Manuel was associated with the Demonstration of 20 June 1792, which he visited as a private person.[5] Afterwards he and Pétion de Villeneuve, the mayor were dismissed on 6 July by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 23 July by the Assembly.[6] During the 10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace, he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the insurrectionary Paris Commune which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the Hôtel de Ville).[7] On 12 August Robespierre and Manuel visited the Temple prison to check on the security of the royal family.[8] Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment.[9] At the end of the month and with a sense of martyrdom, Manuel or Robespierre seem to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts and die if necessary.[10][11] On 28 August he helped Madame de Stael and released some of her friends.[12] It is not clear if he saved the life of Beaumarchais who was jailed on the 23rd and released a week later, only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained.Manuel lived at Place Dauphine and was present at the nearby Abbaye Prison on the first day of the September Massacres. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges.[13] Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (Conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion.[14] They were insulted and escaped with their lives.[15] Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by Manuel. He saved the life of governess Madame Tourzel, because of her mother.[16]On 7 September 1792, he was elected one of the deputies from Paris to the National Convention. On 3 November, he declared in the gallery of the Jacobin Club that \"the massacres of September had been the Saint Bartholomew's Day of the people, who had shown themselves to be as wicked as a king, and that the whole of Paris was guilty of having suffered these assassinations.[17]He suppressed the decoration of the Cross of Saint Louis, which he called \"a stain on a man's coat\", requested that Pétion de Villeneuve, the first president of Convention to be housed in the palace of the Tuileries,[18][19] and demanded the sale of the Palace of Versailles.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fr: Lettres à Sophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettres_%C3%A0_Sophie"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Brissotins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissotins"},{"link_name":"execution of the former sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fouquier-Tinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouquier-Tinville"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"liberty tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_tree"},{"link_name":"Prison de l'Abbaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_de_l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Conciergerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciergerie"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"libertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertine"},{"link_name":"septembriseurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Massacre"},{"link_name":"conspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(law)"},{"link_name":"one and indivisible republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brumaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumaire"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Independent politics and execution","text":"In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing four volumes of the indecent fr: Lettres à Sophie de Ruffey, written in jail by Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau between 1777-1780, but was acquitted.[1]Manuel changed his opinions on King Louis XVI through his connection with Pétion and the Brissotins; he refused to vote in favor of the execution of the former sovereign. Never before the Convention was like a court.[20] He accused The Mountain of being anarchists and murderers.[21] Consequently, he resigned as deputy.[22] succeeded by Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor. He retired to Montargis, where his house was attacked by the crowd on 14 March 1793.[23] Heavily bleeding he was taken to the liberty tree, arrested, and put in prison almost naked. At the end of August he was transported to the Prison de l'Abbaye and on 13 November to the Conciergerie.[24] In his trial Fouquier-Tinville accused him of being a libertine, offering wine to the \"septembriseurs\", stealing money and organizing a conspiration against the one and indivisible republic. He was guillotined the same day, 24 Brumaire.[25]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gDFSrQkowSYC&pg=PA167"},{"link_name":"Lettre d'un garde du roi, pour servir de suite aux mémoires sur Cagliostro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettredungar00unse/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uMuFG7ICDl8C&pg=PA164"},{"link_name":"Lettre a la reine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettre00unse_61/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Sur la séance nationale du vingt-cinq juin et lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois sur la séance royale du 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/surlaseancenatio00manu/page/n1/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Seconde lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/secondelettremon00manu/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Le nobiliaire des trois ordres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lenobiliairedest00manuLe"},{"link_name":"L'année françoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=km6MiMhaRYEC&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"L'année françoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=km6MiMhaRYEC"},{"link_name":"La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/labastilledvoil00manugoog"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Alexandre Barbier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Alexandre_Barbier"},{"link_name":"Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpentier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lettre a Monsieur, frere du roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettre00unse_65/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Lettre de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, aux ministres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettre00unse_67"},{"link_name":"La Police de Paris dévoilée. Tome premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.nl/books?id=yjNaAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"Tome second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.nl/books?id=b0HsQjvVXqcC&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"Le trone des Français ne s'emporte pas. lettre superbe & extraordinaire de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, au roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/letronedesfranca00manu"},{"link_name":"P. Manuel a ses concitoyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pmanuel00unse"},{"link_name":"P. Manuel aux officiers municipaux de Montargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pmanuel00unse_0/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Opinion de P. Manuel, sur la premiere question, pour le jugement de Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/opinionpmanu00unse_0"}],"text":"Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1783). Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques. p. 167.\nLettre d'un garde du roi, pour servir de suite aux mémoires sur Cagliostro (1786)\nManuel, Louis Pierre (1786). Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis. p. 164.;\nLettre a la reine (1789)\nSur la séance nationale du vingt-cinq juin et lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois sur la séance royale du 23 (1789)\nSeconde lettre à Monsieur le comte d'Artois (1789)\n Le nobiliaire des trois ordres (1789)\nManuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise. p. 154.;\nManuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise.;\nLouis-Pierre Manuel (1789). La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille. Desenne. According to the bibliographer Antoine-Alexandre Barbier, in his Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, Volume 1, the pamphlet was not written by Manuel, as often cited, but by a Charpentier.[citation needed]\nLettre a Monsieur, frere du roi (1791)\nLettre de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, aux ministres (1791)\nLa Police de Paris dévoilée. Tome premier'Tome second, avec gravure et tableau (1791)\nLettres sur la Révolution (1792).\nLe trone des Français ne s'emporte pas. lettre superbe & extraordinaire de M. Manuel, procureur de la Commune de Paris, au roi (1792)\nP. Manuel a ses concitoyens (1793)\nP. Manuel aux officiers municipaux de Montargis (1793)\nOpinion de P. Manuel, sur la premiere question, pour le jugement de Louis XVI (1793)","title":"Works"}]

[{"image_text":"Manuel by Pierre-Michel Alix","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pierre_Louis_Manuel_Ducreux_Alix_BNF_Gallica.jpg/220px-Pierre_Louis_Manuel_Ducreux_Alix_BNF_Gallica.jpg"},{"image_text":"Journée du 20 juin 1792 by Bouillon & Vérité","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bouillon_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_Journ%C3%A9e_du_20_juin_1792_Couleurs_1796.jpg/220px-Bouillon_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_Journ%C3%A9e_du_20_juin_1792_Couleurs_1796.jpg"},{"image_text":"place Dauphine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/P1030949_Paris_Ier_place_Dauphine_rwk.JPG/220px-P1030949_Paris_Ier_place_Dauphine_rwk.JPG"},{"image_text":"Place Dauphine, nr 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Place_Dauphine_2.jpg/220px-Place_Dauphine_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"place Dauphine nr 11 is on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/P1030942_Paris_Ier_place_Dauphine_rwk.JPG/220px-P1030942_Paris_Ier_place_Dauphine_rwk.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1783). Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques. p. 167.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gDFSrQkowSYC&pg=PA167","url_text":"Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques"}]},{"reference":"Manuel, Louis Pierre (1786). Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis. p. 164.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uMuFG7ICDl8C&pg=PA164","url_text":"Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis"}]},{"reference":"Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise. p. 154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=km6MiMhaRYEC&pg=PA154","url_text":"L'année françoise"}]},{"reference":"Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=km6MiMhaRYEC","url_text":"L'année françoise"}]},{"reference":"Louis-Pierre Manuel (1789). La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille. Desenne.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/labastilledvoil00manugoog","url_text":"La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille"}]},{"reference":"Jesse Goldhammer (2005). The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought. Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-8014-4150-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXoW2fEMWYC&pg=PA34","url_text":"The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4150-1","url_text":"0-8014-4150-1"}]},{"reference":"Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. p. 272.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Janes, Dominic; Houen, Alex (1 May 2014). Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-937651-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a3pPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177","url_text":"Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937651-3","url_text":"978-0-19-937651-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181","url_text":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181","url_text":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181","url_text":"\"Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Manuel, Louis Pierre\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Manuel,_Louis_Pierre","url_text":"Manuel, Louis Pierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_crowd_noise

Artificial crowd noise

["1 Uses","1.1 Events being played behind closed doors","2 See also","3 References"]

Pre-recorded audio simulating event spectator sounds Artificial crowd noise is pre-recorded audio that simulates the live sounds of spectators, particularly during sporting events. Sports teams have used artificial crowd noise to simulate stadium sounds during practices to acclimate themselves to conditions they would face in actual games, and some have accused teams of using artificial crowd noise on top of in-person crowds to distract opposing teams. Regular use of such audio grew during the COVID-19 pandemic, which required many sporting events to be played with no spectators due to restrictions on gatherings or use of facilities. This audio is usually mixed to correspond with in-game events. Uses Some American football teams, particularly within the NFL, have used white noise or artificial crowd noise during practices to acclimate players to stadium conditions of actual games. It may also be mixed with music played at a similar volume to make it harder to tune out the increased sound. There have been accusations on several occasions, including the Indianapolis Colts in 2007, that teams have intentionally sweetened their in-person attendance with artificial crowd noise in an effort to distract the visiting team (with the Colts, in particular, accused of doing so to make it harder for the New England Patriots to call their plays). In the case of the former, the NFL exonerated the Colts and ruled that this had not actually occurred. In May 2013 during a Zürich Derby football match, fans of both clubs protested against heightened security measures by not entering the stadium until 10 minutes after kickoff. Swiss broadcaster SRF added artificial crowd noise to its highlights of the match, and later apologized for having manipulated the footage. Events being played behind closed doors External videos Champions league final 2020 with no live spectators and artificial crowd noise, YouTube video The COVID-19 pandemic prompted teams to play many sporting events behind closed doors with no spectators to maintain player safety and reduce large gatherings that can spread Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Artificial crowd noise has often been used to preserve a degree of normalcy (via a suspension of disbelief), especially during events where a lack of crowd may be considered unusual to viewers and/or players. Audio used for this purpose is often compiled from stock of previous games (in some cases, originally compiled for use in a sports video game). The crowd noise may also include audio associated with the sport or home team, such as specific chants, and in the case of football in South Africa, the sounds of vuvuzelas. There have been varying approaches to the practice, including whether the sounds are played over a venue's audio systems or only for television viewers, and whether the audio is synchronized in real-time to correspond with in-game events. It is usually mixed by an audio engineer on-site, but some events have also employed mobile apps that allow viewers to influence the sounds by voting on reactions. The Philadelphia Union employed a member of their supporters' group to provide input to the sound engineers. For the 2020 US Open, IBM trained its Watson artificial intelligence system to cue crowd noise automatically, using footage from past editions of the tournament to determine appropriate reactions to in-game events. In some cases, artificial crowd noise has been paired with the use of augmented reality to fill in empty stands with CGI "spectators" (as used during La Liga and trialled by U.S. broadcaster Fox Sports), or the use of virtual audiences that are displayed on video boards within the venue. The practice was overall met with mixed reception from viewers and sportswriters, usually dependent on the quality of the execution. One football writer argued that artificial crowds were "disingenuous" and created a disconnect with accounts of games noting the lack of spectators, and felt that viewers were missing out on the ability to hear on-field communications between players, arguing that "if a game that generally produces one of the most fierce atmospheres in the world is being played in front of a silent backdrop, that's as much a part of the story as the result." See also Laugh track References ^ "NFL teams ditching white noise, cranking up music at practice". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Vic Fangio bans music at Broncos training camp". NFL.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Snyder, Mark. "Penn State crowd: Sound effect or just white noise?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Sonnone, Brendan (15 October 2013). "FSU braces for hostile Clemson crowd at Death Valley". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ a b Battista, Judy (6 November 2007). "Loud and Cleared: N.F.L. Says Colts Didn't Pump in Noise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Al Michaels: Twins used fake crowd noise during '87 Series". TwinCities.com. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Swiss TV apologizes for fake crowd noise at deserted derby". Reuters. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Can sport survive the covid-19 pandemic without spectators?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Sports behind closed doors". The New Indian Express. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Coronavirus: Competitive sport to return behind closed doors from Monday". Sky News. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Carter, Bill (23 July 2020). "Opinion: Why the sports world needs fake crowd noise — and late-night comedy doesn't". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Barron, David (18 April 2020). "For games without fans, should TV add canned cheers?". HoustonChronicle.com. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ a b c "Regarding that fake crowd noise at sports events, some are doing it better". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Peters, Jay (10 September 2020). "NFL games will have artificial crowd noise specific to each stadium". The Verge. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ a b c d "Can artificial crowd noise match the thrill of packed stadiums?". The World from PRX. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Baseball Stadiums May Be Empty, But You Can Still Hear The Crowds". NPR. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Polacek, Scott. "MLB Will Allow Fans to Use App to Influence Crowd Noise from Home During Games". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Cheering for your team in quarantine? There's an app for that". ESPN. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Hernandez, Kristian (16 June 2021). "On the Pitch: Philadelphia Union Enjoy First Full Season With HDR Videoboard at Subaru Park". Sports Video Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ Kaplan, Daniel. "How IBM's Watson, Alec Baldwin will help the U.S. Open sound and look familiar". The Athletic. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Miller, Stuart (31 August 2020). "U.S. Open Players Face a New Foe: Silence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Byford, Sam (12 June 2020). "Spanish soccer returns with computer-generated crowds, and it actually works". The Verge. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (25 July 2020). "How Fox Sports will use virtual fans created in Unreal Engine to fill empty stadiums in MLB broadcasts". The Verge. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Medina, Mark (24 July 2020). "NBA to feature 'virtual fans' at arenas for season restart". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ Keh, Andrew (16 June 2020). "We Hope Your Cheers for This Article Are for Real". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ Creditor, Avi. "The Disingenuousness of Fake Crowd Noise on Soccer Broadcasts". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

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This audio is usually mixed to correspond with in-game events.","title":"Artificial crowd noise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"white noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise"},{"link_name":"acclimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"sweetened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetening_(show_business)"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Zürich Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Derby"},{"link_name":"SRF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Some American football teams, particularly within the NFL, have used white noise or artificial crowd noise during practices to acclimate players to stadium conditions of actual games. It may also be mixed with music played at a similar volume to make it harder to tune out the increased sound.[1][2][3][4]There have been accusations on several occasions, including the Indianapolis Colts in 2007,[5] that teams have intentionally sweetened their in-person attendance with artificial crowd noise in an effort to distract the visiting team (with the Colts, in particular, accused of doing so to make it harder for the New England Patriots to call their plays).[6] In the case of the former, the NFL exonerated the Colts and ruled that this had not actually occurred.[5]In May 2013 during a Zürich Derby football match, fans of both clubs protested against heightened security measures by not entering the stadium until 10 minutes after kickoff. Swiss broadcaster SRF added artificial crowd noise to its highlights of the match, and later apologized for having manipulated the footage.[7]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"suspension of 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Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"vuvuzelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuvuzela"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"audio engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"mobile apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Union"},{"link_name":"supporters' group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2020 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Fox 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lack of crowd may be considered unusual to viewers and/or players.[11][12][13][14][15] Audio used for this purpose is often compiled from stock of previous games (in some cases, originally compiled for use in a sports video game).[15] The crowd noise may also include audio associated with the sport or home team, such as specific chants, and in the case of football in South Africa, the sounds of vuvuzelas.[15]There have been varying approaches to the practice, including whether the sounds are played over a venue's audio systems or only for television viewers, and whether the audio is synchronized in real-time to correspond with in-game events.[13][16][15] It is usually mixed by an audio engineer on-site, but some events have also employed mobile apps that allow viewers to influence the sounds by voting on reactions.[17][18] The Philadelphia Union employed a member of their supporters' group to provide input to the sound engineers.[19] For the 2020 US Open, IBM trained its Watson artificial intelligence system to cue crowd noise automatically, using footage from past editions of the tournament to determine appropriate reactions to in-game events.[20][21] In some cases, artificial crowd noise has been paired with the use of augmented reality to fill in empty stands with CGI \"spectators\" (as used during La Liga and trialled by U.S. broadcaster Fox Sports),[22][23] or the use of virtual audiences that are displayed on video boards within the venue.[24]The practice was overall met with mixed reception from viewers and sportswriters, usually dependent on the quality of the execution.[25][13] One football writer argued that artificial crowds were \"disingenuous\" and created a disconnect with accounts of games noting the lack of spectators, and felt that viewers were missing out on the ability to hear on-field communications between players, arguing that \"if a game that generally produces one of the most fierce atmospheres in the world is being played in front of a silent backdrop, that's as much a part of the story as the result.\"[26]","title":"Uses"}]

[]

[{"title":"Laugh track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh_track"}]

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Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/media/2020/08/06/fake-crowd-noise-nhl-nba-mlb","url_text":"\"Regarding that fake crowd noise at sports events, some are doing it better\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810013933/https://www.boston.com/sports/media/2020/08/06/fake-crowd-noise-nhl-nba-mlb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Jay (10 September 2020). \"NFL games will have artificial crowd noise specific to each stadium\". The Verge. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/10/21430974/nfl-games-artificial-crowd-noise-stadium-specific","url_text":"\"NFL games will have artificial crowd noise specific to each stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can artificial crowd noise match the thrill of packed stadiums?\". The World from PRX. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-04/can-artificial-crowd-noise-match-thrill-packed-stadiums","url_text":"\"Can artificial crowd noise match the thrill of packed stadiums?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Stadiums May Be Empty, But You Can Still Hear The Crowds\". NPR. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/22/893464928/baseball-stadiums-may-be-empty-but-you-can-still-hear-the-crowds","url_text":"\"Baseball Stadiums May Be Empty, But You Can Still Hear The Crowds\""}]},{"reference":"Polacek, Scott. \"MLB Will Allow Fans to Use App to Influence Crowd Noise from Home During Games\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2900985-mlb-will-allow-fans-to-use-app-to-influence-crowd-noise-from-home-during-games","url_text":"\"MLB Will Allow Fans to Use App to Influence Crowd Noise from Home During Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheering for your team in quarantine? There's an app for that\". ESPN. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/29256617/cheering-your-team-quarantine-there-app-that","url_text":"\"Cheering for your team in quarantine? There's an app for that\""}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Kristian (16 June 2021). \"On the Pitch: Philadelphia Union Enjoy First Full Season With HDR Videoboard at Subaru Park\". Sports Video Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsvideo.org/2021/06/16/on-the-pitch-philadelphia-union-enjoy-first-full-season-with-hdr-videoboard-at-subaru-park/","url_text":"\"On the Pitch: Philadelphia Union Enjoy First Full Season With HDR Videoboard at Subaru Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616143228/https://www.sportsvideo.org/2021/06/16/on-the-pitch-philadelphia-union-enjoy-first-full-season-with-hdr-videoboard-at-subaru-park/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Daniel. \"How IBM's Watson, Alec Baldwin will help the U.S. Open sound and look familiar\". The Athletic. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/2023156/2020/08/26/how-ibms-watson-alec-baldwin-will-help-the-u-s-open-sound-and-look-familiar/","url_text":"\"How IBM's Watson, Alec Baldwin will help the U.S. Open sound and look familiar\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stuart (31 August 2020). \"U.S. Open Players Face a New Foe: Silence\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/sports/tennis/us-open-fans-noise.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Open Players Face a New Foe: Silence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Byford, Sam (12 June 2020). \"Spanish soccer returns with computer-generated crowds, and it actually works\". The Verge. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/12/21288963/la-liga-fake-crowd-noise-betis-sevilla","url_text":"\"Spanish soccer returns with computer-generated crowds, and it actually works\""}]},{"reference":"Gartenberg, Chaim (25 July 2020). \"How Fox Sports will use virtual fans created in Unreal Engine to fill empty stadiums in MLB broadcasts\". The Verge. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/25/21336017/fox-sports-baseball-virtual-fans-epic-unreal-engine-empty-stadiums-mlb","url_text":"\"How Fox Sports will use virtual fans created in Unreal Engine to fill empty stadiums in MLB broadcasts\""}]},{"reference":"Medina, Mark (24 July 2020). \"NBA to feature 'virtual fans' at arenas for season restart\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2020/07/24/nba-virtual-fans-seen-giant-video-boards-during-games/5502996002/","url_text":"\"NBA to feature 'virtual fans' at arenas for season restart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924154018/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2020/07/24/nba-virtual-fans-seen-giant-video-boards-during-games/5502996002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Keh, Andrew (16 June 2020). \"We Hope Your Cheers for This Article Are for Real\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/sports/coronavirus-stadium-fans-crowd-noise.html","url_text":"\"We Hope Your Cheers for This Article Are for Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Creditor, Avi. \"The Disingenuousness of Fake Crowd Noise on Soccer Broadcasts\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2020/05/27/fake-crowd-noise-soccer-tv-broadcasts-bundesliga","url_text":"\"The Disingenuousness of Fake Crowd Noise on Soccer Broadcasts\""}]}]

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There's an app for that\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportsvideo.org/2021/06/16/on-the-pitch-philadelphia-union-enjoy-first-full-season-with-hdr-videoboard-at-subaru-park/","external_links_name":"\"On the Pitch: Philadelphia Union Enjoy First Full Season With HDR Videoboard at Subaru Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616143228/https://www.sportsvideo.org/2021/06/16/on-the-pitch-philadelphia-union-enjoy-first-full-season-with-hdr-videoboard-at-subaru-park/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theathletic.com/2023156/2020/08/26/how-ibms-watson-alec-baldwin-will-help-the-u-s-open-sound-and-look-familiar/","external_links_name":"\"How IBM's Watson, Alec Baldwin will help the U.S. Open sound and look familiar\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/sports/tennis/us-open-fans-noise.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Open Players Face a New Foe: Silence\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/12/21288963/la-liga-fake-crowd-noise-betis-sevilla","external_links_name":"\"Spanish soccer returns with computer-generated crowds, and it actually works\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/25/21336017/fox-sports-baseball-virtual-fans-epic-unreal-engine-empty-stadiums-mlb","external_links_name":"\"How Fox Sports will use virtual fans created in Unreal Engine to fill empty stadiums in MLB broadcasts\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2020/07/24/nba-virtual-fans-seen-giant-video-boards-during-games/5502996002/","external_links_name":"\"NBA to feature 'virtual fans' at arenas for season restart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924154018/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2020/07/24/nba-virtual-fans-seen-giant-video-boards-during-games/5502996002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/sports/coronavirus-stadium-fans-crowd-noise.html","external_links_name":"\"We Hope Your Cheers for This Article Are for Real\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2020/05/27/fake-crowd-noise-soccer-tv-broadcasts-bundesliga","external_links_name":"\"The Disingenuousness of Fake Crowd Noise on Soccer Broadcasts\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_Resources

Eldorado Resources

["1 History","2 Port Hope, Ontario","3 Former mine sites (partial list)","4 References"]

Not to be confused with Eldorado Gold. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eldorado Resources" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Eldorado ResourcesFormerly Eldorado Gold Mines Ltd Eldorado Mining & Refining Ltd Eldorado Nuclear Company typeCrown corporationIndustryMiningFounded1926 (1926): 17 Founders Gilbert LaBine Charles LaBine Defunct1988 (1988)FateMerged with Saskatchewan Mining Development CorporationSuccessors Canada Eldor Inc. Cameco OwnerGovernment of Canada Eldorado Resources was a Canadian mining company active between 1926 and 1988. The company was originally established by brothers Charles and Gilbert LaBine as a gold mining enterprise in 1926, but transitioned to focus on radium in the 1930s and uranium beginning in the 1940s. The company was nationalized into a Crown corporation in 1943 when the Canadian federal government purchased share control. Eldorado Resources was merged with the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation in 1988 and the resulting entity was privatized as Cameco Corporation. The remediation of some mining sites and low-level nuclear waste continue to be overseen by the Government of Canada through Canada Eldor Inc., a subsidiary of the Canada Development Investment Corporation. History Eldorado was originally established as Eldorado Gold Mines but, after finding radioactive deposits at Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories in 1930, the company transitioned to primarily mining radioactive materials. Gilbert LaBine directed the company's development of the Eldorado Mine at Port Radium, Northwest Territories and built a state-of-the-art radium refinery in Port Hope, Ontario in 1933. In addition to radium, Eldorado also produced silver, copper, and uranium salts. Radium production halted in 1940 when World War II closed European markets for radium material. Uranium was useless until scientists realized the enormous energy potential of the uranium atom. The company reopened the mine at Port Radium in 1942 to supply the United States military with uranium products. The Government of Canada nationalized the company by purchasing share control in 1943. and in early 1944 the name was changed to Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited. In mid-1943 the District Engineer of the Manhattan Engineer District, Lt-Col Kenneth Nichols had several queries from Canada relating to contracts Canadian firms Eldorado Gold Mines and Consolidated Mining and Smelting (CMS) had for the secret atomic bomb project; CMS or Cominco was building a heavy water plant at Trail, British Columbia and Eldorado was mining and processing uranium ore. He phoned C. D. Howe in Ottawa and arranged to travel on the overnight train to Ottawa and see Howe the next day (June 14). On arriving at the address given Nichols was surprised to find that Howe was the minister of munitions and supply, and found him most friendly. Howe was told about the Manhattan Project, and Nichols was told that Eldorado was now a Crown company. The Crown corporation held a monopoly on uranium prospecting and development in Canada until 1948. Together with a discovery of the Port Radium deposits, the Eldorado company opened the Beaverlodge Mine at Uranium City, Saskatchewan. It entered production in 1953. In the 1960s the nature of sales changed when the United States military ceased purchasing of Canadian uranium ores for the purpose of atomic weapons, and from then on uranium was produced for power plants. During this period the name of the company was changed to Eldorado Nuclear Limited, with Eldorado Aviation Limited operating flights to Port Radium. The Eldorado corporate records are housed in the National Archives of Canada. Port Hope, Ontario Main article: Port Hope, Ontario Port Hope has the largest volume of historic low-level radioactive wastes in Canada, created by Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited and its private sector predecessors. By 2010 when it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the soil remediation project of the brownfield, it was the largest such cleanup in Canadian history. The effort is projected to be complete in 2022. According to their 2014 report, the Canadian Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) noted that the liability for the Port Hope, Ontario contaminated site was $1 billion, whereas the Big Five other contaminated sites (namely Faro mine, Colomac mine, Giant mine, Cape Dyer-DEW line, Goose Bay Air Base) had a combined liability of $1.8 billion. Former mine sites (partial list) Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories) Umisk Island References ^ a b Bothwell, Robert (1984). Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ^ a b "Gilbert A. LaBine (1890 – 1977)". Canadian Mining Hall of Fame. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ...where he and Charles formed a company, Eldorado Gold Mines. ^ Nichols, Kenneth (1987). The Road to Trinity. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 068806910X.pp97-98 ^ McBain, Lesley (2006). "Uranium City". Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013. ^ "Port Hope Area Initiative". Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009. ^ Carola Vyhnak (November 9, 2010). "Port Hope properties tested for radiation". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 14, 2013. ^ Rod Story, Tolga Yalkin (10 April 2014). "Federal Contaminated Sites Cost" (PDF). Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO). Ottawa, Ontario. p. 41. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

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The company was nationalized into a Crown corporation in 1943 when the Canadian federal government purchased share control. Eldorado Resources was merged with the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation in 1988 and the resulting entity was privatized as Cameco Corporation. The remediation of some mining sites and low-level nuclear waste continue to be overseen by the Government of Canada through Canada Eldor Inc., a subsidiary of the Canada Development Investment Corporation.","title":"Eldorado Resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"Great Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Eldorado Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_Mine_(Northwest_Territories)"},{"link_name":"Port Radium, Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Radium,_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"radium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium"},{"link_name":"Port Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Engineer District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Engineer_District"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Cominco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominco"},{"link_name":"Trail, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"C. D. Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Howe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Uranium City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_City"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Eldorado Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldorado_Aviation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Archives of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_of_Canada"}],"text":"Eldorado was originally established as Eldorado Gold Mines but, after finding radioactive deposits at Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories in 1930, the company transitioned to primarily mining radioactive materials. Gilbert LaBine directed the company's development of the Eldorado Mine at Port Radium, Northwest Territories and built a state-of-the-art radium refinery in Port Hope, Ontario in 1933. In addition to radium, Eldorado also produced silver, copper, and uranium salts.Radium production halted in 1940 when World War II closed European markets for radium material. Uranium was useless until scientists realized the enormous energy potential of the uranium atom. The company reopened the mine at Port Radium in 1942 to supply the United States military with uranium products. The Government of Canada nationalized the company by purchasing share control in 1943. and in early 1944 the name was changed to Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited.In mid-1943 the District Engineer of the Manhattan Engineer District, Lt-Col Kenneth Nichols had several queries from Canada relating to contracts Canadian firms Eldorado Gold Mines and Consolidated Mining and Smelting (CMS) had for the secret atomic bomb project; CMS or Cominco was building a heavy water plant at Trail, British Columbia and Eldorado was mining and processing uranium ore. He phoned C. D. Howe in Ottawa and arranged to travel on the overnight train to Ottawa and see Howe the next day (June 14). On arriving at the address given Nichols was surprised to find that Howe was the minister of munitions and supply, and found him most friendly. Howe was told about the Manhattan Project, and Nichols was told that Eldorado was now a Crown company.[3]The Crown corporation held a monopoly on uranium prospecting and development in Canada until 1948.[4] Together with a discovery of the Port Radium deposits, the Eldorado company opened the Beaverlodge Mine at Uranium City, Saskatchewan. It entered production in 1953. In the 1960s the nature of sales changed when the United States military ceased purchasing of Canadian uranium ores for the purpose of atomic weapons, and from then on uranium was produced for power plants. During this period the name of the company was changed to Eldorado Nuclear Limited, with Eldorado Aviation Limited operating flights to Port Radium.The Eldorado corporate records are housed in the National Archives of Canada.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_Mining_and_Refining_Limited"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"soil remediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation"},{"link_name":"brownfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port_Hope_cleanup-6"},{"link_name":"Faro mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Colomac mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomac_Mine"},{"link_name":"Giant mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Mine"},{"link_name":"Cape Dyer-DEW line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warning_System"},{"link_name":"Goose Bay Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_2014-7"}],"text":"Port Hope has the largest volume of historic low-level radioactive wastes in Canada, created by Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited and its private sector predecessors.[5] By 2010 when it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the soil remediation project of the brownfield, it was the largest such cleanup in Canadian history. The effort is projected to be complete in 2022.[6] According to their 2014 report, the Canadian Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) noted that the liability for the Port Hope, Ontario contaminated site was $1 billion, whereas the Big Five other contaminated sites (namely Faro mine, Colomac mine, Giant mine, Cape Dyer-DEW line, Goose Bay Air Base) had a combined liability of $1.8 billion.[7]","title":"Port Hope, Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_Mine_(Northwest_Territories)"},{"link_name":"Umisk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umisk_Island"}],"text":"Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)\nUmisk Island","title":"Former mine sites (partial list)"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Bothwell, Robert (1984). Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gilbert A. LaBine (1890 – 1977)\". Canadian Mining Hall of Fame. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ...where he and Charles formed a company, Eldorado Gold Mines.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mininghalloffame.ca/gilbert-a-labine","url_text":"\"Gilbert A. LaBine (1890 – 1977)\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Kenneth (1987). The Road to Trinity. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 068806910X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/068806910X","url_text":"068806910X"}]},{"reference":"McBain, Lesley (2006). \"Uranium City\". Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103111/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/uranium_city.html","url_text":"\"Uranium City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Regina","url_text":"University of Regina"},{"url":"http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/uranium_city.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Hope Area Initiative\". Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820223713/http://www.llrwmo.org/en/porthope/index.html","url_text":"\"Port Hope Area Initiative\""},{"url":"http://www.llrwmo.org/en/porthope/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carola Vyhnak (November 9, 2010). \"Port Hope properties tested for radiation\". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2014/01/13/port_hope_properties_tested_for_radiation.html","url_text":"\"Port Hope properties tested for radiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Rod Story, Tolga Yalkin (10 April 2014). \"Federal Contaminated Sites Cost\" (PDF). Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO). Ottawa, Ontario. p. 41. Retrieved 5 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca/files/files/Federal%20Contaminated%20Sites%20Cost%20EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal Contaminated Sites Cost\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eldorado+Resources%22","external_links_name":"\"Eldorado Resources\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eldorado+Resources%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eldorado+Resources%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eldorado+Resources%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eldorado+Resources%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eldorado+Resources%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.mininghalloffame.ca/gilbert-a-labine","external_links_name":"\"Gilbert A. LaBine (1890 – 1977)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103111/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/uranium_city.html","external_links_name":"\"Uranium City\""},{"Link":"http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/uranium_city.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820223713/http://www.llrwmo.org/en/porthope/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Port Hope Area Initiative\""},{"Link":"http://www.llrwmo.org/en/porthope/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2014/01/13/port_hope_properties_tested_for_radiation.html","external_links_name":"\"Port Hope properties tested for radiation\""},{"Link":"http://www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca/files/files/Federal%20Contaminated%20Sites%20Cost%20EN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federal Contaminated Sites Cost\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Joondalup

Arena Joondalup

["1 History","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 31°44′3″S 115°45′47″E / 31.73417°S 115.76306°E / -31.73417; 115.76306Sports complex in Joondalup, Western Australia "HBF Arena" redirects here. Not to be confused with HBF Park or HBF Stadium. Arena JoondalupLocationKennedya Drive, Joondalup, Western AustraliaCoordinates31°44′3″S 115°45′47″E / 31.73417°S 115.76306°E / -31.73417; 115.76306OwnerWestern Australian GovernmentOperatorVenuesWestCapacity16,000Record attendance15,082 (1994)ConstructionBroke ground1993Opened1994ArchitectCox Architects & Planners TenantsWest Perth Falcons (WAFL) (1994–present)Joondalup Wolves (SBL) (2018–present) Perth Glory FC (2022 - four home games)Websitehbfarena.com.au Arena Joondalup, known as HBF Arena under a commercial naming rights arrangement, is a multi-purpose sports complex in Joondalup, Western Australia, located on 35 ha of parkland approximately 25 km north of Perth. It was officially opened in 1994. An $11 million indoor aquatic centre, including a 50 m 10-lane competition pool, was completed in 2000. The capacity of the outdoor sports ground, known as Pentanet Stadium, is 16,000 people. Along with aquatic and swimming facilities, the stadium holds seven indoor basketball courts, as well as outdoor netball, field hockey, tennis, and rugby facilities. It is the largest athletic complex of its kind in Western Australia. History As the home stadium of the West Perth Football Club since 1994, HBF Arena is most notably an Australian rules football venue. It became the home of Perth RedStar FC (then known as Joondalup City SC) from 1995. The Joondalup Lakers Hockey Club and the Joondalup Giants (then Joondalup & Districts Rugby League Club) moved to the Arena in 2008. Joondalup Brothers R.U.F.C., the largest junior rugby club in Western Australia, moved to the complex in 2011. HBF Arena was also one of the home grounds for the Perth Spirit team in the National Rugby Championship in 2014. In 2018, the Joondalup Wolves moved into HBF Arena after playing out of Joondalup Basketball Stadium for more than three decades. From 1999 to 2012, HBF Arena was host to the Rock-It musical festival, which was one of the major rock concerts held regularly in Perth, with attendances of up to 25,000 people. In August 2023, HBF Arena was the host venue of the NBL1 National Finals. HBF Arena's sports facilitiesOutdoor sports groundIndoor show court Awards HBF Arena was awarded the 'Facility Management Award' at the 2001 Sport and Recreation Industry Awards. References ^ Cox Architects & Planners ^ "Round 4 - 1994 - League: West Perth v East Perth". West Australian Football League. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ "The Birth of Joondalup". Landcorp. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ "Up to 500,000 people expected to use new Joondalup aquatic centre". Western Australian State Government. 26 February 1999. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. ^ Donaldson, Mark (2 May 2018). "WAFL: West Perth on the hunt for naming rights sponsor for Joondalup Arena". Joondalup Times. Community News Group. Retrieved 29 August 2019. ^ a b "Arena Joondalup". Australian Stadiums. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ "WEST PERTH – Part Three: 1968 to 2007". West Perth Football Club. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ "Joondalup Giants". WA Rugby league. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ Jackson, Ed (20 August 2014). "Australian rugby set for provincial reboot". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "Fixtures draw". Australian Rugby. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ Donaldson, Mark (27 July 2017). "SBL: ode to suburban stadiums as Joondalup Wolves farewell Joondalup Basketball Stadium". CommunityNews.com.au. Joondalup Times. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ O'Donoghue, Craig (19 May 2023). "NBL1 National Championship to be played in Joondalup after dominant victories by WA clubs last year". TheWest.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ O'Donoghue, Craig (19 May 2023). "NBL1 National Championships in Joondalup to include NBL1 West teams Rockingham Flames and Warwick Senators". TheWest.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ O'Donoghue, Craig (17 August 2023). "NBL1 National finals lose Olympian Nathan Sobey but HBF Arena expected to be packed across the weekend". TheWest.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023. ^ "Sport Industry Awards announced". Western Australian State Government. 16 November 2001. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arena Joondalup. HBF Arena official website HBF Arena at Austadiums vteVenues affiliated with VenuesWest Bendat Basketball Centre Champion Lakes Regatta Centre Gold Netball Centre HBF Arena HBF Park HBF Stadium Optus Stadium Perth Motorplex Perth SpeedDome RAC Arena State Football Stadium WA Athletics Stadium WA Rugby Centre WAIS High Performance Service Centre vteWest Australian Football League Seasons Grand Final Records Premiers Sandover Medal Simpson Medal Leading goalkickers Clubs Claremont East Fremantle East Perth Peel Thunder Perth South Fremantle Subiaco Swan Districts West Coast West Perth Former clubs Centrals East Perth (I) Fremantle (I) Unions/Fremantle (II) High School Imperials Midland Junction North Fremantle Rovers Victorians West Australians Grounds Bassendean Oval Claremont Oval East Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval Arena Joondalup Lathlain Park Leederville Oval Optus Stadium Rushton Park WACA Ground Former grounds Claremont Showground Perth Oval Shenton Park Subiaco Oval Wellington Square vteNational Rugby Championship groundsNew South Wales Caltex Park Central Coast Stadium Oakes Oval Wade Park Coogee Oval Western Sydney Stadium Brookvale Oval Leichhardt Oval Ann Ashwood Park Newcastle Sports Ground Chillingworth Oval Woollahra Oval Concord Oval Eric Tweedale Stadium Forshaw Park Manly Oval Pittwater Park Queensland Suncorp Stadium Ballymore Bond University Cbus Super Stadium Mike Carney Toyota Park Rugby Park, Rockhampton Toowoomba Sports Ground Stockland Park Victoria AAMI Park Holmesglen Reserve Frankston Park Simonds Stadium Latrobe City Stadium Australian Capital Territory Viking Park Western Australia HBF Arena Rockingham RUC UWA Rugby Club South Australia Adelaide Airport Oval Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place This article about a sports venue in Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Not to be confused with HBF Park or HBF Stadium.Arena Joondalup, known as HBF Arena under a commercial naming rights arrangement, is a multi-purpose sports complex in Joondalup, Western Australia, located on 35 ha of parkland approximately 25 km north of Perth. It was officially opened in 1994.[3] An $11 million indoor aquatic centre, including a 50 m 10-lane competition pool, was completed in 2000.[4]The capacity of the outdoor sports ground, known as Pentanet Stadium,[5] is 16,000 people. Along with aquatic and swimming facilities, the stadium holds seven indoor basketball courts, as well as outdoor netball, field hockey, tennis, and rugby facilities. It is the largest athletic complex of its kind in Western Australia.[6]","title":"Arena Joondalup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Perth Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Perth_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-7"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austadiums-6"},{"link_name":"Perth RedStar FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_RedStar_FC"},{"link_name":"Joondalup Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Giants"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giants-8"},{"link_name":"Perth Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Spirit"},{"link_name":"National Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-2014-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrc-draw-2014-10"},{"link_name":"Joondalup Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Wolves"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Rock-It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-It"},{"link_name":"NBL1 National Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NBL1_season#National_Finals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_takes_joondalup_Nov_2011_gnangarra-14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HBF_Arena_indoor_show_court.jpg"}],"text":"As the home stadium of the West Perth Football Club since 1994,[7] HBF Arena is most notably an Australian rules football venue.[6] It became the home of Perth RedStar FC (then known as Joondalup City SC) from 1995. The Joondalup Lakers Hockey Club and the Joondalup Giants (then Joondalup & Districts Rugby League Club) moved to the Arena in 2008.[8] Joondalup Brothers R.U.F.C., the largest junior rugby club in Western Australia, moved to the complex in 2011. HBF Arena was also one of the home grounds for the Perth Spirit team in the National Rugby Championship in 2014.[9][10] In 2018, the Joondalup Wolves moved into HBF Arena after playing out of Joondalup Basketball Stadium for more than three decades.[11]From 1999 to 2012, HBF Arena was host to the Rock-It musical festival, which was one of the major rock concerts held regularly in Perth, with attendances of up to 25,000 people.In August 2023, HBF Arena was the host venue of the NBL1 National Finals.[12][13][14]HBF Arena's sports facilitiesOutdoor sports groundIndoor show court","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wa-gov-2001-15"}],"text":"HBF Arena was awarded the 'Facility Management Award' at the 2001 Sport and Recreation Industry Awards.[15]","title":"Awards"}]

[]

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Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.communitynews.com.au/joondalup-times/sport/sbl-ode-to-suburban-stadiums-as-joondalup-wolves-farewell-joondalup-basketball-stadium/","url_text":"\"SBL: ode to suburban stadiums as Joondalup Wolves farewell Joondalup Basketball Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"O'Donoghue, Craig (19 May 2023). \"NBL1 National Championship to be played in Joondalup after dominant victories by WA clubs last year\". TheWest.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230519053225/https://thewest.com.au/sport/basketball/nbl1-national-championship-to-be-played-in-joondalup-after-dominant-victories-by-wa-clubs-last-year-c-10687776","url_text":"\"NBL1 National Championship to be played in Joondalup after dominant victories by WA clubs last year\""},{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/basketball/nbl1-national-championship-to-be-played-in-joondalup-after-dominant-victories-by-wa-clubs-last-year-c-10687776","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Donoghue, Craig (19 May 2023). \"NBL1 National Championships in Joondalup to include NBL1 West teams Rockingham Flames and Warwick Senators\". TheWest.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_Night

Exterior Night

["1 Plot","1.1 Part 1 – Aldo Moro","1.2 Part 2 – The Minister of the Interior","1.3 Part 3 – The Pope","1.4 Part 4 – The Terrorists","1.5 Part 5 – Eleonora","1.6 Part 6 – The End","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Accolades","5 Related articles","6 References","7 External links"]

2022 Italian-language drama film Exterior NightItalianEsterno notte Directed byMarco BellocchioScreenplay by Marco Bellocchio Stefano Bises Ludovica Rampoldi Davide Serino Story by Marco Bellocchio Stefano Bises Giovanni Bianconi Produced by Lorenzo Mieli Simone Gattoni Starring Fabrizio Gifuni Margherita Buy Toni Servillo Fausto Russo Alesi Daniela Marra Gabriel Montesi CinematographyFrancesco Di GiacomoEdited byFrancesca CalvelliMusic byFabio Massimo CapogrossoProductioncompanies The Apartment Kavac Film Rai Fiction Arte Distributed byLucky RedRelease dates 20 May 2022 (2022-05-20) (Cannes) 18 May 2022 (2022-05-18) (Italy Part I) 9 June 2022 (2022-06-09) (Italy Part II) Running time344 minutesCountries Italy France LanguageItalian Exterior Night (Italian: Esterno notte) is a 2022 Italian-language drama film co-written and directed by Marco Bellocchio based on the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro. The film is the second feature by Bellocchio based on the Moro case after Good Morning, Night, shot in 2003. Originally conceived as a RAI television miniseries, it premiered out of competition at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival. It was then given a theatrical release in Italy as two films (titled Act I and Act II), before being aired on Rai 1 and on Netflix. Plot Part 1 – Aldo Moro In 1978, Aldo Moro, the president of Christian Democracy (DC), attempted to form a government of national unity with the external support of the Italian Communist Party in what was a first time for a country belonging to the North Atlantic Treaty. During the party assembly, Moro tries to convince the most recalcitrant exponents within the party about the goodness of this operation. Francesco Cossiga, who would be confirmed as Minister of the Interior in the new government led by Giulio Andreotti, privately tells Moro that the Americans will not agree but Moro asks him to reassure them. Moro and Andreotti are working to form the new cabinet and they dissatisfy several members of their party with the role assigned to them. Late in the evening, before returning home, Moro meets Enrico Berlinguer to whom he hands over the list of ministers and undersecretaries. On 16 March, Moro leaves his home accompanied by his escort. While the swearing-in ceremony of the Andreotti IV Cabinet is in progress, the cars of Moro and the escort are attacked in via Mario Fani by an armed nucleus of the Red Brigades (BR); the agents are killed and Moro is kidnapped. Andreotti, having received the news, goes to the bathroom to vomit. The police forces start looking for Moro who in the meantime, after being drugged, wakes up inside a wooden box transported in a van. Part 2 – The Minister of the Interior Cossiga is in despair over the incident and asks the task force of his department to do everything possible to obtain Moro's release. A photo taken by the BR in the hideout proves that Moro is alive. On 29 March, Moro's private secretary brings Cossiga a letter written by him. Cossiga read the letter to Andreotti and affirmed that it would be better to open a channel with the BR, which made the letter public: the confidential negotiation could not even start. The expert reports carried out suggest that Moro may have been drugged: his condition would therefore be such that the moral value of his letters has lost credibility. Part 3 – The Pope Pope Paul VI asks the crowd of faithful to pray for Moro and makes an appeal that he be returned to his loved ones. Monsignor Agostino Casaroli reports to Andreotti that the Pope has raised 20 billion lire to pay the ransom and that, with the consent of the Italian government, he would like to use a Vatican route to save Moro. The leaders of the armed forces tell Andreotti that if a ransom is paid there will be chaos. Andreotti accepts the yes to the redemption option from the secretaries of the main parties. Cesare Curioni, chaplain of the San Vittore Prison, has the difficult task of mediating with the kidnappers, an attempt that fails because they refuse to provide proof that Moro is alive. The Pope then manifests his intention to contact the kidnappers personally. Part 4 – The Terrorists Adriana Faranda begins her life within the Red Brigades. On 8 March, the BR are training in view of the attack on Moro's escort and Mario Moretti excludes Faranda because she has recently joined the group. On 18 April, divers scour the Duchessa Lake near Rieti in search of Moro's body; Faranda and Valerio Morucci are opposed to the killing of Moro, while Moretti and Barbara Balzerani are determined and do not want to have second thoughts. Part 5 – Eleonora Eleonora Moro arrives at the site of the ambush in via Fani and is immediately concerned that her husband has his medicines with him. Back home, she reunites with her family and welcomes, almost reluctantly, various figures from the political scene, including Benigno Zaccagnini and Italy's president Giovanni Leone. Eleonora is furious because her husband is considered crazy in the newspapers and attacks Zaccagnini for not wanting to start a deal with the BR. On 22 April, the Pope makes a public appeal asking that Moro be released simply, without conditions. Eleonora tells her children that even the Pope has surrendered. On 30 April, a member of the BR calls Eleonora arguing that she needs a direct and clarifying intervention from Zaccagnini to change the situation, otherwise it will be inevitable for the BR to kill Moro. Eleonora immediately calls Leone asking him to put pressure on Zaccagnini but even the president of the Italian Republic does not seem to want to help her. Part 6 – The End On 8 May, Antonio Mennini is secretly brought to the hideout so that Moro can confess for the last time: the statesman unburdens himself with him, accusing the entire DC and above all Andreotti of having sentenced him to death. The next day, Morucci calls from a telephone booth telling him that he should let the Moro family know that the body is in the trunk of a car in via Caetani. Cossiga rushes to the place being challenged harshly by those present and being shocked. Meanwhile, the hideout where Moro had been kept is cleaned up in a hurry by the BR. Cast Fabrizio Gifuni as Aldo Moro Margherita Buy as Eleonora Chiavarelli, Moro's wife Toni Servillo as Pope Paul VI Fausto Russo Alesi as Francesco Cossiga Daniela Marra as Adriana Faranda Gabriel Montesi as Valerio Morucci Fabrizio Contri as Giulio Andreotti Gigio Alberti as Benigno Zaccagnini Production On 18 January 2020, Bellocchio announced that he would be shooting a series centered on the kidnapping of Aldo Moro; later the episodes were combined into a film divided into two parts. Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result David di Donatello Awards 10 May 2023 Best Film Exterior Night Nominated Best Director Marco Bellocchio Won Best Actor Fabrizio Gifuni Won Best Actress Margherita Buy Nominated Best Supporting Actor Fausto Russo Alesi Nominated Toni Servillo Nominated Best Supporting Actress Daniela Marra Nominated Best Original Screenplay Marco Bellocchio, Stefano Bises, Ludovica Rampoldi e Davide Serino Nominated Best Producer The Apartment, Kavac Film Nominated Best Cinematography Francesco Di Giacomo Nominated Best Sets and Decorations Andrea Castorina, Marco Martucci and Laura Casalini Nominated Best Costumes Daria Calvelli Nominated Best Make-Up Enrico Iacoponi Won Best Hair Design Alberta Giuliani Nominated Best Visual Effects Massimo Cipollina Nominated Best Editing Francesca Calvelli and Claudio Misantoni Won Best Sound Gaetano Carito, Lilio Rosato and Nadia Paone Nominated Best Score Fabio Massimo Capogrosso Nominated Related articles Good Morning, Night Years of Lead (Italy) References ^ "Bellocchio si confessa: «È stato Camilleri a suggerirmi di fare il regista»". Open.online. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ "Al cinema "Esterno notte", la prima serie di Bellocchio sul caso Moro". Today.it. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ "David di Donatello 2023, tutti i premi assegnati". raicultura.it. Retrieved 18 May 2023. External links Exterior Night at IMDb vteFilms directed by Marco Bellocchio La colpa e la pena (1961) Fists in the Pocket (1965) China Is Near (1967) Sbatti il mostro in prima pagina (1972) Victory March (1976) Il gabbiano (1977) A Leap in the Dark (1980) The Eyes, the Mouth (1982) Henry IV (1984) Devil in the Flesh (1986) The Witches' Sabbath (1988) The Conviction (1991) The Butterfly's Dream (1994) The Prince of Homburg (1996) The Nanny (1999) My Mother's Smile (2002) Good Morning, Night (2003) The Wedding Director (2006) Vincere (2009) Dormant Beauty (2012) Blood of My Blood (2015) Sweet Dreams (2017) The Traitor (2019) Marx Can Wait (2021) Exterior Night (2022) Kidnapped (2023) Portals: Italy France Film 2020s

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epispiral

Epispiral

["1 Alternative definition","2 See also","3 References"]

Type of plane curve An epispiral with equation r(θ)=2sec(2θ) The epispiral is a plane curve with polar equation   r = a sec ⁡ n θ {\displaystyle \ r=a\sec {n\theta }} . There are n sections if n is odd and 2n if n is even. It is the polar or circle inversion of the rose curve. In astronomy the epispiral is related to the equations that explain planets' orbits. Alternative definition There is another definition of the epispiral that has to do with tangents to circles: Begin with a circle. Rotate some single point on the circle around the circle by some angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } and at the same time by an angle in constant proportion to θ {\displaystyle \theta } , say c θ {\displaystyle c\theta } for some constant c {\displaystyle c} . The intersections of the tangent lines to the circle at these new points rotated from that single point for every θ {\displaystyle \theta } would trace out an epispiral. The polar equation can be derived through simple geometry as follows: To determine the polar coordinates ( ρ , ϕ ) {\displaystyle (\rho ,\phi )} of the intersection of the tangent lines in question for some θ {\displaystyle \theta } and − 1 < c < 1 {\displaystyle -1<c<1} , note that ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is halfway between θ {\displaystyle \theta } and c θ {\displaystyle c\theta } by congruence of triangles, so it is ( c + 1 ) θ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(c+1)\theta }{2}}} . Moreover, if the radius of the circle generating the curve is r {\displaystyle r} , then since there is a right-angled triangle (it's right-angled as a tangent to a circle meets the radius at a right angle at the point of tangency) with hypotenuse ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and an angle ( 1 − c ) θ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(1-c)\theta }{2}}} to which the adjacent leg of the triangle is r {\displaystyle r} , the radius ρ {\displaystyle \rho } at the intersection point of the relevant tangents is r sec ⁡ ( ( 1 − c ) θ 2 ) {\displaystyle r\sec({\frac {(1-c)\theta }{2}})} . This gives the polar equation of the curve, ρ = r sec ⁡ ( ( 1 − c ) ϕ c + 1 ) {\displaystyle \rho =r\sec({\frac {(1-c)\phi }{c+1}})} for all points ( ρ , ϕ ) {\displaystyle (\rho ,\phi )} on it. See also Logarithmic spiral Rose (mathematics) References ^ "construction of the epispiral by tangent lines". Desmos. Retrieved 2023-12-02. J. Dennis Lawrence (1972). A catalog of special plane curves. Dover Publications. p. 192. ISBN 0-486-60288-5. https://www.mathcurve.com/courbes2d.gb/epi/epi.shtml vteSpirals, curves and helicesCurves Algebraic Curvature Gallery List Topics Helices Angle Antenna Boerdijk–Coxeter Hemi Symmetry Triple Biochemistry 310 Alpha Beta Double Pi Polyproline Super Triple Collagen Spirals Archimedean Cotes's Epispiral Hyperbolic Poinsot's Doyle Euler Fermat's Involute List Logarithmic Golden On Spirals Padovan Pitch angle Theodorus Spirangle Ulam This geometry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epispiral.svg"},{"link_name":"plane curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_curve"},{"link_name":"polar equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_equation"},{"link_name":"inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversive_geometry"},{"link_name":"rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"related to the equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_of_revolving_orbits#Illustrative_example:_Cotes's_spirals"},{"link_name":"planets'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"}],"text":"An epispiral with equation r(θ)=2sec(2θ)The epispiral is a plane curve with polar equationr\n =\n a\n sec\n ⁡\n \n n\n θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ r=a\\sec {n\\theta }}\n \n.There are n sections if n is odd and 2n if n is even.It is the polar or circle inversion of the rose curve.In astronomy the epispiral is related to the equations that explain planets' orbits.","title":"Epispiral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"There is another definition of the epispiral that has to do with tangents to circles:[1]Begin with a circle.Rotate some single point on the circle around the circle by some angle \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n and at the same time by an angle in constant proportion to \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n, say \n \n \n \n c\n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\theta }\n \n for some constant \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n.The intersections of the tangent lines to the circle at these new points rotated from that single point for every \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n would trace out an epispiral.The polar equation can be derived through simple geometry as follows:To determine the polar coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n ρ\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\rho ,\\phi )}\n \n of the intersection of the tangent lines in question for some \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n and \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n <\n c\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1<c<1}\n \n, note that \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is halfway between \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n and \n \n \n \n c\n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\theta }\n \n by congruence of triangles, so it is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n c\n +\n 1\n )\n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(c+1)\\theta }{2}}}\n \n. Moreover, if the radius of the circle generating the curve is \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n, then since there is a right-angled triangle (it's right-angled as a tangent to a circle meets the radius at a right angle at the point of tangency) with hypotenuse \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n and an angle \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n c\n )\n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(1-c)\\theta }{2}}}\n \n to which the adjacent leg of the triangle is \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n, the radius \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n at the intersection point of the relevant tangents is \n \n \n \n r\n sec\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n c\n )\n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\sec({\\frac {(1-c)\\theta }{2}})}\n \n. This gives the polar equation of the curve, \n \n \n \n ρ\n =\n r\n sec\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n c\n )\n ϕ\n \n \n c\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho =r\\sec({\\frac {(1-c)\\phi }{c+1}})}\n \n for all points \n \n \n \n (\n ρ\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\rho ,\\phi )}\n \n on it.","title":"Alternative definition"}]

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[{"title":"Logarithmic spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral"},{"title":"Rose (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_(mathematics)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_78

State Route 78 (Arizona–New Mexico)

["1 Route description","2 History","3 Junction list","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Route map: State highway in Arizona and New Mexico Arizona State Route 78 andNew Mexico State Road 78Route 78 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by ADOT & NMDOTLength34.68 mi (55.81 km) 19.47 mi (31.33 km) in Arizona 15.213 mi (24.483 km) in New Mexico Existed1938–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 191 / SR 75 in Three Way, AZEast end US 180 near Cliff, NM LocationCountryUnited StatesStateArizona Highway system Arizona State Highway System Interstate US State Proposed Former New Mexico State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← SR 77AZ→ SR 79← NM 77NM→ US 80 Arizona State Route 78 (SR 78) and New Mexico State Road 78 (NM 78) are a pair of adjoining state highways located in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico linking U.S. Route 191 (US 191) and Arizona State Route 75 near Greenlee County Airport to US 180 northwest of Cliff, New Mexico. The Arizona stretch is also known as Mule Creek Road. Route description NM 78 at mile marker 7 The western terminus of SR 78 is located at a junction with US 191 and SR 75 in Three Way, Arizona near Greenlee County Airport. The highway heads northeast from this intersection along Mule Creek Road. There are multiple hairpin turns along this stretch of highway as it follows the surrounding terrain. State Road 78 heads eastward through the desert, passing through the community of Mule Creek, New Mexico. The road continues eastward until terminating at U.S. Route 180 northwest of Cliff, New Mexico. History Arizona section of the highway was designated as SR 78 on February 17, 1959, and the New Mexico section was designated along its current route in the mid-1930s as New Mexico State Road 78. By 1938, what would eventually become SR 78 on the Arizona side was still just a gravel road as were many roads in the area including US 666. This section would remain a gravel road until 1961. The other state highways in the area were paved by this time including the majority of the New Mexico section. By 1971, nearly the entire highway had been paved with the exception of a portion near the New Mexico-Arizona state line. It was extended to U.S. Route 60 in New Mexico, going through Mogollon, New Mexico, by the mid-1940s and truncated at its present terminus in 1988. Junction list StateCountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes ArizonaGreenleeThree Way0.000.00 US 191 / SR 75 south – Safford, Duncan, CliftonWestern terminus; US 191 is former US 666; road continues as US 191 south  19.470.00031.330.000Arizona–New Mexico state line New MexicoGrant​15.21324.483 US 180 – Glenwood, Silver CityEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Arizona portal U.S. roads portal References ^ a b c Arizona Department of Transportation. "2006 ADOT Highway Log" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2008. ^ a b New Mexico Department of Transportation. "New Mexico Department of Transportation State Road Log" (PDF). Retrieved December 8, 2010. ^ Google (April 23, 2008). "Overview Map of SR 78" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 23, 2008. ^ Google (December 8, 2010). "Overview Map of State Road 78" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 8, 2010. ^ Arizona State Highway Department (February 17, 1959). "ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1959-079". Retrieved June 5, 2023 – via Arizona Highway Data. ESTABLISH AS A STATE ROUTE FROM JCT S.R.75 & U.S.666 NE APPROX 20 MILES TO NEW MEXICO STATE LINE ^ Rand McNally (1927). Auto Road Map of Arizona and New Mexico (Map). Scale not given. Chicago: Rand McNally. Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via Arizona Roads. ^ Rand McNally (1938). Road Map of Arizona and New Mexico (Map). Scale not given. Chicago: Rand McNally. Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via Arizona Roads. ^ Rand McNally (1961). Road Map of Arizona (Map). Scale not given. Chicago: Rand McNally. Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via Arizona Roads. ^ Arizona State Highway Department (1971). Road Map of Arizona (Map). Scale not given. Phoenix: Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via Arizona Roads. ^ Rimer, Steve. "New Mexico Highways 76-100". The Unofficial New Mexico Highways Page. Retrieved December 8, 2010. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/State Route 78 (Arizona–New Mexico)KML is from Wikidata SR 78 at Arizona Roads

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[{"title":"Arizona portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona"},{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften

Austrian Academy of Sciences

["1 History","2 Research facilities","3 Gallery of Research","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°12′32.0″N 16°22′37.4″E / 48.208889°N 16.377056°E / 48.208889; 16.377056Science academy in Austria "ÖAW" redirects here. For other uses, see OAW (disambiguation). Austrian Academy of SciencesÖsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenAustrian Academy of SciencesAgency overviewFormed1847; 177 years ago (1847)TypeNational academyJurisdictionAustriaHeadquartersVienna, Austria48°12′32.0″N 16°22′37.4″E / 48.208889°N 16.377056°E / 48.208889; 16.377056Agency executivesHeinz Faßmann, PresidentUlrike Diebold, Vice PresidentWebsitewww.oeaw.ac.atMap The Austrian Academy of Sciences (German: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every field, particularly in fundamental research. History In 1713, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz suggested to establish an Academy, inspired by the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences. The "Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien" was finally established by Imperial Patent on 14 May 1847. The academy soon began extensive research. In the humanities the academy started with researching and publishing important historical sources of Austria. Research in natural science also covered a wide variety of topics. The 1921 federal law guaranteed the legal basis of the academy in the newly founded First Austrian Republic. From the mid-1960s onwards it became the country's leading institution in the field of non-university basic research. The academy is also a learned society, and its past members have included Theodor Billroth, Ludwig Boltzmann, Christian Doppler, Anton Eiselsberg, Otto Hittmair, Paul Kretschmer, Hans Horst Meyer, Albert Anton von Muchar, Julius von Schlosser, Roland Scholl, Eduard Suess and the Nobel Prize winners Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Victor Francis Hess, Erwin Schrödinger and Konrad Lorenz. Anton Zeilinger, predecessor of the academy's incumbent president, is Nobel Prize laureate in physics 2022. Research facilities The academy operates 25 research institutes. In 2012, a reorganization prompted the outsourcing of various institutes to universities as well as mergers. The academy's institutes are split into two major divisions, one for mathematics and natural sciences (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) and one for humanities and social sciences (philosophisch-historische Klasse). In the field of humanities, there are the Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture, which is well known for the analysis of excavation results in Carnuntum and Ephesos, the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, focusing on montology, the Institute of Culture Studies and Theatre History, and the Vienna Institute of Demography, among others. The academy conducts socio-cultural research in Tibetan-speaking Himalayas, Tibet, and central Asia. Facilities that focus on natural sciences include the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (which is operated in cooperation with Boehringer Ingelheim), the Gregor Mendel Institute, the Institute of Molecular Biology, Salzburg, the Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM), Linz, the Research Center for Molecular Medicine, the Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, the Acoustics Research Institute, the Space Research Institute and the Institute for High Energy Physics (HEPHY), Wien. Gallery of Research During his term as president of the academy (1991–2003), Werner Welzig initiated the establishment of the Galerie der Forschung (English: Gallery of Research). In 2005 the Gallery organised its pilot event "Mapping controversies: the case of the genetically modified food", which was staged in the Alte Aula in Vienna. Publications Via its Austrian Academy of Sciences Press imprint, the academy publishes Medieval Worlds: Comparative & Interdisciplinary Studies, a biannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering Medieval studies. Other publications are the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum and eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management. Also Memoranda of the Academy of Knowledge. Mathematical and natural science class (Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften), which was founded in 1850. References ^ Basic information from official website Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Anton Zeilinger: Nobel Prize Winner in Physics". Austrian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia: Process of Transfer, Translation and Transformation in Art, Archaeology, Religion and Polity. ÖAW. 2017. ^ "ISA Regional Group Tibet, Mongolia, Central Asia and Tibetan-speaking Himalaya Regions". www.oeaw.ac.at. Retrieved 17 August 2023. ^ "Book on Cultural Flows in Western Himalaya". asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de. 3 March 2015. ^ "Press release of the Austrian Academy of Sciences" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2009. ^ "Announcement of the event on the website of the European Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2009. ^ "Zobodat – Literatur Serien". www.zobodat.at. Retrieved 9 August 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austrian Academy of Sciences. Official website vteInternational Science Council (ISC)Nationalmembers Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina Republika Srpska Botswana Brazil ANPOCS Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cameroon Canada SSHRC Chile China CASS Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary India ICSSR Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea KSSRC KAST Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico COMECSO Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway UB Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines PSSC Poland Portugal Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa HSRC Spain Sri Lanka Sudan SNAS Sweden Switzerland Switzerland Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Science Academy TÜBİTAK Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom British Academy ESRC United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe RCZ Transnationalmembers ACSS AASSREC CASS CLACSO CODESRIA FLACSO UAI OSSREA USP Unions andassociations 4S IALS IASSA IAU ICA IEA IFSM IGU IMU INQUA IPRA IPSA ISA ISEE ISPRS IUBMB IUBS IUCr IUFoST IUFRO IUGG IUGS IUHPST IUIS IUMRS IUMS IUNS IUPAB IUPAC IUPAP IUPESM IUPHAR IUPS IUPsyS IUSS IUSSP IUTAM IUTOX URSI WAPOR WAU Affiliatedmembers AAS AASSA ACSS ASTC CIE EADI ECPR FIG GYA IAAP IAHR IASC ICA ICIAM ICLAS ICO ICSTI IFDO IFIP IFLA IFS IIASA ISA ISDE IUVSTA IWA PSA SSRC TNI TWAS UIS Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway 2 France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Australia Greece Croatia Poland Vatican Geographic MusicBrainz place Academics CiNii Artists ULAN Other IdRef 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OAW (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAW_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"Science academy in Austria\"ÖAW\" redirects here. For other uses, see OAW (disambiguation).The Austrian Academy of Sciences (German: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every field, particularly in fundamental research.","title":"Austrian Academy of Sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"First Austrian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"learned society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"Theodor Billroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Billroth"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Boltzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann"},{"link_name":"Christian Doppler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Doppler"},{"link_name":"Anton Eiselsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Eiselsberg"},{"link_name":"Otto Hittmair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hittmair"},{"link_name":"Paul Kretschmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer"},{"link_name":"Hans Horst Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Horst_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Albert Anton von Muchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anton_von_Muchar"},{"link_name":"Julius von Schlosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Schlosser"},{"link_name":"Roland Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Scholl"},{"link_name":"Eduard Suess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Suess"},{"link_name":"Julius Wagner-Jauregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg"},{"link_name":"Victor Francis Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess"},{"link_name":"Erwin Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"link_name":"Konrad Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anton Zeilinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1713, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz suggested to establish an Academy, inspired by the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences. The \"Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien\" was finally established by Imperial Patent on 14 May 1847. The academy soon began extensive research. In the humanities the academy started with researching and publishing important historical sources of Austria. Research in natural science also covered a wide variety of topics.The 1921 federal law guaranteed the legal basis of the academy in the newly founded First Austrian Republic. From the mid-1960s onwards it became the country's leading institution in the field of non-university basic research.[citation needed]The academy is also a learned society, and its past members have included Theodor Billroth, Ludwig Boltzmann, Christian Doppler, Anton Eiselsberg, Otto Hittmair, Paul Kretschmer, Hans Horst Meyer, Albert Anton von Muchar, Julius von Schlosser, Roland Scholl, Eduard Suess and the Nobel Prize winners Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Victor Francis Hess, Erwin Schrödinger and Konrad Lorenz.[1] Anton Zeilinger, predecessor of the academy's incumbent president, is Nobel Prize laureate in physics 2022.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carnuntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnuntum"},{"link_name":"Ephesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos"},{"link_name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Mountain_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"montology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_research"},{"link_name":"Institute of Culture Studies and Theatre History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Culture_Studies_and_Theatre_History&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vienna Institute of Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Institute_of_Demography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciences"},{"link_name":"Institute of Molecular Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Molecular_Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim"},{"link_name":"Gregor Mendel Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel_Institute"},{"link_name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Molecular_Biology,_Salzburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM), Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Radon_Institute_for_Computational_and_Applied_Mathematics_(RICAM),_Linz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Research Center for Molecular Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Schmid_Institute_of_Materials_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Optics_and_Quantum_Information"},{"link_name":"Acoustics Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Space Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Weltraumforschung_(Space_Research_Institute)"},{"link_name":"Institute for High Energy Physics (HEPHY), Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_High_Energy_Physics_(HEPHY),_Wien&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The academy operates 25 research institutes. In 2012, a reorganization prompted the outsourcing of various institutes to universities as well as mergers. The academy's institutes are split into two major divisions, one for mathematics and natural sciences (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) and one for humanities and social sciences (philosophisch-historische Klasse).In the field of humanities, there are the Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture, which is well known for the analysis of excavation results in Carnuntum and Ephesos, the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, focusing on montology, the Institute of Culture Studies and Theatre History, and the Vienna Institute of Demography, among others.The academy conducts socio-cultural research in Tibetan-speaking Himalayas, Tibet, and central Asia.[3][4][5]Facilities that focus on natural sciences include the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (which is operated in cooperation with Boehringer Ingelheim), the Gregor Mendel Institute, the Institute of Molecular Biology, Salzburg, the Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM), Linz, the Research Center for Molecular Medicine, the Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, the Acoustics Research Institute, the Space Research Institute and the Institute for High Energy Physics (HEPHY), Wien.","title":"Research facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"During his term as president of the academy (1991–2003), Werner Welzig initiated the establishment of the Galerie der Forschung (English: Gallery of Research).[6] In 2005 the Gallery organised its pilot event \"Mapping controversies: the case of the genetically modified food\",[7] which was staged in the Alte Aula in Vienna.","title":"Gallery of Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval Worlds: Comparative & Interdisciplinary Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Worlds:_Comparative_%26_Interdisciplinary_Studies"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Medieval studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies"},{"link_name":"Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum"},{"link_name":"eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco.mont"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Via its Austrian Academy of Sciences Press imprint, the academy publishes Medieval Worlds: Comparative & Interdisciplinary Studies, a biannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering Medieval studies. Other publications are the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum and eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management. Also Memoranda of the Academy of Knowledge. Mathematical and natural science class (Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften), which was founded in 1850.[8]","title":"Publications"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintrah

Rintrah

["1 References"]

For the Marvel Comics character, see Rintrah (comics). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rintrah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rintrah is a character in William Blake's mythology, representing the just wrath of the prophet. Rintrah first appears in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: "Rintrah roars and shakes his fires in the burdened air" shows him personifying revolutionary wrath. He is later grouped together with other spirits of rebellion in The Vision of the Daughters of Albion. Rintrah is the brother of Palamabron (pity), Bromion (scientific thought), and Theotormon (desire/jealousy), represented together as either the Sons of Los or of Jerusalem. References ^ Blake, William (1972). Collected Works. Oxford: Oxford UP. p. 148. ISBN 0192810502. This poetry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_L%C3%B3pez_Buchardo

Carlos López Buchardo

["1 Life","2 References"]

Argentine composer Carlos Félix López Buchardo (October 12, 1881 – April 21, 1948) was an Argentine composer of Classical music whose work was inspired by native music. He founded the Conservatorio Nacional Superior de Música in Buenos Aires, an institution that later became a department (Departamento de Artes Musicales y Sonoras "Carlos López Buchardo") of the current Universidad Nacional de las Artes. Life Carlos López Buchardo was born and died in Buenos Aires. He first studied composition in his hometown and later pursued his training in Paris with Albert Roussel. Upon his return to Argentina, López Buchardo established some institutions that helped to shape musical life in his country. He founded the Conservatorio Nacional in Buenos Aires in 1924. He also established the School of Fine Arts of the La Plata University. He held various administrative positions, including that of Director of the Teatro Colón. His vocal output consists of operas, masses, musical comedies, and some fifty songs. Upon his death in 1948 the Conservatorio Nacional was named after López Buchardo. References ^ Hoover, Maya (2010). A Guide to the Latin American Art Song Repertoire: An Annotated Catalog of Twentieth-Century Art Songs for Voice and Piano. Indiana University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0253003966. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ Universidad Nacional de las Artes. Artes Musicales y Sonoras, Retrieved 25 January 2021 ^ López Buchardo, Carlos (1881–1948), Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, 2008, Gale, Retrieved 6 July 2017 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Argentina Germany Italy Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC This Argentine biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriarra

Uriarra Village, Australian Capital Territory

["1 Location","2 Bushfires","3 Abandoned Solar Farm Proposal","4 Heritage","5 Uriarra Crossing","6 Geology","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°17′43″S 148°55′31″E / 35.29528°S 148.92528°E / -35.29528; 148.92528For the locality in New South Wales, see Uriarra, New South Wales. Place in Australian Capital TerritoryUriarra VillageAustralian Capital TerritoryUriarra VillageCoordinates35°17′43″S 148°55′31″E / 35.29528°S 148.92528°E / -35.29528; 148.92528Population309 (SAL 2021)Established2012Postcode(s)2611Location30 km (19 mi) W of CanberraDistrictCoreeTerritory electorate(s)MurrumbidgeeFederal division(s)Bean Localities around Uriarra Village: Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Uriarra Village Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Canberra Nature Park Uriarra Village is a town in the district of Coree, in the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. It is situated on the western side of the Australian Capital Territory, about 30 minutes from Canberra, established in 1928 at the foothills of the Australian Alps. A nearby area to the north of the border in New South Wales is also called Uriarra. The settlement and surrounding forest were significantly damaged by the 2003 Canberra bushfires with 16 of the original 23 homes being destroyed. In May 2004 the ACT Government considered information on social capital, infrastructure innovation, environmental, planning and financial analysis and found that Uriarra Village should be redeveloped in a sustainable manner. Fifteen of the original families moved away from the settlement with nine choosing to remain. In 2007 the ACT Government commenced rebuilding the settlement as a rural settlement, by funding new roads and infrastructure. In mid-2012 the settlement was officially recognised and named as a village within the ACT. Uriarra Village is the only "community title" village in Australia. The village community independently owns and maintains village services and infrastructure including roads, community lands, the village hall, and stormwater. As such the village receives only minimal services from the ACT Government for the provision of garbage collection. The National Capital Authority advocated a community title for the village after the 2003 bushfire to "promote social interaction and a shared community spirit". Location Uriarra Village is about 16 km west of Canberra, and about 4 km north of the Cotter Reserve, amidst rolling hilly lands overlooking a broad creek valley. The village is located in rural ACT off Brindabella Road that connects Canberra to Brindabella and Tumut via the Brindabella Ranges. The village sits at the foothills of the Australian Alps and to the South has views to Mount Ginini, Mount Franklin and the highest mountain in the ACT, Bimberi Peak. To the north, the village faces grasslands leading towards the Molonglo River. The village "lies on the boundary between remnant Yellow box/ Red gum grassy woodland and the Uriarra and Pierces Creek pine plantations". To the east lies Mount McDonald providing panoramic 360° views across Canberra, the Australian Alps, and rural farmlands. 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the west lies the historic Uriarra Homestead where Mountain Creek Road (to Yass and Wee Jasper) joins Brindabella Road (to Tumut). Uriarra Forest to the south was destroyed in the 2003 bushfire. Bushfires Due to Uriarra's bushfire history and rural location the Government of the Australian Capital Territory placed stringent development requirements on new buildings within the village. Each house has mandatory rainwater storage, sewerage treatment, and firefighting systems. The village has pressurised non-potable water for fire fighting purposes fed from the Bendora Gravity Main (which connects Bendora Dam with Mount Stromlo Water Treatment Plant). Due to the remote nature of the village, bushfire assistance is limited. The Lease and Development conditions for the Village highlight that "emergency response times will be longer than normal". The village maintains a 300-metre fire abatement zone to the West, East, and South, which is also used for horse agistment. There is no fire abatement zone to the North of the village. In 2001 fires originating in Uriarra threatened the suburbs of Duffy, Holder, Weston, Yarralumla and Curtin and burnt to the shores of Lake Burley Griffin destroying 510 hectares of pine plantation. In 2003 the Canberra bushfires devastated the village destroying 16 of the original 23 homes. The village was again threatened by grass fires in 2013 when a four-hectare grass fire threatened the south of the village. Abandoned Solar Farm Proposal On 19 August 2013 the Government of the Australian Capital Territory announced Elementus Energy had been awarded solar Feed in Tariff (FiT) rights based on a proposal to build a 7 megawatt Solar Farm less than 150 metres away from houses in Uriarra Village. The proposal includes 26100 solar panels located in grasslands opposite the village on the northern side. The proposal was met with opposition from residents of the village with multiple letters published in local media opposing the solar farm. On 18 September 2013 a protest against the development was staged at the ACT Legislative Assembly. The protest was followed by a defeated motion in the Assembly to remove Minister Corbell's power to overrule the planning decision. The opposition at the time (the Canberra Liberals) did not support the proposed location opposite Uriarra Village. Following the dispute the ACT Chief Minister, Katy Gallagher, indicated that for future solar farm proposals Government of the Australian Capital Territory would explore developing best practice guidelines regarding site selection. The Uriarra location for the solar farm was abandoned in March 2015. A new site for the solar farm was secured beside the Monaro Highway at Williamsdale in the ACT and the project was taken over and developed by the Impact Investment Group in 2016. Heritage The original Uriarra Forestry Camp was established in 1913–1915 on the Brindabella Road, about three kilometres from the site of the current Uriarra settlement. The camp was established for forestry workers who cleared the existing eucalypt trees and established radiata pine plantations which formed the origins of the ACT plantation forest industry. In 1928 the Uriarra Forestry Settlement was established in its current location, in recognition of the need to permanently house the forestry workers on site, reflecting their dual role as forestry workers and also as fire surveillance officers. The census for that year showed 30 people living at the Uriarra Settlement. The village maintains multiple heritage citations including over the historically significant school. Established in 1897 when it was conducted in the local Church of England church, it operated for ten years as a Half Time school with Ledgerton, ten miles further north. This school was located beside the road from Queanbeyan to Urriarra, which crossed the Murrumbidgee River at Uriarra Crossing. After two periods operating as a Subsidised School (1907–10 and 1920-1926), a 'new' Uriarra school opened at the Uriarra Forestry Settlement in 1936 and operated there until 2001. Uriarra Crossing Uriarra Crossing is a low level bridge over the Murrumbidgee River on Uriarra Road to the north, providing an alternative route to Molonglo Valley and the rest of Canberra. A punt operated the crossing from around 1860. A bridge was constructed and officially opened on 5 October 1901. That bridge was swept away in the floods of 1922, and for a time was not to be rebuilt due to the proximity of the Cotter Bridge. A new bridge was eventually reconstructed, and opened for traffic on 28 March 1936. Geology Rocks from the Uriarra area are from the Silurian period. Uriarra Volcanics appear northwest of the Winslade fault. It consists of dacite lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of tuff. A fine ashstone bed called Tarpaulin Creek Ashstone Member outcrops in a distorted north-south line acts as a marker. Tuff and flows above and below the ashstone member contain obvious pink feldspar crystals. The tuff shows bedding, and the flows have a banded flow structure. The Cotter Porphyry to the north of the Cotter Dam is actually a dacite flow. There is a limestone lens north of Uriarra Crossing. The outcrop goes from Mountain Creek Road in the west to the Murrumbidgee River in the east. It extends a few kilometres to the north of the ACT border and south to the Winslade Fault near the Cotter River. A wedge of limestone extends to the south southwest including Pierces Creek. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Uriarra Village (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  ^ a b Gallagher, Katy (23 June 2012). "Uriarra Village celebrates naming" (Press release). Chief Ministers Department - ACT Government. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b c "Development Control Plan No. 171/04/0004" (RTF). Uriarra Village. National Capital Authority. p. 1. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Character test comes with Uriarra's growth". The Canberra Times. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "Draft Variation to the Territory Plan No. 151 - Coree Block 5 Uriarra Rural Village" (PDF). Draft Variation to the Territory Plan No. 151 - Coree Block 5 Uriarra Rural Village. ACT Legislative Assembly Standing Committee on Planning and Environment. May 2005. p. 9. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Variation to the Territory Plan No.151" (PDF). Variation to the Territory Plan No.151. ACT Planning and Land Authority. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "The Impact of a Unique Catchment on Uriarra Sewage Treatment Plant" (PDF). Water Industry Operators Association of Australia. 9 April 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Uriarra Rural Village Lease and Development Conditions" (PDF). Government of the Australian Capital Territory. 26 August 2008. p. 36. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "History of Bushfires". ACT Emergency Services Agency. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Firefighters Battle Uriarra Blaze". City News. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Canberra's Renewable Energy Future: New Solar Farms Announced" (PDF). Environment ACT. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Uriarra Village - proposed solar farm motion and petition" (PDF). ACT Legislative Assembly. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Uriarra residents pleased over potential switch to solar farm site". 2CA News Canberra. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Solar farm move could mean higher power prices". ABC News. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013. ^ "OneSun Capital Australian Capital Territory". Elementus Energy. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ Residents angry about solar farm plans (Motion picture). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Burnt by the sun: rural residents blindsided by proposal for solar farm". The Canberra Times. 22 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Canberra Times Letters to The Editor - Corbell Interference". The Canberra Times. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Canberra Times Letters to The Editor - Thin end of the wedge". The Canberra Times. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Canberra Times Letters to The Editor - Solar plan based on flawed process". The Canberra Times. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Canberra Times Letters to The Editor - Concern about values outweighs the view". The Canberra Times. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Consultation process questioned for Uriarra solar farm". ABC news. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Legislative Assembly for the ACT: 2013 Week 11 Hansard 18 September". ACT Legislative Assembly. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Canberra Liberals call for rethink on location of large-scale solar at Uriarra". Canberra Liberals (Press release). 11 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "talks may pave way to move solar farm". The Canberra Times. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013. ^ Lawson, Kirsten (24 March 2015). "Uriarra solar farm relocated to Williamsdale". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 6 January 2018. ^ Trask, Steven (5 October 2017). "Government unveils 36,000 new solar panels at Williamsdale". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 6 January 2018. ^ a b "Heritage Decision about Provisional Registration of the Uriarra Forestry Settlement, Coree Notice 2011" (PDF). Environment ACT. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Uriarra School". Hall School Museum. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "URIARRA BRIDGE OPENING". Queanbeyan Age. 28 September 1901. p. 2. Retrieved 1 November 2010. ^ "Uriarra Bridge". Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer. 14 November 1922. p. 4. ^ "URIARRA BRIDGE TO BE OPENED NEXT WEEK". The Canberra Times. 25 March 1936. ^ Henderson, G. A. M; Matveev, G (1980). Geology of Canberra (Map). Queanbeyan and Environs 1:50000. External links Photo of Murrumbidgee River at Uriarra Crossing. vteCities and towns in the Australian Capital Territory Canberra Hall Oaks Estate Tharwa Uriarra Williamsdale Districts in the Australian Capital Territory Canberra Central Woden Valley Belconnen Jerrabomberra Majura Tuggeranong Weston Creek Gungahlin Stromlo Kowen Hall Coree Paddys River Cotter River Tennent Rendezvous Creek Booth Mount Clear Molonglo Valley See also Suburbs of Canberra List of Canberra suburbs

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It is situated on the western side of the Australian Capital Territory, about 30 minutes from Canberra, established in 1928 at the foothills of the Australian Alps. A nearby area to the north of the border in New South Wales is also called Uriarra.The settlement and surrounding forest were significantly damaged by the 2003 Canberra bushfires with 16 of the original 23 homes being destroyed.[3] In May 2004 the ACT Government considered information on social capital, infrastructure innovation, environmental, planning and financial analysis and found that Uriarra Village should be redeveloped in a sustainable manner.[3] Fifteen of the original families moved away from the settlement with nine choosing to remain.[4]In 2007 the ACT Government commenced rebuilding the settlement as a rural settlement, by funding new roads and infrastructure. In mid-2012 the settlement was officially recognised and named as a village within the ACT.[2]Uriarra Village is the only \"community title\" village in Australia. The village community independently owns and maintains village services and infrastructure including roads, community lands, the village hall, and stormwater. As such the village receives only minimal services from the ACT Government for the provision of garbage collection. The National Capital Authority advocated a community title for the village after the 2003 bushfire to \"promote social interaction and a shared community spirit\".[3]","title":"Uriarra Village, Australian Capital Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brindabella Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindabella_Road"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Brindabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindabella,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Tumut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumut"},{"link_name":"Brindabella Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindabella_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Australian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Mount Ginini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ginini"},{"link_name":"Mount Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(Australian_Capital_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Bimberi Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimberi_Peak"},{"link_name":"Molonglo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molonglo_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wee Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Jasper,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Tumut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumut"}],"text":"Uriarra Village is about 16 km west of Canberra, and about 4 km north of the Cotter Reserve, amidst rolling hilly lands overlooking a broad creek valley.[5]The village is located in rural ACT off Brindabella Road that connects Canberra to Brindabella and Tumut via the Brindabella Ranges. The village sits at the foothills of the Australian Alps and to the South has views to Mount Ginini, Mount Franklin and the highest mountain in the ACT, Bimberi Peak. To the north, the village faces grasslands leading towards the Molonglo River. The village \"lies on the boundary between remnant Yellow box/ Red gum grassy woodland and the Uriarra and Pierces Creek pine plantations\".[6]To the east lies Mount McDonald providing panoramic 360° views across Canberra, the Australian Alps, and rural farmlands.1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the west lies the historic Uriarra Homestead where Mountain Creek Road (to Yass and Wee Jasper) joins Brindabella Road (to Tumut).Uriarra Forest to the south was destroyed in the 2003 bushfire.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of the Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"sewerage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage_treatment"},{"link_name":"Bendora Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendora_Dam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203.9.249.2-8"},{"link_name":"fire abatement zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_abatement_zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Burley Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Canberra bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Due to Uriarra's bushfire history and rural location the Government of the Australian Capital Territory placed stringent development requirements on new buildings within the village. Each house has mandatory rainwater storage, sewerage treatment, and firefighting systems. The village has pressurised non-potable water for fire fighting purposes fed from the Bendora Gravity Main (which connects Bendora Dam with Mount Stromlo Water Treatment Plant).[7]Due to the remote nature of the village, bushfire assistance is limited. The Lease and Development conditions for the Village highlight that \"emergency response times will be longer than normal\".[8] The village maintains a 300-metre fire abatement zone to the West, East, and South, which is also used for horse agistment. There is no fire abatement zone to the North of the village.In 2001 fires originating in Uriarra threatened the suburbs of Duffy, Holder, Weston, Yarralumla and Curtin and burnt to the shores of Lake Burley Griffin destroying 510 hectares of pine plantation.[9] In 2003 the Canberra bushfires devastated the village destroying 16 of the original 23 homes. The village was again threatened by grass fires in 2013 when a four-hectare grass fire threatened the south of the village.[10]","title":"Bushfires"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc.net.au-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Government of the Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Williamsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsdale,_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On 19 August 2013 the Government of the Australian Capital Territory announced Elementus Energy had been awarded solar Feed in Tariff (FiT) rights[11] based on a proposal to build a 7 megawatt Solar Farm[12] less than 150 metres away from houses in Uriarra Village.\n[13]\n[14] The proposal includes 26100 solar panels[15] located in grasslands opposite the village on the northern side. The proposal was met with opposition from residents of the village[16][17] with multiple letters published in local media opposing the solar farm.[18][19][20][21]On 18 September 2013 a protest against the development was staged at the ACT Legislative Assembly.[22] The protest was followed by a defeated motion in the Assembly to remove Minister Corbell's power to overrule the planning decision.[23] The opposition at the time (the Canberra Liberals) did not support the proposed location opposite Uriarra Village.[24] Following the dispute the ACT Chief Minister, Katy Gallagher, indicated that for future solar farm proposals Government of the Australian Capital Territory would explore developing best practice guidelines regarding site selection.[25]The Uriarra location for the solar farm was abandoned in March 2015.[26] A new site for the solar farm was secured beside the Monaro Highway at Williamsdale in the ACT and the project was taken over and developed by the Impact Investment Group in 2016.[27]","title":"Abandoned Solar Farm Proposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-environment.act.gov.au-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-environment.act.gov.au-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The original Uriarra Forestry Camp was established in 1913–1915 on the Brindabella Road, about three kilometres from the site of the current Uriarra settlement. The camp was established for forestry workers who cleared the existing eucalypt trees and established radiata pine plantations which formed the origins of the ACT plantation forest industry.[28]In 1928 the Uriarra Forestry Settlement was established in its current location, in recognition of the need to permanently house the forestry workers on site, reflecting their dual role as forestry workers and also as fire surveillance officers. The census for that year showed 30 people living at the Uriarra Settlement.[28]The village maintains multiple heritage citations including over the historically significant school. Established in 1897 when it was conducted in the local Church of England church, it operated for ten years as a Half Time school with Ledgerton, ten miles further north. This school was located beside the road from Queanbeyan to Urriarra, which crossed the Murrumbidgee River at Uriarra Crossing. After two periods operating as a Subsidised School (1907–10 and 1920-1926), a 'new' Uriarra school opened at the Uriarra Forestry Settlement in 1936 and operated there until 2001.[29]","title":"Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molonglo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molonglo_Valley"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Uriarra Crossing is a low level bridge over the Murrumbidgee River on Uriarra Road to the north, providing an alternative route to Molonglo Valley and the rest of Canberra.A punt operated the crossing from around 1860. A bridge was constructed and officially opened on 5 October 1901.[30] That bridge was swept away in the floods of 1922, and for a time was not to be rebuilt due to the proximity of the Cotter Bridge.[31] A new bridge was eventually reconstructed, and opened for traffic on 28 March 1936.[32]","title":"Uriarra Crossing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"dacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"pyroclastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"ashstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashstone"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"bedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedding"},{"link_name":"Porphyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Pierces Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierces_Creek,_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Rocks from the Uriarra area are from the Silurian period. Uriarra Volcanics appear northwest of the Winslade fault. It consists of dacite lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of tuff. A fine ashstone bed called Tarpaulin Creek Ashstone Member outcrops in a distorted north-south line acts as a marker. Tuff and flows above and below the ashstone member contain obvious pink feldspar crystals. The tuff shows bedding, and the flows have a banded flow structure. The Cotter Porphyry to the north of the Cotter Dam is actually a dacite flow. There is a limestone lens north of Uriarra Crossing. The outcrop goes from Mountain Creek Road in the west to the Murrumbidgee River in the east. It extends a few kilometres to the north of the ACT border and south to the Winslade Fault near the Cotter River. A wedge of limestone extends to the south southwest including Pierces Creek.[33]","title":"Geology"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Uriarra Village (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL80128","url_text":"\"Uriarra Village (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Katy (23 June 2012). \"Uriarra Village celebrates naming\" (Press release). Chief Ministers Department - ACT Government. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Gallagher","url_text":"Gallagher, Katy"},{"url":"http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/gallagher/2012/uriarra_village_celebrates_naming","url_text":"\"Uriarra Village celebrates naming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Chief_Minister%27s_Department","url_text":"Chief Ministers Department - ACT Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095156/https://www.cmtedd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/gallagher/2012/uriarra_village_celebrates_naming","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Development Control Plan No. 171/04/0004\" (RTF). Uriarra Village. National Capital Authority. p. 1. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/downloads/RTF/Planning/Approved-Development-Control-Plans/DCP_171_04_0004_Coree.rtf","url_text":"\"Development Control Plan No. 171/04/0004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Authority","url_text":"National Capital Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Character test comes with Uriarra's growth\". The Canberra Times. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/character-test-comes-with-uriarras-growth-20120122-1udxc.html","url_text":"\"Character test comes with Uriarra's growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Variation to the Territory Plan No. 151 - Coree Block 5 Uriarra Rural Village\" (PDF). Draft Variation to the Territory Plan No. 151 - Coree Block 5 Uriarra Rural Village. ACT Legislative Assembly Standing Committee on Planning and Environment. May 2005. p. 9. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/381198/09peDV151.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft Variation to the Territory Plan No. 151 - Coree Block 5 Uriarra Rural Village\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ACT_Legislative_Assembly_Standing_Committee_on_Planning_and_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"ACT Legislative Assembly Standing Committee on Planning and Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Variation to the Territory Plan No.151\" (PDF). Variation to the Territory Plan No.151. ACT Planning and Land Authority. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.actpla.act.gov.au/tplan/variatio/dv151/Finalv151.pdf","url_text":"\"Variation to the Territory Plan No.151\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Planning_and_Land_Authority","url_text":"ACT Planning and Land Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"The Impact of a Unique Catchment on Uriarra Sewage Treatment Plant\" (PDF). Water Industry Operators Association of Australia. 9 April 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wioa.org.au/conference_papers/2013_nsw/documents/Steven_Buck.pdf","url_text":"\"The Impact of a Unique Catchment on Uriarra Sewage Treatment Plant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Industry_Operators_Association_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Water Industry Operators Association of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Uriarra Rural Village Lease and Development Conditions\" (PDF). Government of the Australian Capital Territory. 26 August 2008. p. 36. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.9.249.2/e-registers/Ldcr/pdf/URIARRA_RURAL_VILLAGE.pdf","url_text":"\"Uriarra Rural Village Lease and Development Conditions\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Bushfires\". ACT Emergency Services Agency. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://esa.act.gov.au/actrfs/learn-about-us/history-of-bushfires/","url_text":"\"History of Bushfires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firefighters Battle Uriarra Blaze\". City News. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://citynews.com.au/2013/firefighters-battle-uriarra-blaze/","url_text":"\"Firefighters Battle Uriarra Blaze\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canberra's Renewable Energy Future: New Solar Farms Announced\" (PDF). Environment ACT. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/268916/Media_Release_-_New_solar_farms_announced.pdf","url_text":"\"Canberra's Renewable Energy Future: New Solar Farms Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uriarra Village - proposed solar farm motion and petition\" (PDF). ACT Legislative Assembly. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hansard.act.gov.au/hansard/2013/pdfs/20130918b.pdf","url_text":"\"Uriarra Village - proposed solar farm motion and petition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uriarra residents pleased over potential switch to solar farm site\". 2CA News Canberra. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.2ca.com.au/news/canberra/2606","url_text":"\"Uriarra residents pleased over potential switch to solar farm site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar farm move could mean higher power prices\". ABC News. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-18/solar-farm-move-could-mean-higher-power-prices/5100260","url_text":"\"Solar farm move could mean higher power prices\""}]},{"reference":"\"OneSun Capital Australian Capital Territory\". Elementus Energy. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_Peries

List of Mobile Suit Gundam 00 characters

["1 Celestial Being","1.1 Gundam Meisters","1.2 Crew of the Ptolemaios","1.3 Other members of Celestial Being","2 Union","3 Human Reform League","4 Advanced European Union","5 Katharon","6 Independent antagonists","7 A-Laws","8 Innovators","9 Movie-exclusive characters","10 Other media","10.1 Mobile Suit Gundam 00P","10.2 Mobile Suit Gundam 00F","10.3 Mobile Suit Gundam 00V","10.4 Mobile Suit Gundam 00I","11 See also","12 References","12.1 General citations","12.2 Episodes"]

This is a list of fictional characters from the Japanese anime television series, Mobile Suit Gundam 00, the eleventh incarnation of the Gundam media franchise. Celestial Being Gundam Meisters The series focuses on the four mobile suit pilots of the paramilitary organization Celestial Being. The pilots, referred to as Gundam Meisters (ガンダムマイスター, Gandamu Maisuta, German for Master), pursue the complete eradication of armed conflict mainly through the deployment of the revolutionary Gundam units in aggressive armed interventions. Setsuna F. Seiei (刹那・F・セイエイ, Setsuna Efu Seiei) Setsuna F. Seiei is the primary protagonist of the series and was discovered by Celestial Being at the age of 16 for having special potential as a pilot. He is currently a Gundam Meister and pilots Gundam Exia, specialized in melee combat. Setsuna's real name is Suran Ibrahim (ソラン・イブラヒム, Soran Iburahimu) (سوران إبراهيم Suran Ibrahim); with Setsuna F. Seiei being his codename. He was once a child soldier of Kurdish descent in the war-torn Krugis Republic. During this time, he murdered his own parents under Ali Al-Saachez's influence in order to prove his devotion to God, and hence bears a deep hatred towards Saachez. Due to his previous religious brainwashing (and awakening from it), Setsuna claims he no longer believes in God, yet still debates the role of God in people's lives, suggesting that he would like to believe in God. After going into hiding at the end of the first season, Setsuna reappears four years later and rejoins Celestial Being as the pilot of 00 Gundam during his fight with the Innovators and then 00 QAN during his battle with the ELS. Disappearing at the end of the fight, Setsuna F. Seiei reappears decades later. Throughout the series he had a connection with Marina Ismail, though whether or not the connection was romantic was never truly explored, as it seems (from certain flashbacks) that Marina reminds him of his beloved mother whom he had to kill to join All Al-Saachez's guerrilla when he was a child. Both deny romantic feelings when asked, nevertheless Marina is one of the most important people for Setsuna. Feldt Grace openly displayed romantic feelings for him in the movie. His last appearance is shown 50 years later after his departure paying a visit to a now elderly Marina Ismail who is almost blind, she burst into tears as soon as she hears his voice; Setsuna is shown to have become a Human-ELS hybrid and he seems to have not aged since he left. Setsuna F. Seiei is voiced by Mamoru Miyano and Yuka Nishigaki (child) in Japanese and Brad Swaile in English. Lockon Stratos (ロックオン・ストラトス, Rokkuon Sutoratosu) Neil Dylandy (ニール・ディランディ, Nīru Dirandi) Neil Dylandy is the first Lockon Stratos who decided to join Celestial Being because his parents and younger sister were killed in a terrorist bombing. As the eldest pilot, he is considered the pilots' team leader, and sports a more easy-going, flamboyant personality as compared to the other Gundam Meisters. He owns an orange Haro to help pilot the Gundam Dynames and has a personal feud with Ali Al-Saachez, who plotted the terrorist bombing that caused the death of his family. He acts as the leader of the team, turning himself in the closest friend-alike to both Setsuna and Tieria, and lost his aiming eye shielding Tieria. Despite being injured he searched for revenge against Ali Al-Sacheez, he succeeds in shooting down Sacheez machine at the cost of his own life; his death is one of the biggest impacts to Setsuna and prompts him to "change" as Neil could not (which would develop into Setsuna become the very first true Innovator). After being killed at the climax of the first season, his younger twin brother Lyle Dylandy chooses to take up the title of Lockon Stratos and becomes the pilot of the Cherudim Gundam. Neil Dylandy is voiced by Shinichiro Miki in Japanese and Alex Zahara in English. Lyle Dylandy (ライル・ディランディ, Rairu Dirandi) First seen in episode 9 of the first season, he was visiting the grave site of his family. Four years after the death of Neil Dylandy, Setsuna F Seiei recruits Neil's twin brother, Lyle, to become the new Lockon Stratos and pilot of the Cherudim Gundam and then Zabanya. He is shown to be easy-going like his brother, but continues to struggle with distinguishing himself from Neil. He becomes romantically interested in the Innovator Anew Returner until she is killed by Setsuna (as with all the Innovades designed for Ribbons Almark, Anew had a backdoor that allowed Ribbons to take over her mind, and would have killed Lyle). Originally a double agent from the anti-government organization Katharon, Lyle leaves Katharon and becomes a full-time member of Celestial Being at the end of the second season. During the events of the movie, Lyle pilots the Gundam Zabanya during the fight with the ELS. While Dynames and Cherudim both have a sniping scope trigger, Zabanya doesn't, as the first two were designed with Neil's Sniping Style, while Lyle is more a "happy trigger" (despite the fact that his on-hit per shot ratio is incredibly high). Lyle Dylandy is voiced by Shinichiro Miki in Japanese and Alex Zahara in English. Allelujah Haptism (アレルヤ・ハプティズム, Areruya Haputizumu) Allelujah Haptism spent his childhood as an orphan in the Human Reform League as a Super Soldier experimental subject in a supersoldier project, designated "E-57", while his true name is forgotten, he is "baptised" by Marie Parfacy as "Allelujah" when they met for the first time when they were children at the Super Soldier Institute (at that moment Marie had lost her five senses so she was bedridden and could only communicate using her quantum brainwaves, being E-57 the very first person who could hear her and answered her, she gives him that name stating that they should be grateful of being alive). While generally gentle and rational compared to the other Gundam Meisters, the experiments and drama of killing his fellow subjects in order to survive during their escape went awry caused him to manifest a second personality in the form of Hallelujah (ハレルヤ, Hareruya), a bloodthirsty and outright sadistic personality. He is the pilot of Gundam Kyrios and Gundam Arios, as well as one of the pilots of Gundam Harute; all of which specialize in high mobility and are able to transform into fighter jets. Allelujah's rival in combat is another subject of the Super Soldier program, Soma Peries whom he shared deep connection which Hallelujah realized long before he did. Though Allelujah managed to reach common ground with his alter ego to reach his full potential as a super soldier (Allelujah manages the tactic side of the battle while Hallelujah manages the combat reflexes), Hallelujah "died" revealing Soma's identity as Marie Parfacy before he is captured and imprisoned during the four-year time-skip between both seasons but ends up being rescued by his companions after the other three Meisters reunite. In the process, after Soma reverts to Marie, Allelujah convinces her to join Celestial Being with the two becoming lovers. But during moments whenever 00 Raiser's Trans-Am System, the Hallelujah persona resurfaces, is shown later that after being exposed to Setsuna's Trans-Am Burst Hallelujah persona was fully restored and "resurrected". Despite Hallelujah acting like a full bloodthirsty psychopath he only acts when Allelujah is in danger of dying acting as a last resort self-defense mechanism (much like Suzaku Kururugi geass of "living"); also is revealed after both personalities comes to terms that, while Hallelujah shouldn't be able to care for Marie (as a psychopath can't feel empathy) that he do cares for Allelujah well-being, not only physical but also emotional, this is clearly shown on the climax of the second season last battle and more clearly in the Movie when as soon as Marie gets in danger by the ELS targeting her quantum brainwaves he overthrows Allelujah taking command of his body switiching the ELS focus to him thus sparing Marie of any danger. As with Soma Peries is shown that he could easily take over the body and become the main personality but chose not to contest preferring to remain in a dormant state. In the series aftermath, Allelujah and Marie have apparently left Celestial Being to find their place in the world. During the events of the movie, Allelujah and Marie rejoin Celestial Being to fight the ELS in the Gundam Harute, a dual piloted Mobile Suit. Allelujah has Heterochromia iridum; throughout the first season, his left gray eye represents his Allelujah personality and his right golden eye represents Hallelujah until the latter's destruction, after which both his eyes become visible. Allelujah Haptism is voiced by Hiroyuki Yoshino and Masako Jou (child) in Japanese and Richard Ian Cox in English. Tieria Erde (ティエリア・アーデ, Tieria Āde) Gundam Meister of the heavily armored Gundam Virtue/Nadleeh, its successor unit Gundam Seravee/Seraphim and finally the Gundam Raphael. Tieria Erde treats Veda's orders with high regard, valuing the mission above all other issues. As a result of his arrogance and cold attitude towards others, his relationship with the other Gundam Meisters got off to a rocky start. However, his attitude towards the other Meisters and the Ptolemaios crew gradually improves after being protected by Lockon Stratos from an attack in a battle against the AEU and the Union, an action which costs Lockon the use of his dominant eye. Of all the Gundam Meisters, Tieria is the most enigmatic, with an unknown past and a peculiar connection with the Innovators. Contrary of the other Meisters who were either K.I.A. or M.I.A. in the end of the first season, Tieria continued to work for Celestial Being during the four-year time-skip. At the end of the second season, Tieria is killed by Ribbons Almark while trying to stop him from taking control of Veda. Tieria, however, manages to upload his consciousness into Veda itself, subsequently ending the battle by remote-controlling Seraphim from Veda's core and activating its Trial System to shut down all enemy mobile suits. He briefly returns in the movie in a new body and pilots Gundam Raphael briefly before sacrificing himself to save Setsuna; he eventually ends up uploaded into Setsuna's 00 Qan and is last seen when the Gundam departs to the ELS homeworld. His fate is unknown, although the 00 Qan returns to Earth in the epilogue and a Tieria-type Innovade briefly appears aboard the Sumeragi. While Tieria never showed romantic feelings for anyone, as he was completely focused on his mission, showing little care for others, after Neil sacrificed his eye to shield him he warms a lot. He develops a close bond to Neil, even in the second season after Neil's death; when he doubts if he should tell his crewmates who are behind the A-Laws’ schemes (as he is an Innovade too), the "ghost" of Neil comes to comfort him, stating that Aeolia gave the Gundams to them, the Gundam Meisters. While he never truly reciprocates her feelings, Mileina Vashti stated that no matter which form he takes she loves him (A Wakening of Trailblazer). Tieria Erde is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya in Japanese and Samuel Vincent in English. Crew of the Ptolemaios The crew of the Ptolemaios on the first season, clockwise from top-left: Lasse Aeon, Lockon Stratos, Setsuna F Seiei, Orange Haro, Tieria Erde, Allelujah Haptism, Joyce Moreno, Lichtendahl Tsery, Christina Sierra, Feldt Grace, Sumeragi Lee Noriega, Ian Vashti. Supporting the Gundam Meisters is the crew of the Ptolemaios (プトレマイオス, Putoremaiosu) led by Sumeragi Lee Noriega. At the end of the first season, the Ptolemaios was severely damaged and many of its crew were killed. During the second season, the new Ptolemaios II enters service crewed by the surviving members of the original Ptolemaios. They are later joined by Saji Crossroad and Soma Peries, the latter after recovering her memory as Marie Parfacy. Sumeragi Lee Noriega (スメラギ・李・ノリエガ, Sumeragi Ri Noriega) Sumeragi is the tactical forecaster of the Celestial Being mothership Ptolemaios. As the most senior ranking officer on the ship, she is the de facto captain of the ship. She plans all the strategies the Gundam Meisters take part in and her strategic predictions are almost always accurate. Her real name is Leesa Kujo (リーサ・クジョウ, Rīsa Kujō). In the beginning of the second season, Sumeragi is reluctant to rejoin the others until the encouragement from her companions helps her find the resolve to help them. At the end of the series, she remains with Celestial Being. Sumeragi Lee Noriega is voiced by Yōko Honna in Japanese and Lisa Ann Beley in English. Saji Crossroad (沙慈・クロスロード, Saji Kurosurōdo) Originally a civilian and a senior high school student studying aerospace engineering, Saji is also Setsuna F Seiei's neighbour at Setsuna's residence in Japan. Orphaned prior to the start of the series, Saji was cared for by his sister Kinue. A gentle person with a submissive personality, he is often pushed around by his overbearing girlfriend Louise Halevy and continued to make ends meet with a delivery job at a pizza parlor. Despite his unaggressive nature, Saji has been caught up in the wake of the Gundams' actions, with Louise suffering and Kinue dead. As a result, Saji has developed a deep hatred for the Gundams, blaming them for the loss of his loved ones as he leaves for space to live his dream as an engineer. In the second season, after being arrested under false charges of Katharon involvement, Saji is saved by Setsuna and learns his identity as a Gundam Meister. After Celestial Being arrives at Katharon's secret base with the intention of leaving civilians Saji and Marina in their care, Saji secretly attempts to escape the base. He is almost immediately captured by the ESF army under Sergei Smirnov's charge; he unwittingly leaks the whereabouts of Katharon base and one of Sergei's men leaks it to the A-Laws. Sergei releases Saji so he doesn't fall into A-Laws hands; however, the A-Laws attack the Katharon base, which ends in the deaths of many Katharon's members despite Celestial Being's intervention to stop the attack. The slaughter deeply upsets Saji until Tieria forces Saji to realize that turning his back to ignore problems is its own kind of malice. Because Saji's actions led to the destruction of the Katharon base, Tieria forces Saji to remain with the Ptolemaios crew and no longer trusts Saji's judgment. While on the Ptolemaios II, he reluctantly becomes a part of the crew and learns the truth behind the events years ago and the motivations of the Gundam Meisters, allowing him to abandon his grudge and eventually understanding Celestial Being. When Ian is critically injured during a battle, he directs Saji to deliver the GNR-010 0 Raiser to Setsuna, so the meister can unlock 00 Gundam's true power to save the lives of the Ptolemaios crew. As the 0 Raiser's pilot, Saji must continue going into battle alongside Setsuna, during which he learns of Louise being in the A-Laws and chooses to fight to save her. By the end of the series, Saji leaves Celestial Being and watches over Louise while she is recovering at a hospital, where they talk about humanity's future. Two years later, Saji continues to care and attend to a PTSD-plagued Louise. When the Earth Sphere Government ask for engineers to help in the Orbital Ring maintenance, he volunteers with Louise's encouragement. His last appearance in the movie is while Setsuna's consciousness is drifting and he watches every person he holds dear before awakening in his coma; Saji is working as an engineer while ELS drones are shown in the background. Saji Crossroad is voiced by Miyu Irino in Japanese and Gabe Khouth in English. Feldt Grace (フェルト・グレイス, Feruto Gureisu) Feldt is the daughter of Ruido Resonance and Marlene Vlady, who initially worked under Celestial Being as Meisters for the 2nd-generation GNY-series Gundam prototypes and later got married. In the beginning of the series, Feldt works as the tactical operator of Ptolemaios and later the Ptolemaios 2. In addition to her programming skills, Feldt is also a capable mechanic. Though she tends to be reserved, she feels strongly towards all the members of Celestial Being as her family. She is strongly implied to have had a crush on Neil Dylandy until the latter's death but between the end of the second season and the movie, she openly develops romantic feelings for Setsuna. Feldt Grace is voiced by Ayahi Takagaki in Japanese and Chantal Strand in English. Christina Sierra (クリスティナ・シエラ, Kurisutina Shiera) Christina Sierra is the Ptolemaios tactical operator. Christina ran away from her adopted mother before being discovered by Celestial Being. She becomes good friends with crewmate Feldt. During the battle at Lagrange point 1, the bridge of Ptolemaios is attacked by a GN-X. Although Lichtendahl Tsery shielded her from the attack, she is fatally wounded by a shred of metal from the shattered bridge. Before Lichty dies in her arms, she realizes her own feelings for him. She contacts the surviving crewmembers and tells Feldt to live on for Lockon's memory, before dying in the subsequent explosion. Christina Sierra is voiced by Arise Satō in Japanese and Shannon Chan-Kent in English. Lichtendahl Tsery (リヒテンダール・ツエーリ, Rihitendāru Tsuēri) Lichtendahl Tsery, called Lichty by his crewmates, is the Ptolemaios helmsman. Lichty's parents were technicians on one of the orbital elevators and killed during the Solar Wars where he lost a large portion of his body, which was replaced with machinery. Although Lichty has a romantic interest in crewmate Christina, she maintains a friendly and professional relationship. During the battle at Lagrange point 1, the bridge of Ptolemaios is attacked by a GN-X, Lichty is fatally wounded while shielding Christina from the explosion. He soon dies in Christina's arms after she realizes her own feelings for him. Lichtendahl Tsery is voiced by Masataka Azuma in Japanese and David A. Kaye in English. Lasse Aeon (ラッセ・アイオン, Rasse Aion) Initially, Lasse served as the gunner for the Celestial Being mothership Ptolemaios. He also piloted the GNR-001 GN Arms, a transformable weapon docking system for the four Gundams. In the final battle with the UN forces, Lasse helps Setsuna fight Alejandro Corner in the Alvatore/Alvaaron; though he survives the battle, his health suffers from overexposure to Fake GN particles. In the second season, he serves as the Ptolemaios II's main helmsman but during the season's final battle he briefly pilots the 0 Gundam until it runs out of power. At the end of the season, Lasse remains part of Celestial Being. At the Gundam 00 Movie he has fully recovered from the overexposure thanks to Setsuna's Trans Am burst made at the end of the second season. Lasse Aeon is voiced by Hiroki Touchi in Japanese and Andrew Francis in English. Joyce Moreno (ジョイス・モレノ, Joisu Moreno) Joyce Moreno is the Ptolemaios doctor and longtime friend of crewmate Ian Vashti from before both joined Celestial Being. Fifteen years earlier, he was a member of Doctors without Borders and began referring to himself as "JB Moreno." He is killed when the Alvatore fires upon the Ptolemaios and destroys the medical bay. Joyce Moreno is voiced by Go Shinomiya in Japanese and Brian Drummond in English. Ian Vashti (イアン・ヴァスティ, Ian Vasuti) Ian Vashti is the head of Celestial Being's mobile suit development along with his wife and daughter. On the Ptolemaios, Ian works as the ship's main engineer. He is a kind hearted man but gets angry when his machines are damaged. Later on the series he also becomes one of the main Gunners of the Ptolemaios II. Ian Vashti is voiced by Hideyuki Umezu in Japanese and Peter New in English. Mileina Vashti (ミレイナ・ヴァスティ, Mireina Vasuti) Mileina Vashti is Ian's and Linda's daughter who joins the crew of the Ptolemaios II before the beginning of the second season. Despite her young age, she is a gifted technician, learning much about engineering, GN Technology, and programming from both her parents. Mileina normally staffs the tactical operations station, but she also helps her father as a mechanic, and even temporarily takes over his role when he heads to Celestial Being's L3 base ahead of the Ptolemaios II. In the movie, she openly declares love to Tieria just prior to the latter leaving for the final battle and subsequently the ELS homeworld; it's unknown if they develop a relationship or not. Mileina Vashti is voiced by Haruka Tomatsu in Japanese and Andrea Libman in English. Linda Vashti (リンダ・ヴァスティ, Rinda Vasuti) Linda Vashti is Ian's wife, and mother to Mileina. She appears in the background of episode 2 in the second season, but does not make a proper appearance until Ian later travels to space in episode 9 to retrieve the 0 Raiser. Linda later delivers supplies, new equipment for the Gundams and the 0 Gundam to Ptolemaios II and joins Ian in the weapons control room. Linda is noticeably younger than her husband. Linda Vashti is voiced by Risa Hayamizu in Japanese and Jillian Michaels in English. Other members of Celestial Being Aeolia Schenberg (イオリア・シュヘンベルグ, Ioria Shuhenberugu) Living over 200 years before the beginning of the series, Aeolia Schenberg establishes the theoretical basis of the combined orbital elevator and photovoltaic energy system, the construction and defense of which he foresaw to employ humanoid machines not unlike mobile suits. In a long-term plan to rid the world of armed conflict and ready humanity for the next phase of its evolution, Aeolia founds the private paramilitary organization Celestial Being and develops the technology behind the GN Drives. It is this plan that becomes the driving force for both the first and second series. Schenberg's body is held in cryogenic stasis within Veda, intending to awaken when the world is rid of conflict. However, soon after this discovery near the end of the first series, Alejandro Corner kills Schenberg in order to take over the plan, however Schenberg's death triggers a system trap that activates the Trans-Am System in the four Gundams Original Solar Furnances' Black Boxes, completely purges the personal data of the four Gundam Meisters and unlocks the secrets behind the Twin Drive System. Aeolia Schenberg is voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka (TV series) and Tsutomu Isobe (Movie) in Japanese and Michael Kopsa in English. Wang Liu Mei (Chinese: 王留美; pinyin: Wáng Liúměi; Japanese: ワン・リューミン Wan Ryūmin) A celebrity of Chinese descent, whose name is well known in the high society of the world, and is one of the secret agents of Celestial Being. She uses her wide social connections to conduct espionage activities and fundraising, passing mission details to the Gundam Meisters supporting Ptolemaios from the shadows. She wishes for the world to change so she can reinvent herself, begrudging her role as her family's head, a position she inherited when she was fifteen. Willing to sacrifice anyone to achieve that goal, she would rather the world be destroyed if it cannot change. In the second season, Liu Mei is shown to be supporting both Celestial Being and the Innovators, effectively playing both sides until Ribbons has no more need of her. Forming an alliance with Regene, Liu Mei hands Setsuna the coordinates that reveal Veda's location, only to be later killed by Nena Trinity as she attempts to leave the battlefield. Wang Liu Mei is voiced by Kei Shindo in Japanese and Maryke Hendrikse in English. Hong Long (Chinese: 紅龍; pinyin: Hóng Lóng; Japanese: ホンロン Hon Ron) Wang Liu Mei's steward and bodyguard, also of Chinese descent, who accompanies her faithfully. A highly skilled martial artist, he is also Liu Mei's older half-brother. Because he was incapable of leading their family, Liu Mei was forced to become the head of their family; as a result, she resents her brother for his behavior. As one of Celestial Being's agents, Long assisted Setsuna and Lockon during their mission in Azadistan. In the second season, Long questions Liu Mei about "playing both sides", since it could result in the destruction of the Gundams. He and Liu Mei manage to survive after Nena Trinity's attacks on their ship in the Throne Drei. However, as they make their way into a satellite, Nena ambushes them; Hong Long pushes his sister into a seal-docking port as he sacrifices himself to save her, killed with a shot to the head. Hong Long is voiced by Kenji Takahashi in Japanese and Samuel Vincent in English. Union The World Economic Union (世界経済連合, Sekai Keizai Rengō, abbrev. Union (ユニオン, Yunion)), also referred to as the Union of Solar Energy and Free Nations (太陽エネルギーと自由国家連合軍, Taiyō Enerugī to Jiyū Kokka Rengōgun), is a supranational politico-economic community consisting of the Organization of American States, Australasia, and Japan. It controls the first-completed of the three orbital elevators, located in South America. Graham Aker (グラハム・エーカー, Gurahamu Ēkā) Graham Aker is an ace pilot in the Union and considers himself the archrival of Setsuna F. Seiei, though Setsuna rarely reciprocates. Prior to the series, he joined the military to live his dream of flying, and follows a strict code of honor. However, a freak accident resulting in the death of a superior officer and his sudden promotion made Graham a victim of rumors. When Celestial Being makes its appearance in the world, Graham is promoted to Captain of the Over Flags. Though he originally had a fascination for the Gundams, the actions of Team Trinity causes Graham's feelings to exceed into utter hatred. In the final moments of Operation Fallen Angels, Graham uses the GN Flag to attack Setsuna, exchanging blows and clashing ideals with him before the battle ends with Graham receiving scars on the right side of his face. Four years later, Graham dons a mask to cover the scars and becomes a member of the newly formed A-Laws under the alias of Mr. Bushido (ミスター・ブシドー, Misutā Bushidō). Possessing a one-man army pass, Graham was given special permission to do as he wishes during battles, only to use this to avoid most conflict and only fight when Setsuna appears. Graham is the Union's ace pilot and follows a strict code of honor. With a skill unmatched by any Flag pilot, Graham is eager to find an opponent worthy to fight. When Gundam Exia first appeared in the AEU exhibition and destroyed their new unit, the Enact, he grew completely interested in the Gundam's capabilities, as Billy Katagiri notes, he's "quite infatuated" with the Gundams. After losing to Setsuna, who spared him, Graham takes Setsuna's words to live to heart while he is contemplating seppuku. In the end of the series, he is standing behind the doors watching his friend Billy working. In the Gundam 00 Movie, he sacrifices himself to help Setsuna to get into the ELS core claiming that that is not dying but opening the road to the future after he snaps (and shields from an attack) Setsuna back into reality as the Gundam Meister is confused about battling the ELS due to his Innovator instincts resonating with ELS conscience claiming that he (Setsuna) shouldn't hesitate instead he should battle for the future. Graham Aker is voiced by Yuichi Nakamura in Japanese and Paul Dobson in English. Billy Katagiri (ビリー・カタギリ, Birī Katagiri) Billy Katagiri is a mobile suit developer and friend of Union ace Graham Aker. After the appearance of Celestial Being, Billy, Graham, and Professor Ralph Eifman, who had taught Billy in college, are transferred to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force, later named "Overflags". Billy is a former classmate of Leesa Kujo (aka Sumeragi Lee Noriega) and inadvertently leaks information about "Project G" to her and Celestial Being. After the death of Professor Eifman and Howard Mason during an attack by Team Trinity, Billy uses one of the recently acquired GN Drives to upgrade Graham's Flag unit to the GN-Flag in order to fight the Gundams. By the second season, Billy is taking care of a despondent Kujo, still unaware that she was a member of Celestial Being until Setsuna F Seiei appears to retrieve her. Shocked by this revelation and feeling betrayed, Billy joins the A-Laws and becomes the head of mobile suit development. Once again teaming up with Graham Aker, now using the alias Mr. Bushido, Billy develops the Masurao and the upgraded Susanoo. Billy disappears after the collapse of the African orbital elevator, but reappears four months later to provide his Trans-Am findings to the Innovators as he personally confronts Kujo while claiming to embraced the Innovators' ideals of world peace. However when exposed to the 00 Raiser's Trans-Am Burst, Billy is forced to express his feeling to Kujo as she apologized for hurting him. At the end of the series, a picture of him and Kujo is shown on a desk while Billy himself smiles down at the picture, doing his work while his friend Graham stands beside him. In the movie, Billy seems to have started a relationship with Mina Carmine. Billy Katagiri is voiced by Yūji Ueda in Japanese and Kirby Morrow in English. Howard Mason (ハワード・メイスン, Howādo Meisun) A Union NCO with the rank of warrant officer. One of the first Flag Fighters assigned to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force "Overflags" under Graham Aker. He seemed to have a friendship with Graham due to their belief in the qualities of the Flag. He has brown hair and glasses. He was killed in action by Michael Trinity. After his death, Graham and Daryl vowed to avenge his death. Howard Mason is voiced by Kenji Takahashi in Japanese and Trevor Devall in English. Daryl Dodge (ダリル・ダッジ, Dariru Dajji) A Union soldier with the rank of master sergeant. Another of the first Flag Fighters assigned to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force "Overflags" under Graham Aker. Unlike Graham and Howard, he doesn't share their faith that a Flag can beat the Gundams. He is transferred to the Union's GN-X squad where he meets Patrick Colasour and tells him not to badmouth Graham. He is killed after performing a head-on suicide attack on Gundam Dynames in order to avenge Howard Mason's death. Daryl Dodge is voiced by Rintarou Nishi in Japanese and Scott McNeil in English. Ralph Eifman (レイフ・エイフマン, Reifu Eifuman) A world famous Union professor who is invited to join the Overflags as their technical chief. He taught both Sumeragi Lee Noriega and Billy Katagiri in college and knows them both well. When Graham asks him whether the Gundams' action may bring the war to an end, Eifman does not deny the fact. Professor Eifman joined the Union's Anti-Gundam Investigative Squad as their technical chief and adviser to aid in capturing the Gundams. Having Billy at his side, they custom modified Graham Aker's Flag and renamed it as "Over Flag." Eventually these modifications were expanded to an entire squadron of Over Flags to stand against the Gundams. While doing his investigation regarding Celestial Being, Eifman was on the verge of a major revelation about their ultimate intention but was killed by Team Trinity. Ralph Eifman is voiced by Takaya Hashi in Japanese and Ron Halder in English. Kinue Crossroad (絹江・クロスロード, Kinue Kurosurōdo) Saji's older sister. A journalist, she pursues Celestial Being during the course of working in the media. She and her brother Saji were orphaned prior to the start of the series. Kinue seemed obsessed over Aeolia Schenberg, believing that Celestial Being had motives other than ending warfare and that researching Schenberg is the key to discovering those motives. In episode 20, desperate for a lead, she interviews Ali Al-Saachez in his car. He gives her significantly more information than she expects, shocking Kinue before she is fatally wounded by Ali and left to die in an alleyway. Kinue Crossroad is voiced by Aya Endo in Japanese and Anna Cummer in English. Human Reform League The Human Reform League (人類革新連盟, Jinrui Kakushin Renmei, abbrev. 人革連 Jinkakuren, lit. Human Reform Alliance) is a supranational political-economic community consisting of several countries on the Asian continent which includes China, India, Russia and the ASEAN nations. It controls the second-completed of the three orbital elevators located in the South Pacific. Sergei Smirnov (セルゲイ・スミルノフ, Serugei Sumirunofu) Sergei Smirnov (Russian: Сергей Смирнов) is a colonel and mobile suit squadron commander of the Human Reform League. He is a respected man who follows orders without question and shows true dedication on his missions in spite of doubt, he firmly believes that soldiers exist to protect the civilians at any cost. He served as a father figure to Soma when she was assigned to him, he felt uneasy about letting such a young child to grow up as a cold soldier so he eventually manages to form a bond with her, offering to adopt her in the four years gap between the first and second season. But when he finds Soma with Allelujah, and discovers that her original identity was overwritten, he lets her join Celestial Being and falsely reports Soma as KIA. He has a stranded relationship with his son, Andrei Smirnov, as Andrei blames him for letting his mother die under Sergei's charge, at that time he was forced to choose between protecting the civilians under his care or sending the troops to aid the stranded soldiers on the frontline, where his wife was among them, choosing the former, stating that his wife was a soldier and she knew what was the duty of both, which ended with his wife dying and her body never being found. Doubting the ways of the A-Laws, Sergei learns that his old friend Pang Hercury is attempting a coup d'etat. Though secretly sent by the government to give him their demands, Sergei is killed by his son, Andrei, who assumed that he was part of the coup d'etat. However, after the A-Laws were disbanded, Sergei became a martyr. Sergei Smirnov is voiced by Unshō Ishizuka in Japanese and Michael Dobson in English. Soma Peries (ソーマ・ピーリス, Sōma Pīrisu) Soma Peries is a super soldier from the Human Reform League. Originally Marie Parfacy (マリー・パーファシー, Marī Pāfashī), she was an orphaned test subject who lost her physical senses due to psychosomatic paralysis. She was befriended by Allelujah before he and the other flawed subjects escape. Once put through the latter stages of her supersoldier treatment, Marie's personality was rewritten and become Soma Peries, to allow her regain her five senses she lost when turned into a super-soldier. At her first appearance, Soma pilots the MSJ-06 II-SP Tieren Taozi, and later a GNX-603T GN-X unit. During the first season, she targeted the Kyrios' pilot as a traitor, unaware he is Allelujah, while viewing Sergei as a father figure over time. While drafted into the A-Laws during season 2, Soma is given the customized GNX-704T/SP Ahead Smultron. However, while confronting Allelujah, Soma regains her original identity of Marie as they put the past behind them. As of that, Allelujah and Marie became lovers. As a member of Celestial Being, she initially serves only as a passenger, before eventually piloting the GNR-101A GN Archer as Allelujah's co-pilot. When Sergei is killed by Andrei, Marie's personality reverts to being Soma out of grief, but she remains with Celestial Being in order to get revenge on Andrei. She eventually reverts to her Marie personality fully after she and Andrei are able to reconcile. In the series aftermath, she and Allelujah have apparently left Celestial Being and are finding their place in the world. In "Awakening of Trailblazer" she and Allelujah reenlist Celestial Being and jointly they pilot Harute Gundam which uses the Marute-System (a Super Soldier-only Trans-Am version) against the ELS invasion. There is stated that both Allelujah and Marie can change willingly to their alter egos. Soma Peries is voiced by Arisa Ogasawara in Japanese and Tabitha St. Germain in English. Advanced European Union The Advanced European Union (新ヨーロッパ共同体, Shin Yōroppa Kyōdō-tai), or AEU, is a supranational politico-economic community consisting of Iceland, the islands of the Barents Sea, Greenland, Anatolia, European Russia and the entirety of the traditional continent of Europe. Its institutional makeup is comparable to that of the real-world European Union. Despite the AEU's control of the presently incomplete orbital elevator tower in Africa, it possesses no member states on the continent. Patrick Colasour (パトリック・コーラサワー, Patorikku Kōrasawā) Patrick Colasour is an ace pilot of the AEU and the first to be confronted by a Gundam during a public demonstration of the AEU's new Enact mobile suit. He serves as the series' comic relief. Although the Enact was completely destroyed by Gundam Exia, Patrick survives with only his ego wounded. Patrick's subsequent encounters with the Gundams do not fare any better, although he manages to wound Gundam Dynames's pilot, Lockon Stratos, while Lockon shields a disabled Gundam Virtue, piloted by Tieria Erde, from Patrick's attack. During the preparations for "Project G", a joint military operation between all 3 power blocs, Patrick meets Kati Mannequin for the first time and—after she punches him twice for being late—claims to have instantly fallen in love with her. In the second season, Patrick joins the A-Laws to be with Mannequin against her wishes. Because he has survived all his encounters with the Gundams, he gains the nickname "Colasour the Indestructible" (不死みのコーラサワ, Fujimi no Colasour, lit. "Immortal Colasour"), though it is meant as an insult. After the collapse of the African orbital elevator, Patrick goes missing along with Mannequin, but reappears four months later having joined the coup d'etat fleet that attacks an A-Laws fleet near L2. While aiding the Gundams, Patrick is caught off guard when the Innovators' Gaga units appear and his mobile suit is destroyed while shielding Mannequin's ship. He survives the blast and later marries his beloved Kati, self-proclaiming himself as "Colasour the Ridiculously Lucky" (幸せのコーラサワ, Shiawase no Colasour, lit.Fortunate Colasour). He appears on the Gundam 00 movie escorting his wife at all times and is present on the Absolut Defense Line against ELS battle, while he is not as skilled as Graham Acker, the Innovades nor the Gundam Pilots he is one of the few pilots that are not shot down when the ELS suddenly turns into mobile suits, later his suits is trapped on ELS and he attempts to overload his suit to self destruct but is saved by Setsuna at the very last moment with the arrival of the 00 Qan . Patrick Colasour is voiced by Kenji Hamada in Japanese and Trevor Devall in English. Kati Mannequin (カティ・マネキン, Kati Manekin) Kati Mannequin is a colonel in the unified AEU armed forces. She attended the same international university as Leesa Kujō and both were involved with unintentionally causing a friendly fire incident to occur that led to them on opposing sides when Celestial Being appears. Selected to be the commanding officer of the AEU contingent sent to the HRL's Taklamakan Desert, Kati attempts to capture a Gundam unit. Kati is later assigned command of the joint Union-AEU battle group consisting of GN-Xs in conjunction with the HRL's Sergei Smirnov. Five years later, Kati Mannequin joins A-laws to help Sergei monitor the organization's activities; as a commander for the A-laws, she realizes that Leesa Kujō is the tactical forecaster for Celestial Being. Though she eventually goes against the A-Laws, Kati still sees Celestial Being as a terrorist group and will not hesitate to pursue if forced to. On the Gundam 00 movie she is assigned as the chief of the absolute defensive barrier against ELS invasion. Her love interest is Patrick Colasour, whom she hits twice for being late on their first met; as the series goes on he makes advances on her, while her ego makes her pretend that she is annoyed of him, she (in truth) is delighted, as is stated when Patrick arrives to her home attempting to take her on a date (while she initially berates him for being vain in the middle of a war, she ends up agreeing). Later in the second season, Patrick volunteers to A-Laws (against Kati's wishes just to be close to her) but in the end she seems amused of that; at the end of the same season when she joins Katharon and Celestial Being in the final battle against the Innovators, she openly accepts her love for Patrick when he shields her ship with his own mobile suit against an unexpected Gaga suicide units' assault - she screams his name in distraught as he seemingly got killed after he said "Kati, I love you". Patrick survived and in the epilogue they both get married, saying clearly that Patrick indeed is "Ridiculously Lucky." On "A Wakening of a Trailblazer" set two years after, she is promoted but Patrick still calls her "Colonel" as a petname, much to her annoyance. Kati Mannequin is voiced by Minami Takayama in Japanese and Cathy Weseluck in English. Katharon Marina Ismail (マリナ・イスマイール, Marina Isumaīru) Marina Ismail (Persian: مارینا اسماعیل; Azeri: Marina İsmayıl) is the First Princess of Azadistan, which is struggling economically due to the UN's embargo on oil exports. She is politically inexperienced and comes from an ordinary household, but accepted the position of Princess of Azadistan when Parliament chose her based on her lineage. She first encounters Setsuna F Seiei during her diplomatic mission to seek economic aid and access to the solar energy pipelines. After learning that Setsuna is one of Celestial Being's Gundam Meisters, she slowly develops a concern for his well-being. Conversely, Marina becomes an influencing figure in Setsuna's life; she appears in one of his dreams, telling him it is okay for him to stop fighting. At the very end of the first series, Marina reads a letter from Setsuna about his search for answers and that though the two follow separate paths, they share the same goal of ending war. During the second series, Marina is arrested by the Federation because of her perceived connection with Setsuna in the first series. Setsuna rescues Marina during Celestial Being's operation to free Allelujah Haptism and she is brought on board the Ptolemaios II. After witnessing Azadistan in flames because of an attack by Ali Al-Saachez, she is left in the care of her former adviser, Shirin Bakhtiar, who is now a member of the anti-government group Katharon. However, Marina refuses to fight. Instead, she tends to the children orphaned by the conflict and uses their wishes as the basis for a song, which will be the main anthem of the people's longing for true peace. In the epilogue, she is seen leading a rebuilt Azadistan. In the Gundam 00 movie, she is seen telling the people of her realm not to panic about the ELS invasion. In the movie epilogue set 50 years after the ELS invasion, she is visited by Setsuna after he turned into an ELS being. Almost blind by then, she bursts into tears once she hears Setsuna's voice and they embrace. Marina Ismail is voiced by Ayumi Tsunematsu in Japanese and Paula Lindberg in English. Shirin Bakhtiar (シーリン・バフティヤール, Shīrin Bafutiyāru) In the first season, Shirin Bakhtiar (Persian: شیرین بختیار; Azeri: Şirin Bəxtiyar) serves as Marina Ismail's advisor and confidant. Shirin shows a great deal of political knowledge, however, much of her advice tends to be biting. By the second season, Shirin has left Marina to join the anti-Federation group Katharon where she is Klaus Grad's sub-commander. After Azadistan is attacked by Ali Al Saachez, Shirin comforts a grieving Marina. Shirin tells Marina the only way to rebuild Azadistan is to destroy the Federation and that it is her duty to fight as its princess. However, Marina says that she doesn't see how fighting will resolve anything which Shirin replies by saying she doesn't mind if Marina chooses not to fight, but she vows to continue fighting for her homeland. In the epilogue, Shirin is seen as a politician for the new Earth Sphere Federation. Shirin Bakhtiar is voiced by Michiko Neya in Japanese and Ellen Kennedy in English. Klaus Grad (クラウス・グラード, Kurausu Gurādo) Appearing in the second series, Klaus Grado is a top commander of the anti-government organization Katharon, which opposes the Earth Sphere Federation and its elite squad A-Laws. When Katharon member Lyle Dylandy joins Celestial Being as the new Lockon Stratos, Klaus begins a regular correspondence with Lyle about Celestial Being's activities. After helping the crew of the Ptolemaios II escape from an A-Law ambush, Klaus proposes an allegiance, however, the proposal is rejected by Sumeragi Lee Noriega and Setsuna F Seiei. Despite the rejection, Klaus continues to offer support to Celestial Being whenever possible. Four months after the collapse of the African orbital elevator, Katharon's Earth forces are nearly wiped out. Klaus decides to head to space, given hope by the global spread of the song written and sung by Marina Ismail and the children. In the epilogue, Klaus became a politician for the Earth Sphere Federation along with Shirin. At the Gundam 00 Movie epilogue set 50 years after the battle with ELS, Klaus is seem as the captain of the Deep Space Ship "Sumeragi" revealing that he turned into a true Innovator in the meantime. Klaus Grad is voiced by Tokuyoshi Kawashima in Japanese and Alistair Abell in English. Independent antagonists Ali Al-Saachez (アリー・アル・サーシェス, Arī Aru Sāshesu) Ali Al-Saachez (علي الساجيس Ali al-Sajis) is a major antagonist of the series, and the former cell leader of the KPSA terrorist group in which Setsuna was a member. Generally a sadistic sociopath, Ali merely fights to appease his insatiable appetite for conflict and destruction, adapting various aliases to work for any party that feeds his desire for more conflict. In spite of his brutish nature, Ali has proven himself to be an extremely skilled tactician with fighting abilities that border on being superhuman, and routinely fights the Gundams to a standstill before gaining his own advantage. Eventually, he manages to steal the Gundam Throne Zwei while killing two of the three Trinity Siblings. However the machine is soon destroyed after Ali's fight with Neil Dylandy. Barely surviving with most of his body damaged, Ali manages to recover and subsequently works for the Innovators, piloting the Throne Arche. He is killed by Lyle Dylandy in episode 24 of season 2 after Tiera activates the Trial Gundam and disables his Throne Arche; while his mobile suit is destroyed he survives and attempts to escape. However, he is cornered by Lyle and held at gunpoint. However, as Lyle decides to lower his gun and let him leave, he tries to take advantage of the situation to kill Lyle, only to be killed by him. Ali Al-Saachez is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in Japanese and Scott McNeil in English. Alejandro Corner (アレハンドロ・コーナー, Arehandoro Kōnā) Alejandro Corner is the main antagonist of the series' first season. Originally an observer of Celestial Being assisted by Ribbons, supporting them from the shadows, Alejandro doubles as a diplomat of the United Nations. However, Alejandro and his family had ulterior motives in supporting Celestial Being in controlling the world they create. As a result, he committed sabotage against Celestial Being to gain control of Veda. But after Veda shuts its most precious data to him, Alejandro pilots the GNMA-XCVII Alvatore and then the GNMS-XCVII Alvaaron to eliminate Celestial Being. He is killed after his Alvaaron explodes during the battle with Exia, spending his final moments discovering that Ribbons had used him as a pawn the entire time. Alejandro Corner is voiced by Yasunori Matsumoto in Japanese and Andrew Kavadas in English. Gundam Throne Meisters/Team Trinity Although Trinity's past and origins remain a mystery in the show itself, the official Mobile Suit Gundam 00 novels state that the three siblings were created by Ribbons Almark, who used parts of his own DNA to engineer human beings with several Innovator-like traits. As a result, they are able to perform otherwise impossible tasks such as interfacing with Veda and using quantum brainwaves. But unlike the Innovades, the Trinity siblings have significantly less androgynous appearances. Johann Trinity (ヨハン・トリニティ, Yohan Toriniti) Oldest of the three siblings, Johann pilots the Gundam Throne Eins. Undertaking the mission to eradicate the world's strife, he began armed interventions alongside Michael and Nena. He is a calm person who faithfully handles his given mission while he commands his problematic brother and sister. His rational and cool-headed demeanor provides a subtle contrast to his fiery and stubborn younger siblings. Also unlike his younger siblings, Johann does not take lives that are not involved in their mission. An excellent marksman, he handles the firing of the GN Mega Launcher equipped on the Gundam Throne Eins. Johann is killed by Ali Al-Saachez after Al-Saachez kills Michael and steals the Throne Zwei. Johann is voiced by Katsuyuki Konishi in Japanese and Michael Daingerfield in English. Michael Trinity (ミハエル・トリニティ, Mihaeru Toriniti) An impulsive young man, Michael immediately bares his fangs at people who oppose him, brandishing his trademark knife when feeling enraged or intimidated. He is also very rude to the first four Gundam Meisters upon their first meeting, although he does comment that Tieria Erde would be "kinda hot" if he were a girl. Similar to his personality, he favors brutal tactics for mobile suit combat and specializes in attacks with the Gundam Throne Zwei's all-range weapon, the GN Fangs. Though he feels somewhat protective over his younger sister, Nena, he frequently complains about having to comply to orders from his brother, Johann. Michael is killed by Ali Al-Saachez who then goes on to steal Michael's Throne Zwei. Michael is voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese and Andrew Toth in English. Nena Trinity (ネーナ・トリニティ, Nēna Toriniti) Nena Trinity is the youngest of the Trinity siblings and pilot of the Gundam Throne Drei. Nena presents herself as being a cheerful and flirtatious young girl, however she is selfish and callous in battle. Between two of Team Trinity's missions, Nena fires upon an unsuspecting wedding party, killing Louise Halevy's entire family, out of frustration that others are having fun while she is overworked. After witnessing the deaths of Johann and Michael at the hands of Ali Al-Saachez, Nena is saved by Setsuna's timely intervention, and leaves in her Gundam while mourning the loss of her brothers. In the second series, intent on surviving, Nena works directly under Wang Liu Mei. Piloting the Riian, she is often sent out on stealth and reconnaissance missions to gather information on the activities of groups such as Katharon and the A-Laws. But because of Liu Mei's contacts with the Innovators and Ali Al-Saachez, Nena begins to question Liu Mei's motivations as she secretly helps the crew of the Ptolemaios II. She finally betrays Liu Mei by attacking her ship. Though Liu Mei and Hong Long survive the assault, Nena tracks them down and shoots Hong Long in the head and later kills Liu Mei as she tries to escape, revealing she always hated her. While she intended to eventually betray the Innovators and avenge her brothers when she got a chance, Ribbons Almark had already arranged her to be dealt with by Louise in the Regnant, immediately attacking her as a result. After disabling the Throne Drei, Louise kills Nena without mercy to avenge her parents. Nena is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in Japanese and Nicole Bouma in English. A-Laws The Autonomous Peace-Keeping Force, or A-Laws (アロウズ, Arōzu), is the primary antagonistic organization of the second series. Officially, their mission is to further unify nations by rooting out anti-government resistance. But their ideals and tactics are a facade of brutal oppression. Their actions trigger the emergence of some anti-Federation forces, like Katharon, and Celestial Being, which returns after four years. Many characters from the first series join the A-Laws, including Graham Aker (as Mr. Bushido), Billy Katagiri, Soma Peries, Patrick Colasour, Kati Mannequin and Louise Halevy. Louise Halevy (ルイス・ハレヴィ, Ruisu Harevi) In the first series, Louise Halevy is Saji Crossroad's girlfriend and classmate. She becomes an acquaintance of Setsuna F Seiei when the latter becomes Saji's neighbour. While Louise is attending her cousin's wedding, Gundam Throne Meister Nena Trinity attacks the wedding party killing Louise's entire family and causing Louise to lose her left hand, which is unable to be regenerated due to the red GN particles. After the attack, broken mentally, Louise breaks off her relationship with Saji so that he can be free to pursue his dream of working in space. In the second series, after receiving an artificial limb, Louise becomes a member of the A-Laws after Regene Regetta escorts her from a hospital to meet with Ribbons Almark, who channels her intent for revenge and world peace and attempts to make her the first purebred Innovator with pills that enhance her physical capabilities despite the side-effect of causing slow bodily deterioration. She learns of Setsuna's connection with Celestial Being after meeting him at a party held by Ribbons. During the A-Laws' attack on Celestial Being's asteroid base, she discovers that Saji is helping Celestial Being and assumes that he has been with Celestial Being all along. Her hatred for Celestial Being grows, first after the reported death of Soma Peries and later when her commanding officer Barack Zinin is killed in action. After the collapse of the Africa tower, she learns that Andrei Smirnov killed his own father. Shocked by the revelation, she wonders if she could ever do the same to Saji. Louise almost crosses that barrier as she gains the mobile armor Regnant from Ribbons which she uses to kill Nena, falling under Ribbons's influence after her mental breakdown. During the final battle when she clashes with him until she sees him wearing the engagement ring he gave her and she faints upon being overwhelmed by her memories of them together. Setsuna Trans-Am burst wakes her up and apparently healed all the cell abnormalities thus granting her a healthy body again. At the season's epilogue and in the movie, Louise is once again in a relationship with Saji but is plagued by chronic PTSD. On the Gundam movie she seems to be turned into a quantum-brainwaves user singularly sensible as she is one of the first persons to be affected by the ELS approach, she later encourages Saji's decision to travel to the orbital ring and help on to its maintenance while the Earth forces battles the ELS invasion. Louise Halevy is voiced by Chiwa Saitō in Japanese and Kelly Sheridan in English. Andrei Smirnov (アンドレイ・スミルノフ, Andorei Sumirunofu) Andrei Smirnov is the estranged son of Sergei Smirnov and member of the A-Laws. Andrei holds a grudge against his father for not protecting his mother 14 years before the beginning of the second season and joins the HRL military and later the A-Laws to forge his own path. Andrei meets Louise Halevy and becomes protective of her, as he sees her more suited as a young girl than a soldier. After the AEU's orbital elevator collapse as a result of a coup d'état by the Federation's military, Andrei kills his father in a fit of rage when Andrei assumes that Sergei sided with the coup d'état forces. After Setsuna defeated him easily, he eventually comes to terms with his father's actions after his consciousness connects with the consciousness of Soma under 00-Raiser Trans-Am Burst on the climax of the final battle noting that both Sergei and Andrei failed at trying to understand each other, as his father didn't know hot to reach him and himself failing to understand how he father felt, there is when Soma finally goes to a dormant state as she also finally come to terms with the Colonel's death, allowing to Marie regain full control again as she finally feels the despair and grief that Andrei feels for his actions; in the epilogue, he continues to serve in the Federation army in relief efforts in order to live up to his mother and father's hopes and ideals of being a "Soldier that protects the civilians" for the world. In the Gundam 00 Movie, Andrei battled against the ELS with his mobile suit after the ELS threatened the well-being of mankind. In the final battle, he fights valiantly against an ELS GNX-IV and defeats the enemy, but the right arm of his GNX-IV is assimilated along with his beam rifle. He uses his GN Buster Sword to cut off the arm, and discovers an ELS carrier heading towards Earth. Activating Trans-Am, he slices the carrier a few times before a part of his suit is assimilated. He, along with a few of his comrades in GNX-IVs, then proceed to overload their GN Drive Taus with Trans-Am, and destroy the ELS carrier along with themselves and their MSs. Before his death, he sees his parents, and yells "I am a soldier that protect the civilians!" Andrei Smirnov is voiced by Tetsu Shiratori in Japanese and Brent Miller in English. Barack Zinin (バラック・ジニン, Barakku Jinin) A former member of the Union army and captain of his own platoon, Barack pilots the newly developed GNX-704T Ahead and is responsible for the extermination of anti-government forces, mostly Katharon. His wife was killed shortly before the commencement of the second season after being involved in one of Katharon's anti-Federation terrorist attacks. Initially looking down on Louise Halevy, Barack often shows a great concern for her due to her young age, often chastising her for her reckless behaviour on the battlefield. He is eventually killed by Setsuna after the 00 Gundam docks with the 0-Raiser, and is later promoted posthumously to lieutenant colonel. His passing causes a significant amount of grief in Louise. Barack Zinin is voiced by Tetsu Inada in Japanese and Mark Gibbon in English. Arthur Goodman (アーサー・グッドマン, Āsā Guddoman) A fat man with curly blond hair who holds a high position within the A-Laws. He initially appears in the epilogue of the first season, next to Kati Mannequin in the Federation lineup, but is not introduced proper until second season. He overlooks the A-Laws' operation against Katharon, and is highly interested in Barrack's and Louise's encounter with Gundams Exia and Seravee, stating that "more equipment" is required. He is later seen in a conversation with Kati Manneqin and Arba Lindt. After Lindt's defeat to Celestial Being, Arthur orders that the command be given back to Kati Manneqin, telling them that failure is unacceptable in A-Laws. He is one of the A-Laws officers present in the A-Laws party. He is later seen leading the operations to obliterate the Suille Kingdom, destroy the Africa Tower along with the coup d'etat forces, and attack Celestial Being using the Memento Mori weapons. He is also seen at the speech of the ESF President, and later after the operation in episode 19 to wipe out the Gundams and the Ptolemaios II, mocking Healing Care for her failure to carry out the operation, and also decrying the decision to give her and Revive licenses. His assault, however, fails due to an uprising led by Kati Mannequin aiding Celestial Being and Katharon, with Setsuna killing Goodman. Arthur Goodman is voiced by Hisao Egawa in Japanese and Jason Simpson in English. Homer Katagiri (ホーマー・カタギリ, Hōmā Katagiri) The uncle of Union member Billy Katagiri. He is the commander of the A-Laws. He also has a secret connection with the Innovators. When his nephew, Billy, is recruited into the A-Laws, he installs him as an MS Technical Chief and tells him that he has high hopes in him. When the 00 Gundam destroys the ship led by Lee Zhejiang to stop the Ptolemaios II from escaping to space, Commander Katagiri reluctantly decides to accept the aid of the Innovators in order to defeat Celestial Being and prevent further sacrifices. The Innovators soon deployed in the A-Laws as licensed officers, with new, powerful suits to combat the Gundams. After the Ptolemaios II destroys the superweapon Memento Mori, the Federation government grants the A-Laws direct control of the military to further increase security. However, Homer fears that public support will eventually go to the anti-government force, Katharon and tasks Brigadier General Arthur Goodman to handle Celestial Being. His fears later realized when a number of dissidents in the regular army, led by Colonel Pang Hercury, occupied the AEU's orbital elevator. Worried that Katharon activities will increase, Homer orders Commander Kim in the regular army to send Sergei Smirnov on a top secret mission to ask the dissidents to surrender. When negotiations fail, Commander Katagiri sends Goodman into space to use another Memento Mori to completely destroy the elevator. At the end of the season, failing to defeat Celestial Being and after news of the A-Laws disbanding was broadcast, Homer commits seppuku rather than facing charges. Albeit his ruthless ways he in truth seeks to achieve the world peace but he was delusional, attempting to charge himself with all the sins and sacrifices intended to achieve that goal, this is thwarted in the end when Ribbons Almark, A-Laws and the Innovators are defeated in the last battle. Homer Katagiri is voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo in Japanese and Brian Drummond in English. Arba Lindt (アーバ・リント, Āba Rinto) A man with a slightly wrinkled face and a head of grey hair, he is shown to be arrogant and overconfident in his abilities. Kati Mannequin recognizes that he is known for search and destroy type operations. He commands the attack on the Celestial Being flagship, Ptolemaios II, but his strategy was thwarted by Celestial Being's tactical forecaster, Sumeragi Lee Noriega. He and his crew would have been killed by the 00 Gundam, if not for the timely arrival of Mr. Bushido. After his defeat and the loss of Trilobite, he is forced to give command to Kati Mannequin. When the A-Laws headquarters decide to attack the Katharon base with the automatons, he simply tells Kati that there is no need to feel sympathy for them. After Soma is declared KIA, he gives the Ahead Smultron to Louise Halevy. During the strategy planning, he prepares a squad to follow his plan, but Kati Mannequin changes part of it. He is among the A-Laws members who lead the Memento Mori operation. Lindt is killed after the ship under his command is caught in the explosion of Momento Mori station One. Arba Lindt is voiced by Kazuki Yao in Japanese and Andrew Toth in English. Innovators The Innovators (Innovades) as they appear in season 2. From left to right: Regene Regetta, Hiling Care, Ribbons Almark, Divine Nova, Bring Stabity, and Revive Revival At the start of Celestial Being's armed intervention, Ribbons Almark, from behind the scenes, leads a group consisting of six individuals known as Innovades (イノベイド, Inobeido), beings created by Aeolia Schenberg to pose as Innovators (イノベイター, Inobeitā). Supposedly essential to Aeolia's plan, Ribbons claims that they are "the future of mankind" while they are actually impressions of the true Innovators that would manifest within humans. Considered to be existences that surpass normal humans, they are beings created through means of heavy gene manipulation and nanotechnology. They are characterized by their advanced ability to use quantum brainwaves and directly interface with Veda, as well as their agelessness and androgyny. Tieria Erde is also an Innovade, but has sided with Celestial Being, and a number of other Innovades were shown participating in ordinary life worldwide in the final episode of season 2. Ribbons Almark (リボンズ・アルマーク, Ribonzu Arumāku) Ribbons Almark is the main antagonist of the series, acting through Alejandro Corner in the first season before abandoning him. Seeing himself to be godlike, Ribbons' main goal throughout the series has been to twist Aeolia's plan to suit his own agenda of ruling humanity. He's extremely arrogant, considers himself superior to both humans and Innovators. Using the A-Laws from behind the scenes, Ribbons watches the battles unfold from the comfort of his lair. The novels and Gundam 00 S2 Ep 14 had revealed that Ribbons is the pilot of 0 Gundam. During an intervention mission in the Kurdish Republic, he was supposed to kill all the combatants in there; however, upon seeing the awed young Soran Ibrahim, Ribbons perceives the boy's look to be one of utter admiration and worship, and lets him live. Afterwards, he went and tampered with Veda's files in order to make Soran into Setsuna. He would later comment that this was a "momentary impulse... but also a sort of mercy." During a face-to-face meeting with Setsuna, Ribbons reveals his part in his entry into Celestial Being by tampering Veda's files while attempting to take the 00 Raiser from him. After having Regene killed, Ribbons then proceeds to begin the final phase of his plan. However, after killing Tieria, Ribbons learns too late that Tieria merged his mind with Veda and as a result, loses control of Veda. Refusing to let his plan die, Ribbons reveals himself in the Reborns Gundam to fight Setsuna's 00 Gundam before taking one of its GN drives to re-power his 0 Gundam to battle Setsuna in the rebuilt Exia R2 in a heated battle until the 0 Gundam is destroyed. Ribbons Almark is voiced by Tōru Furuya (using a pseudonym Noboru Sōgetsu) in Japanese and Michael Adamthwaite in English. Regene Regetta (リジェネ・レジェッタ, Rijene Rejetta) Regene Regetta is an Innovator who is the genetic twin of Tieria Erde. Although he works closely with Ribbons Almark, the two do not always see eye to eye (in part because of Ribbons' ego). As a result, Regene often acts of his own will to complete the plan Aeolia intended, from meeting with Tieria to leaking Veda's location to Wang Liu Mei. However, Ribbons was a step ahead of Regene and had Ali Al-Saachez kill him when he attempted to kill Ribbons. However, Regene's consciousness lived long enough to see Tieria use the codes he gave him in their meeting to lock Ribbons out of Veda. Regene Regetta is voiced by Romi Paku in Japanese and Nicole Oliver in English. Revive Revival (リヴァイブ・リバイバル, Rivaibu Ribaibaru) Revive Revival is an Innovator and the genetic twin of Anew Returner. Revive joins the A-Laws to combat the Gundams and pilots the Gadessa. Like Mr. Bushido, Revive holds a special license that allows him to act independently. However he agrees to follow Kati Mannequin's battle strategies. Later Revive allows himself to be captured by Celestial Being in order to steal the 00 Gundam and 0 Raiser with Anew's aid, but the attempt is thwarted. Revive is killed by Lyle Dylandy during the climactic battle at the end of the second series when the Cherudim Gundam targets the Gadessa's cockpit after Lockon used the last remaining second of Cherudim's Trans-Am to move at the back of Gadessa, Cherudim was badly damage at that time having lost an arm and a leg and most of his weapons after Lockon battled Ali Al-Saachez in a close combat, also he lost the two main firing fingers of the remaining hand in the battle against Revive, as Allelujah/Hallelujah stated in his own match, Lockon states that the innovators are weak without Veda's link support. Revive Revival is voiced by Mitsuki Saiga in Japanese and Cathy Weseluck in English. Hiling Care (ヒリング・ケア, Hiringu Kea) Hiling Care is an Innovator and the genetic twin of Ribbons Almark, expressing a fondness for him and bearing a grudge against anyone else he has a fancy for. Hiling also frequently teases her comrades. Joining Revive Revival with the A-Laws, also with a special license that allows her to act independently, Hiling is eager to battle with the Celestial Being and the Gundams. Hiling pilots a Gadessa and later a Garazzo in several operations against the Ptolemaios II. She is later ordered by Ribbons to retreat from A-Laws to help in defending Veda. In the final battles, she is brutally killed by the returned Hallelujah/Allelujah super-soldier, crying out to Ribbons to save her as she dies, while the reborn "True Super-Soldier" muses that the Innovators are unworthy and weak opponents when their support link with Veda is cut off. Hiling Care is voiced by Miyuki Kawashō in Japanese and Brenna O'Brien in English. Bring Stabity (ブリング・スタビティ, Buringu Sutabiti) Bring Stabity is an Innovator who is assigned to the A-Laws in order to combat the Gundams, considerably more stoic than his fellow Innovators. While Bring is able to overpower the 00 Gundam with the Garazzo in a display of force, he is later defeated during the A-Laws' assault on Celestial Beings's L3 base when the 00 Raiser is formed during the battle. Later, he and Revive are given orders to destroy the 00 Gundam. Bring is killed when he joins the attacking of the Ptolemaios II on Earth, fighting Tieria Erde whom he attempts to reason with (arguing that Tieria should join the other Innovators because he was one of them, to which Tieria replies by saying he isn't and that he is human) before his opponent reveals the Seraphim Gundam for the first time. Four months after, Ribbons reveals the creation of a massive army of Divine and Bring clones. Bring Stabity is voiced by Ryōtarō Okiayu in Japanese and Brian Dobson in English. Divine Nova (デヴァイン・ノヴァ, Divain Nova) Divine Nova is Bring Stabity's genetic twin and makes his first appearance piloting the prototype mobile armor Empress after Celestial Being successfully destroys Memento Mori. After forcing the Ptolemaios II back into Earth's atmosphere, he later takes part in an assault on the Ptolemaios II which nearly succeeds until a coup d'état forces the A-Laws to withdraw. Divine is killed by Setsuna F Seiei in the 00 Raiser while defending the second Memento Mori station. Four months after, Ribbons reveals the creation of a massive army of Divine and Bring clones. Divine Nova is voiced by Ryōtarō Okiayu in Japanese and Brian Dobson in English. Anew Returner (アニュー・リターナー, Anyū Ritānā) Anew Returner is Revive's genetic twin who serves her group as a sleeper agent in the guise of a mechanic who Liu Mei scouted after the activation of the 00 Gundam and assisting with the development of the 0 Raiser and GN Archer support vehicles. When the Ptolemaios II arrives at Celestial Being's L3base and on Ian's suggestion, she joins the crew as the pilot and resident medic. Over time, Anew develops a romantic relationship with Gundam Meister Lyle Dylandy. Since joining the Ptolemaios II crew, Anew unknowingly served as a means for the Innovators to locate Celestial Being everywhere they go. It was only when Revive is captured that Anew's memories are restored, betraying Celestial Being and disabling the Ptolemaios II. However her attempt to steal the 00 Gundam is thwarted and she escapes along with Revive. Anew participates in the next operation to capture the 00 Gundam and confronts Lyle during the battle. But when Lyle convinces Anew to return to him and Anew is about to return to him, Ribbons takes control of her and she is subsequently shot down by Setsuna when she is about to kill Lyle. The 00 Raiser's Trans-Am allows the two to share a brief moment together, confirming their feelings for each other before dying. Despite her death, she briefly reappears in episode 25 during the inauguration of the new president of the Earth Sphere Federation, but as she is an Innovade it is most likely that the "Anew" present at that moment is nothing more than a genetic twin (much as like Regene and Tiera are genetic twins but have completely separate identities). Anew Returner is voiced by Ryoko Shiraishi in Japanese and Lalainia Lindbjerg in English. Movie-exclusive characters Descartes Shaman (デカルト・シャーマン, Dekarute Shāman) A Mobile Suit Squad Captain and the pilot of the GNMA-Y0002V Gadelaza, Descartes was a former member of the AEU before transferring into ESF Forces and is the second human to have become a true Innovator. After his transformation, Descartes has fully embraced being an Innovator and shows his superiority towards other people of his might in combat, although he has shown to be an arrogant and egotistical person. His quantum brainwaves enhance his natural piloting abilities, allowing him to maximize the performance of his mobile unit. He is also capable of fighting huge numbers of enemies using the Gadelaza's built-in weaponry along with controlling a massive number of GN Fangs, hinting that his capabilities are quite extraordinary for him to be able to actively pilot the Gadelaza whilst utilizing that many remote weapons. Similar to Setsuna F. Seiei, Descartes' Innovator abilities have yet to be fully defined, and most of his abilities are merely based on observation and speculation. Despite being officially acknowledged by the Earth Sphere Federation, Descartes is being used to find other people with similar abilities. In the Gundam 00 movie, once the activities of the ELS are realized, Descartes begins developing headaches; the ESF soon notice an entire ELS armada emerging from Jupiter's red spot and set to arrive at Earth within 95 days. Descartes sorties against the enemy in an attempt to figure out their intentions and attempt to lure them away from Earth with his QBWs. However, when he deploys his fangs, some are assimilated, and feels the same mental assault suffered by Setsuna. His Gadelaza is assimilated by a gigantic ELS, and Descartes is killed in the process. Descartes Shaman is voiced by Ryo Katsuji in Japanese and Ryan Luhning in English. Mina Carmine (ミーナ・カーマイン, Mīna Kāmain) An astrophysicist who works for the ESF, Mina Carmine helps to solve the mysteries and investigate the ELS. It is also hinted that she has a relationship with Billy Katagiri. At one point in time, an ancestor of Mina donated a DNA sample to the Corner family, which was later used by Alejandro to create the Trinity Siblings. While the Trinity siblings are a result of a combination of this DNA sample and genetic material from Ribbons, Mina herself is a natural born human. Having proven herself to be highly intelligent, Mina's similar appearance, as well as her impulsive and playful personality, to Nena Trinity are coincidental developments. While she does indeed show a jealous streak, it is never shown if she is capable of such callous acts that the Gundam Meister was. Mina Carmine is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in Japanese and Nicole Bouma in English. ELS An unknown alien race, the ELS (Extraterrestrial Living-metal Shape-shifter) is a race of techno-organic sentient aliens that have the unique abilities to infect and assimilate nearly all life and technology. It is revealed their homeworld was destroyed by the Red Dwarf Star and set off to find another world to live. The ELS appear as silver metallic organisms that can take solid or liquid-like forms. The ELS has no true form as they are capable of taking any shape or size relative to their mass; they can combine or separate from one another to increase or decrease its mass as needed. While not an aggressive race, their ways of learning and understanding their environment is based on assimilation of all things — being one with what they don't know allows them to understand. When faced with an opponent or something they cannot comprehend, assimilation occurs to convert the target of interest into an ELS. When confronted with unknown organic lifeforms and/or technologies, the ELS assimilates the target like an aggressive virus. Its rapid adaptability and versatility allow it to take hold of technology in a matter of seconds and organic matter in a matter of minutes. However, for organics, it can have detrimental effects to those not completely assimilated, such as causing brain damage and various biological instabilities due to their invasive nature to their condition. While their complete nature is not understood, they can generate a noise signal for communication, initially their basic original physical form before assimilation is in a missile like shape, utilize quantum brainwave frequencies, make copies of what they have assimilated, and have their own GN-Tech and unique GN Particles, which are purple in colour. However, it is not clear whether it due to their own development and evolution or from copying Celestial Being's technology. In the epilogue, the ELS coexist with humanity. Other media Mobile Suit Gundam 00P Ruido Resonance (ルイード・レゾナンス, Ruīdo Rezonansu) Ruido Resonance is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. Designated pilot of the Gundam Astraea at Krung Thep. A skilled mechanic, and a senior member to Chall Acustica as of her inception as Meister. He later married Marlene Vlady and is the father of Feldt Grace. He and Marlene were killed in an accident involving Gundam Plutone, an incident which also caused Chall to be permanently scarred. Marlene Vlady (マレーネ・バラディ, Marēne Baradi) Marlene Vlady is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. A criminal forced by Celestial Being to serve as a Meister of a prototype Gundam unit at Krung Thep. As she does not support the organization's ideology, a remotely detonable explosive has been strapped around her neck to keep her under control. Extremely skilled at piloting. Partner to Chall Acustica as of her inception as Meister. She is the mother of Feldt Grace. Chall Acustica (シャル・アクスティカ, Sharu Akusutika) Chall Acustica is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. A member of Celestial Being and the designated Meister of a prototype Gundam unit. Selected for recruitment by Veda on the basis of her academic performance and her ranking in Power Loader competitions. Ruido Resonance believes that other qualities may have influenced Veda's arbitration. In Mobile Suit Gundam 00F, she is the commanding officer of Fereshte, having ceased active service as a Meister after an incident that scarred her face and prematurely whitened her hair. Following the completion of the Gundams, she obtained permission from Veda to set up the branch of Celestial Being known as Fereshte. She is stated to have some past relationship with the Gundam Plutone. Gundam Meister 874 (ウマイスター874, Umaisutā 874) Gundam Meister 874 is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. Designated pilot of the Gundam Sadalsuud. Though Meisters are typically referred to by codename, 874 is designated only by number. For unspecified reasons, she does not appear before the other members of the organization. Physically, she looks younger than 10, but her eyes seem far older. Grave Violento (グラーベ・ヴィオレント, Gurābe Viorento) Grave Violento is a third generation meister and agent for Celestial Being; he is eventually revealed to be a combat type Innovade. Meister of GN-XXX Gundam Rasiel. Despite his designation as a meister, Grave spends more time acting as an agent to acquire information on military operations in preparation for Celestial Being's debut and protecting the organization by manipulating intelligence to ensure Celestial Being remains a secret it begins its armed interventions. Because of his role as an agent, he is also responsible for locating potential Gundam Meisters for the fourth generation Gundams; Grave personally recruits Neil Dylandy and Allelujah Haptism as Meisters. Despite diligently following the orders of Veda, Grave gradually becomes suspicious of Veda's directives and eventually opposes and chooses not to complete them. Hixar Fermi (ヒクサー・フェルミ, Hikusā Ferumi) Hixar Fermi is the pilot of GN Sefer. His jovial personality allows him to talk freely with almost anyone, even when meeting them for the first time. Hixar enjoys making others laugh, though has considerable trouble doing so with the serious Grave and dark-mannered Chall. Several years later, he appears in 00F as a Gundam Meister on orders from Veda to follow Fon Spaak, who has been working independently from Fereshte. While Hixar appears to be the same man from 00P, his personality is markedly different and he is shown to have a remotely detonatable explosive strapped around his neck. Hixar is eventually revealed to be an intelligence-gathering Innovade, recalled to Veda after his supposed death, for a new mission. His loyalties, and that of Hayana, eventually shift away from Veda to Celestial Being. Delphine Bedelia (デルフィーヌ・ベデリア, Derufīnu Bederia) Highly skilled and proud, Delphine Bedelia is a test pilot from the Next Generation Development Technical Laboratory of the Human Reform League and serves as the Tieren Kyitwo mobile suit's rear seat pilot. Though she initially dislikes being partnered with Leonard and regards him with little respect, Delphine ends up wanting to protect him. After she and Leonard become eyewitnesses of the Gundams, they are designated by Veda as the second of the primary targets to be eliminated when Grave is assigned to eliminate those aware of Celestial Being's existence; after they are spared, they choose to join Celestial Being in order to find Allelujah, whom they have come to regard as a comrade. In Gundam 00I 2314, Delphine joins the reorganized Fereshte under the code name Dell Erda (デル・エルダ, Deru Eruda) and participates in the development and retrieval of the GN Drives at Jupiter with Hayana. Leonard Fiennes (レナード・ファインズ, Renādo Fainzu) The front seat pilot of the Tieren Kyitwo sent from the Super Soldier Special Duty Organization to become a test pilot, despite only being seven years old and lacking any apparent ability as a supersoldier save a susceptibility to the emission of quantum brainwaves from other supersoldiers. Unemotional and rarely anxious, he is kindhearted and comes to regard Delphine as an important person who must be protected. When Grave is assigned to eliminate eyewitnesses to the Gundams and those aware of Celestial Being's existence, Leonard and Delphine are second among the designated targets; when Grave spares them, they elect to find Allelujah, whom they have come to regard as a comrade, and join Celestial Being. In Gundam 00I 2314, Leonard has been designated as a Gundam Meister for Fereshte under the code name Leo Sieg (レオ・ジーク, Reo Jiiku) and charged with protecting Delphine and Hayana as they retrieve the GN Drives from Jupiter. Mobile Suit Gundam 00F Fon Spaak (フォン・スパーク, Fon Spāku) A protagonist in the sidestory Mobile Suit Gundam 00F. A criminal forced by Celestial Being to serve as a Gundam Meister at Fereshte. As he does not support the organization's ideology, a remotely detonatable explosive has been strapped about his neck to keep him under control. Normally handcuffed, except when piloting. In Gundam 00F Chapter 03, Fon Spaak seems to recognize Ali when pursuing Ali with his Albuhool Type F, dismissing Ali as a relic of the past Solar Wars. In Gundam 00F Chapter 04, the remotely detonatable bomb which causes blood to ooze out is activated by Trinity when Fon attempted to stop them from taking away 0 Gundam and its GN Drive. Fon's true name is Robert Stad Jr as revealed by Nena Trinity in Gundam 00F Chapter 05. His parents were involved in mining materials for colony construction, and the harsh environment led him to become an anti-Union terrorist. In a later chapter of the Gundam 00F manga, Fereshte sends Fon to recover the GN Drives from the Kyrios and Virtue after Celestial Being's battle with the UN Army. Though Fon retrieves the Kyrios' ejected GN Drive, he allows Allelujah to be captured rather than rescue him and leaves Tieria in the wreckage of the Virtue after finding that its GN Drive has been ejected as well, despite Meister 874's request to rescue Tieria. In addition to appearing in Gundam 00F, Fon appears in Gundam 00P, encountering Grave Violento when Fon was a soldier for the AEU during the Solar Wars; during this time, he was already known as "Fon Spaak". It is also revealed that he was also involved with Ali Al-Saachez as a child soldier, much like Setsuna F Seiei. When Grave is assigned to eliminate eyewitnesses to the Gundams and those who have become aware of Celestial Being's existence, Fon is the first target named by Veda. Eco Calore (エコ・カローレ, Eko Karōre) Once a candidate Gundam Meister, but because he is inferior to Setsuna and the current Meisters, he was removed and is now a pilot for Fereshte. He's a strong believer of Aeolia Schenberg's words of eliminating wars all over the Earth. Eco does not get along with Fon, believing that Fon is unsuited to be a member of Celestial Being because of his status as a criminal. He is usually the comic relief in 00F, having a tendency to overreact when Fon either points out something (usually obvious) to him or annoys him with his devil-may-care disposition. Sherilyn Hyde (シェリリン・ハイド, Sheririn Haido) A disciple of CB mechanic Ian Vashti. Has a good mechanic sense and maintains the modified prototype Gundams used by Fereshte. Though she is unemotional and seldom speaks, she does have another side to her and considers herself to be quite feminine. Good friends with Hanayo and is frequently seen with Hanayo. Following the dissolution of Fereshte, Sherilyn devotes herself to helping develop the GN Condenser to match the levels of output achieved by the GN Drives. Hanayo (ハナヨ) A manmade AI that is of the same model as Lockon's Haro. Its ear-like flaps gives it a cat-like look. Partners with Fon in missions and provide support for him in the MS. It also acts as a supervisor and unlocks Fon's handcuffs on missions and probably locks them back after missions. Hanayo is able to set up a datalink with Lockon's Haro through Veda. It is confirmed that Meister 874 is inside Hanayo. As shown in Gundam 00F file No.05, Hanayo/Meister 874 can take control over Gundam Plutone. Hayana (ハヤナ) A girl who obeys Hixar Fermi, Hayana possesses high physical capacities most would not imagine from her appearance. Registered as a Gundam Meister in Veda, she is capable of taking control of a Gundam remotely. Hayana is considered Hanayo's "sister" and resembles her, but views Hanayo with hatred and attempts to eliminate her by destroying Hanayo's terminal. Mobile Suit Gundam 00V Robert Spacey (ロベール・スペイシー, Robēru Supeishī) He studies the developmental history of MS. He was initially studying political history, but after experiencing the revolution brought by Celestial Being when he was 30 years old and coincidentally seeing the Avalanche Exia in action, he switched his study to MS development history. An original character for sidestory, Mobile Suit Gundam 00V. Apart from that, he was also able to see the Dynames Torpedo and Shell Flag in action. Deborah Galiena (デボラ・ガリエナ, Debora Gariena) A female test pilot of the UN. She is also an old acquaintance of Robert Spacey. She was engaged by the Gundam Exia in an American military base on Okinawa when she was inspecting the Shell Flag's features. She proved herself to be a great pilot as she was able to survive the battle uninjured. Amy Zimbalist (エイミー・ジンバリスト, Eimī Jinbarisuto) An ace pilot of the Earth Sphere Federation Army with an unconventional style of piloting solar furnace equipped mobile suits. He is worshipped as a hero known as the "Steel Cowboy", but also hated as the "Devil of Unification". Despite being well-regarded, his piloting ability cannot measure up to the Gundam Meisters and he has poor analytical skills. Mobile Suit Gundam 00I Leif Recitativo (レイヴ・レチタティーヴォ, Reivu Rechitatiivo) An Innovade with the same pattern as Ribbons Almark: type 0026. He is physically 18 years old. As an Innovade, Leif has the ability to distinguish humans from Innovades and he has been charged with finding and educating other qualified Innovades. Telicyra Herfi (テリシラ・へルフィ, Terishira Herufi) An Innovade who has been working as a doctor and was previously affiliated with Doctors without Borders. Though he is 40 years old, his nature as an Innovade prevents him from aging like humans and he physically appears to be only 20 years old. He has lived in human society for over twenty years, despite Veda's average limit of 10 years before recalling Innovades to have their memories wiped and replaced, likely because of his renown as a doctor. Dr. Telicyra is responsible for awakening Leif as an Innovade. Lars Grise (ラーズ・グリース, Rāzu Gurīsu) An enigmatic Innovade who has lived in human society for over 130 years as a result of his information link to Veda being severed, though he is still monitored. At one point, he married and raised a family. Over the past 100 years he has killed other Innovades for reasons unknown, but appears to suffer emotionally when he kills. Since many of his victims have the same outward appearance, Veda intervened to hide his mass murders and Lars has never been caught. His left eye is artificial. Bryn Sondheim (ブリュン・ソンドハイム, Buryun Sondohaimu) An eight-year-old Innovade who is dressed like a young girl, despite identifying as a male. Bryn appears to only be able to communicate through his powerful quantum brain waves; when he is captured and imprisoned in the same Earth Federation facility as Allelujah Haptism, he is able to "speak" to Hallelujah through their quantum brain waves. During his imprisonment, Bryn's blood is drained by Dr. Clay Lihichyte, the doctor who created the Trinity siblings, and rendered physically immobile as a result. Sulu Suluzu (スルー・スルーズ, Surū Surūzu) An Innovade with the same base sequence as Telicyra, but her sex has been set as female. As an Innovade, she is capable of awakening other Innovades. She is currently acting as a member of Katharon alongside Hermiya. Both she and Telicyra apparently want to conceal they are Innovades of the same type, though they eventually refer to each other as brother and sister. Hermiya (ハーミヤ, Hāmiya) An Innovade who presumably has the same base sequence as Hanayo (Gundam Meister 874) and Hayana, since her appearance to them is very similar. Unlike Hanayo and Hayana, she appears cheerful and has been seen at a Katharon base. She has the ability to erase and reset Innovades. Like her comrades, she has been tasked by Veda to be an observer to perfect Aeolia Schenberg's plan. Beside Pain (ビサイド・ペイン, Bisaido Pain) An Innovade with the same base pattern as Ribbons Almark, the pilot of the 1 Gundam and a rogue agent of Celestial Being with access to Veda. Like Ribbons, he can transfer himself into another body if his current one is destroyed, though his transfers take more time. In Gundam 00P, Beside uses the ability to transfer his mind to take control of Hixar Fermi and attack Grave Violento. However, when Grave defeats Beside, he is unable to initiate a complete transfer into a new body; the partial transfer results in the awakening of Leif Recitativo. Because of their shared consciousness, Beside haunts and tries to take control of Leif in order to further his own goals until Telicyra is able to wipe Beside from Leif's mind. See also Anime and manga portal References General citations ^ "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Official Site". Mobile Suit Gundam 00 official website (in Japanese). Sunrise. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ Mobile Suit Gundam 00F, vol. 2, Consonance of 00F ^ 矢立肇; 富野由悠季; 木村暢 (November 2008). Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Novel #3. 角川書店. ISBN 978-4-04-473603-3. ^ "Nena Trinity". Bandai Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2009. ^ "HG Garazzo Hiling Care Type box art". Bandai. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2009-06-09. Episodes ^ a b c "Celestial Being". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 1. October 6, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Unrewarded Souls". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 7. November 17, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Bonds". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 19. February 16, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Allelujah". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 11. December 29, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "Endless Poem". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 24. March 22, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Gundam Meisters". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 2. October 13, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b "Trans-Am". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 22. March 8, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "Scar". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 6. November 9, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Return of the Saint". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 13. January 5, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "Shadow of the Innovators". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 19. February 15, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "The Door to Innovation". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 21. March 1, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c d "Flower of Life". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 23. March 15, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "Rebirth". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 25. March 29, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "The Changing World". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 3. October 20, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b "Dawn of Determination". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 14. January 12, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Assault of the Thrones". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 17. February 2, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Twin Drive". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 2. October 12, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Indiscriminate Retaliation". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 8. October 24, 2007. Mainichi Broadcasting System. ^ "Path of Destruction". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 21. March 1, 2008. Mainichi Broadcasting System. ^ "Pure Distortion". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 8. November 23, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "For The Future's Sake". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 22. March 8, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Setsuna". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 25. March 29, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b "The Angel's Second Advent". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 1. October 5, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Operation Allelujah Rescue". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 3. October 19, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b c "A Song is Heard". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 14. January 11, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "A Reason to Battle". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 4. October 26, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Homeland Burning". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 5. November 2, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "The Aim of Evil Intents". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 18. February 2, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "With Reunions and Departure". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 7. November 16, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b "Mixed Feelings". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 18. February 8, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ a b "Heavenly Light". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 10. December 7, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Waiting in Space". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 12. December 21, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Victory Song of the Resistance". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 15. January 18, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "In Midst of Scattered Light". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 17. February 1, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "Anew Return". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 20. February 22, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System. vteMobile Suit Gundam 00Franchise Episodes Chapters Video game Film Music "Daybreak's Bell" "Ash Like Snow" "Hakanaku mo Towa no Kanashi" "Trust You" Characters Setsuna F. Seiei Haro vteGundamTV seriesMain series Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–80) Zeta (1985–86) ZZ (1986–87) Victory (1993–94) G (1994–95) Wing (1995–96) X (1996) Turn A (1999–00) SEED (2002–03) SEED Destiny (2004–05) 00 (2007–09) AGE (2011–12) Reconguista in G (2014–15) Iron-Blooded Orphans (2015–17) The Witch from Mercury (2022–23) Build series Build Fighters (2013–14) Build Fighters Try (2014–15) Build Divers (2018) Other spin-offs Gundam-san (2014) Films Char's Counterattack (1988) F91 (1991) G-Saviour (1999, TV live-action) 00: A Wakening of the Trailblazer (2010) Build Fighters Try: Island Wars (2016, TV) Narrative (2018) Hathaway (2021) Cucuruz Doan's Island (2022) SEED Freedom (2024) OVA/ONA 0080: War in the Pocket (1989) 0083: Stardust Memory (1991) The 08th MS Team (1996) Wing: Endless Waltz (1997) Evolve (2001) SEED MSV Astray (2004) MS IGLOO (2004) SEED C.E. 73: Stargazer (2006) Unicorn (2010–14) Gunpla Builders Beginning G (2010) The Origin (2015) Thunderbolt (2015–17) Twilight AXIS (2017) Build Fighters Battlogue (2017) Build Fighters: GM's Counterattack (2017) Build Divers: Prologue (2018) Build Divers Re:Rise (2019–20) Build Divers Battlogue (2020) The Witch from Mercury – Prologue (2022) Build Metaverse (2023) Requiem for Vengeance (2024) PrintManga Plamo-Kyoshiro (1982) Crossbone (1994) Wing: The Last Outpost (1997) Wing: Episode Zero (1997) Gundam-san/The Men who Created Gundam (2001) Lost War Chronicles (2002) École du Ciel (2002) The Origin (2002) Thoroughbred (2003) SEED Destiny Astray (2004) SEED C.E. 73 Δ Astray (2006) Alive (2006) Thunderbolt (2012) Novels Gaia Gear (1987) Sentinel (1987) Hathaway's Flash (1989) Unicorn (2007) Wing: Frozen Teardrop (2010) Twilight AXIS (2016) MusicAlbums Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack I, Senshi: Ai Senshi Tribute Gundam Tribute from Lantis Gundam Rock NT Gundam Cover Gundam Song Covers Gundam Song Covers 2 Gundam Song Covers 3 Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury Singles "Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete" "Beyond the Time ~Möbius no Sora wo Koete~" "Eternal Wind" "Just Communication" "Rhythm Emotion" "White Reflection" "Last Impression" "Find the Way" "Pride" "Re: I Am" "StarRingChild" "Sora no Uta ~Higher and Higher~/Hisōbi" "The Beyond" "Shukufuku" Music of Gundam Wing Music of Gundam SEED Music of Gundam 00 Characters Mobile Suit Gundam Amuro Ray Char Aznable Zeta ZZ Victory G Wing X Turn A SEED Kira Yamato Athrun Zala Cagalli Yula Athha Lacus Clyne Shinn Asuka SEED Astray 00 Setsuna F. Seiei Unicorn AGE Build Fighters Build Fighters Try Iron-Blooded Orphans The Witch from Mercury Technology RX-78-2 Gundam Zaku Haro Universal Century technology Related Models Video games SD Gundam Gundam War Collectible Card Game Cultural impact Statue of Unicorn Gundam Gundam Factory Yokohama Kami-Igusa Station Crossover Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00"},{"link_name":"Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam"}],"text":"This is a list of fictional characters from the Japanese anime television series, Mobile Suit Gundam 00, the eleventh incarnation of the Gundam media franchise.","title":"List of Mobile Suit Gundam 00 characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Celestial Being"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam_(fictional_robot)"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F. Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsuna_F._Seiei"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"[e 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E01-1"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Saachez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ali_Al-Saachez"},{"link_name":"[e 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E07-2"},{"link_name":"movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_the_Movie:_A_Wakening_of_the_Trailblazer"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Miyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Miyano"},{"link_name":"Yuka Nishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Nishigaki"},{"link_name":"Brad Swaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Swaile"},{"link_name":"Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro_(anime)"},{"link_name":"[e 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E19-3"},{"link_name":"Shinichiro Miki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichiro_Miki"},{"link_name":"Alex Zahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zahara"},{"link_name":"double agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_agent"},{"link_name":"Shinichiro Miki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichiro_Miki"},{"link_name":"Alex Zahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zahara"},{"link_name":"Human Reform League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Human_Reform_League"},{"link_name":"Super Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersoldier"},{"link_name":"second personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_personality"},{"link_name":"Soma Peries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Soma_Peries"},{"link_name":"[e 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E11-4"},{"link_name":"Suzaku Kururugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzaku_Kururugi"},{"link_name":"Heterochromia iridum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Yoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshino"},{"link_name":"Masako Jou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako_Jou"},{"link_name":"Richard Ian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ian_Cox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G00-5"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"Samuel Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Vincent_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Gundam Meisters","text":"The series focuses on the four mobile suit pilots of the paramilitary organization Celestial Being. The pilots, referred to as Gundam Meisters (ガンダムマイスター, Gandamu Maisuta, German for Master), pursue the complete eradication of armed conflict mainly through the deployment of the revolutionary Gundam units in aggressive armed interventions.Setsuna F. Seiei (刹那・F・セイエイ, Setsuna Efu Seiei)\nSetsuna F. Seiei is the primary protagonist of the series and was discovered by Celestial Being at the age of 16 for having special potential as a pilot. He is currently a Gundam Meister and pilots Gundam Exia, specialized in melee combat. Setsuna's real name is Suran Ibrahim (ソラン・イブラヒム, Soran Iburahimu) (سوران إبراهيم Suran Ibrahim); with Setsuna F. Seiei being his codename. He was once a child soldier of Kurdish descent in the war-torn Krugis Republic.[e 1] During this time, he murdered his own parents under Ali Al-Saachez's influence in order to prove his devotion to God,[e 2] and hence bears a deep hatred towards Saachez. Due to his previous religious brainwashing (and awakening from it), Setsuna claims he no longer believes in God, yet still debates the role of God in people's lives, suggesting that he would like to believe in God. After going into hiding at the end of the first season, Setsuna reappears four years later and rejoins Celestial Being as the pilot of 00 Gundam during his fight with the Innovators and then 00 QAN[T] during his battle with the ELS. Disappearing at the end of the fight, Setsuna F. Seiei reappears decades later. Throughout the series he had a connection with Marina Ismail, though whether or not the connection was romantic was never truly explored, as it seems (from certain flashbacks) that Marina reminds him of his beloved mother whom he had to kill to join All Al-Saachez's guerrilla when he was a child. Both deny romantic feelings when asked, nevertheless Marina is one of the most important people for Setsuna. Feldt Grace openly displayed romantic feelings for him in the movie. His last appearance is shown 50 years later after his departure paying a visit to a now elderly Marina Ismail who is almost blind, she burst into tears as soon as she hears his voice; Setsuna is shown to have become a Human-ELS hybrid and he seems to have not aged since he left. Setsuna F. Seiei is voiced by Mamoru Miyano and Yuka Nishigaki (child) in Japanese and Brad Swaile in English.Lockon Stratos (ロックオン・ストラトス, Rokkuon Sutoratosu)\n\nNeil Dylandy (ニール・ディランディ, Nīru Dirandi)\nNeil Dylandy is the first Lockon Stratos who decided to join Celestial Being because his parents and younger sister were killed in a terrorist bombing. As the eldest pilot, he is considered the pilots' team leader, and sports a more easy-going, flamboyant personality as compared to the other Gundam Meisters. He owns an orange Haro to help pilot the Gundam Dynames and has a personal feud with Ali Al-Saachez, who plotted the terrorist bombing that caused the death of his family.[e 3] He acts as the leader of the team, turning himself in the closest friend-alike to both Setsuna and Tieria, and lost his aiming eye shielding Tieria. Despite being injured he searched for revenge against Ali Al-Sacheez, he succeeds in shooting down Sacheez machine at the cost of his own life; his death is one of the biggest impacts to Setsuna and prompts him to \"change\" as Neil could not (which would develop into Setsuna become the very first true Innovator). After being killed at the climax of the first season, his younger twin brother Lyle Dylandy chooses to take up the title of Lockon Stratos and becomes the pilot of the Cherudim Gundam. Neil Dylandy is voiced by Shinichiro Miki in Japanese and Alex Zahara in English.Lyle Dylandy (ライル・ディランディ, Rairu Dirandi)\nFirst seen in episode 9 of the first season, he was visiting the grave site of his family. Four years after the death of Neil Dylandy, Setsuna F Seiei recruits Neil's twin brother, Lyle, to become the new Lockon Stratos and pilot of the Cherudim Gundam and then Zabanya. He is shown to be easy-going like his brother, but continues to struggle with distinguishing himself from Neil. He becomes romantically interested in the Innovator Anew Returner until she is killed by Setsuna (as with all the Innovades designed for Ribbons Almark, Anew had a backdoor that allowed Ribbons to take over her mind, and would have killed Lyle). Originally a double agent from the anti-government organization Katharon, Lyle leaves Katharon and becomes a full-time member of Celestial Being at the end of the second season. During the events of the movie, Lyle pilots the Gundam Zabanya during the fight with the ELS. While Dynames and Cherudim both have a sniping scope trigger, Zabanya doesn't, as the first two were designed with Neil's Sniping Style, while Lyle is more a \"happy trigger\" (despite the fact that his on-hit per shot ratio is incredibly high). Lyle Dylandy is voiced by Shinichiro Miki in Japanese and Alex Zahara in English.Allelujah Haptism (アレルヤ・ハプティズム, Areruya Haputizumu)\nAllelujah Haptism spent his childhood as an orphan in the Human Reform League as a Super Soldier experimental subject in a supersoldier project, designated \"E-57\", while his true name is forgotten, he is \"baptised\" by Marie Parfacy as \"Allelujah\" when they met for the first time when they were children at the Super Soldier Institute (at that moment Marie had lost her five senses so she was bedridden and could only communicate using her quantum brainwaves, being E-57 the very first person who could hear her and answered her, she gives him that name stating that they should be grateful of being alive). While generally gentle and rational compared to the other Gundam Meisters, the experiments and drama of killing his fellow subjects in order to survive during their escape went awry caused him to manifest a second personality in the form of Hallelujah (ハレルヤ, Hareruya), a bloodthirsty and outright sadistic personality. He is the pilot of Gundam Kyrios and Gundam Arios, as well as one of the pilots of Gundam Harute; all of which specialize in high mobility and are able to transform into fighter jets. Allelujah's rival in combat is another subject of the Super Soldier program, Soma Peries whom he shared deep connection which Hallelujah realized long before he did.[e 4] Though Allelujah managed to reach common ground with his alter ego to reach his full potential as a super soldier (Allelujah manages the tactic side of the battle while Hallelujah manages the combat reflexes), Hallelujah \"died\" revealing Soma's identity as Marie Parfacy before he is captured and imprisoned during the four-year time-skip between both seasons but ends up being rescued by his companions after the other three Meisters reunite. In the process, after Soma reverts to Marie, Allelujah convinces her to join Celestial Being with the two becoming lovers. But during moments whenever 00 Raiser's Trans-Am System, the Hallelujah persona resurfaces, is shown later that after being exposed to Setsuna's Trans-Am Burst Hallelujah persona was fully restored and \"resurrected\". Despite Hallelujah acting like a full bloodthirsty psychopath he only acts when Allelujah is in danger of dying acting as a last resort self-defense mechanism (much like Suzaku Kururugi geass of \"living\"); also is revealed after both personalities comes to terms that, while Hallelujah shouldn't be able to care for Marie (as a psychopath can't feel empathy) that he do cares for Allelujah well-being, not only physical but also emotional, this is clearly shown on the climax of the second season last battle and more clearly in the Movie when as soon as Marie gets in danger by the ELS targeting her quantum brainwaves he overthrows Allelujah taking command of his body switiching the ELS focus to him thus sparing Marie of any danger. As with Soma Peries is shown that he could easily take over the body and become the main personality but chose not to contest preferring to remain in a dormant state. In the series aftermath, Allelujah and Marie have apparently left Celestial Being to find their place in the world. During the events of the movie, Allelujah and Marie rejoin Celestial Being to fight the ELS in the Gundam Harute, a dual piloted Mobile Suit.\nAllelujah has Heterochromia iridum; throughout the first season, his left gray eye represents his Allelujah personality and his right golden eye represents Hallelujah until the latter's destruction, after which both his eyes become visible. Allelujah Haptism is voiced by Hiroyuki Yoshino and Masako Jou (child) in Japanese and Richard Ian Cox in English.Tieria Erde (ティエリア・アーデ, Tieria Āde)\nGundam Meister of the heavily armored Gundam Virtue/Nadleeh, its successor unit Gundam Seravee/Seraphim and finally the Gundam Raphael. Tieria Erde treats Veda's orders with high regard, valuing the mission above all other issues. As a result of his arrogance and cold attitude towards others, his relationship with the other Gundam Meisters got off to a rocky start. However, his attitude towards the other Meisters and the Ptolemaios crew gradually improves after being protected by Lockon Stratos from an attack in a battle against the AEU and the Union, an action which costs Lockon the use of his dominant eye. Of all the Gundam Meisters, Tieria is the most enigmatic, with an unknown past and a peculiar connection with the Innovators.[1] Contrary of the other Meisters who were either K.I.A. or M.I.A. in the end of the first season, Tieria continued to work for Celestial Being during the four-year time-skip. At the end of the second season, Tieria is killed by Ribbons Almark while trying to stop him from taking control of Veda. Tieria, however, manages to upload his consciousness into Veda itself, subsequently ending the battle by remote-controlling Seraphim from Veda's core and activating its Trial System to shut down all enemy mobile suits. He briefly returns in the movie in a new body and pilots Gundam Raphael briefly before sacrificing himself to save Setsuna; he eventually ends up uploaded into Setsuna's 00 Qan[T] and is last seen when the Gundam departs to the ELS homeworld. His fate is unknown, although the 00 Qan[T] returns to Earth in the epilogue and a Tieria-type Innovade briefly appears aboard the Sumeragi. While Tieria never showed romantic feelings for anyone, as he was completely focused on his mission, showing little care for others, after Neil sacrificed his eye to shield him he warms a lot. He develops a close bond to Neil, even in the second season after Neil's death; when he doubts if he should tell his crewmates who are behind the A-Laws’ schemes (as he is an Innovade too), the \"ghost\" of Neil comes to comfort him, stating that Aeolia gave the Gundams to them, the Gundam Meisters. While he never truly reciprocates her feelings, Mileina Vashti stated that no matter which form he takes she loves him (A Wakening of Trailblazer). Tieria Erde is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya in Japanese and Samuel Vincent in English.","title":"Celestial Being"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gundam_00_-_Crew_of_the_Ptolemaios.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saji Crossroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Saji_Crossroad"},{"link_name":"Soma Peries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Soma_Peries"},{"link_name":"Yōko Honna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Honna"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ann Beley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann_Beley"},{"link_name":"Miyu Irino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyu_Irino"},{"link_name":"Gabe Khouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Khouth"},{"link_name":"Ayahi Takagaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahi_Takagaki"},{"link_name":"Chantal Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Strand"},{"link_name":"Lagrange point 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"},{"link_name":"[e 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E24-6"},{"link_name":"Shannon Chan-Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Chan-Kent"},{"link_name":"helmsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmsman"},{"link_name":"Lagrange point 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"},{"link_name":"[e 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E24-6"},{"link_name":"Masataka Azuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Azuma"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Touchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Touchi"},{"link_name":"Andrew Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Francis"},{"link_name":"Doctors without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-00F-7"},{"link_name":"[e 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E24-6"},{"link_name":"Brian Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Hideyuki Umezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideyuki_Umezu"},{"link_name":"Peter New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_New"},{"link_name":"L3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"},{"link_name":"Haruka Tomatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruka_Tomatsu"},{"link_name":"Andrea Libman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Libman"},{"link_name":"Risa Hayamizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_Hayamizu"}],"sub_title":"Crew of the Ptolemaios","text":"The crew of the Ptolemaios on the first season, clockwise from top-left: Lasse Aeon, Lockon Stratos, Setsuna F Seiei, Orange Haro, Tieria Erde, Allelujah Haptism, Joyce Moreno, Lichtendahl Tsery, Christina Sierra, Feldt Grace, Sumeragi Lee Noriega, Ian Vashti.Supporting the Gundam Meisters is the crew of the Ptolemaios (プトレマイオス, Putoremaiosu) led by Sumeragi Lee Noriega. At the end of the first season, the Ptolemaios was severely damaged and many of its crew were killed. During the second season, the new Ptolemaios II enters service crewed by the surviving members of the original Ptolemaios. They are later joined by Saji Crossroad and Soma Peries, the latter after recovering her memory as Marie Parfacy.Sumeragi Lee Noriega (スメラギ・李・ノリエガ, Sumeragi Ri Noriega)\nSumeragi is the tactical forecaster of the Celestial Being mothership Ptolemaios. As the most senior ranking officer on the ship, she is the de facto captain of the ship. She plans all the strategies the Gundam Meisters take part in and her strategic predictions are almost always accurate. Her real name is Leesa Kujo (リーサ・クジョウ, Rīsa Kujō). In the beginning of the second season, Sumeragi is reluctant to rejoin the others until the encouragement from her companions helps her find the resolve to help them. At the end of the series, she remains with Celestial Being. Sumeragi Lee Noriega is voiced by Yōko Honna in Japanese and Lisa Ann Beley in English.Saji Crossroad (沙慈・クロスロード, Saji Kurosurōdo)\nOriginally a civilian and a senior high school student studying aerospace engineering, Saji is also Setsuna F Seiei's neighbour at Setsuna's residence in Japan. Orphaned prior to the start of the series, Saji was cared for by his sister Kinue. A gentle person with a submissive personality, he is often pushed around by his overbearing girlfriend Louise Halevy and continued to make ends meet with a delivery job at a pizza parlor. Despite his unaggressive nature, Saji has been caught up in the wake of the Gundams' actions, with Louise suffering and Kinue dead. As a result, Saji has developed a deep hatred for the Gundams, blaming them for the loss of his loved ones as he leaves for space to live his dream as an engineer.In the second season, after being arrested under false charges of Katharon involvement, Saji is saved by Setsuna and learns his identity as a Gundam Meister. After Celestial Being arrives at Katharon's secret base with the intention of leaving civilians Saji and Marina in their care, Saji secretly attempts to escape the base. He is almost immediately captured by the ESF army under Sergei Smirnov's charge; he unwittingly leaks the whereabouts of Katharon base and one of Sergei's men leaks it to the A-Laws. Sergei releases Saji so he doesn't fall into A-Laws hands; however, the A-Laws attack the Katharon base, which ends in the deaths of many Katharon's members despite Celestial Being's intervention to stop the attack. The slaughter deeply upsets Saji until Tieria forces Saji to realize that turning his back to ignore problems is its own kind of malice. Because Saji's actions led to the destruction of the Katharon base, Tieria forces Saji to remain with the Ptolemaios crew and no longer trusts Saji's judgment.\nWhile on the Ptolemaios II, he reluctantly becomes a part of the crew and learns the truth behind the events years ago and the motivations of the Gundam Meisters, allowing him to abandon his grudge and eventually understanding Celestial Being. When Ian is critically injured during a battle, he directs Saji to deliver the GNR-010 0 Raiser to Setsuna, so the meister can unlock 00 Gundam's true power to save the lives of the Ptolemaios crew. As the 0 Raiser's pilot, Saji must continue going into battle alongside Setsuna, during which he learns of Louise being in the A-Laws and chooses to fight to save her. By the end of the series, Saji leaves Celestial Being and watches over Louise while she is recovering at a hospital, where they talk about humanity's future.\nTwo years later, Saji continues to care and attend to a PTSD-plagued Louise. When the Earth Sphere Government ask for engineers to help in the Orbital Ring maintenance, he volunteers with Louise's encouragement. His last appearance in the movie is while Setsuna's consciousness is drifting and he watches every person he holds dear before awakening in his coma; Saji is working as an engineer while ELS drones are shown in the background. Saji Crossroad is voiced by Miyu Irino in Japanese and Gabe Khouth in English.Feldt Grace (フェルト・グレイス, Feruto Gureisu)\nFeldt is the daughter of Ruido Resonance and Marlene Vlady, who initially worked under Celestial Being as Meisters for the 2nd-generation GNY-series Gundam prototypes and later got married. In the beginning of the series, Feldt works as the tactical operator of Ptolemaios and later the Ptolemaios 2. In addition to her programming skills, Feldt is also a capable mechanic. Though she tends to be reserved, she feels strongly towards all the members of Celestial Being as her family. She is strongly implied to have had a crush on Neil Dylandy until the latter's death but between the end of the second season and the movie, she openly develops romantic feelings for Setsuna. Feldt Grace is voiced by Ayahi Takagaki in Japanese and Chantal Strand in English.Christina Sierra (クリスティナ・シエラ, Kurisutina Shiera)\nChristina Sierra is the Ptolemaios tactical operator. Christina ran away from her adopted mother before being discovered by Celestial Being. She becomes good friends with crewmate Feldt. During the battle at Lagrange point 1, the bridge of Ptolemaios is attacked by a GN-X. Although Lichtendahl Tsery shielded her from the attack, she is fatally wounded by a shred of metal from the shattered bridge. Before Lichty dies in her arms, she realizes her own feelings for him. She contacts the surviving crewmembers and tells Feldt to live on for Lockon's memory, before dying in the subsequent explosion.[e 5] Christina Sierra is voiced by Arise Satō in Japanese and Shannon Chan-Kent in English.Lichtendahl Tsery (リヒテンダール・ツエーリ, Rihitendāru Tsuēri)\nLichtendahl Tsery, called Lichty by his crewmates, is the Ptolemaios helmsman. Lichty's parents were technicians on one of the orbital elevators and killed during the Solar Wars where he lost a large portion of his body, which was replaced with machinery. Although Lichty has a romantic interest in crewmate Christina, she maintains a friendly and professional relationship. During the battle at Lagrange point 1, the bridge of Ptolemaios is attacked by a GN-X, Lichty is fatally wounded while shielding Christina from the explosion. He soon dies in Christina's arms after she realizes her own feelings for him.[e 5] Lichtendahl Tsery is voiced by Masataka Azuma in Japanese and David A. Kaye in English.Lasse Aeon (ラッセ・アイオン, Rasse Aion)\nInitially, Lasse served as the gunner for the Celestial Being mothership Ptolemaios. He also piloted the GNR-001 GN Arms, a transformable weapon docking system for the four Gundams. In the final battle with the UN forces, Lasse helps Setsuna fight Alejandro Corner in the Alvatore/Alvaaron; though he survives the battle, his health suffers from overexposure to Fake GN particles. In the second season, he serves as the Ptolemaios II's main helmsman but during the season's final battle he briefly pilots the 0 Gundam until it runs out of power. At the end of the season, Lasse remains part of Celestial Being. At the Gundam 00 Movie he has fully recovered from the overexposure thanks to Setsuna's Trans Am burst made at the end of the second season. Lasse Aeon is voiced by Hiroki Touchi in Japanese and Andrew Francis in English.Joyce Moreno (ジョイス・モレノ, Joisu Moreno)\nJoyce Moreno is the Ptolemaios doctor and longtime friend of crewmate Ian Vashti from before both joined Celestial Being. Fifteen years earlier, he was a member of Doctors without Borders and began referring to himself as \"JB Moreno.\"[2] He is killed when the Alvatore fires upon the Ptolemaios and destroys the medical bay.[e 5] Joyce Moreno is voiced by Go Shinomiya in Japanese and Brian Drummond in English.Ian Vashti (イアン・ヴァスティ, Ian Vasuti)\nIan Vashti is the head of Celestial Being's mobile suit development along with his wife and daughter. On the Ptolemaios, Ian works as the ship's main engineer. He is a kind hearted man but gets angry when his machines are damaged. Later on the series he also becomes one of the main Gunners of the Ptolemaios II. Ian Vashti is voiced by Hideyuki Umezu in Japanese and Peter New in English.Mileina Vashti (ミレイナ・ヴァスティ, Mireina Vasuti)\nMileina Vashti is Ian's and Linda's daughter who joins the crew of the Ptolemaios II before the beginning of the second season. Despite her young age, she is a gifted technician, learning much about engineering, GN Technology, and programming from both her parents. Mileina normally staffs the tactical operations station, but she also helps her father as a mechanic, and even temporarily takes over his role when he heads to Celestial Being's L3 base ahead of the Ptolemaios II. In the movie, she openly declares love to Tieria just prior to the latter leaving for the final battle and subsequently the ELS homeworld; it's unknown if they develop a relationship or not. Mileina Vashti is voiced by Haruka Tomatsu in Japanese and Andrea Libman in English.Linda Vashti (リンダ・ヴァスティ, Rinda Vasuti)\nLinda Vashti is Ian's wife, and mother to Mileina. She appears in the background of episode 2 in the second season, but does not make a proper appearance until Ian later travels to space in episode 9 to retrieve the 0 Raiser. Linda later delivers supplies, new equipment for the Gundams and the 0 Gundam to Ptolemaios II and joins Ian in the weapons control room. Linda is noticeably younger than her husband. Linda Vashti is voiced by Risa Hayamizu in Japanese and Jillian Michaels in English.","title":"Celestial Being"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbital elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic"},{"link_name":"mobile suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_weapons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[e 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E02-8"},{"link_name":"[e 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E01-1"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alejandro_Corner"},{"link_name":"[e 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E22-9"},{"link_name":"Chikao Ōtsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikao_%C5%8Ctsuka"},{"link_name":"Tsutomu Isobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Isobe"},{"link_name":"Michael Kopsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kopsa"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Kei Shindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_Shindo"},{"link_name":"Maryke Hendrikse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryke_Hendrikse"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[e 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E06-10"},{"link_name":"[e 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E13-11"},{"link_name":"Nena Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nena_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[e 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E19-12"},{"link_name":"[e 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E21-13"},{"link_name":"Samuel Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Vincent_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Other members of Celestial Being","text":"Aeolia Schenberg (イオリア・シュヘンベルグ, Ioria Shuhenberugu)\nLiving over 200 years before the beginning of the series, Aeolia Schenberg establishes the theoretical basis of the combined orbital elevator and photovoltaic energy system, the construction and defense of which he foresaw to employ humanoid machines not unlike mobile suits.[e 6] In a long-term plan to rid the world of armed conflict and ready humanity for the next phase of its evolution, Aeolia founds the private paramilitary organization Celestial Being and develops the technology behind the GN Drives.[e 1] It is this plan that becomes the driving force for both the first and second series. Schenberg's body is held in cryogenic stasis within Veda, intending to awaken when the world is rid of conflict. However, soon after this discovery near the end of the first series, Alejandro Corner kills Schenberg in order to take over the plan, however Schenberg's death triggers a system trap that activates the Trans-Am System in the four Gundams Original Solar Furnances' Black Boxes, completely purges the personal data of the four Gundam Meisters and unlocks the secrets behind the Twin Drive System.[e 7] Aeolia Schenberg is voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka (TV series) and Tsutomu Isobe (Movie) in Japanese and Michael Kopsa in English.Wang Liu Mei (Chinese: 王留美; pinyin: Wáng Liúměi; Japanese: ワン・リューミン Wan Ryūmin)A celebrity of Chinese descent, whose name is well known in the high society of the world, and is one of the secret agents of Celestial Being. She uses her wide social connections to conduct espionage activities and fundraising, passing mission details to the Gundam Meisters supporting Ptolemaios from the shadows. She wishes for the world to change so she can reinvent herself, begrudging her role as her family's head, a position she inherited when she was fifteen. Willing to sacrifice anyone to achieve that goal, she would rather the world be destroyed if it cannot change. In the second season, Liu Mei is shown to be supporting both Celestial Being and the Innovators, effectively playing both sides until Ribbons has no more need of her. Forming an alliance with Regene, Liu Mei hands Setsuna the coordinates that reveal Veda's location, only to be later killed by Nena Trinity as she attempts to leave the battlefield. Wang Liu Mei is voiced by Kei Shindo in Japanese and Maryke Hendrikse in English.Hong Long (Chinese: 紅龍; pinyin: Hóng Lóng; Japanese: ホンロン Hon Ron)Wang Liu Mei's steward and bodyguard, also of Chinese descent, who accompanies her faithfully. A highly skilled martial artist, he is also Liu Mei's older half-brother.[e 8] Because he was incapable of leading their family, Liu Mei was forced to become the head of their family; as a result, she resents her brother for his behavior. As one of Celestial Being's agents, Long assisted Setsuna and Lockon during their mission in Azadistan.[e 9] In the second season, Long questions Liu Mei about \"playing both sides\", since it could result in the destruction of the Gundams. He and Liu Mei manage to survive after Nena Trinity's attacks on their ship[e 10] in the Throne Drei.[e 11] However, as they make their way into a satellite, Nena ambushes them; Hong Long pushes his sister into a seal-docking port as he sacrifices himself to save her, killed with a shot to the head. Hong Long is voiced by Kenji Takahashi in Japanese and Samuel Vincent in English.","title":"Celestial Being"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"orbital elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elevator"},{"link_name":"[e 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E23-14"},{"link_name":"seppuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"[e 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E25-15"},{"link_name":"Yuichi Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichi_Nakamura_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Paul Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[e 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E03-16"},{"link_name":"Sumeragi Lee Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sumeragi_Lee_Noriega"},{"link_name":"[e 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E14-17"},{"link_name":"Team Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Team_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[e 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E17-18"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E02-19"},{"link_name":"Innovators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Innovators"},{"link_name":"[e 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E23-14"},{"link_name":"[e 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E25-15"},{"link_name":"Yūji Ueda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABji_Ueda"},{"link_name":"Kirby Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Morrow"},{"link_name":"NCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"master sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_sergeant"},{"link_name":"Rintarou Nishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintarou_Nishi"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Takaya Hashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takaya_Hashi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[e 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E08-20"},{"link_name":"Aya Endo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Endo"},{"link_name":"Anna Cummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cummer"}],"text":"The World Economic Union (世界経済連合, Sekai Keizai Rengō, abbrev. Union (ユニオン, Yunion)), also referred to as the Union of Solar Energy and Free Nations (太陽エネルギーと自由国家連合軍, Taiyō Enerugī to Jiyū Kokka Rengōgun), is a supranational politico-economic community consisting of the Organization of American States, Australasia, and Japan. It controls the first-completed of the three orbital elevators, located in South America.Graham Aker (グラハム・エーカー, Gurahamu Ēkā)\nGraham Aker is an ace pilot in the Union and considers himself the archrival of Setsuna F. Seiei, though Setsuna rarely reciprocates. Prior to the series, he joined the military to live his dream of flying, and follows a strict code of honor. However, a freak accident resulting in the death of a superior officer and his sudden promotion made Graham a victim of rumors. When Celestial Being makes its appearance in the world, Graham is promoted to Captain of the Over Flags. Though he originally had a fascination for the Gundams, the actions of Team Trinity causes Graham's feelings to exceed into utter hatred. In the final moments of Operation Fallen Angels, Graham uses the GN Flag to attack Setsuna, exchanging blows and clashing ideals with him before the battle ends with Graham receiving scars on the right side of his face. Four years later, Graham dons a mask to cover the scars and becomes a member of the newly formed A-Laws under the alias of Mr. Bushido (ミスター・ブシドー, Misutā Bushidō). Possessing a one-man army pass, Graham was given special permission to do as he wishes during battles, only to use this to avoid most conflict and only fight when Setsuna appears.[e 12] Graham is the Union's ace pilot and follows a strict code of honor. With a skill unmatched by any Flag pilot, Graham is eager to find an opponent worthy to fight. When Gundam Exia first appeared in the AEU exhibition and destroyed their new unit, the Enact, he grew completely interested in the Gundam's capabilities, as Billy Katagiri notes, he's \"quite infatuated\" with the Gundams. After losing to Setsuna, who spared him, Graham takes Setsuna's words to live to heart while he is contemplating seppuku. In the end of the series, he is standing behind the doors watching his friend Billy working.[e 13] In the Gundam 00 Movie, he sacrifices himself to help Setsuna to get into the ELS core claiming that that is not dying but opening the road to the future after he snaps (and shields from an attack) Setsuna back into reality as the Gundam Meister is confused about battling the ELS due to his Innovator instincts resonating with ELS conscience claiming that he (Setsuna) shouldn't hesitate instead he should battle for the future. Graham Aker is voiced by Yuichi Nakamura in Japanese and Paul Dobson in English.Billy Katagiri (ビリー・カタギリ, Birī Katagiri)\nBilly Katagiri is a mobile suit developer and friend of Union ace Graham Aker. After the appearance of Celestial Being, Billy, Graham, and Professor Ralph Eifman, who had taught Billy in college, are transferred to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force, later named \"Overflags\".[e 14] Billy is a former classmate of Leesa Kujo (aka Sumeragi Lee Noriega) and inadvertently leaks information about \"Project G\" to her and Celestial Being.[e 15] After the death of Professor Eifman and Howard Mason during an attack by Team Trinity,[e 16] Billy uses one of the recently acquired GN Drives to upgrade Graham's Flag unit to the GN-Flag in order to fight the Gundams.By the second season, Billy is taking care of a despondent Kujo, still unaware that she was a member of Celestial Being until Setsuna F Seiei appears to retrieve her.[e 17] Shocked by this revelation and feeling betrayed, Billy joins the A-Laws and becomes the head of mobile suit development. Once again teaming up with Graham Aker, now using the alias Mr. Bushido, Billy develops the Masurao and the upgraded Susanoo. Billy disappears after the collapse of the African orbital elevator, but reappears four months later to provide his Trans-Am findings to the Innovators as he personally confronts Kujo while claiming to embraced the Innovators' ideals of world peace. However when exposed to the 00 Raiser's Trans-Am Burst, Billy is forced to express his feeling to Kujo as she apologized for hurting him.[e 12] At the end of the series, a picture of him and Kujo is shown on a desk while Billy himself smiles down at the picture, doing his work while his friend Graham stands beside him.[e 13] In the movie, Billy seems to have started a relationship with Mina Carmine. Billy Katagiri is voiced by Yūji Ueda in Japanese and Kirby Morrow in English.Howard Mason (ハワード・メイスン, Howādo Meisun)\nA Union NCO with the rank of warrant officer. One of the first Flag Fighters assigned to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force \"Overflags\" under Graham Aker. He seemed to have a friendship with Graham due to their belief in the qualities of the Flag. He has brown hair and glasses. He was killed in action by Michael Trinity. After his death, Graham and Daryl vowed to avenge his death. Howard Mason is voiced by Kenji Takahashi in Japanese and Trevor Devall in English.Daryl Dodge (ダリル・ダッジ, Dariru Dajji)\nA Union soldier with the rank of master sergeant. Another of the first Flag Fighters assigned to the Anti-Gundam Investigative Task Force \"Overflags\" under Graham Aker. Unlike Graham and Howard, he doesn't share their faith that a Flag can beat the Gundams. He is transferred to the Union's GN-X squad where he meets Patrick Colasour and tells him not to badmouth Graham. He is killed after performing a head-on suicide attack on Gundam Dynames in order to avenge Howard Mason's death. Daryl Dodge is voiced by Rintarou Nishi in Japanese and Scott McNeil in English.Ralph Eifman (レイフ・エイフマン, Reifu Eifuman)\nA world famous Union professor who is invited to join the Overflags as their technical chief. He taught both Sumeragi Lee Noriega and Billy Katagiri in college and knows them both well. When Graham asks him whether the Gundams' action may bring the war to an end, Eifman does not deny the fact. Professor Eifman joined the Union's Anti-Gundam Investigative Squad as their technical chief and adviser to aid in capturing the Gundams. Having Billy at his side, they custom modified Graham Aker's Flag and renamed it as \"Over Flag.\" Eventually these modifications were expanded to an entire squadron of Over Flags to stand against the Gundams. While doing his investigation regarding Celestial Being, Eifman was on the verge of a major revelation about their ultimate intention but was killed by Team Trinity. Ralph Eifman is voiced by Takaya Hashi in Japanese and Ron Halder in English.Kinue Crossroad (絹江・クロスロード, Kinue Kurosurōdo)\nSaji's older sister. A journalist, she pursues Celestial Being during the course of working in the media. She and her brother Saji were orphaned prior to the start of the series.[e 18] Kinue seemed obsessed over Aeolia Schenberg, believing that Celestial Being had motives other than ending warfare and that researching Schenberg is the key to discovering those motives. In episode 20, desperate for a lead, she interviews Ali Al-Saachez in his car. He gives her significantly more information than she expects, shocking Kinue before she is fatally wounded by Ali and left to die in an alleyway. Kinue Crossroad is voiced by Aya Endo in Japanese and Anna Cummer in English.","title":"Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Human Reform League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Human_Reform_League"},{"link_name":"Andrei Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Andrei_Smirnov"},{"link_name":"Unshō Ishizuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsh%C5%8D_Ishizuka"},{"link_name":"Michael Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Arisa Ogasawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Ogasawara"},{"link_name":"Tabitha St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_St._Germain"}],"text":"The Human Reform League (人類革新連盟, Jinrui Kakushin Renmei, abbrev. 人革連 Jinkakuren, lit. Human Reform Alliance) is a supranational political-economic community consisting of several countries on the Asian continent which includes China, India, Russia and the ASEAN nations. It controls the second-completed of the three orbital elevators located in the South Pacific.Sergei Smirnov (セルゲイ・スミルノフ, Serugei Sumirunofu)\nSergei Smirnov (Russian: Сергей Смирнов) is a colonel and mobile suit squadron commander of the Human Reform League. He is a respected man who follows orders without question and shows true dedication on his missions in spite of doubt, he firmly believes that soldiers exist to protect the civilians at any cost. He served as a father figure to Soma when she was assigned to him, he felt uneasy about letting such a young child to grow up as a cold soldier so he eventually manages to form a bond with her, offering to adopt her in the four years gap between the first and second season. But when he finds Soma with Allelujah, and discovers that her original identity was overwritten, he lets her join Celestial Being and falsely reports Soma as KIA.\nHe has a stranded relationship with his son, Andrei Smirnov, as Andrei blames him for letting his mother die under Sergei's charge, at that time he was forced to choose between protecting the civilians under his care or sending the troops to aid the stranded soldiers on the frontline, where his wife was among them, choosing the former, stating that his wife was a soldier and she knew what was the duty of both, which ended with his wife dying and her body never being found. Doubting the ways of the A-Laws, Sergei learns that his old friend Pang Hercury is attempting a coup d'etat. Though secretly sent by the government to give him their demands, Sergei is killed by his son, Andrei, who assumed that he was part of the coup d'etat. However, after the A-Laws were disbanded, Sergei became a martyr. Sergei Smirnov is voiced by Unshō Ishizuka in Japanese and Michael Dobson in English.Soma Peries (ソーマ・ピーリス, Sōma Pīrisu)\nSoma Peries is a super soldier from the Human Reform League. Originally Marie Parfacy (マリー・パーファシー, Marī Pāfashī), she was an orphaned test subject who lost her physical senses due to psychosomatic paralysis. She was befriended by Allelujah before he and the other flawed subjects escape. Once put through the latter stages of her supersoldier treatment, Marie's personality was rewritten and become Soma Peries, to allow her regain her five senses she lost when turned into a super-soldier. At her first appearance, Soma pilots the MSJ-06 II-SP Tieren Taozi, and later a GNX-603T GN-X unit. During the first season, she targeted the Kyrios' pilot as a traitor, unaware he is Allelujah, while viewing Sergei as a father figure over time. While drafted into the A-Laws during season 2, Soma is given the customized GNX-704T/SP Ahead Smultron. However, while confronting Allelujah, Soma regains her original identity of Marie as they put the past behind them. As of that, Allelujah and Marie became lovers. As a member of Celestial Being, she initially serves only as a passenger, before eventually piloting the GNR-101A GN Archer as Allelujah's co-pilot. When Sergei is killed by Andrei, Marie's personality reverts to being Soma out of grief, but she remains with Celestial Being in order to get revenge on Andrei. She eventually reverts to her Marie personality fully after she and Andrei are able to reconcile. In the series aftermath, she and Allelujah have apparently left Celestial Being and are finding their place in the world. In \"Awakening of Trailblazer\" she and Allelujah reenlist Celestial Being and jointly they pilot Harute Gundam which uses the Marute-System (a Super Soldier-only Trans-Am version) against the ELS invasion. There is stated that both Allelujah and Marie can change willingly to their alter egos. Soma Peries is voiced by Arisa Ogasawara in Japanese and Tabitha St. Germain in English.","title":"Human Reform League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_relief"},{"link_name":"[e 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E01-1"},{"link_name":"Lockon Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lockon_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Tieria Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tieria_Erde"},{"link_name":"[e 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E21-21"},{"link_name":"Kati Mannequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kati_Mannequin"},{"link_name":"[e 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E14-17"},{"link_name":"[e 20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E08-22"},{"link_name":"L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2"},{"link_name":"[e 21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E22-23"},{"link_name":"[e 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E23-14"},{"link_name":"[e 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E25-15"},{"link_name":"Kenji Hamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Hamada"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"Taklamakan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Union"},{"link_name":"AEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Advanced_European_Union"},{"link_name":"HRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Human_Reform_League"},{"link_name":"Sergei Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Smirnov_(Gundam_00)"},{"link_name":"Minami Takayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami_Takayama"},{"link_name":"Cathy Weseluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Weseluck"}],"text":"The Advanced European Union (新ヨーロッパ共同体, Shin Yōroppa Kyōdō-tai), or AEU, is a supranational politico-economic community consisting of Iceland, the islands of the Barents Sea, Greenland, Anatolia, European Russia and the entirety of the traditional continent of Europe. Its institutional makeup is comparable to that of the real-world European Union. Despite the AEU's control of the presently incomplete orbital elevator tower in Africa, it possesses no member states on the continent.Patrick Colasour (パトリック・コーラサワー, Patorikku Kōrasawā)\nPatrick Colasour is an ace pilot of the AEU and the first to be confronted by a Gundam during a public demonstration of the AEU's new Enact mobile suit. He serves as the series' comic relief. Although the Enact was completely destroyed by Gundam Exia, Patrick survives with only his ego wounded.[e 1] Patrick's subsequent encounters with the Gundams do not fare any better, although he manages to wound Gundam Dynames's pilot, Lockon Stratos, while Lockon shields a disabled Gundam Virtue, piloted by Tieria Erde, from Patrick's attack.[e 19]During the preparations for \"Project G\", a joint military operation between all 3 power blocs, Patrick meets Kati Mannequin for the first time and—after she punches him twice for being late—claims to have instantly fallen in love with her.[e 15] In the second season, Patrick joins the A-Laws to be with Mannequin against her wishes. Because he has survived all his encounters with the Gundams, he gains the nickname \"Colasour the Indestructible\" (不死みのコーラサワ, Fujimi no Colasour, lit. \"Immortal Colasour\"), though it is meant as an insult.[e 20] After the collapse of the African orbital elevator, Patrick goes missing along with Mannequin, but reappears four months later having joined the coup d'etat fleet that attacks an A-Laws fleet near L2.[e 21] While aiding the Gundams, Patrick is caught off guard when the Innovators' Gaga units appear and his mobile suit is destroyed while shielding Mannequin's ship.[e 12] He survives the blast and later marries his beloved Kati, self-proclaiming himself as \"Colasour the Ridiculously Lucky\" (幸せのコーラサワ, Shiawase no Colasour, lit.Fortunate Colasour). He appears on the Gundam 00 movie escorting his wife at all times and is present on the Absolut Defense Line against ELS battle, while he is not as skilled as Graham Acker, the Innovades nor the Gundam Pilots he is one of the few pilots that are not shot down when the ELS suddenly turns into mobile suits, later his suits is trapped on ELS and he attempts to overload his suit to self destruct but is saved by Setsuna at the very last moment with the arrival of the 00 Qan [T].[e 13] Patrick Colasour is voiced by Kenji Hamada in Japanese and Trevor Devall in English.Kati Mannequin (カティ・マネキン, Kati Manekin)\nKati Mannequin is a colonel in the unified AEU armed forces. She attended the same international university as Leesa Kujō and both were involved with unintentionally causing a friendly fire incident to occur that led to them on opposing sides when Celestial Being appears. Selected to be the commanding officer of the AEU contingent sent to the HRL's Taklamakan Desert, Kati attempts to capture a Gundam unit. Kati is later assigned command of the joint Union-AEU battle group consisting of GN-Xs in conjunction with the HRL's Sergei Smirnov. Five years later, Kati Mannequin joins A-laws to help Sergei monitor the organization's activities; as a commander for the A-laws, she realizes that Leesa Kujō is the tactical forecaster for Celestial Being. Though she eventually goes against the A-Laws, Kati still sees Celestial Being as a terrorist group and will not hesitate to pursue if forced to. On the Gundam 00 movie she is assigned as the chief of the absolute defensive barrier against ELS invasion. Her love interest is Patrick Colasour, whom she hits twice for being late on their first met; as the series goes on he makes advances on her, while her ego makes her pretend that she is annoyed of him, she (in truth) is delighted, as is stated when Patrick arrives to her home attempting to take her on a date (while she initially berates him for being vain in the middle of a war, she ends up agreeing). Later in the second season, Patrick volunteers to A-Laws (against Kati's wishes just to be close to her) but in the end she seems amused of that; at the end of the same season when she joins Katharon and Celestial Being in the final battle against the Innovators, she openly accepts her love for Patrick when he shields her ship with his own mobile suit against an unexpected Gaga suicide units' assault - she screams his name in distraught as he seemingly got killed after he said \"Kati, I love you\". Patrick survived and in the epilogue they both get married, saying clearly that Patrick indeed is \"Ridiculously Lucky.\" On \"A Wakening of a Trailblazer\" set two years after, she is promoted but Patrick still calls her \"Colonel\" as a petname, much to her annoyance. Kati Mannequin is voiced by Minami Takayama in Japanese and Cathy Weseluck in English.","title":"Advanced European Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Azeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeri_language"},{"link_name":"Azadistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadistan"},{"link_name":"[e 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E03-16"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E25-24"},{"link_name":"[e 23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E01-25"},{"link_name":"Allelujah Haptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Allelujah_Haptism"},{"link_name":"[e 24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E03-26"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Saachez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ali_Al-Saachez"},{"link_name":"[e 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E06-10"},{"link_name":"[e 25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E14-27"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Tsunematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Tsunematsu"},{"link_name":"[e 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E03-16"},{"link_name":"Klaus Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Klaus_Grad"},{"link_name":"[e 23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E01-25"},{"link_name":"Ali Al Saachez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ali_Al_Saachez"},{"link_name":"[e 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E06-10"},{"link_name":"Michiko Neya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Neya"},{"link_name":"Lyle Dylandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lyle_Dylandy"},{"link_name":"[e 26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E04-28"},{"link_name":"Sumeragi Lee Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sumeragi_Lee_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E05-29"},{"link_name":"[e 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E21-13"},{"link_name":"Tokuyoshi Kawashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuyoshi_Kawashima"},{"link_name":"Alistair Abell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Abell"}],"text":"Marina Ismail (マリナ・イスマイール, Marina Isumaīru)\nMarina Ismail (Persian: مارینا اسماعیل; Azeri: Marina İsmayıl) is the First Princess of Azadistan, which is struggling economically due to the UN's embargo on oil exports.[e 14] She is politically inexperienced and comes from an ordinary household, but accepted the position of Princess of Azadistan when Parliament chose her based on her lineage. She first encounters Setsuna F Seiei during her diplomatic mission to seek economic aid and access to the solar energy pipelines. After learning that Setsuna is one of Celestial Being's Gundam Meisters, she slowly develops a concern for his well-being. Conversely, Marina becomes an influencing figure in Setsuna's life; she appears in one of his dreams, telling him it is okay for him to stop fighting. At the very end of the first series, Marina reads a letter from Setsuna about his search for answers and that though the two follow separate paths, they share the same goal of ending war.[e 22]During the second series, Marina is arrested by the Federation because of her perceived connection with Setsuna in the first series.[e 23] Setsuna rescues Marina during Celestial Being's operation to free Allelujah Haptism and she is brought on board the Ptolemaios II.[e 24] After witnessing Azadistan in flames because of an attack by Ali Al-Saachez, she is left in the care of her former adviser, Shirin Bakhtiar, who is now a member of the anti-government group Katharon.[e 8] However, Marina refuses to fight. Instead, she tends to the children orphaned by the conflict and uses their wishes as the basis for a song, which will be the main anthem of the people's longing for true peace. In the epilogue, she is seen leading a rebuilt Azadistan. In the Gundam 00 movie, she is seen telling the people of her realm not to panic about the ELS invasion. In the movie epilogue set 50 years after the ELS invasion, she is visited by Setsuna after he turned into an ELS being. Almost blind by then, she bursts into tears once she hears Setsuna's voice and they embrace.[e 25] Marina Ismail is voiced by Ayumi Tsunematsu in Japanese and Paula Lindberg in English.Shirin Bakhtiar (シーリン・バフティヤール, Shīrin Bafutiyāru)\nIn the first season, Shirin Bakhtiar (Persian: شیرین بختیار; Azeri: Şirin Bəxtiyar) serves as Marina Ismail's advisor and confidant. Shirin shows a great deal of political knowledge, however, much of her advice tends to be biting.[e 14] By the second season, Shirin has left Marina to join the anti-Federation group Katharon where she is Klaus Grad's sub-commander.[e 23] After Azadistan is attacked by Ali Al Saachez, Shirin comforts a grieving Marina.[e 8] Shirin tells Marina the only way to rebuild Azadistan is to destroy the Federation and that it is her duty to fight as its princess. However, Marina says that she doesn't see how fighting will resolve anything which Shirin replies by saying she doesn't mind if Marina chooses not to fight, but she vows to continue fighting for her homeland. In the epilogue, Shirin is seen as a politician for the new Earth Sphere Federation. Shirin Bakhtiar is voiced by Michiko Neya in Japanese and Ellen Kennedy in English.Klaus Grad (クラウス・グラード, Kurausu Gurādo)\nAppearing in the second series, Klaus Grado is a top commander of the anti-government organization Katharon, which opposes the Earth Sphere Federation and its elite squad A-Laws. When Katharon member Lyle Dylandy joins Celestial Being as the new Lockon Stratos, Klaus begins a regular correspondence with Lyle about Celestial Being's activities. After helping the crew of the Ptolemaios II escape from an A-Law ambush,[e 26] Klaus proposes an allegiance, however, the proposal is rejected by Sumeragi Lee Noriega and Setsuna F Seiei.[e 27] Despite the rejection, Klaus continues to offer support to Celestial Being whenever possible. Four months after the collapse of the African orbital elevator, Katharon's Earth forces are nearly wiped out. Klaus decides to head to space, given hope by the global spread of the song written and sung by Marina Ismail and the children. In the epilogue, Klaus became a politician for the Earth Sphere Federation along with Shirin. At the Gundam 00 Movie epilogue set 50 years after the battle with ELS, Klaus is seem as the captain of the Deep Space Ship \"Sumeragi\" revealing that he turned into a true Innovator in the meantime. [e 11] Klaus Grad is voiced by Tokuyoshi Kawashima in Japanese and Alistair Abell in English.","title":"Katharon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keiji Fujiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiji_Fujiwara"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Yasunori Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunori_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"official Mobile Suit Gundam 00 novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00#Publications"},{"link_name":"Ribbons Almark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbons_Almark"},{"link_name":"Innovator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Innovators"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel3-30"},{"link_name":"Katsuyuki Konishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuyuki_Konishi"},{"link_name":"Michael Daingerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Daingerfield"},{"link_name":"Tieria Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieria_Erde"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Namikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nena_Trinity-31"},{"link_name":"Louise Halevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Louise_Halevy"},{"link_name":"[e 28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E18-32"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Saachez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ali_Al-Saachez"},{"link_name":"Setsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1E22-9"},{"link_name":"Wang Liu Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wang_Liu_Mei"},{"link_name":"[e 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E19-12"},{"link_name":"Ribbons Almark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ribbons_Almark"},{"link_name":"[e 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E21-13"},{"link_name":"Rie Kugimiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_Kugimiya"},{"link_name":"Nicole Bouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Bouma"}],"text":"Ali Al-Saachez (アリー・アル・サーシェス, Arī Aru Sāshesu)\nAli Al-Saachez (علي الساجيس Ali al-Sajis) is a major antagonist of the series, and the former cell leader of the KPSA terrorist group in which Setsuna was a member. Generally a sadistic sociopath, Ali merely fights to appease his insatiable appetite for conflict and destruction, adapting various aliases to work for any party that feeds his desire for more conflict. In spite of his brutish nature, Ali has proven himself to be an extremely skilled tactician with fighting abilities that border on being superhuman, and routinely fights the Gundams to a standstill before gaining his own advantage. Eventually, he manages to steal the Gundam Throne Zwei while killing two of the three Trinity Siblings. However the machine is soon destroyed after Ali's fight with Neil Dylandy. Barely surviving with most of his body damaged, Ali manages to recover and subsequently works for the Innovators, piloting the Throne Arche. He is killed by Lyle Dylandy in episode 24 of season 2 after Tiera activates the Trial Gundam and disables his Throne Arche; while his mobile suit is destroyed he survives and attempts to escape. However, he is cornered by Lyle and held at gunpoint. However, as Lyle decides to lower his gun and let him leave, he tries to take advantage of the situation to kill Lyle, only to be killed by him. Ali Al-Saachez is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in Japanese and Scott McNeil in English.Alejandro Corner (アレハンドロ・コーナー, Arehandoro Kōnā)\nAlejandro Corner is the main antagonist of the series' first season. Originally an observer of Celestial Being assisted by Ribbons, supporting them from the shadows, Alejandro doubles as a diplomat of the United Nations. However, Alejandro and his family had ulterior motives in supporting Celestial Being in controlling the world they create. As a result, he committed sabotage against Celestial Being to gain control of Veda. But after Veda shuts its most precious data to him, Alejandro pilots the GNMA-XCVII Alvatore and then the GNMS-XCVII Alvaaron to eliminate Celestial Being. He is killed after his Alvaaron explodes during the battle with Exia, spending his final moments discovering that Ribbons had used him as a pawn the entire time. Alejandro Corner is voiced by Yasunori Matsumoto in Japanese and Andrew Kavadas in English.Gundam Throne Meisters/Team TrinityAlthough Trinity's past and origins remain a mystery in the show itself, the official Mobile Suit Gundam 00 novels state that the three siblings were created by Ribbons Almark, who used parts of his own DNA to engineer human beings with several Innovator-like traits.[3] As a result, they are able to perform otherwise impossible tasks such as interfacing with Veda and using quantum brainwaves. But unlike the Innovades, the Trinity siblings have significantly less androgynous appearances.Johann Trinity (ヨハン・トリニティ, Yohan Toriniti)\nOldest of the three siblings, Johann pilots the Gundam Throne Eins. Undertaking the mission to eradicate the world's strife, he began armed interventions alongside Michael and Nena. He is a calm person who faithfully handles his given mission while he commands his problematic brother and sister. His rational and cool-headed demeanor provides a subtle contrast to his fiery and stubborn younger siblings. Also unlike his younger siblings, Johann does not take lives that are not involved in their mission. An excellent marksman, he handles the firing of the GN Mega Launcher equipped on the Gundam Throne Eins. Johann is killed by Ali Al-Saachez after Al-Saachez kills Michael and steals the Throne Zwei. Johann is voiced by Katsuyuki Konishi in Japanese and Michael Daingerfield in English.Michael Trinity (ミハエル・トリニティ, Mihaeru Toriniti)\nAn impulsive young man, Michael immediately bares his fangs at people who oppose him, brandishing his trademark knife when feeling enraged or intimidated. He is also very rude to the first four Gundam Meisters upon their first meeting, although he does comment that Tieria Erde would be \"kinda hot\" if he were a girl. Similar to his personality, he favors brutal tactics for mobile suit combat and specializes in attacks with the Gundam Throne Zwei's all-range weapon, the GN Fangs. Though he feels somewhat protective over his younger sister, Nena, he frequently complains about having to comply to orders from his brother, Johann. Michael is killed by Ali Al-Saachez who then goes on to steal Michael's Throne Zwei. Michael is voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese and Andrew Toth in English.Nena Trinity (ネーナ・トリニティ, Nēna Toriniti)\nNena Trinity is the youngest of the Trinity siblings and pilot of the Gundam Throne Drei. Nena presents herself as being a cheerful and flirtatious young girl, however she is selfish and callous in battle.[4] Between two of Team Trinity's missions, Nena fires upon an unsuspecting wedding party, killing Louise Halevy's entire family, out of frustration that others are having fun while she is overworked.[e 28] After witnessing the deaths of Johann and Michael at the hands of Ali Al-Saachez, Nena is saved by Setsuna's timely intervention, and leaves in her Gundam while mourning the loss of her brothers.[e 7]In the second series, intent on surviving, Nena works directly under Wang Liu Mei. Piloting the Riian, she is often sent out on stealth and reconnaissance missions to gather information on the activities of groups such as Katharon and the A-Laws. But because of Liu Mei's contacts with the Innovators and Ali Al-Saachez, Nena begins to question Liu Mei's motivations as she secretly helps the crew of the Ptolemaios II. She finally betrays Liu Mei by attacking her ship.[e 10] Though Liu Mei and Hong Long survive the assault, Nena tracks them down and shoots Hong Long in the head and later kills Liu Mei as she tries to escape, revealing she always hated her. While she intended to eventually betray the Innovators and avenge her brothers when she got a chance, Ribbons Almark had already arranged her to be dealt with by Louise in the Regnant, immediately attacking her as a result. After disabling the Throne Drei, Louise kills Nena without mercy to avenge her parents.[e 11] Nena is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in Japanese and Nicole Bouma in English.","title":"Independent antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Aker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Graham_Aker"},{"link_name":"Billy Katagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Billy_Katagiri"},{"link_name":"Soma Peries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Soma_Peries"},{"link_name":"Patrick Colasour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Patrick_Colasour"},{"link_name":"Kati Mannequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kati_Mannequin"},{"link_name":"Louise Halevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Louise_Halevy"},{"link_name":"Saji Crossroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Saji_Crossroad"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"Nena Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nena_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Ribbons Almark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ribbons_Almark"},{"link_name":"Soma Peries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Soma_Peries"},{"link_name":"Andrei Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Andrei_Smirnov"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD"},{"link_name":"Chiwa Saitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwa_Sait%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kelly Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Sergei Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sergei_Smirnov"},{"link_name":"Louise Halevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Louise_Halevy"},{"link_name":"Soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Soma_Peries"},{"link_name":"Tetsu Shiratori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Shiratori"},{"link_name":"Brent Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Miller_(actor)"},{"link_name":"promoted posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_promotion"},{"link_name":"Tetsu Inada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Inada"},{"link_name":"Mark Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"Hisao Egawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisao_Egawa"},{"link_name":"seppuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"Ryūzaburō Ōtomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ctomo"},{"link_name":"Brian Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bushido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Aker"},{"link_name":"Kazuki Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki_Yao"}],"text":"The Autonomous Peace-Keeping Force, or A-Laws (アロウズ, Arōzu), is the primary antagonistic organization of the second series. Officially, their mission is to further unify nations by rooting out anti-government resistance. But their ideals and tactics are a facade of brutal oppression. Their actions trigger the emergence of some anti-Federation forces, like Katharon, and Celestial Being, which returns after four years. Many characters from the first series join the A-Laws, including Graham Aker (as Mr. Bushido), Billy Katagiri, Soma Peries, Patrick Colasour, Kati Mannequin and Louise Halevy.Louise Halevy (ルイス・ハレヴィ, Ruisu Harevi)\nIn the first series, Louise Halevy is Saji Crossroad's girlfriend and classmate. She becomes an acquaintance of Setsuna F Seiei when the latter becomes Saji's neighbour. While Louise is attending her cousin's wedding, Gundam Throne Meister Nena Trinity attacks the wedding party killing Louise's entire family and causing Louise to lose her left hand, which is unable to be regenerated due to the red GN particles. After the attack, broken mentally, Louise breaks off her relationship with Saji so that he can be free to pursue his dream of working in space.In the second series, after receiving an artificial limb, Louise becomes a member of the A-Laws after Regene Regetta escorts her from a hospital to meet with Ribbons Almark, who channels her intent for revenge and world peace and attempts to make her the first purebred Innovator with pills that enhance her physical capabilities despite the side-effect of causing slow bodily deterioration. She learns of Setsuna's connection with Celestial Being after meeting him at a party held by Ribbons. During the A-Laws' attack on Celestial Being's asteroid base, she discovers that Saji is helping Celestial Being and assumes that he has been with Celestial Being all along. Her hatred for Celestial Being grows, first after the reported death of Soma Peries and later when her commanding officer Barack Zinin is killed in action. After the collapse of the Africa tower, she learns that Andrei Smirnov killed his own father. Shocked by the revelation, she wonders if she could ever do the same to Saji. Louise almost crosses that barrier as she gains the mobile armor Regnant from Ribbons which she uses to kill Nena, falling under Ribbons's influence after her mental breakdown. During the final battle when she clashes with him until she sees him wearing the engagement ring he gave her and she faints upon being overwhelmed by her memories of them together. Setsuna Trans-Am burst wakes her up and apparently healed all the cell abnormalities thus granting her a healthy body again. At the season's epilogue and in the movie, Louise is once again in a relationship with Saji but is plagued by chronic PTSD. On the Gundam movie she seems to be turned into a quantum-brainwaves user singularly sensible as she is one of the first persons to be affected by the ELS approach, she later encourages Saji's decision to travel to the orbital ring and help on to its maintenance while the Earth forces battles the ELS invasion. Louise Halevy is voiced by Chiwa Saitō in Japanese and Kelly Sheridan in English.Andrei Smirnov (アンドレイ・スミルノフ, Andorei Sumirunofu)\nAndrei Smirnov is the estranged son of Sergei Smirnov and member of the A-Laws. Andrei holds a grudge against his father for not protecting his mother 14 years before the beginning of the second season and joins the HRL military and later the A-Laws to forge his own path. Andrei meets Louise Halevy and becomes protective of her, as he sees her more suited as a young girl than a soldier. After the AEU's orbital elevator collapse as a result of a coup d'état by the Federation's military, Andrei kills his father in a fit of rage when Andrei assumes that Sergei sided with the coup d'état forces. After Setsuna defeated him easily, he eventually comes to terms with his father's actions after his consciousness connects with the consciousness of Soma under 00-Raiser Trans-Am Burst on the climax of the final battle noting that both Sergei and Andrei failed at trying to understand each other, as his father didn't know hot to reach him and himself failing to understand how he father felt, there is when Soma finally goes to a dormant state as she also finally come to terms with the Colonel's death, allowing to Marie regain full control again as she finally feels the despair and grief that Andrei feels for his actions; in the epilogue, he continues to serve in the Federation army in relief efforts in order to live up to his mother and father's hopes and ideals of being a \"Soldier that protects the civilians\" for the world. In the Gundam 00 Movie, Andrei battled against the ELS with his mobile suit after the ELS threatened the well-being of mankind. In the final battle, he fights valiantly against an ELS GNX-IV and defeats the enemy, but the right arm of his GNX-IV is assimilated along with his beam rifle. He uses his GN Buster Sword to cut off the arm, and discovers an ELS carrier heading towards Earth. Activating Trans-Am, he slices the carrier a few times before a part of his suit is assimilated. He, along with a few of his comrades in GNX-IVs, then proceed to overload their GN Drive Taus with Trans-Am, and destroy the ELS carrier along with themselves and their MSs. Before his death, he sees his parents, and yells \"I am a soldier that protect the civilians!\" Andrei Smirnov is voiced by Tetsu Shiratori in Japanese and Brent Miller in English.Barack Zinin (バラック・ジニン, Barakku Jinin)\nA former member of the Union army and captain of his own platoon, Barack pilots the newly developed GNX-704T Ahead and is responsible for the extermination of anti-government forces, mostly Katharon. His wife was killed shortly before the commencement of the second season after being involved in one of Katharon's anti-Federation terrorist attacks. Initially looking down on Louise Halevy, Barack often shows a great concern for her due to her young age, often chastising her for her reckless behaviour on the battlefield. He is eventually killed by Setsuna after the 00 Gundam docks with the 0-Raiser, and is later promoted posthumously to lieutenant colonel. His passing causes a significant amount of grief in Louise. Barack Zinin is voiced by Tetsu Inada in Japanese and Mark Gibbon in English.Arthur Goodman (アーサー・グッドマン, Āsā Guddoman)\nA fat man with curly blond hair who holds a high position within the A-Laws. He initially appears in the epilogue of the first season, next to Kati Mannequin in the Federation lineup, but is not introduced proper until second season. He overlooks the A-Laws' operation against Katharon, and is highly interested in Barrack's and Louise's encounter with Gundams Exia and Seravee, stating that \"more equipment\" is required. He is later seen in a conversation with Kati Manneqin and Arba Lindt. After Lindt's defeat to Celestial Being, Arthur orders that the command be given back to Kati Manneqin, telling them that failure is unacceptable in A-Laws. He is one of the A-Laws officers present in the A-Laws party. He is later seen leading the operations to obliterate the Suille Kingdom, destroy the Africa Tower along with the coup d'etat forces, and attack Celestial Being using the Memento Mori weapons. He is also seen at the speech of the ESF President, and later after the operation in episode 19 to wipe out the Gundams and the Ptolemaios II, mocking Healing Care for her failure to carry out the operation, and also decrying the decision to give her and Revive licenses. His assault, however, fails due to an uprising led by Kati Mannequin aiding Celestial Being and Katharon, with Setsuna killing Goodman. Arthur Goodman is voiced by Hisao Egawa in Japanese and Jason Simpson in English.Homer Katagiri (ホーマー・カタギリ, Hōmā Katagiri)\nThe uncle of Union member Billy Katagiri. He is the commander of the A-Laws. He also has a secret connection with the Innovators. When his nephew, Billy, is recruited into the A-Laws, he installs him as an MS Technical Chief and tells him that he has high hopes in him. When the 00 Gundam destroys the ship led by Lee Zhejiang to stop the Ptolemaios II from escaping to space, Commander Katagiri reluctantly decides to accept the aid of the Innovators in order to defeat Celestial Being and prevent further sacrifices. The Innovators soon deployed in the A-Laws as licensed officers, with new, powerful suits to combat the Gundams.After the Ptolemaios II destroys the superweapon Memento Mori, the Federation government grants the A-Laws direct control of the military to further increase security. However, Homer fears that public support will eventually go to the anti-government force, Katharon and tasks Brigadier General Arthur Goodman to handle Celestial Being. His fears later realized when a number of dissidents in the regular army, led by Colonel Pang Hercury, occupied the AEU's orbital elevator. Worried that Katharon activities will increase, Homer orders Commander Kim in the regular army to send Sergei Smirnov on a top secret mission to ask the dissidents to surrender. When negotiations fail, Commander Katagiri sends Goodman into space to use another Memento Mori to completely destroy the elevator. At the end of the season, failing to defeat Celestial Being and after news of the A-Laws disbanding was broadcast, Homer commits seppuku rather than facing charges. Albeit his ruthless ways he in truth seeks to achieve the world peace but he was delusional, attempting to charge himself with all the sins and sacrifices intended to achieve that goal, this is thwarted in the end when Ribbons Almark, A-Laws and the Innovators are defeated in the last battle. Homer Katagiri is voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo in Japanese and Brian Drummond in English.Arba Lindt (アーバ・リント, Āba Rinto)\nA man with a slightly wrinkled face and a head of grey hair, he is shown to be arrogant and overconfident in his abilities. Kati Mannequin recognizes that he is known for search and destroy type operations. He commands the attack on the Celestial Being flagship, Ptolemaios II, but his strategy was thwarted by Celestial Being's tactical forecaster, Sumeragi Lee Noriega. He and his crew would have been killed by the 00 Gundam, if not for the timely arrival of Mr. Bushido. After his defeat and the loss of Trilobite, he is forced to give command to Kati Mannequin. When the A-Laws headquarters decide to attack the Katharon base with the automatons, he simply tells Kati that there is no need to feel sympathy for them. After Soma is declared KIA, he gives the Ahead Smultron to Louise Halevy. During the strategy planning, he prepares a squad to follow his plan, but Kati Mannequin changes part of it. He is among the A-Laws members who lead the Memento Mori operation. Lindt is killed after the ship under his command is caught in the explosion of Momento Mori station One. Arba Lindt is voiced by Kazuki Yao in Japanese and Andrew Toth in English.","title":"A-Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gundam_00_-_Innovators.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tieria Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tieria_Erde"},{"link_name":"Tōru Furuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Furuya"},{"link_name":"Noboru Sōgetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Furuya"},{"link_name":"Michael Adamthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adamthwaite"},{"link_name":"Tieria Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tieria_Erde"},{"link_name":"[e 29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E07-33"},{"link_name":"[e 30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E18-34"},{"link_name":"[e 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E23-14"},{"link_name":"Romi Paku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi_Paku"},{"link_name":"Nicole Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bushido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Graham_Aker"},{"link_name":"Kati Mannequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kati_Mannequin"},{"link_name":"Lyle Dylandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lyle_Dylandy"},{"link_name":"Mitsuki Saiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuki_Saiga"},{"link_name":"Cathy Weseluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Weseluck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiling_Garazzo-35"},{"link_name":"Brenna O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenna_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[e 31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E10-36"},{"link_name":"L3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"},{"link_name":"[e 32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E12-37"},{"link_name":"Tieria Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tieria_Erde"},{"link_name":"[e 25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E14-27"},{"link_name":"Ryōtarō Okiayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Okiayu"},{"link_name":"Brian Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[e 25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E14-27"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[e 33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E15-38"},{"link_name":"Setsuna F Seiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E17-39"},{"link_name":"Ryōtarō Okiayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Okiayu"},{"link_name":"Brian Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"sleeper agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_agent"},{"link_name":"Liu Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wang_Liu_Mei"},{"link_name":"L3base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point#L3"},{"link_name":"[e 31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E10-36"},{"link_name":"Lyle Dylandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lyle_Dylandy"},{"link_name":"[e 30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E18-34"},{"link_name":"[e 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E19-12"},{"link_name":"Setsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Setsuna_F_Seiei"},{"link_name":"[e 35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2E20-40"},{"link_name":"Ryoko Shiraishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoko_Shiraishi"}],"text":"The Innovators (Innovades) as they appear in season 2. From left to right: Regene Regetta, Hiling Care, Ribbons Almark, Divine Nova, Bring Stabity, and Revive RevivalAt the start of Celestial Being's armed intervention, Ribbons Almark, from behind the scenes, leads a group consisting of six individuals known as Innovades (イノベイド, Inobeido), beings created by Aeolia Schenberg to pose as Innovators (イノベイター, Inobeitā). Supposedly essential to Aeolia's plan, Ribbons claims that they are \"the future of mankind\" while they are actually impressions of the true Innovators that would manifest within humans. Considered to be existences that surpass normal humans, they are beings created through means of heavy gene manipulation and nanotechnology. They are characterized by their advanced ability to use quantum brainwaves and directly interface with Veda, as well as their agelessness and androgyny. Tieria Erde is also an Innovade, but has sided with Celestial Being, and a number of other Innovades were shown participating in ordinary life worldwide in the final episode of season 2.Ribbons Almark (リボンズ・アルマーク, Ribonzu Arumāku)\nRibbons Almark is the main antagonist of the series, acting through Alejandro Corner in the first season before abandoning him. Seeing himself to be godlike, Ribbons' main goal throughout the series has been to twist Aeolia's plan to suit his own agenda of ruling humanity. He's extremely arrogant, considers himself superior to both humans and Innovators. Using the A-Laws from behind the scenes, Ribbons watches the battles unfold from the comfort of his lair. The novels and Gundam 00 S2 Ep 14 had revealed that Ribbons is the pilot of 0 Gundam. During an intervention mission in the Kurdish Republic, he was supposed to kill all the combatants in there; however, upon seeing the awed young Soran Ibrahim, Ribbons perceives the boy's look to be one of utter admiration and worship, and lets him live. Afterwards, he went and tampered with Veda's files in order to make Soran into Setsuna. He would later comment that this was a \"momentary impulse... but also a sort of mercy.\" During a face-to-face meeting with Setsuna, Ribbons reveals his part in his entry into Celestial Being by tampering Veda's files while attempting to take the 00 Raiser from him. After having Regene killed, Ribbons then proceeds to begin the final phase of his plan. However, after killing Tieria, Ribbons learns too late that Tieria merged his mind with Veda and as a result, loses control of Veda. Refusing to let his plan die, Ribbons reveals himself in the Reborns Gundam to fight Setsuna's 00 Gundam before taking one of its GN drives to re-power his 0 Gundam to battle Setsuna in the rebuilt Exia R2 in a heated battle until the 0 Gundam is destroyed. Ribbons Almark is voiced by Tōru Furuya (using a pseudonym Noboru Sōgetsu) in Japanese and Michael Adamthwaite in English.Regene Regetta (リジェネ・レジェッタ, Rijene Rejetta)\nRegene Regetta is an Innovator who is the genetic twin of Tieria Erde.[e 29] Although he works closely with Ribbons Almark, the two do not always see eye to eye (in part because of Ribbons' ego). As a result, Regene often acts of his own will to complete the plan Aeolia intended, from meeting with Tieria to leaking Veda's location to Wang Liu Mei.[e 30] However, Ribbons was a step ahead of Regene and had Ali Al-Saachez kill him when he attempted to kill Ribbons.[e 12] However, Regene's consciousness lived long enough to see Tieria use the codes he gave him in their meeting to lock Ribbons out of Veda. Regene Regetta is voiced by Romi Paku in Japanese and Nicole Oliver in English.Revive Revival (リヴァイブ・リバイバル, Rivaibu Ribaibaru)\nRevive Revival is an Innovator and the genetic twin of Anew Returner. Revive joins the A-Laws to combat the Gundams and pilots the Gadessa. Like Mr. Bushido, Revive holds a special license that allows him to act independently. However he agrees to follow Kati Mannequin's battle strategies. Later Revive allows himself to be captured by Celestial Being in order to steal the 00 Gundam and 0 Raiser with Anew's aid, but the attempt is thwarted. Revive is killed by Lyle Dylandy during the climactic battle at the end of the second series when the Cherudim Gundam targets the Gadessa's cockpit after Lockon used the last remaining second of Cherudim's Trans-Am to move at the back of Gadessa, Cherudim was badly damage at that time having lost an arm and a leg and most of his weapons after Lockon battled Ali Al-Saachez in a close combat, also he lost the two main firing fingers of the remaining hand in the battle against Revive, as Allelujah/Hallelujah stated in his own match, Lockon states that the innovators are weak without Veda's link support. Revive Revival is voiced by Mitsuki Saiga in Japanese and Cathy Weseluck in English.Hiling Care (ヒリング・ケア, Hiringu Kea)\nHiling Care[5] is an Innovator and the genetic twin of Ribbons Almark, expressing a fondness for him and bearing a grudge against anyone else he has a fancy for. Hiling also frequently teases her comrades. Joining Revive Revival with the A-Laws, also with a special license that allows her to act independently, Hiling is eager to battle with the Celestial Being and the Gundams. Hiling pilots a Gadessa and later a Garazzo in several operations against the Ptolemaios II. She is later ordered by Ribbons to retreat from A-Laws to help in defending Veda. In the final battles, she is brutally killed by the returned Hallelujah/Allelujah super-soldier, crying out to Ribbons to save her as she dies, while the reborn \"True Super-Soldier\" muses that the Innovators are unworthy and weak opponents when their support link with Veda is cut off. Hiling Care is voiced by Miyuki Kawashō in Japanese and Brenna O'Brien in English.Bring Stabity (ブリング・スタビティ, Buringu Sutabiti)\nBring Stabity is an Innovator who is assigned to the A-Laws in order to combat the Gundams, considerably more stoic than his fellow Innovators. While Bring is able to overpower the 00 Gundam with the Garazzo in a display of force,[e 31] he is later defeated during the A-Laws' assault on Celestial Beings's L3 base when the 00 Raiser is formed during the battle.[e 32] Later, he and Revive are given orders to destroy the 00 Gundam. Bring is killed when he joins the attacking of the Ptolemaios II on Earth, fighting Tieria Erde whom he attempts to reason with (arguing that Tieria should join the other Innovators because he was one of them, to which Tieria replies by saying he isn't and that he is human) before his opponent reveals the Seraphim Gundam for the first time.[e 25] Four months after, Ribbons reveals the creation of a massive army of Divine and Bring clones. Bring Stabity is voiced by Ryōtarō Okiayu in Japanese and Brian Dobson in English.Divine Nova (デヴァイン・ノヴァ, Divain Nova)\nDivine Nova is Bring Stabity's genetic twin and makes his first appearance piloting the prototype mobile armor Empress after Celestial Being successfully destroys Memento Mori.[e 25] After forcing the Ptolemaios II back into Earth's atmosphere, he later takes part in an assault on the Ptolemaios II which nearly succeeds until a coup d'état forces the A-Laws to withdraw.[e 33] Divine is killed by Setsuna F Seiei in the 00 Raiser while defending the second Memento Mori station.[e 34] Four months after, Ribbons reveals the creation of a massive army of Divine and Bring clones. Divine Nova is voiced by Ryōtarō Okiayu in Japanese and Brian Dobson in English.Anew Returner (アニュー・リターナー, Anyū Ritānā)\nAnew Returner is Revive's genetic twin who serves her group as a sleeper agent in the guise of a mechanic who Liu Mei scouted after the activation of the 00 Gundam and assisting with the development of the 0 Raiser and GN Archer support vehicles. When the Ptolemaios II arrives at Celestial Being's L3base and on Ian's suggestion, she joins the crew as the pilot and resident medic.[e 31] Over time, Anew develops a romantic relationship with Gundam Meister Lyle Dylandy.[e 30] Since joining the Ptolemaios II crew, Anew unknowingly served as a means for the Innovators to locate Celestial Being everywhere they go. It was only when Revive is captured that Anew's memories are restored, betraying Celestial Being and disabling the Ptolemaios II.[e 10] However her attempt to steal the 00 Gundam is thwarted and she escapes along with Revive. Anew participates in the next operation to capture the 00 Gundam and confronts Lyle during the battle. But when Lyle convinces Anew to return to him and Anew is about to return to him, Ribbons takes control of her and she is subsequently shot down by Setsuna when she is about to kill Lyle. The 00 Raiser's Trans-Am allows the two to share a brief moment together, confirming their feelings for each other before dying.[e 35] Despite her death, she briefly reappears in episode 25 during the inauguration of the new president of the Earth Sphere Federation, but as she is an Innovade it is most likely that the \"Anew\" present at that moment is nothing more than a genetic twin (much as like Regene and Tiera are genetic twins but have completely separate identities). Anew Returner is voiced by Ryoko Shiraishi in Japanese and Lalainia Lindbjerg in English.","title":"Innovators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryo Katsuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Katsuji"},{"link_name":"Rie Kugimiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_Kugimiya"},{"link_name":"Nicole Bouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Bouma"}],"text":"Descartes Shaman (デカルト・シャーマン, Dekarute Shāman)\nA Mobile Suit Squad Captain and the pilot of the GNMA-Y0002V Gadelaza, Descartes was a former member of the AEU before transferring into ESF Forces and is the second human to have become a true Innovator. After his transformation, Descartes has fully embraced being an Innovator and shows his superiority towards other people of his might in combat, although he has shown to be an arrogant and egotistical person. His quantum brainwaves enhance his natural piloting abilities, allowing him to maximize the performance of his mobile unit. He is also capable of fighting huge numbers of enemies using the Gadelaza's built-in weaponry along with controlling a massive number of GN Fangs, hinting that his capabilities are quite extraordinary for him to be able to actively pilot the Gadelaza whilst utilizing that many remote weapons. Similar to Setsuna F. Seiei, Descartes' Innovator abilities have yet to be fully defined, and most of his abilities are merely based on observation and speculation.Despite being officially acknowledged by the Earth Sphere Federation, Descartes is being used to find other people with similar abilities. In the Gundam 00 movie, once the activities of the ELS are realized, Descartes begins developing headaches; the ESF soon notice an entire ELS armada emerging from Jupiter's red spot and set to arrive at Earth within 95 days. Descartes sorties against the enemy in an attempt to figure out their intentions and attempt to lure them away from Earth with his QBWs. However, when he deploys his fangs, some are assimilated, and feels the same mental assault suffered by Setsuna. His Gadelaza is assimilated by a gigantic ELS, and Descartes is killed in the process. Descartes Shaman is voiced by Ryo Katsuji in Japanese and Ryan Luhning in English.Mina Carmine (ミーナ・カーマイン, Mīna Kāmain)\nAn astrophysicist who works for the ESF, Mina Carmine helps to solve the mysteries and investigate the ELS. It is also hinted that she has a relationship with Billy Katagiri. At one point in time, an ancestor of Mina donated a DNA sample to the Corner family, which was later used by Alejandro to create the Trinity Siblings. While the Trinity siblings are a result of a combination of this DNA sample and genetic material from Ribbons, Mina herself is a natural born human. Having proven herself to be highly intelligent, Mina's similar appearance, as well as her impulsive and playful personality, to Nena Trinity are coincidental developments. While she does indeed show a jealous streak, it is never shown if she is capable of such callous acts that the Gundam Meister was. Mina Carmine is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in Japanese and Nicole Bouma in English.ELS\nAn unknown alien race, the ELS (Extraterrestrial Living-metal Shape-shifter) is a race of techno-organic sentient aliens that have the unique abilities to infect and assimilate nearly all life and technology. It is revealed their homeworld was destroyed by the Red Dwarf Star and set off to find another world to live. The ELS appear as silver metallic organisms that can take solid or liquid-like forms. The ELS has no true form as they are capable of taking any shape or size relative to their mass; they can combine or separate from one another to increase or decrease its mass as needed. While not an aggressive race, their ways of learning and understanding their environment is based on assimilation of all things — being one with what they don't know allows them to understand. When faced with an opponent or something they cannot comprehend, assimilation occurs to convert the target of interest into an ELS.When confronted with unknown organic lifeforms and/or technologies, the ELS assimilates the target like an aggressive virus. Its rapid adaptability and versatility allow it to take hold of technology in a matter of seconds and organic matter in a matter of minutes. However, for organics, it can have detrimental effects to those not completely assimilated, such as causing brain damage and various biological instabilities due to their invasive nature to their condition. While their complete nature is not understood, they can generate a noise signal for communication, initially their basic original physical form before assimilation is in a missile like shape, utilize quantum brainwave frequencies, make copies of what they have assimilated, and have their own GN-Tech and unique GN Particles, which are purple in colour. However, it is not clear whether it due to their own development and evolution or from copying Celestial Being's technology. In the epilogue, the ELS coexist with humanity.","title":"Movie-exclusive characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feldt Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldt_Grace"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00P","text":"Ruido Resonance (ルイード・レゾナンス, Ruīdo Rezonansu)\nRuido Resonance is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. Designated pilot of the Gundam Astraea at Krung Thep. A skilled mechanic, and a senior member to Chall Acustica as of her inception as Meister. He later married Marlene Vlady and is the father of Feldt Grace. He and Marlene were killed in an accident involving Gundam Plutone, an incident which also caused Chall to be permanently scarred.Marlene Vlady (マレーネ・バラディ, Marēne Baradi)\nMarlene Vlady is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. A criminal forced by Celestial Being to serve as a Meister of a prototype Gundam unit at Krung Thep. As she does not support the organization's ideology, a remotely detonable explosive has been strapped around her neck to keep her under control. Extremely skilled at piloting. Partner to Chall Acustica as of her inception as Meister. She is the mother of Feldt Grace.Chall Acustica (シャル・アクスティカ, Sharu Akusutika)\nChall Acustica is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. A member of Celestial Being and the designated Meister of a prototype Gundam unit. Selected for recruitment by Veda on the basis of her academic performance and her ranking in Power Loader competitions. Ruido Resonance believes that other qualities may have influenced Veda's arbitration. In Mobile Suit Gundam 00F, she is the commanding officer of Fereshte, having ceased active service as a Meister after an incident that scarred her face and prematurely whitened her hair. Following the completion of the Gundams, she obtained permission from Veda to set up the branch of Celestial Being known as Fereshte. She is stated to have some past relationship with the Gundam Plutone.Gundam Meister 874 (ウマイスター874, Umaisutā 874)\nGundam Meister 874 is one of the four Gundam Meisters employed by Celestial Being in the period in which 00P is set. Designated pilot of the Gundam Sadalsuud. Though Meisters are typically referred to by codename, 874 is designated only by number. For unspecified reasons, she does not appear before the other members of the organization. Physically, she looks younger than 10, but her eyes seem far older.Grave Violento (グラーベ・ヴィオレント, Gurābe Viorento)\nGrave Violento is a third generation meister and agent for Celestial Being; he is eventually revealed to be a combat type Innovade. Meister of GN-XXX Gundam Rasiel. Despite his designation as a meister, Grave spends more time acting as an agent to acquire information on military operations in preparation for Celestial Being's debut and protecting the organization by manipulating intelligence to ensure Celestial Being remains a secret it begins its armed interventions. Because of his role as an agent, he is also responsible for locating potential Gundam Meisters for the fourth generation Gundams; Grave personally recruits Neil Dylandy and Allelujah Haptism as Meisters. Despite diligently following the orders of Veda, Grave gradually becomes suspicious of Veda's directives and eventually opposes and chooses not to complete them.Hixar Fermi (ヒクサー・フェルミ, Hikusā Ferumi)\nHixar Fermi is the pilot of GN Sefer. His jovial personality allows him to talk freely with almost anyone, even when meeting them for the first time. Hixar enjoys making others laugh, though has considerable trouble doing so with the serious Grave and dark-mannered Chall. Several years later, he appears in 00F as a Gundam Meister on orders from Veda to follow Fon Spaak, who has been working independently from Fereshte. While Hixar appears to be the same man from 00P, his personality is markedly different and he is shown to have a remotely detonatable explosive strapped around his neck. Hixar is eventually revealed to be an intelligence-gathering Innovade, recalled to Veda after his supposed death, for a new mission. His loyalties, and that of Hayana, eventually shift away from Veda to Celestial Being.Delphine Bedelia (デルフィーヌ・ベデリア, Derufīnu Bederia)\nHighly skilled and proud, Delphine Bedelia is a test pilot from the Next Generation Development Technical Laboratory of the Human Reform League and serves as the Tieren Kyitwo mobile suit's rear seat pilot. Though she initially dislikes being partnered with Leonard and regards him with little respect, Delphine ends up wanting to protect him. After she and Leonard become eyewitnesses of the Gundams, they are designated by Veda as the second of the primary targets to be eliminated when Grave is assigned to eliminate those aware of Celestial Being's existence; after they are spared, they choose to join Celestial Being in order to find Allelujah, whom they have come to regard as a comrade. In Gundam 00I 2314, Delphine joins the reorganized Fereshte under the code name Dell Erda (デル・エルダ, Deru Eruda) and participates in the development and retrieval of the GN Drives at Jupiter with Hayana.Leonard Fiennes (レナード・ファインズ, Renādo Fainzu)\nThe front seat pilot of the Tieren Kyitwo sent from the Super Soldier Special Duty Organization to become a test pilot, despite only being seven years old and lacking any apparent ability as a supersoldier save a susceptibility to the emission of quantum brainwaves from other supersoldiers. Unemotional and rarely anxious, he is kindhearted and comes to regard Delphine as an important person who must be protected. When Grave is assigned to eliminate eyewitnesses to the Gundams and those aware of Celestial Being's existence, Leonard and Delphine are second among the designated targets; when Grave spares them, they elect to find Allelujah, whom they have come to regard as a comrade, and join Celestial Being. In Gundam 00I 2314, Leonard has been designated as a Gundam Meister for Fereshte under the code name Leo Sieg (レオ・ジーク, Reo Jiiku) and charged with protecting Delphine and Hayana as they retrieve the GN Drives from Jupiter.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_media#Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00F"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00F","text":"Fon Spaak (フォン・スパーク, Fon Spāku)\nA protagonist in the sidestory Mobile Suit Gundam 00F. A criminal forced by Celestial Being to serve as a Gundam Meister at Fereshte. As he does not support the organization's ideology, a remotely detonatable explosive has been strapped about his neck to keep him under control. Normally handcuffed, except when piloting. In Gundam 00F Chapter 03, Fon Spaak seems to recognize Ali when pursuing Ali with his Albuhool Type F, dismissing Ali as a relic of the past Solar Wars. In Gundam 00F Chapter 04, the remotely detonatable bomb which causes blood to ooze out is activated by Trinity when Fon attempted to stop them from taking away 0 Gundam and its GN Drive.Fon's true name is Robert Stad Jr as revealed by Nena Trinity in Gundam 00F Chapter 05. His parents were involved in mining materials for colony construction, and the harsh environment led him to become an anti-Union terrorist. In a later chapter of the Gundam 00F manga, Fereshte sends Fon to recover the GN Drives from the Kyrios and Virtue after Celestial Being's battle with the UN Army. Though Fon retrieves the Kyrios' ejected GN Drive, he allows Allelujah to be captured rather than rescue him and leaves Tieria in the wreckage of the Virtue after finding that its GN Drive has been ejected as well, despite Meister 874's request to rescue Tieria.In addition to appearing in Gundam 00F, Fon appears in Gundam 00P, encountering Grave Violento when Fon was a soldier for the AEU during the Solar Wars; during this time, he was already known as \"Fon Spaak\". It is also revealed that he was also involved with Ali Al-Saachez as a child soldier, much like Setsuna F Seiei. When Grave is assigned to eliminate eyewitnesses to the Gundams and those who have become aware of Celestial Being's existence, Fon is the first target named by Veda.Eco Calore (エコ・カローレ, Eko Karōre)\nOnce a candidate Gundam Meister, but because he is inferior to Setsuna and the current Meisters, he was removed and is now a pilot for Fereshte. He's a strong believer of Aeolia Schenberg's words of eliminating wars all over the Earth. Eco does not get along with Fon, believing that Fon is unsuited to be a member of Celestial Being because of his status as a criminal. He is usually the comic relief in 00F, having a tendency to overreact when Fon either points out something (usually obvious) to him or annoys him with his devil-may-care disposition.Sherilyn Hyde (シェリリン・ハイド, Sheririn Haido)\nA disciple of CB mechanic Ian Vashti. Has a good mechanic sense and maintains the modified prototype Gundams used by Fereshte. Though she is unemotional and seldom speaks, she does have another side to her and considers herself to be quite feminine. Good friends with Hanayo and is frequently seen with Hanayo. Following the dissolution of Fereshte, Sherilyn devotes herself to helping develop the GN Condenser to match the levels of output achieved by the GN Drives.Hanayo (ハナヨ)\nA manmade AI that is of the same model as Lockon's Haro. Its ear-like flaps gives it a cat-like look. Partners with Fon in missions and provide support for him in the MS. It also acts as a supervisor and unlocks Fon's handcuffs on missions and probably locks them back after missions. Hanayo is able to set up a datalink with Lockon's Haro through Veda. It is confirmed that Meister 874 is inside Hanayo. As shown in Gundam 00F file No.05, Hanayo/Meister 874 can take control over Gundam Plutone.Hayana (ハヤナ)\nA girl who obeys Hixar Fermi, Hayana possesses high physical capacities most would not imagine from her appearance. Registered as a Gundam Meister in Veda, she is capable of taking control of a Gundam remotely. Hayana is considered Hanayo's \"sister\" and resembles her, but views Hanayo with hatred and attempts to eliminate her by destroying Hanayo's terminal.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_media#Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00V"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00V","text":"Robert Spacey (ロベール・スペイシー, Robēru Supeishī)\nHe studies the developmental history of MS. He was initially studying political history, but after experiencing the revolution brought by Celestial Being when he was 30 years old and coincidentally seeing the Avalanche Exia in action, he switched his study to MS development history. An original character for sidestory, Mobile Suit Gundam 00V. Apart from that, he was also able to see the Dynames Torpedo and Shell Flag in action.Deborah Galiena (デボラ・ガリエナ, Debora Gariena)\nA female test pilot of the UN. She is also an old acquaintance of Robert Spacey. She was engaged by the Gundam Exia in an American military base on Okinawa when she was inspecting the Shell Flag's features. She proved herself to be a great pilot as she was able to survive the battle uninjured.Amy Zimbalist (エイミー・ジンバリスト, Eimī Jinbarisuto)\nAn ace pilot of the Earth Sphere Federation Army with an unconventional style of piloting solar furnace equipped mobile suits. He is worshipped as a hero known as the \"Steel Cowboy\", but also hated as the \"Devil of Unification\". Despite being well-regarded, his piloting ability cannot measure up to the Gundam Meisters and he has poor analytical skills.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctors without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_without_Borders"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Suit Gundam 00I","text":"Leif Recitativo (レイヴ・レチタティーヴォ, Reivu Rechitatiivo)\nAn Innovade with the same pattern as Ribbons Almark: type 0026. He is physically 18 years old. As an Innovade, Leif has the ability to distinguish humans from Innovades and he has been charged with finding and educating other qualified Innovades.Telicyra Herfi (テリシラ・へルフィ, Terishira Herufi)\nAn Innovade who has been working as a doctor and was previously affiliated with Doctors without Borders. Though he is 40 years old, his nature as an Innovade prevents him from aging like humans and he physically appears to be only 20 years old. He has lived in human society for over twenty years, despite Veda's average limit of 10 years before recalling Innovades to have their memories wiped and replaced, likely because of his renown as a doctor. Dr. Telicyra is responsible for awakening Leif as an Innovade.Lars Grise (ラーズ・グリース, Rāzu Gurīsu)\nAn enigmatic Innovade who has lived in human society for over 130 years as a result of his information link to Veda being severed, though he is still monitored. At one point, he married and raised a family. Over the past 100 years he has killed other Innovades for reasons unknown, but appears to suffer emotionally when he kills. Since many of his victims have the same outward appearance, Veda intervened to hide his mass murders and Lars has never been caught. His left eye is artificial.Bryn Sondheim (ブリュン・ソンドハイム, Buryun Sondohaimu)\nAn eight-year-old Innovade who is dressed like a young girl, despite identifying as a male. Bryn appears to only be able to communicate through his powerful quantum brain waves; when he is captured and imprisoned in the same Earth Federation facility as Allelujah Haptism, he is able to \"speak\" to Hallelujah through their quantum brain waves. During his imprisonment, Bryn's blood is drained by Dr. Clay Lihichyte, the doctor who created the Trinity siblings, and rendered physically immobile as a result.Sulu Suluzu (スルー・スルーズ, Surū Surūzu)\nAn Innovade with the same base sequence as Telicyra, but her sex has been set as female. As an Innovade, she is capable of awakening other Innovades. She is currently acting as a member of Katharon alongside Hermiya. Both she and Telicyra apparently want to conceal they are Innovades of the same type, though they eventually refer to each other as brother and sister.Hermiya (ハーミヤ, Hāmiya)\nAn Innovade who presumably has the same base sequence as Hanayo (Gundam Meister 874) and Hayana, since her appearance to them is very similar. Unlike Hanayo and Hayana, she appears cheerful and has been seen at a Katharon base. She has the ability to erase and reset Innovades. Like her comrades, she has been tasked by Veda to be an observer to perfect Aeolia Schenberg's plan.Beside Pain (ビサイド・ペイン, Bisaido Pain)\nAn Innovade with the same base pattern as Ribbons Almark, the pilot of the 1 Gundam and a rogue agent of Celestial Being with access to Veda. Like Ribbons, he can transfer himself into another body if his current one is destroyed, though his transfers take more time. In Gundam 00P, Beside uses the ability to transfer his mind to take control of Hixar Fermi and attack Grave Violento. However, when Grave defeats Beside, he is unable to initiate a complete transfer into a new body; the partial transfer results in the awakening of Leif Recitativo. Because of their shared consciousness, Beside haunts and tries to take control of Leif in order to further his own goals until Telicyra is able to wipe Beside from Leif's mind.","title":"Other media"}]

[{"image_text":"The crew of the Ptolemaios on the first season, clockwise from top-left: Lasse Aeon, Lockon Stratos, Setsuna F Seiei, Orange Haro, Tieria Erde, Allelujah Haptism, Joyce Moreno, Lichtendahl Tsery, Christina Sierra, Feldt Grace, Sumeragi Lee Noriega, Ian Vashti.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Gundam_00_-_Crew_of_the_Ptolemaios.jpg/250px-Gundam_00_-_Crew_of_the_Ptolemaios.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Innovators (Innovades) as they appear in season 2. From left to right: Regene Regetta, Hiling Care, Ribbons Almark, Divine Nova, Bring Stabity, and Revive Revival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Gundam_00_-_Innovators.jpg/250px-Gundam_00_-_Innovators.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Official Site\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00 official website (in Japanese). Sunrise. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121209031616/http://www.gundam00.net/character/index.html","url_text":"\"Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Official Site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(company)","url_text":"Sunrise"},{"url":"http://www.gundam00.net/character/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"矢立肇; 富野由悠季; 木村暢 (November 2008). Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Novel #3. 角川書店. ISBN 978-4-04-473603-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-04-473603-3","url_text":"978-4-04-473603-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Nena Trinity\". Bandai Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090218131209/http://gundam00.bandai-ent.com/nena.php","url_text":"\"Nena Trinity\""},{"url":"http://gundam00.bandai-ent.com/nena.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HG Garazzo Hiling Care Type box art\". Bandai. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2009-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007165524/http://image.rakuten.co.jp/wonderland/cabinet/gdm/hg-grzzo-hirng3.jpg","url_text":"\"HG Garazzo Hiling Care Type box art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai","url_text":"Bandai"},{"url":"http://image.rakuten.co.jp/wonderland/cabinet/gdm/hg-grzzo-hirng3.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celestial Being\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 1. October 6, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep01","url_text":"Celestial Being"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Tokyo Broadcasting System"}]},{"reference":"\"Unrewarded Souls\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 7. November 17, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep07","url_text":"Unrewarded Souls"}]},{"reference":"\"Bonds\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 19. February 16, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep19","url_text":"Bonds"}]},{"reference":"\"Allelujah\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 11. December 29, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep11","url_text":"Allelujah"}]},{"reference":"\"Endless Poem\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 24. March 22, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep24","url_text":"Endless Poem"}]},{"reference":"\"Gundam Meisters\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 2. October 13, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep02","url_text":"Gundam Meisters"}]},{"reference":"\"Trans-Am\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 22. March 8, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep22","url_text":"Trans-Am"}]},{"reference":"\"Scar\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 6. November 9, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Return of the Saint\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 13. January 5, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep13","url_text":"Return of the Saint"}]},{"reference":"\"Shadow of the Innovators\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 19. February 15, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Door to Innovation\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 21. March 1, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Flower of Life\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 23. March 15, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rebirth\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 25. March 29, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Changing World\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 3. October 20, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep03","url_text":"The Changing World"}]},{"reference":"\"Dawn of Determination\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 14. January 12, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep14","url_text":"Dawn of Determination"}]},{"reference":"\"Assault of the Thrones\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 17. February 2, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep17","url_text":"Assault of the Thrones"}]},{"reference":"\"Twin Drive\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 2. October 12, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Indiscriminate Retaliation\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 8. October 24, 2007. Mainichi Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep08","url_text":"Indiscriminate Retaliation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Mainichi Broadcasting System"}]},{"reference":"\"Path of Destruction\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 21. March 1, 2008. Mainichi Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep21","url_text":"Path of Destruction"}]},{"reference":"\"Pure Distortion\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 8. November 23, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"For The Future's Sake\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 22. March 8, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Setsuna\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 25. March 29, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00_episodes#ep25","url_text":"Setsuna"}]},{"reference":"\"The Angel's Second Advent\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 1. October 5, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Operation Allelujah Rescue\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 3. October 19, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Song is Heard\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 14. January 11, 2009. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Reason to Battle\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 4. October 26, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Homeland Burning\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 2. Episode 5. November 2, 2008. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Aim of Evil Intents\". Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Series 1. Episode 18. February 2, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Emory

Richard Emory

["1 Early years","2 Military","3 Career","4 Post career","5 Marriage","5.1 Marriage 1940","5.2 Marriage 1952","5.3 Marriage 1960","6 Death","7 Filmography","8 Television","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]

1950s American actor Richard Emory1953 Perils of the Wilderness movie posterBornEmory Waldemar Johnson(1919-01-27)January 27, 1919Santa Barbara, California, USDiedFebruary 15, 1994(1994-02-15) (aged 75)Moab, Utah, USOther namesDick EmoryEmory JohnsonEmory WaldmanOccupation(s)Film, television actorYears active1949–1963Notable creditsPerils of the WildernessGene Autry and the MountiesTelevisionThe Cisco KidThe Roy Rogers ShowSpouses Elizabeth Graham ​ ​(m. 1940, divorced)​ Margaret L Besancon ​ ​(m. 1952, divorced)​ Ila Ferguson ​(m. 1960)​ParentsEmory Johnson (father)Ella Hall (mother) Richard Emory (1919–1994) was an American actor born in Santa Barbara, California. After serving in the military as a marine in World War II, he started a career as an actor. He achieved recognition in movies of the 1950s and 1960s and also found work as a supporting actor in various television serials. He was the oldest son of Silent Film celebrity couple - Emory Johnson and Ella Hall. After his birth, a brother and two sisters would follow. Emory retired from show business in 1963 and would spend the rest of his life working odd jobs. He died in February 1994 in Moab, Utah. Early years Emory JohnsonElla HallEllen Hall Richard Emory was born Emory Waldemar Johnson Jr. in Santa Barbara, California, on January 27, 1919. Johnson's father was a Universal actor named Emory Johnson. His mother was Universal Pictures' ingénue Ella Hall. In 1917, while both actors were under contract with Universal, they married in a private ceremony. After their honeymoon, the couple moved into Emory Johnson's Los Angeles home along with Johnson's mother, Emilie Johnson. In 1918, Universal failed to renew Johnson and Hall's contracts. Emory Johnson continued as a free agent working on films. Hall's last movie before giving birth to Emory Waldemar was Three Mounted Men, released on October 7, 1918. Hall would not make another film until 1921. Johnson's father, Emory Johnson, was 24 years old when Emory Waldemar was born, and his mother, Ella Hall, was 22. Emory's brother, Alfred Barnard, was born on September 26, 1920. His oldest sister, Ellen Joanna, was born on April 18, 1923. By 1924, the Johnson marriage was crumbling, and Hall filed for divorce. Emory Johnson asked Hall to give the marriage one more try. Tragedy struck in March 1926. While Ella and the kids were crossing a busy street in Hollywood, Emory Waldemar's 5-year-old brother Alfred was struck and killed by a truck. The vehicle narrowly missed Emory. The accident fueled a reconciliation and Emory's parents decided to have one last child. Emory's sister, Diana Marie (Dinie), was born on October 27, 1929. Since 1924, Emory Waldemar's parents had publicly battled over alimony payments, child support, visitation, and living conditions. The Johnson's on-again and off-again relationship finally exhausted itself, and they finalized their divorce in 1930. Ella Hall and her three children moved in with Hall's mother. Hall started a sales job at the upscale ladies' dress shop, I. Magnin, to support her three children. Hall's job paid well, and the kids had a comfortable upbringing. Yet, Hall would continue spending time in court contesting support payments. In 1932, Emory Johnson filed for bankruptcy, allowing him to lower his payments for Hall and the kids. This bickering was a major factor in the children's estrangement from their father. At age ten, Emory Waldemar had an uncredited role in the 1930 Universal production of All Quiet on the Western Front released on April 21, 1930. Emory's sister, Ellen Joanna, age seven, claimed she played a young girl in the same movie. The book The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood, Volume 1, contains an interview with Richard Emory. He recalls his small part in All Quiet on the Western Front and his mother's role, playing an uncredited nurse. He did not remember his sister ever being on the set. We should note Johnson's recollections were forty years after the experience. He would have another uncredited part in the 1941 production of I Wanted Wings. Military The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, signaled the opening of World War II. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Although the United States did not participate in the initial declaration of war, certain visionaries thought something would ultimately drag the United States into the unfolding global hostilities. One indisputable fact was that the United States military was unprepared to engage in any global war. National polls indicated an increasing majority of citizens were in favor of establishing a military draft. Bowing to this ever-increasing sentiment, Congress passed the ‘’Selective Training and Service Act of 1940’’, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940. It would become the first peacetime conscription in United States history. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law on September 16, 1940. The Selective Service Act required all men born between October 17, 1909, and October 16, 1919 (ages 21–35) living in the continental United States to register with local draft boards. The act of draft registration did not create any military enlistment. National lotteries established enlistment dates. The first national lottery occurred on October 29, 1940. Wednesday, October 16, 1940, also known as R-Day, was the date all men between ages 21 and 35 were required to register for the draft. In North Hollywood, Emory Johnson Jr. stood in line to register at Selective Service Local Board 179. Other stars signing up at the local board included Henry Fonda, Don Ameche, Lon Chaney Jr., and Robert Taylor. Johnson registered using his full birth name of Emory Waldemar Johnson. According to his paperwork, he was a private in the Marine Corps Reserve. His draft card shows Johnson lived in North Hollywood, was twenty-one, six feet tall, weighed one hundred-sixty-two pounds, and had blue eyes and blond hair. His draft card was proof he had registered, and they advised him to keep it with him at all times. Johnson enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on November 7, 1940. On December 8, 1941, the United States declares war on Japan. On December 11, 1941 the United States declares war on Germany and Italy. World War II ranged on until 1945. Victory in Europe Day (also known as V-E Day) marked the official end of World War II in Europe and is celebrated on May 8, 1945, Victory over Japan Day (also known as V-J Day) marked the official end of World War II and is celebrated on September 2, 1945. Johnson's Military Discharge date is listed as September 12, 1945. He was discharged from Marine Corps as Private First Class Quartermaster clerk. Career Movie Poster Johnson's first foray into acting was the 1930 film, "All Quiet on the Western Front." In an interview published in The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood, Volume 1, Johnson stated, "When he was about eleven years old, he accompanied his mother to the set of All Quiet on the Western Front. 'I went down to the location in Laguna,' he recalled. 'The trenches and everything was so realistic it was frightening. Mother worked on it for a few days in the hospital scene, where she played a nurse. I guess I was of age, and they had me throw a vase of flowers in a scene and hit the door; they may have cut it out.'" Johnson claimed he started acting in 1938 when he was 18 and still attending High School. Johnson's first play was named "Judgment Day" and he played the character, Nekludov, the Lieutenant of the guards. The play was staged at a local theatre called the Santa Monica Players. Before his enlistment on November 7, 1940, he landed a part in the film I Wanted Wings. Principal photography occurred between August 26 and December 19, 1940, and Paramount Pictures released the film on March 26, 1941. The movie featured Ray Milland, William Holden, and Veronica Lake. Johnson's part was uncredited. Richard Emory's younger sister, Ellen Joanna Johnson (Ellen Hall), was born in 1923. Hall's first role in a movie was an uncredited young girl in "All Quiet on the Western Front." She was six years old. While Johnson served in the Marines, Ellen Hall made her cinematic debut with an uncredited part in the musical The Chocolate Soldier, released on October 31, 1941. Hall was 18 years old. Johnson's sister acted in various genres until she found her niche in B movie Westerns. In 1943, Hall got her first female lead in a Western titled Outlaws of Stampede Pass. She would continue acting throughout the 1940s and into the early 1950s. Her last role in a Western was the 1949 production of Lawless Code. After his discharge from the marines on September 12, 1945, Johnson took a job in the wholesale florist business in San Francisco. He remained employed for a year and a half. He stated, "I decided that wasn't for me and came down to Los Angeles and studied at Gilliard's Playhouse. I was there for two years. My sister was in the business and introduced me to an agent who took me on, but it was very unfortunate because he didn't know how to build anyone." When he left Gilliard's Playhouse, his "rugged good looks" landed him a job as a runway and media model. He used modeling to supplement his income because of the lack of receiving a steady pay check generated from movie parts. The period from the late 1940s to the 1950s has been called the "Golden Age of the Western." Johnson returned to the movie business with his first credited role in South of Death Valley, released on August 8, 1949. His next film was the Bandit King of Texas, released on August 29, 1949. He acted in both films using his new Screen moniker of Richard Emory. In 1950, he made three more movies. The Cisco Kid After her marriage in 1944, Hall's movie career wound down. In 1950, she found work on the television series, The Cisco Kid. She appeared in three episodes of The Cisco Kid, airing on December 19, 1950, January 27, 1951, and September 3, 1951. While Hall was working on The Cisco Kid, her brother was in the initial stages of his budding acting career. Emory also found work in the same television series, although the two never appeared together. Emory acted in episodes aired on December 12, 1950, and January 2, 1951. In 1952, Ellen Hall retired from acting. She was 29 years old. Emory acted in various movie genres, including adventure, comedy, science fiction, Westerns, and musicals. A full third of his artistic output was in the Western genre. These films included Code of the Silver Sage, Gene Autry and the Mounties, Little Big Horn, Hellgate and Perils of the Wilderness. On television, a third of his output was westerns, including roles in "The Cisco Kid", "The Roy Rogers Show", "Bat Masterson", "The Gene Autry Show" and "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin". Between 1930 and 1961, Emory acted in thirty-two movies. One-third of his movie output was Westerns. He made ten straight westerns starting in 1949 with South of Death Valley and finishing with Perils of the Wilderness released in January 1956. Richard Emory's last movie was The Sergeant Was a Lady, a comedy released in October 1961. Fourteen of his movie roles were uncredited. During his acting career, he also had thirty-eight television appearances. One-half of those roles were in westerns. Emory was 44 years old when he retired from acting. His final role was playing an intern in the television series "Perry Mason". Episode 180 aired on May 9, 1963. Post career His third and final Marriage in Los Angeles, California on February 7, 1960, to Ila Irene Ferguson. In 1963, after acting in the Perry Mason episode, he walked away from his acting career at the age of 44. After Johnson retired from acting, he sold insurance and real estate. "If I thought it was a great house I could sell it," Johnson stated, but his wife added, "He was just as inclined to say 'I don't think you'd like this', so that was that." In 1966, Johnson “went to Valley College and worked for ten years in landscape and gardening. “ In 1976, Emory retired from his job at the college at the age of 57. In 1980 they moved to the small community of Jemez Springs, New Mexico. Here Emory enjoyed “working in his garden where he grew yams, various hot chilies, and just loved to garden and grow things.” In the early 1990s they moved to Moab, Utah. The move explains why Johnson is listed on the "Brief Biographies of Latter Day Saint and Utah Film Personalities" website. The listing is based on being a Film Personality living in Utah, not necessarily being a member of the LDS church. Emory Waldemar Johnson died in 1994. Marriage Johnson was married three times. In 1940, he was living with his mother and two sisters when he turned twenty-one. On October 16, 1940, Johnson registered for the draft, then enlisted in the Marine Corps reserves in November. He was home for Christmas in December 1940. Marriage 1940 Johnson's first marriage was to Elizabeth Catherine Graham of Beverly Hills, California. The wedding had earmarks of a rushed decision to elope. They were married in Yuma, Arizona, on December 27, 1940. Both were 21, celebrated the same birthdate, and traveled 300 miles from Los Angeles to Yuma for a quick marriage. Why get married in Yuma? Getting a marriage license in Arizona was pretty easy compared with other states. In Arizona, there was no waiting period or blood tests. You could get married the same day you apply for your marriage license. Many anxious Californians eloped to Arizona to avoid the California three-day waiting period. Love languished; sometime between April 12, 1949, and April 12, 1950, they divorced. In the 1950 Census, dated April 13, 1950, Johnson claims he was Never Married (Single) and was an unemployed actor. Later in the form, Emory stated he had been married previously and only divorced less than one year. There were no children. After his enlistment and marriage, he still found time to act in the movie, I Wanted Wings. Paramount released the picture on March 26, 1941. Marriage 1952 Emory spent countless hours doing Location shooting in the town of Pioneertown, California. The location was used extensively to stage western productions. Richard met his second wife while on location for the movie Gene Autry and the Mounties released in January 1951. Emory Waldemar Johnson married his second wife, Margaret L. Lafontaine Besancon, in Los Angeles, California, on January 26, 1952. At the time he was 32 and she was 26. There are two entries in the California Department of Health and Welfare for the Johnson 1952 marriage. The first marriage registration was to Margaret Lois Lafontaine. This entry was the women's maiden name. The second entry was to Margaret Lois Besancon. This entry was her married name after her first marriage. In 1945, Margaret Lafontaine, age 19, married Guillaume de Besancon in Yuma, Arizona. He was 20 years old. They had two sons, Michael, born in 1946, and Stephen, born in 1948. When Johnson's marriage to Besancon ended, they had no children of their own. She remarried in 1957. Marriage 1960 Emory Waldemar Johnson married his third wife Ila Irene Ferguson in Los Angeles, California, on February 7, 1960. Johnson was 41 and she was also 41. This marriage endured, and they were still married at the time of his death in 1994. She died in Moab, Utah, in 2003. Death Emory Waldemar Johnson died of a stroke on February 15, 1994, in Moab, Utah. He was 75 years old. Unlike his parents and two siblings, he chose not to be interred with the rest of the family at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in California. Emory had a non-cemetery burial in Utah. The exact location was not disclosed. Emory's father died in San Mateo, California on April 18, 1960 from burns suffered in a fire. He was 66 years old. Emory's mother was residing in Los Angeles, California at the time of her death on September 3, 1981. She was 84 years old. Filmography              ◆   Filmography of Richard Emory (32)   ◆           Year Film Production Distribution Genre Length Credit Released Notes  1930 All Quiet on the Western Front Universal Universal War Feature Little Boy 1930-04-21 Uncredited  1941 I Wanted Wings Paramount Paramount Drama Feature Sergeant 1941-03-26 Uncredited  1949 South of Death Valley Columbia Columbia Western Feature Tommy Tavish 1949-08-08  1949 Bandit King of Texas Republic Republic Western Feature Jim Baldwin 1949-08-29  1950 Code of the Silver Sage Republic Republic Western Feature Lt. John Case 1950-03-25  1950 Destination Murder Prominent RKO Crime Feature Police Sgt. Mulcahy 1950-06-06  1950 Brooklyn Buckaroos RKO RKO Comedy Short Blackjack Dawson 1950  1951 Korea Patrol Schwarz Prod Eagle-Lion War Feature Lt. Craig 1951-01-15  1951 Gene Autry and the Mounties Autry Prod Columbia Western Feature Constable Terry Dillon 1951-01-15  1951 Fingerprints Don't Lie Neufeld Lippert Crime Feature Paul Moody 1951-02-23  1951 Mask of the Dragon Neufeld Lippert War Feature Lt. Daniel Oliver 1951-03-10  1951 Little Big Horn Lippert Lippert Western Feature Pvt. Mitch Shovels 1951-06-15  1951 FBI Girl Jadger Lippert Noir Feature Electron Man 1951-11-04 Uncredited  1951 Lawless Cowboys Frontier Monogram Western Feature Henchman Jeff 1951-11-07 Uncredited  1952 Captive of Billy the Kid Republic Republic Western Feature Henchman Sam 1952-01-21  1952 Sailor Beware Paramount Paramount Crime Feature Petty Officer 1952-02-09 Uncredited  1952 Singin' in the Rain MGM Loew's Musical Feature Phil 1952-03-27 Uncredited  1952 Red Snow All American Columbia Adventure Feature Lt. Stone 1952-07-07  1952 Hellgate Champion Lippert Western Feature Dan Mott 1952-08-05  1952 Battle Zone Wanger Prod Allied Artists War Feature Lt. Mike Orlin 1952-10-26  1952 Flat Top Mirisch Monogram War Feature Intelligence Officer 1952-10-26 Uncredited  1952 Wyoming Roundup Fennelly Monogram Western Feature Jack Craven 1952-11-09  1953 Count the Hours Bogeaus RKO Noir Feature Reporter 1953-04-01 Uncredited  1954 The Last Time I Saw Paris MGM Loew's Romance Feature American Officer 1954-11-18 Uncredited  1955 The Glass Slipper MGM Loew's Musical Feature Young Man 1955-03-24 Uncredited  1955 Seven Angry Men Allied Artists Allied Artists Drama Feature Stevens 1955-03-27 Uncredited  1955 The Crooked Web Clover Prod Columbia Noir Feature Doc Mason 1955-11-30  1956 Perils of the Wilderness Katzman Prod Columbia Western Feature Sergeant Gray 1956-01-06  1957 Beginning of the End AB-PT Pict Republic Sci Fy Feature Lieutenant 1957-06-28 Uncredited  1957 Man of a Thousand Faces Universal Universal Drama Feature Bullpen Asst Dir 1957-08-13 Uncredited  1957 My Man Godfrey Universal Universal Comedy Feature Minor Role 1957-10-11 Uncredited  1961 The Sergeant Was a Lady Twincraft Universal Comedy Feature Maj. Zilker 1961-10-04 Television         ◆   Television Roles of Richard Emory (38)   ◆           Year(s) Title Episode(s) Genre Role  1950–51 The Cisco Kid Three Episodes Western Terry Ryan  1952 The Roy Rogers Show Two Episodes Western Sloan / Deputy Cliff  1952 The Unexpected The Numbers Game Mystery  1952 Racket Squad One Episode Crime Dan Kelly  1953 Death Valley Days The Death Valley Kid Western  1953 Death Valley Days Which Side of the Fence Western Sheriff Martin Bisbee  1953 The Gene Autry Show Two Episodes Western Jeff Carter  1953 The Range Rider Outlaw Territory Western Lieutenant Stone  1954 I Led 3 Lives The Kid Drama Blaisdall  1954-55 The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin Three Episodes Western Lt. Matthew Sharp  1955 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Man and the Moon Sci Fy Rocket Ship Crew  1956 Private Secretary Passing the Buck Comedy Young Playwright  1956 Ethel Barrymore Theatre Justice for All Drama  1957 Circus Boy Corky's Big Parade Adventure John Ashcroft  1957 Adventures of Superman Money to Burn Adventure Fire Marshal  1957 Highway Patrol Two Episodes Crime Harvey Grant / Dr. Elliott  1957 The West Point Story Two Episodes Drama  1957 Sergeant Preston of the Yukon One Episode Drama Constable Drake  1958 Harbor Command Rendezvous at Sea Crime Lt. Jay  1958 Tombstone Territory Fight for a Fugitive Western Howie Dickerson  1958 Target Taps for the General Drama  1958 Rescue 8 Subterranean City Adventure Deputy Sheriff #1  1958 Dragnet The Big Border Crime  1959 The Rough Riders An Eye for an Eye Western Major Steve Johnston  1959 Bat Masterson Marked Deck Western William Roberts  1959 World of Giants Teeth of the Watchdog Sci Fy  1959 Laramie The Pass Western Lieutenant Ives  1960 Men into Space Moon Trap Sci Fy Dr. Parker  1962 King of Diamonds A Diamond for Mister Smith Adventure Wally Smith  1963 Perry Mason The Case of the Potted Planter Drama Intern Notes ^ The religious affiliation is not known for many of the individuals listed in this section, but they are listed because they are Utahns or Utah residents (or were previously). Statistically, most of the people for whom no affiliation is identified are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), but many are not. The aim of this section is to provide a broad listing of Utah film industry professionals, as well as film industry professionals who are LDS (Mormon). Many film producers, directors, etc. use this resource to assist them in casting and "crewing up" for film productions and finding local individuals with needed specialties and skills. References ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995". California Department of Public Health – Vital Records. 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ "Truckman is Held in Death of Child". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1926. p. 122 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Whispers in the Wings". The Los Angeles Times. April 24, 1931. p. 27. ^ "Emory Johnson Broke". Variety. March 8, 1932. March 8, 1932. p. 10. ^ All Quiet on the Western Front at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ a b Reid 2008, p. 5. ^ Goldrup 2012, pp. 489–490. ^ "Draft Passed by Senate". Daily News. New York, New York. August 29, 1940. p. 429. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Draft Passed by Senate cont part 2". Daily News. New York, New York. August 29, 1940. p. 450. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 California Jewell-Jolley Johnson, Dru-Johnson, Ezra". NARA. 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ a b "U.S., Department of Veterans Affairs BIRLS Death File, 1850-2010". NARA. 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2023. This index contains birth and death dates for more than 14 million veterans and VA beneficiaries who served during the years 1800–2010 ^ Goldrup 2012, pp. 489–491. ^ a b Goldrup 2012, p. 491. ^ Gittell, Noah (June 17, 2014). "Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 21, 2022. ^ "The Case of the Potted Planter". ^ a b "California, U.S., Marriage Index, 1960-1985". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2023. Marriage Johnson - Ferguson February 7, 1960, Los Angeles, California ^ a b Goldrup 2012, p. 498. ^ "Brief Biographies of Latter-day Saint and/or Utah Film Personalities". ldsfilm.com. Mormon films/ LDS films/ Mormon Cinema/ LDS filmmakers /Mormon movies/ films by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. June 6, 2002. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ "U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007". NARA. 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ "Marriage Applications, 1940 - 1941". Arizona, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1865-1972 Index. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Graham December 27, 1940, Yuma AZ ^ "Gin marriage Law Attacked". Santa Ana Register (Santa Ana, California). Santa Ana, California. January 6, 1940. p. 12. Retrieved December 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "1950 Seventeenth Census United States Federal Census". NARA. 2002. Retrieved December 15, 2022. ^ Goldrup 2012, p. 495. ^ "California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2013. p. 258. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Lafontaine Jan 26,1952 Los Angeles, California ^ "California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2013. p. 258. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Besancon Jan 26, 1952, Los Angeles, California ^ "Richard Emory; Acted in Movie, TV Westerns". Los Angeles Times. March 5, 1994. ^ "Pioneer Film Director Dies". The Times (San Mateo). April 19, 1960. p. 19 – via newspapers.com. ^ "California, U.S., Death Index, 1940-1997". California Department of Public Health – Vital Records. 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2022. Further reading Goldrup, Jim and Tom (2012). The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-62933-165-2. Retrieved January 18, 2023. Reid, John Howard (2008). Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide. Lulu.com. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-4357-1073-3. Retrieved January 18, 2023. External links Richard Emory at IMDb Richard Emory at AllMovie Richard Emory at the TCM Movie Database Richard Emory LDS Listing Richard Emory at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsData from Wikidata Portals: Biography Film United States Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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He died in February 1994 in Moab, Utah.","title":"Richard Emory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emory_Johnson_32.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emory Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ella_Hall_by_Fred_Hartsook_(extracted).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ella Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GOLDWYN_GIRL_OF_1943_Ellen_Hall.png"},{"link_name":"Ellen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hall"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Emory Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"ingénue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue"},{"link_name":"Ella Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Hall"},{"link_name":"Emilie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Three Mounted Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mounted_Men"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emory_Johnson_Family.png"},{"link_name":"I. Magnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Magnin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"All Quiet on the Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid20085-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012489%E2%80%93490-7"},{"link_name":"I Wanted Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanted_Wings"}],"text":"Emory JohnsonElla HallEllen HallRichard Emory was born Emory Waldemar Johnson Jr. in Santa Barbara, California, on January 27, 1919.[1]Johnson's father was a Universal actor named Emory Johnson. His mother was Universal Pictures' ingénue Ella Hall. In 1917, while both actors were under contract with Universal, they married in a private ceremony. After their honeymoon, the couple moved into Emory Johnson's Los Angeles home along with Johnson's mother, Emilie Johnson. In 1918, Universal failed to renew Johnson and Hall's contracts. Emory Johnson continued as a free agent working on films. Hall's last movie before giving birth to Emory Waldemar was Three Mounted Men, released on October 7, 1918. Hall would not make another film until 1921.Johnson's father, Emory Johnson, was 24 years old when Emory Waldemar was born, and his mother, Ella Hall, was 22. Emory's brother, Alfred Barnard, was born on September 26, 1920. His oldest sister, Ellen Joanna, was born on April 18, 1923. By 1924, the Johnson marriage was crumbling, and Hall filed for divorce. Emory Johnson asked Hall to give the marriage one more try.Tragedy struck in March 1926. While Ella and the kids were crossing a busy street in Hollywood, Emory Waldemar's 5-year-old brother Alfred was struck and killed by a truck. The vehicle narrowly missed Emory.[2] The accident fueled a reconciliation and Emory's parents decided to have one last child. Emory's sister, Diana Marie (Dinie), was born on October 27, 1929.Since 1924, Emory Waldemar's parents had publicly battled over alimony payments, child support, visitation, and living conditions. The Johnson's on-again and off-again relationship finally exhausted itself, and they finalized their divorce in 1930. Ella Hall and her three children moved in with Hall's mother. Hall started a sales job at the upscale ladies' dress shop, I. Magnin, to support her three children. Hall's job paid well, and the kids had a comfortable upbringing.[3]Yet, Hall would continue spending time in court contesting support payments. In 1932, Emory Johnson filed for bankruptcy, allowing him to lower his payments for Hall and the kids.[4] This bickering was a major factor in the children's estrangement from their father.At age ten, Emory Waldemar had an uncredited role in the 1930 Universal production of All Quiet on the Western Front released on April 21, 1930.[5] Emory's sister, Ellen Joanna, age seven, claimed she played a young girl in the same movie.[6]The book The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood, Volume 1, contains an interview with Richard Emory. He recalls his small part in All Quiet on the Western Front and his mother's role, playing an uncredited nurse. He did not remember his sister ever being on the set. We should note Johnson's recollections were forty years after the experience.[7] He would have another uncredited part in the 1941 production of I Wanted Wings.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Selective Training and Service Act of 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"76–783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/76/783"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-54-885"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Don Ameche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ameche"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnEnlist-11"},{"link_name":"December 8, 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)"},{"link_name":"December 11, 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Victory in Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Victory over Japan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day"},{"link_name":"Military Discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#United_States"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_first_class#United_States"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnEnlist-11"}],"text":"The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, signaled the opening of World War II. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Although the United States did not participate in the initial declaration of war, certain visionaries thought something would ultimately drag the United States into the unfolding global hostilities.One indisputable fact was that the United States military was unprepared to engage in any global war. National polls indicated an increasing majority of citizens were in favor of establishing a military draft. Bowing to this ever-increasing sentiment, Congress passed the ‘’Selective Training and Service Act of 1940’’, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940. It would become the first peacetime conscription in United States history. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law on September 16, 1940.The Selective Service Act required all men born between October 17, 1909, and October 16, 1919 (ages 21–35) living in the continental United States to register with local draft boards. The act of draft registration did not create any military enlistment. National lotteries established enlistment dates. The first national lottery occurred on October 29, 1940.[8][9]Wednesday, October 16, 1940, also known as R-Day, was the date all men between ages 21 and 35 were required to register for the draft. In North Hollywood, Emory Johnson Jr. stood in line to register at Selective Service Local Board 179. Other stars signing up at the local board included Henry Fonda, Don Ameche, Lon Chaney Jr., and Robert Taylor. Johnson registered using his full birth name of Emory Waldemar Johnson. According to his paperwork, he was a private in the Marine Corps Reserve. His draft card shows Johnson lived in North Hollywood, was twenty-one, six feet tall, weighed one hundred-sixty-two pounds, and had blue eyes and blond hair. His draft card was proof he had registered, and they advised him to keep it with him at all times.[10]Johnson enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on November 7, 1940.[11] On December 8, 1941, the United States declares war on Japan. On December 11, 1941 the United States declares war on Germany and Italy. World War II ranged on until 1945.Victory in Europe Day (also known as V-E Day) marked the official end of World War II in Europe and is celebrated on May 8, 1945, Victory over Japan Day (also known as V-J Day) marked the official end of World War II and is celebrated on September 2, 1945. Johnson's Military Discharge date is listed as September 12, 1945. He was discharged from Marine Corps as Private First Class Quartermaster clerk.[11]","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)_poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"All Quiet on the Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012489%E2%80%93491-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012491-13"},{"link_name":"I Wanted Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanted_Wings"},{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"William Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holden"},{"link_name":"Veronica Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ellen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hall"},{"link_name":"All Quiet on the Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid20085-6"},{"link_name":"The Chocolate Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier_(film)"},{"link_name":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"Westerns.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Outlaws of Stampede Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_of_Stampede_Pass"},{"link_name":"Lawless Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawless_Code"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012491-13"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)#Runway_modelling"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)#Magazine_modeling"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"South of Death Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Death_Valley"},{"link_name":"Bandit King of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandit_King_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Screen moniker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duncan_Renaldo_as_The_Cisco_Kid.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cisco Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Cisco Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicals"},{"link_name":"Code of the Silver Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_the_Silver_Sage"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry and the Mounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry_and_the_Mounties"},{"link_name":"Little Big Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Horn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hellgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellgate_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Perils of the Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perils_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"The Cisco Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Roy Rogers Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roy_Rogers_Show"},{"link_name":"Bat Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_Masterson_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Gene Autry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gene_Autry_Show"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rin_Tin_Tin"},{"link_name":"South of Death Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Death_Valley"},{"link_name":"Perils of the Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perils_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"The Sergeant Was a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sergeant_Was_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Movie PosterJohnson's first foray into acting was the 1930 film, \"All Quiet on the Western Front.\" In an interview published in The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood, Volume 1, Johnson stated, \"When he was about eleven years old, he accompanied his mother to the set of All Quiet on the Western Front. 'I went down to the location in Laguna,' he recalled. 'The trenches and everything was so realistic it was frightening. Mother worked on it for a few days in the hospital scene, where she played a nurse. I guess I was of age, and they had me throw a vase of flowers in a scene and hit the door; they may have cut it out.'\" [12]Johnson claimed he started acting in 1938 when he was 18 and still attending High School. Johnson's first play was named \"Judgment Day\" and he played the character, Nekludov, the Lieutenant of the guards. The play was staged at a local theatre called the Santa Monica Players.[13]Before his enlistment on November 7, 1940, he landed a part in the film I Wanted Wings. Principal photography occurred between August 26 and December 19, 1940, and Paramount Pictures released the film on March 26, 1941. The movie featured Ray Milland, William Holden, and Veronica Lake. Johnson's part was uncredited.Richard Emory's younger sister, Ellen Joanna Johnson (Ellen Hall), was born in 1923. Hall's first role in a movie was an uncredited young girl in \"All Quiet on the Western Front.\" She was six years old.[6] While Johnson served in the Marines, Ellen Hall made her cinematic debut with an uncredited part in the musical The Chocolate Soldier, released on October 31, 1941. Hall was 18 years old. Johnson's sister acted in various genres until she found her niche in B movie Westerns. In 1943, Hall got her first female lead in a Western titled Outlaws of Stampede Pass. She would continue acting throughout the 1940s and into the early 1950s. Her last role in a Western was the 1949 production of Lawless Code.After his discharge from the marines on September 12, 1945, Johnson took a job in the wholesale florist business in San Francisco. He remained employed for a year and a half. He stated, \"I decided that wasn't for me and came down to Los Angeles and studied at Gilliard's Playhouse. I was there for two years. My sister was in the business and introduced me to an agent who took me on, but it was very unfortunate because he didn't know how to build anyone.\"[13]When he left Gilliard's Playhouse, his \"rugged good looks\" landed him a job as a runway and media model. He used modeling to supplement his income because of the lack of receiving a steady pay check generated from movie parts. The period from the late 1940s to the 1950s has been called the \"Golden Age of the Western.\"[14] Johnson returned to the movie business with his first credited role in South of Death Valley, released on August 8, 1949. His next film was the Bandit King of Texas, released on August 29, 1949. He acted in both films using his new Screen moniker of Richard Emory. In 1950, he made three more movies.The Cisco KidAfter her marriage in 1944, Hall's movie career wound down. In 1950, she found work on the television series, The Cisco Kid. She appeared in three episodes of The Cisco Kid, airing on December 19, 1950, January 27, 1951, and September 3, 1951. While Hall was working on The Cisco Kid, her brother was in the initial stages of his budding acting career. Emory also found work in the same television series, although the two never appeared together. Emory acted in episodes aired on December 12, 1950, and January 2, 1951. In 1952, Ellen Hall retired from acting. She was 29 years old.Emory acted in various movie genres, including adventure, comedy, science fiction, Westerns, and musicals. A full third of his artistic output was in the Western genre. These films included Code of the Silver Sage, Gene Autry and the Mounties, Little Big Horn, Hellgate and Perils of the Wilderness. On television, a third of his output was westerns, including roles in \"The Cisco Kid\", \"The Roy Rogers Show\", \"Bat Masterson\", \"The Gene Autry Show\" and \"The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin\".Between 1930 and 1961, Emory acted in thirty-two movies. One-third of his movie output was Westerns. He made ten straight westerns starting in 1949 with South of Death Valley and finishing with Perils of the Wilderness released in January 1956. Richard Emory's last movie was The Sergeant Was a Lady, a comedy released in October 1961. Fourteen of his movie roles were uncredited. During his acting career, he also had thirty-eight television appearances. One-half of those roles were in westerns.Emory was 44 years old when he retired from acting. His final role was playing an intern in the television series \"Perry Mason\". Episode 180 aired on May 9, 1963.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3rdMarriage-16"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012498-17"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012498-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"His third and final Marriage in Los Angeles, California on February 7, 1960, to Ila Irene Ferguson.[16]In 1963, after acting in the Perry Mason episode, he walked away from his acting career at the age of 44. After Johnson retired from acting, he sold insurance and real estate. \"If I thought it was a great house I could sell it,\" Johnson stated, but his wife added, \"He was just as inclined to say 'I don't think you'd like this', so that was that.\"[17]In 1966, Johnson “went to Valley College and worked for ten years in landscape and gardening. “ In 1976, Emory retired from his job at the college at the age of 57. In 1980 they moved to the small community of Jemez Springs, New Mexico. Here Emory enjoyed “working in his garden where he grew yams, various hot chilies, and just loved to garden and grow things.”[17]In the early 1990s they moved to Moab, Utah. The move explains why Johnson is listed on the \"Brief Biographies of Latter Day Saint and Utah Film Personalities\" website. The listing is based on being a Film Personality living in Utah, not necessarily being a member of the LDS church.[18][a]\nEmory Waldemar Johnson died in 1994.[19]","title":"Post career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Johnson was married three times. In 1940, he was living with his mother and two sisters when he turned twenty-one. On October 16, 1940, Johnson registered for the draft, then enlisted in the Marine Corps reserves in November. He was home for Christmas in December 1940.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1950Census-23"},{"link_name":"I Wanted Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanted_Wings"}],"sub_title":"Marriage 1940","text":"Johnson's first marriage was to Elizabeth Catherine Graham of Beverly Hills, California. The wedding had earmarks of a rushed decision to elope. They were married in Yuma, Arizona, on December 27, 1940. Both were 21, celebrated the same birthdate, and traveled 300 miles from Los Angeles to Yuma for a quick marriage.[20] Why get married in Yuma?Getting a marriage license in Arizona was pretty easy compared with other states. In Arizona, there was no waiting period or blood tests. You could get married the same day you apply for your marriage license. Many anxious Californians eloped to Arizona to avoid the California three-day waiting period.[21]Love languished; sometime between April 12, 1949, and April 12, 1950, they divorced. In the 1950 Census, dated April 13, 1950, Johnson claims he was Never Married (Single) and was an unemployed actor. Later in the form, Emory stated he had been married previously and only divorced less than one year. There were no children.[22] After his enlistment and marriage, he still found time to act in the movie, I Wanted Wings. Paramount released the picture on March 26, 1941.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"Pioneertown, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneertown,_California"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry and the Mounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry_and_the_Mounties"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldrup2012495-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Marriage 1952","text":"Emory spent countless hours doing Location shooting in the town of Pioneertown, California. The location was used extensively to stage western productions. Richard met his second wife while on location for the movie Gene Autry and the Mounties released in January 1951.[23]Emory Waldemar Johnson married his second wife, Margaret L. Lafontaine Besancon, in Los Angeles, California, on January 26, 1952. At the time he was 32 and she was 26. There are two entries in the California Department of Health and Welfare for the Johnson 1952 marriage. The first marriage registration was to Margaret Lois Lafontaine. This entry was the women's maiden name.[24] The second entry was to Margaret Lois Besancon.[25] This entry was her married name after her first marriage. In 1945, Margaret Lafontaine, age 19, married Guillaume de Besancon in Yuma, Arizona. He was 20 years old. They had two sons, Michael, born in 1946, and Stephen, born in 1948.When Johnson's marriage to Besancon ended, they had no children of their own. She remarried in 1957.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3rdMarriage-16"}],"sub_title":"Marriage 1960","text":"Emory Waldemar Johnson married his third wife Ila Irene Ferguson in Los Angeles, California, on February 7, 1960. Johnson was 41 and she was also 41.[16] This marriage endured, and they were still married at the time of his death in 1994. She died in Moab, Utah, in 2003.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moab, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"San Mateo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Emory Waldemar Johnson died of a stroke on February 15, 1994, in Moab, Utah. He was 75 years old. Unlike his parents and two siblings, he chose not to be interred with the rest of the family at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in California. Emory had a non-cemetery burial in Utah. The exact location was not disclosed.[26]Emory's father died in San Mateo, California on April 18, 1960 from burns suffered in a fire. He was 66 years old.[27] \nEmory's mother was residing in Los Angeles, California at the time of her death on September 3, 1981. She was 84 years old.[28]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"^ The religious affiliation is not known for many of the individuals listed in this section, but they are listed because they are Utahns or Utah residents (or were previously). Statistically, most of the people for whom no affiliation is identified are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), but many are not. The aim of this section is to provide a broad listing of Utah film industry professionals, as well as film industry professionals who are LDS (Mormon). Many film producers, directors, etc. use this resource to assist them in casting and \"crewing up\" for film productions and finding local individuals with needed specialties and skills.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/books/reader?id=vZNTDwAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT592.w.0.0.0.0.1_12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-62933-165-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62933-165-2"},{"link_name":"Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lj7u9SQmM7sC&pg=PA5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4357-1073-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1073-3"}],"text":"Goldrup, Jim and Tom (2012). The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-62933-165-2. Retrieved January 18, 2023.\nReid, John Howard (2008). Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide. Lulu.com. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-4357-1073-3. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"California Birth Index, 1905-1995\". California Department of Public Health – Vital Records. 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/738607:5247","url_text":"\"California Birth Index, 1905-1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Truckman is Held in Death of Child\". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1926. p. 122 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/380345602/","url_text":"\"Truckman is Held in Death of Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Whispers in the Wings\". The Los Angeles Times. April 24, 1931. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/380613963/","url_text":"\"Whispers in the Wings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emory Johnson Broke\". Variety. March 8, 1932. March 8, 1932. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety105-1932-03#page/n73/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Emory Johnson Broke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Passed by Senate\". Daily News. New York, New York. August 29, 1940. p. 429. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/432068442/?terms=%22Final%20Roll-Calls%22%20on%20Draft%20Bill&match=1","url_text":"\"Draft Passed by Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Passed by Senate cont part 2\". Daily News. New York, New York. August 29, 1940. p. 450. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/432070106/?terms=%22Final%20Roll-Calls%22%20on%20Draft%20Bill","url_text":"\"Draft Passed by Senate cont part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 California Jewell-Jolley Johnson, Dru-Johnson, Ezra\". NARA. 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2238/images/43995_06_00063-01512?pId=18449583","url_text":"\"U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 California Jewell-Jolley Johnson, Dru-Johnson, Ezra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"NARA"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S., Department of Veterans Affairs BIRLS Death File, 1850-2010\". NARA. 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2023. This index contains birth and death dates for more than 14 million veterans and VA beneficiaries who served during the years 1800–2010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/2607138:2441","url_text":"\"U.S., Department of Veterans Affairs BIRLS Death File, 1850-2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"NARA"}]},{"reference":"Gittell, Noah (June 17, 2014). \"Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys\". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/","url_text":"\"Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Case of the Potted Planter\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perrymasontvseries.com/database/actorpage.php?actorid=539","url_text":"\"The Case of the Potted Planter\""}]},{"reference":"\"California, U.S., Marriage Index, 1960-1985\". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2023. Marriage Johnson - Ferguson February 7, 1960, Los Angeles, California","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1144/images/vrmusaca1960_0030_02_d-0019?pId=2331156","url_text":"\"California, U.S., Marriage Index, 1960-1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Biographies of Latter-day Saint and/or Utah Film Personalities\". ldsfilm.com. Mormon films/ LDS films/ Mormon Cinema/ LDS filmmakers /Mormon movies/ films by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. June 6, 2002. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ldsfilm.com/bio/bioE.html","url_text":"\"Brief Biographies of Latter-day Saint and/or Utah Film Personalities\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007\". NARA. 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/31613283:60901","url_text":"\"U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"NARA"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage Applications, 1940 - 1941\". Arizona, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1865-1972 Index. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Graham December 27, 1940, Yuma AZ","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/60873/images/40657_542188-00949?pId=417901","url_text":"\"Marriage Applications, 1940 - 1941\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gin marriage Law Attacked\". Santa Ana Register (Santa Ana, California). Santa Ana, California. January 6, 1940. p. 12. Retrieved December 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/77208120/","url_text":"\"Gin marriage Law Attacked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1950 Seventeenth Census United States Federal Census\". NARA. 2002. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/62308/images/43290879-California-082996-0042?pId=261346969","url_text":"\"1950 Seventeenth Census United States Federal Census\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"NARA"}]},{"reference":"\"California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952\". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2013. p. 258. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Lafontaine Jan 26,1952 Los Angeles, California","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/5186/images/CA___MG952JOHNSO-0?pId=45753","url_text":"\"California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952\". California Department of Health and Welfare. California Vital Records. 2013. p. 258. Retrieved December 10, 2022. Marriage Johnson - Besancon Jan 26, 1952, Los Angeles, California","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/5186/images/CA___MG952JOHNSO-0?pId=45752","url_text":"\"California, Marriage Index, 1949-1959; year 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Emory; Acted in Movie, TV Westerns\". Los Angeles Times. March 5, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-05/news/mn-30170_1_richard-emory","url_text":"\"Richard Emory; Acted in Movie, TV Westerns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneer Film Director Dies\". The Times (San Mateo). April 19, 1960. p. 19 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/51717019","url_text":"\"Pioneer Film Director Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"California, U.S., Death Index, 1940-1997\". California Department of Public Health – Vital Records. 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/2991211:5180","url_text":"\"California, U.S., Death Index, 1940-1997\""}]},{"reference":"Goldrup, Jim and Tom (2012). The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-62933-165-2. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=vZNTDwAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PT592.w.0.0.0.0.1_12","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62933-165-2","url_text":"978-1-62933-165-2"}]},{"reference":"Reid, John Howard (2008). Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide. Lulu.com. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-4357-1073-3. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lj7u9SQmM7sC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1073-3","url_text":"978-1-4357-1073-3"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_jaam

Tallinn Baltic Station

[]

Coordinates: 59°26′23.82″N 24°44′13.74″E / 59.4399500°N 24.7371500°E / 59.4399500; 24.7371500The main railway station of Tallinn, Estonia For other uses of "Baltic Station", see Baltic Station (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian. (July 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|et|Balti jaam}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Tallinn Baltic StationBalti jaamrailway terminusGeneral informationLocationToompuiestee 3710133 TallinnEstoniaCoordinates59°26′23.82″N 24°44′13.74″E / 59.4399500°N 24.7371500°E / 59.4399500; 24.7371500Owned byGo GroupOperated byGo GroupLine(s)  Elron Tallinn-Tartu-Valga   Elron Tallinn-Tartu-Koidula   Elron Tallinn-Narva   Elron Tallinn-Viljandi   Elron Tallinn-Aegviidu   Elron Tallinn-Turba/PaldiskiPlatforms7Tracks12Train operatorsElronConnectionsBus  21   21B   41   41B   43   59  Trolleybus  4   5  Tram  1   2   6 ConstructionStructure typeat-gradeHistoryOpened1870Rebuilt1960-1966Electrified1924 3 kV DC OHLELocationBaltic StationLocation within EstoniaShow map of EstoniaBaltic StationBaltic Station (Harju County)Show map of Harju CountyBaltic StationBaltic Station (Tallinn)Show map of Tallinn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balti jaam. Baltic Station (Estonian: Balti jaam) is the main railway station in Tallinn, Estonia, and the largest railway station in Estonia. All local commuter, long-distance and international trains depart from the station. Balti jaam is located in central Tallinn, and is situated immediately northwest of the city's Old town (Estonian: Tallinna vanalinn). It stands close to a large market called the Baltic Station Market (Balti Jaama Turg). The first station opened in 1870 when a railway line connecting Saint Petersburg with Paldiski via Tallinn was opened. The station was completely reconstructed between 1960–1966, and in 2005, the station building was completely renewed. History The first railway station in Tallinn was built at the end of the 1860s as part of a 400 km (250 mi) long Saint Petersburg-Tallinn-Paldiski railway line. The first main building was completed in 1870. It was a two-storey building constructed from limestone with tower-like extrusions. During the 1 December 1924 communist coup d'état attempt in Estonia, Karl Kark, the then Minister of Transportation was assassinated by gunshot by pro-Soviet insurgents at the Tallinn Baltic Station. During World War II in 1941, the station building was set on fire by the Soviet Red Army. Shortly after the war, in 1945, the building was partially renovated. During 1960–1966, the station was completely reconstructed. Since the 1990s, the commuter trains 20x20m waiting pavilion has been used as a market. In 2005, the station building was completely renewed and Hotel Shnelli and the headquarters of Estonian Railways (Eesti Raudtee) were completed nearby. Layout The station has seven platforms, of which two are situated apart from the rest and have been serving the international Tallinn–Moscow and Tallinn–Saint Petersburg routes performed by GoRail, and Elron's long-distance route to Viljandi. Platforms closer to the station building are mostly used by the commuter trains or long-distance routes to Tartu or Narva. Gallery Old station (1910) Exterior Exterior Platforms Interior (2009) Trolleybus (2015) Locomotive L-2317 See also List of railway stations in Estonia Rail transport in Estonia Public transport in Tallinn Ülemiste railway station References ^ "Network and Stations". Elron. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ "Ohutud liikumisteed Tapa-Tallinn" (in Estonian). Eesti Raudtee. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. ^ "About Estonian Railways - History". Eesti Raudtee. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. ^ "1924 | Meie parlament ja aeg". meieparlamentjaaeg.nlib.ee. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ Arpo, Martin (1 December 2004). "Detsembrimäss 80 aastat tagasi". Postimees. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Tallinn Encyclopedia (part I), 2004. Page 30. ISBN 9985-70-168-2. External links Official website Preceding station Elron Following station Terminus Tallinn–Tartu–Valga Kitsekülatowards Valga Tallinn–Tartu–Koidula Kitsekülatowards Koidula Tallinn–Narva Kitsekülatowards Narva Tallinn–Aegviidu Kitsekülatowards Aegviidu Tallinn–Viljandi Tallinn-Väiketowards Viljandi Tallinn–Turba/Paldiski Lillekülatowards Turba or Paldiski vte Tallinn landmarksBuildings and structures Toompea Castle Town Hall Old Thomas Kiek in de Kök St Mary's Cathedral St. Olaf's church St. Nicholas Church Church of the Holy Ghost Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Saint Catherine's Monastery Town Hall Pharmacy Great Guild Pikk Hermann tower Knighthood House Stenbock House Kadriorg Palace Presidential Palace Pirita Monastery Glehn Castle (Tallinn Observatory) Maarjamäe Manor Maarjamäe Memorial TV Tower Linnahall Patarei Sea Fortress-Prison Independence War Victory Column Bronze Soldier Charles Leroux Monument Russalka Memorial Raekoja plats Freedom Square Walls of Tallinn House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads Tallinn Synagogue Precincts Historic Centre (Toompea Hill) Kadriorg Kalamaja Nature and parks Tallinn Zoo Tallinn Botanic Garden Lake Ülemiste Lake Harku Pirita River Aegna island Kadriorg Park Danish King's Garden Kanuti Garden Kuberneri Garden Komandandi Garden Toompark Hirvepark Harjumägi Lindamägi Tammsaare Park Police Garden Löwenruh Park Glehn Park Jüriöö Park Pae Park Lillepi Park Kakumäe Coastal Park Kopli cemetery Kalamaja cemetery Metsakalmistu Beaches Pirita Beach Stroomi Beach Kakumäe Beach Harku Beach Pikakari Beach CultureMuseums and galleries Kumu (Art Museum of Estonia main branch) Mikkel Museum Estonian Open Air Museum (Kolu kõrts) Estonian Maritime Museum (Seaplane Harbour) Estonian Firefighting Museum Estonian History Museum Estonian Museum of Natural History Estonian Health Museum Estonian Theatre and Music Museum Museum of Estonian Architecture Museum of Occupations Theatres Estonia Theatre Estonian Drama Theatre Theatre NO99 Russian Theatre Estonian Puppet Theatre Tallinn City Theatre Von Krahl Theatre Other National Library of Estonia Song Festival Grounds Culture Factory Polymer Science and education Tallinn University Tallinn University of Technology Estonian Academy of Arts Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre Estonian Academy of Security Sciences Estonian Maritime Academy Tallinn University of Applied Sciences Estonian Business School Estonian Academy of Sciences Sports Pirita Yachting Centre A. Le Coq Arena Kadriorg Stadium Kalevi Keskstaadion Unibet Arena Kalev Sports Hall Tondiraba Ice Hall Pirita Velodrome Mustamäe Ski Jumping Hill Tallinn Hippodrome Pirita-Kose-Kloostrimetsa Circuit Transportation Port of Tallinn Old City Harbour Paljassaare Harbour Bekker Port Tallinn Airport Tallinn Baltic Station Tallinn bus station Tallinna Linnatranspordi AS Events Estonian Song Festival Estonian Dance Festival Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival Tallinn Old Town Days Tallinn Marathon Tallinn Music Week Tallinn Christmas Market Õllesummer Tallinn Legends

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It stands close to a large market called the Baltic Station Market (Balti Jaama Turg).The first station opened in 1870 when a railway line connecting Saint Petersburg with Paldiski via Tallinn was opened.[3] The station was completely reconstructed between 1960–1966, and in 2005, the station building was completely renewed.","title":"Tallinn Baltic Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paldiski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paldiski"},{"link_name":"communist coup d'état attempt in Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Estonian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Karl Kark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlib.ee-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kark-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Estonian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_Raudtee"}],"text":"The first railway station in Tallinn was built at the end of the 1860s as part of a 400 km (250 mi) long Saint Petersburg-Tallinn-Paldiski railway line. The first main building was completed in 1870. It was a two-storey building constructed from limestone with tower-like extrusions.During the 1 December 1924 communist coup d'état attempt in Estonia, Karl Kark, the then Minister of Transportation[4] was assassinated by gunshot by pro-Soviet insurgents at the Tallinn Baltic Station.[5]During World War II in 1941, the station building was set on fire by the Soviet Red Army. Shortly after the war, in 1945, the building was partially renovated. During 1960–1966, the station was completely reconstructed. Since the 1990s, the commuter trains 20x20m waiting pavilion has been used as a market. In 2005, the station building was completely renewed and Hotel Shnelli and the headquarters of Estonian Railways (Eesti Raudtee) were completed nearby.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"GoRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoRail"},{"link_name":"Elron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elron_(rail_transit)"},{"link_name":"Viljandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljandi"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva"}],"text":"The station has seven platforms, of which two are situated apart from the rest and have been serving the international Tallinn–Moscow and Tallinn–Saint Petersburg routes performed by GoRail, and Elron's long-distance route to Viljandi. Platforms closer to the station building are mostly used by the commuter trains or long-distance routes to Tartu or Narva.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TLA_1465_1_2530_Tallinn-Reval_P%C3%B5hja-%C3%B5htu-_(Balti)_raudtee_waksal_1910_postkaart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balti_jaam_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn-Train-Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balti_jaam.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balti_jaam_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solaris_Trollino_12_Tallinn_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locomotive,_tallinn.jpg"}],"text":"Old station (1910)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlatforms\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior (2009)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrolleybus (2015)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLocomotive L-2317","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team

Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team

["1 History","2 Statistics","3 Tournament record","3.1 Olympic Games","3.2 World Championship","3.3 Summit Series","3.4 Canada Cup","3.5 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous vs. NHL All-Stars","3.6 Other tournaments","4 Team","4.1 Notable players","4.2 Amateur status of players","4.3 Coaching history","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]

Former men's national ice hockey team representing the Soviet Union "The Red Machine" redirects here. For other uses, see Red Machine. Soviet UnionNickname(s)Красная Машина(The Red Machine)Most gamesAlexander Maltsev (321)Top scorerAlexander Maltsev (213)Most pointsSergei Makarov (248)IIHF codeURSFirst international Soviet Union 23–2 East Germany (East Berlin, East Germany; 22 April 1951)Biggest win Soviet Union 28–2 Italy (Colorado Springs, United States; 26 December 1967)Biggest defeat Canada 8–2 Soviet Union (Ottawa, Canada; 9 January 1968)  Czechoslovakia 9–3 Soviet Union (Prague, Czechoslovakia; 21 March 1975)IIHF World ChampionshipsAppearances32 (first in 1954)Best result Gold: 22 (1954, 1956, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990)Canada CupAppearances5 (first in 1976)Best result Winner: (1981)OlympicsAppearances9 (first in 1956)Medals Gold: 7 (1956, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984, 1988) Silver 1 (1980) Bronze 1 (1960)International record (W–L–T)738–110–65 Medal record Representing  Soviet Union Olympic Games 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1980 Lake Placid 1960 Squaw Valley Canada Cup 1981 Canada 1987 Canada 1976 Canada 1984 Canada World Championship 1954 Sweden 1963 Sweden 1965 Finland 1966 Yugoslavia 1967 Austria 1968 France 1969 Sweden 1970 Sweden 1971 Switzerland 1973 Soviet Union 1974 Finland 1975 West Germany 1978 Czechoslovakia 1979 Soviet Union 1981 Sweden 1982 Finland 1983 West Germany 1986 Soviet Union 1989 Sweden 1990 Switzerland 1955 West Germany 1957 Soviet Union 1958 Norway 1959 Czechoslovakia 1972 Czechoslovakia 1976 Poland 1987 Austria 1961 Switzerland 1977 Austria 1985 Czechoslovakia 1991 Finland The Soviet national ice hockey team was the national men's ice hockey team of the Soviet Union. From 1954, the team won at least one medal each year at either the Ice Hockey World Championships or the Olympic hockey tournament. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet team competed as the CIS team (part of the Unified Team) at the 1992 Winter Olympics. After the Olympics, the CIS team ceased to exist and was replaced by Russia at the 1992 World Championship. Other former Soviet republics (Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine) established their own national teams later that year. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia. The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C. The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six: goalie Vladislav Tretiak, defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008. History Vsevolod Bobrov during the 1956 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Olympics. Ice hockey was not properly introduced into the Soviet Union until the 1940s, though bandy, a similar game played on a larger ice field, had long been popular in the country. It was during a tour of FC Dynamo Moscow of the United Kingdom in 1945 that Soviet officials first got the idea of establishing an ice hockey program. They watched several exhibition matches in London, and National Hockey League President Clarence Campbell would later say that "This was the time when the Russians got the idea for their hockey team. The Russian soccer players were more interested in watching Canadian players play hockey than in soccer." The Soviet Championship League was established in 1946, and the national team was formed shortly after, playing their first matches in a series of exhibitions against LTC Praha in 1948. The Soviets planned to send a team to the 1953 World Championships, but due to an injury to Vsevolod Bobrov, one of their star players, officials decided against going. They would make their debut at the 1954 World Championships instead. Largely unknown to the larger hockey world, the team surprised many by winning the gold medal, defeating Canada in the final game. The Soviets played their first exhibition tour in Canada in 1957, which perpetuated a rivalry between the countries. Throughout the rest of the 1950s the World Championships were largely contested between Canada and the Soviet Union. That changed in the early 1960s. Canada won the gold in 1961, and after missing the 1962 tournament due to political issues, the Soviets would win the gold medal every year until 1972. They faced perhaps their greatest upset at the 1976 World Championships; in their opening match against host Poland, the Soviets were defeated 6–4. In 1972 the Soviets played Canada in an exhibition series that saw the Soviet national team play a team composed of National Hockey League (NHL) players for the first time. Both the Olympics and World Championships did not allow professionals, so the best Canadian players were never able to compete against the Soviets, and in protest at this Canada had left international hockey in 1970. This series, known as the Summit Series, was a chance to see how the NHL players would fare. In eight games (four in Canada, four in the USSR), the teams were close, and it took until the final 34 seconds of the eighth game for Canada to win the series, four games to three, with one tie. At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the Soviets also had one of their most notable losses. Playing the United States in the medal round, the Soviets lost 4–3. This match, later dubbed the Miracle on Ice, was notable because it had the Soviets, recognized as the top international team in the world, against an American team composed largely of university-level players. The Americans would go on to win the gold medal in the tournament, while the Soviets finished with the silver, only the second time they failed to win gold at the Olympics since their debut in 1956. The reforms of the 1980s in the Soviet Union had a detrimental effect on the national team. No longer afraid to speak out against their treatment, players like Viacheslav Fetisov and Igor Larionov openly critiqued the management style of their coach, Viktor Tikhonov, which included being secluded in a military-style barracks for eleven months of the year. They also sought the chance to move to North America and play in the NHL, though the authorities were reluctant to allow this. Negotiations with the NHL began in the late 1980s over this, and in 1989 several players, including both Fetisov and Larionov, were permitted to leave the Soviet Union and join NHL teams. Yuri Korolev was head of the research group for the national men's team from 1964 to 1992, and contributed to the team winning seventeen Ice Hockey World Championships and seven Winter Olympic Games gold medals. Journalist Vsevolod Kukushkin traveled with the national team as both a reporter and an English to Russian translator. He had access to the team's locker room and the opportunity to speak directly with the players and be part of their daily life. In his 2016 book The Red Machine, Kukushkin reported that the nickname for the Soviet national team came into usage during the 1983 Super Series, when a headline in a Minneapolis newspaper headline read "The Red Machine rolled down on us". Statistics Leading scorers (Olympics, World Championships, Canada Cups, 1972 Summit Series) Sergei Makarov – 248 points Aleksandr Maltsev – 213+ points Valeri Kharlamov – 199 points Boris Mikhailov – 180 points Vladimir Petrov – 176 points Tournament record Olympic Games See also: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games Games GP W L T GF GA Coach Captain Finish 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 7 7 0 0 40 9 Arkady Chernyshev Vsevolod Bobrov  Gold 1960 Squaw Valley 7 4 2 1 40 23 Anatoli Tarasov Nikolai Sologubov  Bronze 1964 Innsbruck 8 8 0 0 73 11 Arkady Chernyshev Boris Mayorov  Gold 1968 Grenoble 7 6 1 0 48 10 Arkady Chernyshev Boris Mayorov  Gold 1972 Sapporo 5 4 0 1 33 13 Arkady Chernyshev Viktor Kuzkin  Gold 1976 Innsbruck 6 6 0 0 56 14 Boris Kulagin Boris Mikhailov  Gold 1980 Lake Placid 7 6 1 0 63 17 Viktor Tikhonov Boris Mikhailov  Silver 1984 Sarajevo 7 7 0 0 48 5 Viktor Tikhonov Viacheslav Fetisov  Gold 1988 Calgary 8 7 1 0 45 13 Viktor Tikhonov Viacheslav Fetisov  Gold 1992 Albertville As Unified Team 1994 – present Since 1994 Soviet Union and Unified Team have been succeeded by  Russia World Championship 75th anniversary Russian postage stamp Year Location Result 1954 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold 1955 Krefeld / Dortmund / Cologne, West Germany  Silver 1957 Moscow,  Soviet Union Silver 1958 Oslo,  Norway Silver 1959 Prague / Bratislava,  Czechoslovakia Silver 1961 Geneva / Lausanne,   Switzerland Bronze 1963 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold 1965 Tampere,  Finland Gold 1966 Ljubljana,  Yugoslavia Gold 1967 Vienna,  Austria Gold 1968 Grenoble,  France Gold 1969 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold 1970 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold 1971 Bern / Geneva,   Switzerland Gold 1972 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Silver 1973 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold 1974 Helsinki,  Finland Gold 1975 Munich / Düsseldorf,  West Germany Gold 1976 Katowice,  Poland Silver 1977 Vienna,  Austria Bronze 1978 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Gold 1979 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold 1981 Gothenburg / Stockholm,  Sweden Gold 1982 Helsinki / Tampere,  Finland Gold 1983 Düsseldorf / Dortmund / Munich, West Germany  Gold 1985 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Bronze 1986 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold 1987 Vienna,  Austria Silver 1989 Stockholm / Södertälje,  Sweden Gold 1990 Bern / Fribourg,   Switzerland Gold 1991 Turku / Helsinki / Tampere,  Finland Bronze Summit Series 1972 – Lost to Canada 1974 – Won series against Canada Canada Cup 1976 – Finished in 3rd place 1981 – Won championship 1984 – Lost semifinal 1987 – Lost final 1991 – Finished in 5th place Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous vs. NHL All-Stars 1979 – Won series 1987 – Tied series Other tournaments Deutschland Cup: Gold medal (1988, 1991) Nissan Cup: Gold medal (1990) Team Notable players Leading forwards (1970s) Yevgeny Babich Helmuts Balderis Vsevolod Bobrov Vyacheslav Bykov Vitaly Davydov Vyacheslav Fetisov Anatoli Firsov Valeri Kamensky Sergei Kapustin Alexei Kasatonov Valeri Kharlamov Vladimir Krutov Alfred Kuchevsky Igor Larionov Sergei Makarov Alexander Maltsev Boris Mikhailov Vladimir Petrov Alexander Ragulin Vyacheslav Starshinov Vladislav Tretiak Valeri Vasiliev Alexander Yakushev Yevgeni Zimin Viktor Zinger Amateur status of players Until 1977, professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship, and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics. However, the Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were primarily full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (aircraft industry, food workers, tractor industry) or organization (KGB, Red Army, Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours social sports society hockey team for their workers in order to keep their amateur status. By the 1970s, several national hockey federations, such as Canada, protested the use of the amateur status for players of Eastern Bloc teams and even withdrew from the 1972 and 1976 Winter Games in protest. Coaching history Years Coach Achievements 1953 Anatoli Tarasov 1953–1957 Arkady Chernyshev 1 Olympic gold medal, 2 World Championship gold medals, 2 World Championship silver medals 1958–1960 Anatoli Tarasov 1 Olympic bronze medal, 2 World Championship silver medals 1961–1972 Arkady Chernyshev 3 Olympic gold medals, 9 World Championship gold medals, 1 World Championship silver medal, 1 World Championship bronze medal 1972–1974 Vsevolod Bobrov 2 World Championship gold medals 1974–1977 Boris Kulagin 1 Olympic gold medal, 1 World Championship gold medal, 1 World Championship silver medal, 1 World Championship bronze medal 1977–1991 Viktor Tikhonov 2 Olympic gold medals, 1 Olympic silver medal, 8 World Championship gold medals, 2 World Championship silver medals, 2 World Championship bronze medals See also Russia national ice hockey team CIS national ice hockey team Notes ^ Russian: Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой, romanized: Sbornaya SSSR po khokkeyu s shayboy References ^ IIHF (2008). "Who are the best six of all time?". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ Martin, Lawrence (1990). The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. pp. 25–26. ^ Martin. The Red Machine. pp. 31–32. ^ Martin. The Red Machine. p. 34. ^ IIHF (2008). "Soviets hammer Canada, win gold at their first Worlds". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ "Red Pucksters To Tour Canada". Medicine Hat News. Medicine Hat, Alberta. 26 August 1957. p. 7. ^ IIHF (2008). "1972 – Soviet streak of nine straight World golds ends". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ IIHF (2008). "Poland scores biggest shocker in World Championship history". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ MacSkimming, Roy (1996). Cold War: The Amazing Canada-Soviet Hockey Series of 1972. Greystone Books. ^ Coffey, Wayne (2005). The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team. New York City: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9781400047659. ^ "Yuri Korolev (RUS)". International Ice Hockey Federation. 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ Podnieks, Andrew (15 May 2011). "IIHF Hall of Fame welcomes six: Ceremonies also include Loicq winner Yuri Korolev". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ "Всеволод Кукушкин: "У каждого игрока есть свое место в истории хоккея"". chitaem-vmeste.ru (in Russian). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ Lysenkov, Pavel (4 May 2016). "Russian Hall of Fame: The house where the Big Red Machine lives". 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ IIHF (2008). "PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY". IIHF.com. Retrieved 25 August 2017. ^ Coffey, p. 59 ^ "How the Russians break the Olympic rules". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 April 1980. Retrieved 6 December 2018. ^ "What the Olympic hockey tournament looked like before NHL participation". The Daily Hive. 3 April 2017. Bibliography Martin, Lawrence (1990), The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 0-385-25272-2 Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2008), World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF, Key Porter Books, ISBN 978-1-55168-307-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soviet Union national ice hockey team. Hockey CCCP International Soviet Union national ice hockey team (in Russian) 1972 Summit Series.com Canada Versus the Soviet Union (1972–1987) The Hockey Almanac vteIce hockey in RussiaIce Hockey Federation of RussiaNational teamsMen Men U-20 Men U-18 Men Women Women U-18 Women Active leaguesMen Kontinental Hockey League Supreme Hockey League Supreme Hockey League B Women Women's Hockey League Junior Junior Hockey League National Junior Hockey League Defunct leagues International Hockey League Superleague Russian Major League Second League Statistics List of Soviet and Russian ice hockey champions List of scoring champions List of goal scoring champions See also Soviet Hockey Championship Soviet national team MVPs in the Soviet era IIHF CHL Victoria Cup World Cup of Hockey Euro Hockey Tour PSK Sakhalin Red Army vteMen's national ice hockey teamsAfrica Algeria* EgyptN Morocco* South Africa Tunisia* Americas Argentina* Brazil* Canada Chile** Colombia* HaitiN Jamaica* Mexico Puerto Rico* United States VenezuelaN Asia andOceania Australia BahrainN China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia* Iran* Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon* Macau* Malaysia Mongolia New Zealand North Korea Oman* Philippines Qatar* Saudi ArabiaN Singapore South Korea Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan* Europe Andorra* Armenia* Azerbaijan* Austria Belarus† Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece* Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein* Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands North Macedonia* Norway Poland Portugal* Romania Russia† Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Former teams Basque Country Bohemia Catalonia Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Germany England Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Team Europe Team North America * IIHF associate members ** IIHF affiliate members † IIHF suspended members N Not an IIHF member vte National sports teams of the Soviet Union Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics Universiade Badminton Bandy M M-U17 M-U19 M-U23 W Basketball M M-U19 M-U16 W W-U19 W-U16 Field hockey M W Football M M U-23 M U-21 M U-20 M U-18 M U-16 W Gymnastics Handball M W Ice hockey M M U-20 M U-18 Rugby union M W Softball Speedway M Tennis M W X Volleyball M M-U21 M-U19 W W-U20 W-U18 Water Polo M Category vteOlympic Champions in Ice hockey – Men's tournamentList of Olympic medalists 1920:  Canada 1924:  Canada 1928:  Canada 1932:  Canada 1936:  Great Britain 1948:  Canada 1952:  Canada 1956:  Soviet Union 1960:  United States 1964:  Soviet Union 1968:  Soviet Union 1972:  Soviet Union 1976:  Soviet Union 1980:  United States 1984:  Soviet Union 1988:  Soviet Union 1992: Unified Team 1994:  Sweden 1998:  Czech Republic 2002:  Canada 2006:  Sweden 2010:  Canada 2014:  Canada 2018: Olympic Athletes from Russia 2022:  Finland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Machine_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Olympic hockey tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"its dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"CIS team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIS_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1992 World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"former Soviet republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"International Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey Federation of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_Federation_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"IIHF Centennial All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_Centennial_All-Star_Team"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Tretiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Tretiak"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Fetisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Fetisov"},{"link_name":"Valeri Kharlamov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kharlamov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Makarov_(ice_hockey,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"The Red Machine\" redirects here. For other uses, see Red Machine.The Soviet national ice hockey team[a] was the national men's ice hockey team of the Soviet Union. From 1954, the team won at least one medal each year at either the Ice Hockey World Championships or the Olympic hockey tournament.After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet team competed as the CIS team (part of the Unified Team) at the 1992 Winter Olympics. After the Olympics, the CIS team ceased to exist and was replaced by Russia at the 1992 World Championship. Other former Soviet republics (Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine) established their own national teams later that year. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia. The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C.The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six: goalie Vladislav Tretiak, defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008.[1]","title":"Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vsevolod_bobrov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Bobrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Bobrov"},{"link_name":"1956 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"FC Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Clarence Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet Championship League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Championship_League"},{"link_name":"LTC Praha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTC_Praha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1953 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Bobrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Bobrov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1954 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"1962 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1976 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Summit Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Miracle on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Viacheslav Fetisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Fetisov"},{"link_name":"Igor Larionov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Larionov"},{"link_name":"Viktor Tikhonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Tikhonov_(ice_hockey,_born_1930)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yuri Korolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Korolev_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Kukushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Kukushkin"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Super Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Vsevolod Bobrov during the 1956 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Olympics.Ice hockey was not properly introduced into the Soviet Union until the 1940s, though bandy, a similar game played on a larger ice field, had long been popular in the country. It was during a tour of FC Dynamo Moscow of the United Kingdom in 1945 that Soviet officials first got the idea of establishing an ice hockey program. They watched several exhibition matches in London, and National Hockey League President Clarence Campbell would later say that \"This was the time when the Russians got the idea for their hockey team. The Russian soccer players were more interested in watching Canadian players play hockey than in soccer.\"[2] The Soviet Championship League was established in 1946, and the national team was formed shortly after, playing their first matches in a series of exhibitions against LTC Praha in 1948.[3]The Soviets planned to send a team to the 1953 World Championships, but due to an injury to Vsevolod Bobrov, one of their star players, officials decided against going.[4] They would make their debut at the 1954 World Championships instead. Largely unknown to the larger hockey world, the team surprised many by winning the gold medal, defeating Canada in the final game.[5]The Soviets played their first exhibition tour in Canada in 1957, which perpetuated a rivalry between the countries.[6] Throughout the rest of the 1950s the World Championships were largely contested between Canada and the Soviet Union. That changed in the early 1960s. Canada won the gold in 1961, and after missing the 1962 tournament due to political issues, the Soviets would win the gold medal every year until 1972.[7] They faced perhaps their greatest upset at the 1976 World Championships; in their opening match against host Poland, the Soviets were defeated 6–4.[8]In 1972 the Soviets played Canada in an exhibition series that saw the Soviet national team play a team composed of National Hockey League (NHL) players for the first time. Both the Olympics and World Championships did not allow professionals, so the best Canadian players were never able to compete against the Soviets, and in protest at this Canada had left international hockey in 1970. This series, known as the Summit Series, was a chance to see how the NHL players would fare. In eight games (four in Canada, four in the USSR), the teams were close, and it took until the final 34 seconds of the eighth game for Canada to win the series, four games to three, with one tie.[9]At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the Soviets also had one of their most notable losses. Playing the United States in the medal round, the Soviets lost 4–3. This match, later dubbed the Miracle on Ice, was notable because it had the Soviets, recognized as the top international team in the world, against an American team composed largely of university-level players. The Americans would go on to win the gold medal in the tournament, while the Soviets finished with the silver, only the second time they failed to win gold at the Olympics since their debut in 1956.[10]The reforms of the 1980s in the Soviet Union had a detrimental effect on the national team. No longer afraid to speak out against their treatment, players like Viacheslav Fetisov and Igor Larionov openly critiqued the management style of their coach, Viktor Tikhonov, which included being secluded in a military-style barracks for eleven months of the year. They also sought the chance to move to North America and play in the NHL, though the authorities were reluctant to allow this. Negotiations with the NHL began in the late 1980s over this, and in 1989 several players, including both Fetisov and Larionov, were permitted to leave the Soviet Union and join NHL teams.[citation needed]Yuri Korolev was head of the research group for the national men's team from 1964 to 1992, and contributed to the team winning seventeen Ice Hockey World Championships and seven Winter Olympic Games gold medals.[11][12]Journalist Vsevolod Kukushkin traveled with the national team as both a reporter and an English to Russian translator. He had access to the team's locker room and the opportunity to speak directly with the players and be part of their daily life.[13] In his 2016 book The Red Machine, Kukushkin reported that the nickname for the Soviet national team came into usage during the 1983 Super Series, when a headline in a Minneapolis newspaper headline read \"The Red Machine rolled down on us\".[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Canada Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"1972 Summit Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summit_Series"},{"link_name":"Sergei Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mikhaylovich_Makarov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Maltsev"},{"link_name":"Valeri Kharlamov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kharlamov"},{"link_name":"Boris Mikhailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Mikhailov_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vladimirovich_Petrov"}],"text":"Leading scorers (Olympics, World Championships, Canada Cups, 1972 Summit Series)Sergei Makarov – 248 points\nAleksandr Maltsev – 213+ points\nValeri Kharlamov – 199 points\nBoris Mikhailov – 180 points\nVladimir Petrov – 176 points","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ice hockey at the Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"See also: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_2021_%E2%84%96_2851.jpg"}],"sub_title":"World Championship","text":"75th anniversary Russian postage stamp","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Series"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Summit_Series"}],"sub_title":"Summit Series","text":"1972 – Lost to Canada\n1974 – Won series against Canada","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Canada_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Canada Cup","text":"1976 – Finished in 3rd place\n1981 – Won championship\n1984 – Lost semifinal\n1987 – Lost final\n1991 – Finished in 5th place","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Challenge_Cup_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendez-vous_%2787"}],"sub_title":"Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous vs. NHL All-Stars","text":"1979 – Won series\n1987 – Tied series","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutschland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_Cup"},{"link_name":"Nissan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Other tournaments","text":"Deutschland Cup: Gold medal (1988, 1991)\nNissan Cup: Gold medal (1990)","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Mikhailov_(ice_hockey)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vladimirovich_Petrov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kharlamov"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Babich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Babich"},{"link_name":"Helmuts Balderis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuts_Balderis"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Bobrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Bobrov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Bykov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Bykov"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Davydov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Davydov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Fetisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Fetisov"},{"link_name":"Anatoli Firsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Firsov"},{"link_name":"Valeri Kamensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kamensky"},{"link_name":"Sergei Kapustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Kapustin"},{"link_name":"Alexei Kasatonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kasatonov"},{"link_name":"Valeri Kharlamov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kharlamov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Krutov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Krutov"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kuchevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kuchevsky"},{"link_name":"Igor Larionov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Larionov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mikhaylovich_Makarov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Maltsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Maltsev"},{"link_name":"Boris Mikhailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Mikhailov_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vladimirovich_Petrov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ragulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ragulin"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Starshinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Starshinov"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Tretiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Tretiak"},{"link_name":"Valeri Vasiliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Vasiliev"},{"link_name":"Alexander Yakushev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yakushev"},{"link_name":"Yevgeni Zimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeni_Zimin"},{"link_name":"Viktor Zinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Zinger"}],"sub_title":"Notable players","text":"Leading forwards (1970s)Yevgeny Babich\nHelmuts Balderis\nVsevolod Bobrov\nVyacheslav Bykov\nVitaly Davydov\nVyacheslav Fetisov\nAnatoli Firsov\nValeri Kamensky\nSergei Kapustin\nAlexei Kasatonov\nValeri Kharlamov\nVladimir Krutov\nAlfred Kuchevsky\nIgor Larionov\nSergei Makarov\nAlexander Maltsev\nBoris Mikhailov\nVladimir Petrov\nAlexander Ragulin\nVyacheslav Starshinov\nVladislav Tretiak\nValeri Vasiliev\nAlexander Yakushev\nYevgeni Zimin\nViktor Zinger","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylya_Sovetov_Moscow"},{"link_name":"food workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"tractor industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktor_Chelyabinsk"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVS_Moscow"},{"link_name":"social sports society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Amateur status of players","text":"Until 1977, professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship, and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics. However, the Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were primarily full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (aircraft industry, food workers, tractor industry) or organization (KGB, Red Army, Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours social sports society hockey team for their workers in order to keep their amateur status.[15][16][17] By the 1970s, several national hockey federations, such as Canada, protested the use of the amateur status for players of Eastern Bloc teams and even withdrew from the 1972 and 1976 Winter Games in protest.[18]","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching history","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"}],"text":"^ Russian: Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой, romanized: Sbornaya SSSR po khokkeyu s shayboy","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin, Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-25272-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-25272-2"},{"link_name":"Podnieks, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55168-307-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55168-307-2"}],"text":"Martin, Lawrence (1990), The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 0-385-25272-2\nPodnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2008), World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF, Key Porter Books, ISBN 978-1-55168-307-2","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Vsevolod Bobrov during the 1956 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vsevolod_bobrov.jpg/220px-Vsevolod_bobrov.jpg"},{"image_text":"75th anniversary Russian postage stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russia_stamp_2021_%E2%84%96_2851.jpg/350px-Russia_stamp_2021_%E2%84%96_2851.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Russia national ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"title":"CIS national ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIS_national_ice_hockey_team"}]

[{"reference":"IIHF (2008). \"Who are the best six of all time?\". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/centennial-all-star-team/","url_text":"\"Who are the best six of all time?\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lawrence (1990). The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. pp. 25–26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(journalist)","url_text":"Martin, Lawrence"}]},{"reference":"Martin. The Red Machine. pp. 31–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin. The Red Machine. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"IIHF (2008). \"Soviets hammer Canada, win gold at their first Worlds\". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-4/","url_text":"\"Soviets hammer Canada, win gold at their first Worlds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Pucksters To Tour Canada\". Medicine Hat News. Medicine Hat, Alberta. 26 August 1957. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-26-1957-1562362/","url_text":"\"Red Pucksters To Tour Canada\""}]},{"reference":"IIHF (2008). \"1972 – Soviet streak of nine straight World golds ends\". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-5/","url_text":"\"1972 – Soviet streak of nine straight World golds ends\""}]},{"reference":"IIHF (2008). \"Poland scores biggest shocker in World Championship history\". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-39/","url_text":"\"Poland scores biggest shocker in World Championship history\""}]},{"reference":"MacSkimming, Roy (1996). Cold War: The Amazing Canada-Soviet Hockey Series of 1972. Greystone Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/coldwar00roym","url_text":"Cold War: The Amazing Canada-Soviet Hockey Series of 1972"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Wayne (2005). The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team. New York City: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9781400047659.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boysofwinter00wayn","url_text":"The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400047659","url_text":"9781400047659"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuri Korolev (RUS)\". International Ice Hockey Federation. 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.iihf.com/channels-11/iihf-world-championship-wc11/homeiihf/hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Yuri Korolev (RUS)\""}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (15 May 2011). \"IIHF Hall of Fame welcomes six: Ceremonies also include Loicq winner Yuri Korolev\". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"http://webarchive.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5822&cHash=ddc4899de9641528bc70b98cbdc6fbcd","url_text":"\"IIHF Hall of Fame welcomes six: Ceremonies also include Loicq winner Yuri Korolev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Всеволод Кукушкин: \"У каждого игрока есть свое место в истории хоккея\"\". chitaem-vmeste.ru (in Russian). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://chitaem-vmeste.ru/zvyozdy/interviews/vsevolod-kukushkin-u-kazhdogo-igroka-est-svoe-mesto-v-istorii-hokkeya","url_text":"\"Всеволод Кукушкин: \"У каждого игрока есть свое место в истории хоккея\"\""}]},{"reference":"Lysenkov, Pavel (4 May 2016). \"Russian Hall of Fame: The house where the Big Red Machine lives\". 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihfworlds2016.com/en/news/russian-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Russian Hall of Fame: The house where the Big Red Machine lives\""}]},{"reference":"IIHF (2008). \"PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY\". IIHF.com. Retrieved 25 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html","url_text":"\"PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY\""}]},{"reference":"\"How the Russians break the Olympic rules\". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 April 1980. Retrieved 6 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0415/041531.html","url_text":"\"How the Russians break the Olympic rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"What the Olympic hockey tournament looked like before NHL participation\". The Daily Hive. 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailyhive.com/montreal/olympic-hockey-tournament-no-nhl-history","url_text":"\"What the Olympic hockey tournament looked like before NHL participation\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lawrence (1990), The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 0-385-25272-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(journalist)","url_text":"Martin, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-25272-2","url_text":"0-385-25272-2"}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2008), World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF, Key Porter Books, ISBN 978-1-55168-307-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55168-307-2","url_text":"978-1-55168-307-2"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_(Islamist_group)

Khorasan group

["1 Name","2 Membership","3 Activities","4 Criticism of term","5 American-led intervention","6 References","7 Further reading"]

Islamic group Not to be confused with Greater Khorasan or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province. Khorasan groupخراسان (in Arabic)The Shahada flag commonly used by al-Qaeda, the parent organization of KhorasanLeaders Mohammed Islambouli (2012–present) Muhsin al-Fadhli † (2012–15) Sanafi al-Nasr † (2015) Abu Khayr al-Masri † (al-Qaeda Deputy leader) Dates of operationMarch 2012 – presentHeadquarters Bawabiyah, Aleppo Governorate, Syria (2012–2014) Salqin, Idlib, Syria (2014–2015) Idlib, Idlib Governorate, Syria (March 2015–present) Active regions Northwestern SyriaIdeologySalafism Salafist jihadism Wahhabism Qutbism Size50Part of al-Qaeda al-Nusra Front (2012–17) Guardians of Religion Organization (2018–present) Allies al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (2012–present) Jund al-Aqsa (2014–17)Opponents U.S. Armed Forces European Union Syria Russian Armed ForcesBattles and warsSyrian Civil WarMilitary intervention against ISIL American-led intervention in Syria The Khorasan group, sometimes known simply as Khorasan, is an alleged group of senior al-Qaeda members operating in Syria. The group is reported to consist of a small number of fighters who are all on terrorist watchlists, and coordinates with al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's official affiliate in Syria. At an intelligence gathering in Washington, D.C., on 18 September 2014, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper stated that "in terms of threat to the homeland, Khorasan may pose as much of a danger as ISIS." The term first appeared in news media in September 2014, although the United States had reportedly been keeping track of the group for two years. By early November 2014, the term had disappeared from political rhetoric. Commentators have stated that the threat the Khorasan Group represented was exaggerated to generate public support for American intervention in Syria, and some have questioned whether the group even exists as a distinct entity. On 28 May 2015, al-Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammad al-Golani explicitly denied the existence of the supposed Khorasan group. The al-Nusra Front had received specific orders since at least early 2015 from al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri to cease any activities related to attacking Western targets. In July 2015, both Muhsin al-Fadhli, said to be the operational leader of the group, and chief bombmaker David Drugeon, were killed by 2 US airstrikes. After their deaths, FBI Director James Comey stated that the Khorasan group had become diminished, and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US. On 15 October 2015, a Coalition airstrike in northwest Syria killed Abdul Mohsen Adballah Ibrahim al Charekh (a.k.a. Sanafi al-Nasr), who was then the highest ranking leader of the Khorasan group. He was the deputy leader of Khorasan before Muhsin al-Fadhli's death. Beginning in January 2017, it was reported that the US no longer referred to Khorasan fighters specifically, and that US officials no longer attempted to distinguish between Khorasan and al-Nusra Front militants, instead, labeling them all collectively as "al-Qaeda". Around this time, the US significantly increased the number of its airstrikes against al-Nusra Front and other al-Qaeda-affiliated targets. Name Khorasan is a historical term for a region corresponding to parts of Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The name of the group was coined by intelligence agencies as a reference to the high-ranking Khorasan Shura, a leadership council within al-Qaeda, which many members of the group belong to. United States Central Command, the U.S. Department of Defense military command responsible for operations in Syria and Iraq, described the Khorasan Group name in a 6 November 2014 press release as: "a term used to refer to a network of Nusrah Front and al-Qa'ida core extremists who share a history of training operatives, facilitating fighters and money, and planning attacks against U.S. and Western targets." Membership The group is described as "a very small group - dozens of fighters only", composed of experienced jihadis from various countries. An American intelligence source indicated the group numbers about 50 members. Members of the group are said to have worked with bomb-makers from Yemen to target civilian aircraft heading to the United States. Another member of the group was Frenchman David Drugeon; who was thought to have worked as a bombmaker for the group. According to US officials, the organization is led by Mohammed Islambouli, whose brother Khalid Islambouli assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981. A senior leader within the group was Muhsin al-Fadhli, a prominent al-Qaeda member who went to Iran after the US invasion of Afghanistan, until he was killed in a U.S. airstrike in Syria in July 2015. He was also in charge of Khorasan's external operations. Another Khorasan Group member, Abu Yusuf Al-Turki, was reported to have been killed on 23 September 2014 by US airstrikes in Syria. There are indications that some members of the Khorasan Group (including Abu Yusuf Al-Turki) were part of an elite sniper subunit of the al-Nusra Front that was known as the "Wolf Group". Activities The group was initially reported to pose an "imminent" threat to the United States, with reports of potential plots involving "a bomb made of a nonmetallic device like a toothpaste container or clothes dipped in explosive material". Later statements by officials indicated that "there were no known targets or attacks expected in the next few weeks" at the time the US began bombing in Syria. On 5 October 2014, FBI director James Comey stated, "I can't sit here and tell you whether their plan is tomorrow or three weeks or three months from now", but that "we have to act as if it's coming tomorrow." Criticism of term A 23 September 2014 article by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace stated that "the sudden flurry of revelations about the 'Khorasan Group' in the past two weeks smacks of strategic leaks and political spin". The article also stated that "Whatever one decides to call it, this is not likely to be an independent organization, but rather a network-within-the-network, assigned to deal with specific tasks." In an article in The Intercept, journalists Glenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain stated that "There are serious questions about whether the Khorasan Group even exists in any meaningful or identifiable manner", describing reports of the group as "propagandistic and legal rationale" for military intervention. Similarly, according to an analysis in Conflict News, "the US government made the decision to bomb this Wolf Group of Jabhat Al-Nusra, and then later came up with a way to sell to the public. This strategy ended up in the creation of 'Khorasan' a group which never existed in any form beyond the statements of US officials." On 27 May 2015, in an exclusive interview with Al Jazeera, the leader of the al-Nusra Front, Abu Mohammed al-Golani, stated that the al-Nusra Front did not have intentions to "target the West", referring to North America and Europe, while warning against Western Coalition airstrikes. He also alleged that "there is nothing called Khorasan group. The Americans came up with it to deceive the public". American-led intervention Further information: American-led intervention in Syria On 23 September 2014, United States Central Command stated that they had conducted eight air strikes against the group's training camps, command and control facilities, and other sites in the area west of Aleppo, Syria. The attacks were ineffective and killed only one or two militants, largely because the members of the group had been warned in advance. On 6 November 2014, US-led coalition forces bombed targets in the Idlib and Aleppo provinces. Despite US military officials stating that only the Khorasan Group was targeted, local activists and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that both Ahrar ash-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra were also hit. It was later announced that the Khorasan's chief bombmaker David Drugeon was believed to have been killed in the attack, but later reports indicated he was only wounded. The US carried out a third raid on the group on 13 November 2014. On 18 November, the Syrian Army ambushed a group of Khorasan militants in the countryside of Latakia in a separate operation. Eleven members of the group were killed and another 13 were wounded or captured. The Kazakh and Chechen field commanders of the unit, along with Burmese and Saudi jihadists, were among the dead. The attack also left seven al-Nusra Front fighters dead. On 19 November, the US launched another airstrike on Khorasan near Harim, Syria, which struck and destroyed a storage facility associated with the group. On 1 December 2014, the US carried out another airstrike on Khorasan near Aleppo. On 10 December, the CIA stated that both Muhsin al-Fadhli and David Drugeon, who were both thought dead after US airstrikes, were still alive. Drugeon was said to be badly wounded, and was recuperating in a Khorasan-operated hospital. On 24 March 2015, it was reported that 17 Khorasan fighters had been killed by US airstrikes targeting the group, since the beginning of the campaign on 22 September 2014. On 20 May 2015, the US conducted 2 airstrikes on Khorasan targets in the Idlib Province, killing Algerian jihadist Said Arif, who was a US-designated terrorist that had become the military chief of Jund al-Aqsa. On 1 July 2015, David Drugeon was killed by a US airstrike to the west of Aleppo, though his death was not reported until 11 September 2015. In late July 2015, the Pentagon claimed that it had killed Muhsin al-Fadhli on 8 July 2015, in an airstrike on a vehicle near Sarmada, Syria. After the death of Muhsin al-Fadli, FBI Director James Comey stated that Khorasan had become "diminished", and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US than al-Qaeda or the Khorasan group. On 18 October 2015, it was reported that Sanafi al-Nasr, the new leader of the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike on 15 October 2015. He was formerly al-Qaeda's chief financial officer, and he was also said to have been the 5th Khorasan senior leader killed by US airstrikes in the last 4 months. On 3 April 2016, Abu Firas al Suri, al-Nusra's spokesman, and seen as a leading figure within the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike. The airstrike also killed al-Suri's son and 20 other al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa militants. Later in the same week, a second airstrike killed several Khorasan militants, including Rifai Ahmed Taha Musa, who attempted to unite Ahrar ash-Sham with al-Nusra Front in January 2016. On 3 October, a US airstrike killed senior al-Qaeda member Abu Faraj al-Masri, who was a senior commander in Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (al-Nusra's rebranded name at the time), in the Idlib Province. Al-Masri had been a senior figure in al-Nusra's Core al-Qaeda group, or Khorasan group. On 17 October, another US airstrike near Idlib city killed Haydar Kirkan, who was a senior al-Nusra member in charge of facilitating al-Qaeda's external network and planning external attacks from Syria. On 12 January 2017, a US airstrike near Saraqib killed al-Nusra leaders Abd al-Jalil al-Muslimi, Abu Amas al-Masri, and Abu Ikrimah al-Tunsi, along with 10 or 15 other al-Nusra fighters. This came after a marked increase in US airstrikes on al-Nusra Front beginning in January 2017, at which time the US reportedly dropped the "Khorasan group" label and began referring to all al-Qaeda linked targeted as simply "al-Qaeda". On 19 January, a US airstrike struck the al-Qaeda Shaykh Sulayman training camp near the town of Darat Izza, killing 110 Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (al-Nusra) fighters. Some Nour al-Din al-Zenki fighters were also killed in the attack. The training camp had been run by both Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and al-Zenki, and had been operational since 2013. By then, US airstrikes had killed more than 150 al-Qaeda militants in Syria, in 2017. Following this airstrike, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham openly engaged in armed clashes with Ahrar al-Sham and other Free Syrian Army groups. On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed Abu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda. He had been dispatched to Syria by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, and was nested in the Khorasan group. The US airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant, who was traveling in the same car. References ^ a b c d e "Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group". NPR. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ a b "French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'". Foreign Policy. 21 July 2015. 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Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ a b "Senior al-Qaida figure, Muhsin al-Fadhli, killed in US air strike in Syria, officials say". the Guardian. 21 July 2015. ^ a b "French jihadist Drugeon killed in Syria: US official". AFP. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. ^ a b Evan Perez; Tom LoBianco (23 July 2015). "James Comey says Khorasan Group diminished". CNN. ^ Release No: NR-400-15 (18 October 2015). Statement on Airstrike in Syria that Killed Sanafi al-Nasr. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved: 18 October 2015. ^ "Khorasan". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2015. ^ Pentagon: Airstrikes kill 20 or more al Qaeda fighters in northern Syria ^ a b US kills al Qaeda facilitator and external ops planner in Syrian airstrikes ^ "Al Qaeda Plotters in Syria 'Went Dark,' U.S. Spies Say". Newsweek. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014. ^ "Nov. 6: U.S. Military Forces Conduct Airstrikes Against Khorasan Group Terrorist Network in Syria". United States Central Command. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014. ^ "Meet The Khorasan, The Terrorist Group That's Suddenly A Bigger Threat Than ISIS". Business Insider Australia. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "Syria's hard cell: Rise of Khorasan group alarms U.S." The Pueblo Chieftain. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'". CNN. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014. ^ "Khorasan leader's death suggested in militant tweets". AFP. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna (2 October 2014). "Wolf or Khorasan: Who was Jabhat al-Nusra's Abu Yusuf al-Turki?". Chechens in Syria. Retrieved 10 October 2014. ^ a b Levs, Josh; Cruickshank, Paul; Lister, Tim (23 September 2014). "U.S. strikes Khorasan Group in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ a b "What Is the "Khorasan Group" and Why Is the U.S. Bombing It in Syria?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; Hussain, Murtaza (28 September 2014). "The fake terror threat used to justify bombing Syria". The Intercept. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ Cruickshank, Michael (5 December 2014). "The myth of the Khorasan Group". Conflict News. ^ "US strikes Khorasan Group targets in Syria". Anadolu Agency. 6 November 2014. ^ "Report: Airstrikes target another Islamist group in Syria". CNN. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014. ^ "U.S. strike in Syria reportedly kills key bomb-maker". CNN. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014. ^ a b "Officials: Khorasan Group bomb maker thought dead survived". CNN. Retrieved 10 December 2014. ^ "US bombs Al-Qaeda offshoot Khorasan for third time". AFP. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ "Syrian Army Lays a Huge Ambush on the Khorasan Group in Latakia". Al-Masdar News. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ "Airstrikes Continue Against ISIL in Syria, Iraq". United States Department of Defense. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ "Airstrikes continue against ISIL in Syria, Iraq". United States Department of Defense. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ "Nusra Front quietly rises in Syria as ISIS targeted". 24 March 2015. ^ "Al Nusrah Front confirms al Qaeda veteran killed in US airstrike | The Long War Journal". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ "Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "US strikes al Qaeda's 'Khorasan Group' in Syria | The Long War Journal". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ Sheikh Abu al Faraj al Masri: Leading jihadist killed in US air strike in Syria ^ Warning Update: al Qaeda's Global Attack Campaign ^ U.S. air strike in Syria kills more than 100 al Qaeda members: Pentagon ^ a b c US air strikes kill more than 100 ‘al-Qaeda militants’ at training camp in Syria ^ Syria: Al Qaeda Deputy Killed In Apparent Drone Strike ^ "2 Tahrir al-Sham fighters killed by US-led coalition drone near Idlib". Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ "Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria". CNN. 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Further reading Szabó, K. (2010). Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future (PDF). Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL). p. 314. hdl:11245/1.337630. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International Law. The Hague: Asser Press. 2011. p. 348. ISBN 978-9067047951. Paulussen, C.; Szabó, K. (November 2014). Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). Dr. Christophe Paulussen is an ICCT Research Fellow and Dr. Kinga Tibori Szabó is the winner of the ASIL Francis Lieber Prize 2012 for her book Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence Analysis: CENTCOM draws misleading line between Al Nusrah Front and Khorasan Group vteWar on terror War in Afghanistan (2001–2016) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism ParticipantsOperational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia TargetsIndividuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State ConflictsOperationEnduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan's role Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016) Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011) CAGE Category Commons vteMilitant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa regionIdeology Jihadism Salafi jihadism Pan-Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Wahhabism Phenomena Islamic extremism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic terrorism OrganisationsMiddle East Abdullah Azzam Brigades Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades Ahrar al-Sham Ajnad al-Sham Al-Nusra Front Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda in Iraq Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Ansar al-Sham Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen) Ansar Bait al-Maqdis Army of Conquest Army of Islam Hamas Hezbollah Quwat al-Ridha Hezbollah Al-Hejaz Houthis Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Islamic State of Iraq Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jaysh al-Islam Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza) Jund Ansar Allah Jundallah (Iran) Khorasan group Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan Levant Front Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem Masada al-Mujahideen Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement Peace Companies People's Mujahedin of Iran Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade Tahrir al-Sham Tawhid al-Jihad Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Kata'ib Hezbollah Badr Organization Mukhtar Army Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham Saraya al-Jihad Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Al-Ashtar Brigades Sabireen Movement Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Baqir Brigade Promised Day Brigade 1920 Revolution Brigade Turkish Hezbollah Hamas of Iraq Islamic Dawa Party North Africa Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Ansar ul Islam Ansar Bait al-Maqdis Armed Islamic Group Derna Protection Force Egyptian Islamic Jihad al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya Takfir wal-Hijra Libyan Islamic Fighting Group Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna Tunisian Combatant Group Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade Leaders Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Suleiman al-Naser Ahmed al-Assir Anwar al-Awlaki Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abdul Nasser Qardash Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Ayyub al-Masri Abu Omar al-Baghdadi Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Mohammed Atef Mokhtar Belmokhtar Tariq al-Dahab Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim Massoud Rajavi Maryam Rajavi Abdelmalek Droukdel Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri Abu Ubaidah al-Masri Saeed al-Masri Saleh Al-Qaraawi Haji Bakr Hassan Hattab Abu Mohammad al-Julani Omar Abdel-Rahman Osama bin Laden Hassan Nasrallah Juhayman al-Otaybi Muqtada al-Sadr Saif al-Adel Shukri Mustafa Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj Nasir al-Wuhayshi Qasim al-Raymi Khalid Batarfi Ibrahim al-Banna Ahmed Yassin Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Ayman al-Zawahiri Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Abu Khayr al-Masri Abu Muhsin al-Masri Qais al-Khazali Hadi al-Amiri Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi Wathiq al-Battat Events Israeli–Palestinian conflict Lebanese Civil War Iranian Revolution Iran–Iraq War Algerian Civil War Terrorism in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Iraq War (2003–2011) Libyan Crisis (2011–present) Syrian civil war (2012–present) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Related Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen ISIL territorial claims Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Holy Shrine Defender Part of Islamism Militant Islamism in South Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters26sept-15"},{"link_name":"al-Nusra Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"Director of National Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"James Clapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clapper"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American intervention in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-19"},{"link_name":"Abu Mohammad al-Golani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Golani"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aje28may-20"},{"link_name":"Ayman al-Zawahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lister-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-Fadhli_dead-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugeon_confirmed_dead-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khorasan_diminished-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khorasan_threat_report-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airstrikes_kill_20_or_more-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_kills_al-Qaeda_facilitator-28"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Greater Khorasan or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province.The Khorasan group, sometimes known simply as Khorasan, is an alleged group of senior al-Qaeda members operating in Syria.[15] The group is reported to consist of a small number of fighters who are all on terrorist watchlists, and coordinates with al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's official affiliate in Syria. At an intelligence gathering in Washington, D.C., on 18 September 2014, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper stated that \"in terms of threat to the homeland, Khorasan may pose as much of a danger as ISIS.\"[16]The term first appeared in news media in September 2014, although the United States had reportedly been keeping track of the group for two years.[17] By early November 2014, the term had disappeared from political rhetoric.[18] Commentators have stated that the threat the Khorasan Group represented was exaggerated to generate public support for American intervention in Syria, and some have questioned whether the group even exists as a distinct entity.[19]On 28 May 2015, al-Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammad al-Golani explicitly denied the existence of the supposed Khorasan group.[20] The al-Nusra Front had received specific orders since at least early 2015 from al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri to cease any activities related to attacking Western targets.[21]In July 2015, both Muhsin al-Fadhli, said to be the operational leader of the group, and chief bombmaker David Drugeon, were killed by 2 US airstrikes.[22][23] After their deaths, FBI Director James Comey stated that the Khorasan group had become diminished, and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US.[24]On 15 October 2015, a Coalition airstrike in northwest Syria killed Abdul Mohsen Adballah Ibrahim al Charekh (a.k.a. Sanafi al-Nasr), who was then the highest ranking leader of the Khorasan group.[25] He was the deputy leader of Khorasan before Muhsin al-Fadhli's death.[26]Beginning in January 2017, it was reported that the US no longer referred to Khorasan fighters specifically, and that US officials no longer attempted to distinguish between Khorasan and al-Nusra Front militants, instead, labeling them all collectively as \"al-Qaeda\". Around this time, the US significantly increased the number of its airstrikes against al-Nusra Front and other al-Qaeda-affiliated targets.[27][28]","title":"Khorasan group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"United States Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Nusrah Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"al-Qa'ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Khorasan is a historical term for a region corresponding to parts of Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The name of the group was coined by intelligence agencies as a reference to the high-ranking Khorasan Shura, a leadership council within al-Qaeda, which many members of the group belong to.[29] United States Central Command, the U.S. Department of Defense military command responsible for operations in Syria and Iraq, described the Khorasan Group name in a 6 November 2014 press release as: \"a term used to refer to a network of Nusrah Front and al-Qa'ida core extremists who share a history of training operatives, facilitating fighters and money, and planning attacks against U.S. and Western targets.\"[30]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jihadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters26sept-15"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-12"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-17"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-33"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Islambouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Showqi_Al-Islambouli"},{"link_name":"Khalid Islambouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Islambouli"},{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreignpolicy-2"},{"link_name":"Muhsin al-Fadhli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_al-Fadhli"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"US invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bno-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-1"},{"link_name":"Abu Yusuf Al-Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Al-Turki"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrabiya-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The group is described as \"a very small group - dozens of fighters only\", composed of experienced jihadis from various countries.[15][31] An American intelligence source indicated the group numbers about 50 members.[12] Members of the group are said to have worked with bomb-makers from Yemen to target civilian aircraft heading to the United States.[32] Another member of the group was Frenchman David Drugeon;[17] who was thought to have worked as a bombmaker for the group.[33]According to US officials, the organization is led by Mohammed Islambouli, whose brother Khalid Islambouli assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981.[1][2] A senior leader within the group was Muhsin al-Fadhli, a prominent al-Qaeda member who went to Iran after the US invasion of Afghanistan, until he was killed in a U.S. airstrike in Syria in July 2015.[3] He was also in charge of Khorasan's external operations.[1] Another Khorasan Group member, Abu Yusuf Al-Turki, was reported to have been killed on 23 September 2014 by US airstrikes in Syria.[34]There are indications that some members of the Khorasan Group (including Abu Yusuf Al-Turki) were part of an elite sniper subunit of the al-Nusra Front that was known as the \"Wolf Group\".[35]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_levs-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_levs-36"},{"link_name":"James Comey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Comey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The group was initially reported to pose an \"imminent\" threat to the United States, with reports of potential plots involving \"a bomb made of a nonmetallic device like a toothpaste container or clothes dipped in explosive material\".[36]Later statements by officials indicated that \"there were no known targets or attacks expected in the next few weeks\" at the time the US began bombing in Syria.[36] On 5 October 2014, FBI director James Comey stated, \"I can't sit here and tell you whether their plan is tomorrow or three weeks or three months from now\", but that \"we have to act as if it's coming tomorrow.\"[citation needed]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Endowment for International Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceip-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceip-37"},{"link_name":"The Intercept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept"},{"link_name":"Glenn Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercept-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aje28may-20"}],"text":"A 23 September 2014 article by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace stated that \"the sudden flurry of revelations about the 'Khorasan Group' in the past two weeks smacks of strategic leaks and political spin\".[37] The article also stated that \"Whatever one decides to call it, this is not likely to be an independent organization, but rather a network-within-the-network, assigned to deal with specific tasks.\"[37]In an article in The Intercept, journalists Glenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain stated that \"There are serious questions about whether the Khorasan Group even exists in any meaningful or identifiable manner\", describing reports of the group as \"propagandistic and legal rationale\" for military intervention.[38] Similarly, according to an analysis in Conflict News, \"the US government made the decision to bomb this Wolf Group of Jabhat Al-Nusra, and then later came up with a way to sell to the public. This strategy ended up in the creation of 'Khorasan' a group which never existed in any form beyond the statements of US officials.\"[39]On 27 May 2015, in an exclusive interview with Al Jazeera, the leader of the al-Nusra Front, Abu Mohammed al-Golani, stated that the al-Nusra Front did not have intentions to \"target the West\", referring to North America and Europe, while warning against Western Coalition airstrikes. He also alleged that \"there is nothing called [the] Khorasan group. The Americans came up with it to deceive the public\".[20]","title":"Criticism of term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American-led intervention in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"United States Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-17"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa6nov-40"},{"link_name":"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Ahrar ash-Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipppav-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugeon_wounded-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amn18nov-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugeon_wounded-43"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nusra_Front_quietly_rises-48"},{"link_name":"Jund al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internal_struggle-10"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugeon_confirmed_dead-23"},{"link_name":"Sarmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmada"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-Fadhli_dead-22"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khorasan_diminished-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5th_Khorasan_leader_killed-4"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Jund al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20_jihadists_dead-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leading_jihadist_killed-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global_attack_campaign-53"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_kills_al-Qaeda_facilitator-28"},{"link_name":"Darat Izza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darat_Izza"},{"link_name":"Nour al-Din al-Zenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_airstrike_kills_100+-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more_than_100-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more_than_100-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more_than_100-55"},{"link_name":"engaged in armed clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(2017)"},{"link_name":"Abu Khayr al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-Qaeda_deputy_killed-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war-6"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drone_strike-56"},{"link_name":"Tahrir al-Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_killed-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AQ_deputy_killed2-58"}],"text":"Further information: American-led intervention in SyriaOn 23 September 2014, United States Central Command stated that they had conducted eight air strikes against the group's training camps, command and control facilities, and other sites in the area west of Aleppo, Syria.[8] The attacks were ineffective and killed only one or two militants, largely because the members of the group had been warned in advance.[17]On 6 November 2014, US-led coalition forces bombed targets in the Idlib and Aleppo provinces.[40] Despite US military officials stating that only the Khorasan Group was targeted, local activists and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that both Ahrar ash-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra were also hit.[41] It was later announced that the Khorasan's chief bombmaker David Drugeon was believed to have been killed in the attack,[42] but later reports indicated he was only wounded.[43]The US carried out a third raid on the group on 13 November 2014.[44]On 18 November, the Syrian Army ambushed a group of Khorasan militants in the countryside of Latakia in a separate operation. Eleven members of the group were killed and another 13 were wounded or captured. The Kazakh and Chechen field commanders of the unit, along with Burmese and Saudi jihadists, were among the dead. The attack also left seven al-Nusra Front fighters dead.[45]On 19 November, the US launched another airstrike on Khorasan near Harim, Syria, which struck and destroyed a storage facility associated with the group.[46]On 1 December 2014, the US carried out another airstrike on Khorasan near Aleppo.[47] On 10 December, the CIA stated that both Muhsin al-Fadhli and David Drugeon, who were both thought dead after US airstrikes, were still alive. Drugeon was said to be badly wounded, and was recuperating in a Khorasan-operated hospital.[43]On 24 March 2015, it was reported that 17 Khorasan fighters had been killed by US airstrikes targeting the group, since the beginning of the campaign on 22 September 2014.[48]On 20 May 2015, the US conducted 2 airstrikes on Khorasan targets in the Idlib Province, killing Algerian jihadist Said Arif, who was a US-designated terrorist that had become the military chief of Jund al-Aqsa.[10]On 1 July 2015, David Drugeon was killed by a US airstrike to the west of Aleppo, though his death was not reported until 11 September 2015.[23]In late July 2015, the Pentagon claimed that it had killed Muhsin al-Fadhli on 8 July 2015, in an airstrike on a vehicle near Sarmada, Syria.[22] After the death of Muhsin al-Fadli, FBI Director James Comey stated that Khorasan had become \"diminished\", and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US than al-Qaeda or the Khorasan group.[24]On 18 October 2015, it was reported that Sanafi al-Nasr, the new leader of the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike on 15 October 2015. He was formerly al-Qaeda's chief financial officer, and he was also said to have been the 5th Khorasan senior leader killed by US airstrikes in the last 4 months.[4]On 3 April 2016, Abu Firas al Suri, al-Nusra's spokesman, and seen as a leading figure within the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike.[49] The airstrike also killed al-Suri's son and 20 other al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa militants.[50] Later in the same week, a second airstrike killed several Khorasan militants, including Rifai Ahmed Taha Musa, who attempted to unite Ahrar ash-Sham with al-Nusra Front in January 2016.[51]On 3 October, a US airstrike killed senior al-Qaeda member Abu Faraj al-Masri, who was a senior commander in Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (al-Nusra's rebranded name at the time), in the Idlib Province. Al-Masri had been a senior figure in al-Nusra's Core al-Qaeda group, or Khorasan group.[52] On 17 October, another US airstrike near Idlib city killed Haydar Kirkan, who was a senior al-Nusra member in charge of facilitating al-Qaeda's external network and planning external attacks from Syria.[53]On 12 January 2017, a US airstrike near Saraqib killed al-Nusra leaders Abd al-Jalil al-Muslimi, Abu Amas al-Masri, and Abu Ikrimah al-Tunsi, along with 10 or 15 other al-Nusra fighters. This came after a marked increase in US airstrikes on al-Nusra Front beginning in January 2017, at which time the US reportedly dropped the \"Khorasan group\" label and began referring to all al-Qaeda linked targeted as simply \"al-Qaeda\".[28]On 19 January, a US airstrike struck the al-Qaeda Shaykh Sulayman training camp near the town of Darat Izza, killing 110 Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (al-Nusra) fighters. Some Nour al-Din al-Zenki fighters were also killed in the attack.[54][55] The training camp had been run by both Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and al-Zenki, and had been operational since 2013.[55] By then, US airstrikes had killed more than 150 al-Qaeda militants in Syria, in 2017.[55] Following this airstrike, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham openly engaged in armed clashes with Ahrar al-Sham and other Free Syrian Army groups.On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed Abu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda. He had been dispatched to Syria by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, and was nested in the Khorasan group.[5][6][56] The US airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant, who was traveling in the same car.[57][58]","title":"American-led intervention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dare.uva.nl/record/1/337630"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Center for International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11245/1.337630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.337630"},{"link_name":"cite 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al-Maqdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Bait_al-Maqdis"},{"link_name":"Armed Islamic Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Derna Protection Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna_Protection_Force"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad"},{"link_name":"al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jama%27a_al-Islamiyya"},{"link_name":"Takfir wal-Hijra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra"},{"link_name":"Libyan Islamic Fighting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Islamic_Combatant_Group"},{"link_name":"Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafist_Group_for_Preaching_and_Combat"},{"link_name":"Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_of_Benghazi_Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_of_Mujahideen_in_Derna"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Combatant Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Combatant_Group"},{"link_name":"Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Abu Ali al-Anbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari"},{"link_name":"Abu Mohammad al-Adnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani"},{"link_name":"Abu Muslim al-Turkmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani"},{"link_name":"Abu Suleiman al-Naser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Suleiman_al-Naser"},{"link_name":"Ahmed al-Assir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Assir"},{"link_name":"Anwar al-Awlaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Yusuf Azzam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"Abdul Nasser Qardash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash"},{"link_name":"Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ayyub al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Abu Omar al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Atef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Atef"},{"link_name":"Mokhtar Belmokhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar"},{"link_name":"Tariq al-Dahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_al-Dahab"},{"link_name":"Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%27at_Fu%27ad_Qasim"},{"link_name":"Massoud Rajavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoud_Rajavi"},{"link_name":"Maryam Rajavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi"},{"link_name":"Abdelmalek Droukdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel"},{"link_name":"Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_Youssef_al-Annabi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Banshiri"},{"link_name":"Abu Ubaidah al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Saeed al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Saleh Al-Qaraawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Qaraawi"},{"link_name":"Haji Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Hassan Hattab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Hattab"},{"link_name":"Abu Mohammad al-Julani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani"},{"link_name":"Omar Abdel-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"Juhayman al-Otaybi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi"},{"link_name":"Muqtada al-Sadr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr"},{"link_name":"Saif al-Adel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Adel"},{"link_name":"Shukri Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_Mustafa"},{"link_name":"Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_abd-al-Salam_Faraj"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Wuhayshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi"},{"link_name":"Qasim al-Raymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi"},{"link_name":"Khalid Batarfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Batarfi"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim al-Banna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Banna"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Yassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin"},{"link_name":"Abu Musab al-Zarqawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi"},{"link_name":"Ayman al-Zawahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"},{"link_name":"Abdelhamid Abou Zeid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid"},{"link_name":"Abu Khayr al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Abu Muhsin al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhsin_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Qais al-Khazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qais_al-Khazali"},{"link_name":"Hadi al-Amiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_al-Amiri"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Ali_al-Saghir"},{"link_name":"Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Malik_Badreddin_al-Houthi"},{"link_name":"Wathiq al-Battat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wathiq_al-Battat"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Algerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Terrorism in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Libyan Crisis (2011–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"War in Iraq (2013–2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Yemeni civil war (2014–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"ISIL territorial claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL_territorial_claims"},{"link_name":"Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Holy Shrine Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Shrine_Defender"},{"link_name":"Islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamism"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa"}],"text":"Szabó, K. (2010). Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future (PDF). Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL). p. 314. hdl:11245/1.337630. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\nAnticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International Law. The Hague: Asser Press. 2011. p. 348. ISBN 978-9067047951.\nPaulussen, C.; Szabó, K. (November 2014). Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). Dr. Christophe Paulussen is an ICCT Research Fellow and Dr. Kinga Tibori Szabó is the winner of the ASIL Francis Lieber Prize 2012 for her book Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence\nAnalysis: CENTCOM draws misleading line between Al Nusrah Front and Khorasan GroupvteWar on terror\nWar in Afghanistan (2001–2016)\nIraq War (2003–2011)\nSymbolism of terrorism\nParticipantsOperational\nISAF\nOperation Enduring Freedom participants\nAfghanistan\nNorthern Alliance\nIraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)\nNATO\nPakistan\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nEuropean Union\nPhilippines\nEthiopia\nTargetsIndividuals\nOsama bin Laden\nHamza bin Laden\nAnwar al-Awlaki\nSirajuddin Haqqani\nJalaluddin Haqqani\nAnas Haqqani\nKhalil Haqqani\nHafiz Saeed\nMahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq\nAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi\nFactions\nal-Qaeda\nal-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula\nAbu Sayyaf\nAl-Shabaab\nBoko Haram\nHarkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami\nHizbul Mujahideen\nIslamic Courts Union\nJaish-e-Mohammed\nJemaah Islamiyah\nLashkar-e-Taiba\nTaliban\nIslamic Movement of Uzbekistan\nIslamic State\nConflictsOperationEnduring Freedom\nWar in Afghanistan\nOEF – Philippines\nGeorgia Train and Equip Program\nGeorgia Sustainment and Stability\nOEF – Horn of Africa\nOEF – Trans Sahara\nDrone strikes in Pakistan\nOther\nOperation Active Endeavour\nInsurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)\nInsurgency in the North Caucasus\nMoro conflict in the Philippines\nIraq War\nIraqi insurgency\nOperation Linda Nchi\nTerrorism in Saudi Arabia\nInsurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\nWar in Somalia (2006–2009)\n2007 Lebanon conflict\nal-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen\nRelated\nAbu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse\nAxis of evil\nBush Doctrine\nClash of Civilizations\nCold War\nCombatant Status Review Tribunal\nCriticism of the war on terror\nCIA black sites\nKilling of Ayman al-Zawahiri\nKilling of Osama bin Laden\nEnhanced interrogation techniques\nTorture Memos\nExtrajudicial prisoners\nExtraordinary rendition\nGuantanamo Bay detention camp\nIranian Revolution\nIslamic terrorism\nIslamism\nMilitary Commissions Act of 2006\nMilitary Commissions Act of 2009\nNorth Korea and weapons of mass destruction\nTerrorist Surveillance Program\nOperation Noble Eagle\nOperation Eagle Assist\nPakistan's role\nPatriot Act\nPresident's Surveillance Program\nProtect America Act of 2007\nSeptember 11 attacks\nSituation Room photograph\nState Sponsors of Terrorism\nTargeted killing\nTargeted Killing in International Law\nTargeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World\nUnitary executive theory\nUnlawful combatant\nWithdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)\nWithdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)\nCAGE\n\n Category\n CommonsvteMilitant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa regionIdeology\nJihadism\nSalafi jihadism\nPan-Islamism\nQutbism\nKhomeinism\nWahhabism\nPhenomena\nIslamic extremism\nIslamic fundamentalism\nIslamic terrorism\nOrganisationsMiddle East\nAbdullah Azzam Brigades\nAbu Hafs al-Masri Brigades\nAhrar al-Sham\nAjnad al-Sham\nAl-Nusra Front\nAl-Qaeda\nAl-Qaeda in Iraq\nAl-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula\nAl-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai\nAnsar al-Islam in Kurdistan\nAnsar al-Sham\nAnsar al-Sharia (Syria)\nAnsar al-Sharia (Yemen)\nAnsar Bait al-Maqdis\nArmy of Conquest\nArmy of Islam\nHamas\nHezbollah\nQuwat al-Ridha\nHezbollah Al-Hejaz\nHouthis\nIslamic Jihad Movement in Palestine\nIslamic State of Iraq\nIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant\nIzz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades\nJama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin\nJama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad\nJaysh al-Islam\nJaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)\nJund Ansar Allah\nJundallah (Iran)\nKhorasan group\nKatibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad\nKatibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan\nLevant Front\nMujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem\nMasada al-Mujahideen\nNour al-Din al-Zenki Movement\nPeace Companies\nPeople's Mujahedin of Iran\nSheikh Omar Hadid Brigade\nTahrir al-Sham\nTawhid al-Jihad\nAsa'ib Ahl al-Haq\nHarakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba\nKata'ib Hezbollah\nBadr Organization\nMukhtar Army\nLiwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham\nSaraya al-Jihad\nSaraya Ansar al-Aqeeda\nLiwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas\nAbu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces\nKata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada\nKata'ib al-Imam Ali\nLiwa Fatemiyoun\nLiwa Zainebiyoun\nAl-Ashtar Brigades\nSabireen Movement\nJaysh al-Mu'ammal\nBaqir Brigade\nPromised Day Brigade\n1920 Revolution Brigade\nTurkish Hezbollah\nHamas of Iraq\nIslamic Dawa Party\nNorth Africa\nAbu Salim Martyrs Brigade\nal-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\nAnsar al-Sharia (Libya)\nAnsar al-Sharia (Tunisia)\nAnsar ul Islam\nAnsar Bait al-Maqdis\nArmed Islamic Group\nDerna Protection Force\nEgyptian Islamic Jihad\nal-Jama'a al-Islamiyya\nTakfir wal-Hijra\nLibyan Islamic Fighting Group\nMoroccan Islamic Combatant Group\nMovement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa\nSalafist Group for Preaching and Combat\nShura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries\nShura Council of Mujahideen in Derna\nTunisian Combatant Group\nUqba ibn Nafi Brigade\nLeaders\nAbu Ali al-Anbari\nAbu Mohammad al-Adnani\nAbu Muslim al-Turkmani\nAbu Suleiman al-Naser\nAhmed al-Assir\nAnwar al-Awlaki\nAbdullah Yusuf Azzam\nAbdullah Ahmed Abdullah\nAbdul Nasser Qardash\nAbu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi\nAbu Ayyub al-Masri\nAbu Omar al-Baghdadi\nAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi\nAbu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi\nMohammed Atef\nMokhtar Belmokhtar\nTariq al-Dahab\nTal'at Fu'ad Qasim\nMassoud Rajavi\nMaryam Rajavi\nAbdelmalek Droukdel\nAbu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi\nAbu Ubaidah al-Banshiri\nAbu Ubaidah al-Masri\nSaeed al-Masri\nSaleh Al-Qaraawi\nHaji Bakr\nHassan Hattab\nAbu Mohammad al-Julani\nOmar Abdel-Rahman\nOsama bin Laden\nHassan Nasrallah\nJuhayman al-Otaybi\nMuqtada al-Sadr\nSaif al-Adel\nShukri Mustafa\nMuhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj\nNasir al-Wuhayshi\nQasim al-Raymi\nKhalid Batarfi\nIbrahim al-Banna\nAhmed Yassin\nAbu Musab al-Zarqawi\nAyman al-Zawahiri\nAbdelhamid Abou Zeid\nAbu Khayr al-Masri\nAbu Muhsin al-Masri\nQais al-Khazali\nHadi al-Amiri\nJalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir\nAbdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi\nWathiq al-Battat\nEvents\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\nLebanese Civil War\nIranian Revolution\nIran–Iraq War\nAlgerian Civil War\nTerrorism in Egypt\nInsurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)\nIraq War (2003–2011)\nLibyan Crisis (2011–present)\nSyrian civil war (2012–present)\nWar in Iraq (2013–2017)\nYemeni civil war (2014–present)\nRelated\nAl-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen\nISIL territorial claims\nSexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency\nHoly Shrine Defender\n\nPart of Islamism\nMilitant Islamism in\nSouth Asia\nSoutheast Asia\nSub-Saharan Africa","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group\". NPR. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/10/03/353498827/al-qaida-reasserts-itself-with-khorasan-group","url_text":"\"Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'\". Foreign Policy. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/21/pentagon-says-it-killed-senior-khorasan-figure-again/","url_text":"\"French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key al-Qaeda figure Muhsin al-Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria - Pentagon\". BNO News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121444/http://bnonews.com/news/index.php/news/id935","url_text":"\"Key al-Qaeda figure Muhsin al-Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria - Pentagon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNO_News","url_text":"BNO News"},{"url":"http://bnonews.com/news/index.php/news/id935","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barbara Starr; Tim Hume. \"Al Qaeda leader killed in U.S. airstrike, Pentagon says\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/18/middleeast/syria-khorasan-leader-killed/index.html","url_text":"\"Al Qaeda leader killed in U.S. airstrike, Pentagon says\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike\". Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630083731/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-al-qaedas-deputy-leader-killed-idlib-drone-strike/","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-al-qaedas-deputy-leader-killed-idlib-drone-strike/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Details of the mission against militants in Syria\". Associated Press. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141207183152/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a69b0352483847b09fff5777a4ce8d2e/details-mission-against-militants-syria","url_text":"\"Details of the mission against militants in Syria\""},{"url":"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a69b0352483847b09fff5777a4ce8d2e/details-mission-against-militants-syria","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herridge, Catherine (23 September 2014). \"US strikes target Al Qaeda veterans in Syria plotting 'imminent attack'\". Fox News. Retrieved 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/09/23/us-strikes-target-al-qaeda-veterans-in-syria-plotting-imminent-attack/","url_text":"\"US strikes target Al Qaeda veterans in Syria plotting 'imminent attack'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria's Qaeda leader killed in explosion - ARA News\". ARA News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. 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Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL). p. 314. hdl:11245/1.337630.","urls":[{"url":"http://dare.uva.nl/record/1/337630","url_text":"Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam","url_text":"Amsterdam Center for International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.337630","url_text":"11245/1.337630"}]},{"reference":"Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International Law. The Hague: Asser Press. 2011. p. 348. ISBN 978-9067047951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9067047951","url_text":"978-9067047951"}]},{"reference":"Paulussen, C.; Szabó, K. (November 2014). Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). Dr. Christophe Paulussen is an ICCT Research Fellow and Dr. Kinga Tibori Szabó is the winner of the ASIL Francis Lieber Prize 2012 for her book Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence","urls":[{"url":"http://icct.nl/publication/testing-the-validity-of-us-self-defence-arguments-against-the-khorasan-group-in-syria","url_text":"Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism","url_text":"International Centre for Counter-Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law","url_text":"ASIL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lieber","url_text":"Francis Lieber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anticipatory_Action_in_Self-Defence","url_text":"Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence"}]}]

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Khorasan Group diminished\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/624656/statement-on-airstrike-in-syria-that-killed-sanafi-al-nasr","external_links_name":"Statement on Airstrike in Syria that Killed Sanafi al-Nasr."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218151543/https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/khorasan","external_links_name":"\"Khorasan\""},{"Link":"http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/khorasan","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/pentagon-airstrikes-kill-20-al-qaeda-fighters-in-northern-syria.php","external_links_name":"Pentagon: Airstrikes kill 20 or more al Qaeda fighters in northern Syria"},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/us-kills-al-qaeda-facilitator-and-external-ops-planner-in-syrian-airstrikes.php","external_links_name":"US kills al Qaeda facilitator and external ops planner in Syrian airstrikes"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/23/al-qaeda-plotters-in-syria-went-dark-u-s-spies-say.html","external_links_name":"\"Al Qaeda Plotters in Syria 'Went Dark,' U.S. Spies Say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109052426/http://www.centcom.mil/en/news/articles/nov.-6-u.s.-military-forces-conduct-airstrikes-against-khorasan-group-terro","external_links_name":"\"Nov. 6: U.S. Military Forces Conduct Airstrikes Against Khorasan Group Terrorist Network in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://www.centcom.mil/en/news/articles/nov.-6-u.s.-military-forces-conduct-airstrikes-against-khorasan-group-terro","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-is-the-khorasan-group-airstrikes-isis-islamic-state-2014-9","external_links_name":"\"Meet The Khorasan, The Terrorist Group That's Suddenly A Bigger Threat Than ISIS\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140921171914/http://www.chieftain.com/news/world/2898222-120/group-khorasan-qaida-pages","external_links_name":"\"Syria's hard cell: Rise of Khorasan group alarms U.S.\""},{"Link":"http://www.chieftain.com/news/world/2898222-120/group-khorasan-qaida-pages","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/31/world/meast/syria-khorasan-bomb-maker/","external_links_name":"\"French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/09/28/Khorasan-leader-s-death-suggested-in-militant-tweets.html","external_links_name":"\"Khorasan leader's death suggested in militant tweets\""},{"Link":"http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22623","external_links_name":"\"Wolf or Khorasan: Who was Jabhat al-Nusra's Abu Yusuf al-Turki?\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/22/world/meast/al-qaeda-syria-khorasan/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. strikes Khorasan Group in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=56707","external_links_name":"\"What Is the \"Khorasan Group\" and Why Is the U.S. Bombing It in Syria?\""},{"Link":"https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/09/28/u-s-officials-invented-terror-group-justify-bombing-syria/","external_links_name":"\"The fake terror threat used to justify bombing Syria\""},{"Link":"http://www.aa.com.tr/en/u/416489--us-strikes-khorasan-group-targets-in-syria","external_links_name":"\"US strikes Khorasan Group targets in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/06/world/meast/syria-crisis/index.html?hpt=hp_t2","external_links_name":"\"Report: Airstrikes target another Islamist group in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/06/world/syria-strike/index.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. strike in Syria reportedly kills key bomb-maker\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/10/politics/kohrasan-group-bomb-maker-survived/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Officials: Khorasan Group bomb maker thought dead survived\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/us-bombs-al-qaeda-offshoot-khorasan-third-time-233406321.html","external_links_name":"\"US bombs Al-Qaeda offshoot Khorasan for third time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218184255/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-lays-huge-ambush-khorasan-group-latakia/","external_links_name":"\"Syrian Army Lays a Huge Ambush on the Khorasan Group in Latakia\""},{"Link":"http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-lays-huge-ambush-khorasan-group-latakia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123677","external_links_name":"\"Airstrikes Continue Against ISIL in Syria, Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123735","external_links_name":"\"Airstrikes continue against ISIL in Syria, Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2015/03/24/Nusra-Front-quietly-rises-in-Syria-as-ISIS-targeted.html","external_links_name":"\"Nusra Front quietly rises in Syria as ISIS targeted\""},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/04/al-nusrah-front-confirms-al-qaeda-veteran-killed-in-us-airstrike.php","external_links_name":"\"Al Nusrah Front confirms al Qaeda veteran killed in US airstrike | The Long War Journal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211732/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrias-qaeda-spokesman-20-jihadists-dead-strikes-monitor-200452734.html","external_links_name":"\"Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrias-qaeda-spokesman-20-jihadists-dead-strikes-monitor-200452734.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/04/us-strikes-al-qaedas-khorasan-group-in-syria.php","external_links_name":"\"US strikes al Qaeda's 'Khorasan Group' in Syria | The Long War Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/sheikh-abu-al-faraj-al-masri-al-nusra-al-qaeda-jihadist-us-air-strike-syria-a7343956.html","external_links_name":"Sheikh Abu al Faraj al Masri: Leading jihadist killed in US air strike in Syria"},{"Link":"https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/warning-update-al-qaedas-global-attack-campaign","external_links_name":"Warning Update: al Qaeda's Global Attack Campaign"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-strike-idUSKBN1542CP","external_links_name":"U.S. air strike in Syria kills more than 100 al Qaeda members: Pentagon"},{"Link":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=59583","external_links_name":"US air strikes kill more than 100 ‘al-Qaeda militants’ at training camp in Syria"},{"Link":"https://www.stratfor.com/situation-report/syria-al-qaeda-deputy-killed-apparent-drone-strike","external_links_name":"Syria: Al Qaeda Deputy Killed In Apparent Drone Strike"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004023807/https://www.orient-news.net/en/news_show/132758/0/Tahrir-al-Sham-fighters-killed-by-US-led-coalition-drone-near-Idlib","external_links_name":"\"2 Tahrir al-Sham fighters killed by US-led coalition drone near Idlib\""},{"Link":"http://orient-news.net/en/news_show/132758/0/Tahrir-al-Sham-fighters-killed-by-US-led-coalition-drone-near-Idlib","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed/","external_links_name":"\"Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172516/https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dare.uva.nl/record/1/337630","external_links_name":"Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.337630","external_links_name":"11245/1.337630"},{"Link":"http://icct.nl/publication/testing-the-validity-of-us-self-defence-arguments-against-the-khorasan-group-in-syria","external_links_name":"Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria"},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/centcom.php","external_links_name":"Analysis: CENTCOM draws misleading line between Al Nusrah Front and Khorasan Group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Wish_(book)

The Last Wish

["1 Plot","1.1 \"The Witcher\"","1.2 \"A Grain of Truth\"","1.3 \"The Lesser Evil\"","1.4 \"A Question of Price\"","1.5 \"The Edge of the World\"","1.6 \"The Last Wish\"","1.7 \"The Voice of Reason\"","2 Production","3 Fictional chronology","4 Audio book","5 Reception","6 Adaptations","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

Short story collection by Andrzej Sapkowski This article is about the short story collection. For the rock band, see The Last Wish (band). For the animated film, see Puss in Boots: The Last Wish. The Last Wish First edition coverAuthorAndrzej SapkowskiOriginal titleOstatnie życzenieTranslatorDanusia StokLanguagePolishSeriesThe WitcherRelease number1GenreFantasyPublisherSuperNowaPublication date1993Publication placePolandPublished in English2007Media typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages288ISBN978-0-575-08244-1Preceded by"The Road with No Return"Followed bySword of Destiny  The Last Wish (Polish: Ostatnie życzenie) is the third published short story collection in Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher series. Published by SuperNowa in 1993, it was preceded by 1992's Sword of Destiny, but is officially considered the first entry in the series and Sword of Destiny the second. The collection contains seven short stories interspersed with a continuing frame story: Geralt of Rivia, after having been injured in battle, rests in a temple. During that time he has flashbacks to recent events in his life, with each flashback forming a short story. The Last Wish was first published in English on 7 June 2007 by Gollancz, and has also been translated into several other languages. In 2003, it won the Premio Ignotus for Best Anthology. Plot "The Witcher" Wiedźmin "The Voice of Reason" (Głos rozsądku) Part I - In Ellander's Temple of Melitele, a wounded Geralt is awakened from his slumber by Iola, a mute servant. The two make love, and fall asleep together, with Geralt dreaming of his fight with the monster who wounded him. The King of Temeria, Foltest, has offered a reward to anyone who can lift the curse on his daughter (the result of an incestuous union with his late sister, Adda), who was born as a striga, and terrorizes the town every night. Foltest insists that his daughter not be harmed, but grants Geralt permission to kill her if the curse cannot be lifted. Geralt is unsure whether she can live a normal life even if the curse is lifted. Geralt prepares to spend the night at the old palace which houses the striga. Lord Ostrit, a magnate from Novigrad, tries to bribe Geralt into leaving. Ostrit wants to use the striga as proof of Foltest's inability to rule, to support Novigrad's usurpation of Foltest. Geralt refuses, knocks out Ostrit, and uses him as bait. Geralt fights the striga, but, unable to subdue it, seals himself into its crypt, forcing it to spend the night outside its lair, lifting the curse. In the morning, Geralt approaches the seemingly-restored girl, but the she attacks and wounds him. Geralt binds his wounds and faints, but regains consciousness in the temple, being told that the princess is being cared for by the King, and Geralt has earned his reward. "A Grain of Truth" Ziarno prawdy "The Voice of Reason" Part II - In the morning, priestess Nenneke awakens Geralt and Iola, and insists Geralt take part in a trance with Iola, which would show them Geralt's future. Geralt refuses. While traveling through a forest, Geralt comes across the corpses of a man and a girl with strange wounds. Tracing the corpses' path, the Witcher arrives at a seemingly deserted mansion. He notices a woman nearby watching him, who runs away. Geralt approaches the house and its owner, a bear-like beast named Nivellen, fails to scare him away. Nivellen allows Geralt to enter the house, which supernaturally obeys his commands. Nivellen relates that, as the leader of his late father's gang of bandits, he raped a priestess of a temple, who cursed him to be a beast before killing herself. The priestess told him how to lift the curse, but he has forgotten her words, which were related to a kiss from a woman. Returning to his family mansion, he paid the daughters of local villages to stay with him. None lifted his curse, and eventually he gave up, enjoying their company. Before departing, Geralt warns Nivellen that his newest relationship, named Vereena, may actually be a monster. Nivellen insists that he and Vereena are in love and is hesitant to break his curse, unsure if she would love him if he was an "ordinary" human. Geralt leaves. Along the road, Geralt has a realization and returns to the mansion. He meets Vereena, whom Geralt identifies as a bruxa, a vampire-like monster. She loves Nivellen, but has been killing his other female companions, including the girl and her father that Geralt had found. A fight ensues, and Vereena overwhelms Geralt, but Nivellen joins the fight and impales her. The bruxa confesses her love for Nivellen just before Geralt kills her. The confession breaks Nivellen's curse. Geralt confides that the old stories about a kiss from a maiden lifting a curse like Nivellen's contain "a grain of truth": there has to be true love for the cure to work. "The Lesser Evil" Mniejsze zło "The Voice of Reason" Part III - Two knights of the Order of the White Rose, Count Falwick and Sir Tailles, arrive. They are ordered by the prince of Ellander to chase Geralt, "the Butcher of Blaviken", out of town. Geralt promises to leave in three days. Insulted, Tailles challenges Geralt to a duel, and the knights promise to return. On the eve of a festival, Geralt rides into the town of Blaviken with a monster carcass in tow. He seeks out Caldemeyn, the town's alderman, to get a reward for killing the monster. Caldemeyn refuses, but his guards direct Geralt to the town wizard, Stregobor, a mage Geralt had met previously. Stregobor claims that a supposedly cursed woman wants to assassinate him, and wants Geralt's protection. Geralt refuses in disbelief and leaves. Meanwhile, the assassin, named Renfri, has entered Blaviken with her band of mercenaries. Geralt meets her, and she explains to Geralt that she is under protection from a king, which Caldemeyn confirms. That night, Renfri finds Geralt, and explains that Stregobor had previously tried to kill her out of superstition, and encourages Geralt to kill Stregobor instead. Geralt refuses, and pleads with Renfri to forgive Stregobor, to prove the superstition wrong. Renfri refuses, but implies she will leave town, before spending the night with Geralt. In the morning, on the day of the festival, Geralt realizes that Renfri lied, and will massacre the people of Blaviken to draw Stregobor out and kill him. Geralt finds Renfri's mercenaries in the marketplace, and kills them. When Renfri arrives, Geralt asks her to leave, but she refuses, so Geralt kills her as well. After the fight, Stregobor approaches Geralt, intent on performing an autopsy on Renfri's body to prove that the curse had affected her, but Geralt stops him. Stregobor leaves, and the townsfolk, believing Geralt had just murdered a group of innocent men, hurl rocks at him. Caldemeyn stops the villagers, but demands Geralt leave and never return. Geralt is now known as "the Butcher of Blaviken." "A Question of Price" Kwestia ceny "The Voice of Reason" Part IV - Geralt tells Iola his history as a Witcher. Geralt is at the castle of Cintra, at the invitation of Queen Calanthe, attending the betrothal celebration for Crown Princess Pavetta. An uninvited knight with his face covered enters. He introduces himself as Urcheon of Erlenwald and claims Pavetta's hand in marriage, promised to him by her father Roegner, whose life Urcheon had saved. Calanthe admits that he has a claim, but refuses to marry Pavetta to a stranger. She orders him to remove his helmet and tricks him to make him think it's past midnight when he can remove the helmet. To everyone's shock, he has the face of a furry beast. Geralt asks Pavetta whether she will agree to marry Urcheon. To the outrage of the other suitors, she accepts. The suitors attack Urcheon, but he is defended by Geralt and the King of Skellige, Eist Tuirseach, who loves Calanthe. The attack provokes Pavetta, revealing her latent magical powers, which threaten to destroy the castle. Geralt and Eist's druid councilor, Mousesack, subdue her. When the princess approaches Urcheon, he transforms into a man named Duny. Pavetta and Duny have been seeing each other secretly, and fallen in love. Calanthe agrees to their marriage, and, having been saved from Pavetta's magical outburst by Eist, agrees to marry him. Thanking Geralt for saving him, Duny offers him whatever he asks. Geralt invokes The Law of Surprise, the same law which gave Duny his claim to Pavetta's hand. Pavetta reveals that she is pregnant, so Geralt has a right to claim the child. He leaves, showing no sign of wanting to do so. "The Edge of the World" Kraniec świata "The Voice of Reason" Part V - Dandelion, a poet and Geralt's friend, soon arrives. They discuss how the Witcher profession is losing profitability in modern times. Geralt and Dandelion fail to find work in Upper Posada, Geralt dismissing the locals' tales of monsters as superstition. Moving on to Lower Posada, the village elder, Dhun, tells of a "devil" whose mischief has become a problem, but under no circumstances should be killed. In the countryside, Geralt and Dandelion confront the "devil". Dandelion insults it, which provokes the devil to drive them away. Back in the village, the "devil" is identified as a sylvan by a local witch and her young female companion, who had forbidden killing the sylvan. In a second confrontation, Geralt and Dandelion are knocked out and taken to the hideout of Aen Seidhe elves, with whom the sylvan, Torque, is taking refuge. The elves are angry with Geralt and Dandelion, but Torque reminds them that they agreed that nobody would be killed. The elves break Dandelion's lute, angering him and Geralt. When the elves' leader, Filavandrel arrives, he orders them executed, as any witnesses threaten the elven hideout. While Geralt and Dandelion bargain for their lives, the legendary Queen of the Fields appears - she is the young witch from the village. While she and Filavandrel talk, Torque frees Geralt and Dandelion. Filavandrel releases them, declaring that he and Geralt will meet again. The elves give their lute to Dandelion as compensation. The story ends with Geralt, Dandelion, and Torque sitting around a campfire, wondering where to go next. "The Last Wish" Ostatnie życzenie "The Voice of Reason" Part VI - Geralt talks to Nenneke about Yennefer, a frequent visitor to the temple, and leaves a portion of his striga payment for her. Nenneke asks how Geralt first met Yennefer. Dandelion and Geralt are fishing, when the former hauls up an ancient sealed vase. Ignoring Geralt's warnings, Dandelion opens the vase, releasing a genie. He begins to recite three wishes, but the "genie" attacks him. Geralt banishes the creature with a local exorcism, and rushes Dandelion to the nearest city, Rinde, for medical aid. Visitors are not admitted after nightfall, forcing Geralt to spend the night in the guardhouse. Three other detainees - elves Chireadan, his cousin, Errdil, and half-elf knight Vratimir - inform him that the city authorities have imposed heavy duties for spellcasting, and mages are boycotting Rinde. As such, there is only one spellcaster in the city - the sorceress Yennefer of Vengerberg. When dawn breaks, Geralt goes to meet Yennefer. She agrees to help Dandelion, but aside, Chireadan warns Geralt not to trust her. Yennefer heals Dandelion, but demands to use him as bait to capture the genie and harness its power. Geralt refuses, but she paralyzes Geralt, who passes out and wakes up in a cell with Chireadan. Chireadan tells Geralt that Yennefer enchanted him into rampaging through the town, punishing those who had previously insulted her. Geralt and Chireadan are brought before the town's mayor and head priest, but the proceeding is interrupted. There is chaos outside: Yennefer has lured the genie to the town, and is trying to capture it. The genie is stronger than expected, and she is losing hold of it, threatening to destroy the town. Geralt tries to pull Yennefer to safety, but she refuses, although she offers to save Geralt. After a fight, Geralt realizes that the genie is bound to him, who last held the seal to its urn. It granted his first wish by obeying the "exorcism" (which literally translated as an instruction to "fuck off"), granted his second by killing one of the guards beating him in prison, and is now awaiting his final wish. Geralt uses his wish in an unknown way that saves Yennefer, and the genie escapes. Under the rubble of the inn, Yennefer and Geralt make love. "The Voice of Reason" Głos rozsądku Geralt and Dandelion leave the temple, but are stopped by Falwick, Tailles and a company of soldiers. They are accompanied by Dennis Cranmer, dwarf captain of the prince's guard. The knights outline an unwinnable situation to Geralt, in which he must accept Tailles' challenge but not harm Tailles, under penalty of death. Geralt accepts, but avoids punishment by parrying Tailles' sword so that it bashes Tailles. Dennis accepts the loophole and permits Geralt to leave. Falwick is outraged, but Geralt asks if the knight is willing to accept a challenge from Geralt. Falwick falls silent, and Geralt congratulates him for listening to "the voice of reason." Before Geralt leaves, he accidentally touches Iola's hand, inducing a trance. Geralt, Iola, and Nenneke see a bloody vision of Geralt's future. Geralt dismisses the vision, claiming to have seen it before, and says goodbye to Nenneke. Production The first collection of Andrzej Sapkowski's short stories was simply titled The Witcher and published by Reporter in 1990. SuperNowa acquired the publishing rights to the series that same year and published their first entry, Sword of Destiny, in 1992. In 1993, they published The Last Wish to replace Reporter's collection as the first book in their official order. It includes the same stories, except "The Road with No Return", with the addition of "The Voice of Reason", "A Question of Price", and "The Last Wish". The Last Wish contains many references to classic fairy tales. "The Witcher" (1986) was conceived as a retelling of a Polish fairy tale where a princess turned into a monster as punishment for the incest of her parents. "A Question of Price" (and later "Sword of Destiny") were based on the universally known fairy tale in which a monster or sorcerer saves somebody's life and then demands payment. The 'Law of Surprise' in the story mirrors a similar 'law' established in the fairy tale Rumpelstiltskin, as popularized by the Brothers Grimm in 1812. Similarly, the story "A Grain of Truth" features a man who has been turned into a beast through witchcraft, who is eventually turned back into a man through finding 'true love' - as in the classic story Beauty and the Beast. Most notably, in the story "A Lesser Evil", the character Shrike is introduced as a princess who was forced to flee her kingdom with the assistance of a huntsman, due to an evil stepmother. She later meets a band of seven dwarves and convinces them that highway robbery is more profitable than mining. This can be seen as an allusion to the fairy tale character Snow White. All these references exemplify that the structural motif of reworking plots from fairy tales, making them darker and more brutal than the original, is present in many of his works. Fictional chronology The stories in these books take place after the short story "The Road with No Return". The novel Season of Storms (excluding the epilogue) takes place between "The Last Wish" and "A Question of Price". "A Grain of Truth" "The Lesser Evil" "The Edge of the World" "The Last Wish" "A Question of Price" "The Witcher" "The Voice of Reason" Audio book A Polish-language audio book based on The Last Wish and The Sword of Destiny was released in 2011 by Fonopolis and audioteka.pl. The Last Wish, lasting about 12 hours, was voiced by 52 actors, including Krzysztof Banaszyk as Geralt, Anna Dereszowska as Yennefer, Sławomir Pacek as Dandelion, and Krzysztof Gosztyła as narrator. Reception "The Lesser Evil" story included in the collection earned Sapkowski the Janusz A. Zajdel Award in 1990. The Last Wish won the 2003 Premio Ignotus for Best Anthology. In 2011, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk gave U.S. President Barack Obama diplomatic presents, as is custom, on his visit to Poland. One of these was a signed copy of The Last Wish. The English edition charted on The New York Times Best Seller list in June 2015, coinciding with the release of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt video game. Rob H. Bedford of SFF World praised the interconnected "story within a story" framework of the collection as a great introduction to Geralt and "the fantastical world in which he resides, only hinting at the depth of the world and intrigue of the character." Although the magical elements are familiar, he found them refreshing because they were "reinterpreted through the myths and folklore of Sapkowski's Polish/Slavic background". Adaptations Several short stories from The Last Wish have been adapted for television and video games. Elements of "The Voice of Reason" were used for The Hexer episodes "Human – First Meeting", "Crossroads" and "The Temple of Melitele". "The Witcher" was adapted for: The opening cinematic of The Witcher video game; The episode "Crossroads" of The Hexer; and The episode "Betrayer Moon" (Season 1, Episode 3) of The Witcher television series A comic book series published by Dark Horse, set in the video game continuity, "Curse of the Crows" adapts the story in the flashbacks and the main plot draws some inspiration from the story as well; "The Lesser Evil" was adapted for: The Hexer episode of the same name, and other elements of the story were used in the episodes "Dandelion" and "Human-First Meeting"; The episode "The End's Beginning" (Season 1, Episode 1) of The Witcher series; "A Question of Price" was adapted for The Hexer episode "Calanthe"; and elements were used for the episode "Of Banquets, Bastards and Burials" (Season 1, Episode 4) of The Witcher series; "The Edge of the World" was adapted for: The Hexer episode "The Valley of Flowers"; and The episode "Four Marks" (Season 1, Episode 2) of The Witcher series; "The Last Wish" A side quest of the same name in the video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt serves as a direct continuation for the story; The episode "Bottled Appetites" (Season 1, Episode 5) of The Witcher series. "A Grain of Truth" was adapted into Season 2, Episode 1 of "The Witcher" Notes ^ It was preceded by both The Witcher, published in 1990 by Reporter, and Sword of Destiny, published in 1992 by SuperNowa. Current publishing rights holder, SuperNowa, considers The Last Wish (1993) to be the first book in their official order, and Sword of Destiny to be the second, despite their publication dates. References ^ "SuperNOWA - Andrzej Sapkowski". ^ "The Last Wish". Bookhype. Retrieved 26 January 2022. ^ "The Last Wish Cover Reveal... of sorts!". 9 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ "Premio Ignotus Winners". goodreads.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ a b "The Witcher Books Reading Order". IGN. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022. ^ a b c Cutali, Dan (13 July 2015). "Interview with Andrzej Sapkowski". Sugarpulp. Retrieved 12 November 2022. ^ "Andrzej Sapkowski". culture.pl. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Gennis, Sadie (20 December 2019). "The Witcher Books: The Best Order to Read Them and Everything to Know Before the Netflix TV Show". TV Guide. ^ Szymon Radziewicz (31 May 2016). "Dzisiaj Biały Wilk wrócił nie tylko z nową grą, ale również audiobookiem w Audiotece. Nareszcie!". spidersweb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "Laureaci Nagrody Fandomu Polskiego im. Janusza A. Zajdla". Janusz A. Zajdel Award (in Polish). Retrieved 8 March 2022. ^ "Premios Ignotus 2003". Premio Ignotus (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2022. ^ "Obama's foreign gifts: $7,750 golf bag, $40,000 photo, iPod shuffle". 26 April 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ "THE LAST WISH is a New York Times Bestseller! - Orbit Books". 8 June 2015. ^ Bedford, Rob H. (18 May 2008). "The Last Wish by Andrzej Sapkowski". SFF World. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2022. External links The Last Wish title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Review by Fantasy Book Critic Review by OF Blog of the Fallen Review by The Wertzone (in Polish) Review of the English edition by Asthner i Falka, Biblioteka Światów (in Polish) Review of the Polish edition by Michał BAZYL Krupko, Biblioteka Światów vteThe Witcher by Andrzej Sapkowski Characters (Geralt of Rivia) Books The Last Wish Sword of Destiny Blood of Elves Time of Contempt Baptism of Fire The Tower of the Swallow The Lady of the Lake Season of Storms Comics The Witcher (Prószyński i S-ka) The Witcher (Dark Horse Comics) Film and TVLive-action The Hexer (film) The Hexer (TV series) The Witcher (TV series) Blood Origin Animated Nightmare of the Wolf Sirens of the Deep Music Wiedźmin "Toss a Coin to Your Witcher" Video gamesMain series The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings 3: Wild Hunt "The Bloody Baron" Hearts of Stone Blood and Wine Spin-offs Adventure Game Battle Arena Gwent Thronebreaker Monster Slayer Related The Witcher of Grand Kiev Category Authority control databases International VIAF Other MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Last Wish (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Wish_(band)"},{"link_name":"Puss in Boots: The Last Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss_in_Boots:_The_Last_Wish"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Sapkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Sapkowski"},{"link_name":"The Witcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher"},{"link_name":"SuperNowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sword of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"frame story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story"},{"link_name":"Geralt of Rivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geralt_of_Rivia"},{"link_name":"flashbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Gollancz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Premio Ignotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Ignotus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Short story collection by Andrzej SapkowskiThis article is about the short story collection. For the rock band, see The Last Wish (band). For the animated film, see Puss in Boots: The Last Wish.The Last Wish (Polish: Ostatnie życzenie) is the third[a] published short story collection in Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher series. Published by SuperNowa in 1993,[1] it was preceded by 1992's Sword of Destiny, but is officially considered the first entry in the series and Sword of Destiny the second. The collection contains seven short stories interspersed with a continuing frame story: Geralt of Rivia, after having been injured in battle, rests in a temple. During that time he has flashbacks to recent events in his life, with each flashback forming a short story.The Last Wish was first published in English on 7 June 2007 by Gollancz,[2][3] and has also been translated into several other languages. In 2003, it won the Premio Ignotus for Best Anthology.[4]","title":"The Last Wish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"striga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzyga"}],"sub_title":"\"The Witcher\"","text":"Wiedźmin\"The Voice of Reason\" (Głos rozsądku) Part I - In Ellander's Temple of Melitele, a wounded Geralt is awakened from his slumber by Iola, a mute servant. The two make love, and fall asleep together, with Geralt dreaming of his fight with the monster who wounded him.The King of Temeria, Foltest, has offered a reward to anyone who can lift the curse on his daughter (the result of an incestuous union with his late sister, Adda), who was born as a striga, and terrorizes the town every night. Foltest insists that his daughter not be harmed, but grants Geralt permission to kill her if the curse cannot be lifted. Geralt is unsure whether she can live a normal life even if the curse is lifted.Geralt prepares to spend the night at the old palace which houses the striga. Lord Ostrit, a magnate from Novigrad, tries to bribe Geralt into leaving. Ostrit wants to use the striga as proof of Foltest's inability to rule, to support Novigrad's usurpation of Foltest. Geralt refuses, knocks out Ostrit, and uses him as bait.Geralt fights the striga, but, unable to subdue it, seals himself into its crypt, forcing it to spend the night outside its lair, lifting the curse. In the morning, Geralt approaches the seemingly-restored girl, but the she attacks and wounds him. Geralt binds his wounds and faints, but regains consciousness in the temple, being told that the princess is being cared for by the King, and Geralt has earned his reward.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire"}],"sub_title":"\"A Grain of Truth\"","text":"Ziarno prawdy\"The Voice of Reason\" Part II - In the morning, priestess Nenneke awakens Geralt and Iola, and insists Geralt take part in a trance with Iola, which would show them Geralt's future. Geralt refuses.While traveling through a forest, Geralt comes across the corpses of a man and a girl with strange wounds. Tracing the corpses' path, the Witcher arrives at a seemingly deserted mansion. He notices a woman nearby watching him, who runs away.Geralt approaches the house and its owner, a bear-like beast named Nivellen, fails to scare him away. Nivellen allows Geralt to enter the house, which supernaturally obeys his commands. Nivellen relates that, as the leader of his late father's gang of bandits, he raped a priestess of a temple, who cursed him to be a beast before killing herself. The priestess told him how to lift the curse, but he has forgotten her words, which were related to a kiss from a woman.Returning to his family mansion, he paid the daughters of local villages to stay with him. None lifted his curse, and eventually he gave up, enjoying their company. Before departing, Geralt warns Nivellen that his newest relationship, named Vereena, may actually be a monster. Nivellen insists that he and Vereena are in love and is hesitant to break his curse, unsure if she would love him if he was an \"ordinary\" human. Geralt leaves.Along the road, Geralt has a realization and returns to the mansion. He meets Vereena, whom Geralt identifies as a bruxa, a vampire-like monster. She loves Nivellen, but has been killing his other female companions, including the girl and her father that Geralt had found. A fight ensues, and Vereena overwhelms Geralt, but Nivellen joins the fight and impales her. The bruxa confesses her love for Nivellen just before Geralt kills her. The confession breaks Nivellen's curse. Geralt confides that the old stories about a kiss from a maiden lifting a curse like Nivellen's contain \"a grain of truth\": there has to be true love for the cure to work.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"\"The Lesser Evil\"","text":"Mniejsze zło\"The Voice of Reason\" Part III - Two knights of the Order of the White Rose, Count Falwick and Sir Tailles, arrive. They are ordered by the prince of Ellander to chase Geralt, \"the Butcher of Blaviken\", out of town. Geralt promises to leave in three days. Insulted, Tailles challenges Geralt to a duel, and the knights promise to return.On the eve of a festival, Geralt rides into the town of Blaviken with a monster carcass in tow. He seeks out Caldemeyn, the town's alderman, to get a reward for killing the monster. Caldemeyn refuses, but his guards direct Geralt to the town wizard, Stregobor, a mage Geralt had met previously. Stregobor claims that a supposedly cursed woman wants to assassinate him, and wants Geralt's protection. Geralt refuses in disbelief and leaves.Meanwhile, the assassin, named Renfri, has entered Blaviken with her band of mercenaries. Geralt meets her, and she explains to Geralt that she is under protection from a king, which Caldemeyn confirms. That night, Renfri finds Geralt, and explains that Stregobor had previously tried to kill her out of superstition, and encourages Geralt to kill Stregobor instead. Geralt refuses, and pleads with Renfri to forgive Stregobor, to prove the superstition wrong. Renfri refuses, but implies she will leave town, before spending the night with Geralt.In the morning, on the day of the festival, Geralt realizes that Renfri lied, and will massacre the people of Blaviken to draw Stregobor out and kill him. Geralt finds Renfri's mercenaries in the marketplace, and kills them. When Renfri arrives, Geralt asks her to leave, but she refuses, so Geralt kills her as well. After the fight, Stregobor approaches Geralt, intent on performing an autopsy on Renfri's body to prove that the curse had affected her, but Geralt stops him. Stregobor leaves, and the townsfolk, believing Geralt had just murdered a group of innocent men, hurl rocks at him. Caldemeyn stops the villagers, but demands Geralt leave and never return. Geralt is now known as \"the Butcher of Blaviken.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"druid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid"}],"sub_title":"\"A Question of Price\"","text":"Kwestia ceny\"The Voice of Reason\" Part IV - Geralt tells Iola his history as a Witcher.Geralt is at the castle of Cintra, at the invitation of Queen Calanthe, attending the betrothal celebration for Crown Princess Pavetta. An uninvited knight with his face covered enters. He introduces himself as Urcheon of Erlenwald and claims Pavetta's hand in marriage, promised to him by her father Roegner, whose life Urcheon had saved. Calanthe admits that he has a claim, but refuses to marry Pavetta to a stranger. She orders him to remove his helmet and tricks him to make him think it's past midnight when he can remove the helmet. To everyone's shock, he has the face of a furry beast.Geralt asks Pavetta whether she will agree to marry Urcheon. To the outrage of the other suitors, she accepts. The suitors attack Urcheon, but he is defended by Geralt and the King of Skellige, Eist Tuirseach, who loves Calanthe. The attack provokes Pavetta, revealing her latent magical powers, which threaten to destroy the castle. Geralt and Eist's druid councilor, Mousesack, subdue her. When the princess approaches Urcheon, he transforms into a man named Duny. Pavetta and Duny have been seeing each other secretly, and fallen in love. Calanthe agrees to their marriage, and, having been saved from Pavetta's magical outburst by Eist, agrees to marry him. Thanking Geralt for saving him, Duny offers him whatever he asks. Geralt invokes The Law of Surprise, the same law which gave Duny his claim to Pavetta's hand. Pavetta reveals that she is pregnant, so Geralt has a right to claim the child. He leaves, showing no sign of wanting to do so.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"\"The Edge of the World\"","text":"Kraniec świata\"The Voice of Reason\" Part V - Dandelion, a poet and Geralt's friend, soon arrives. They discuss how the Witcher profession is losing profitability in modern times.Geralt and Dandelion fail to find work in Upper Posada, Geralt dismissing the locals' tales of monsters as superstition. Moving on to Lower Posada, the village elder, Dhun, tells of a \"devil\" whose mischief has become a problem, but under no circumstances should be killed. In the countryside, Geralt and Dandelion confront the \"devil\". Dandelion insults it, which provokes the devil to drive them away.Back in the village, the \"devil\" is identified as a sylvan by a local witch and her young female companion, who had forbidden killing the sylvan. In a second confrontation, Geralt and Dandelion are knocked out and taken to the hideout of Aen Seidhe elves, with whom the sylvan, Torque, is taking refuge.The elves are angry with Geralt and Dandelion, but Torque reminds them that they agreed that nobody would be killed. The elves break Dandelion's lute, angering him and Geralt. When the elves' leader, Filavandrel arrives, he orders them executed, as any witnesses threaten the elven hideout. While Geralt and Dandelion bargain for their lives, the legendary Queen of the Fields appears - she is the young witch from the village. While she and Filavandrel talk, Torque frees Geralt and Dandelion. Filavandrel releases them, declaring that he and Geralt will meet again. The elves give their lute to Dandelion as compensation.The story ends with Geralt, Dandelion, and Torque sitting around a campfire, wondering where to go next.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yennefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennefer_of_Vengerberg"},{"link_name":"genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie"}],"sub_title":"\"The Last Wish\"","text":"Ostatnie życzenie\"The Voice of Reason\" Part VI - Geralt talks to Nenneke about Yennefer, a frequent visitor to the temple, and leaves a portion of his striga payment for her. Nenneke asks how Geralt first met Yennefer.Dandelion and Geralt are fishing, when the former hauls up an ancient sealed vase. Ignoring Geralt's warnings, Dandelion opens the vase, releasing a genie. He begins to recite three wishes, but the \"genie\" attacks him. Geralt banishes the creature with a local exorcism, and rushes Dandelion to the nearest city, Rinde, for medical aid. Visitors are not admitted after nightfall, forcing Geralt to spend the night in the guardhouse. Three other detainees - elves Chireadan, his cousin, Errdil, and half-elf knight Vratimir - inform him that the city authorities have imposed heavy duties for spellcasting, and mages are boycotting Rinde. As such, there is only one spellcaster in the city - the sorceress Yennefer of Vengerberg.When dawn breaks, Geralt goes to meet Yennefer. She agrees to help Dandelion, but aside, Chireadan warns Geralt not to trust her. Yennefer heals Dandelion, but demands to use him as bait to capture the genie and harness its power. Geralt refuses, but she paralyzes Geralt, who passes out and wakes up in a cell with Chireadan.Chireadan tells Geralt that Yennefer enchanted him into rampaging through the town, punishing those who had previously insulted her. Geralt and Chireadan are brought before the town's mayor and head priest, but the proceeding is interrupted. There is chaos outside: Yennefer has lured the genie to the town, and is trying to capture it. The genie is stronger than expected, and she is losing hold of it, threatening to destroy the town. Geralt tries to pull Yennefer to safety, but she refuses, although she offers to save Geralt. After a fight, Geralt realizes that the genie is bound to him, who last held the seal to its urn. It granted his first wish by obeying the \"exorcism\" (which literally translated as an instruction to \"fuck off\"), granted his second by killing one of the guards beating him in prison, and is now awaiting his final wish. Geralt uses his wish in an unknown way that saves Yennefer, and the genie escapes.Under the rubble of the inn, Yennefer and Geralt make love.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"\"The Voice of Reason\"","text":"Głos rozsądkuGeralt and Dandelion leave the temple, but are stopped by Falwick, Tailles and a company of soldiers. They are accompanied by Dennis Cranmer, dwarf captain of the prince's guard. The knights outline an unwinnable situation to Geralt, in which he must accept Tailles' challenge but not harm Tailles, under penalty of death. Geralt accepts, but avoids punishment by parrying Tailles' sword so that it bashes Tailles. Dennis accepts the loophole and permits Geralt to leave. Falwick is outraged, but Geralt asks if the knight is willing to accept a challenge from Geralt. Falwick falls silent, and Geralt congratulates him for listening to \"the voice of reason.\"Before Geralt leaves, he accidentally touches Iola's hand, inducing a trance. Geralt, Iola, and Nenneke see a bloody vision of Geralt's future. Geralt dismisses the vision, claiming to have seen it before, and says goodbye to Nenneke.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrzej Sapkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Sapkowski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignorder-6"},{"link_name":"SuperNowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNowa"},{"link_name":"Sword of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sugar-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignorder-6"},{"link_name":"fairy tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sugar-7"},{"link_name":"Sword of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Destiny#%22Sword_of_Destiny%22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sugar-7"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin"},{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first collection of Andrzej Sapkowski's short stories was simply titled The Witcher and published by Reporter in 1990.[5] SuperNowa acquired the publishing rights to the series that same year and published their first entry, Sword of Destiny, in 1992.[6] In 1993, they published The Last Wish to replace Reporter's collection as the first book in their official order. It includes the same stories, except \"The Road with No Return\", with the addition of \"The Voice of Reason\", \"A Question of Price\", and \"The Last Wish\".[5]The Last Wish contains many references to classic fairy tales. \"The Witcher\" (1986) was conceived as a retelling of a Polish fairy tale where a princess turned into a monster as punishment for the incest of her parents.[6] \"A Question of Price\" (and later \"Sword of Destiny\") were based on the universally known fairy tale in which a monster or sorcerer saves somebody's life and then demands payment.[6] The 'Law of Surprise' in the story mirrors a similar 'law' established in the fairy tale Rumpelstiltskin, as popularized by the Brothers Grimm in 1812. Similarly, the story \"A Grain of Truth\" features a man who has been turned into a beast through witchcraft, who is eventually turned back into a man through finding 'true love' - as in the classic story Beauty and the Beast. Most notably, in the story \"A Lesser Evil\", the character Shrike is introduced as a princess who was forced to flee her kingdom with the assistance of a huntsman, due to an evil stepmother. She later meets a band of seven dwarves and convinces them that highway robbery is more profitable than mining. This can be seen as an allusion to the fairy tale character Snow White. All these references exemplify that the structural motif of reworking plots from fairy tales, making them darker and more brutal than the original, is present in many of his works.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Season of Storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_Storms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The stories in these books take place after the short story \"The Road with No Return\". The novel Season of Storms (excluding the epilogue) takes place between \"The Last Wish\" and \"A Question of Price\".[8]\"A Grain of Truth\"\n\"The Lesser Evil\"\n\"The Edge of the World\"\n\"The Last Wish\"\n\"A Question of Price\"\n\"The Witcher\"\n\"The Voice of Reason\"","title":"Fictional chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sword of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Anna Dereszowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Dereszowska"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A Polish-language audio book based on The Last Wish and The Sword of Destiny was released in 2011 by Fonopolis and audioteka.pl. The Last Wish, lasting about 12 hours, was voiced by 52 actors, including Krzysztof Banaszyk as Geralt, Anna Dereszowska as Yennefer, Sławomir Pacek as Dandelion, and Krzysztof Gosztyła as narrator.[9]","title":"Audio book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janusz A. Zajdel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Premio Ignotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Ignotus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Donald Tusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher_3:_Wild_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"\"The Lesser Evil\" story included in the collection earned Sapkowski the Janusz A. Zajdel Award in 1990.[10] The Last Wish won the 2003 Premio Ignotus for Best Anthology.[11] In 2011, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk gave U.S. President Barack Obama diplomatic presents, as is custom, on his visit to Poland. One of these was a signed copy of The Last Wish.[12] The English edition charted on The New York Times Best Seller list in June 2015,[13] coinciding with the release of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt video game.Rob H. Bedford of SFF World praised the interconnected \"story within a story\" framework of the collection as a great introduction to Geralt and \"the fantastical world in which he resides, only hinting at the depth of the world and intrigue of the character.\" Although the magical elements are familiar, he found them refreshing because they were \"reinterpreted through the myths and folklore of Sapkowski's Polish/Slavic background\".[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hexer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hexer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Witcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Witcher television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher_3:_Wild_Hunt"}],"text":"Several short stories from The Last Wish have been adapted for television and video games.Elements of \"The Voice of Reason\" were used for The Hexer episodes \"Human – First Meeting\", \"Crossroads\" and \"The Temple of Melitele\".\n\"The Witcher\" was adapted for:\nThe opening cinematic of The Witcher video game;\nThe episode \"Crossroads\" of The Hexer; and\nThe episode \"Betrayer Moon\" (Season 1, Episode 3) of The Witcher television series\nA comic book series published by Dark Horse, set in the video game continuity, \"Curse of the Crows\" adapts the story in the flashbacks and the main plot draws some inspiration from the story as well;\n\"The Lesser Evil\" was adapted for:\nThe Hexer episode of the same name, and other elements of the story were used in the episodes \"Dandelion\" and \"Human-First Meeting\";\nThe episode \"The End's Beginning\" (Season 1, Episode 1) of The Witcher series;\n\"A Question of Price\" was adapted for\nThe Hexer episode \"Calanthe\"; and\nelements were used for the episode \"Of Banquets, Bastards and Burials\" (Season 1, Episode 4) of The Witcher series;\n\"The Edge of the World\" was adapted for:\nThe Hexer episode \"The Valley of Flowers\"; and\nThe episode \"Four Marks\" (Season 1, Episode 2) of The Witcher series;\n\"The Last Wish\"\nA side quest of the same name in the video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt serves as a direct continuation for the story;\nThe episode \"Bottled Appetites\" (Season 1, Episode 5) of The Witcher series.\n\"A Grain of Truth\" was adapted into Season 2, Episode 1 of \"The Witcher\"","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sword of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"SuperNowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNowa"}],"text":"^ It was preceded by both The Witcher, published in 1990 by Reporter, and Sword of Destiny, published in 1992 by SuperNowa. Current publishing rights holder, SuperNowa, considers The Last Wish (1993) to be the first book in their official order, and Sword of Destiny to be the second, despite their publication dates.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"SuperNOWA - Andrzej Sapkowski\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.supernowa.pl/autorzy.php?p=1","url_text":"\"SuperNOWA - Andrzej Sapkowski\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Wish\". Bookhype. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookhype.com/work/show/91574c72-2392-493b-9296-2ac49a32cf1b","url_text":"\"The Last Wish\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Wish Cover Reveal... of sorts!\". 9 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gollancz.co.uk/2012/02/the-last-wish-cover-reveal-of-sorts/","url_text":"\"The Last Wish Cover Reveal... of sorts!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premio Ignotus Winners\". goodreads.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/award/show/5532-premio-ignotus?page=5","url_text":"\"Premio Ignotus Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Witcher Books Reading Order\". IGN. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/the-witcher-books-reading-order","url_text":"\"The Witcher Books Reading Order\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Cutali, Dan (13 July 2015). \"Interview with Andrzej Sapkowski\". Sugarpulp. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sugarpulp.it/en/26893/","url_text":"\"Interview with Andrzej Sapkowski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrzej Sapkowski\". culture.pl. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture.pl/en/artist/andrzej-sapkowski","url_text":"\"Andrzej Sapkowski\""}]},{"reference":"Gennis, Sadie (20 December 2019). \"The Witcher Books: The Best Order to Read Them and Everything to Know Before the Netflix TV Show\". TV Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/the-witcher-books-reading-order-netflix-tv-show/","url_text":"\"The Witcher Books: The Best Order to Read Them and Everything to Know Before the Netflix TV Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Szymon Radziewicz (31 May 2016). \"Dzisiaj Biały Wilk wrócił nie tylko z nową grą, ale również audiobookiem w Audiotece. Nareszcie!\". spidersweb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rozrywka.spidersweb.pl/ostatnie-zyczenie-wiedzmin-audiobook","url_text":"\"Dzisiaj Biały Wilk wrócił nie tylko z nową grą, ale również audiobookiem w Audiotece. Nareszcie!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laureaci Nagrody Fandomu Polskiego im. Janusza A. Zajdla\". Janusz A. Zajdel Award (in Polish). Retrieved 8 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://zajdel.art.pl/laureaci.html","url_text":"\"Laureaci Nagrody Fandomu Polskiego im. Janusza A. Zajdla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award","url_text":"Janusz A. Zajdel Award"}]},{"reference":"\"Premios Ignotus 2003\". Premio Ignotus (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aefcft.com/premios-ignotus-2003/","url_text":"\"Premios Ignotus 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Ignotus","url_text":"Premio Ignotus"}]},{"reference":"\"Obama's foreign gifts: $7,750 golf bag, $40,000 photo, iPod shuffle\". 26 April 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/obama-foreign-gifts-7-750-golf-bag-40-163656900.html","url_text":"\"Obama's foreign gifts: $7,750 golf bag, $40,000 photo, iPod shuffle\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE LAST WISH is a New York Times Bestseller! - Orbit Books\". 8 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orbitbooks.net/2015/06/08/the-last-wish-is-a-new-york-times-bestseller/","url_text":"\"THE LAST WISH is a New York Times Bestseller! - Orbit Books\""}]},{"reference":"Bedford, Rob H. (18 May 2008). \"The Last Wish by Andrzej Sapkowski\". SFF World. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080526155832/http://www.sffworld.com/brevoff/447.html","url_text":"\"The Last Wish by Andrzej Sapkowski\""},{"url":"http://www.sffworld.com/brevoff/447.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishu_Academy

Bangladesh Shishu Academy

["1 List of Chairpersons","2 Shishu Academy Award","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Academy for children in Bangladesh Bangladesh Shishu Academyবাংলাদেশ শিশু একাডেমীFormation1975LocationDhaka, BangladeshPublished BookChorabarshikiBoard of directorsAnjir Liton ( Director General )Websiteshishuacademy.gov.bd Duronto, sculpture of a playing child, on Shishu Academy premises Bangladesh Shishu Academy (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ শিশু একাডেমি) is the national academy for children in Bangladesh. It was established in 1976 for promoting cultural development of children, and nurturing their talents. Bangladesh Shishu Academy List of Chairpersons Zobeda Khanum Zubaida Gulshan Ara Sheikh Abdul Ahad Selina Hossain (23 April 2014 – ) Lucky Enam (25 September 2019 – present) Shishu Academy Award Agrani Bank Shishu Academy Children's Literature Award Bangladesh Shishu Academy Award for Literature. The academy adorns one Bangladeshi litterateur with the award for his/her overall contribution in the field of juvenile literature. The award was introduced in 1396 BS (1989 Gregorian). A poet or a litterateur is entitled to this award once during his lifetime. No provision is made for giving the award posthumously. The awardee is entitled to an amount of taka twenty five thousand in cash, one crest and a certificate of honour. Agrani Bank Award for Juvenile Literature is given to an individual for outstanding juvenile book or illustration in a particular year. It was given in four major branches such as: Chhora, Kobita o Gan (Rhyme, poetry and song), Angkan (Illustration), Galpo, Uponnash, Rupkatha (Short story, novel and fairy tale), and Shyastho, Biggyan o Projukti (Health, science and technology). Before introducing Bangladesh Shishu Academy Award in 1396 BS, this was the major national award for children's literature. See also Culture of Bangladesh Bangla Academy National Child Award References ^ "Meena day calls for birth registration for all girls and boys". UNICEF. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ "Bangladesh Shishu Academy" (PDF). Minister for Women and Children Affairs, Republic of Bangladesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ a b "Selina Hossain named Shishu Academy Chairperson". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Lucky Enam appointed as the chairperson of Bangladesh Shishu Academy". The Daily Star. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2022. External links Bangladesh Shishu Academy Official website Article on Shishu Academy, Banglapedia Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Churchill

Baron Churchill (1815 creation)

["1 Baron Churchill (1815)","1.1 Viscount Churchill (1902)","1.2 Baron Churchill (1815; reverted)","1.3 Male-line family tree","2 References","2.1 Books","3 External links","4 See also"]

Title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Baron ChurchillArms: Quarterly: 1st & 4th, quarterly Argent and Gules, the second and third quarters charged with a Fret Or, over all a Bend Sable, charged with three Escallops Argent (Spencer); 2nd & 3rd, Sable, a Lion rampant Argent, on a Canton (of honourable augmentation) Argent, a Cross Gules (Churchill). Crest: Out of a Ducal Coronet Or, a Griffin’s Head between two Wings expanded Argent, gorged with a Bar gemel Gules. Supporters: Dexter: A Griffin wings elevated per fess Argent and Or. Sinister: A Wyvern wings elevated Gules, both gorged with a Collar Or, charged with three Escallops Sable, attached thereto a line reflexed over the back, terminating in an Annulet Or.Creation date11 August 1815CreationFirstCreated byThe Prince Regent (acting on behalf of his father King George III)PeeragePeerage of the United KingdomFirst holderLord Francis SpencerPresent holderMichael Spencer, 7th Baron ChurchillHeir presumptiveHon. David SpencerStatusExtantMottoDIEU DEFEND LE DROIT (English: God defend my right)The Barony of Churchill was held by the Viscounts Churchill from 1902 to 2017 Viscount ChurchillCreation date14 July 1902Created byEdward VIIPeeragePeerage of the United KingdomFirst holderVictor Spencer, 3rd Baron ChurchillLast holderVictor Spencer, 3rd Viscount ChurchillStatusExtinctExtinction date18 October 2017 Baron Churchill, of Wychwood in the County of Oxford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and held by a branch of the Spencer family. It was created in 1815 for Lord Francis Spencer, younger son of the 4th Duke of Marlborough (see Duke of Marlborough for earlier history of the family). He had previously represented Oxfordshire in Parliament. From 1902 to 2017, the barony was subsidiary title of the viscountcy of Churchill. The title of Viscount Churchill, of Rolleston in the County of Leicester, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 15 July 1902 for the first baron's grandson Conservative politician Victor Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill. The viscountcy became extinct in 2017 on the death of the first Viscount's youngest son, the third Viscount, who had succeeded his half-brother, the second Viscount, in 1973. The barony was inherited by the last Viscount's second cousin once removed, the great-grandson of General Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer, the third son of the 1st Baron Churchill. Baron Churchill (1815) Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill (1779–1845) Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802–1886) Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill (1864–1934, created Viscount Churchill in 1902) Viscount Churchill (1902) Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill (1864–1934) Victor Alexander Spencer, 2nd Viscount Churchill (1890–1973) Victor George Spencer, 3rd Viscount Churchill (1934–2017) Baron Churchill (1815; reverted) Richard Harry Ramsay Spencer, 6th Baron Churchill (1926–2020) Michael Richard de Charrière Spencer, 7th Baron Churchill (born 1960) The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. David Anthony de Charrière Spencer (born 1970). Male-line family tree Male-line family tree, Barons Churchill and Viscounts Churchill. Francis Spencer1st Baron Churchill1779–1845 Francis Spencer2nd Baron Churchill1802–1886Lt. Col. Hon.George Spencer1804–1877Gen. Hon.Sir Augustus Spencer1807–1893 Viscount Churchill Victor Spencer1st Viscount Churchill3rd Baron Churchill1864–1934Lt. Col.John Spencer-Munro1849–1916Lt. Col.Augustus Spencer1851–1912 Hon.Victor Spencer1888–1888Victor Spencer2nd Viscount Churchill4th Baron Churchill1890–1973Victor Spencer3rd Viscount Churchill5th Baron Churchill1934–2017Capt.Almeric Spencer-Munro1885–1960Col.Richard Spencer1888–1956 Viscountcy extinct Richard Spencer6th Baron Churchill1926–2020 Michael Spencer7th Baron Churchillborn 1960Hon.David Spencerborn 1970 Thomas Ellison-Spencerborn 2006 References ^ History of Parliament Online "Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845), of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxon". Retrieved on 8 January 2019. ^ Cracrofts peerage "Churchill, Baron (UK, 1815)". Retrieved on 8 January 2019. ^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26121. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "No. 27455". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4586. ^ a b "The 3rd (and last) Viscount Churchill, OBE 1934-2017". Peerage News. UK. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018. The viscountcy of Churchill (created in 1902) now becomes extinct. The 3rd Viscount is succeeded in the barony of Churchill (created in 1815) by his second cousin once removed, Richard Harry Ramsay Spencer, born 11 Oct, 1926, who becomes the 6th Baron Churchill. ^ "Death Announcements: CHURCHILL". The Telegraph. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017. Books Kidd, Charles (1903). Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage. London: Dean & Son. p. 228. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. John Debrett Alt URL Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 204. Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Victor Alexander Spencer, 2nd Viscount Churchill Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Victor George Spencer, 3rd Viscount Churchill See also Duke of Marlborough Earl Spencer vte Extant hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United KingdomKing George III Ellenborough Manners The Prince Regent Churchill Harris King George IV Ravensworth Delamere Forester Rayleigh Gifford Feversham Seaford Plunket Heytesbury Skelmersdale Wynford King William IV Kilmarnock Poltimore Mostyn de Saumarez Denman Abinger Ashburton Hatherton Stratheden Lovat^* Queen Victoria Rossmore^• Carew^• de Mauley Wrottesley Sudeley Methuen Stanley of Alderley^• Leigh Monteagle of Brandon Campbell Vivian Congleton Eddisbury^• Londesborough de Freyne Raglan Belper Chesham Churston Leconfield Lyveden Brougham and Vaux Westbury Annaly Northbrook Hartismere^• Hylton Penrhyn O'Neill Napier of Magdala Dunning^* Acton Wolverton O'Hagan Sandhurst Ettrick^* Aberdare Moncreiff Coleridge Cottesloe Hampton Harlech Tollemache Gerard Sackville Norton Trevor Ampthill Derwent Hothfield Tennyson Strathspey Monk Bretton Northbourne Northington^• Rothschild Revelstoke Monkswell Ashbourne St Oswald Montagu of Beaulieu Elphinstone^* Hindlip Grimthorpe Kensington^• Hamilton of Dalzell St Levan Basing de Ramsey Addington Savile Ashcombe Crawshaw Amherst of Hackney Newton Dunleath Swansea Aldenham HolmPatrick Burton Glanusk Cranworth Avebury Killanin Strathcona and Mount Royal King Edward VII Kinross Shuttleworth Grenfell Redesdale Burnham Biddulph Ritchie of Dundee Hemphill Joicey Nunburnholme Swaythling Blyth Marchamley Gorell Fisher Kilbracken King George V Hardinge of Penshurst de Villiers Glenconner Aberconway Merthyr Rowallan Ashton of Hyde Ravensdale Hollenden Parmoor Cunliffe Wrenbury Faringdon Shaughnessy Rathcreedan Somerleyton Carnock Beaverbrook Gainford Forteviot Colwyn Gisborough Morris Cawley Terrington Glenarthur Phillimore Inverforth Sinha Cochrane of Cults Clwyd Russell of Liverpool Swinfen Meston Cullen of Ashbourne Trevethin Glendyne Manton Forres Vestey Borwick Maclay Bethell Hunsdon Darling Banbury of Southam Merrivale Bradbury Mereworth^• Greenway Hayter Cornwallis Daresbury Wraxall Remnant Moynihan Craigmyle Dulverton Luke Alvingham Baden-Powell Ponsonby of Shulbrede Dickinson Noel-Buxton Howard of Penrith Rochester Selsdon Moyne Davies Rankeillour Brocket Milne Rennell Mottistone Iliffe Palmer Rockley Elton Wakehurst Hesketh Tweedsmuir Wigram Riverdale May Kennet Strathcarron King Edward VIII Catto King George VI Windlesham Mancroft McGowan Denham Rea Cadman Kenilworth Pender Roborough Brassey of Apethorpe Stamp Bicester Milford Hankey Harmsworth Rotherwick Glentoran Tryon Croft Teviot Nathan Reith Kindersley Ironside Latham Wedgwood Geddes Bruntisfield Brabazon of Tara Keyes Hemingford Moran Killearn Dowding Gretton Westwood Hazlerigg Hacking Chetwode Sandford Altrincham Broadbridge Mountevans Lindsay of Birker Piercy Chorley Calverley Tedder Colgrain Darwen Lucas of Chilworth Shepherd Newall Oaksey Rugby Layton Simon of Wythenshawe Kershaw Trefgarne Crook Amwell Milverton Clydesmuir Burden Haden-Guest Silkin§ Hives Ogmore Morris of Kenwood Macpherson of Drumochter Kenswood Freyberg Milner of Leeds Kirkwood Wise Queen Elizabeth II Jeffreys Rathcavan Baillieu Grantchester Coleraine Harvey of Tasburgh Gridley Strathalmond Strathclyde Clitheroe McNair Colyton Astor of Hever Sinclair of Cleeve Bridges Norrie Birkett Harding of Petherton Poole Rootes Netherthorpe Crathorne Spens MacAndrew Nelson of Stafford Howick of Glendale Sanderson of Ayot Cobbold Robertson of Oakridge Marks of Broughton Fairhaven Leighton of St Mellons Brain Aldington Inchyra Silsoe Egremont Thomson of Fleet Martonmere Sherfield Inglewood Glendevon Grimston of Westbury Renwick St Helens Margadale §: Disclaimed.  Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another of higher precedence. ^* Also a Lord in the Peerage of Scotland  ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of Ireland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wychwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wychwood"},{"link_name":"County of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Spencer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family"},{"link_name":"Lord Francis Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spencer,_1st_Baron_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"4th Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Spencer,_4th_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Marlborough_(title)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rolleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolleston,_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"County of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Victor Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Spencer,_1st_Viscount_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6th_Baron_Churchill_News-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Spencer"}],"text":"Baron Churchill, of Wychwood in the County of Oxford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and held by a branch of the Spencer family. It was created in 1815 for Lord Francis Spencer,[1][2][3] younger son of the 4th Duke of Marlborough (see Duke of Marlborough for earlier history of the family). He had previously represented Oxfordshire in Parliament.From 1902 to 2017, the barony was subsidiary title of the viscountcy of Churchill. The title of Viscount Churchill, of Rolleston in the County of Leicester, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 15 July 1902 for the first baron's grandson Conservative politician Victor Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill.[4] The viscountcy became extinct in 2017 on the death of the first Viscount's youngest son, the third Viscount, who had succeeded his half-brother, the second Viscount, in 1973.[citation needed]The barony was inherited by the last Viscount's second cousin once removed,[5] the great-grandson of General Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer, the third son of the 1st Baron Churchill.","title":"Baron Churchill (1815 creation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spencer,_1st_Baron_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spencer,_2nd_Baron_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Spencer,_1st_Viscount_Churchill"}],"text":"Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill (1779–1845)\nFrancis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802–1886)\nVictor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 3rd Baron Churchill (1864–1934, created Viscount Churchill in 1902)","title":"Baron Churchill (1815)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Spencer,_1st_Viscount_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Viscount Churchill (1902)","text":"Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill (1864–1934)\nVictor Alexander Spencer, 2nd Viscount Churchill (1890–1973)\nVictor George Spencer, 3rd Viscount Churchill (1934–2017)[6]","title":"Baron Churchill (1815)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6th_Baron_Churchill_News-5"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"}],"sub_title":"Baron Churchill (1815; reverted)","text":"Richard Harry Ramsay Spencer, 6th Baron Churchill (1926–2020)[5]\nMichael Richard de Charrière Spencer, 7th Baron Churchill (born 1960)The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. David Anthony de Charrière Spencer (born 1970).","title":"Baron Churchill (1815)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Male-line family tree","title":"Baron Churchill (1815)"}]

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Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Villiers"},{"title":"Glenconner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Glenconner"},{"title":"Aberconway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Aberconway"},{"title":"Merthyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Merthyr"},{"title":"Rowallan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rowallan"},{"title":"Ashton of Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ashton_of_Hyde"},{"title":"Ravensdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ravensdale"},{"title":"Hollenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Hollenden"},{"title":"Parmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Parmoor"},{"title":"Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cunliffe"},{"title":"Wrenbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Wrenbury"},{"title":"Faringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Faringdon"},{"title":"Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Shaughnessy"},{"title":"Rathcreedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rathcreedan"},{"title":"Somerleyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Somerleyton"},{"title":"Carnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Carnock"},{"title":"Beaverbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Beaverbrook"},{"title":"Gainford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Gainford"},{"title":"Forteviot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Forteviot"},{"title":"Colwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Colwyn"},{"title":"Gisborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Gisborough"},{"title":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Morris"},{"title":"Cawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cawley"},{"title":"Terrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Terrington"},{"title":"Glenarthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Glenarthur"},{"title":"Phillimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Phillimore"},{"title":"Inverforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Inverforth"},{"title":"Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Sinha"},{"title":"Cochrane of Cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cochrane_of_Cults"},{"title":"Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Clwyd"},{"title":"Russell of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Russell_of_Liverpool"},{"title":"Swinfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Swinfen"},{"title":"Meston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Meston"},{"title":"Cullen of 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Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rece_Buckmaster

Rece Buckmaster

["1 Career","1.1 Youth and college","1.2 Professional","2 References","3 External links"]

American soccer player Rece Buckmaster Personal informationDate of birth (1996-07-07) July 7, 1996 (age 27)Place of birth Auburn, Indiana, United StatesHeight 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s) Defender, MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Hartford AthleticNumber 19College careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2015–2018 Indiana Hoosiers 82 (5)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2016 Chicago FC United 13 (1)2019 New York Red Bulls II 18 (0)2019–2020 New York Red Bulls 6 (0)2020 Memphis 901 14 (1)2021 Indy Eleven 23 (0)2022–2023 Memphis 901 53 (2)2024– Hartford Athletic 1 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of December 7, 2023 Rece Buckmaster (born July 7, 1996) is an American soccer player who plays for Hartford Athletic in the USL Championship. Career Youth and college Buckmaster attended Canterbury High School. Buckmaster played four years of college soccer at Indiana University between 2015 and 2018, making 82 appearances, scoring 5 goals and tallying 12 assists. While at college, Buc appeared for USL Premier Development League side Chicago FC United in 2016. Professional On January 11, 2019, Buckmaster was selected 32nd overall in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls. On March 5, 2019, Buckmaster signed for the Red Bulls' USL Championship affiliate side New York Red Bulls II. On March 9, 2019, he made his professional debut with the club, appearing as a starter in a 3–1 victory over Swope Park Rangers. On August 3, 2019, Buckmaster moved to the New York Red Bulls senior squad. Buckmaster made his debut for the first team on the same day, playing all 90 minutes of a 2–0 victory over Toronto FC. On February 29, 2020, the opening day of the season, Buckmaster was waived by New York Red Bulls. Buckmaster signed with USL Championship side Memphis 901 on July 13, 2020. On January 6, 2021, Buckmaster moved to USL Championship club Indy Eleven. Following the 2021 season, it was announced that Buckmaster's contract option was declined by Indy Eleven. Buckmaster returned to Memphis 901 on January 18, 2022. He left Memphis following the 2023 season. Buckmaster joined Hartford Athletic on December 7, 2023. References ^ "Rece Buckmaster - Men's Soccer - University of Indiana Athletics". iuhoosiers.com. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Chicago FC United - 2016 Regular Season - Roster - Rece Buckmaster". uslleaguetwo.com. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Indiana's Dorsey, Buckmaster Selected in MLS SuperDraft". iuhoosiers.com. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "NYRB II Sign Rece Buckmaster". newyorkredbulls.com. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "NYRB II Defeat Swope Park Rangers in Home Opener". newyorkredbulls.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09. ^ "New York Red Bulls sign defender Rece Buckmaster to MLS deal from NYRB II | MLSSoccer.com". mlssoccer. ^ "Red Bulls rebound in second half to beat Toronto FC". espn.com. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ "New York Red Bulls Waive Rece Buckmaster | New York Red Bulls". nysoccer. ^ "Memphis 901 FC Signs two Players for Return to Play". www.memphis901fc.com. ^ "Indiana's Own Rece Buckmaster Signs with Indy Eleven". ^ USLChampionship com Staff (December 3, 2021). "Indy Announces Arrival of Rebellon, Jerome for 2022 Season". USL Championship. ^ "Rece Buckmaster Makes Memphis 901 FC Return". 18 January 2022. ^ "Memphis 901 FC Announces Initial Roster Moves Following 2023 Season". ^ {{cite web |last1=Leduc |first1=M. |title=Hartford Athletic Add Rece Buckmaster to Defense |url=https://www.hartfordathletic.com/news/2023/12/07/hartford-athletic-add-rece-buckmaster-to-defense/ |website=HartfordAthletic.com |publisher=[[Hartf |access-date=7 December 2023}} External links Rece Buckmaster - Men's Soccer Indiana bio Rece Buckmaster at Major League Soccer vteHartford Athletic – current squad 1 Monroe 2 Boudadi 3 Akpunonu 4 Scarlett 6 Makangila 7 Epps 10 Barrera 11 Ngalina 12 Asiedu 15 Farrell 18 Schmidt 19 Buckmaster 21 Chapman 23 Vancaeyezeele 25 Walters 27 Ousmanou 29 Samadia 31 Beckford 33 Dieng 40 Ribeiro 43 Shaul 44 DiCarlo 77 Mushagalusa 94 Hairston Head coach: Burke Goalkeeper coach: Pereira

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Sunfoil_Series

2014–15 Sunfoil Series

["1 Squads","2 Points table","3 Statistics","3.1 Most runs","3.2 Most wickets","4 References","5 External links"]

Cricket competition in South Africa Cricket tournament 2014–15 Sunfoil SeriesDates25 September 2014 (2014-09-25) – 29 March 2015 (2015-03-29)Administrator(s)Cricket South AfricaCricket formatFirst-classTournament format(s)Double round-robinChampionsLions (1st title)Participants6Matches30Most runsStephen Cook (889)Most wicketsDane Paterson (42)← 2013–142015–16 → The 2014–15 Sunfoil Series was a first-class cricket competition held in South Africa from 25 September 2014 to 29 March 2015. Lions won the tournament for the first time after completing a 188 run victory in the final over against Dolphins cricket team in the penultimate round of the competition. Squads As of 11 September 2014 Cape Cobras Dolphins Knights Lions Titans Warriors Justin Ontong (C) Hashim Amla Jean-Paul Duminy Sybrand Engelbrecht Clyde Fortuin Beuran Hendricks Justin Kemp Shaheen Khan Rory Kleinveldt Richard Levi Aviwe Mgijima Wayne Parnell Dane Paterson Keegan Petersen Robin Peterson Vernon Philander Dane Piedt Kieron Pollard Andrew Puttick Omphile Ramela Mthokozisi Shezi Dale Steyn Yaseen Vallie Stiaan van Zyl Dane Vilas Lizaad Williams Morne van Wyk (C) Kyle Abbott Craig Alexander Dwayne Bravo Cody Chetty Cameron Delport Daryn Dupavillon Robbie Frylinck Imran Tahir Imraan Khan Ryan McLaren Keshav Maharaj David Miller Calvin Savage Daryn Smit Prenelan Subrayen Thandi Tshabalala Jonathan Vandiar Vaughn van Jaarsveld Divan van Wyk Khaya Zondo Werner Coetsee (C) Gerhardt Abrahams Tumelo Bodibe Gihahn Cloete Johannes Diseko Corné Dry Dillon du Preez Quinton Friend Reeza Hendricks Duanne Olivier Obus Pienaar Diego Rosier Rilee Rossouw Andre Russell Rudi Second Malusi Siboto Pite van Biljon Shadley van Schalkwyk Stephen Cook (C) Temba Bavuma Gulam Bodi Devon Conway Quinton de Kock Chris Gayle Dominic Hendricks Eddie Leie Neil McKenzie Pumelela Matshikwe Chris Morris Brett Pelser Alviro Petersen Aaron Phangiso Shaylen Pillay Dwaine Pretorius Kagiso Rabada Jean Symes Thami Tsolekile Lonwabo Tsotsobe Rassie van der Dussen Hardus Viljoen Farhaan Behardien (C) Qaasim Adams Junior Dala Henry Davids Marchant de Lange AB de Villiers Juan de Villiers Faf du Plessis Dean Elgar Heino Kuhn Eden Links Ethy Mbhalati Albie Morkel Morne Morkel Mangaliso Mosehle Cobus Pienaar Rowan Richards Daren Sammy Tabraiz Shamsi Graeme van Buuren Roelof van der Merwe Shaun von Berg David Wiese Colin Ingram (C) Colin Ackermann Ryan Bailey Andrew Birch Athenkosi Dyili Ayabulela Gqamane Simon Harmer Davy Jacobs Christiaan Jonker Craig Kieswetter Sisanda Magala Vuyisa Makhaphela Lundi Mbane Thandolwethu Mnyaka Solo Nqweni Wayne Parnell Michael Price JJ Smuts Rusty Theron Basheeru-Deen Walters David White Points table Teams Pld W L D A Pts Lions 10 7 1 2 0 151.64 Titans 10 4 4 2 0 111.76 Dolphins 10 4 4 2 0 107.76 Cape Cobras 10 2 4 4 0 87.88 Knights 10 3 4 3 0 85.80 Warriors 10 2 5 3 0 71.48 Statistics Most runs Runs Ma In Player 100/50 Ave 889 10 17 Stephen Cook (Lions) 5/1 63.50 852 10 19 Colin Ingram (Warriors) 3/4 53.25 502 10 16 Roelof van der Merwe (Titans) 3/3 55.28 749 8 15 Pite van Biljon (Knights) 3/2 53.50 724 10 16 Omphile Ramela (Cape Cobras) 2/1 48.26 714 8 13 Morne van Wyk (Dolphins) 2/5 68.71 690 8 11 Neil McKenzie (Lions) 3/1 69.00 651 10 18 Divan van Wyk (Dolphins) 1/5 36.16 648 10 18 Imraan Khan (Dolphins) 2/3 38.11 309 9 17 Rudi Second (Knights) 1/5 37.64 Source: ESPNcricinfo, 29 March 2015 Most wickets Wickets Ma In Player Overs Ave 42 9 16 Dane Paterson (Cape Cobras) 303.1 22.54 39 7 14 Hardus Viljoen (Lions) 239.3 20.43 39 8 16 Kagiso Rabada (Lions) 276.0 21.12 37 10 17 Andrew Birch (Warriors) 316.0 24.70 36 10 17 Rowan Richards (Titans) 300.1 27.86 36 8 14 Keshav Maharaj (Dolphins) 344.4 29.38 32 7 14 Chris Morris (Lions) 210.0 20.18 29 6 12 Mathew Pillans (Dolphins) 203.1 23.79 29 7 13 Ethy Mbhalati (Titans) 236.2 24.13 29 10 18 Basheeru-Deen Walters (Warriors) 287.0 35.31 Source: ESPNcricinfo, 29 March 2015 References ^ "Bavuma, Pretorius star as Lions claim title". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2017. ^ "Cape Cobras Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "Dolphins Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "Knights Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "Lions Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "Titans Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "Warriors Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "2014–15 Sunfoil Series Points table". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2017. External links Series home at ESPN Cricinfo vte Cricket in South Africa Cricket South Africa National teams Men Women South Africa A M U-19 W U-19 Franchise cricketTeams Cape Cobras Dolphins Knights Lions Titans Warriors Competitions Sunfoil Series (first-class) Momentum One Day Cup (List A) SA20 (Twenty20) T20 Challenge (Twenty20) T20 Global League (Twenty20) SeasonsFirst-class 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 List A 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 SA20 2022–23 2023–24 T20 Challenge 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 Provincial cricketTeams Boland Border Eastern Province Easterns Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Inland Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape Northerns North West South Western Districts Western Province Competitions Three-Day Competition 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 One-Day Competition 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Pro20 Competition Africa T20 Cup 2015 2016 2017 2018 CSA Provincial T20 Cup 2019–20 Howa Bowl Kei, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Uganda and Zimbabwe have also competed in major South African domestic competitionsMzansi Super LeagueTeams Cape Town Blitz Durban Heat Jozi Stars Nelson Mandela Bay Giants Paarl Rocks Tshwane Spartans Seasons 2018 2019 Women's cricketProvincial Teams Boland Border Central Gauteng Eastern Province Easterns Free State Kei KwaZulu-Natal Coastal KwaZulu-Natal Inland Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape Northerns North West South Western Districts Western Province Super League Teams Coronations Duchesses Starlights Thistles Competitions Simon Trophy Women's One-Day Cup Women's T20 Challenge Women's T20 Super League OtherGrounds East London Paarl Port Elizabeth Benoni Bloemfontein Johannesburg Kimberley Durban Potchefstroom Centurion Cape Town Others Lists Test cricket records Test cricketers Captains Test wicket-keepers ODI cricket records ODI cricketers T20I cricket records T20I cricketers Women Test Women ODI Women T20I

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Merwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelof_van_der_Merwe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Pite van Biljon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite_van_Biljon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Omphile Ramela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphile_Ramela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Morne van Wyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morne_van_Wyk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Neil McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McKenzie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Divan van Wyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan_van_Wyk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Imraan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imraan_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Rudi Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Second"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=9169;type=tournament"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014%E2%80%9315_Sunfoil_Series&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Wickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket_(cricket)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Dane Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Paterson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Hardus Viljoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardus_Viljoen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Kagiso Rabada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagiso_Rabada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Andrew Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Birch_(cricketer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Rowan Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Richards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Keshav Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshav_Maharaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Chris Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Morris_(cricketer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mathew Pillans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Pillans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ethy Mbhalati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethy_Mbhalati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Basheeru-Deen Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basheeru-Deen_Walters"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=9169;type=tournament"}],"text":"Most runs[edit]\n\n\n\nRuns\n\nMa\n\nIn\n\nPlayer\n\n100/50\n\nAve\n\n\n889\n10\n17\n Stephen Cook (Lions)\n5/1\n63.50\n\n\n852\n10\n19\n Colin Ingram (Warriors)\n3/4\n53.25\n\n\n502\n10\n16\n Roelof van der Merwe (Titans)\n3/3\n55.28\n\n\n749\n8\n15\n Pite van Biljon (Knights)\n3/2\n53.50\n\n\n724\n10\n16\n Omphile Ramela (Cape Cobras)\n2/1\n48.26\n\n\n714\n8\n13\n Morne van Wyk (Dolphins)\n2/5\n68.71\n\n\n690\n8\n11\n Neil McKenzie (Lions)\n3/1\n69.00\n\n\n651\n10\n18\n Divan van Wyk (Dolphins)\n1/5\n36.16\n\n\n648\n10\n18\n Imraan Khan (Dolphins)\n2/3\n38.11\n\n\n309\n9\n17\n Rudi Second (Knights)\n1/5\n37.64\n\n\nSource: ESPNcricinfo, 29 March 2015\n\n\n\nMost wickets[edit]\n\n\n\nWickets\n\nMa\n\nIn\n\nPlayer\n\nOvers\n\nAve\n\n\n42\n9\n16\n Dane Paterson (Cape Cobras)\n303.1\n22.54\n\n\n39\n7\n14\n Hardus Viljoen (Lions)\n239.3\n20.43\n\n\n39\n8\n16\n Kagiso Rabada (Lions)\n276.0\n21.12\n\n\n37\n10\n17\n Andrew Birch (Warriors)\n316.0\n24.70\n\n\n36\n10\n17\n Rowan Richards (Titans)\n300.1\n27.86\n\n\n36\n8\n14\n Keshav Maharaj (Dolphins)\n344.4\n29.38\n\n\n32\n7\n14\n Chris Morris (Lions)\n210.0\n20.18\n\n\n29\n6\n12\n Mathew Pillans (Dolphins)\n203.1\n23.79\n\n\n29\n7\n13\n Ethy Mbhalati (Titans)\n236.2\n24.13\n\n\n29\n10\n18\n Basheeru-Deen Walters (Warriors)\n287.0\n35.31\n\n\nSource: ESPNcricinfo, 29 March 2015","title":"Statistics"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_47

Public opinion brigades

["1 Background","2 Force 47","3 Methods","3.1 Distortion of history","4 See also","5 References"]

The public opinion brigades (Vietnamese: Dư luận viên) is a state-sponsored web brigade of the Communist Party of Vietnam or linked to the Communist Government of Vietnam. Similar to Russia's web brigades and China's 50 Cent Army, participants report that they are organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Vietnamese and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Vietnamese communist propaganda. Background It is unclear how the brigades started since the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPVN) often controls political information. However, the earliest form of Internet propaganda supporting CPVN seems to have begun in 2007, when the Government announced to "eliminate any wrong news that threaten the Party's rule". As the Communist Party is the only party allowed by Vietnamese constitution, it was the beginning of the brigades. In 2017, Lieutenant-General Nguyen Trong Nghia, deputy head of the Vietnamese military's political department, confirmed that Vietnam has a new, 10,000-strong military cyber warfare unit to counter criticisms of the government on the Internet. The cyber unit named Force 47 is active in several sectors. Force 47 Force 47 (Lực lượng 47) is a large cyberspace military unit of Vietnam revealed in December 2017 with a focus on combating "wrong views" on the Internet. Internet security firms such as Volexity and FireEye report pro-Hanoi or Hanoi regime-sponsored hackers installed spyware on anti-government, dissident websites to track who visits them. Methods The methods used are not always clear, but includes criticism of opposing views to those of the Communist Party. Vietnamese nationalists, dissidents and anti-communists claim that the CPVN has been doing this for a long time, to brainwash people's minds and distort and truth, branding who disagree with the Communist Party as "traitors of the nation". BBC and Deutsche Welle correspondents have also reported about the brigades' activities. Other Governments also accused Vietnamese Communist Party's troll army for attacking and hacking websites that criticize the CPVN. Distortion of history The CPVN has attempted to rewrite history, including war crimes by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War having been completely erased to serve the Party's agenda, promoting only themselves as the "heroes" of Vietnam. See also Astroturfing Black propaganda Cyberwarfare in Russia Fake news website Hasbara Information warfare Internet activism Internet police PLA Unit 61398, Chinese PLA online hacking & malware implantation unit State-sponsored Internet propaganda in other countries: Internet Water Army; 50 Cent Party; 50 Cent Army, Chinese communist government's version of Dư luận viên Operation Earnest Voice Trolls from Olgino Web brigades Jewish Internet Defense Force AK Trolls Information security Vatnik (slang) References ^ Reed, John (26 December 2017). "Vietnam army reveals 10,000-strong cyber warfare unit". Financial Times. ^ "Vietnam unveils 10,000-strong cyber unit to combat 'wrong views'". Reuters. December 26, 2017. ^ "Vietnam censors to fight 'internet chaos'". BBC News. 27 December 2017. ^ Vietnam unveils 10,000-strong cyber unit to combat 'wrong views', Reuters, December 26, 2017 ^ Hookway, James (31 December 2017). "Introducing Force 47, Vietnam's New Weapon Against Online Dissent". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Nga Pham (12 January 2013), Vietnam admits deploying bloggers to support government, BBC News ^ "Public opinion brigades". Owl Apps. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ Vietnam: Challenges and Opportunities for Freedom of Expression, Internet Freedom Festival, 2016

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"web brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_brigade"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"web brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_web_brigades"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"50 Cent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent_Army"},{"link_name":"political blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog"},{"link_name":"Internet forums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forums"},{"link_name":"sockpuppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet_(Internet)"},{"link_name":"trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"}],"text":"The public opinion brigades (Vietnamese: Dư luận viên) is a state-sponsored web brigade of the Communist Party of Vietnam or linked to the Communist Government of Vietnam.Similar to Russia's web brigades and China's 50 Cent Army, participants report that they are organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Vietnamese and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Vietnamese communist propaganda.","title":"Public opinion brigades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It is unclear how the brigades started since the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPVN) often controls political information. However, the earliest form of Internet propaganda supporting CPVN seems to have begun in 2007,[1] when the Government announced to \"eliminate any wrong news that threaten the Party's rule\". As the Communist Party is the only party allowed by Vietnamese constitution, it was the beginning of the brigades.\nIn 2017, Lieutenant-General Nguyen Trong Nghia, deputy head of the Vietnamese military's political department, confirmed that Vietnam has a new, 10,000-strong military cyber warfare unit to counter criticisms of the government on the Internet. The cyber unit named Force 47 is active in several sectors.[2][3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Volexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volexity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FireEye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireEye"},{"link_name":"spyware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_visitor_tracking"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hookway-5"}],"text":"Force 47 (Lực lượng 47) is a large cyberspace military unit of Vietnam revealed in December 2017 with a focus on combating \"wrong views\" on the Internet.[4] Internet security firms such as Volexity and FireEye report pro-Hanoi or Hanoi regime-sponsored hackers installed spyware on anti-government, dissident websites to track who visits them.[5]","title":"Force 47"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The methods used are not always clear, but includes criticism of opposing views to those of the Communist Party. Vietnamese nationalists, dissidents and anti-communists claim that the CPVN has been doing this for a long time, to brainwash people's minds and distort and truth, branding who disagree with the Communist Party as \"traitors of the nation\".[citation needed]BBC and Deutsche Welle correspondents have also reported about the brigades' activities.[6] Other Governments also accused Vietnamese Communist Party's troll army for attacking and hacking websites that criticize the CPVN. [7]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Distortion of history","text":"The CPVN has attempted to rewrite history, including war crimes by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War having been completely erased to serve the Party's agenda, promoting only themselves as the \"heroes\" of Vietnam.[8]","title":"Methods"}]

[]

[{"title":"Astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"title":"Black propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda"},{"title":"Cyberwarfare in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_in_Russia"},{"title":"Fake news website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_website"},{"title":"Hasbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbarah"},{"title":"Information warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare"},{"title":"Internet activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism"},{"title":"Internet police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_police"},{"title":"PLA Unit 61398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398"},{"title":"PLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"title":"hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hacker"},{"title":"malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware"},{"title":"State-sponsored Internet propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda"},{"title":"Internet Water Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Water_Army"},{"title":"50 Cent Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent_Party"},{"title":"50 Cent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent_Army"},{"title":"Operation Earnest Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Voice"},{"title":"Trolls from Olgino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolls_from_Olgino"},{"title":"Web brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_brigades"},{"title":"Jewish Internet Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Internet_Defense_Force"},{"title":"AK Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK_Trolls"},{"title":"Information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security"},{"title":"Vatnik (slang)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnik_(slang)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_europ%C3%A9en_de_gestion_group

Institut supérieur européen de gestion group

["1 History","1.1 Deployment in regions","1.2 Extending the duration of studies","1.3 A group of three autonomous universities","1.4 Merger","2 Notable people","2.1 Teachers and former teachers","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°51′28.753″N 2°21′36.603″E / 48.85798694°N 2.36016750°E / 48.85798694; 2.36016750Institut supérieur européen de gestion groupTypefor profitEstablished1980PresidentAdrienne JablanczyStudents1,100 (in 2009)LocationParis, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Nantes, Strasbourg and Toulouse, FranceCampusUrbanAffiliationsIONIS Education Group, IACBE, ACBSPWebsitehttp://www.iseg.fr The Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG group, French for Advanced European Institute of Management) is a group of two business schools, ISEG Marketing & Communication School and ISG Programme Business & Management, the former created in 1980, and the latter formed in 2014 when ISEG Business School and ISEG Finance School, each also founded in 1980, merged. In September 2017, ISEG Business & Finance School merged with the programme Business & Management of the ISG Business School. It is based in Paris, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Nantes, Strasbourg and Toulouse, France. The group is mainly focused on teaching entrepreneurship. History Deployment in regions The Institut supérieur européen de gestion was created in 1980 in Paris. After that, six other campuses has been opened in Bordeaux (1986), Toulouse (1987), Lille (1988), Nantes (1989), Strasbourg (1989) and Lyon (1990). Extending the duration of studies In 1990 new curriculums in four and five years after the Baccalauréat were introduced. In 1996, ISEG Paris moved to its new buildings, Rue des Francs-Bourgeois. In 1997, ISEG Bordeaux inaugurates a new campus. The concours PRISM (PRISM competitive examination) was launched in 2001, one year before new five-year curriculums were introduced. In 2003/2004, new buildings were inaugurated in Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and Toulouse, and in 2007 in Strasbourg. A group of three autonomous universities In 2010, the creation of ISEG Group brought together three autonomous universities. The three universities have a degree recognized level 1 by CNCP and are members of AACSB. In September 2014, a new digital and innovative campus will open in Paris (Le Marais-Bastille) bringing together the group, Sup'Internet and E-Artsup. Merger In September 2014, ISEG Business School and ISEG Finance School merged to create a new school named ISEG Business & Finance School. In September 2017, ISEG Business & Finance School merged with the programme Business & Management of the ISG Business School. Notable people Teachers and former teachers Fabrice Bardeche, Vice-President of IONIS Education Group References ^ ISEG Business School ^ ISEG Marketing & Communication School ^ ISEG Finance School ^ Member Search Results ^ Current ACBSP Educational Institution Members and Accredited Programs by Campus Archived 2012-10-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) L’ISEG, Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion ^ (in French) L’ISEG Group, d’une école à trois écoles ^ a b (in French) l'ISEG évolue et passe a la vitesse supérieure Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Marc Sellam, « maître » des écoles supérieures privées en France, 11/11/2007 ^ (in French) « Semaine de l'entrepreneuriat» à l'ISEG Business School ^ (in French) L'ISEG, Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion, signe un partenariat avec l'Université de Rennes I ^ (in French) ISEG Business School ^ (in French) Les axes de développement de Ionis Education Group ^ (in French) L’ISEG Business School et l’ISEG Finance School fusionneront en 2014 ^ (in French) Fabrice Bardeche, directeur général de Ionis et vice-président de l'Epita External links (in French) Official website (in French) 2Ai - L'association des anciens de l'ISEG vteIONIS Education GroupEngineering grandes écoles EPITA ESME-Sudria IPSA Sup'Biotech Business schools ICS Bégué ISEFAC ISEG ISG ISG Luxury Management ISG Sport Business Management ISG RH Others Coding Academy Concours Advance EPITECH ETNA E-Artsup Epitech Digital Epitech Executive IONIS STM IONISx MOD'SPE Paris PHG Academy Supinfo XP School Web@cademie vteHigher education in BordeauxPRES University of Bordeaux Universities Bordeaux 1 Bordeaux 2 Bordeaux 3 Bordeaux 4 Engineering grandes écoles Bordeaux Sciences Agro Arts et Métiers ParisTech IPB ENSC ENSCBP ENSEIRB-MATMECA ENSEGID ENSTBB ESME-Sudria Business schools BEM Management School INSEEC ISEG Others École nationale de l'aviation civile École nationale de la magistrature École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux EPITECH E-Artsup Sciences Po Authority control databases ISNI VIAF 48°51′28.753″N 2°21′36.603″E / 48.85798694°N 2.36016750°E / 48.85798694; 2.36016750

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr.

Efrem Zimbalist Jr.

["1 Early years","2 Military service","3 Career","3.1 Early career","3.2 Warner Bros. star","3.3 The F.B.I. television series","3.4 Other television work","4 Personal life","4.1 Religion","4.2 Politics","4.3 Death","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Video games","5.4 Video","6 Theatre","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Citations","8 Sources","9 External links"]

American actor (1918–2014) This article is about the actor. For his father, the musician, see Efrem Zimbalist. Efrem Zimbalist Jr.Zimbalist in 1956Born(1918-11-30)November 30, 1918Brooklyn, New York, U.S.DiedMay 2, 2014(2014-05-02) (aged 95)Solvang, California, U.S.Alma materYale UniversityOccupationActorYears active1945–2009Known forLewis Erskine, Stuart Bailey, Dandy Jim Buckley, Alfred PennyworthTelevision77 Sunset Strip, The F.B.I., Maverick, Batman: The Animated SeriesHeight6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Spouses Emily Munroe McNair ​ ​(m. 1941; died 1950)​ Loranda Stephanie Spalding ​ ​(m. 1956; died 2007)​ Children3, including Stephanie ZimbalistParentsEfrem Zimbalist Sr.Alma GluckRelativesMarcia Davenport (half-sister) Military careerAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1941–1945RankSecond LieutenantUnitCompany L, 60th Infantry RegimentBattles/warsWorld War II AwardsActing Awards Golden Globe Award Military Awards Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Combat Infantryman Badge Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (November 30, 1918 – May 2, 2014) was an American actor best known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F.B.I. He is also known as recurring character "Dandy Jim Buckley" in the series Maverick and as the voice of Alfred Pennyworth in the DC Animated Universe. Early years Zimbalist was born in 1918 in Brooklyn to Jewish immigrants Efrem Zimbalist Sr. (1889–1985), a famous Russian-born violinist and symphony conductor, and Alma Gluck (1884–1938), an equally famous Romanian-born operatic soprano. He had an older sister, Mary (1915–2008), along with a half-sister from his mother's first marriage, author Marcia Davenport (1903–1996). His stepmother was Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, the founder of the Curtis Institute of Music. Both parents converted to Anglican Christianity and regularly attended the Episcopal Church. Efrem Jr. attended Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts. Zimbalist boarded at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, taking part in school plays. He briefly attended Yale University but was expelled, reinstated and expelled a second time on account of low grades. He moved back to New York City in 1936 to work as a page for NBC radio where he had small on-air roles as well as presenting shows. He furthered his acting training at Neighborhood Playhouse before serving in the United States Army during World War II, where he became friends with writer and director Garson Kanin. Military service Zimbalist was drafted in 1941. Inducted into the United States Army, he completed his initial training at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Selected for officer candidate school, after graduation in 1943 he received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry. Zimbalist was assigned as a platoon leader in Company L, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division and participated in combat in Europe following the Normandy landings. He was discharged at the end of the war, and his awards and decorations included the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge, in addition to the Purple Heart he received for a shrapnel wound to his leg during the battle of Hürtgen Forest. Career Early career Following the war, Zimbalist returned to New York and made his Broadway acting debut in The Rugged Path, starring Spencer Tracy. This led to a stage career as both actor and producer. His producing successes included bringing three Gian Carlo Menotti operas to Broadway, one of which, The Consul, won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1950. In 1954–1955, he co-starred in his first television series, Concerning Miss Marlowe. Warner Bros. star Andra Martin and Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1960 Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1963 In 1956, Zimbalist was put under contract by Warner Bros. and moved to Hollywood. Zimbalist's first recurring role in a Warner Bros. Television series was as roguish gambler "Dandy Jim Buckley" on Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957, and making five appearances as the character. In 1958, Zimbalist played the co-lead Stuart "Stu" Bailey in 77 Sunset Strip, a popular detective series running until 1964. During this period, he made several concurrent appearances in other Warner Bros. television shows, such as Hawaiian Eye, The Alaskans, and Bronco. He also starred as the lead in several feature films for Warners, such as Bombers B-52, The Deep Six, A Fever in the Blood and The Chapman Report. Zimbalist was in such demand during this time that he was given a vacation by Jack L. Warner, owing to exhaustion from his busy schedule. Jack Warner lent him to Columbia Pictures for By Love Possessed in exchange for adding several years to his Warners' contract, but he refused to let Zimbalist appear in BUtterfield 8 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1959, he was awarded the Golden Globe for "Most Promising Newcomer – Male". The F.B.I. television series 1971 publicity photo of Zimbalist on The F.B.I. Apart from 77 Sunset Strip, Zimbalist was most widely known for his starring role as Inspector Lewis Erskine in the Quinn Martin television production The F.B.I., which premiered on September 19, 1965, and aired its final episode on April 28, 1974. Zimbalist was generous in his praise of producer Martin and of his own experience starring in the show. Those who worked with him were equally admiring of the star's professionalism and likable personality. Zimbalist maintained a strong personal relationship with F.B.I. director J. Edgar Hoover, who requested that the show be technically accurate and portray his agents in the best possible light, and he insisted actors playing F.B.I. employees undergo a background check. Zimbalist subsequently spent a week in contact with Hoover in Washington, D.C., and at the F.B.I. Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The men remained mutual admirers for the rest of Hoover's life. Hoover held up Zimbalist as a model for F.B.I. employees' personal appearance. The Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation honored the character of Lewis Erskine in 1985 with a set of retired credentials, and on June 8, 2009, FBI Director Robert Mueller presented Zimbalist with a plaque honoring him for his work on the series. The show was revived in the 1980s as Today's FBI starring Mike Connors. Other television work Zimbalist in 1972 After 77 Sunset Strip, he appeared in other series, including CBS's short-lived The Reporter starring Harry Guardino as journalist Danny Taylor of the fictitious New York Globe. He also appeared in leading and supporting roles in several feature films, including Harlow, A Fever in the Blood (a film about a ruthless politician), Wait Until Dark and Airport 1975. Zimbalist had a recurring role as Daniel Chalmers, a white-collar con man, on his daughter Stephanie Zimbalist's 1980s television detective series Remington Steele. He also recurred in the television dramatic series Hotel. In 1990, he played the father of Zorro in the Christian Broadcasting Network's The New Zorro. Zimbalist relinquished the role after the program's first season because of the filming at studios outside Madrid, Spain, and the role subsequently went to Henry Darrow. He had a small recurring role in the 1990s hit science fiction television series Babylon 5 as William Edgars. Also in the 1990s, Zimbalist played Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Animated Series as well as in Superman: The Animated Series, The New Batman Adventures, Justice League, Static Shock, and the animated films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman. He said being Alfred had "made me an idol in my little grandchildren’s eyes.” Zimbalist also played villain Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. He appeared on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and as himself in the 1998 Smithsonian Institution production of Gemstones of America. He performed as the narrator in "Good Morning, America" by Elinor Remick Warren. Zimbalist wrote an autobiography, My Dinner of Herbs, published by Limelight Editions, New York. In 2008, he appeared in the short film The Delivery, in which he played a professor who helps a young girl in her struggles for literacy. The film won first place in fantasy at the Dragon*Con Film Festival and was an official selection at the Los Angeles International Children's Festival and the Reel Women International Film Festival in 2009. Personal life Efrem's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist Sr., 1915 In December 1941, Zimbalist married his first wife, Emily Munroe McNair. They had two children, Efrem "Skip" Zimbalist III (b. 1947) and Nancy (1944–2012). In January 1950, Emily died from cancer. In 1956, Zimbalist married Loranda Stephanie Spalding. Loranda's middle name was given to their daughter, actress Stephanie Zimbalist. On February 5, 2007, aged 73, Loranda died from lung cancer. Religion Zimbalist's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist, were of Jewish descent but, on emigrating to America, had left the religion. Moreover, Efrem Zimbalist stated, "As far as I am concerned, there has been no Jew in the family for sixty-five years." Zimbalist was baptized in the Episcopal Church. He said that when growing up he was taken to church every Sunday. He attended St. Paul's School, an Episcopal boarding school in New Hampshire. Zimbalist said his faith gave him comfort when Emily died. He had a nine-year association with the practice of Transcendental Meditation as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Zimbalist described the Maharishi Yogi as a "fascinating character", but found the meditation method "... was a total waste of energy for me." In the late 1970s, he was drawn to the Charismatic Christianity movement. His first association was with Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker's PTL ministry. For several years, he was a member of the PTL board. PTL's principal televangelistic successor, the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), engaged Zimbalist to make its many announcements, including the station's idents every half hour, which aired between 1992 and 2012. In a five-minute segment called "The Word" aired on TBN at 25 minutes after the hour, Zimbalist would read a verse from the Bible, eventually completing the entire text, verse by verse. In 1989, he said, "for a while I did go overboard in my association with a fundamentalist group". In later life, Zimbalist joined the congregation of an Episcopal parish near to his home. Afterward he joined the Anglican Church of Our Savior in Santa Barbara; he was an occasional reader there and requested donations be made to them (among others) in his obituary. Politics In 1963 and 1964, Zimbalist joined fellow actors William Lundigan, Chill Wills and Walter Brennan in making appearances on behalf of U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate, in his election campaign against U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Death Zimbalist died at the age of 95, the same age at which his father had died, on May 2, 2014, from natural causes. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Refs 1949 House of Strangers Tony Monetti Film noir directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1957 Band of Angels Lt. Ethan Sears Romantic drama film directed by Raoul Walsh. Bombers B-52 Colonel Jim Herlihy CinemaScope film directed by Gordon Douglas. 1958 The Deep Six Lt. Blanchard World War II drama film directed by Rudolph Maté, loosely based on a novel of the same name by Martin Dibner. Too Much, Too Soon Vincent Bryant Biographical film directed by Art Napoleon. Violent Road George Lawrence Remake of The Wages of Fear and directed by Howard W. Koch. Girl on the Run Stuart Bailey Home Before Dark Jacob 'Jake' Diamond Drama film directed and produced by Mervyn LeRoy. 1960 The Crowded Sky Dale Heath Drama film directed by Joseph Pevney. 1961 A Fever in the Blood Judge Leland Hoffman Drama film directed by Vincent Sherman. By Love Possessed Arthur Winner Drama film directed by John Sturges. 1962 The Chapman Report Paul Radford Drama film directed by George Cukor. 1965 Harlow William Mansfield Fictionalized drama based on the life of film star Jean Harlow directed by Alex Segal. The Reward Frank Bryant Western film directed by Serge Bourguignon. 1967 Wait Until Dark Sam Hendrix Psychological thriller film directed by Terence Young. 1974 Airport 1975 Captain Stacy Air disaster film and the first sequel to the successful 1970 film Airport and directed by Jack Smight. 1982 The Avenging Jacob Anderson Drama film written and directed by Lyman Dayton. 1991 Hot Shots! Wilson Comedy spoof film of Top Gun directed and co-written by Jim Abrahams. 1993 Jack L. Warner: The Last Mogul Narrator Documentary film directed and written by Gregory Orr. Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Alfred Pennyworth Voice, Animated superhero mystery film directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm (co-written). Also known as Batman: The Animated Movie 1995 The Street Corner Kids: The Sequel Makenzie Family film directed and written by Margaret Raphael. 1998 Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Alfred Pennyworth Voice, Direct-to-video superhero animated feature film directed, co-written, and co-produced by Boyd Kirkland. 1999 The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man Dr. Octopus Animated short film directed and co-written by Scott Trowbridge. 2003 Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman Alfred Pennyworth Voice, Direct-to-video animated film directed by Curt Geda. 2008 The Delivery Dr. Engel Short film directed and written by Gabrielle DeCuir., (final film role) Television Year Title Role Notes Refs 1946 Mr. and Mrs. North Star Television film 1954–1955 Concerning Miss Marlowe Jim Gavin Contract role 1956 Star Tonight Guest Episode: "The Long View" (S 2:Ep 42) The United States Steel Hour Sean O'Neill Episode "Stopover at Sublimity" (S 3:Ep 30) 1957 Conflict Stuart Bailey 2 episodes 1957–1958 Maverick Dandy Jim Buckley Recurring 1958 Girl on the Run Stuart Bailey Television film Sugarfoot Kerrigan the Great Episode: "The Wizard" (S 2: Ep 3) 1958–1964 77 Sunset Strip Stuart Bailey Contract role; 163 episodes 1959–1962 Hawaiian Eye Stuart Bailey Recurring 1960 The Alaskans John Conrad Episode: "The Trial of Reno McKee" (S 1: Ep 14) 1961 Person to Person Himself Episode:"August 11, 1961" (S 8:Ep 19) Bronco Edwin Booth Episode: "The Prince of Darkness" (S 4: Ep 2) What About Linda? Himself March of Dimes fund raising program 1962 Here's Hollywood Himself November 2, 1962 1964 The Hollywood Palace Himself Episode: "Host: Efrem Zimbalist Jr." (S 1: Ep 9) Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Paul Radford Episode: "The Sojourner" (S 1: Ep 26) The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Stranger Episode: "See the Monkey Dance" (S 3: Ep 5) The Reporter Charles Durwood Episode: "Super-Star" (S 1: Ep 9) 1965 Rawhide Jeff McKeever Episode: "The Diehard" (S 7: Ep 25) Password Himself Episode: "Angie Dickinson vs. Efrem Zimbalist Jr." 1965–1974 The F.B.I. Inspector Lewis Erskine Contract role; 241 episodes 1967 Cosa Nostra, Arch Enemy of the F.B.I. Inspector Lewis Erskine (archive footage) Television film Insight Byron Episode: "Stranger In My Shoes" (S 7:Ep 37) 1969 Jim Episode: "The Coffee House" (S 9: Ep 38) 1970 Bergman Episode: "The Day God Died" (S 10: Ep 25) Don Ford Episode: "He Lived With Us, Ate With Us, What Else, Dear?" (S 10: Ep 33) Charles de Foucauld Episode: "The Hermit" (S 10: Ep 43) 1972 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Himself February 16, 1972 1974 Insight Guest Episode: "When You See Arcturus" (S 14: Ep 21) 1975 Who Is the Black Dahlia? Sgt. Harry Hansen Television film 1978 A Family Upside Down Mike Long Television film Terror Out of the Sky David Martin Television film 30th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself Presenter 1979 The Best Place to Be Bill Reardan Television film The Gathering, Part II Victor Wainwright Television film Insight God Episode: "Checkmate" (S 20: Ep 11) Guest Episode: "A Family of Winners" (S 20: Ep 12) 1980 Scruples Ellis Ikehorn Miniseries The Anita Bryant Spectacular Himself 1982 Beyond Witch Mountain Aristotle Bolt Television film Family in Blue Marty Malone Television film 1983 Insight Guest Episode: "The Hit Man" (S 24: Ep 5) Fantasy Island Mr. Baldwin Episode: "The Butler's Affair/Roarke's Sacrifice" (S 7: Ep 5) Charley's Aunt Col. Francis Chesney Television film Baby Sister Tom Burroughs Television film Shooting Stars Robert Cluso Television film 1983–87 Remington Steele Daniel Chalmers Recurring 1984 The Love Boat Dan Whitman Episode: "Polly's Poker Palace, Parts 1 and 2" (S 7: Ep 19 & S 7: Ep 20) Hardcastle and McCormick Emmett Parnell Episode: "The Georgia Street Motors" (S 1:Ep 18) Partners in Crime Grant Latham Episode: "Murder in the Museum" (S 1: Ep 19) Hotel Alexander Heath Episode: "Flesh and Blood" (S 2: Ep 2) Cover Up E.G. Dawson Episode: "Writer's Block" (S 1: Ep 9) You Are the Jury Narrator Episode: "The Case of the People of Florida v Joseph Lamdrum" 1985 Finder of Lost Loves Judge Alex Hale Episode: "Mister Wonderful" (S 1: Ep 19) 1986 38th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself Presenter: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special You Are the Jury Narrator Episode: "The State of Arizona v Dr. Evan Blake" 1986–88 Hotel Charles Cabot Recurring 1988 Hunter Clarence Hyland Episode: "Murder He Wrote" (S 4: Ep 21) Murder, She Wrote Gen. Havermeyer Episode: "The Last Flight of the Dixie Damsel" (S 5: Ep 7) 1990 Zorro Don Alejandro de la Vega Contract role; 25 episodes Who's the Boss? Robert Robinson Episode: "Operation Mona" (S 6: Ep 22) Murder, She Wrote Richard Thompson Grant Episode: "Hannigan's Wake" (S 7: Ep 4) 1991 Hot Shots: The Making of an Important Movie Himself 1992 Murder, She Wrote Adam Quatrain Episode: "Sugar, Spice, Malice and Vice" (S 9: Ep 7) 1992–1993 The Legend of Prince Valiant King Arthur (voice) Contract role; 53 episodes 1992–1995 Batman: The Animated Series Alfred Pennyworth Contract role; 57 episodes 1993 Trade Winds Christof Philips Miniseries 1994 Vicki! Himself Burke's Law Sam Gallagher Episode: "Who Killed the Legal Eagle?" (S 1: Ep 9) Heaven Help Us Lexy's Dad Episode: "A Little Left of Heaven (Pilot) (S 1:Ep 1) The Nanny Theodore Timmons Episode: "Material Fran" (S 2: Ep 4) 1995 Biker Mice from Mars King Arthur Episode: "Knights of the Round Table, Parts 1 and 2" (S 3: Ep 1 & S 3: Ep 2) One West Waikiki Walter Mansfield Episode: "Flowers of Evil" (S 2: Ep 1) Gargoyles Mace Malone Episode: "Revelations" (S 2: Ep 16) Iron Man Justin Hammer Recurring 1995–1997 Spider-Man Dr. Octopus / Dr. Otto Octavius Recurring 1996 Picket Fences Hal Klosterman Episode: "Forget Selma" (S 4: Ep 18) Mighty Ducks Dr. Denton P. Hookerman Episode: "Zap Attack" (S 1: Ep 4) 1997 Babylon 5 William Edgars Recurring The Visitor Wayland Scott Episode: "Miracles" (S 1: Ep 11) Superman: The Animated Series Alfred Pennyworth Episode: "World's Finest, part 3" (S 2: Ep 18) 1997–1998 The New Batman Adventures Alfred Pennyworth Recurring 1998 Gemstones of America Himself Host The Batman Superman Movie: World's Finest Alfred Pennyworth Voice, television film 1999 A Year to Remember Himself Host 2001 The First Day Benjamin Hart Television film 2003 Static Shock Alfred Pennyworth Episode: "Hard as Nails" (S 3: Ep 1) 2003–2004 Justice League Alfred Pennyworth Voice, 3 episodes 2004 Batman: Behind the Mystery Himself TVLand Moguls Himself 2007 The Brothers Warner Himself Historical film directed by Cass Warner (credited as Cass Warner Sperling). Video games Year Title Role Notes Refs 1993 Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers Wolfgang Video game 2000 Spider-Man Dr. Octopus Video game 2001 Batman: Vengeance Alfred Pennyworth Video game Video Year Title Role Notes Refs 1983 The Tempest Prospero Directed by William Woodman. Theatre Opening date Closing date Title Role Theatre Refs Nov 10, 1945 Jan 19, 1946 The Rugged Path Gil Hartnick Plymouth Nov 6, 1946 Feb 21, 1947 King Henry VIII Duke of Suffolk International Theatre Nov 8, 1946 Feb 15, 1947 What Every Woman Knows A Butler, Ensemble International Theatre Dec 19, 1946 Feb 22, 1947 A Pound on DemandAndrocles and the Lion Secutor International Theatre Feb 27, 1947 Mar 15, 1947 Yellow Jack Aristides Agramonte International Theatre May 1, 1947 Nov 1, 1947 The TelephoneThe Medium (producer) Ethel Barrymore Theatre Feb 24, 1948 Mar 6, 1948 Hedda Gabler Eilert Lovborg Cort Theatre Dec 7, 1948 Jan 9, 1949 The Telephone (producer) City Center Dec 7, 1948 Jan 9, 1949 The Medium (producer) City Center Mar 15, 1950 Nov 4, 1950 The Consul (producer) Ethel Barrymore Theatre Jan 17, 1956 Aug 11, 1956 Fallen Angels Maurice Duclos Playhouse Oct 16, 2004 Nov 7, 2004 Night of the Iguana Nonno Rubicon Theatre Company Apr 26, 2007 May 20, 2007 Hamlet The Player King Rubicon Theatre Company References Notes ^ In Airport 1975, both Efrem Zimbalist Jr. and Dana Andrews reprised their roles, but in a reversal, Andrews does the crashing. Citations ^ Malan 2004, p. 1. ^ a b "Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Star of '77 Sunset Strip' and 'The F.B.I.', Dies at 95". The New York Times. May 3, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2018. ^ "Mary Taylor Zimbalist's Obituary on New York Times". The New York Times. June 29, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2018. ^ Marston Records bio of Alma Gluck Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Staff (May 3, 2014). "American Actor Efrem Zimbalist Junior Dies At His California Home At Age 95". Jewish Business News. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ Hayward, Anthony. (May 5, 2014) "Efrem Zimbalist Jr : Actor who made his name as a suave private detective in '77 Sunset Strip' and a federal agent in 'The FBI'", The Independent; retrieved February 21, 2018. ^ "Selective Service Calls Artist's Son". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, NY. Associated Press. April 3, 1941. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Zimbalist Jr. Off for Year in Army". New York Daily News. New York, NY. April 3, 1941. p. 51 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c O'Keeffe, Walter; Quinn, Daniel (May–June 1969). "T.V. Star Served with 60th" (PDF). The Octofoil. Weehawken, NJ: Ninth Infantry Division Association. p. 2. ^ a b "The Rugged Path". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Monush 2003, p. 816. ^ a b "The Consul". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ a b Zimbalist, Efrem Jr. (2004). My Dinner of Herbs. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-988-2. ^ "Efrem Zimbalist, Jr". American Legends. United States. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ IMDB.com ^ a b c Etter 2008, pp. 62–87. ^ Kessler 2003, p. 399. ^ raideoman1 (May 3, 2014). ""Forgotten Hollywood"- The F.B.I. Star Has Died…". Forgotten Hollywood. United States. Retrieved May 8, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b Mueller, III, Robert S. (June 8, 2009). "Presentation of Honorary Special Agent Badge to Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Los Angeles". Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved July 15, 2010. ^ "Actor Efrem Zimbalist Jr. honored by FBI". Associated Press. 9 June 2009. ^ Rogers, John. "Efrem Zimbalist Jr. dies at 95; star of '77 Sunset Strip' and 'The F.B.I.'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 January 2024. ^ "TBN – Trinity Broadcasting Network". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2006-10-17. ^ Gemstones of America ^ Cambria CD #1042 (1993) ^ a b "Efrem Zimbalist Jr., star of 'The FBI,' dead at 95". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. ^ a b Malan 2004, pp. 139–142. ^ Stanford, Monty (2008). "EZimablist Jr". Christus Rex. 1 (5). ^ a b c Silversten 1998, pp. 173–194. ^ a b Barnes, Mike; Byrge, Duane. "Actor Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Dies at 95". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ Bruce Boland (2009-10-20). "emails from the public 2009 (kept for station FCC license renewal)" (PDF). Trinity Broadcasting Network. p. 19. Retrieved 2014-09-20. ^ Mary Evertz, "At 65 Still a Sex Symbol: Veteran Actor Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. is Back on Stage," St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, May 26, 1989. ^ "Services set for Efrem Zimbalist Jr". Santa Ynez Valley News. May 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ "The Impact of the Draft Goldwater Committee on the Republican Party". ashbrook.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2001. Retrieved 2013-08-24. ^ "House of Strangers". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Band of Angels". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Bombers B-52". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "The Deep Six". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Too Much, Too Soon". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Violent Road". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ Dawson, Jonathan. "The Wages of Fear". Senses of Cinema. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Home Before Dark". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "The Crowded Sky". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ Nixon, Rob. "The Crowded Sky (1960)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "A Fever in the Blood". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "By Love Possessed". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "The Chapman Report". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Harlow". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "The Reward". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Wait Until Dark". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Airport 1975". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "The Avenging". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Hot Shots!". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "SubZero". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ "Batwoman". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ Roberts 2009, p. 90. ^ Terrace 2011, p. 1011. ^ Terrace 2013a, p. 15. ^ "Girl on the Run". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ Terrace 2013, pp. 121–122. ^ Marill 2011, p. 57. ^ Neibaur 2004, p. 178. ^ Terrace 2013, p. 79. ^ Roberts 2009, p. 383. ^ Terrace 2013b, p. 33. ^ Terrace 2013b, p. 90. ^ Abbott 2009, p. 165. ^ a b Terrace 2013a, p. 331. ^ Garcia & Phillips 2012, p. 21. ^ Sperling, Cass Warner; Millner, Cork (1994). Hollywood Be Thy Name. Prima Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8131-0958-9. ^ Coursen 2010, p. 127. ^ "King Henry VIII". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "What Every Woman Knows". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "A Pound on Demand / Androcles and the Lion". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Yellow Jack". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "The Telephone/The Medium". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Hedda Gable". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "The Telephone". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "The Medium". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Fallen Angels". IBDB. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ Brandes, Phillip (October 20, 2004). "Zimbalist Night of the Iguana 2004". Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 20, 2018. ^ Hill, Bojana (May 3, 2007). "Hamlet at the Rubicon Theatre". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved November 20, 2018. Sources Abbott, Jon (2009). Stephen J. Cannell Television Productions: A History of All Series and Pilots. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7864-5401-3. Coursen, Herbert R. (2010). Contemporary Shakespeare Production (Studies in Shakespeare). Pieterlen, Bern: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4331-0924-9. Etter, Jonathan (2008). Quinn Martin, Producer: A Behind-the-Scenes History of QM Productions and Its Founder. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 62–87. ISBN 978-0-7864-3867-9. Garcia, Frank; Phillips, Mark (2012). Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-6917-8. Kessler, Ronald (2003). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-312-98977-4. Malan, Roy (2004). Efrem Zimbalist: A Life. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Amadeus Press. pp. 1 and 139–142. ISBN 1-57467-091-3. Marill, Alvin H. (2011). Television Westerns: Six Decades of Sagebrush Sheriffs, Scalawags, and Sidewinders. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8108-8132-7. Monush, Barry (2003). Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Vol. 1: From the Silent Era to 1965. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. p. 816. ISBN 978-1-55783-551-2. Neibaur, James L. (2004). The Bob Hope Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7864-1050-7. Roberts, Jerry (2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 90 & 383. ISBN 978-0-8108-6138-1. Silversten, Linda (1998). Lives Charmed: Intimate Conversations with Extraordinary People. Deerfield Beach, Florida: HCI Books. pp. 173–194. ISBN 978-1-55874-593-3. Terrace, Vincent (2013). Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since 1949. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 79 and 121–122. ISBN 978-0-8108-9249-1. Terrace, Vincent (2013a). Encyclopedia of Television Pilots: 1937–2012. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 15 and 331. ISBN 978-0-7864-7445-5. Terrace, Vincent (2013b). Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 33 and 90. ISBN 978-0-7864-7444-8. Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2nd ed. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 1011. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7. External links Biography portalUnited States portalNew York City portalNew York (state) portalTheatre portalFilm portalTelevision portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. at IMDb Efrem Zimbalist Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database Efrem Zimbalist Jr. at TV Guide vteGolden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor Richard Widmark (1948) No Award (1949) Gene Nelson / Richard Todd (1950) No Award (1951) Kevin McCarthy (1952) Richard Burton (1953) Richard Egan / Steve Forrest / Hugh O'Brian (1954) Joe Adams / George Nader / Jeff Richards (1955) Ray Danton / Russ Tamblyn (1956) John Kerr / Paul Newman / Anthony Perkins (1957) James Garner / John Saxon / Patrick Wayne (1958) John Gavin / Bradford Dillman / Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (1959) George Hamilton / Barry Coe / Troy Donahue / James Shigeta (1960) Michael Callan / Mark Damon / Brett Halsey (1961) Warren Beatty / Richard Beymer / Bobby Darin (1962) Keir Dullea / Peter O'Toole / Omar Sharif / Terence Stamp (1963) Albert Finney / Stathis Giallelis / Robert Walker (1964) Harve Presnell / George Segal / Topol (1965) Robert Redford (1966) James Farentino (1967) Dustin Hoffman (1968) Leonard Whiting (1969) Jon Voight (1970) James Earl Jones (1971) Desi Arnaz Jr. (1972) Edward Albert (1973) Paul Le Mat (1974) Joseph Bottoms (1975) Brad Dourif (1976) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1977) No Award (1978) Brad Davis (1979) Ricky Schroder (1980) Timothy Hutton (1981) Ben Kingsley (1983) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Efrem Zimbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"77 Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77_Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"DC Animated Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe"}],"text":"This article is about the actor. For his father, the musician, see Efrem Zimbalist.Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (November 30, 1918 – May 2, 2014) was an American actor best known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F.B.I. He is also known as recurring character \"Dandy Jim Buckley\" in the series Maverick and as the voice of Alfred Pennyworth in the DC Animated Universe.","title":"Efrem Zimbalist Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Efrem Zimbalist Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalan20041-1"},{"link_name":"Alma Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Gluck"},{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatic"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marcia Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louise_Curtis_Bok_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Fay School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_School"},{"link_name":"Southborough, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"},{"link_name":"page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Page"},{"link_name":"Neighborhood Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Garson Kanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garson_Kanin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Zimbalist was born in 1918 in Brooklyn to Jewish immigrants Efrem Zimbalist Sr. (1889–1985), a famous Russian-born violinist[1] and symphony conductor, and Alma Gluck (1884–1938), an equally famous Romanian-born operatic soprano.[2] He had an older sister, Mary (1915–2008),[3] along with a half-sister from his mother's first marriage, author Marcia Davenport (1903–1996).[4] His stepmother was Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, the founder of the Curtis Institute of Music. Both parents converted to Anglican Christianity and regularly attended the Episcopal Church. Efrem Jr. attended Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts.[5]Zimbalist boarded at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, taking part in school plays. He briefly attended Yale University but was expelled, reinstated and expelled a second time on account of low grades.[2] He moved back to New York City in 1936 to work as a page for NBC radio where he had small on-air roles as well as presenting shows. He furthered his acting training at Neighborhood Playhouse[6] before serving in the United States Army during World War II, where he became friends with writer and director Garson Kanin.[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"officer candidate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Octofoil-9"},{"link_name":"platoon leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_leader"},{"link_name":"60th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Octofoil-9"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Combat Infantryman Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"battle of Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Octofoil-9"}],"text":"Zimbalist was drafted in 1941.[7] Inducted into the United States Army, he completed his initial training at Fort Dix, New Jersey.[8] Selected for officer candidate school, after graduation in 1943 he received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry.[9] Zimbalist was assigned as a platoon leader in Company L, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division and participated in combat in Europe following the Normandy landings.[9] He was discharged at the end of the war, and his awards and decorations included the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge, in addition to the Purple Heart he received for a shrapnel wound to his leg during the battle of Hürtgen Forest.[9]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Path-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonush2003816-11"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Gian Carlo Menotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti"},{"link_name":"The Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consul"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consul-12"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music"},{"link_name":"Concerning Miss Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerning_Miss_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonush2003816-11"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Following the war, Zimbalist returned to New York and made his Broadway acting debut in The Rugged Path,[10][11] starring Spencer Tracy. This led to a stage career as both actor and producer. His producing successes included bringing three Gian Carlo Menotti operas to Broadway, one of which, The Consul,[12] won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1950.In 1954–1955, he co-starred in his first television series, Concerning Miss Marlowe.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andra_Martin_Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1960.JPG"},{"link_name":"Andra Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_Martin"},{"link_name":"77 Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77_Sunset_Strip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efrem_Zimbalist,_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1963.JPG"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Dinner_of_Herbs-13"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television"},{"link_name":"Dandy Jim Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maverick_episodes"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"77 Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77_Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Eye"},{"link_name":"The Alaskans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alaskans"},{"link_name":"Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronco_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bombers B-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombers_B-52"},{"link_name":"The Deep Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_Six"},{"link_name":"A Fever in the Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fever_in_the_Blood"},{"link_name":"The Chapman Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chapman_Report"},{"link_name":"Jack L. Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Warner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"By Love Possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_Love_Possessed_(film)"},{"link_name":"BUtterfield 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUtterfield_8"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Most Promising Newcomer – Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_New_Star_of_the_Year_%E2%80%93_Actor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Warner Bros. star","text":"Andra Martin and Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1960Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1963In 1956, Zimbalist was put under contract by Warner Bros. and moved to Hollywood.[13]\nZimbalist's first recurring role in a Warner Bros. Television series was as roguish gambler \"Dandy Jim Buckley\" on Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957, and making five appearances as the character. In 1958, Zimbalist played the co-lead Stuart \"Stu\" Bailey in 77 Sunset Strip, a popular detective series running until 1964.During this period, he made several concurrent appearances in other Warner Bros. television shows, such as Hawaiian Eye, The Alaskans, and Bronco. He also starred as the lead in several feature films for Warners, such as Bombers B-52, The Deep Six, A Fever in the Blood and The Chapman Report. Zimbalist was in such demand during this time that he was given a vacation by Jack L. Warner, owing to exhaustion from his busy schedule.[citation needed]Jack Warner lent him to Columbia Pictures for By Love Possessed in exchange for adding several years to his Warners' contract, but he refused to let Zimbalist appear in BUtterfield 8 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[14]In 1959, he was awarded the Golden Globe for \"Most Promising Newcomer – Male\".[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1971.JPG"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quinn Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Martin"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtter200862%E2%80%9387-16"},{"link_name":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"link_name":"F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtter200862%E2%80%9387-16"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"F.B.I. Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Academy"},{"link_name":"Quantico, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtter200862%E2%80%9387-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler2003399-17"},{"link_name":"Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Former_Special_Agents_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society_of_Former_Special_Agents_of_the_FBI_Inc.-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presentation_of_Honorary_Special_Agent_Badge_to_Efrem_Zimbalist,_Jr._Los_Angeles-19"},{"link_name":"FBI Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Robert Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mueller"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presentation_of_Honorary_Special_Agent_Badge_to_Efrem_Zimbalist,_Jr._Los_Angeles-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Actor_Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._honored_by_FBI-20"},{"link_name":"Today's FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_FBI"},{"link_name":"Mike Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Connors"}],"sub_title":"The F.B.I. television series","text":"1971 publicity photo of Zimbalist on The F.B.I.Apart from 77 Sunset Strip, Zimbalist was most widely known for his starring role as Inspector Lewis Erskine in the Quinn Martin television production The F.B.I., which premiered on September 19, 1965, and aired its final episode on April 28, 1974.[15] Zimbalist was generous in his praise of producer Martin and of his own experience starring in the show. Those who worked with him were equally admiring of the star's professionalism and likable personality.[16]Zimbalist maintained a strong personal relationship with F.B.I. director J. Edgar Hoover, who requested that the show be technically accurate and portray his agents in the best possible light, and he insisted actors playing F.B.I. employees undergo a background check.[16] Zimbalist subsequently spent a week in contact with Hoover in Washington, D.C., and at the F.B.I. Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The men remained mutual admirers for the rest of Hoover's life.[16] Hoover held up Zimbalist as a model for F.B.I. employees' personal appearance.[17]The Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation[18] honored the character of Lewis Erskine in 1985 with a set of retired credentials,[19] and on June 8, 2009, FBI Director Robert Mueller presented Zimbalist with a plaque honoring him for his work on the series.[19][20]The show was revived in the 1980s as Today's FBI starring Mike Connors.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1972.JPG"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reporter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Harry Guardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Guardino"},{"link_name":"leading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_man"},{"link_name":"supporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_actor"},{"link_name":"Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_(Magna_film)"},{"link_name":"A Fever in the Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fever_in_the_Blood"},{"link_name":"Wait Until Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_Until_Dark_(film)"},{"link_name":"Airport 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_1975"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Zimbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"Remington Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Steele"},{"link_name":"Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Christian Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_networks_preceding_ABC_Family#The_Family_Channel"},{"link_name":"The New Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Madrid, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Henry Darrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darrow"},{"link_name":"science fiction television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Babylon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"Batman: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"Superman: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"The New Batman Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Batman_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Static Shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_Shock"},{"link_name":"Batman: Mask of the Phantasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm"},{"link_name":"Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Mr._Freeze:_SubZero"},{"link_name":"Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Mystery_of_the_Batwoman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Doctor Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Octopus"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(1994_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Trinity Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Limelight Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Dinner_of_Herbs-13"}],"sub_title":"Other television work","text":"Zimbalist in 1972After 77 Sunset Strip, he appeared in other series, including CBS's short-lived The Reporter starring Harry Guardino as journalist Danny Taylor of the fictitious New York Globe. He also appeared in leading and supporting roles in several feature films, including Harlow, A Fever in the Blood (a film about a ruthless politician), Wait Until Dark and Airport 1975.Zimbalist had a recurring role as Daniel Chalmers, a white-collar con man, on his daughter Stephanie Zimbalist's 1980s television detective series Remington Steele. He also recurred in the television dramatic series Hotel.In 1990, he played the father of Zorro in the Christian Broadcasting Network's The New Zorro. Zimbalist relinquished the role after the program's first season because of the filming at studios outside Madrid, Spain, and the role subsequently went to Henry Darrow. He had a small recurring role in the 1990s hit science fiction television series Babylon 5 as William Edgars.Also in the 1990s, Zimbalist played Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Animated Series as well as in Superman: The Animated Series, The New Batman Adventures, Justice League, Static Shock, and the animated films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman. He said being Alfred had \"made me an idol in my little grandchildren’s eyes.”[21] Zimbalist also played villain Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. He appeared on the Trinity Broadcasting Network[22] and as himself in the 1998 Smithsonian Institution production of Gemstones of America.[23] He performed as the narrator in \"Good Morning, America\" by Elinor Remick Warren.[24]Zimbalist wrote an autobiography, My Dinner of Herbs, published by Limelight Editions, New York.[13]In 2008, he appeared in the short film The Delivery, in which he played a professor who helps a young girl in her struggles for literacy. The film won first place in fantasy at the Dragon*Con Film Festival and was an official selection at the Los Angeles International Children's Festival and the Reel Women International Film Festival in 2009.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimbalist_%26_Gluck_LCCN2014709576.tif"},{"link_name":"Alma Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Efrem Zimbalist Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist_Sr."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_TODAY-25"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Zimbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_TODAY-25"}],"text":"Efrem's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist Sr., 1915In December 1941, Zimbalist married his first wife, Emily Munroe McNair. They had two children, Efrem \"Skip\" Zimbalist III (b. 1947) and Nancy (1944–2012). In January 1950, Emily died from cancer.[25]In 1956, Zimbalist married Loranda Stephanie Spalding. Loranda's middle name was given to their daughter, actress Stephanie Zimbalist. On February 5, 2007, aged 73, Loranda died from lung cancer.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalan2004139%E2%80%93142-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalan2004139%E2%80%93142-26"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EZimablist_Jr-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilversten1998173%E2%80%93194-28"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation"},{"link_name":"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi"},{"link_name":"Maharishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilversten1998173%E2%80%93194-28"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Jim Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker"},{"link_name":"Tammy Faye Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Faye_Bakker"},{"link_name":"PTL ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTL_Club"},{"link_name":"Trinity Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95_Years-29"},{"link_name":"station's idents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_identification"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilversten1998173%E2%80%93194-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Zimbalist's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist, were of Jewish descent but, on emigrating to America, had left the religion.[26] Moreover, Efrem Zimbalist stated, \"As far as I am concerned, there has been no Jew in the family for sixty-five years.\"[26]Zimbalist was baptized in the Episcopal Church. He said that when growing up he was taken to church every Sunday. He attended St. Paul's School, an Episcopal boarding school in New Hampshire.[27] Zimbalist said his faith gave him comfort when Emily died.[28]He had a nine-year association with the practice of Transcendental Meditation as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Zimbalist described the Maharishi Yogi as a \"fascinating character\", but found the meditation method \"... was a total waste of energy for me.\"[28]In the late 1970s, he was drawn to the Charismatic Christianity movement. His first association was with Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker's PTL ministry. For several years, he was a member of the PTL board. PTL's principal televangelistic successor, the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN),[29] engaged Zimbalist to make its many announcements, including the station's idents every half hour, which aired between 1992 and 2012. In a five-minute segment called \"The Word\" aired on TBN at 25 minutes after the hour, Zimbalist would read a verse from the Bible, eventually completing the entire text, verse by verse.[30] In 1989, he said, \"for a while I did go overboard in my association with a fundamentalist group\".[31]In later life, Zimbalist joined the congregation of an Episcopal parish near to his home.[28] Afterward he joined the Anglican Church of Our Savior in Santa Barbara; he was an occasional reader there and requested donations be made to them (among others) in his obituary.[32]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lundigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lundigan"},{"link_name":"Chill Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill_Wills"},{"link_name":"Walter Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brennan"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"link_name":"election campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"In 1963 and 1964, Zimbalist joined fellow actors William Lundigan, Chill Wills and Walter Brennan in making appearances on behalf of U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate, in his election campaign against U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95_Years-29"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Zimbalist died at the age of 95, the same age at which his father had died, on May 2, 2014, from natural causes.[29]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-5401-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5401-3"},{"link_name":"Pieterlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieterlen"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Peter Lang International Academic Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4331-0924-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0924-9"},{"link_name":"Jefferson, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"McFarland & 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Stephen J. Cannell Television Productions: A History of All Series and Pilots. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7864-5401-3.\nCoursen, Herbert R. (2010). Contemporary Shakespeare Production (Studies in Shakespeare). Pieterlen, Bern: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4331-0924-9.\nEtter, Jonathan (2008). Quinn Martin, Producer: A Behind-the-Scenes History of QM Productions and Its Founder. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 62–87. ISBN 978-0-7864-3867-9.\nGarcia, Frank; Phillips, Mark (2012). Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-6917-8.\nKessler, Ronald (2003). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-312-98977-4.\nMalan, Roy (2004). Efrem Zimbalist: A Life. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Amadeus Press. pp. 1 and 139–142. ISBN 1-57467-091-3.\nMarill, Alvin H. (2011). Television Westerns: Six Decades of Sagebrush Sheriffs, Scalawags, and Sidewinders. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8108-8132-7.\nMonush, Barry (2003). Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Vol. 1: From the Silent Era to 1965. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. p. 816. ISBN 978-1-55783-551-2.\nNeibaur, James L. (2004). The Bob Hope Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7864-1050-7.\nRoberts, Jerry (2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 90 & 383. ISBN 978-0-8108-6138-1.\nSilversten, Linda (1998). Lives Charmed: Intimate Conversations with Extraordinary People. Deerfield Beach, Florida: HCI Books. pp. 173–194. ISBN 978-1-55874-593-3.\nTerrace, Vincent (2013). Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since 1949. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 79 and 121–122. ISBN 978-0-8108-9249-1.\nTerrace, Vincent (2013a). Encyclopedia of Television Pilots: 1937–2012. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 15 and 331. ISBN 978-0-7864-7445-5.\nTerrace, Vincent (2013b). Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 33 and 90. ISBN 978-0-7864-7444-8.\nTerrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2nd ed. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 1011. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Andra Martin and Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Andra_Martin_Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1960.JPG/170px-Andra_Martin_Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1960.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zimbalist in 77 Sunset Strip, 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Efrem_Zimbalist%2C_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1963.JPG/170px-Efrem_Zimbalist%2C_Jr._77_Sunset_Strip_1963.JPG"},{"image_text":"1971 publicity photo of Zimbalist on The F.B.I.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1971.JPG/170px-Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1971.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zimbalist in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1972.JPG/170px-Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr._1972.JPG"},{"image_text":"Efrem's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist Sr., 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zimbalist_%26_Gluck_LCCN2014709576.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Zimbalist_%26_Gluck_LCCN2014709576.tif.jpg"}]

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Associated Press. 9 June 2009.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rogers, John. \"Efrem Zimbalist Jr. dies at 95; star of '77 Sunset Strip' and 'The F.B.I.'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/efrem-zimbalist-jr-dies-at-95-star-of-77-sunset-strip-and-the-fbi/2014/05/03/5986f3e6-d2dd-11e3-aae8-c2d44bd79778_story.html","url_text":"\"Efrem Zimbalist Jr. dies at 95; star of '77 Sunset Strip' and 'The F.B.I.'\""}]},{"reference":"\"TBN – Trinity Broadcasting Network\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2006-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310230224/http://www.tbn.org/index.php/2/4/p/632.html","url_text":"\"TBN – Trinity Broadcasting Network\""},{"url":"http://www.tbn.org/index.php/2/4/p/632.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Efrem Zimbalist Jr., star of 'The FBI,' dead at 95\". USA Today. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Attack

Galactic Attack

["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 Reviews","5 References","6 External links"]

This article is about the 1980 video game by Siro-Tech. For the 1995 video game by Taito, see RayForce. 1980 video gameGalactic AttackDeveloper(s)Siro-TechPublisher(s)Siro-TechDesigner(s)Robert WoodheadPlatform(s)Apple IIRelease1980Genre(s)Space combat simulatorMode(s)Single-player Galactic Attack is a 1980 space combat simulator video game written by Robert Woodhead for the Apple II and published by the company he co-founded, Siro-Tech. It is a single-player adaptation of the game Empire from the PLATO mainframe network. Siro-Tech was renamed to Sir-Tech and followed-up Galactic Attack with the more commercially successful Wizardry which was inspired by the PLATO system dungeon crawl games Oubliette and Moria. Gameplay This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Galactic Attack, the player's job is to liberate the solar system from the dreaded Kazanta invaders by destroying the Kzanta's ships and bombarding the Kzanta's forces on the planets of the solar system and then beaming down armies to secure the planets. The game's framing uses the same loose Star Trek framing as Empire; the universe is two dimensional, with the user's starship placed in the center of their tactical screen. Ships have phasers which fire in a cone, with damage proportionate to distance, a limited number of torpedoes that can be in flight at any given time and which proceed in a straight line until they hit a target or time out, deflector shields, a range of warp speeds, and a limited energy supply that slowly automatically regenerates. Weapons were fired on compass bearings by typing in degree headings. Development Galactic Attack was written with UCSD Pascal. Reception Bruce F. Webster reviewed Galactic Attack in The Space Gamer No. 43. Webster commented that "I recommend Galactic Attack with few reservations. If gives you far more for your money than a lot of other games costing the same. Because the difficulty level can be adjusted to a very high point, it will be a long time before you master this game." Dick Richards reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "As this is a real time game, it demands quick thinking — indecision can be fatal — because the computer controlled Kzinti never hesitates." Reviews Casus Belli #19 (Feb 1984) References ^ Hague, James. "The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers". ^ a b Webster, Bruce F. (September 1981). "Capsule Reviews". The Space Gamer (43). Steve Jackson Games: 34. ^ Richards, Dick (May–Jun 1983). "Galactic Attack! Sir-tech's Space Combat Game". Computer Gaming World. Vol. 1, no. 10. pp. 19, 42. ^ Ludotique | Article | RPGGeek External links Sir-Tech's catalog from mocagh.org Forgotten ruins: The roots of computer role-playing games: Sir-tech from https://venturebeat.com/

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Says

America Says

["1 Gameplay","1.1 Main rounds","1.2 Bonus round","2 Production","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American television game show America SaysGenreGame showBased ona formatby Keller/NollDirected byHal GrantPresented byJohn Michael HigginsCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons5No. of episodes540ProductionExecutive producers Tara Long Mark Herwick Dave Noll Cleve Keller John Quinn Jeffery Breeder Michael Canter Running time20–22 minutesProduction companies Entertainment One Keller Noll Game Show Enterprises Original releaseNetworkGame Show NetworkReleaseJune 18, 2018 (2018-06-18) –December 16, 2022 (2022-12-16) America Says is an American television game show hosted by John Michael Higgins and broadcast on Game Show Network. The series consists of two teams of four guessing the top answers to fill-in-the-blank survey questions. It is a restructuring of the Audience Match portion of Match Game. Gameplay Main rounds Two teams of four compete, consisting of friends and family. One team is shown a fill-in-the-blank and its top seven answers, with the first letter of each word in each correct answer being shown as a clue. For example, if the question is "When I think of Italy, I think of ," an answer might be "L______ T____" for Leaning Tower. The length of the blank is a further clue to the length of the correct answer. In each round, each team is given one question. The team has a total of 30 seconds to guess all seven answers correctly. The first player offers an answer and keeps giving answers until giving an answer that is not on the board, at which point control passes to the next player in line. This process continues (going back to the beginning of the line as often as necessary) until either all seven answers are given or time runs out. If a teammate speaks out of turn at any time, the team is penalized five seconds. The team is awarded 100 points for every correct answer, and a 1,000-point bonus (1,700 total) if they can get all seven answers within 30 seconds. If the team cannot guess all seven, then the opposing team is given a chance to steal the remaining answers at 100 points each. Steal attempts are untimed but end when either the board is completed or the stealing team gives an incorrect answer. In early episodes, the opposing team was allowed to confer on steals. In episodes filmed using a socially-distanced set during the COVID-19 pandemic, individual players give one answer each, without conferring. Synonyms and word forms are acceptable if they correctly fill in the same blank(s): for example, "chefs" and "cooking" would both be acceptable for "cooks," but "physician" would not be acceptable for "doctor." As a general rule, other than questions that explicitly deal with synonyms for a given word, the show tries to avoid including two or more synonyms in the answers when they do not fill in the same blanks (for example, "actor" and "thespian" would not be separate answers for most questions unless the question were something like "____ is another word for a performer"). The second round is played the same way, with 200 points given for each correct answer and a 2,000-point bonus for all seven. Likewise, the third round is played for 300 points per answer and 3,000 bonus points for all seven. The team on the viewer's left starts the first two rounds, the team that is ahead after two rounds starts the third round (the team on the left starts the third round if there is a tie). The round ends immediately if the trailing team can no longer catch their opponents. The team with the most points after all three rounds wins $1,000 and the chance to play for $15,000 in the bonus round. In the event of a tie after the third round, a tiebreaker is played between the team captains. The first letter of the top answer is shown, and then the question is shown. The first captain to buzz in is given the chance to answer. If the answer given is correct, that captain wins the game for his or her team. If the answer given is incorrect, then the other team wins automatically. On October 29, 2019, "The Canadians" (Ayumi Iizuka, Doug Morency, David Ivkovic, and Paul 'PK' Kingston) became the first team to complete a perfect game, amassing 10,400 points in three perfect rounds of 1,700 points, 3,400 points, and 5,100 points (plus a 200-point steal although missing 3 additional opportunities for steals), and went on to win the bonus round in 39 seconds. Bonus round In the Bonus Round, the winning team has 60 seconds to correctly identify the top answers to four survey questions. The players are lined up in the same order around a central console with a large red skip button. Play starts again with the team captain and is similar to the main game: a correct guess allows the player to give another answer, a wrong answer passes control to the next player in line. For the first survey question, only the top answer is needed, the second needs the top two answers, the third needs the top three answers, and the fourth and final question needs the top four answers. If a team member feels they are stuck on a question, they can hit the skip button (which stops the clock) and skip to the next question. They must return to the passed question after completing the other three in order to win the Bonus Round for $15,000. The skip button can only be used once during the Bonus Round, and cannot be used once three of the four questions are completed (as there is no other question with which to pass). Once all the needed answers for each question are correctly guessed, the clock stops, and the next question is revealed. The guessing for each subsequent question begins with the player next in line (i.e. if Player Two gave the last correct answer for a question, the next question's guessing starts with Player Three). If the team can give all ten correct answers before time runs out, their winnings are increased to $15,000. If they cannot, they leave with just the $1,000 from the Main Game. Production The series premiered on June 18, 2018. On August 14, 2018, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a 96-episode second season, which premiered on November 26, 2018. On April 5, 2019, media reports stated that America Says had been renewed for a 160-episode third season, which premiered on July 22, 2019. On June 12, 2019, GSN and Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the show would be launched in syndication for the 2019-20 television season. Sony elected not to bring the series back to syndication for the 2020-21 television season. On March 9, 2020, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a fourth season, but production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season premiered on May 31, 2021. On March 14, 2022, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a fifth season, which premiered on April 25, 2022. Reception Angela Henderson-Bentley of The Herald-Dispatch praised Higgins' performance as host, writing that he "is just as adept at hosting as he is at providing classic sitcom moments." Higgins was nominated for Outstanding Game Show Host at the 46th Daytime Emmy Awards. America Says raised Game Show Network's ratings by 26% over its time slot lead-in, and raised its ratings for women aged 25–54 by more than 40%. See also Family Feud (similar in concept) References ^ Hartshorn, Tori. "Actor John Michael Higgins Named as Host of Game Show Network's New Survey-Based Show, AMERICA SAYS". BroadwayWorld.com. ^ a b c "Game Show Network Announces Season 2 of "America Says"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "America Says". TVGuide.com. ^ "Actor John Michael Higgins Named as Host of Game Show Network's New Survey-Based Show, America Says Premiering June 18" (Press release). GSN Corporate. May 16, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ^ "Game Show Network Greenlights Season 2 of AMERICA SAYS Hosted by John Michael Higgins". Broadway World. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "Game Show Network on Instagram: "Your favorite fill-in-the-blank Game Show returns with ALL NEW episodes! #AmericaSays with @johnmichaelhiggins Weekdays starting Mon Nov 26…"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved October 29, 2018. ^ Game Show Network Adds, Renews Series; Multichannel, April 5, 2019 ^ Porter, Rick (June 12, 2019). "Sony, Game Show Network Take 'America Says' to Syndication". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2019. ^ Consoli, John (January 8, 2020). "TVN Focus On Syndication – First-Run Syndie Revival Continues In 2020". TVNewsCheck.com. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Game Show Network Doubles Original Episodes This Year, Touts Family-Friendly Slate". Adweek. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ Cain, Kimberly; Rubin, Sam (May 18, 2021). "John Michael Higgins on hosting Season 4 of the game show 'America Says'". KTLA. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ Game Show Network (March 14, 2022). "Big News Alert! 🚨..." (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Game Show Network (March 15, 2022). "The wait is almost over! Get ready for ALL NEW EPISODES of America Says, Beginning MONDAY, APRIL 25!..." (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Henderson-Bentley, Angela (April 22, 2021). "Higgins is Hilarious in Game Show America Says". The Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "The 46th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations" (PDF). New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019. External links Official website America Says at IMDb America Says on SideReel vteGame Show Network original programmingCurrent Master Minds (since 2019) People Puzzler (since 2021) Split Second (since 2023) Bridge of Lies (since 2024) Former1990s debuts Prime Games (1994–1997) Jep! (1998–2000) Faux Pause (1998) Extreme Gong (1998–1999) Inquizition (1998–2001) Three's a Crowd (1999–2000) 2000s debuts Hollywood Showdown (2000–2001) Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck (2002–2003) Friend or Foe? (2002–2003) Russian Roulette (2002–2003) Lingo (2002–2007; 2011) WinTuition (2002–2003) Cram (2003) Chuck Woolery: Naturally Stoned (2003) GSN Video Games (2003) World Series of Blackjack (2004–2007) Extreme Dodgeball (2004–2005) Celebrity Blackjack (2004–2005) Poker Royale (2004–2005) American Dream Derby (2005) High Stakes Poker (2006–2007; 2009–2011) PlayMania (2006–2007) I've Got a Secret (2006) Chain Reaction (2006–2007; 2015–2016; 2021–2022) Starface (2006) World Blackjack Tour (2006) That's the Question (2006–2007) National Vocabulary Championship (2006–2008) 100 Winners (2007) quiznation (2007) Camouflage (2007) Without Prejudice? (2007) Grand Slam (2007) How Much Is Enough? (2008) GSN Live (2008–2011) Bingo America (2008–2009) Catch 21 (2008–2011; 2019–2020) GSN Radio (2008–2009) Think Like a Cat (2008) 20Q (2009) The Newlywed Game (2009–2013) 2010s debuts Carnie Wilson: Unstapled (2010) Hidden Agenda (2010) Instant Recall (2010) Baggage (2010–2012; 2015) Late Night Liars (2010) 1 vs. 100 (2010–2011) Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza (2011) Love Triangle (2011) The American Bible Challenge (2012–2014) Beat the Chefs (2012) The Pyramid (2012) Family Trade (2013) Minute to Win It (2013–2014) The Chase (2013–2015) Mind of a Man (2014) It Takes a Church (2014–2015) Skin Wars (2014–2016) Idiotest (2014–2017) The Line (2014) Lie Detectors (2015) Steampunk'd (2015) Skin Wars: Fresh Paint (2015–2016) Hellevator (2015–2016) Winsanity (2016–2018) Window Warriors (2016) Divided (2017–2018) Emogenius (2017–2018) Snap Decision (2017–2019) Cover Story (2018) America Says (2018–2022) Common Knowledge (2019–2021) 2020s debuts Get a Clue (2020–2021) Tug of Words (2021–2023) Upcoming Tic-Tac-Dough (2024) Riddiculous (TBD)

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If the answer given is incorrect, then the other team wins automatically.On October 29, 2019, \"The Canadians\" (Ayumi Iizuka, Doug Morency, David Ivkovic, and Paul 'PK' Kingston) became the first team to complete a perfect game, amassing 10,400 points in three perfect rounds of 1,700 points, 3,400 points, and 5,100 points (plus a 200-point steal although missing 3 additional opportunities for steals), and went on to win the bonus round in 39 seconds.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus round","text":"In the Bonus Round, the winning team has 60 seconds to correctly identify the top answers to four survey questions. The players are lined up in the same order around a central console with a large red skip button. Play starts again with the team captain and is similar to the main game: a correct guess allows the player to give another answer, a wrong answer passes control to the next player in line.For the first survey question, only the top answer is needed, the second needs the top two answers, the third needs the top three answers, and the fourth and final question needs the top four answers.If a team member feels they are stuck on a question, they can hit the skip button (which stops the clock) and skip to the next question. They must return to the passed question after completing the other three in order to win the Bonus Round for $15,000. The skip button can only be used once during the Bonus Round, and cannot be used once three of the four questions are completed (as there is no other question with which to pass).Once all the needed answers for each question are correctly guessed, the clock stops, and the next question is revealed. The guessing for each subsequent question begins with the player next in line (i.e. if Player Two gave the last correct answer for a question, the next question's guessing starts with Player Three).If the team can give all ten correct answers before time runs out, their winnings are increased to $15,000. If they cannot, they leave with just the $1,000 from the Main Game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSN-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The series premiered on June 18, 2018.[4] On August 14, 2018, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a 96-episode second season,[2][5] which premiered on November 26, 2018.[6]On April 5, 2019, media reports stated that America Says had been renewed for a 160-episode third season, which premiered on July 22, 2019.[7] On June 12, 2019, GSN and Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the show would be launched in syndication for the 2019-20 television season.[8] Sony elected not to bring the series back to syndication for the 2020-21 television season.[9]On March 9, 2020, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a fourth season,[10] but production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season premiered on May 31, 2021.[11]On March 14, 2022, Game Show Network renewed America Says for a fifth season, which premiered on April 25, 2022.[12][13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Herald-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Game Show Host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Game_Show_Host"},{"link_name":"46th Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATAS_2019-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSN-2"}],"text":"Angela Henderson-Bentley of The Herald-Dispatch praised Higgins' performance as host, writing that he \"is just as adept at hosting as he is at providing classic sitcom moments.\"[14] Higgins was nominated for Outstanding Game Show Host at the 46th Daytime Emmy Awards.[15]America Says raised Game Show Network's ratings by 26% over its time slot lead-in, and raised its ratings for women aged 25–54 by more than 40%.[2]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

[{"title":"Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud"}]

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Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/amp/c.php?url=Game-Show-Network-Greenlights-Season-2-of-AMERICA-SAYS-Hosted-by-John-Michael-Higgins-20180814","url_text":"\"Game Show Network Greenlights Season 2 of AMERICA SAYS Hosted by John Michael Higgins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game Show Network on Instagram: \"Your favorite fill-in-the-blank Game Show returns with ALL NEW episodes! #AmericaSays with @johnmichaelhiggins Weekdays starting Mon Nov 26…\"\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. 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Retrieved January 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvnewscheck.com/programming/article/first-run-syndie-revival-continues-in-2020/","url_text":"\"TVN Focus On Syndication – First-Run Syndie Revival Continues In 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game Show Network Doubles Original Episodes This Year, Touts Family-Friendly Slate\". Adweek. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/game-show-network-doubles-original-episodes-this-year-touts-family-friendly-slate/","url_text":"\"Game Show Network Doubles Original Episodes This Year, Touts Family-Friendly Slate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"}]},{"reference":"Cain, Kimberly; Rubin, Sam (May 18, 2021). \"John Michael Higgins on hosting Season 4 of the game show 'America Says'\". KTLA. Retrieved January 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ktla.com/entertainment/john-michael-higgins-on-hosting-season-4-of-the-game-show-america-says/","url_text":"\"John Michael Higgins on hosting Season 4 of the game show 'America Says'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA","url_text":"KTLA"}]},{"reference":"Game Show Network [@GameShowNetwork] (March 14, 2022). \"Big News Alert! 🚨...\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/GameShowNetwork/status/1503447214999289858","url_text":"\"Big News Alert! 🚨...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Game Show Network [@GameShowNetwork] (March 15, 2022). \"The wait is almost over! Get ready for ALL NEW EPISODES of America Says, Beginning MONDAY, APRIL 25!...\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/GameShowNetwork/status/1503747876228198400","url_text":"\"The wait is almost over! Get ready for ALL NEW EPISODES of America Says, Beginning MONDAY, APRIL 25!...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Henderson-Bentley, Angela (April 22, 2021). \"Higgins is Hilarious in Game Show America Says\". The Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved January 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.herald-dispatch.com/features_entertainment/angela-henderson-bentley-higgins-is-hilarious-in-game-show-america-says/article_b0df7361-ed05-5344-9800-0c7b3ba5a548.html","url_text":"\"Higgins is Hilarious in Game Show America Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald-Dispatch","url_text":"The Herald-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"The 46th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations\" (PDF). New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190320195512/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/daytime-46th-nominations-release-no-credits.pdf","url_text":"\"The 46th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations\""},{"url":"http://cdn.emmyonline.org/daytime-46th-nominations-release-no-credits.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_1518

Jonathan Glazer

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1993–1999: Early work and short films","2.2 2000–2013: Breakthrough and acclaim","2.3 2019–present: The Zone of Interest","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Feature films","4.2 Short films","4.3 Music videos","4.4 Commercials","4.5 Idents","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]

English film director (born 1965) For the actor and comedian, see Jon Glaser. "Strasbourg 1518" redirects here. For the historical event, see Dancing Plague of 1518. Jonathan GlazerGlazer in 2023Born (1965-03-26) 26 March 1965 (age 59)London, EnglandEducationNottingham Trent University (BA)OccupationsFilm directorscreenwriterYears active1993–presentNotable work Sexy Beast (2000) Birth (2004) Under the Skin (2013) The Zone of Interest (2023) SpouseRachael PenfoldChildren3 Jonathan Glazer (born 26 March 1965) is an English film director and screenwriter. He began his career in theatre before transitioning into film, directing the features Sexy Beast (2000), Birth (2004), Under the Skin (2013), and The Zone of Interest (2023). His work is defined by depictions of flawed and desperate characters; themes such as alienation and loneliness; and a bold visual style that utilises an omniscient perspective and dramatic music. Glazer has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards and two Academy Awards. For the historical drama The Zone of Interest, he won both the Grand Prix and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Glazer has directed music videos for Radiohead, Massive Attack, Richard Ashcroft and others. He received nominations for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction for his videos for Jamiroquai's "Virtual Insanity" (1996) and Radiohead's "Karma Police" (1997). He has also directed commercials for Kodak, Sony, Nike, Barclays and Alexander McQueen, among others. Early life and education "There were all these fantastic characters, who were in and out of my house when I was a little boy. Many of them were East End Jews who had moved to the suburbs for a better quality of life, not super-intellectual people, but incredible entertainers – vaudeville musicians, writers and the like. As a child, I loved and absorbed the richness of that culture." – Glazer about the artistic Jewish community in which he was raised Jonathan Glazer was born on 26 March 1965 in London, England, and is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. His ancestors were Ukrainian Jews and Bessarabian Jews who fled the Kishinev pogrom and arrived in the United Kingdom in the 1900s. He said: "My great-grandparents were born in Vilnius and Odesa. One was a tailor. His wife, a seamstress." His family lived in Hadley Wood, near Barnet, and was Reform Jewish: "Synagogue three times a year, and Friday-night dinners every week." His father was a cinephile, with whom he frequently watched David Lean, Sidney Lumet, Sydney Pollack, and Billy Wilder movies. Glazer attended the Jewish Free School, then located in the borough of Camden. During his childhood, he participated in the Givat Washington programme, spending five months in a religious boarding school in Israel. After finishing high school, he went to art school, "because drawing was... the only thing he was good at". After graduating with an emphasis in theatre design from Nottingham Trent University, Glazer began his career directing theatre and making film and television trailers. Career 1993–1999: Early work and short films In 1993, Glazer wrote and directed three short films of his own ("Mad", "Pool" and "Commission"), and joined Academy Commercials, a production company based in Central London. He has directed acclaimed campaigns for Guinness (Dreamer, Swimblack and Surfer) and Stella Artois (Devil's Island). Since the mid-1990s, he has directed a number of significant music videos, and was named MTV Director of the Year 1997. He named his video for Radiohead's 1996 single "Street Spirit" as a "turning point" in his work: "I knew when I finished that, because found their own voices as an artist, at that point, I felt like I got close to whatever mine was, and I felt confident that I could do things that emoted, that had some kind of poetic as well as prosaic value. That for me was a key moment." 2000–2013: Breakthrough and acclaim In 2000, he directed his first feature, the critically acclaimed British gangster film Sexy Beast, starring Ray Winstone and Ben Kingsley, the latter of whom received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2004, he directed his second feature film Birth, starring Nicole Kidman in the United States. In 2001, Glazer directed the "Odyssey" spot for Levi Strauss jeans. In 2006, he directed the second Sony BRAVIA TV advertisement, which took ten days and 250 people to film. It was filmed at an estate in Glasgow, and featured paint exploding all over the tower blocks. Later the same year, he was commissioned to make a television advert for the new Motorola Red phone. The advertisement, showing two naked black bodies emerging from a lump of flesh rotating on a potter's wheel, was due to air in September 2006 but was shelved by Motorola. The advertisement was to benefit several charities in Africa. In 2013, he directed Under the Skin, a loose adaptation of Michel Faber's science fiction novel of the same name starring Scarlett Johansson. The film premiered at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival and received a theatrical release in 2014, garnering critical acclaim. The film was named the best film of 2014 by numerous critics and publications, was included in many best-of-the-decade lists, and ranked 61st on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list, an international poll of 177 top critics. Under the Skin is the subject of a 2019 non-fiction book entitled Alien in the Mirror: Scarlett Johansson, Jonathan Glazer and Under the Skin by author Maureen Foster, an in-depth analysis of the film scene-by-scene and behind-the-scenes. 2019–present: The Zone of Interest Glazer's fourth feature film, The Zone of Interest, based loosely on the 2014 novel by Martin Amis, premiered at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival to acclaim. It competed for the Palme d'Or, and won the Grand Prix and FIPRESCI Prize. At the 96th Academy Awards, The Zone of Interest won the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film. In his acceptance speech, Glazer addressed the ongoing Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. He stated: All our choices are made to reflect and confront us in the present. Not to say, ‘Look what they did then,’ rather ‘Look what we do now.’ Our film shows where dehumanization leads at its worst. It shaped all of our past and present. Right now, we stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people. Whether the victims of October 7th in Israel or the ongoing attack on Gaza, all the victims of this dehumanization — how do we resist? Personal life Known to be discreet about his private life, Glazer is married to the visual effects supervisor Rachael Penfold. They live in Camden, North London with their three children. He is Jewish. Glazer named Stanley Kubrick as his favourite film director and said he was close to Italian and Russian cinemas. His artistic influences include Ingmar Bergman, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Federico Fellini, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. Filmography Feature films Year Title Director Writer 2000 Sexy Beast Yes No 2004 Birth Yes Yes 2013 Under the Skin Yes Yes 2023 The Zone of Interest Yes Yes Short films Year Title Director Writer Notes 1994 Mad Yes Yes Also producer and editor 1997 Commission Yes Yes 2019 The Fall Yes Yes 2020 Strasbourg 1518 Yes Yes TV short First Light: Alexander McQueen Yes No Music videos Year Title Artist Notes 1995 "Karmacoma" Massive Attack "The Universal" Blur 1996 "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" Radiohead "Virtual Insanity" Jamiroquai 1997 "Cosmic Girl" Cancelled "Into My Arms" Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds "Karma Police" Radiohead 1998 "Rabbit in Your Headlights" UNKLE ft. Thom Yorke 2000 "A Song for the Lovers" Richard Ashcroft "Money to Burn" Cancelled 2006 "Live with Me" Massive Attack 2009 "Treat Me Like Your Mother" The Dead Weather Commercials Year Title Company "Husband to Be" Kodak "Linda 2" Pretty Polly "Shock of the New" Mazda "Chief Executive's Wife" AT&T "City" Club Med "Sales Director" AT&T 1996 "Frozen Moment" Nike "New York" Caffrey's 1997 "Parklife" Nike 1998 "Swimblack" Guinness "Lamppost" BT Easyreach 1999 "Surfer" Guinness 2000 "Kung Fu" Levi Strauss "Last Orders" Stella Artois "Devil's Island" "Protection" Volkswagen Polo "Whatever You Ride" Wrangler 2001 "Dreamer" Guinness 2002 "Odyssey" Levi Strauss 2003 "Evil" Barclays "Bull" "Chicken" 2004 "Bar" Band Aid 20 "Double Don" "Rant" "Razor" 2006 "Ice Skating Priests" Stella Artois "Paint" Sony BRAVIA "Clay" Motorola Red 2010 "Temptation" Cadbury's Flake "Kaka" Sony 3D "Last Tango in Compton" Volkswagen Polo 2013 "The Ring" Audi 2019 "Flight" Apple Idents Channel 4 presentation (September 2015) Awards and nominations Award Year Category Nominated work Result Ref. Academy Awards 2024 Best Adapted Screenplay The Zone of Interest Nominated Best Director Nominated BAFTA Awards 2001 Outstanding British Film Sexy Beast Nominated 2015 Under the Skin Nominated 2024 The Zone of Interest Won Best Film Not in the English Language Won Best Direction Nominated Best Screenplay (Adapted) Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics 2023 Best Adapted Screenplay Won Best Director Won British Independent Film Awards 2001 Best Director Sexy Beast Won 2013 Under the Skin Nominated Camerimage 2023 Golden Frog The Zone of Interest Nominated Cannes Film Festival 2023 Palme d'Or Nominated FIPRESCI Prize Won Grand Prix Won Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2002 Most Promising Filmmaker — Nominated 2014 Best Adapted Screenplay Under the Skin Nominated 2023 The Zone of Interest Nominated European Film Awards 2023 Best European Film Nominated Best European Director Nominated Best European Screenwriter Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2023 Best Director Nominated Gotham Awards 2014 Audience Award Under the Skin Nominated Best Feature Nominated 2023 Best International Feature The Zone of Interest Nominated Best Screenplay Nominated Independent Spirit Awards 2002 Best International Film Sexy Beast Nominated 2015 Under the Skin Nominated 2024 The Zone of Interest Nominated MTV Video Music Awards 1997 Best Direction "Virtual Insanity" Nominated Best Editing Nominated Best Special Effects Won 1998 Best Direction "Karma Police" Nominated Satellite Awards 2002 Best Director Sexy Beast Nominated 2024 The Zone of Interest Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated Venice Film Festival 2004 Golden Lion Birth Nominated 2013 Under the Skin Nominated References ^ a b c d O'Hagan, Sean (10 December 2023). "Jonathan Glazer on his holocaust film The Zone of Interest: 'This is not about the past, it's about now'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Glazer, Jonathan (1965-) Biography". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ a b c Forestier, François (28 January 2024). "Jonathan Glazer : " Le mal était là, à Auschwitz, et il fallait lui faire face "". L'Obs (in French). Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ a b c Collin, Robbie (24 January 2024). "'These people absolutely could be us': Jonathan Glazer on his film about the mastermind of Auschwitz". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ a b c Leigh, Danny (6 March 2014). "Under the Skin: why did this chilling masterpiece take a decade?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ a b Glazer, Jonathan. "He's turned the screen Scarlett after a long and alien journey". The Jewish Chronicle (Interview). Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Cozens, Claire (13 March 2003). "Child abuse ad scoops top gong". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Anthony Kaufman (12 June 2001). "Shooting the "Beast"; Jonathan Glazer Tames the Gangster Genre". indieWIRE. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2008. ^ "Sexy Beast". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011. ^ "Commercials at Framestore CFC: Levi "Odyssey"". Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2006. ^ "Levis Engineered Jeans in Odyssey". The Inspiration Room. December 2005. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2008. ^ "Bravia Advert – Just another WordPress site". www.bravia-advert.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. ^ McClintock, Pamela (3 November 2010). "Scarlett Johansson gets 'Under the Skin'". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010. ^ "The Best Movies of the Decade (2010-19), According to Film Critics". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020. ^ "The 21st Century's 100 greatest films". 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "Alien in the Mirror – McFarland". Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "The Zone of Interest, critic reviews". metacritic.com. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ Sharf, Zack (23 October 2019). "Seven Years After 'Under the Skin,' Jonathan Glazer Ready to Film Next Movie With A24". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021. ^ "The 76th Festival de Cannes winners' list". Festival de Cannes. 27 May 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ a b Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "'We stand here as Jewish men who refute the Holocaust being hijacked': Jonathan Glazer calls for end to Gaza attacks at Oscars". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Jonathan Glazer's Warning at the Oscars". Daily Beast. 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (18 March 2024). "Over 1,000 Jewish Creatives and Professionals Have Now Denounced Jonathan Glazer's 'Zone of Interest' Oscars Speech in Open Letter (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ Anguiano, Dani (5 April 2024). "Joaquin Phoenix and Joel Coen sign open letter in support of Glazer's Oscar speech". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2024. ^ a b Romney, Jonathan (12 July 2014). "Jonathan Glazer interview: 'It felt as if we were under siege'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Quarshie, Barbara (24 January 2024). "Jonathan Glazer Wife: Meet Rachel Penfold". ABTC. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "'We stand here as Jewish men who refute the Holocaust being hijacked': Jonathan Glazer calls for end to Gaza attacks at Oscars". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Deans, Jason (2 December 2004). "Kingsley reprises Sexy Beast role for Band Aid ads". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ "Jonathan Glazer's Motorola Red ad faces chop". Campaign. London. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ New Sony 3D TV advert featuring Kaka on YouTube ^ Sloan, Pat (12 November 2010). "Volkswagen and DDB UK launch epic new Polo campaign – Jonathan Glazer directs stunning "Last Tango in Compton"" (Press release). London: DDB UK. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ Volkswagen – 'Last Tango in Compton' on YouTube ^ The Audi RS 6 Avant TV commercial on YouTube ^ "Audi 'The Ring' (Director's Cut) by Jonathan Glazer". Academy Films. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ Kevin Jagernauth (30 September 2015). "Watch: Channel 4's Surreal And Beautiful New Brand Identi - The Playlist". The Playlist. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ Ryan, Patrick (24 January 2024). "'Zone of Interest': How the Oscar-nominated Holocaust drama depicts an 'ambient genocide'". USA Today. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024. External links Jonathan Glazer at IMDb Interview with Jonathan Glazer (Directors Label DVD) by Daniel Robert Epstein for Suicide Girls vteFilms directed by Jonathan Glazer Sexy Beast (2000) Birth (2004) Under the Skin (2013) The Zone of Interest (2023) Awards for Jonathan Glazer vteAcademy Award for Best International Feature Film1947–1955(Honorary) 1947: Shoeshine – Vittorio De Sica 1948: Monsieur Vincent – Maurice Cloche 1949: Bicycle Thieves – Vittorio De Sica 1950: The Walls of Malapaga – René Clément 1951: Rashomon – Akira Kurosawa 1952: Forbidden Games – René Clément 1953: No Award 1954: Gate of Hell – Teinosuke Kinugasa 1955: Samurai, The Legend of Musashi – Hiroshi Inagaki 1956–1975 1956: La Strada – Federico Fellini 1957: Nights of Cabiria – Federico Fellini 1958: My Uncle – Jacques Tati 1959: Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus 1960: The Virgin Spring – Ingmar Bergman 1961: Through a Glass Darkly – Ingmar Bergman 1962: Sundays and Cybèle – Serge Bourguignon 1963: 8½ – Federico Fellini 1964: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – Vittorio De Sica 1965: The Shop on Main Street – Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos 1966: A Man and a Woman – Claude Lelouch 1967: Closely Watched Trains – Jiří Menzel 1968: War and Peace – Sergei Bondarchuk 1969: Z – Costa-Gavras 1970: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion – Elio Petri 1971: The Garden of the Finzi-Continis – Vittorio De Sica 1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Luis Buñuel 1973: Day for Night – François Truffaut 1974: Amarcord – Federico Fellini 1975: Dersu Uzala – Akira Kurosawa 1976–2000 1976: Black and White in Color – Jean-Jacques Annaud 1977: Madame Rosa – Moshé Mizrahi 1978: Get Out Your Handkerchiefs – Bertrand Blier 1979: The Tin Drum – Volker Schlöndorff 1980: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears – Vladimir Menshov 1981: Mephisto – István Szabó 1982: Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again') – José Luis Garci 1983: Fanny and Alexander – Ingmar Bergman 1984: Dangerous Moves – Richard Dembo 1985: The Official Story – Luis Puenzo 1986: The Assault – Fons Rademakers 1987: Babette's Feast – Gabriel Axel 1988: Pelle the Conqueror – Bille August 1989: Cinema Paradiso – Giuseppe Tornatore 1990: Journey of Hope – Xavier Koller 1991: Mediterraneo – Gabriele Salvatores 1992: Indochine – Régis Wargnier 1993: Belle Époque – Fernando Trueba 1994: Burnt by the Sun – Nikita Mikhalkov 1995: Antonia's Line – Marleen Gorris 1996: Kolya – Jan Svěrák 1997: Character – Mike van Diem 1998: Life Is Beautiful – Roberto Benigni 1999: All About My Mother – Pedro Almodóvar 2000: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Ang Lee 2001–present 2001: No Man's Land – Danis Tanović 2002: Nowhere in Africa – Caroline Link 2003: The Barbarian Invasions – Denys Arcand 2004: The Sea Inside – Alejandro Amenábar 2005: Tsotsi – Gavin Hood 2006: The Lives of Others – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 2007: The Counterfeiters – Stefan Ruzowitzky 2008: Departures – Yōjirō Takita 2009: The Secret in Their Eyes – Juan José Campanella 2010: In a Better World – Susanne Bier 2011: A Separation – Asghar Farhadi 2012: Amour – Michael Haneke 2013: The Great Beauty – Paolo Sorrentino 2014: Ida – Paweł Pawlikowski 2015: Son of Saul – László Nemes 2016: The Salesman – Asghar Farhadi 2017: A Fantastic Woman – Sebastián Lelio 2018: Roma – Alfonso Cuarón 2019: Parasite – Bong Joon-ho 2020: Another Round – Thomas Vinterberg 2021: Drive My Car – Ryusuke Hamaguchi 2022: All Quiet on the Western Front – Edward Berger 2023: The Zone of Interest – Jonathan Glazer vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director1980–2000 Roman Polanski (1980) Steven Spielberg (1981) Steven Spielberg (1982) Paolo Taviani and Vittorio Taviani (1983) Bertrand Tavernier (1984) John Huston (1985) David Lynch / Oliver Stone (1986) Stanley Kubrick (1987) Stephen Frears (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Martin Scorsese (1990) Jonathan Demme (1991) Robert Altman (1992) Steven Spielberg (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Ang Lee (1995) Mike Leigh (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) John Boorman (1998) David O. Russell (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) 2001–present David Lynch (2001) Roman Polanski (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Zhang Yimou (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Martin Scorsese (2006) Julian Schnabel (2007) Gus Van Sant (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) David Fincher (2010) Martin Scorsese (2011) Kathryn Bigelow (2012) Steve McQueen (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) Todd Haynes (2015) Damien Chazelle (2016) Paul Thomas Anderson (2017) Lynne Ramsay (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi (2021) Todd Field (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ScreenplayScreenplay (1980–2021) Bo Goldman (1980) Andre Gregory and Wallace Shawn (1981) Barry Levinson (1982) Éric Rohmer (1983) Alex Cox (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) James L. Brooks (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Nicholas Kazan (1990) David Cronenberg (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Robert Altman and Frank Barhydt (1993) Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Frank (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) Cameron Crowe / Steve Kloves (2000) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie and Donald Kaufman (2002) Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Dan Futterman (2005) William Monahan (2006) Brad Bird (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Nicole Holofcener (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo / Richard Linklater (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Charlie Kaufman (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Takamasa Oe (2021) Original Screenplay (2022–present) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Adapted Screenplay (2022–present) Kogonada (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Director of the Year1980–2000 Nicolas Roeg (1980) Andrzej Wajda (1981) Costa-Gavras (1982) Andrzej Wajda (1983) Neil Jordan (1984) Roland Joffé (1985) Akira Kurosawa (1986) Stanley Kubrick (1987) John Huston (1988) Terence Davies (1989) Woody Allen (1990) Ridley Scott (1991) Robert Altman (1992) James Ivory (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Peter Jackson (1995) Joel Coen (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) Peter Weir (1998) Sam Mendes (1999) Spike Jonze (2000) 2001–present Alejandro González Iñárritu (2001) Phillip Noyce (2002) Clint Eastwood (2003) Martin Scorsese (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Paul Thomas Anderson (2007) David Fincher (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) David Fincher (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Ang Lee (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) George Miller (2015) László Nemes (2016) Sean Baker (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Steve McQueen (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Todd Field (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director1975–2000 Sidney Lumet (1975) Sidney Lumet (1976) Herbert Ross (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Roman Polanski (1980) Warren Beatty (1981) Steven Spielberg (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Miloš Forman (1984) Terry Gilliam (1985) David Lynch (1986) John Boorman (1987) David Cronenberg (1988) Spike Lee (1989) Martin Scorsese (1990) Barry Levinson (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Mike Figgis (1995) Mike Leigh (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) Steven Spielberg (1998) Sam Mendes (1999) Steven Soderbergh (2000) 2001–present David Lynch (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Peter Jackson (2003) Alexander Payne (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Paul Thomas Anderson (2007) Danny Boyle (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) Olivier Assayas / David Fincher (2010) Terrence Malick (2011) Paul Thomas Anderson (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) George Miller (2015) Barry Jenkins (2016) Guillermo del Toro / Luca Guadagnino (2017) Debra Granik (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Todd Field (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director1966–2000 Michelangelo Antonioni (1966) Ingmar Bergman (1967) Ingmar Bergman (1968) François Truffaut (1969) Ingmar Bergman (1970) Bernardo Bertolucci (1971) Luis Buñuel (1972) François Truffaut (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Robert Altman (1975) Martin Scorsese (1976) Luis Buñuel (1977) Terrence Malick (1978) Woody Allen / Robert Benton (1979) Martin Scorsese (1980) Louis Malle (1981) Steven Spielberg (1982) Paolo Taviani and Vittorio Taviani (1983) Robert Bresson (1984) John Huston (1985) David Lynch (1986) John Boorman (1987) Philip Kaufman (1988) Gus Van Sant (1989) Martin Scorsese (1990) David Cronenberg (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Steven Spielberg (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Mike Figgis (1995) Lars von Trier (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) Steven Soderbergh (1998) Mike Leigh (1999) Steven Soderbergh (2000) 2001–present Robert Altman (2001) Roman Polanski (2002) Clint Eastwood (2003) Zhang Yimou (2004) David Cronenberg (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Paul Thomas Anderson (2007) Mike Leigh (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) David Fincher (2010) Terrence Malick (2011) Michael Haneke (2012) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) Todd Haynes (2015) Barry Jenkins (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Greta Gerwig (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi (2021) Charlotte Wells (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteSan Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director Todd Haynes (2002) Peter Jackson (2003) Alexander Payne (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Gus Van Sant (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) Darren Aronofsky / David Fincher (2010) Terrence Malick (2011) Kathryn Bigelow (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) George Miller (2015) Barry Jenkins (2016) Guillermo del Toro (2017) Spike Lee (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Todd Field (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteToronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Director Atom Egoyan (1997) Steven Spielberg (1998) Paul Thomas Anderson (1999) Steven Soderbergh (2000) David Lynch (2001) Paul Thomas Anderson (2002) Peter Jackson (2003) Michel Gondry (2004) David Cronenberg (2005) Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne / Stephen Frears (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Jonathan Demme (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) David Fincher (2010) Terrence Malick (2011) Paul Thomas Anderson (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) Todd Haynes (2015) Maren Ade (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Charlotte Wells (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteDirectors Label Spike Jonze Chris Cunningham Michel Gondry Mark Romanek Jonathan Glazer Anton Corbijn Stéphane Sednaoui Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Dancing Plague of 1518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Plague_of_1518"},{"link_name":"Sexy Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Beast"},{"link_name":"Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Under the Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Skin_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"The Zone of Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zone_of_Interest_(film)"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"loneliness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI_Prize"},{"link_name":"2023 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Massive Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Attack"},{"link_name":"Richard Ashcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ashcroft"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"Virtual Insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Insanity"},{"link_name":"Karma Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_Police"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen"}],"text":"English film director (born 1965)For the actor and comedian, see Jon Glaser.\"Strasbourg 1518\" redirects here. For the historical event, see Dancing Plague of 1518.Jonathan Glazer (born 26 March 1965) is an English film director and screenwriter. He began his career in theatre before transitioning into film, directing the features Sexy Beast (2000), Birth (2004), Under the Skin (2013), and The Zone of Interest (2023).His work is defined by depictions of flawed and desperate characters; themes such as alienation and loneliness; and a bold visual style that utilises an omniscient perspective and dramatic music. Glazer has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards and two Academy Awards. For the historical drama The Zone of Interest, he won both the Grand Prix and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay.Glazer has directed music videos for Radiohead, Massive Attack, Richard Ashcroft and others. He received nominations for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction for his videos for Jamiroquai's \"Virtual Insanity\" (1996) and Radiohead's \"Karma Police\" (1997). He has also directed commercials for Kodak, Sony, Nike, Barclays and Alexander McQueen, among others.","title":"Jonathan Glazer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G101223-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G101223-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obs-3"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Bessarabian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Kishinev pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obs-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-4"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obs-3"},{"link_name":"Hadley Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Wood"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Reform Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-4"},{"link_name":"cinephile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinephile"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"Sydney Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Pollack"},{"link_name":"Billy Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G060314-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish Free School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(school)"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-6"},{"link_name":"Givat Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Washington"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-6"},{"link_name":"theatre design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_design"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Trent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G060314-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"There were all these fantastic characters, who were in and out of my house when I was a little boy. Many of them were East End Jews who had moved to the suburbs for a better quality of life, not super-intellectual people, but incredible entertainers – vaudeville musicians, writers and the like. As a child, I loved and absorbed the richness of that culture.\"\n\n\n– Glazer about the artistic Jewish community in which he was raised[1]Jonathan Glazer was born on 26 March 1965 in London, England,[2] and is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.[1][3] His ancestors were Ukrainian Jews and Bessarabian Jews who fled the Kishinev pogrom and arrived in the United Kingdom in the 1900s.[3][4] He said: \"My great-grandparents were born in Vilnius and Odesa. One was a tailor. His wife, a seamstress.\"[3] His family lived in Hadley Wood, near Barnet, and was Reform Jewish: \"Synagogue three times a year, and Friday-night dinners every week.\"[4] His father was a cinephile, with whom he frequently watched David Lean, Sidney Lumet, Sydney Pollack, and Billy Wilder movies.[4][5]Glazer attended the Jewish Free School, then located in the borough of Camden.[6] During his childhood, he participated in the Givat Washington programme, spending five months in a religious boarding school in Israel. After finishing high school, he went to art school, \"because drawing was... the only thing he was good at\".[6]After graduating with an emphasis in theatre design from Nottingham Trent University, Glazer began his career directing theatre and making film and television trailers.[5][7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness"},{"link_name":"Stella Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Artois"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Radiohead's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Street Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Spirit_(Fade_Out)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1993–1999: Early work and short films","text":"In 1993, Glazer wrote and directed three short films of his own (\"Mad\", \"Pool\" and \"Commission\"), and joined Academy Commercials, a production company based in Central London. He has directed acclaimed campaigns for Guinness (Dreamer, Swimblack and Surfer) and Stella Artois (Devil's Island). Since the mid-1990s, he has directed a number of significant music videos, and was named MTV Director of the Year 1997. He named his video for Radiohead's 1996 single \"Street Spirit\" as a \"turning point\" in his work: \"I knew when I finished that, because [Radiohead] found their own voices as an artist, at that point, I felt like I got close to whatever mine was, and I felt confident that I could do things that emoted, that had some kind of poetic as well as prosaic value. That for me was a key moment.\"[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sexy Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Beast"},{"link_name":"Ray Winstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Winstone"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Nicole Kidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Kidman"},{"link_name":"Levi Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_review"},{"link_name":"Under the Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Skin_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Michel Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Faber"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Skin_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Scarlett Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Telluride Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdecade-14"},{"link_name":"BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%27s_100_Greatest_Films_of_the_21st_Century"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2000–2013: Breakthrough and acclaim","text":"In 2000, he directed his first feature, the critically acclaimed British gangster film Sexy Beast, starring Ray Winstone and Ben Kingsley, the latter of whom received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[9] In 2004, he directed his second feature film Birth, starring Nicole Kidman in the United States.In 2001, Glazer directed the \"Odyssey\" spot for Levi Strauss jeans.[10][11] In 2006, he directed the second Sony BRAVIA TV advertisement, which took ten days and 250 people to film. It was filmed at an estate in Glasgow, and featured paint exploding all over the tower blocks.[12] Later the same year, he was commissioned to make a television advert for the new Motorola Red phone. The advertisement, showing two naked black bodies emerging from a lump of flesh rotating on a potter's wheel, was due to air in September 2006 but was shelved by Motorola. The advertisement was to benefit several charities in Africa.In 2013, he directed Under the Skin, a loose adaptation of Michel Faber's science fiction novel of the same name starring Scarlett Johansson. The film premiered at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival and received a theatrical release in 2014, garnering critical acclaim.[13] The film was named the best film of 2014 by numerous critics and publications,[14] was included in many best-of-the-decade lists, and ranked 61st on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list, an international poll of 177 top critics.[15] Under the Skin is the subject of a 2019 non-fiction book entitled Alien in the Mirror: Scarlett Johansson, Jonathan Glazer and Under the Skin by author Maureen Foster, an in-depth analysis of the film scene-by-scene and behind-the-scenes.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Zone of Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zone_of_Interest_(film)"},{"link_name":"2014 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zone_of_Interest_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Martin Amis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Amis"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Film_Critics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"96th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best International Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories"},{"link_name":"October 7th in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"attack on Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: The Zone of Interest","text":"Glazer's fourth feature film, The Zone of Interest, based loosely on the 2014 novel by Martin Amis, premiered at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival to acclaim.[17] It competed for the Palme d'Or,[18] and won the Grand Prix and FIPRESCI Prize.[19] At the 96th Academy Awards, The Zone of Interest won the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film.[20]In his acceptance speech, Glazer addressed the ongoing Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. He stated:[20][21][22][23]All our choices are made to reflect and confront us in the present. Not to say, ‘Look what they did then,’ rather ‘Look what we do now.’ Our film shows where dehumanization leads at its worst. It shaped all of our past and present. Right now, we stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people. Whether the victims of October 7th in Israel or the ongoing attack on Gaza, all the victims of this dehumanization — how do we resist?","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G120714-24"},{"link_name":"visual effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G101223-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G060314-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Russian cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G101223-1"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Rainer Werner Fassbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder"},{"link_name":"Federico Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"Pier Paolo Pasolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G120714-24"}],"text":"Known to be discreet about his private life,[24] Glazer is married to the visual effects supervisor Rachael Penfold.[25] They live in Camden, North London with their three children.[1] He is Jewish.[5][26]Glazer named Stanley Kubrick as his favourite film director and said he was close to Italian and Russian cinemas.[1] His artistic influences include Ingmar Bergman, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Federico Fellini, and Pier Paolo Pasolini.[24]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commercials","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Idents","text":"Channel 4 presentation (September 2015)[34]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]

[]

[{"reference":"O'Hagan, Sean (10 December 2023). \"Jonathan Glazer on his holocaust film The Zone of Interest: 'This is not about the past, it's about now'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20231211051414/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/10/jonathan-glazer-the-zone-of-interest-auschwitz-under-the-skin-interview","url_text":"\"Jonathan Glazer on his holocaust film The Zone of Interest: 'This is not about the past, it's about now'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/10/jonathan-glazer-the-zone-of-interest-auschwitz-under-the-skin-interview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Glazer, Jonathan (1965-) Biography\". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404071905/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/581654/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Glazer, Jonathan (1965-) Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"},{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/581654/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forestier, François (28 January 2024). \"Jonathan Glazer : \" Le mal était là, à Auschwitz, et il fallait lui faire face \"\". L'Obs (in French). Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240207230743/https://www.nouvelobs.com/cinema/20240128.OBS83820/jonathan-glazer-le-mal-etait-la-a-auschwitz-et-il-fallait-lui-faire-face.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Glazer : \" Le mal était là, à Auschwitz, et il fallait lui faire face \"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obs","url_text":"L'Obs"},{"url":"https://www.nouvelobs.com/cinema/20240128.OBS83820/jonathan-glazer-le-mal-etait-la-a-auschwitz-et-il-fallait-lui-faire-face.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Collin, Robbie (24 January 2024). \"'These people absolutely could be us': Jonathan Glazer on his film about the mastermind of Auschwitz\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. 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Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140430185548/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/06/under-the-skin-director-jonathan-glazer-scarlett-johansson","url_text":"\"Under the Skin: why did this chilling masterpiece take a decade?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/06/under-the-skin-director-jonathan-glazer-scarlett-johansson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glazer, Jonathan. \"He's turned the screen Scarlett after a long and alien journey\". The Jewish Chronicle (Interview). Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240207231825/https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/tv/curb-your-enthusiasm-season-12-review-larry-david-is-still-sharp-as-ever-s46cbh05","url_text":"\"He's turned the screen Scarlett after a long and alien journey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle","url_text":"The Jewish Chronicle"},{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/hes-turned-the-screen-scarlett-after-a-long-and-alien-journey-qmzp518g","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cozens, Claire (13 March 2003). \"Child abuse ad scoops top gong\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/13/advertising1","url_text":"\"Child abuse ad scoops top gong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231230070627/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/13/advertising1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Kaufman (12 June 2001). \"Shooting the \"Beast\"; Jonathan Glazer Tames the Gangster Genre\". indieWIRE. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213055646/http://www.indiewire.com/people/int_Glazer_Jonathan_010612.html","url_text":"\"Shooting the \"Beast\"; Jonathan Glazer Tames the Gangster Genre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWIRE","url_text":"indieWIRE"},{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/people/int_Glazer_Jonathan_010612.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sexy Beast\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802023952/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/620869","url_text":"\"Sexy Beast\""},{"url":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/620869","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commercials at Framestore CFC: Levi \"Odyssey\"\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061018192708/http://www.framestore-cfc.com/commercials/levi_odyssey/index.html","url_text":"\"Commercials at Framestore CFC: Levi \"Odyssey\"\""},{"url":"http://www.framestore-cfc.com/commercials/levi_odyssey/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Levis Engineered Jeans in Odyssey\". The Inspiration Room. December 2005. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. 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Festival de Cannes. 27 May 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/the-76th-festival-de-cannes-winners-list/","url_text":"\"The 76th Festival de Cannes winners' list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528022637/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/the-76th-festival-de-cannes-winners-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). \"'We stand here as Jewish men who refute the Holocaust being hijacked': Jonathan Glazer calls for end to Gaza attacks at Oscars\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. 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Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/11/zone-of-interest-international-film-oscar","url_text":"\"'We stand here as Jewish men who refute the Holocaust being hijacked': Jonathan Glazer calls for end to Gaza attacks at Oscars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240311085412/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/11/zone-of-interest-international-film-oscar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deans, Jason (2 December 2004). \"Kingsley reprises Sexy Beast role for Band Aid ads\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/dec/02/advertising.film","url_text":"\"Kingsley reprises Sexy Beast role for Band Aid ads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227185529/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/dec/02/advertising.film","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Glazer's Motorola Red ad faces chop\". Campaign. London. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/604966/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Glazer's Motorola Red ad faces chop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_(magazine)","url_text":"Campaign"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240411214145/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/jonathan-glazers-motorola-red-ad-faces-chop/604966","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Pat (12 November 2010). \"Volkswagen and DDB UK launch epic new Polo campaign – Jonathan Glazer directs stunning \"Last Tango in Compton\"\" (Press release). London: DDB UK. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/42638421/11-12-10-DDB-UK-VW-Last-Tango","url_text":"\"Volkswagen and DDB UK launch epic new Polo campaign – Jonathan Glazer directs stunning \"Last Tango in Compton\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB_Worldwide","url_text":"DDB UK"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223221727/http://www.scribd.com/doc/42638421/11-12-10-DDB-UK-VW-Last-Tango","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audi 'The Ring' (Director's Cut) by Jonathan Glazer\". Academy Films. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981-82_Serie_A

1981–82 Serie A

["1 Teams","2 Final classification","3 Results","4 Top goalscorers","5 References and sources","6 External links"]

80th season of top-tier Italian football Football league seasonSerie ASeason1981 (1981)–82Dates13 September 1981 – 16 May 1982ChampionsJuventus (20th title) RelegatedMilanBolognaComoEuropean CupJuventusCup Winners' CupInternazionaleUEFA CupRomaFiorentinaNapoliMatches played240Goals scored474 (1.98 per match)Top goalscorerRoberto Pruzzo(15 goals)← 1980–81 1982–83 → AscoliAvellinoBolognaCagliariCesenaCatanzaroComoFiorentinaGenoaInterMilanJuventusTorinoNapoliRomaUdineseclass=notpageimage| Serie A 1981-82 team distribution The 1981–82 Serie A season was won by Juventus. Teams Milan, Cesena and Genoa had been promoted from Serie B. Final classification Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Juventus (C) 30 19 8 3 48 14 +34 46 Qualification to European Cup 2 Fiorentina 30 17 11 2 36 17 +19 45 Qualification to UEFA Cup 3 Roma 30 15 8 7 40 29 +11 38 4 Napoli 30 10 15 5 31 21 +10 35 5 Internazionale 30 11 13 6 39 34 +5 35 Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup 6 Ascoli 30 9 14 7 26 21 +5 32 7 Catanzaro 30 9 10 11 25 29 −4 28 8 Avellino 30 9 9 12 22 26 −4 27 9 Torino 30 8 11 11 25 30 −5 27 10 Cesena 30 8 11 11 34 41 −7 27 11 Udinese 30 9 8 13 27 37 −10 26 12 Cagliari 30 7 11 12 33 36 −3 25 13 Genoa 30 6 13 11 24 29 −5 25 14 Milan (R) 30 7 10 13 21 31 −10 24 Relegation to Serie B 15 Bologna (R) 30 6 11 13 25 37 −12 23 16 Como (R) 30 3 11 16 18 42 −24 17 Source: RSSSF.comRules for classification: 1) points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ Juventus became the first team in Italian football to be awarded two golden stars, to commemorate their 20th title win. ^ Napoli obtained a UEFA spot for the Albanian political renounce. Results Home \ Away ASC AVE BOL CAG CAT CES COM FIO GEN INT JUV MIL NAP ROM TOR UDI Ascoli — 1–1 2–1 2–1 2–1 1–0 1–1 0–0 1–1 2–2 1–0 1–0 0–0 0–1 0–0 3–0 Avellino 1–0 — 0–1 1–4 1–0 2–0 1–1 1–2 0–0 0–1 0–1 2–0 3–0 1–0 0–0 0–1 Bologna 2–1 1–0 — 1–1 0–0 0–0 1–0 0–2 1–1 3–1 0–0 0–0 2–2 2–0 0–0 0–2 Cagliari 1–0 0–0 2–2 — 2–1 1–1 2–0 0–0 2–1 1–1 0–1 1–1 1–1 2–4 1–0 1–1 Catanzaro 1–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 — 3–0 0–0 0–2 1–0 0–0 0–1 3–0 0–1 1–1 1–0 0–0 Cesena 1–1 2–0 4–1 2–1 4–1 — 1–1 2–1 1–1 1–3 1–1 2–3 1–3 1–1 0–0 2–1 Como 1–2 0–1 2–2 2–1 1–1 2–1 — 1–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–4 0–1 0–1 0–2 Fiorentina 0–0 1–0 1–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 1–0 — 3–2 4–2 0–0 1–0 2–1 1–0 2–1 3–0 Genoa 0–0 0–2 1–0 1–1 2–0 0–0 1–0 0–0 — 1–1 2–1 1–2 2–0 0–1 0–1 2–1 Internazionale 0–0 2–1 2–1 1–3 1–1 3–2 4–0 1–1 0–0 — 0–0 2–1 1–1 3–2 1–0 1–1 Juventus 1–1 4–0 2–0 1–0 4–1 6–1 3–1 0–0 1–0 1–0 — 3–2 0–0 0–1 4–2 1–0 Milan 0–0 2–1 2–1 1–0 0–1 1–0 1–1 0–0 0–0 0–1 0–1 — 1–1 1–2 0–0 0–1 Napoli 0–0 0–0 2–0 1–0 1–1 2–2 2–0 0–1 2–2 2–0 0–0 0–1 — 1–0 2–0 0–0 Roma 2–1 0–0 3–1 2–1 2–2 0–1 2–0 2–0 1–0 3–2 0–3 1–1 1–1 — 3–0 1–1 Torino 2–1 1–1 1–0 4–2 1–2 0–0 0–0 2–2 2–0 0–1 0–1 2–1 0–0 2–2 — 1–0 Udinese 0–2 1–2 2–2 1–0 2–1 0–1 1–0 1–2 3–2 1–1 1–5 0–0 0–1 0–1 3–2 — Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Roberto Pruzzo Roma 15 2 Edi Bivi Catanzaro 12 3 Claudio Pellegrini Napoli 11 4 Daniel Bertoni Fiorentina 9 Francesco Graziani Fiorentina Walter Schachner Cesena Oliviero Garlini Cesena Roberto Mancini Bologna Pietro Paolo Virdis Juventus Alessandro Altobelli Internazionale Evaristo Beccalossi Internazionale Luigi Piras Cagliari References and sources Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio 1983 (in Italian). Modena: Panini Group. 1982. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serie A 1981-1982. it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1982 - Italian version with pictures and info. - All results on RSSSF Website. vteSerie A seasonsPrima Categoria 1897–98 1898–99 1899-1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 FIGC Prima Divisione 1921–22 CCI 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 Divisione Nazionale 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 Serie A 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 Divisione Nazionale 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 Serie A 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Wartime tournaments: 1916 Coppa Federale 1944 Alta Italia vte1981–82 in Italian footballDomestic leagues Serie A Serie B Serie C1 Serie C2 Domestic cups Coppa Italia Final European competitions European Cup Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Cup Club seasonsSerie A Internazionale Juventus Milan vte1981–82 in European football (UEFA) « 1980–81 1982–83 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '81 '82 England Faroe Islands '81 '82 Finland '81 '82 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '81 '82 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '81 '82 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '81 '82 Spain Sweden '81 '82 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '81 '82 Finland '81 '82 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '81 '82 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '81 '82 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '81 '82 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland Super cups Soviet Union '81 UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup '80–'81 '81–'83

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Avellino_1912"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Cesena"},{"link_name":"Catanzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Como"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"Inter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Udinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"}],"text":"Football league seasonAscoliAvellinoBolognaCagliariCesenaCatanzaroComoFiorentinaGenoaInterMilanJuventusTorinoNapoliRomaUdineseclass=notpageimage| Serie A 1981-82 team distributionThe 1981–82 Serie A season was won by Juventus.","title":"1981–82 Serie A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Cesena"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"}],"text":"Milan, Cesena and Genoa had been promoted from Serie B.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSSSF.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital82.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_JUV0.80507860183952_1-0"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_NAP0.80507860183952_2-0"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"}],"text":"Source: RSSSF.comRules for classification: 1) points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Juventus became the first team in Italian football to be awarded two golden stars, to commemorate their 20th title win.\n\n^ Napoli obtained a UEFA spot for the Albanian political renounce.","title":"Final classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Avellino_1912"},{"link_name":"BOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"CAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"CAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"CES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Cesena"},{"link_name":"COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Como"},{"link_name":"FIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"GEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"INT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"JUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"MIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"NAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"TOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"UDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Avellino_1912"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Catanzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Cesena"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Como"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Udinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nASC\n\nAVE\n\nBOL\n\nCAG\n\nCAT\n\nCES\n\nCOM\n\nFIO\n\nGEN\n\nINT\n\nJUV\n\nMIL\n\nNAP\n\nROM\n\nTOR\n\nUDI\n\n\nAscoli\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nAvellino\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nBologna\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nCagliari\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–4\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nCatanzaro\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nCesena\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nComo\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–4\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n\nFiorentina\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n4–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nGenoa\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nInternazionale\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nJuventus\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n6–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nMilan\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nNapoli\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nRoma\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nTorino\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n\nUdinese\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top goalscorers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panini Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_Group"}],"text":"Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio 1983 (in Italian). Modena: Panini Group. 1982.","title":"References and sources"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio 1983 (in Italian). Modena: Panini Group. 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_Group","url_text":"Panini Group"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital82.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital82.html","external_links_name":"[1]"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Little_Birds

Strange Little Birds

["1 Composition and style","2 Recording","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Musicians","6.2 Technical","6.3 Artwork","7 Charts","8 Release history","9 Notes","10 References"]

2016 studio album by GarbageStrange Little BirdsStudio album by GarbageReleasedJune 10, 2016 (2016-06-10)Recorded2013–2015Studio Red Razor (Atwater Village, California) GrungeIsDead (Silver Lake, California) Genre Alternative rock electronic rock industrial rock Length52:41LabelStunvolumeProducer Garbage Steve Marker Billy Bush Garbage chronology The Absolute Collection(2012) Strange Little Birds(2016) No Gods No Masters(2021) Singles from Strange Little Birds "Empty"Released: April 20, 2016 "Even Though Our Love Is Doomed"Released: May 28, 2016 "Magnetized"Released: October 4, 2016 Strange Little Birds is the sixth studio album by American rock band Garbage. It was released on June 10, 2016, through the band's own record label, Stunvolume. It is their second independent album release, and follows 2012's Not Your Kind of People. The album's press release describes Strange Little Birds as "a sweeping, cinematic record of a unified mood: darkness". Strange Little Birds was preceded by a lead single, "Empty", and supported by an international tour. Composition and style Singer Shirley Manson said, "the guiding principle was keeping it fresh, and relying on instinct both lyrically and musically"; "To me, this record, funnily enough, has the most to do with the first record than any of the previous records. It’s getting back to that beginner’s headspace." Manson described Strange Little Birds as a "romantic" record. Manson clarified later, "What I mean by romance, really, is vulnerability. I used to feel so scared, and I think that was why I was so aggressive — but I’m much more willing to admit weaknesses than I was before.” Each song, she says, addresses “different points in my life between me and a person I’ve loved. They’re hot spots in my life, when I was afraid, or vulnerable, or didn’t behave at my best.” Drummer Butch Vig said that the album is a departure for the band, darker and more "cinematic and atmospheric". Manson's approach to lyrical subject matter came from her perception of an absence of darkness in current pop cultural trends. "I feel like the musical landscape of late has been incredibly happy and shiny and poppy. Everybody’s fronting all the time, dancing as fast as they can, smiling as hard as they can, working on their brand. Nobody ever says, ‘Actually, I’m lost and I don’t have a fucking clue what I’m doing with the rest of my life and I'm frightened.’ "There aren't really any upbeat pop songs,” says Vig. “Even "Empty", which has a big, anthemic guitar sound, has pretty dark lyrics". Recording Writing and recording for Strange Little Birds took over two years, beginning in early 2013. Garbage recorded over twenty tracks during the sessions. The band recorded the album in Vig's basement and at engineer Billy Bush's Red Razor Sounds studio in Los Angeles. Vig stated, "we mixed it so it’s kind of confessional, almost confrontational. On a lot of songs, Shirley’s voice sounds really loud, in your face, and really dry. There are not a lot of effects. There are some moments on the record that get really huge, but a lot of it is really intimate." Two of the songs written during the sessions, "The Chemicals" and "On Fire", were given a vinyl release on Record Store Day the previous year. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.0/10Metacritic75/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubA−Clash7/10NME4/5The ObserverPitchfork7.0/10PopMattersRolling StoneSlant MagazineSpin8/10 Strange Little Birds received generally positive reviews from music critics. At AnyDecentMusic?, which collects critical reviews from more than 50 media sources, the album scored 7.0 points out of 10, based on 25 reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 75, based on 26 reviews. Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club wrote, "20-plus years after forming, each band member is still fired up to mine new sounds and approaches for inspiration. That willingness to be uncomfortable and look beneath the surface makes Strange Little Birds a rousing success." Rhian Daly of NME noted that "Strange Little Birds is a record that's human to its very core, revelling in flaws and failures, but never losing hope. And in that way, it's the perfect mirror for its creators' 22-year career." AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that "the impressive thing about Strange Little Birds is how it feels simultaneously familiar and fresh, a record that echoes the past without being trapped by it." Rolling Stone's Jon Dolan commented that "singer Shirley Manson's brooding edge and producer-drummer Butch Vig's mix of sheer guitar buzz and moody industrial texture stake their claim as forebears to artists like Sky Ferreira and even Lana Del Rey." Theon Weber of Spin viewed Strange Little Birds as the band's "strongest set of songs since Version 2.0" and stated that despite not being "innovative", the album "successfully excavates old and gorgeous Garbage: digs it up, dusts it off, reassembles it, and lovingly crafts replacements, piece by vivid piece, for the strange little sounds that have rotted away." Zoe Camp of Pitchfork dubbed the album Garbage's "strongest effort in 15 years", adding, "Despite these superficial similarities , repeat spins of Strange Little Birds ultimately belie an older, wiser reincarnation of that youthful rage, not just a cheap retrospective." Jordan Blum of PopMatters opined, "Though the LP isn't as varied or experimental as its predecessor, 2012's Not Your Kind of People, it is more cohesive and alluring, resulting in a superior collection overall and a strong addition to the Garbage catalog." Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani expressed that aside from "Empty" and "We Never Tell", which he characterized as "gratifying but superfluous detours into the well-trodden", Strange Little Birds "emerges as the band's most compelling, adventurous album in 15 years." Luke Winstanley of Clash praised the album as "a thrilling synthesis of the band's most endearing features; quasi metal riffing, with Shirley Manson's devilishly seductive croon and huge industrial pop hooks", concluding, "There are a few moments that feel oddly dated or too by-the-numbers, but otherwise, this is an engaging return from the gothic dance-rock four-piece." In a less enthusiastic review, Emily Mackay of The Observer called the album a "sluggish comeback" and felt that "here's plenty of build but little release, and a lack of those big, punchy choruses that were strongest suit." Commercial performance Strange Little Birds debuted at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart with 5,293 copies sold on its first week, becoming Garbage's first studio album to miss the top 10 in the United Kingdom. It dropped out of the top 100 the following week, making it the band's lowest-charting album in the UK. In the United States, the album sold 20,000 (21,000 with TEA and SEA units) copies to debut at number one on both the Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts, and at number 14 on the Billboard 200. The album also peaked at number nine on the Australian Albums Chart, earning the band their sixth consecutive top 10 studio album in that country. Track listing All tracks are written by GarbageStrange Little Birds track listingNo.TitleLength1."Sometimes"2:522."Empty"3:543."Blackout"6:324."If I Lost You"4:115."Night Drive Loneliness"5:246."Even Though Our Love Is Doomed"5:267."Magnetized"3:548."We Never Tell"4:259."So We Can Stay Alive"6:0110."Teaching Little Fingers to Play"3:5811."Amends"6:04Total length:52:41 LP bonus trackNo.TitleLength12."FWY (Fucking with You)"4:44 Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Strange Little Birds. Musicians Shirley Manson – vocals Duke Erikson – backing vocals (track 11) Eric Avery – bass (tracks 2, 3, 7–9, 11) Justin Meldal-Johnsen – bass (tracks 5, 6) Technical Garbage – production Billy Bush – engineering, mixing, additional production Butch Vig – additional recording Steve Marker – additional production Emily Lazar – mastering (at The Lodge, New York City) Chris Allgood – mastering assistance Artwork Joseph Cultice – photography Ryan Corey – art direction, design, illustration, additional photos Jeri Heiden – art direction Charts Weekly sales chart performance for Strange Little Birds Chart (2016) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 9 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 17 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 33 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 16 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 69 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 21 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 66 French Albums (SNEP) 23 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 22 Irish Albums (IRMA) 45 Irish Independent Albums (IRMA) 4 Italian Albums (FIMI) 33 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 161 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 18 Russian Albums (Russian Music Charts) 4 Scottish Albums (OCC) 11 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 23 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 16 UK Albums (OCC) 17 UK Independent Albums (OCC) 5 US Billboard 200 14 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 1 US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) 1 US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) 1 Release history Release formats for Strange Little Birds Region Date Label Distributor Format(s) Australia and New Zealand June 10, 2016 Stunvolume Liberator Music CDLPdigital download Asia, Europe, and South America PIASCooperative Music United States, Canada BMGINgrooves Japan Hostess Notes ^ Additional recording References ^ a b c Weber, Theon (June 17, 2016). "Review: Garbage Have Finally Upgraded to Version 3.0 on 'Strange Little Birds'". Spin. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ a b "GARBAGE RELEASE NEW SINGLE "EMPTY"". Murray Chalmers PR. April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ Bartleet, Larry (May 28, 2016). "Listen to new Garbage track 'Even Though Our Love Is Doomed'". NME. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ Dazed (October 4, 2016). "Watch Garbage's magnetic new music video". Dazed. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Kickham, Dylan (March 10, 2016). "Garbage Reveal Release Sate for New Album Strange Little Birds". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ Camp, Zoe (March 10, 2016). "Garbage Announce New Album Strange Little Birds, Plot Tour". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 11, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i "ALBUM BIO: GARBAGE – STRANGE LITTLE BIRDS (OUT FRIDAY, 10 JUNE 2016)" (Press release). Liberator Music. April 18, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016 – via Mushroom Promotions. ^ a b c Blistein, Jon (March 10, 2015). "Garbage Prep New Album 'Strange Little Birds'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 10, 2015. ^ "Garbage on Twitter". April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Ok it's official. This week you will finally hear the first single off our new record.It's called EMPTY. And it's what you want. Trust Me.🐾 ^ "Garbage To Support New Album 'Strange Little Birds' With European Summer Tour". Stereoboard. March 10, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ Hendicott, James (March 10, 2016). "Garbage Announce Sixth Album 'Strange Little Birds'". NME. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ Trendell, Andrew (March 1, 2015). "Garbage Speak Out On Progress Of 'romantic' New Album". Gigwise. Retrieved March 10, 2015. ^ a b Stern, Marlow (March 22, 2016). "Butch Vig on the 25th Anniversary of Nirvana's 'Nevermind' and the 'Mediocre' State of Music". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 4, 2016. ^ "TWO MORE GARBAGE SONG TITLES REVEALED IN STUDIO PICTURES". Hidden Jams. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ Carley, Brennan (April 16, 2015). "Hear Garbage's Record Store Day Collaboration With Silversun Pickups' Brian Aubert". Spin. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ a b "Strange Little Birds by Garbage reviews | Any Decent Music". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved March 10, 2021. ^ a b "Critic Reviews for Strange Little Birds by Garbage". Metacritic. Retrieved June 7, 2016. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Strange Little Birds – Garbage". AllMusic. Retrieved June 5, 2016. ^ a b Zaleski, Annie (June 10, 2016). "Garbage gets loose on the superlative Strange Little Birds". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ^ a b Winstanley, Luke (July 5, 2016). "Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Clash. Retrieved July 8, 2016. ^ a b Daly, Rhian (June 8, 2016). "Garbage – 'Strange Little Birds' Review". NME. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ a b Mackay, Emily (June 12, 2016). "Garbage: Strange Little Birds review – a sluggish comeback". The Observer. Retrieved July 8, 2016. ^ a b Camp, Zoe (June 10, 2016). "Garbage: Strange Little Birds". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 12, 2016. ^ a b Blum, Jordan (June 13, 2016). "Garbage: Strange Little Birds". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016. ^ a b Dolan, Jon (June 22, 2016). "Strange Little Birds". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (June 5, 2016). "Review: Garbage, Strange Little Birds". Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ^ Jones, Alan (June 17, 2016). "Official Charts Analysis: Rick Astley's 50 debuts at No.1 28 years after his first album". Music Week. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. June 24–30, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ "Garbage | Full Official Chart History" (select "Albums" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ Rutherford, Kevin (June 22, 2016). "Garbage Debuts at No. 1 on Top Rock & Alternative Albums Charts". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2016. ^ "Billboard 200: The Week of July 2, 2016". Billboard. Retrieved July 8, 2016. ^ Brandle, Lars (June 20, 2016). "The Temper Trap and Drake Lead Australia's Charts". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2016. ^ "Garbage - Strange Little Birds (Vinyl 2LP Record)". Northern Vinyl. Retrieved July 9, 2016. ^ Strange Little Birds (liner notes). Garbage. Stunvolume. 2016. STNVOL 024CD.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Australiancharts.com – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Garbage – Strange Little Birds" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – Garbage – Strange Little Birds" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – Garbage – Strange Little Birds" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "Garbage Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 24.Týden 2016 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Garbage – Strange Little Birds" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "Lescharts.com – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Garbage – Strange Little Birds" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 24, 2016". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "GFK Chart-Track – Independent Albums: Week 24, 2016". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ^ ストレンジ・リトル・バーズ | ガービッジ (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Charts.nz – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Garbage – Strange Little Birds". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2016. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ "Garbage Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Garbage Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Garbage Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Garbage Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "GARBAGE REVEAL 'STRANGE LITTLE BIRDS' ALBUM DETAILS". Mushroom Publications. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ "Garbage have released a photo of their forthcoming LP and it appears to be laser etched". Garbage Disco. April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ "Strange Little Birds (iTunes pre-order)". iTunes. April 20, 2016. ^ "Garbage; Strange Little Birds". iTunes. April 24, 2016. ^ "Garbage - Strange Little Birds". Record Pusher. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ "Garbage; Strange Little Birds". iTunes. April 24, 2016. ^ "Garbage; Strange Little Birds". iTunes. April 24, 2016. ^ "Garbage - Strange Little Birds". Tower Records Japan. Retrieved April 17, 2016. vteGarbage Duke Erikson Shirley Manson Steve Marker Butch Vig Studio albums Garbage Version 2.0 Beautiful Garbage Bleed Like Me Not Your Kind of People Strange Little Birds No Gods No Masters Compilation albums Absolute Garbage The Absolute Collection Version 2.0: The Official Remixes Anthology Extended plays Special Collection Witness to Your Love Lie to Me Singles "Vow" "Subhuman" "Queer" "Only Happy When It Rains" "Stupid Girl" "Supervixen" "Milk" "#1 Crush" "Push It" "I Think I'm Paranoid" "Special" "The Trick Is to Keep Breathing" "When I Grow Up" "You Look So Fine" "The World Is Not Enough" "Temptation Waits" "Androgyny" "Cherry Lips (Go Baby Go!)" "Breaking Up the Girl" "Shut Your Mouth" "Why Do You Love Me" "Bleed Like Me" "Sex Is Not the Enemy" "Run Baby Run" "Tell Me Where It Hurts" "Blood for Poppies" "Battle in Me" "Automatic Systematic Habit" "Big Bright World" "Control" "Because the Night" "Girls Talk" "The Chemicals" "Empty" "Even Though Our Love Is Doomed" "Magnetized" "No Horses" "Destroying Angels" "The Men Who Rule the World" "No Gods No Masters" "Wolves" "Witness to Your Love" Home video Garbage Video Absolute Garbage One Mile High... Live Books This Is the Noise That Keeps Me Awake Concert tours Garbage tour Version 2.0 World Tour Beautiful Garbage World Tour Bleed Like Me World Tour Not Your Kind of People World Tour 20 Years Queer Strange Little Birds Tour Rage and Rapture Tour 20 Years Paranoid Garbage & Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds: Live in Concert Garbage 2024 Additional personnel Billy Bush Daniel Shulman Eric Avery Justin Meldal-Johnsen Matt Chamberlain Matt Walker Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Smart Studios Spooner Fire Town Goodbye Mr Mackenzie Angelfish "Korean Bodega" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWarticle-6"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLB-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"Not Your Kind of People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Your_Kind_of_People"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSannounce-9"},{"link_name":"press release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"Empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_(Garbage_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"an international tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Little_Birds_tour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"2016 studio album by GarbageStrange Little Birds is the sixth studio album by American rock band Garbage.[5] It was released on June 10, 2016, through the band's own record label, Stunvolume.[6] It is their second independent album release,[7] and follows 2012's Not Your Kind of People.[8] The album's press release describes Strange Little Birds as \"a sweeping, cinematic record of a unified mood: darkness\".[7]Strange Little Birds was preceded by a lead single, \"Empty\",[9] and supported by an international tour.[10]","title":"Strange Little Birds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Manson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEannounce-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSannounce-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gigwise20YQ-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"Butch Vig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Vig"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"}],"text":"Singer Shirley Manson said, \"the guiding principle was keeping it fresh, and relying on instinct both lyrically and musically\";[11] \"To me, this record, funnily enough, has the most to do with the first record than any of the previous records. It’s getting back to that beginner’s headspace.\"[8] Manson described Strange Little Birds as a \"romantic\" record.[12] Manson clarified later, \"What I mean by romance, really, is vulnerability. I used to feel so scared, and I think that was why I was so aggressive — but I’m much more willing to admit weaknesses than I was before.”[7] Each song, she says, addresses “different points in my life between me and a person I’ve loved. They’re hot spots in my life, when I was afraid, or vulnerable, or didn’t behave at my best.”[7] Drummer Butch Vig said that the album is a departure for the band, darker and more \"cinematic and atmospheric\".[13]Manson's approach to lyrical subject matter came from her perception of an absence of darkness in current pop cultural trends. \"I feel like the musical landscape of late has been incredibly happy and shiny and poppy. Everybody’s fronting all the time, dancing as fast as they can, smiling as hard as they can, working on their brand. Nobody ever says, ‘Actually, I’m lost and I don’t have a fucking clue what I’m doing with the rest of my life and I'm frightened.’[7] \"There aren't really any upbeat pop songs,” says Vig. “Even \"Empty\", which has a big, anthemic guitar sound, has pretty dark lyrics\".[7]","title":"Composition and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whiteboard-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moshroom-8"},{"link_name":"Billy Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bush_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSannounce-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern-14"},{"link_name":"The Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemicals"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brennan-16"}],"text":"Writing and recording for Strange Little Birds took over two years, beginning in early 2013.[7] Garbage recorded over twenty tracks during the sessions.[14] The band recorded the album in Vig's basement[7] and at engineer Billy Bush's Red Razor Sounds studio in Los Angeles.[8] Vig stated, \"we mixed it so it’s kind of confessional, almost confrontational. On a lot of songs, Shirley’s voice sounds really loud, in your face, and really dry. There are not a lot of effects. There are some moments on the record that get really huge, but a lot of it is really intimate.\"[13] Two of the songs written during the sessions, \"The Chemicals\" and \"On Fire\", were given a vinyl release on Record Store Day the previous year.[15]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AnyDecentMusic?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADM-17"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-18"},{"link_name":"Annie Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-20"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-22"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-19"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Sky Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-26"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Version 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_2.0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-2"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(album)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-24"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"Not Your Kind of People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Your_Kind_of_People"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-25"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-27"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"dance-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-rock"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-21"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer-23"}],"text":"Strange Little Birds received generally positive reviews from music critics. At AnyDecentMusic?, which collects critical reviews from more than 50 media sources, the album scored 7.0 points out of 10, based on 25 reviews.[16] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 75, based on 26 reviews.[17]Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club wrote, \"20-plus years after forming, each band member is still fired up to mine new sounds and approaches for inspiration. That willingness to be uncomfortable and look beneath the surface makes Strange Little Birds a rousing success.\"[19] Rhian Daly of NME noted that \"Strange Little Birds is a record that's human to its very core, revelling in flaws and failures, but never losing hope. And in that way, it's the perfect mirror for its creators' 22-year career.\"[21] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that \"the impressive thing about Strange Little Birds is how it feels simultaneously familiar and fresh, a record that echoes the past without being trapped by it.\"[18] Rolling Stone's Jon Dolan commented that \"singer Shirley Manson's brooding edge and producer-drummer Butch Vig's mix of sheer guitar buzz and moody industrial texture stake their claim as forebears to artists like Sky Ferreira and even Lana Del Rey.\"[25] Theon Weber of Spin viewed Strange Little Birds as the band's \"strongest set of songs since Version 2.0\" and stated that despite not being \"innovative\", the album \"successfully excavates old and gorgeous Garbage: digs it up, dusts it off, reassembles it, and lovingly crafts replacements, piece by vivid piece, for the strange little sounds that have rotted away.\"[1]Zoe Camp of Pitchfork dubbed the album Garbage's \"strongest effort in 15 years\", adding, \"Despite these superficial similarities [to the band's self-titled debut album], repeat spins of Strange Little Birds ultimately belie an older, wiser reincarnation of that youthful rage, not just a cheap retrospective.\"[23] Jordan Blum of PopMatters opined, \"Though the LP isn't as varied or experimental as its predecessor, 2012's Not Your Kind of People, it is more cohesive and alluring, resulting in a superior collection overall and a strong addition to the Garbage catalog.\"[24] Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani expressed that aside from \"Empty\" and \"We Never Tell\", which he characterized as \"gratifying but superfluous detours into the well-trodden\", Strange Little Birds \"emerges as the band's most compelling, adventurous album in 15 years.\"[26] Luke Winstanley of Clash praised the album as \"a thrilling synthesis of the band's most endearing features; quasi metal riffing, with Shirley Manson's devilishly seductive croon and huge industrial pop hooks\", concluding, \"There are a few moments that feel oddly dated or too by-the-numbers, but otherwise, this is an engaging return from the gothic dance-rock four-piece.\"[20] In a less enthusiastic review, Emily Mackay of The Observer called the album a \"sluggish comeback\" and felt that \"[t]here's plenty of build [...] but little release, and a lack of those big, punchy choruses that were [the band's] strongest suit.\"[22]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Australian Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Strange Little Birds debuted at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart with 5,293 copies sold on its first week, becoming Garbage's first studio album to miss the top 10 in the United Kingdom.[27] It dropped out of the top 100 the following week,[28] making it the band's lowest-charting album in the UK.[29] In the United States, the album sold 20,000 (21,000 with TEA and SEA units) copies to debut at number one on both the Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts,[30] and at number 14 on the Billboard 200.[31] The album also peaked at number nine on the Australian Albums Chart, earning the band their sixth consecutive top 10 studio album in that country.[32]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_(Garbage_song)"},{"link_name":"Even Though Our Love Is Doomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_Though_Our_Love_Is_Doomed"},{"link_name":"Magnetized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetized_(Garbage_song)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"All tracks are written by GarbageStrange Little Birds track listingNo.TitleLength1.\"Sometimes\"2:522.\"Empty\"3:543.\"Blackout\"6:324.\"If I Lost You\"4:115.\"Night Drive Loneliness\"5:246.\"Even Though Our Love Is Doomed\"5:267.\"Magnetized\"3:548.\"We Never Tell\"4:259.\"So We Can Stay Alive\"6:0110.\"Teaching Little Fingers to Play\"3:5811.\"Amends\"6:04Total length:52:41LP bonus track[33]No.TitleLength12.\"FWY (Fucking with You)\"4:44","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Strange Little Birds.[34]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Manson"},{"link_name":"Duke Erikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Erikson"},{"link_name":"Eric Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Avery"},{"link_name":"Justin Meldal-Johnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Meldal-Johnsen"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Shirley Manson – vocals\nDuke Erikson – backing vocals (track 11)\nEric Avery – bass (tracks 2, 3, 7–9, 11)\nJustin Meldal-Johnsen – bass (tracks 5, 6)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billy Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bush_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Butch Vig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Vig"},{"link_name":"Steve Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Marker"},{"link_name":"Emily Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Lazar"}],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"Garbage – production\nBilly Bush – engineering, mixing, additional production\nButch Vig – additional recording\nSteve Marker – additional production\nEmily Lazar – mastering (at The Lodge, New York City)\nChris Allgood – mastering assistance","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Cultice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cultice"}],"sub_title":"Artwork","text":"Joseph Cultice – photography\nRyan Corey – art direction, design, illustration, additional photos\nJeri Heiden – art direction","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Additional recording","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_pH_(band)

Negative pH (band)

["1 Band members","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

American electronic music band This article is about a band. For the article about the chemistry term, see Negative pH. Negative pHNegative pH "OVRMND"Background informationOriginOakland, CaliforniaGenresDrum and bass Industrial music Electronic musicInstrumentssoftware synthesis, Propellerhead's Reason, Sony ACID, Ableton liveYears active1999-presentMembersJoshua John Fanene (keyboardist, composer) Micheal Bailey (keyboardist, composer)Websitehttp://www.negativeph.com Negative pH is an electronic music band from Oakland, California, that formed in 2000. The two band members met through Mp3.com in mid-1999. Joshua Fanene and Micheal Bailey co-write the band's songs with influences including Nine Inch Nails, Pendulum, Ennio Morricone, Ozzy Osbourne, Pitchshifter, and Aphex Twin. The band has four albums including liminal space, which was self-released in 2004, OVRMND, 201X and 201Y. They have been featured in both local and national publications like Hyperactive Magazine issue #7. Band members Joshua John Fanene: keyboards, Musical Instrument Digital Interface sequencing, spoken word, chorus, guitar Micheal Bailey: keyboards, Musical Instrument Digital Interface sequencing, chorus Discography Scribe Machine - Fragile Maxi-Single (2003) The UNLV Polar Bear Club - Support Your F***'n Local Scene Compilation (2004) Negative pH - liminal space (2005) Kid Deposit Triumph - Our Peace Will Destroy Many (2006) Negative pH - OVRMND (2009) Shatterance - Hold Your Tongue and Say Apple - Therapy (2009) A.P.B. -- Realtime Media, and Electronic Arts -- WK (2010) Negative pH - 201X (2014) Negative pH - 201Y (2014) References ^ Seltenrich, Nate (2009-07-01). "Music To Slay To". Eastbay Express. Retrieved 2009-07-01. ^ Elfman, Doug (2004-11-15). "Concert, CD boost local bands". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved 2004-11-15. ^ Shaw, Allison (2005-11-01). "Headed for Commercial Success". Hyperactive Music Magazine. Retrieved 2005-11-01. ^ "Kid Deposit Triumph". Las Vegas Weekly. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2006-01-01. ^ "APB Crew". Electronic Arts & Realtime Media. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-04-01. External links Official Website: Negative pH Facebook MySpace Last.fm This article on a United States electronic music band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_Flugzeugwerke

Albatros Flugzeugwerke

["1 History","2 Aircraft","3 References","4 External links"]

German aircraft manufacturer (1909–1931) Albatros FlugzeugwerkeIndustryAircraft manufacturerFounded1909; 115 years ago (1909) in Johannisthal, Prussia, GermanyDefunct1931FateMergedSuccessorFocke-WulfHeadquartersJohannisthal, GermanyKey peopleDr. phil. Enno Walther HuthErnst HeinkelRudolf SchubertProf. Dipl.-Ing. Walter BlumeLothar WielandProductsAircraft Albatros Flugzeugwerke GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturer best known for supplying the German Luftstreitkräfte during World War I. The company was based in Johannisthal, Berlin, where it was founded by Walter Huth and Otto Wiener on December 20, 1909. The company (and its subsidiary, Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke (OAW)) produced many capable fighter aircraft, notably the Albatros D.III and Albatros D.V, both designed by Robert Thelen. The Albatros merged into Focke-Wulf in 1931. History The company was founded in Berlin-Johannisthal in late 1909 by Enno Walther Huth as the Albatros Werke AG. The first aircraft the company produced was a French Antoinette monoplane, which they built under licence. They then produced several versions of the Etrich Taube monoplane, as well the Doppeltaube biplane which used the same basic planform. A variety of other biplanes, with more conventional wing planforms were also built and flown. In 1912, five Albatros F-2 were built. This was a development of the French Farman III biplane (hence the letter F) with a gondola for the crew and an Argus in-line engine instead of the original Gnome Omega rotary engine. Four were sold to Bulgaria where they took an active part in the 1912–1913 Balkan wars. On October 16, 1912, one of these carried out the first combat mission over Europe. During World War I, Albatros Flugzeugwerke produced about 10,300 aircraft, including fighters, bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. After the war, production of various civilian types was carried out. Aircraft CompanyDesignations Idflieg/RLMDesignations Firstflight Numberbuilt Type Taube n/a Reconnaissance Doppeltaube n/a 1910 Reconnaissance L.1 B.I 1913 Reconnaissance L.2 B.II 1914 Reconnaissance L.3/GDD n/a 1914 6 Single-seat reconnaissance L.4 G.I 1916 1 Bomber L.5/LDD B.III 1917 Reconnaissance L.6 C.I 1915 629 ca. Reconnaissance L.7 C.I 1915 qv L.6 Reconnaissance L.8 C.II 1916 Reconnaissance L.9/ME n/a Single-seat reconnaissance L.10 C.III 1915 2271 ca. Reconnaissance L.11 G.II 1916 1 Bomber L.12 C.IV 1916 1 Reconnaissance L.13 C.I 1915 Reconnaissance L.14 C.V 1916 400 ca. Reconnaissance L.15 D.I 1916 50 Fighter L.16 C.III 1915 qv L.10 Reconnaissance L.17 D.II 1916 291 Fighter L.18 C.VII 1916 600+ Reconnaissance L.19 C.VIII N 1917 1 Night bomber L.20 D.III 1916 1,866 Fighter L.21 G.III 1916 9+ Bomber L.22 D.IV 1917 3 Fighter L.23 C.IX 1917 Reconnaissance L.24 D.V & D.Va 1917 2500 ca. Fighter L.25 C.X 1917 300+ Reconnaissance L.26 C.XI n/a 0 Reconnaissance project L.27 C.XII 1917 Reconnaissance L.28 D.VI 1917 1 Fighter L.29 C.XIII 1917 1 Two-seat fighter L.30 B.II 1914 Trainer L.31 C.XIV 1918 1 Reconnaissance L.32 C.Ia 1915 Trainer L.33 C.Ib 1915 Trainer L.34 D.VII 1917 1 Fighter L.35 D.VIII n/a 0 Fighter L.36 Dr.I 1917 1 Triplane fighter L.37 D.IX 1917 1 Fighter L.38 D.X 1918 1 Fighter L.39 Dr.II 1918 1 Triplane fighter L.40 J.I 1917 240 ca. Ground attack L.41 D.XI 1918 2 Fighter L.42 J.II 1918 4+ Ground attack L.43 D.XII 1918 2 Fighter L.44 D.XIII n/a 0 Fighter project L.45 D.XIIIa n/a 0 Fighter project L.46 D.XIV 1918 1 Two-seat fighter L.47 C.XV 1918 50 ca. Two-seat fighter L.48 J.III n/a 0 ground attack project L.49/DA 1 n/a n/a 0 unknown project L.50 G.IV n/a 0 Bomber project L.51 C.If Trainer L.52 C.I Trainer L.53 CLS.I Ground attack L.54 F.I n/a 0 Reconnaissance project L.55 D.XV n/a 0 Fighter L.56 n/a n/a 0 Airliner project L.57 n/a n/a 0 Airliner project L.58 n/a 1923 7 Airliner L.59 n/a 1923 1 Sportsplane L.60 n/a 1923 3 Sportsplane L.65 n/a 1925 2 Reconnaissance L.66 n/a 1924 10 Sportsplane L.67 n/a 1924 2 Sportsplane L.68 n/a 1926 18 Trainer L.69 n/a 1925 4 Trainer L.70 n/a 1925 Reconnaissance L.71 n/a 1925 2 Sportplane L.72 & L 72A n/a 1925 5 Newspaper distribution aircraft L.73 n/a 1926 4 Airliner L.74 n/a 1928 2 Trainer L.75 Ass n/a 1928 43 Trainer L.76 Aeolus n/a 1927 6 Trainer L.77v n/a 1928 4 Fighter/reconnaissance L.78 n/a 1928 13 Reconnaissance L.79 Kobold n/a 1929 2 Aerobatics L.80 n/a n/a 0 Night bomber project L.81 Elektra n/a 1932 1 Experimental aircraft L.82 n/a 1929 72 Trainer L.83 Adler n/a 1931 2 Airliner/transport L.84 n/a 1935 5 Fighter L.85-99 skipped L.100 n/a 1930 1 Air racing L.101 Al 101 1930 71 Trainer L.102 Al 102 1932 10 Trainer L.103 Al 103 1933 1 Experimental H.1 n/a n/a 1 altitude record (not flown) W.1/WDD B.II-W 1913 Patrol floatplane W.2 n/a 1916 1 Patrol floatplane W.3 Marine 527 1916 1 Floatplane torpedo bomber W.4 n/a 1916 118 Floatplane fighter W.5 Marine 845-849 1917 5 Floatplane torpedo bomber W.6 n/a 1 Floatplane fighter W.7 n/a 1 Floatplane fighter W.8 Marine 5001-5003 1918 3 Two-seat floatplane fighter W.10 n/a n/a 0 Flying boat project of 1922 References ^ I.Borislavov, R.Kirilov: The Bulgarian Aircraft, Vol.I: From Bleriot to Messerschmitt. Litera Prima, Sofia, 1996 (in Bulgarian) ^ "A Flying Boat on Wheels" Flight 1926 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albatros Flugzeugwerke. The Virtual Aviation Museum vteAlbatros aircraftEarly aircraft Taube Doppeltaube F-2 Military IdfliegdesignationsB type unarmed reconnaissance biplanes B.I B.II B.III C type armed reconnaissance biplanes C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIIII N C.IX C.X C.XI C.XII C.XIII C.XIV C.XV D type Doppeldecker fighters D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV Dr type Dreidecker triplane fighters Dr.I Dr.II G type Grossflugzeug bombers G.I G.II G.III G.IV J type close support J.I J.II J.III CompanydesignationsLandflugzeug (Landplanes) LDD L.1 L.2 L.3 L.4 L.5 L.6 L.7 L.8 L.9 L.10 L.11 L.12 L.13 L.14 L.15 L.16 L.17 L.18 L.19 L.20 L.21 L.22 L.23 L.24 L.25 L.26 L.27 L.28 L.29 L.30 L.31 L.32 L.33 L.34 L.35 L.36 L.37 L.38 L.39 L.40 L.41 L.42 L.43 L.44 L.45 L.46 L.47 L.48 L.49 L.50 L.51 L.52 L.53 L.54 L.55 L.56 L.57 L.58 L.59 L.60 L.65 L.66 L.67 L.68 L.69 L.70 L.71 L.72 L.73 L.74 L.75 L.76 L.77 L.78 L.79 L.80 L.81 L.82 L.83 L.84 L.100 L.101 L.102 L.103 Wasserflugzeug (Seaplanes) W.1 W.2 W.3 W.4 W.5 W.8 WMZ Höhenflugzeug (High Altitude) H.1

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftstreitkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Johannisthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlershof"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.III"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.V"},{"link_name":"Robert Thelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thelen"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf"}],"text":"Albatros Flugzeugwerke GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturer best known for supplying the German Luftstreitkräfte during World War I.The company was based in Johannisthal, Berlin, where it was founded by Walter Huth and Otto Wiener on December 20, 1909. The company (and its subsidiary, Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke (OAW)) produced many capable fighter aircraft, notably the Albatros D.III and Albatros D.V, both designed by Robert Thelen. The Albatros merged into Focke-Wulf in 1931.","title":"Albatros Flugzeugwerke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enno Walther Huth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enno_Walther_Huth"},{"link_name":"Antoinette monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_monoplane"},{"link_name":"Etrich Taube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrich_Taube"},{"link_name":"Doppeltaube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_Doppeltaube"},{"link_name":"Farman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_III"},{"link_name":"in-line engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Gnome Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Omega"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"Balkan wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_wars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The company was founded in Berlin-Johannisthal in late 1909 by Enno Walther Huth as the Albatros Werke AG.\nThe first aircraft the company produced was a French Antoinette monoplane, which they built under licence.They then produced several versions of the Etrich Taube monoplane, as well the Doppeltaube biplane which used the same basic planform. A variety of other biplanes, with more conventional wing planforms were also built and flown.In 1912, five Albatros F-2 were built. This was a development of the French Farman III biplane (hence the letter F) with a gondola for the crew and an Argus in-line engine instead of the original Gnome Omega rotary engine. Four were sold to Bulgaria where they took an active part in the 1912–1913 Balkan wars.On October 16, 1912, one of these carried out the first combat mission over Europe.[1]During World War I, Albatros Flugzeugwerke produced about 10,300 aircraft, including fighters, bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. After the war, production of various civilian types was carried out.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aircraft"}]

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[{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200043.html","external_links_name":"\"A Flying Boat on Wheels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030516075219/http://www.luftfahrtmuseum.com/htmi/ith/albatros.htm","external_links_name":"The Virtual Aviation Museum"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_China

Sikhism in China

["1 History","1.1 Sikh gurus","1.1.1 Guru Nanak","1.1.2 Guru Gobind Singh","1.2 Sikh Confederacy","1.3 Sikh Empire","1.4 Colonial period","1.4.1 Sikh professions in colonial China","1.4.1.1 Traders and explorers in Western China","1.4.1.2 Soldiers","1.4.1.3 Policemen","1.4.1.3.1 Shanghai Police","1.4.1.4 Guards and watchmen","1.4.1.5 Money-lenders","1.4.1.6 Other professions","1.4.2 Relationship between local Chinese and Sikhs in colonial China","1.4.3 Sikh women in colonial China","1.4.3.1 Princess Sumair","1.4.4 Sikh revolutionary activities in colonial China","1.4.4.1 Assassination of Buddha Singh","1.5 People's Republic of China (1949–present)","1.5.1 Current status","2 Gurdwara","2.1 Extant gurdwaras","2.2 Lost gurdwaras","3 Tibetans and Sikhism","4 Popular culture","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"]

Overview of the presence and role of Sikhism in China This article is about Sikhism in mainland China. For Hong Kong, see Sikhism in Hong Kong. For Sikhism as a religion, see Sikhism. Sikhism in China锡克教在中国Men of the Loodiaah (Ludhiana) Sikh Regiment in China, ca.1860Total populationUnknownRegions with significant populationsShanghai · Hong Kong · Yiwu · Keqiao · TibetReligionsSikhismLanguagesPunjabi · Mandarin · Cantonese · Tibetan • Hindi • Urdu Part of a series onSikhism People Topics Outline History Glossary Sikh gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir Bhagat Ravidas Bhagat Farid Bhagat Ramanand Bhagat Beni Bhagat Namdev Bhagat Sadhana Bhagat Bhikhan Bhagat Parmanand Bhagat Sain Bhagat Dhanna Bhagat Pipa Bhagat Surdas Bhagat Jaidev Bhagat Trilochan Bhatt Kalshar Bhatt Balh Bhatt Bhalh Bhatt Bhika Bhatt Gayand Bhatt Harbans Bhatt Jalap Bhatt Kirat Bhatt Mathura Bhatt Nalh Bhatt Salh Baba Sundar Satta Doom Balvand Rai Philosophy Naam Japo Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth Five Thieves Five Virtues Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Ardās Kirtan Amrit Velā Dasvand The Five Ks Langar Sewa Simran Nitnem Dastar (Turban) Naam Karan Amrit Sanskar Anand Karaj Antam Sanskar Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Five Banis Places and Takhts Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Akal Takht Keshgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib General topics Ik Onkar Khalsa Waheguru Panj Pyare Nirgun and Sargun Khanda Literature Music Names Nanakshahi calendar Criticism Jathedar of Akal Takht War Sects Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Islam Sikhism and Jainism Religion portalvteSikhism in China is a minority religion in the People's Republic of China (Mandarin Chinese: 锡克教在中国, romanized: Xí kè jiào zài zhōngguó, lit. 'Sikhism in China'). Sikhism originated from the Punjab region of the northern Indian subcontinent. History Sikh gurus Guru Nanak An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China Guru Nanak is traditionally locally referred to as Baba Foosa in China proper and as Nanak Lama in Tibet. In popular Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak is believed to have visited Tibet during his distant travels.: 345–369  Nanak's travel itinerary through Tibet would have started by departing from Manikaran, onward to the Tibetan plateau, reaching Lahaul and Spiti (northeast of Kulu). Nanak would have travelled through both the Rohtang Pass and Chandan Kala Pass to reach Spiti. From there, Nanak went through the Sprang (Prang) Pass to reach Tibet through an old trade route between India and Tibet. Nanak would have then passed through both Chomurti and Boling to reach the sacred lake of Mansarovar, and finally Mount Kailash. Nanak would have encountered many members of the Siddha tradition on this route through Tibet. According to Sikh lore, in the area of lake Mansarovar and mount Kailash, a dialogue is said to have taken place between Siddhas residing in the location and Guru Nanak's retinue. They wanted to know how Guru Nanak had successfully traversed the mountainous landscape and terrain to reach the sacred area, with Guru Nanak replying that it was through faith in the divine. The Siddhas are then said to have posed questions to the guru about the state of affairs in the Indian subcontinent and the status of the commonfolk, in-which Guru Nanak responded that India was in-turmoil and suffering due to oppressive rulers. Guru Nanak then stated that true spirituality and religion was in-decline in India due to hypocrisy, prudishness, bribe-taking, and evil. In response to one of the questions posed by the Siddhas, Guru Nanak is said to have reprimanded them for escaping to this distant site away from the happenings of the subcontinent, leaving the masses behind without a spiritual guide. Guru Gobind Singh Guru Gobind Singh makes mention of China, Tibet, and Manchuria in the Dasam Granth, stating: "Gorkhas sing thy praises, the residents of China and Manchuria bow their heads before thee and the Tibetans destroy their own sufferings by remembering thee. Those who meditate on thee obtain perfect glory, and prosper greatly. One cannot know thy limit, O Infinitely Glorious Lord! Thou art the Giver of all, therefore thou are Boundless."— Guru Gobind Singh, Dasam Granth Sikh Confederacy In the 18th century during the reign of the Sikh Misls in Amritsar, increased stability led to the development of an import and export-based economy. Many goods were exported to Yarkand, Turfan, and Chinese Turkestan. The goods exported from Amritsar consisted of shawls, silks and woolen cloth, metalware, and agricultural products. The imported goods were gold, raw silk, horses, and weapons. Caravans took the goods back and forth along the Sikh Road, from Amritsar to Kabul, and then to Bukhara, where they were further distributed. Sikh Empire In March 1831, Victor Jacquemon, a French botanist and geologist, paid a visit to Lahore during the reign of Ranjit Singh and met with the ruler. During a discussion between the Frenchman and the Sikh ruler, the latter inquired about Tibet and wanted to know details about the region. Jacquemon responded that Tibet was a land "high altitude, cold weather, barren land" and a "poor country". After hearing this description, Ranjit Singh is said to replied that "he will not bother to conquer a poor country." In 1834, after Zorawar Singh's success against Ladakh, Ranjit Singh forbade him from taking further action to avoid any conflicts with the Chinese. According to Sohan Lal Suri's Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, Zorawar Singh, a Dogra general of the Sikh Empire, expressed interest in expanding into western Tibet for territorial gains during a meeting with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the village of Jandiala Sher Khan in March 1836. However, Ranjit Singh did not grant permission for the proposed Tibetan military expedition. Ranjit Singh remarked that the Chinese emperor possesses an army consisting of 1.2 million soldiers so a war against them would not favour him. According to Giani Gian Singh's Raj Khalsa, after the triumph of Zorawar Singh over the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh, Zorawar Singh was rewarded with a siropa (robe of honour) and other gifts. Zorawar Singh then petitioned Ranjit Singh again for a campaign against the Tibetans for the purpose of annexing it into the Sikh Empire but the idea was again turned down as the time was not "opportune" as per Ranjit Singh. According to Inderjeet Singh, the Sikh monarch may have declined the proposition to invade Tibet because the terrain was difficult and the region was poor in natural resources. After the Chinese did not respond to the Sikh hostilities against Ladakh, Nau Nihal Singh permitted Zorawar Singh to capture Iskardu of the Maqpon dynasty of Baltistan. Eventually, a later Sikh ruler, Sher Singh, agreed to Zorawar Singh's proposed campaign against Tibet.Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the Tibetans (protectorate of the Qing Dynasty) and Dogras (vassals of the Sikh Empire) Zorawar Singh led an invasion force into Tibet in May 1841. The invasion force consisted of three divisions and reached lake Mansarovar in September of the same year, where an encampment was established. Whilst initially successful against the local Tibetan forces, the Tibetan winter set-in and the invading forces were defeated and routed on 12 December 1841 by the Qing-Tibetan forces, with Zorawar Singh being beheaded. The Qing-Tibetan forces then attempted to invade Ladakh but were repelled. The war ended with the Treaty of Chushul between the Sikh Empire and Qing Dynasty. The Tibetan word for a Punjabi Sikh is Singpa. When the Tibetans captured prisoners-of-war during the Dogra-Sikh invasion, the POWs were initially taken to central Tibet. Instead of executing the POWs, the Tibetans decided to show mercy and disperse them to localities across Tibet. In March 1856, a treaty between Tibet and the Kingdom of Nepal, known as the Treaty of Thapathali, was signed. Clause 4 of the treaty freed the remaining Sikh/Dogra prisoners-of-war still held in Tibetan captivity whom were captured in 1841. This clause was included in the treaty at the behest of Gulab Singh of Kashmir to free the remaining prisoners, possibly for political capital. Of the original soldiers whom were taken as prisoners by the Tibetans, 34 could not be located but 106 were successfully assembled in Kathmandu at the British residence. However, only 56 of these mustered 106 original soldiers wished to return to India and the rest opted to remain in Tibet, as many had since settled in southern Tibet since the war, had married local women and thus now had a family, and were running businesses. The 56 former POWs who opted to return were each awarded with silver medals bearing a bust of Maharaja Surendra Bikram Shah of Nepal and a robe of honour. According to Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, more than 200 of these POWs preferred to remain in Tibet rather than be repatriated back to their homeland. These Dogra-Sikh POWs settled in Lhasa, Yarlung, Chongye, and other parts of southern Tibet. Eventually, the former POWs married local Tibetan women, adopted Tibetan customs, and took up professions as butchers, fruit-tree cultivators, amid other jobs. The former POWs introduced the cultivation of apricots, apples, grapes, and peaches to Tibet. Since they were outsiders, they were stigmatized by the local Tibetans and thus formed relations with other marginalized groups within Tibetan society, such as Muslims, which led to former POWs slowly adopting Islam themselves. The former POWs came to be known as Singpa Khache by the local Tibetans, which blends the Tibetan word for a Sikh and Muslim together. The Singpa Khache came to become an important group within Lhasa's Muslim community and they had the honour of serving meat dishes to the Dalai Lama. However, David G. Atwill argues that the Singpa Khache descend instead from Muslim soldiers that were in Zorawar Singh's invading army. Of the nearly 200 Barkor Khache families that resided in Lhasa in the early 1950's, approximately 20% were of Singpa Khache background. Many descendants reside in the Lhokha region. Colonial period In the colonial-era, Sikhs in China were most prominent in Hong Kong, with Shanghai following next.: 212 'North China Herald' newspaper snippet about the opening ceremony of Gurdwara Shanghai on Tung Pao-hsing Road in Shanghai, China, 1908 Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State visited China, Japan and Java (Indonesia) between 18 October 1903 to 1 February 1904, afterwards publishing a memoir recounting his journey through these lands.: 213–214  In his memoir, he recounts about his experience in Shanghai and surrounding parts of China, including him making a donation to the local Sikh cause for constructing a Sikh temple in Tientsin.: 213–214  Jagajit Singh would return to Shanghai many times over the years, with local Sikhs hosting him for dinner at a local hotel. Sikhs in China had been observing the Chinese migrating to Canada, seeing as it was an attractive destination for settlement, and emulated the Chinese by attempting to migrate to Canada themselves whilst alerting their friends and family back home in India on the prospect.: 212  Many Sikhs who were aboard the ill-fated Komagata Maru en-route to Canada hailed from Shanghai.: 212 : 132  According to Cao Yin, Shanghai played a pivotal role in the establishment of a Sikh diaspora throughout the world as Shanghai was often the first-stop in the global migration of Sikhs throughout the globe. Accounts of the Sikh population in Shanghai at various times are spurious and contradicting. One source claims a population of "a few thousand" Sikhs in Shanghai by 1890.: 220  According to another source, by 1907, there were 850 Sikhs in Shanghai. Prior to 1908, the gurdwara located on Boone Road (now Tonggu Road) in Shanghai served the needs of the Sikh community. However, during a Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebration in 1907, the local Sikhs decided to become affiliated with the Chief Khalsa Diwan based in Amritsar but the Boone Road gurdwara was too small to suit their needs and the growing Sikh population. Thus, it was decided that a new temple premises needed to be constructed. A committee, led by Jalmeja Singh, and Gurdwara Building Fund was established for the effort of constructing a new, larger Sikh temple funded by donations from local Sikhs. The local Shanghai Sikhs had been desiring a larger gurdwara for several years and had been making requests to the community for donations and the Shanghai Municipal Council for land for the temple. The Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara's foundation stone was laid on 11 August 1907 on a Sunday. The Old Sikh Gurdwara at 326 Dong Baoxing Road was opened in 1908. The Gordon Road Gurdwara was opened on 21 July 1916 on a Friday. Both the newer Gordon Road and older Dong Baoxing Road gurdwaras were under the same management committee, however the latter became to be visited by watchmen and visitors whilst the former was used by Sikh policemen of the Shanghai police. The purpose of the British constructing the Gordon Road Gurdwara was to isolate Sikh policemen from Ghadarite elements at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara by giving them a separate place of worship which was under the supervision of the Shanghai Municipal Council and restricted to policemen. Furthermore, the construction of the Gordon Road Gurdwara was a gesture of gratitude for the participation of Sikhs in World War I. Rabindranath Tagore visited Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara during his 1924 visit. The Sikh community in Shanghai was divided along regional lines from back in Punjab: the Majhais and the Malwais. There were also noticeable differences in viewpoints between the older and younger generations of Sikhs in Shanghai, specifically with regards to loyalty to the British and revolutionist tendencies. The Sikhs were not the only members of the Indian community in the city, there were also Parsis, Bohra Muslims, and Sindhis whom had established communities in the city during the colonial-period – however the Sikhs formed the largest component of the Indian population of Shanghai at the time. A major brawl took place in August 1926 at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, when the gurdwara's new working committee secretary could not be inducted. In the brawl, Manjha and Malwa Sikhs faced-off against each other using hatchets, pistols, battle-axe, and sticks. When Shanghai Municipal Police Detective Sergeant J. Knight arrived at the gurdwara due to the fight, he found both sides 10 yards from one another. Each side claimed the first side to back down and leave were "losers". The incident led to the injuries of five Sikhs, including one who was hospitalized for a skull fracture. Due to this event, the gurdwara was temporarily closed and a guard was put-in-place. Schools and hockey associations were founded by Shanghai's Sikhs. Eventually, there came to be a young generation of Shanghai Sikhs who were born or raised in Shanghai. In 1922, the Thomas Hanbury School for Boys opened a special class in a separate building to cater to twelve of these young Sikh boys. However, the class was shortly shut-down as educating the Sikhs meant empowering them, which could lead to a development of a national consciousness. Religious and informal means of education for Sikhs in Shanghai was carried-out by the official gurdwaras but also unofficial ones. According to Khushwant Singh, some of the Sikh men residing in Shanghai in this era fetishized White women, especially blondes. The Sikh men were attracted to the gori chamri (white skin) of the White women. Ralph Shaw, a British journalist who lived in Shanghai between 1937 to 1949, narrates a story in his book Sin City about an incident where a Sikh man in Shanghai is alleged to have groped the buttocks of a British woman who was watching a race. The Sikh man alleged to have groped the woman defended himself by explaining that the woman felt a bottle of beer in his pants' pocket and that it must have happened when he tried to take it out in order to drink some of it. A judge did not believe this explanation and gave the Sikh man a heavy fine for the groping. In 1932, Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand visited the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara at a time when Chinese and Japanese forces were engaged in conflict in the city. In Chand's autobiography, Goal!, he records that the Sikh temple was heavily damaged in the fighting and that Japanese soldiers looked at him suspiciously when he left the gurdwara. Mounted Shanghai Municipal Police (including Sikhs) taking part in Japanese victory parade through the International Settlement, Shanghai, 3 December 1937 Many Sikh policemen in Shanghai started returning to India in the late 1930's after the Japanese success in the Battle of Shanghai. Between the late 1930's and early 1940's, the International Settlement came to be increasingly threatened by the Japanese advance, thus the majority of Sikhs in Shanghai emigrated away taking their families with them, mostly returning to the Punjab. During the 1930's and 1940's, some Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis took shelter in China. Holocaust survivor, Susanne Goldfarb, recounted a story of an Indian man being married to a Jewish lady from an Orthodox family background. The marriage took place within a Sikh gurdwara in Shanghai. The parents of the Jewish lady sat in shiva (seven-day mourning) to protest their daughter being married to a non-Jew. This interracial couple later settled in Hong Kong. When Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose visited China, he was a guest-of-honour at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara. Sikhs who were part of the Indian National Army in Shanghai worked in the area of and even inside the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara to mobilize volunteers and funds. Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State and his wife visiting Beijing, China in 1903 Rabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai, 1924 Sikh professions in colonial China Traders and explorers in Western China Photograph of Aurel Stein with his expedition team, including R.B. Lal Singh, in the Tarim Basin, circa 1910. Punjabi Khatri Sikh and Hindu traders worked along the Silk Road, from Ladakh to Central Asia (including Chinese areas). At one point, the Khatri trade network consisted of around 200 gaddis in the Chinese part of Central Asia. Punjabi Khatris played an important role in the trade between Leh and Yarkund in Xinjiang. Robert Shaw recounts in Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar that a Sikh merchant by the name of Tara Singh accompanied him to Yarkund in modern-day Xinjiang in 1867. Rai Bahadur Lal Singh (1860–1930), a Sikh cartographer, was a companion of Aurel Stein, who journeyed with him across the Silk Road.: 190  Lal Singh was with Stein when the latter is credited with mapping the Taklamakan Mountains and discovering the Cave of Thousand Buddhas in Duanhuang.: 190  Soldiers Sikhs soldiers in the British Indian Army arrived in China soon after the annexation of the Sikh Empire, with Sikh soldiers taking part in the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), Second Opium War (1856–60), Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), and World War I in China.: 214–216  The British utilized the Sikh Regiment during the Taiping Rebellion.: 214–216  'Guinea-Gold' cigarette advertisement featuring a Sikh and Gurkha soldier during the Boxer Rebellion of China, 25th of August, 1900. In the Second Opium War, the Sikhs participated as part of the 15th Punjab Pioneers.: 214–216  The Sikh soldiers who participated in the action of the Second Opium War almost entirely drew from the Mazhabi caste and were around 1,000 men in-total.: 214–216  They departed from Lucknow on 11 February 1860 and arrived in Hong Kong via the Calcutta to Singapore route.: 214–216  On June 1st, the Mazhabi Sikh troops sailed for Northern China.: 214–216  Peh-tang surrendered by the end of July, the capture of Taku Fort followed, and the next site of action would be Tientsin, with the city being surrounded by the allied coalition by September 5th.: 214–216  Next, they marched toward Peking, which fell to the allies and a treaty was signed on 13 October 1860 by Lord Elgin and the Chinese.: 214–216  Following the capture of Peking, the Mazhabi Sikh soldiers participated in the looting of the Old Summer Palace, bringing treasures back to India afterwards as a result.: 214–216  The Sikh soldiers in the Pioneers left Peking on November 9th, embarking from Tientsin, for Hong Kong, and then onward returning to India.: 214–216  After the war, the Sikh soldiers of the Pioneers who saw action were awarded the China Medal with two clasps: 'Taku Forts, 1860', and 'Peking, 1860'.: 214–216  Sikh troops in front of the barricaded entrance to the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion, Peking, August 1900 During the Boxer Rebellion, the 24th Punjab Regiment saw action during the Battle of Yang Tsun alongside the 14th American Regiment, with the battle ending by a joint American-Sikh bayonet charge.: 214–216  A relief force of 3,000 soldiers from Sikh Regiments helped lift the siege on Beijing by the Boxers.: 214–216  During World War I, Sikh soldiers were stationed as part of the Garrison of Tianjin in China, participating in the Siege of Tsingtao.: 214–216  On November 7th, 1914, both regiments of the 24th Sikhs and half the 36th Sikhs were sent from Tientsin in September 1914 as representatives of the Allies and participate in the capture of Tsingtao from the Germans.: 214–216  Officers of the Sikh Regiment, Tianjin, 1900 Sikh and Muslim soldiers with medals, Indian Army, Beijing, ca.1900 Sikh soldier guarding the Bronze Ox, Summer Palace, Beijing, ca.1900 Policemen Chinese and Sikh policemen (S.M.P.), Shanghai, ca.1930 During the 1800s and 1900s, many Sikh Punjabi people were recruited from British India to work as officers for the Shanghai Municipal Police and Hong Kong Police.: 216–218  The British could not recruit enough European men to serve as policemen in China and European recruits were too expensive.: 216–218  However, the British were reluctant to hire too many Chinese men for the role as they did not trust the Chinese, so they decided to hire Sikhs from the Punjab to fill the positions.: 216–218  A contingent of Sikh policemen arrived in Hong Kong in 1867.: 107 : 21  Recruitment of Sikhs in the Shanghai police-force began in 1884 and the recruitment of Sikhs in the Tianjin police-force began in 1886 or 1896.: 216–218 : 21  Indian Sikhs were also employed by the British to work as policemen in Tientsin (Tianjin), Amoy (Xiamen), and Hankow (Hankou, Wuhan). Initially, recruitment for these police roles in China were done directly in India but as time went on and more Sikhs settled in the Far East looking for work, more recruits came from local Sikhs who resided in China already.: 216–218  Shanghai Police The Shanghai International Police was founded in 1854, responsible for policing the International Settlement of Shanghai (until 1943), and it was deployed by the British at ports important to British commercial interests in the early 20th century.: 216–218  A Sikh branch of the Shanghai International Police was established in 1884, being founded by Sikh ex-military men who had been stationed in China.: 216–218  This Sikh-specific police branch reached a size of 800 policemen, almost all of whom were Sikh.: 216–218  The first batch of Sikhs who joined the Shanghai police consisted of one inspector and fifteen constables. This first batch of Sikh policemen in Shanghai were stationed out of Gordon Road police station. By 1886, some Sikhs in the Shanghai Police were tasked with working as traffic controlmen and street patrollers in the International Settlement. These Sikh policemen wore khakis in the summertime and heavy, dark coats during the wintertime. A black-and-white truncheon was carried by the Sikh traffic policemen to frighten the Chinese, particularly rickshaw drivers. Sikh policemen also worked as riot police. Sikh policemen in Shanghai were paid considerably less than their White counterparts but slightly more than their fellow Chinese policemen. According to Shanghai in Foreign Concession by Ma Changlin, Sikhs policemen were "easy to train and control" and "inclined to obey instructions and disciplined." By 1920 there were 573 policemen in Sikh branch. In 1930, out of the 691 Indian policemen who were employed by the Shanghai International Settlement police, 594 were constables and 88 were sergeants. As per the Shanghai Municipal Police force's Indian unit's terms of service, there was a rule that a Sikh policeman had to serve the force for at-least five years before he could become eligible to be promoted to havildar (equivalent to a sergeant). It was practically impossible for any Sikh policeman from an ordinary background to be promoted to the rank of jemadar, which was the highest possible rank for a Sikh serving in the unit. By 1936, out of the total 4,739 policemen of the Shanghai Municipal Police, 558 of them were Sikhs belonging to the Sikh contingent. The Indian police unit of the SMP was disbanded in 1945 and its remaining policemen were repatriated back to India or moved to Hong Kong or Singapore.Shanghainese newspaper clipping reporting on the miraculous survival of convicted murderer Atma Singh, whose execution failed when the noose broke, ca.1937Two prominent Sikh policemen of Shanghai remembered in infamy are Bawa Singh and Atma Singh. On a late night in 1936, Bawa visited the home of Atma, where Atma's wife was sleeping. Atma's wife demanded that Bawa leave the premises, an order which he obliged. When Atma came to learn that Bawa visited his wife late into the night, he searched for him while wielding a meat cleaver, finding Bawa at a quarry at the Pootoo Road Police Station on Gordon Road. Atma then assaulted Bawa, nearly dismembering both of the victim's forearms and causing a deep wound on his forehead. Bawa died later in hospital and the incident caused a big stir in Shanghai at the time. Bawa was sentenced to death by hanging but on the day of the hanging, the rope broke and Bawa survived the attempted execution. Thereafter, Bawa's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he served his sentence in India. Some members of the local Sikh community at the time considered the failed execution as a miracle of divine intervention. Number of Sikh policemen in the Shanghai Police Year Number 1884 16 1910 159 1920 513 1934 634 1940 529 or 557 1942 464 Sikh policemen at the time of the 1905 Shanghai riots Sikh policeman, Hankow Bund, China, ca.1910–20 Shanghai constables (Sikh troopers), International Settlement, Shanghai, ca.1915–1935 Sikh policemen on horseback, Shanghai, ca.1930 Sikh policeman in Shanghai, ca.1933 Sikh policeman directing traffic inside Shanghai's International Settlement, ca.1935 Guards and watchmen Outside of policing professions, Shanghai-based Sikhs at the time also worked as watchmen or guards at banks, wharves, nightclubs, and hotels. Many Sikhs were employed as prison guards.: 219  Between 1925–1930, the Ward Road Gaol (now Tilanqao Prison) became a prison, it mainly housed inmates of a Chinese background and the staff were mostly British and Sikhs.: 219  The majority of the warders were Sikhs.: 219  The prison had a very bad reputation for poor conditions.: 219  Money-lenders Most Sikhs also had a side-job of money-lending, as per Ralph Shaw's Sin City. Sikh money-lenders had a reputation of being "ruthless" and charging highly excessive rates to their debtors. Many of the Chinese debtors of the Sikh money-lenders defaulted on their debts, which meant they would become indebted for the rest of their lives. Other professions Some Sikhs in Shanghai also worked as warehouse workers, at big-business hongs, and as commissionaires at hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs. Relationship between local Chinese and Sikhs in colonial China Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman beating a Chinese "coolie", from 'The Rattle', July 1896 Many of the local Shanghainese are said to have disliked the Sikh policemen of Shanghai, viewing them as abusers of the local population (specifically rickshaw drivers and hawkers) with little or no provocation, subjecting victims to shoe and baton beatings.: 216–218  The Shanghainese derided the Sikh policemen as being "dogs" of their British overlords and called them "annoying red-hat flies".: 216–218  Many Sikhs refused to eat food prepared by Chinese people based on caste-based beliefs. Due to this, interactions between the local Chinese and Sikh communities were limited and unintegrated with one another. However, Claude Markovits remarked that these harsh actions by the Sikh policemen were necessary for keeping the locals in-check and obedient to the law. He specifically remarks that local rickshaw drivers tended to drive dangerously, posing risks to the surrounding traffic, and that the Chinese held little regard for laws and rules of the administration, often urinating and spitting in public areas.: 216–218  Furthermore, Sikh policemen dispersed gangs of local Chinese engaging in gambling and fights.: 216–218  Photograph of Nanking Road, Shanghai just after the Nanking Road Incident (now spelt as 'Nanjing'), 30 May 1925. Sikh troops reinforcing Chinese soldiery, with two casualties of the incident visible in the frame of the image towards the right-side lying in the roadway. During the 1913 China unrest, Stafford M. Cox reported to the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Edward Charles Pearce, on 29 July 1913 that Chinese youth stated that they could live with Chinese or foreigners guarding the city but that they would resist "black slaves" (referring to Sikhs). According to Frank Dikötter, during the late Qing and early Republican periods of Chinese history, Sikhs were classified as "black" and therefore inferior even to the "White imperialists" (Europeans) in Chinese eyes. During the May Thirtieth Movement in 1925, on the orders of Inspector Edward Everson, Sikh policemen, alongside Chinese policemen, opened fire on anti-imperialist Chinese protesters at Louza Police Station on Nanjing Road, which led to many casualties, including nine fatalities. The Sikh policemen were solely blamed for this incident by the local Chinese, even though Chinese policemen also were involved in the firing. This incident triggered further unrest against foreigners and imperialism throughout China.Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman wearing the standard, red-turbaned uniform, from 'The Rattle', 1896A local slur used against Sikhs developed based on the uniform of the Sikhs.: 216–218 : 153  The Shanghainese called Sikh policemen Hong Tou Ah-San (Shanghainese: 紅头阿三, romanized: hhongdhou'akse, lit. 'red-headed number three', IPA: ; Mandarin Chinese: hóngtóu ā sān), which was in-reference to the Sikh policemen's red-turban (uniform worn by traffic wardens) and them being third in-rank on the hierarchal, social classification system (British as the first in-rank and the Chinese ranked second, Indians ranked third below both).: 153  However, another theory is that the "a san" portion has nothing to do with the number three but rather is an imitation of how the Sikh policemen were addressed by the Shanghainese with the words "I say!" or "Oh sir!", which sounds similar to Aye Sir in their local dialect.: 153  Some believe the phrase is derived from the English phrase "I see". Meena Vathyam states that the Sikhs in Shanghai used pidgin English they had learnt, so they would say "I savvy", which when transliterated to Chinese becomes "A-san". The Hong Tou Ah-San term can be interpreted in various ways, from less extreme to pejridicial. Hongtou Asan can variously be translated as "red-headed monkeys", "red-headed rascals", or "turbaned number threes" in English. The local Shanghainese also referred to Sikhs as "black devils" (Chinese: 黑鬼, romanized: Hēi guǐ, lit. 'black devil') due to considering them as belonging to an "inferior race". In the eyes of the local Chinese, the Sikhs were heigui who were under the command of baigui (Chinese: 白鬼, romanized: Bái guǐ, lit. 'white devil'), the British. Another term used against Sikhs by local Chinese was "red-bottomed monkeys". According to Cao Yin, the animosity that local Chinese people held against the Sikhs at the time was fueled by their internalized racial hierarchical categorization: the Chinese considered themselves temporarily "inferior" to the White race by the current circumstances (whilst believing that they had the potential to become equals to the White race) but as "superior" to the Indian race, thus Sikhs being in a position of power as policemen over "superior" Chinese people fueled their hatred toward them. Colourism also played a role, since Sikhs tended to be darker-skinned than the Chinese. Meena Vathyam postulates that the local Chinese felt humiliated by and resented that Sikhs, fellow Asians from a neighbouring country, were imposing British-made laws on them. According to Claude Markovitz, since most Sikh men in China were bachelors or had left their wives back in India, many of them had to turn to local prostitutes to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs.: 219–220  Most Sikh men visiting prostitutes were clients of ethnic Chinese prostitutes, as their rates were affordable for them.: 219–220  However, a minority of the Sikh men in China found deeper connections and actual romance with local Chinese women, with some even going as far as marrying a local Chinese woman in many cases.: 219–220  The mixed-race children of such couples were very stigmatized as both the Indian and Chinese community at the time looked down upon interracial marriages.: 219–220  Markovitz further claims that Sikh men in China tended to do well with local women due to their attractive physiques.: 219–220  There is evidence of ethnic Chinese visiting the Shanghai Gurdwara whilst it was active as a Sikh temple.: 220  An account of a Chinese woman who lived next door to the Sikh temple states she used to visit the gurdwara as a child and that Sikhs bringing a lot of milk would come.: 220  The local Chinese referred to the Shanghai Gurdwara as Yindu Miao (Chinese: 印度庙, romanized: Yìndù miào, lit. 'Indian temple').: 220  In August 1909 on a Sunday, a Sikh residing in Shanghai by the name of Nidhan Singh married an ethnic Chinese woman at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara. The Chinese bride was a native of Pootung (Pudong), had a well-known desire to convert to Sikhism that was known to the Indian community, and she was very happy to be married. This Chinese woman converted to Sikhism and was baptized as Gursharan Kaur whilst her husband was baptized as Jagjit Singh in an Amrit Sanchar ceremony. The wedding ceremony itself was an Anand Karaj, where the bride was led by the groom four times in a circumabulation around the Guru Granth Sahib, with a bow given before the scripture after every revolution. A large amount of local Sikhs attended the interracial Sino-Sikh wedding, including 20 women. This was the first interracial Chinese-Sikh wedding to take place at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara.Sikh men of Macau with Chinese wives and their mixed-race children, Khalsa Diwan Macau, China, 27 March 1927On 27 March 1927, a photograph was taken showcasing the Sikh congregation of the local Khalsa Diwan chapter in Macau. In the photograph, Sikh men can be seen posing with their local Chinese wives and mixed-race children. Some Shanghai Sikh families employed Chinese women as amahs, such as in the case with the Sangha family. Sikh policemen in Shanghai were taught the Shanghainese dialect, the local Wu lect spoken in the city, by the Shanghai Municipal Council. Sikh women in colonial China Sikh women also resided with their Sikh husbands during the colonial-era of Shanghai. Most Sikh soldiers in Shanghai arrived as bachelors, however some were already married and would bring their wives with them to Shanghai at a later date. The lives of Sikh women in Shanghai during the colonial period was centered on the gurdwara for their socialization and communal needs. The Indian clothing (such as the shalwar kameez and dupatta) worn by Sikh women in Shanghai are said to have aroused the curiosity of local Chinese onlookers. However, since their husbands were "symbols of oppression" in Shanghai, there were barriers between the local Chinese and Sikh women. Princess Sumair In the 1940's, Princess Sumair, who claimed to be a familial relative of maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State, she also claimed to be the cousin of famous Sikh painter Amrita Shergil, resided in Shanghai during the period of Japanese-occupation and lived a scandalous lifestyle focused on money, fashion and men. She was described as a "nymphomaniac" and "worshipper of lesbian cult" by Bernard Wasserstein in Secret War in Shanghai. She arrived in Shanghai in July 1940 after being disowned by her family due to her reportedly "loose morals" and her real name was Rajkumari Sumair Apjit Singh. She became entangled with the Axis during her time in Shanghai. She was bisexual and bigamous, as she married a Japanese-American man without divorcing her Indian husband. It is rumoured she eloped with an American soldier and disappeared from Shanghai. However, later events of her life in Europe and America are on historical record, where she worked as a fashion designer and seller. Sikh revolutionary activities in colonial China Many Shanghai-based Sikhs were pro-Indian revolutionaries, being supporters of the Ghadar Party and also of the Indian National Army. On 16 November 1910 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations, Duleep Singh, a Sikh who was a Shanghai Tramways employee, was arrested for giving a provactive anti-British speech to assembled crowd of Sikh watchmen and ex-policemen. The Shanghai Gurdwara became a centre of activity for the Ghadarites based in India and across the globe between the years 1913–17. Both pro-British and anti-British views occupied the same space of the gurdwara, leading to tensions. Speeches given and literature produced by the Ghadarites promoted sedition against the British overlords. In 1914, the Ghadar newspaper began to be circulated in Shanghai. In 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebration, a pro-British speech was given at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara in-which it was stated that true Sikhs are loyal to the British and rousing for anti-British Sikhs to be arrested. In July 1915, two Ghadarite Sikhs, Kesar Singh and Ganda Singh (both may have worked either as policemen or watchmen), attacked the secretary of the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Boota Singh. Kesar and Ganda were sentenced to nine months imprisonment for their actions. By 1917, the Ghadar movement in Shanghai was extinguished by the British and its Sikh supporters were executed by hanging or deported based on treason. During the 1920's and 1930's, Shanghai-based Sikhs also helped the Chinese nationalist movement by trying to overthrow British hegemony in Shanghai and shutting down British activities in the city. Harbaksh Singh was a mastermind of the Indian nationalist activities and published seditious material as the editor of the Hindu Jagawa from the Hindustan Association in the Rue du Consulat within the French Concession. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Japanese occupation of Shanghai, older generations of Sikhs tended to remain loyal to the British whilst younger Sikhs were inclined toward anti-British activities, such as joining the Indian National Army. According to Yin Cao, the role that Shanghai-based Sikhs played in both the Indian independence movement and Chinese nationalist movement has been disregarded by both the national histories of modern India and China. According to him, the Chinese national history focuses on the contributions made by the Chinese themselves, ignoring non-Chinese who assisted with their nationalist movement. Meanwhile, the Indian national history focuses on the efforts of the Indian National Congress, and ignores the efforts of the Sikh diaspora in the independence movement. Photograph of a Jatha (band) of Shanghai-based Sikhs who came to Punjab to participate in the Jaito Morcha of February 1924. Assassination of Buddha Singh Buddha Singh was born in the Majha region of the Punjab in the 1870's and moved to Shanghai from India in February 1902 to join the Shanghai Municipal Police force. Buddha rose through the police ranks quickly, becoming a havildar in February 1906 and becoming a jemadar in 1911, which was remarkable given his background. He also worked as a treasurer for the local Sikh community and in 1908 he was bestowed with the position as the Sikh community's secretary. The Shanghai Municipal Police decided to use the rising-stardom of Buddha Singh to achieve their own interests. Buddha Singh, a highly-ranked officer (jemadar), was captain E. I. M. Barrett's informant on the happenings within the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, as the gurdwara commonly housed the impoverished, misfortunate, and travellers for free. After the start of World War I, Buddha Singh was pro-active at stomping-out anti-British currents within the local Sikh community. In July 1914, he began investigating the circulation of a Ghadarite publication and found out that seven members of the Sikh community who were Ghadarites were responsible for the distribution of the seditious Ghadar newspaper. Furthermore, he uncovered that these seven men also acted as recruiters of local Sikh men for Ghadarite activites in India, also being responsible for their transport. The findings of his investigation were forwarded to the Shanghai Municipal Police and Buddha advocated that these seven men should be arrested. However, the Ghadarites caught wind of this and burnt the seditious newspapers and absconded from Shanghai. In the morning of 15 July 1914, days after Buddha Singh gave the list of the names of the seven Ghadarites to the S.M.P., he was attacked by an ex-policeman named Lal Singh who wielded a heavy stick. Lal Singh was a Ghadar member himself and was friends with the seven men accused. On 25 July 1914, Buddha Singh was attacked by a group of three Ghadarite Sikhs, who tried to blind Buddha by aiming for his eyes and head during the attack after knocking him over. As a result of this attack, Buddha was in a state of unconsciousness for several days. A month earlier in June 1914, Buddha had receieved a Ghadarite threat-letter which accused him of being disloyal to the Indian people and that he will be killed as a result. On 21 November 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Buddha Singh was in charge of the celebration and during it, a resolution was passed that requested all Shanghai-based Sikhs to declare their loyalty to the British Raj and dedicate themselves to the British during the First World War. Buddha Singh founded the Shanghai Sikh Scout Troop in August 1917 to promote patriotism and obedience amongst the Sikh youth of Shanghai. He also campaigned a movement to promote donations to be made to the Red Cross by the Shanghai Sikh community for the benefit of wounded Sikh soldiers in the war. During the First World War, there was little activity against the British in Shanghai by Sikhs and Buddha's efforts did not go wasted to achieve this result. In 1917, the Shanghai Municipal Council graded the Sikh unit of the S.M.P. as "excellent" as there was no reported cases of insubordination and there was good discipline exhibited. In 1917, Buddha Singh was conferred the title of Sirdar Sahib by the Shanghai Municipal Police due to his pro-British work during the First World War, and the Sikh Women's Association gifted him a gold Sikh emblem at the gurdwara. The Sirdar Sahib title had been the most prestigious title that a Sikh in Shanghai had been bestowed with by the British yet. The ceremony for bestowing the title on Buddha Singh was held at the British Consulate, with attendance by all the highly-prominent British officials of Shanghai. Buddha Singh was presented with the insignia by Everard Fraser himself, who was the British Consul-General at the time. Many local Sikhs were angry at Buddha Singh, whom they characterized as a puppet of the British, believing he misappropriated the gurdwara's funds to brown-nose British officials with gifts. Death threats against Buddha's life were commonplace. On 3 October 1923, Buddha was travelling aboard a ship that was heading to Hong Kong when four Sikhs told him that he will be killed in the future and that whoever kills him will be considered a martyr. In his communications with his friends, Buddha Singh often remarked that the death threats against his life were serious and that he would one day be killed. In January 1924, an article titled One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal Benefit published in the Hind Jagawa by Harbaksh Singh of the Rue du Consulat severely criticized Buddha Singh and stated that he was "the one who seeks the blood of his brethren for his own benefit". Furthermore, Buddha Singh was accused of misappropriating gurdwara funds to buy gifts for British officials to curry up favour to them. This article was considered seditious and therefore Harbaksh Singh was remanded to custody in Amoy Road Gaol. Harbaksh Singh was charged with published seditious literature that would lead to a breaching of public peace. The S.M.P. confiscated all copies of the seditious literature at the Hindustan Association which was located in the Rue du Consulat of the French Concession. "... outwardly seems to love his people, but inwardly, he is against them and on the side of the government”.— Harbaksh Singh, Hind Jagawa (1923), One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal Benefit The Ghadarites devised a plan to assasinate Buddha Singh. The Ghadarites wanted to murder Buddha in-order to throw the Sikh police unit in disarray and also to support the Chinese nationalist movement. On the morning of 6 April 1927, Buddha Singh was assasinated by being shot whilst he was in front of the gate of the Central Police Station located within the Shanghai International Settlement. His assassin was Harbant Singh, a Ghadar party member. In the aftermath of Buddha Singh's murder, the British had nearly all prominent Ghadarites in custody within 2 months of the event. Additionally, the British increased the salaries and living conditions of Shanghai's Sikhs. According to Cin Yao, the murder of Buddha Singh helped kickstart British surveillance activites in the late 1920's and early 1930's to prevent revolutionary Sikhs and Indians from North America to travel to India through a Southeast and East Asian route. People's Republic of China (1949–present) After the advent of Communist rule in 1949, many Sikhs who had been employed as watchmen in China left the mainland and departed for resettlement in Hong Kong, immigrated to the West, or returned to India.: 212  Dozens of copies of the central Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, were brought from China to India by these returning Sikhs rather than being left behind in China. However, it is said that around 260 Sikhs (most of them married to Chinese women) still remained in Shanghai afterwards. Many Sikh men had settled permanently in China by this time and had married local Chinese women, bearing mixed offspring. After 1949, the Chinese increasingly began to view Sikhs as an "undisciplined community" and "hated enemy". Despite this, some Sikhs opted to remain in Shanghai and remained there throughout the 1950's. In 1963, there were around 27 Sikhs in the city of Shanghai and most of them were engaged in the dairy industry. During the Cultural Revolution, three gurdwaras' presidents and compounds were apprehended by Chinese authorities and no form of compensation was given to the remaining Sikhs. The Tientsin gurdwara was heavily vandalized and desecrated in September 1966 during the Cultural Revolution. On 16 September 1966, Shankar Rao, then the first secretary of the Indian embassy in Beijing, visited the Tientsin Sikh temple and found it in a deplorable state due to damage caused by Chinese nationals, some of whom were seen by eyewitnesses as wearing red arm-bands. The windows of the gurdwara were smashed, images of Indic deities were ripped apart, a painting of Guru Nanak was missing, and the Guru Granth Sahib of the temple was torn apart with its pages left strewn around the room. The wooden platform where the Sikh scripture was placed upon was damaged and the mattress of the same platform was ripped. Shankar Rao presented a page of the desecrated Guru Granth Sahib and torn image of the deity Hanuman as evidence for the defilement of the Tientsin Sikh temple in a meeting with the Chinese deputy section chief of the consular department on 19 September 1966. The Indian embassy officials requested that the Chinese government extend protection to the Tientsin Sikh gurdwara to ward off similar attacks in the future, to investigate the attack to bring its perpetrators to justice, and to compensate for the damages caused to the site. However, the Chinese government rejected this request and the evidence provided. Furthermore, they rejected that any damage had been inflicted on the Tientsin Sikh temple. According to the Chinese government's narrative, the Red Guards simply requested that the caretaker of the Tientsin Sikh temple remove the sign-board and photograph within the temple. This explanation was rejected by the Indian embassy due to the physical evidence contrary-wise at the scene of the incident. To the surprise of the Indian embassy, the Chinese government defended the attack on the Tientsin Sikh temple, lauding it as a "just and proper" action, "revolutionary", and that there was nothing to complain about and that the protest by the Indian embassy was "unjust". Most of the remaining Sikhs left Shanghai in 1973 after the Sino-Indian War in 1962, these fleeing Shanghai Sikhs shifted to Hong Kong. In 1973, there were two Sikhs remaining in Shanghai: Gurmukh Singh and Kapul Singh, both of whom were dairy business owners. Gurmukh was using a room in the former Dong Baoxing Gurdwara as a place of residence and remarked that he had grown weary of feeling isolated. Gurmukh and Kapul left China by embarking for India from Hong Kong. Three or four Chinese women who had been married to Indian nationals and their mixed-race children had to be left behind because the Chinese government considerd the wives and children to be Chinese citizens. Current status The majority of the Sikh population residing in China today can be found in eastern China, specifically the areas of Shanghai, Shaoxing and Yiwu. The current population of Sikhs in China is unknown, however United Sikhs estimated in a 2012–2013 report that the Sikh population in mainland China was around 7,500 and the population in Hong Kong as around 10,000, giving a total figure of 17,500 Sikhs in all of China. According to a United Sikhs report from 2012–2013, there are presently around 50 Sikhs residing in modern Shanghai. It also reported that there are around 10 Sikh families living in Shaoxing. The report claims that around 120 Sikhs reside in Yiwu. Sikhism is not an officially recognized religion by the Chinese government.: 124  Sikhs began to return to Shanghai after a policy change which opened up the city to international exchanges.: 107–108  The Sikh presence in Shanghai is a shell of its historical self but is slowly rebuilding due to business enterprises.: 212  Most Sikhs in Shanghai today are working in technology-related sectors. Many Sikhs residing in China today are on a Z-class work visa. Apart from mainland China, many Sikh businessmen and Indians also reside in Hong Kong. A secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai. It was established in around 2006 by a Sikh businessman. Regular religious service and caretaking of the gurdwara is carried out by a full-time granthi. Daily kirtan is performed in the morning and evening. Every Sunday, around 30 people attend services at the site. During Gurpurab celebrations, around 100 people visit the gurdwara, including Sindhis and Hindus. Only members of the local Sikh and Indian community are aware of the gurdwara and its existence is kept hidden from the Chinese government to avoid trouble. The caretakers of the secret gurdwara state that they have yet to obtain permission from the Chinese government to carry out religious services. After gathering enough funds, the local community is planning to obtain a permit from the Chinese government to legitimize the establishment of a gurdwara building for the community's religious needs. Practioners of religions that do not have official recognition by the Chinese government face hurdles in the setting up of official, permanent religious institutions. Religious personnel appointments, religious publications, and seminary applications require Chinese government approval. However, in 2017 The Times of India reported on the gurdwara and that it was founded by Satbir Singh, whose family has been living and working in Hong Kong and Shanghai for decades. It was reported that relations between the local Chinese and Sikh residents are warm and friendly and that many Chinese friends of the Sikh congregates visit the gurdwara alongside them. Negative events between the relations of India and China do not effect the relationship between the Sikhs and local Chinese. There are closely forged bonds between the Sikh and Hindu communities in modern Shanghai.: 168  One of the only official gurdwaras remaining in mainland China that is still functioning and carrying out its original purpose is a gurdwara located in Yiwu. There is a Sikh gurdwara located in Keqiao which is beside a Hindu temple, with both sites being maintained by a Hindu priest. The name of the gurdwara in Keqiao is Sach Dham and was it established in October 2011. Many of the attendees of the Keqiao gurdwara are ethnic Sindhi followers of Guru Nanak. The granthi of the Keqiao Sikh temple is recorded as complaining about the low amount of attendees and how visitors would spend minimal time in the temple premises. Hong Kong's gurdwaras still function normally. According to Ka-Kin Cheuk, whilst the modern gurdwaras of Hong Kong and Shanghai show strong communal and social bonds, the gurdwara at Keqiao does not show the same social bonding between the congregates. He explains this by claiming this is due to how the Keqiao temple is mostly attended by Sindhis, who have not formed "one coherent community". There are some ethnic Chinese in Shanghai whom are practioners of Sikh-influenced kundalini yoga.: 166–167  Kundalini yoga started making inroads amongst some Chinese of Shanghai from 2010 onwards.: 166–167  The kundalini yoga practiced in the city was developed by a Sikh and incorporates Sikh philosophy and chanting elements.: 166–167  However, many Chinese practioners of this Sikh brand of kundalini yoga reject the chanting practices.: 166–167  They believe that practicing kundalini is good for energy and strengthening the nervous system.: 166–167  A Taiwanese woman in the city, who practices kundalini yoga and runs a yoga studio, does so by wearing a turban and believes it protects her from headaches.: 166–167  Another woman of Chinese origin in the city, named Irina, also practices and teaches kundalini yoga and wears a turban and gown, both white in-colour.: 166–167  In 2019, it was reported that the Chinese government banned Sikhs from wearing turbans when obtaining identification documents (drivers' licences, visas, etc.) and they face questions from Chinese officials on their beards. Sikhs are often forced to remove their turbans and patkas when being photographed, such as to obtain mobile SIM cards. Sikhs who refuse to remove their religious head garbs are denied access to services. In the past, the Chinese government did not pressure Sikhs to remove their headwear in this manner. It was reported that a Sikh driving his vehicle in China was stopped by the police. The Chinese police told the Sikh that in-order to live in China, he has to shave-off his beard and remove his turban. Sikhs residing in China petitioned the Indian consulate in Shanghai to bring the matter up with their Chinese counterparts through diplomatic channels but nothing was done. Gurdwara Extant gurdwaras There are a small number of gurdwara (Sikh temples) in China: Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai – construction starting in 1907 on Dong Baoxing Road on land allotted by the Shanghai Municipal Council. It is now a residential complex and clinic and no longer a functioning Sikh temple.: 212  Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple, Hong Kong – remains functional A gurdwara is located in Yiwu Gurdwara Sach Dham is located Keqiao – maintained by a Hindu priest and catering to a tiny, mostly ethnic Sindhi, congregation. A secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai. It was established by Satbir Singh and his family. It is located in a luxurious villa in Hongqiao.: 108  A gurdwara is reported to be on Jinhui Road South in Shanghai. Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai Picture of Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai which is used for residential purpose now Bauxing Road Gurdwara Monument for Sikhism heritage in China Lost gurdwaras Tientsin map from ca.1912 identifying the location of a Sikh temple in the city. The temple is now lost. By the 1930's, aside from the Shanghai Gurdwara, there apparently were two more gurdwaras located in the city of Shanghai.: 221  However, Swarn Singh Kahlon was unable to authenticate their location, fate, or even existence, when he investigated.: 220  Aside from Shanghai, there were other gurdwaras which had been established in Tientsin and Hankou.: 221  Specific details are as follows: Gordon Road Gurdwara, Shanghai – a former gurdwara that was located on Gordon Road (today’s Jiangning Road) which was meant only for Sikh policemen. The architect who designed the gurdwara was R. C. Turner, who had earlier designed the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara. It was inaugurated and opened on Friday, 21 July 1916. Motivations behind its establishment may be related to the British wanting to keep closer surveillance of Sikh policemen to prevent revolutionary activites from festering like what had occurred at the gurdwara on Dong Baoxing Road. Compared to the earlier Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, the Gordon Road Gurdwara was much larger, had a library, cookhouse, granthi quarters, and a committee room. It had enough room for 500 parishioners. The gurdwara in the present-day is hidden behind a building material's market. It is in a precarious state, with its current condition being described as "full of rubbish dumps, waste water flowing, flies and mosquitoes, and a terrible smell". There was a gurdwara located on No.218 Chusan Road (now Zhoushan Road/Zhoushan Lu) in a neighbourhood of Shanghai's Hongkou district. The structure is a three-story building that does not bear resemblance to other buildings in its vicinity. This gurdwara was used as a place of residence for Jewish refugees during World War II. Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State was photographed visiting the vicinity of this area in the 1930's. A gurdwara existed in Tientsin.: 221  Its construction cost was assisted by a donation made by Jagajit Singh of Kapurthala in 1903–04.: 213–214  The Tientin gurdwara was heavily vandalized in September 1966 during the Cultural Revolution. A gurdwara existed in Hankou.: 221  A gurdwara existed on Boone Road (today's Tanggu Road) in Shanghai, prior to 1908. In 1904, a large and decorated volume of the Guru Granth Sahib was delivered to this gurdwara. The secretary of the gurdwara was B. Tek Singh. Tibetans and Sikhism True-colour photograph – "Group of Tibetans at the 'Golden Temple' of the Sikhs", 15 January 1914Trilochan Singh claims that, for centuries, Tibetans have been making pilgrimages to the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar to pay homage to Guru Nanak's memory.: 338  However, Tibetans seem to have confused Nanak with the visit of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, and have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of reverence (believing the essence of both figures is one and the same) or mistaken chronology. According to Tibetan scholar Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Guru Nanak was an incarnation of Padmasambhava. Both Buddhist and Bon Tibetans made pilgramages to the Golden Temple in Amritsar, however they revered the site for different reasons. Painting of a dark-complexioned Padmasambhava surrounded by 356 smaller depictions of various forms of Padmasambhava, from eastern Tibet, circa 17th century. Between 1930–1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to India for a second time, visiting the Golden Temple in Amritsar during this visit.: 78  Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 or 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked around the Golden Temple while making offerings.: 78  Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Temple as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).: 78  Khyung-sprul returned to the Golden Temple in Amritsar for another time during his third and final visit to India in 1948.: 80  Several years later after the 1930–31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk by the name of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:: 78  "Their principal gshen is the Subduing gshen with the 'bird-horns'. His secret name is Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative and Absolute Truth. He holds in his hand the Sword of Wisdom . . . At this holy place the oceanic assembly of the tutelary gods and buddhas . . . gather like clouds"— Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel conflated the essence of Sikhism with the "the sphere of the supreme Bon" and believed the Golden Temple in Amritsar was a "a citadel for the life-force of the eternal tantras". He referred to Amritsar as "Gyakhar Bachö" (rGya mkhar ba chod) due to the similarities of Sikhs (beards and turbans) to descriptions of ancient Bonpos. He refers to the Sikh turbans as “bird horns” (bya ru), which is believed to be a unique feature of the eighteen kings of Zhangzhung and early Bonpo priests. Another Tibetan, Dzamyag, identifies the Golden Temple as the most sacred shrine of Sikhism but believed it held sacred objects connected to Padmasambhava and his consort Mandāravā: We visited some ornaments in a shrine said to be, according to the tradition, the body ornaments of princess Mandāravā, and, in shrine the ritual objects said to be those of Guru Rinpoche.— translated by Lucia Galli, Kha stag ʼDzam yag (1997), page 146 According to some Tibetans, the sarovar of the Golden Temple in Amritsar was linked to the lake of Padmasambhava. Popular culture There are many depictions and portrayals of Sikhs in media where the setting is Shanghai during its treaty-port era. Caricatures and newspaper cartoons of prototypical Shanghai Sikh policemen were often drawn by both Chinese and European artists. The Adventures of Tintin contains many depictions and references to Sikhs of Shanghai during the colonial-period. In The Blue Lotus of the fifth volume of 'The Adventures of Tintin', set in 1931, Shanghai-based Sikh policemen play a role in the story. Sikhs are depicted directing traffic and also Sikhs are ordered to punish Tintin in the municipal jail. In Kazuo Ishiguro's book, When We Were Orphans, Sikh policemen are described as stacking sandbags during the 1937 Japanese aggression against Shanghai. In Bruce Lee's film Jing Wu Men (Fist of Fury) (1972), Bruce Lee attacks a Sikh guard who bars him from entering the Shanghai Public Gardens. Memoirs and popular histories authored by former British Shanghailanders contain stereotypes of Shanghai's Sikhs. One written by former policeman Daniel Cormie states that the Sikh policemen of Shanghai possessed the disposition of ten-year-old children due to them being "happy, carefree and entirely uninhibited". Within China today, Sikhs of the era are depicted in a negative manner for political reasons as an enemy oppressing the Chinese people on behalf of their British overlords. A painting titled Xueji ('Blood Sacrifice') by Ma Hongdao depicts the Nanjing Road Incident of 1925 in a manner where only Sikh policemen are solely depicted as firing on the Chinese protesters, completely ignoring the fact that ethnic Chinese policemen also were present at the actual historical event and partook in the shooting. Sikhs are commonly featured in the Shanghai City Museum's exhibitions.: 153  The Shanghai Public Security Museum on 518 Ruijin Road South contains a life-size wax statue of a Sikh policeman near the entranceway on the ground floor. On other floors of the museum, there are sepia-stained photographs of Sikh traffic police at-work. According to Cao Yin, Sikhs feature as voiceless backdrops in many films and novels on colonial-era Shanghai, being delegated to the sidelines as part of an orientalist view of the city. They do not feature as main characters but only part of the background setting, merely as objects to exoticize the historical setting of the Shanghai International Settlement, standing silently wearing red-turbans, comparable to trees on the side of the road. This manner of portrayal ignores the efforts that the Sikh community made to modernize the city of Shanghai. See also Sikhism in Hong Kong Sikhism in South Korea Sikhism in Japan Notes ^ The road is known as 'Jiangning Road' today. ^ Various sources have described her relationship to Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State as her being either a sister, daughter, or niece of his. ^ Padmasambhava is alternatively known as 'Guru Rinpoche'. References ^ Baker, Janet (2019-10-02). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". Sikh Formations. 15 (3–4): 499. doi:10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641. ISSN 1744-8727. S2CID 210494526. ^ Service, Tribune News. "Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 2023-02-19. Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre. ^ a b Singh, Trilochan (1969). Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. ^ a b c d e f Gill, Savinder Kaur; Wangmo, Sonam (2019). Two Gurus One Message: The Buddha and Guru Nanak: Legacy of Liberation, Egalitarianism and Social Justice. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. pp. 302–304. ^ a b c d e f Chauhan, G. S.; Rajan, Meenakshi (January 2019). Shri Guru Nanak Dev: Life, Travels and Teachings (2nd ed.). All India Pingalwara Charitable Society Amritsar. pp. 176–178. ^ Singh, I. J. (8 February 2012). "Sikhi: The Global Vision That Was". SikhNet. ^ a b c d e Singh, Patwant (1999). The Sikhs. Alfred A. Knopf – Random House Publishing Group. p. 88. ISBN 9780307429339. Amritsar, already a thriving city, received a further boost after the consolidation of Sikh power. It exported goods to Yarkand, Turfan, Chinese Turkestan, Afghanistan, Bokhara, Persia, Arabia and places further afield. Kafilas (caravans) carried merchandise over regular routes, one such being from Amritsar to Bokhara via Kabul. Articles from Amritsar were first carried to Kabul where traders from Bokhara took delivery and sold them in Central Asia and Russia. Exports out of Amritsar included shawls, silks and woollen cloth, metalware and agricultural products, while imports included gold, raw silk, horses and arms. The trading communities of the city, each specializing in something different, imported a wide range of goods for distribution in Kashmir, Ladakh and other remote areas of the country. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Singh, Inderjeet. “Revisiting Zorawar Singh Campaign in Tibet During 1841.” The Tibet Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, 2018, pp. 17–33. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634903. Accessed 8 June 2024. ^ a b Duggal, Kartar Singh (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: the Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 133. ISBN 9788170174103. ^ Kumar, Amit (2022). Precious Threads and Precarious Lives: Histories of Shawl and Silk Industries of Kashmir, 1846–1950. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000594553. Moreover, when the General visited Ranjit Singh to pay his tributes, he proposed to the Maharaja that the Sikh army should now march over to western Tibet also. Understanding well the repercussions of stretching his empire close to the Chinese territory, Ranjit Singh is said to have told the general that the "King of China had 12 Lakhs of soldiers. How could possession of that country be established?" The exultant general, writes the chronicler, replied, "By the grace of ever triumphant glory of the Maharaja he would take possession of it." However, Ranjit Singh very well knew that bringing his territory close to the Chinese (given the size and strength of the Chinese army) would not be a wise decision, and thus, the then-feudatory Dogras desisted from invading Tibet in 1836-1837. Eventually, the death of Ranjit Singh and the declining amount of wool that was coming into Kashmir made the Dogra army rethink attacking western Tibet and motivated them to finish what they had started in 1834. ^ a b c Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). Historical Dictionary of Tibet. Scarecrow Press. p. 390. ^ a b c d Guo, Rongxing (2015). China's Regional Development and Tibet. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-981-287-958-5. ^ Das, Sarat Chandra (1989). A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with Sanskrit Synonyms (reprint, revised ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 1202. ISBN 9788120604551. ^ Alomes, Anna (2022). The Tibetan Journey to Democracy. Tibetan Political History Studies. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. p. 144. ISBN 9789390752904. ^ a b c d e f g Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010). "Eleventh and Twelfth Dalai Lamas". One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Volume 23 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Translated by Maher, Derek F. (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 577. ISBN 9789004177321. ^ Atwill, David G. (2018). Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960. University of California Press. pp. 26–27, 176. ISBN 9780520299733. ^ "Treaty Between Nepal and Tibet, March 1856". Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951) (PDF). Department of Information & International Relations (DIIR) - Central Tibetan Administration. 1990. 4. Chouthon Kura (Article Four): The Government of Gorkha is to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Kuti and Kerong and Jhung and return to the Tibetans the sepoys, sheep, and yaks captured during the war, when the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. The Tibetans, in return, are also to give back to the Gorkhali cannons and also the Sikh prisoners-of war who had been captured in 1841 in the war between Bhot and the Dogra ruler. ^ a b c Atwill, David G. (2018). Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960. University of California Press. pp. 26–27, 176. ISBN 9780520299733. ^ McKay, Alex (2003). Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History. Edition Hansjörg Mayer. p. 139. ISBN 9783883757186. ^ a b c d "56 Prisoners Released From Tibet". Spink. 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Kahlon, Swarn Singh (2016). "9. Sikhs in China: Sikh Migration of Great Historical Interest". Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351987417. ^ a b Singh, Jagat-Jit (1905). "My Travels in the Far East – Tien-Tsin". My Travels in China, Japan and Java, 1903. Hutchinson. p. 43. ^ "Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ a b c d e McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bhandari, Bibek (9 March 2018). "The Forgotten History of Sikhs in Shanghai". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 25 May 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kahlon, Swarn Singh (2016). "9. Sikhs in China: Sikh Migration of Great Historical Interest". Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351987417. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Almeida, Rhea (8 June 2018). "The Captivating History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai". Homegrown. Retrieved 25 May 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Vathyam, Meena (2018-01-01). "Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras". The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Rabindranath Tagore, with group outside Sikh Gurdwara, Shanghai". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Vathyam, Meena (March 2016). "Sikhs in Shanghai". Historic Shanghai. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Vathyam, Meena (14 November 2016). "Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ a b c d e Singh, Khushwant (18 July 2012). "Sikhs of Shanghai". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ Chand, Dhyan (1952). "1932". Goal!. Sport & Pastime. p. 6. The atmosphere in the city was quite tense due to the Sino-Jap clash over Manchuria. We were told to keep within bounds and avoid any trouble spots. We visited a small Sikh temple on the outskirts of the city. The temple had suffered much damage in clashes between the Chinese and Japanese soldiers. As we came out of the temple, Japanese soldiers eyed us with suspicion. We had lunch on board our ship and sailed for Kobe at about 4 pm. ^ a b c d e Goldfarb, Susanne (1980). "Interview with Susanne Goldfarb". Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust – Wisconsin Historical Society. 7 February 1980 and 8 October 1980. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b c Fewkes, Jacqueline H. (2011). "British Indian Punjab: Lalas and Gaddis". Trade and Contemporary Society along the Silk Road: An Ethno-history of Ladakh. Routledge. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0415693158. ^ a b c Roy, Anjali (2017). Imperialism and Sikh Migration: The Komagata Maru Incident. Routledge. ISBN 9781351802970. ^ Shaw, Robert (1871). Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar (Formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey Over the Karakoran Pass (1st ed.). John Murray. p. 397. ^ a b McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011. ^ a b c d e f Bedi, Harchand Singh (29 November 2011). "Contribution of Sikhs in China". SikhNet. ^ McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011. ^ a b Barrier, Norman Gerald; Dusenbery, Verne A., eds. (1989). The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab (1st ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 9788170010470. ^ a b c d Vathyam, Meena (19 September 2014). "A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai". Scroll India. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mukherjeeand, Bivash; Qin, Xu (2009-08-12). "Lording over the locals: When red turbans were a familiar sight". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2022-10-10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kaur, Mejindarpal (2014). "China & Hong Kong". Global Sikh Civil & Human Rights Report (2012–2013) (PDF). United Sikhs. pp. 50–56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Yao, Cin (Spring 2017). "The Murder of Buddha Singh and the Rise of British Trans-Regional Surveillance" (PDF). The Newsletter (76). International Institute for Asian Studies: 22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jackson, Isabella (November 2012). "The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai". Modern Asian Studies. 46 (6): 1672–1704 – via JSTOR. ^ a b c d e f g h Vathyam, Meena. Hong Tou A-san. Academia.edu. ^ 钱乃荣、许宝华、汤珍珠. 《上海话大词典》. 上海辞书出版社. 2007. ISBN 978-7-5326-2248-1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Singh, Gurnam (13 April 2023). "Sikh and Interracial Relationships". Asia Samachar. Retrieved 16 June 2024. ^ a b . “Khalsa Diwan, Macau, China.” P. N.p., 27 Mar. 1927. Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. BC-2162. Web. 16 June 2024. <https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/specialp/items/1.0065884>. UBC Library Digitization Centre Special Projects. ^ a b Woolman, Jessica (19 December 2014). "Rare Sikh Sangat photo in Macau at UBC Library". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 16 June 2024. ^ "Sikh family group, with amah, in a photographer's studio, Shanghai". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ "Harbhajan Singh Sangha, Mohinder Kaur Sangha, Ranjit Singh Sangha, with their amah, Shanghai". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Ward, Edward (1970). I've Lived Like a Lord. Joseph. p. 39. ^ P Lowe, Shorter notice. Secret War in Shanghai. Bernard Wasserstein, The English Historical Review, Volume 114, Issue 458, September 1999, Pages 1026–1027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.458.1026 ^ Wasserstein, Bernard (September 1998). "Collaborators and Renegades in Occupied Shanghai". History Today. 48 (9). ^ a b c McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (2013). "4. Claim to Be One of Many: Princess Sumaire". Princesses Behaving Badly: Real Stories from History Without the Fairy-Tale Endings. Quirk Books. ISBN 9781594746659. ^ Rea, Christopher (July–August 2016). "Shanghailanders". Literary Review of Canada. ^ a b c Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Note given by the Embassy of India in China, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, September 28, 1966 – No. 237.". Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper, Issue 13 (PDF). Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 1967. pp. 52–58. ^ "Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary". archive.shine.cn. 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2019-06-28. ^ a b c Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Vermander, Benoît; Hingley, Liz; Zhang, Liang (15 April 2018). Shanghai Sacred: The Religious Landscape of a Global City. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295741697. ^ a b c d e f g h Rana, Yudhvir (22 September 2019). "Now Sikhs face turban plight and identity issue in China too". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kaur, Anju (18 May 2011). "Shanghai's Secret Gurdwara". SikhChic (originally published on Sikh News Network). Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rana, Yudhvir (19 August 2017). "Doklam standoff fails to affect services at Shanghai gurdwara". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b c Mukherjee, Bivash (15 September 2018). "The Sindhis of Shanghai: how an Indian diaspora cracked China". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2024. Labelled "Little India" in China, the transformation of Keqiao "from a local Chinese textile market to an international textile export centre" is credited to these Indian traders. A Hindu temple and a gurdwara stand side-by-side in the heart of the district, managed by a single Indian Hindu priest who looks after both places of worship. Ningbo, which lies on the shore of the East China Sea, is also coming into its own with a port that is second only to Shanghai in terms of annual cargo throughput.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e f g Cheuk, Ka-Kin (April 2012). Indians in the Chinese Textile City: Middleman Traders in Upgrading Economy (PDF). Emerging Scholars Symposium, Indian China Institute, The New School for Social Research. p. 16. ^ "A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai". The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib. 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2022-08-30. ^ "Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, China". Gurdwaar.com. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ "虹口区志" . 上海市地方志办公室 (Office of Shanghai Local Annals). Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. ^ "Khalsa Diwan". Khalsadiwan.com. ^ Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b "Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b c d e f g Lucia Galli, “Next stop, Nirvana. When Tibetan pilgrims turn into leisure seekers”, Mongolian and Siberian, Central Asian and Tibetan Studies , 51 | 2020, posted online on December 9, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2024. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/emscat/4697; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.4697 ^ a b c d e McKay, Alex (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. Routledge. ISBN 9781136807169. Further reading Cao, Yin (2017). From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai, 1885–1945. Brill. ISBN 978-9004344082. vteSikhism in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sikhism in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"}],"text":"This article is about Sikhism in mainland China. For Hong Kong, see Sikhism in Hong Kong. For Sikhism as a religion, see Sikhism.Sikhism in China is a minority religion in the People's Republic of China (Mandarin Chinese: 锡克教在中国, romanized: Xí kè jiào zài zhōngguó, lit. 'Sikhism in China'). Sikhism originated from the Punjab region of the northern Indian subcontinent.","title":"Sikhism in China"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sikh gurus","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_embroidered_silk_panel_depicting_Guru_Nanak_from_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"popular Sikh tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janamsakhis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Manikaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikaran"},{"link_name":"Tibetan plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Lahaul and Spiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district"},{"link_name":"Kulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullu_district"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Rohtang Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtang_Pass"},{"link_name":"Spiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Mansarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar"},{"link_name":"Mount Kailash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Siddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"sub_title":"Sikh gurus - Guru Nanak","text":"An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from ChinaGuru Nanak is traditionally locally referred to as Baba Foosa in China proper and as Nanak Lama in Tibet.[1][2] In popular Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak is believed to have visited Tibet during his distant travels.[3]: 345–369  Nanak's travel itinerary through Tibet would have started by departing from Manikaran, onward to the Tibetan plateau, reaching Lahaul and Spiti (northeast of Kulu).[4] Nanak would have travelled through both the Rohtang Pass and Chandan Kala Pass to reach Spiti.[4] From there, Nanak went through the Sprang (Prang) Pass to reach Tibet through an old trade route between India and Tibet.[4] Nanak would have then passed through both Chomurti and Boling to reach the sacred lake of Mansarovar, and finally Mount Kailash.[4] Nanak would have encountered many members of the Siddha tradition on this route through Tibet.[4] According to Sikh lore, in the area of lake Mansarovar and mount Kailash, a dialogue is said to have taken place between Siddhas residing in the location and Guru Nanak's retinue.[5] They wanted to know how Guru Nanak had successfully traversed the mountainous landscape and terrain to reach the sacred area, with Guru Nanak replying that it was through faith in the divine.[5] The Siddhas are then said to have posed questions to the guru about the state of affairs in the Indian subcontinent and the status of the commonfolk, in-which Guru Nanak responded that India was in-turmoil and suffering due to oppressive rulers.[5] Guru Nanak then stated that true spirituality and religion was in-decline in India due to hypocrisy, prudishness, bribe-taking, and evil.[5] In response to one of the questions posed by the Siddhas, Guru Nanak is said to have reprimanded them for escaping to this distant site away from the happenings of the subcontinent, leaving the masses behind without a spiritual guide.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Dasam Granth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gorkhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"}],"sub_title":"Sikh gurus - Guru Gobind Singh","text":"Guru Gobind Singh makes mention of China, Tibet, and Manchuria in the Dasam Granth, stating:[6]\"Gorkhas sing thy praises, the residents of China and Manchuria bow their heads before thee and the Tibetans destroy their own sufferings by remembering thee. Those who meditate on thee obtain perfect glory, and prosper greatly. One cannot know thy limit, O Infinitely Glorious Lord! Thou art the Giver of all, therefore thou are Boundless.\"— Guru Gobind Singh, Dasam Granth","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sikh Misls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-7"},{"link_name":"Yarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkant_County"},{"link_name":"Turfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-7"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-7"}],"sub_title":"Sikh Confederacy","text":"In the 18th century during the reign of the Sikh Misls in Amritsar, increased stability led to the development of an import and export-based economy.[7] Many goods were exported to Yarkand, Turfan, and Chinese Turkestan.[7] The goods exported from Amritsar consisted of shawls, silks and woolen cloth, metalware, and agricultural products.[7] The imported goods were gold, raw silk, horses, and weapons.[7] Caravans took the goods back and forth along the Sikh Road, from Amritsar to Kabul, and then to Bukhara, where they were further distributed.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Jacquemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jacquemont"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-9"},{"link_name":"Sohan Lal Suri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri"},{"link_name":"Zorawar Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)"},{"link_name":"Dogra general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogra_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jandiala Sher Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandiala_Sher_Khan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"Chinese emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Giani Gian Singh's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giani_Gian_Singh"},{"link_name":"Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"Nau Nihal Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh"},{"link_name":"Iskardu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu"},{"link_name":"Maqpon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqpon_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-9"},{"link_name":"Sher Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Singh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_of_exchange_from_the_1842_Treaty_of_Chushul_between_the_Tibetans_of_the_Qing_Dynasty_and_Dogras_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule"},{"link_name":"Dogras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogra_dynasty"},{"link_name":"invasion force into Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guo-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guo-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guo-12"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guo-12"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Thapathali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-18"},{"link_name":"Gulab Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulab_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"political capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_capital"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-20"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Surendra Bikram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendra_Bikram_Shah"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-20"},{"link_name":"Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsepon_W._D._Shakabpa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"Yarlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlung_Valley"},{"link_name":"Chongye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qonggyai_County"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-18"},{"link_name":"Barkor Khache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-18"},{"link_name":"Lhokha region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-8"}],"sub_title":"Sikh Empire","text":"In March 1831, Victor Jacquemon, a French botanist and geologist, paid a visit to Lahore during the reign of Ranjit Singh and met with the ruler.[8] During a discussion between the Frenchman and the Sikh ruler, the latter inquired about Tibet and wanted to know details about the region.[8] Jacquemon responded that Tibet was a land \"high altitude, cold weather, barren land\" and a \"poor country\".[8] After hearing this description, Ranjit Singh is said to replied that \"he will not bother to conquer a poor country.\"[8]In 1834, after Zorawar Singh's success against Ladakh, Ranjit Singh forbade him from taking further action to avoid any conflicts with the Chinese.[9]According to Sohan Lal Suri's Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, Zorawar Singh, a Dogra general of the Sikh Empire, expressed interest in expanding into western Tibet for territorial gains during a meeting with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the village of Jandiala Sher Khan in March 1836.[8] However, Ranjit Singh did not grant permission for the proposed Tibetan military expedition.[8] Ranjit Singh remarked that the Chinese emperor possesses an army consisting of 1.2 million soldiers so a war against them would not favour him.[10]According to Giani Gian Singh's Raj Khalsa, after the triumph of Zorawar Singh over the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh, Zorawar Singh was rewarded with a siropa (robe of honour) and other gifts.[8] Zorawar Singh then petitioned Ranjit Singh again for a campaign against the Tibetans for the purpose of annexing it into the Sikh Empire but the idea was again turned down as the time was not \"opportune\" as per Ranjit Singh.[8] According to Inderjeet Singh, the Sikh monarch may have declined the proposition to invade Tibet because the terrain was difficult and the region was poor in natural resources.[8]After the Chinese did not respond to the Sikh hostilities against Ladakh, Nau Nihal Singh permitted Zorawar Singh to capture Iskardu of the Maqpon dynasty of Baltistan.[9] Eventually, a later Sikh ruler, Sher Singh, agreed to Zorawar Singh's proposed campaign against Tibet.[8]Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the Tibetans (protectorate of the Qing Dynasty) and Dogras (vassals of the Sikh Empire)Zorawar Singh led an invasion force into Tibet in May 1841.[11][12] The invasion force consisted of three divisions and reached lake Mansarovar in September of the same year, where an encampment was established.[11] Whilst initially successful against the local Tibetan forces, the Tibetan winter set-in and the invading forces were defeated and routed on 12 December 1841 by the Qing-Tibetan forces, with Zorawar Singh being beheaded.[11][12] The Qing-Tibetan forces then attempted to invade Ladakh but were repelled.[12] The war ended with the Treaty of Chushul between the Sikh Empire and Qing Dynasty.[12]The Tibetan word for a Punjabi Sikh is Singpa.[13][14] When the Tibetans captured prisoners-of-war during the Dogra-Sikh invasion, the POWs were initially taken to central Tibet.[15] Instead of executing the POWs, the Tibetans decided to show mercy and disperse them to localities across Tibet.[16]In March 1856, a treaty between Tibet and the Kingdom of Nepal, known as the Treaty of Thapathali, was signed. Clause 4 of the treaty freed the remaining Sikh/Dogra prisoners-of-war still held in Tibetan captivity whom were captured in 1841.[17][18] This clause was included in the treaty at the behest of Gulab Singh of Kashmir to free the remaining prisoners, possibly for political capital.[19][20] Of the original soldiers whom were taken as prisoners by the Tibetans, 34 could not be located but 106 were successfully assembled in Kathmandu at the British residence.[20][8] However, only 56 of these mustered 106 original soldiers wished to return to India and the rest opted to remain in Tibet, as many had since settled in southern Tibet since the war, had married local women and thus now had a family, and were running businesses.[20][8] The 56 former POWs who opted to return were each awarded with silver medals bearing a bust of Maharaja Surendra Bikram Shah of Nepal and a robe of honour.[20]According to Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, more than 200 of these POWs preferred to remain in Tibet rather than be repatriated back to their homeland.[15] These Dogra-Sikh POWs settled in Lhasa, Yarlung, Chongye, and other parts of southern Tibet.[15] Eventually, the former POWs married local Tibetan women, adopted Tibetan customs, and took up professions as butchers, fruit-tree cultivators, amid other jobs.[15] The former POWs introduced the cultivation of apricots, apples, grapes, and peaches to Tibet.[8] Since they were outsiders, they were stigmatized by the local Tibetans and thus formed relations with other marginalized groups within Tibetan society, such as Muslims, which led to former POWs slowly adopting Islam themselves.[15] The former POWs came to be known as Singpa Khache by the local Tibetans, which blends the Tibetan word for a Sikh and Muslim together.[15] The Singpa Khache came to become an important group within Lhasa's Muslim community and they had the honour of serving meat dishes to the Dalai Lama.[15] However, David G. Atwill argues that the Singpa Khache descend instead from Muslim soldiers that were in Zorawar Singh's invading army.[18] Of the nearly 200 Barkor Khache families that resided in Lhasa in the early 1950's, approximately 20% were of Singpa Khache background.[18] Many descendants reside in the Lhokha region.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27North_China_Herald%27_newspaper_snippet_about_the_opening_ceremony_of_Gurdwara_Shanghai_on_Tung_Pao-hsing_Road_in_Shanghai,_China,_1908.png"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Jagatjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagatjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kapurthala State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapurthala_State"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"Tientsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"Komagata Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-24"},{"link_name":"Sikh diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Gurpurab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab"},{"link_name":"Chief Khalsa Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Khalsa_Diwan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Majhais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majha"},{"link_name":"Malwais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis"},{"link_name":"Bohra Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Sindhis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"Khushwant Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushwant_Singh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-34"},{"link_name":"Dhyan Chand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyan_Chand"},{"link_name":"Chinese and Japanese forces were engaged in conflict in the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28_incident"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mounted_Shanghai_Municipal_Police_(including_Sikhs)_taking_part_in_Japanese_victory_parade_through_the_International_Settlement,_Shanghai,_3_December_1937.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-36"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-36"},{"link_name":"shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"non-Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-36"},{"link_name":"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Maharaja_Jagatjit_Singh_of_Kapurthala_State_and_his_wife_visiting_Beijing,_China_in_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagatjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagatjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kapurthala State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapurthala_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabinder_Nath_Tagore_with_Sikhs_in_Shanghai_1924.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period","text":"In the colonial-era, Sikhs in China were most prominent in Hong Kong, with Shanghai following next.[21]: 212'North China Herald' newspaper snippet about the opening ceremony of Gurdwara Shanghai on Tung Pao-hsing Road in Shanghai, China, 1908Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State visited China, Japan and Java (Indonesia) between 18 October 1903 to 1 February 1904, afterwards publishing a memoir recounting his journey through these lands.[21]: 213–214  In his memoir, he recounts about his experience in Shanghai and surrounding parts of China, including him making a donation to the local Sikh cause for constructing a Sikh temple in Tientsin.[21]: 213–214 [22] Jagajit Singh would return to Shanghai many times over the years, with local Sikhs hosting him for dinner at a local hotel.[23]Sikhs in China had been observing the Chinese migrating to Canada, seeing as it was an attractive destination for settlement, and emulated the Chinese by attempting to migrate to Canada themselves whilst alerting their friends and family back home in India on the prospect.[21]: 212  Many Sikhs who were aboard the ill-fated Komagata Maru en-route to Canada hailed from Shanghai.[21]: 212 [24]: 132According to Cao Yin, Shanghai played a pivotal role in the establishment of a Sikh diaspora throughout the world as Shanghai was often the first-stop in the global migration of Sikhs throughout the globe.[25]Accounts of the Sikh population in Shanghai at various times are spurious and contradicting. One source claims a population of \"a few thousand\" Sikhs in Shanghai by 1890.[26]: 220  According to another source, by 1907, there were 850 Sikhs in Shanghai.[27]Prior to 1908, the gurdwara located on Boone Road (now Tonggu Road) in Shanghai served the needs of the Sikh community.[28] However, during a Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebration in 1907, the local Sikhs decided to become affiliated with the Chief Khalsa Diwan based in Amritsar but the Boone Road gurdwara was too small to suit their needs and the growing Sikh population.[28] Thus, it was decided that a new temple premises needed to be constructed.[28] A committee, led by Jalmeja Singh, and Gurdwara Building Fund was established for the effort of constructing a new, larger Sikh temple funded by donations from local Sikhs.[28] The local Shanghai Sikhs had been desiring a larger gurdwara for several years and had been making requests to the community for donations and the Shanghai Municipal Council for land for the temple.[28]The Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara's foundation stone was laid on 11 August 1907 on a Sunday.[28] The Old Sikh Gurdwara at 326 Dong Baoxing Road was opened in 1908.[29] The Gordon Road Gurdwara was opened on 21 July 1916 on a Friday.[30] Both the newer Gordon Road and older Dong Baoxing Road gurdwaras were under the same management committee, however the latter became to be visited by watchmen and visitors whilst the former was used by Sikh policemen of the Shanghai police.[30] The purpose of the British constructing the Gordon Road Gurdwara was to isolate Sikh policemen from Ghadarite elements at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara by giving them a separate place of worship which was under the supervision of the Shanghai Municipal Council and restricted to policemen.[30] Furthermore, the construction of the Gordon Road Gurdwara was a gesture of gratitude for the participation of Sikhs in World War I.[30]Rabindranath Tagore visited Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara during his 1924 visit.[31]The Sikh community in Shanghai was divided along regional lines from back in Punjab: the Majhais and the Malwais.[32][28] There were also noticeable differences in viewpoints between the older and younger generations of Sikhs in Shanghai, specifically with regards to loyalty to the British and revolutionist tendencies.[33] The Sikhs were not the only members of the Indian community in the city, there were also Parsis, Bohra Muslims, and Sindhis whom had established communities in the city during the colonial-period – however the Sikhs formed the largest component of the Indian population of Shanghai at the time.[33]A major brawl took place in August 1926 at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, when the gurdwara's new working committee secretary could not be inducted.[30] In the brawl, Manjha and Malwa Sikhs faced-off against each other using hatchets, pistols, battle-axe, and sticks.[30] When Shanghai Municipal Police Detective Sergeant J. Knight arrived at the gurdwara due to the fight, he found both sides 10 yards from one another.[30] Each side claimed the first side to back down and leave were \"losers\".[30] The incident led to the injuries of five Sikhs, including one who was hospitalized for a skull fracture.[30] Due to this event, the gurdwara was temporarily closed and a guard was put-in-place.[30]Schools and hockey associations were founded by Shanghai's Sikhs.[33] Eventually, there came to be a young generation of Shanghai Sikhs who were born or raised in Shanghai.[33] In 1922, the Thomas Hanbury School for Boys opened a special class in a separate building to cater to twelve of these young Sikh boys.[33] However, the class was shortly shut-down as educating the Sikhs meant empowering them, which could lead to a development of a national consciousness.[33] Religious and informal means of education for Sikhs in Shanghai was carried-out by the official gurdwaras but also unofficial ones.[33]According to Khushwant Singh, some of the Sikh men residing in Shanghai in this era fetishized White women, especially blondes.[34] The Sikh men were attracted to the gori chamri (white skin) of the White women.[34] Ralph Shaw, a British journalist who lived in Shanghai between 1937 to 1949, narrates a story in his book Sin City about an incident where a Sikh man in Shanghai is alleged to have groped the buttocks of a British woman who was watching a race.[34] The Sikh man alleged to have groped the woman defended himself by explaining that the woman felt a bottle of beer in his pants' pocket and that it must have happened when he tried to take it out in order to drink some of it.[34] A judge did not believe this explanation and gave the Sikh man a heavy fine for the groping.[34]In 1932, Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand visited the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara at a time when Chinese and Japanese forces were engaged in conflict in the city.[30] In Chand's autobiography, Goal!, he records that the Sikh temple was heavily damaged in the fighting and that Japanese soldiers looked at him suspiciously when he left the gurdwara.[30][35]Mounted Shanghai Municipal Police (including Sikhs) taking part in Japanese victory parade through the International Settlement, Shanghai, 3 December 1937Many Sikh policemen in Shanghai started returning to India in the late 1930's after the Japanese success in the Battle of Shanghai.[32] Between the late 1930's and early 1940's, the International Settlement came to be increasingly threatened by the Japanese advance, thus the majority of Sikhs in Shanghai emigrated away taking their families with them, mostly returning to the Punjab.[33]During the 1930's and 1940's, some Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis took shelter in China.[36] Holocaust survivor, Susanne Goldfarb, recounted a story of an Indian man being married to a Jewish lady from an Orthodox family background.[36] The marriage took place within a Sikh gurdwara in Shanghai.[36] The parents of the Jewish lady sat in shiva (seven-day mourning) to protest their daughter being married to a non-Jew.[36] This interracial couple later settled in Hong Kong.[36]When Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose visited China, he was a guest-of-honour at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara.[30] Sikhs who were part of the Indian National Army in Shanghai worked in the area of and even inside the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara to mobilize volunteers and funds.[30]Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State and his wife visiting Beijing, China in 1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai, 1924","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_China&action=edit&section=9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tarim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_Basin"},{"link_name":"Khatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatri"},{"link_name":"Silk 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colonial China","text":"Traders and explorers in Western China[edit]Photograph of Aurel Stein with his expedition team, including R.B. Lal Singh, in the Tarim Basin, circa 1910.Punjabi Khatri Sikh and Hindu traders worked along the Silk Road, from Ladakh to Central Asia (including Chinese areas).[37][38] At one point, the Khatri trade network consisted of around 200 gaddis in the Chinese part of Central Asia.[37][38] Punjabi Khatris played an important role in the trade between Leh and Yarkund in Xinjiang.[37][38]Robert Shaw recounts in Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar that a Sikh merchant by the name of Tara Singh accompanied him to Yarkund in modern-day Xinjiang in 1867.[39]Rai Bahadur Lal Singh (1860–1930), a Sikh cartographer, was a companion of Aurel Stein, who journeyed with him across the Silk Road.[40]: 190  Lal Singh was with Stein when the latter is credited with mapping the Taklamakan Mountains and discovering the Cave of Thousand Buddhas in Duanhuang.[40]: 190Soldiers[edit]Sikhs soldiers in the British Indian Army arrived in China soon after the annexation of the Sikh Empire, with Sikh soldiers taking part in the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), Second Opium War (1856–60), Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), and World War I in China.[41][21]: 214–216The British utilized the Sikh Regiment during the Taiping Rebellion.[41][21]: 214–216'Guinea-Gold' cigarette advertisement featuring a Sikh and Gurkha soldier during the Boxer Rebellion of China, 25th of August, 1900.In the Second Opium War, the Sikhs participated as part of the 15th Punjab Pioneers.[21]: 214–216  The Sikh soldiers who participated in the action of the Second Opium War almost entirely drew from the Mazhabi caste and were around 1,000 men in-total.[21]: 214–216  They departed from Lucknow on 11 February 1860 and arrived in Hong Kong via the Calcutta to Singapore route.[21]: 214–216  On June 1st, the Mazhabi Sikh troops sailed for Northern China.[21]: 214–216  Peh-tang surrendered by the end of July, the capture of Taku Fort followed, and the next site of action would be Tientsin, with the city being surrounded by the allied coalition by September 5th.[21]: 214–216  Next, they marched toward Peking, which fell to the allies and a treaty was signed on 13 October 1860 by Lord Elgin and the Chinese.[21]: 214–216  Following the capture of Peking, the Mazhabi Sikh soldiers participated in the looting of the Old Summer Palace, bringing treasures back to India afterwards as a result.[21]: 214–216  The Sikh soldiers in the Pioneers left Peking on November 9th, embarking from Tientsin, for Hong Kong, and then onward returning to India.[21]: 214–216  After the war, the Sikh soldiers of the Pioneers who saw action were awarded the China Medal with two clasps: 'Taku Forts, 1860', and 'Peking, 1860'.[21]: 214–216Sikh troops in front of the barricaded entrance to the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion, Peking, August 1900During the Boxer Rebellion, the 24th Punjab Regiment saw action during the Battle of Yang Tsun alongside the 14th American Regiment, with the battle ending by a joint American-Sikh bayonet charge.[41][21]: 214–216  A relief force of 3,000 soldiers from Sikh Regiments helped lift the siege on Beijing by the Boxers.[41][21]: 214–216During World War I, Sikh soldiers were stationed as part of the Garrison of Tianjin in China, participating in the Siege of Tsingtao.[41][21]: 214–216  On November 7th, 1914, both regiments of the 24th Sikhs and half the 36th Sikhs were sent from Tientsin in September 1914 as representatives of the Allies and participate in the capture of Tsingtao from the Germans.[41][21]: 214–216Officers of the Sikh Regiment, Tianjin, 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh and Muslim soldiers with medals, Indian Army, Beijing, ca.1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh soldier guarding the Bronze Ox, Summer Palace, Beijing, ca.1900Policemen[edit]Chinese and Sikh policemen (S.M.P.), Shanghai, ca.1930During the 1800s and 1900s, many Sikh Punjabi people were recruited from British India to work as officers for the Shanghai Municipal Police and Hong Kong Police.[21]: 216–218  The British could not recruit enough European men to serve as policemen in China and European recruits were too expensive.[25][21]: 216–218  However, the British were reluctant to hire too many Chinese men for the role as they did not trust the Chinese, so they decided to hire Sikhs from the Punjab to fill the positions.[21]: 216–218 [25]A contingent of Sikh policemen arrived in Hong Kong in 1867.[42]: 107 [43]: 21  Recruitment of Sikhs in the Shanghai police-force began in 1884 and the recruitment of Sikhs in the Tianjin police-force began in 1886 or 1896.[21]: 216–218 [43]: 21  Indian Sikhs were also employed by the British to work as policemen in Tientsin (Tianjin), Amoy (Xiamen), and Hankow (Hankou, Wuhan).[44] Initially, recruitment for these police roles in China were done directly in India but as time went on and more Sikhs settled in the Far East looking for work, more recruits came from local Sikhs who resided in China already.[21]: 216–218Shanghai Police[edit]The Shanghai International Police was founded in 1854, responsible for policing the International Settlement of Shanghai (until 1943), and it was deployed by the British at ports important to British commercial interests in the early 20th century.[21]: 216–218  A Sikh branch of the Shanghai International Police was established in 1884, being founded by Sikh ex-military men who had been stationed in China.[21]: 216–218  This Sikh-specific police branch reached a size of 800 policemen, almost all of whom were Sikh.[21]: 216–218  The first batch of Sikhs who joined the Shanghai police consisted of one inspector and fifteen constables.[45] This first batch of Sikh policemen in Shanghai were stationed out of Gordon Road police station.[note 1][45] By 1886, some Sikhs in the Shanghai Police were tasked with working as traffic controlmen and street patrollers in the International Settlement.[45] These Sikh policemen wore khakis in the summertime and heavy, dark coats during the wintertime.[27] A black-and-white truncheon was carried by the Sikh traffic policemen to frighten the Chinese, particularly rickshaw drivers.[33] Sikh policemen also worked as riot police.[46]Sikh policemen in Shanghai were paid considerably less than their White counterparts but slightly more than their fellow Chinese policemen.[45] According to Shanghai in Foreign Concession by Ma Changlin, Sikhs policemen were \"easy to train and control\" and \"inclined to obey instructions and disciplined.\"[45]By 1920 there were 573 policemen in Sikh branch.[citation needed] In 1930, out of the 691 Indian policemen who were employed by the Shanghai International Settlement police, 594 were constables and 88 were sergeants.[28] As per the Shanghai Municipal Police force's Indian unit's terms of service, there was a rule that a Sikh policeman had to serve the force for at-least five years before he could become eligible to be promoted to havildar (equivalent to a sergeant).[47] It was practically impossible for any Sikh policeman from an ordinary background to be promoted to the rank of jemadar, which was the highest possible rank for a Sikh serving in the unit.[47] By 1936, out of the total 4,739 policemen of the Shanghai Municipal Police, 558 of them were Sikhs belonging to the Sikh contingent.[32] The Indian police unit of the SMP was disbanded in 1945 and its remaining policemen were repatriated back to India or moved to Hong Kong or Singapore.[32][33][30]Shanghainese newspaper clipping reporting on the miraculous survival of convicted murderer Atma Singh, whose execution failed when the noose broke, ca.1937Two prominent Sikh policemen of Shanghai remembered in infamy are Bawa Singh and Atma Singh.[32] On a late night in 1936, Bawa visited the home of Atma, where Atma's wife was sleeping.[32] Atma's wife demanded that Bawa leave the premises, an order which he obliged.[32] When Atma came to learn that Bawa visited his wife late into the night, he searched for him while wielding a meat cleaver, finding Bawa at a quarry at the Pootoo Road Police Station on Gordon Road.[32] Atma then assaulted Bawa, nearly dismembering both of the victim's forearms and causing a deep wound on his forehead.[32] Bawa died later in hospital and the incident caused a big stir in Shanghai at the time.[32] Bawa was sentenced to death by hanging but on the day of the hanging, the rope broke and Bawa survived the attempted execution.[32] Thereafter, Bawa's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he served his sentence in India.[32] Some members of the local Sikh community at the time considered the failed execution as a miracle of divine intervention.[32]Sikh policemen at the time of the 1905 Shanghai riots\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh policeman, Hankow Bund, China, ca.1910–20\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShanghai constables (Sikh troopers), International Settlement, Shanghai, ca.1915–1935\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh policemen on horseback, Shanghai, ca.1930\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh policeman in Shanghai, ca.1933\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSikh policeman directing traffic inside Shanghai's International Settlement, ca.1935Guards and watchmen[edit]Outside of policing professions, Shanghai-based Sikhs at the time also worked as watchmen or guards at banks, wharves, nightclubs, and hotels.[27][44] Many Sikhs were employed as prison guards.[21]: 219  Between 1925–1930, the Ward Road Gaol (now Tilanqao Prison) became a prison, it mainly housed inmates of a Chinese background and the staff were mostly British and Sikhs.[21]: 219  The majority of the warders were Sikhs.[21]: 219  The prison had a very bad reputation for poor conditions.[21]: 219Money-lenders[edit]Most Sikhs also had a side-job of money-lending, as per Ralph Shaw's Sin City.[27] Sikh money-lenders had a reputation of being \"ruthless\" and charging highly excessive rates to their debtors.[27] Many of the Chinese debtors of the Sikh money-lenders defaulted on their debts, which meant they would become indebted for the rest of their lives.[27]Other professions[edit]Some Sikhs in Shanghai also worked as warehouse workers, at big-business hongs, and as commissionaires at hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_beating_a_Chinese_%22coolie%22,_from_%27The_Rattle%27,_July_1896.png"},{"link_name":"coolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie"},{"link_name":"Shanghainese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghainese_people"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"gangs of local Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Nanking_Road,_Shanghai_just_after_the_Nanking_Road_Incident,_30_May_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"During the 1913 China unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Edward Charles Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pearce"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Frank Dikötter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"May Thirtieth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_wearing_the_standard,_red-turbaned_uniform,_from_%27The_Rattle%27,_1896.png"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-24"},{"link_name":"Shanghainese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghainese"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-24"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"Colourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-50"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"Amrit Sanchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"Anand Karaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Karaj"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_men_of_Macau_with_Chinese_wives_and_their_mixed-race_children,_Khalsa_Diwan_Macau,_Macau,_China,_27_March_1927.jpg"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:39-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:41-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:39-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:41-55"},{"link_name":"amahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amah_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Shanghainese dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghainese"},{"link_name":"Wu lect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-45"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period - Relationship between local Chinese and Sikhs in colonial China","text":"Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman beating a Chinese \"coolie\", from 'The Rattle', July 1896Many of the local Shanghainese are said to have disliked the Sikh policemen of Shanghai, viewing them as abusers of the local population (specifically rickshaw drivers and hawkers) with little or no provocation, subjecting victims to shoe and baton beatings.[21]: 216–218  The Shanghainese derided the Sikh policemen as being \"dogs\" of their British overlords and called them \"annoying red-hat flies\".[21]: 216–218  Many Sikhs refused to eat food prepared by Chinese people based on caste-based beliefs.[27] Due to this, interactions between the local Chinese and Sikh communities were limited and unintegrated with one another.[27]However, Claude Markovits remarked that these harsh actions by the Sikh policemen were necessary for keeping the locals in-check and obedient to the law. He specifically remarks that local rickshaw drivers tended to drive dangerously, posing risks to the surrounding traffic, and that the Chinese held little regard for laws and rules of the administration, often urinating and spitting in public areas.[21]: 216–218  Furthermore, Sikh policemen dispersed gangs of local Chinese engaging in gambling and fights.[21]: 216–218Photograph of Nanking Road, Shanghai just after the Nanking Road Incident (now spelt as 'Nanjing'), 30 May 1925. Sikh troops reinforcing Chinese soldiery, with two casualties of the incident visible in the frame of the image towards the right-side lying in the roadway.During the 1913 China unrest, Stafford M. Cox reported to the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Edward Charles Pearce, on 29 July 1913 that Chinese youth stated that they could live with Chinese or foreigners guarding the city but that they would resist \"black slaves\" (referring to Sikhs).[48] According to Frank Dikötter, during the late Qing and early Republican periods of Chinese history, Sikhs were classified as \"black\" and therefore inferior even to the \"White imperialists\" (Europeans) in Chinese eyes.[48]During the May Thirtieth Movement in 1925, on the orders of Inspector Edward Everson, Sikh policemen, alongside Chinese policemen, opened fire on anti-imperialist Chinese protesters at Louza Police Station on Nanjing Road, which led to many casualties, including nine fatalities.[32][33][49] The Sikh policemen were solely blamed for this incident by the local Chinese, even though Chinese policemen also were involved in the firing.[33][49] This incident triggered further unrest against foreigners and imperialism throughout China.[32][49]Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman wearing the standard, red-turbaned uniform, from 'The Rattle', 1896A local slur used against Sikhs developed based on the uniform of the Sikhs.[26]: 216–218 [24]: 153  The Shanghainese called Sikh policemen Hong Tou Ah-San (Shanghainese: 紅头阿三, romanized: hhongdhou'akse, lit. 'red-headed number three', IPA: [ɦòŋ̩dɤ̋.ᴀ̄ʔsᴇ᷆]; Mandarin Chinese: hóngtóu ā sān[50]), which was in-reference to the Sikh policemen's red-turban (uniform worn by traffic wardens) and them being third in-rank on the hierarchal, social classification system (British as the first in-rank and the Chinese ranked second, Indians ranked third below both).[32][27][24]: 153  However, another theory is that the \"a san\" portion has nothing to do with the number three but rather is an imitation of how the Sikh policemen were addressed by the Shanghainese with the words \"I say!\" or \"Oh sir!\", which sounds similar to Aye Sir in their local dialect.[24]: 153 [45] Some believe the phrase is derived from the English phrase \"I see\".[45] Meena Vathyam states that the Sikhs in Shanghai used pidgin English they had learnt, so they would say \"I savvy\", which when transliterated to Chinese becomes \"A-san\".[49] The Hong Tou Ah-San term can be interpreted in various ways, from less extreme to pejridicial.[49] Hongtou Asan can variously be translated as \"red-headed monkeys\", \"red-headed rascals\", or \"turbaned number threes\" in English.[48]The local Shanghainese also referred to Sikhs as \"black devils\" (Chinese: 黑鬼, romanized: Hēi guǐ, lit. 'black devil'[48]) due to considering them as belonging to an \"inferior race\".[25][49][48] In the eyes of the local Chinese, the Sikhs were heigui who were under the command of baigui (Chinese: 白鬼, romanized: Bái guǐ, lit. 'white devil'), the British.[48] Another term used against Sikhs by local Chinese was \"red-bottomed monkeys\".[49]According to Cao Yin, the animosity that local Chinese people held against the Sikhs at the time was fueled by their internalized racial hierarchical categorization: the Chinese considered themselves temporarily \"inferior\" to the White race by the current circumstances (whilst believing that they had the potential to become equals to the White race) but as \"superior\" to the Indian race, thus Sikhs being in a position of power as policemen over \"superior\" Chinese people fueled their hatred toward them.[25] Colourism also played a role, since Sikhs tended to be darker-skinned than the Chinese.[25] Meena Vathyam postulates that the local Chinese felt humiliated by and resented that Sikhs, fellow Asians from a neighbouring country, were imposing British-made laws on them.[49]According to Claude Markovitz, since most Sikh men in China were bachelors or had left their wives back in India, many of them had to turn to local prostitutes to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs.[21]: 219–220  Most Sikh men visiting prostitutes were clients of ethnic Chinese prostitutes, as their rates were affordable for them.[21]: 219–220  However, a minority of the Sikh men in China found deeper connections and actual romance with local Chinese women, with some even going as far as marrying a local Chinese woman in many cases.[21]: 219–220 [33] The mixed-race children of such couples were very stigmatized as both the Indian and Chinese community at the time looked down upon interracial marriages.[21]: 219–220 [33] Markovitz further claims that Sikh men in China tended to do well with local women due to their attractive physiques.[21]: 219–220There is evidence of ethnic Chinese visiting the Shanghai Gurdwara whilst it was active as a Sikh temple.[26]: 220  An account of a Chinese woman who lived next door to the Sikh temple states she used to visit the gurdwara as a child and that Sikhs bringing a lot of milk would come.[26]: 220  The local Chinese referred to the Shanghai Gurdwara as Yindu Miao (Chinese: 印度庙, romanized: Yìndù miào, lit. 'Indian temple').[26]: 220In August 1909 on a Sunday, a Sikh residing in Shanghai by the name of Nidhan Singh married an ethnic Chinese woman at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara.[33][51] The Chinese bride was a native of Pootung (Pudong), had a well-known desire to convert to Sikhism that was known to the Indian community, and she was very happy to be married.[51] This Chinese woman converted to Sikhism and was baptized as Gursharan Kaur whilst her husband was baptized as Jagjit Singh in an Amrit Sanchar ceremony.[33][51] The wedding ceremony itself was an Anand Karaj, where the bride was led by the groom four times in a circumabulation around the Guru Granth Sahib, with a bow given before the scripture after every revolution.[51] A large amount of local Sikhs attended the interracial Sino-Sikh wedding, including 20 women.[51] This was the first interracial Chinese-Sikh wedding to take place at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara.[51]Sikh men of Macau with Chinese wives and their mixed-race children, Khalsa Diwan Macau, China, 27 March 1927On 27 March 1927, a photograph was taken showcasing the Sikh congregation of the local Khalsa Diwan chapter in Macau.[52][53][54] In the photograph, Sikh men can be seen posing with their local Chinese wives and mixed-race children.[52][53][54]Some Shanghai Sikh families employed Chinese women as amahs, such as in the case with the Sangha family.[55][56]Sikh policemen in Shanghai were taught the Shanghainese dialect, the local Wu lect spoken in the city, by the Shanghai Municipal Council.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"shalwar kameez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez"},{"link_name":"dupatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupatta"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_China&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"maharaja Bhupinder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala"},{"link_name":"Patiala State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patiala_State"},{"link_name":"Amrita Shergil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Sher-Gil"},{"link_name":"Japanese-occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"her family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulkian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-62"},{"link_name":"the Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-62"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"bigamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"Japanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-62"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period - Sikh women in colonial China","text":"Sikh women also resided with their Sikh husbands during the colonial-era of Shanghai.[27] Most Sikh soldiers in Shanghai arrived as bachelors, however some were already married and would bring their wives with them to Shanghai at a later date.[27] The lives of Sikh women in Shanghai during the colonial period was centered on the gurdwara for their socialization and communal needs.[27] The Indian clothing (such as the shalwar kameez and dupatta) worn by Sikh women in Shanghai are said to have aroused the curiosity of local Chinese onlookers.[27] However, since their husbands were \"symbols of oppression\" in Shanghai, there were barriers between the local Chinese and Sikh women.[27]Princess Sumair[edit]In the 1940's, Princess Sumair, who claimed to be a familial relative of maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State, she also claimed to be the cousin of famous Sikh painter Amrita Shergil, resided in Shanghai during the period of Japanese-occupation and lived a scandalous lifestyle focused on money, fashion and men.[note 2][27][57][58][59] She was described as a \"nymphomaniac\" and \"worshipper of lesbian cult\" by Bernard Wasserstein in Secret War in Shanghai.[27] She arrived in Shanghai in July 1940 after being disowned by her family due to her reportedly \"loose morals\" and her real name was Rajkumari Sumair Apjit Singh.[60] She became entangled with the Axis during her time in Shanghai.[60] She was bisexual and bigamous, as she married a Japanese-American man without divorcing her Indian husband.[27][61] It is rumoured she eloped with an American soldier and disappeared from Shanghai.[27] However, later events of her life in Europe and America are on historical record, where she worked as a fashion designer and seller.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pro-Indian revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Ghadar Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadar_Movement"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-44"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"Chinese nationalist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_a_Jatha_(band)_of_Shanghai_Sikhs_who_came_to_Punjab_to_participate_in_the_Jaito_Morcha_of_February_1924.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatha"},{"link_name":"Jaito Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akali_movement"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_China&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"jemadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemadar"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"Sirdar Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_titles"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Municipal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Police"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"British Consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Consulate-General_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"brown-nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycophancy"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"Rue du Consulat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-48"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period - Sikh revolutionary activities in colonial China","text":"Many Shanghai-based Sikhs were pro-Indian revolutionaries, being supporters of the Ghadar Party and also of the Indian National Army.[44][25] On 16 November 1910 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations, Duleep Singh, a Sikh who was a Shanghai Tramways employee, was arrested for giving a provactive anti-British speech to assembled crowd of Sikh watchmen and ex-policemen.[51]The Shanghai Gurdwara became a centre of activity for the Ghadarites based in India and across the globe between the years 1913–17.[33] Both pro-British and anti-British views occupied the same space of the gurdwara, leading to tensions.[51] Speeches given and literature produced by the Ghadarites promoted sedition against the British overlords.[33] In 1914, the Ghadar newspaper began to be circulated in Shanghai.[51] In 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebration, a pro-British speech was given at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara in-which it was stated that true Sikhs are loyal to the British and rousing for anti-British Sikhs to be arrested.[51]In July 1915, two Ghadarite Sikhs, Kesar Singh and Ganda Singh (both may have worked either as policemen or watchmen), attacked the secretary of the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Boota Singh.[51] Kesar and Ganda were sentenced to nine months imprisonment for their actions.[51] By 1917, the Ghadar movement in Shanghai was extinguished by the British and its Sikh supporters were executed by hanging or deported based on treason.[33]During the 1920's and 1930's, Shanghai-based Sikhs also helped the Chinese nationalist movement by trying to overthrow British hegemony in Shanghai and shutting down British activities in the city.[25] Harbaksh Singh was a mastermind of the Indian nationalist activities and published seditious material as the editor of the Hindu Jagawa from the Hindustan Association in the Rue du Consulat within the French Concession.[47]During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Japanese occupation of Shanghai, older generations of Sikhs tended to remain loyal to the British whilst younger Sikhs were inclined toward anti-British activities, such as joining the Indian National Army.[33]According to Yin Cao, the role that Shanghai-based Sikhs played in both the Indian independence movement and Chinese nationalist movement has been disregarded by both the national histories of modern India and China.[25] According to him, the Chinese national history focuses on the contributions made by the Chinese themselves, ignoring non-Chinese who assisted with their nationalist movement.[25] Meanwhile, the Indian national history focuses on the efforts of the Indian National Congress, and ignores the efforts of the Sikh diaspora in the independence movement.[25]Photograph of a Jatha (band) of Shanghai-based Sikhs who came to Punjab to participate in the Jaito Morcha of February 1924.Assassination of Buddha Singh[edit]Buddha Singh was born in the Majha region of the Punjab in the 1870's and moved to Shanghai from India in February 1902 to join the Shanghai Municipal Police force.[47] Buddha rose through the police ranks quickly, becoming a havildar in February 1906 and becoming a jemadar in 1911, which was remarkable given his background.[47] He also worked as a treasurer for the local Sikh community and in 1908 he was bestowed with the position as the Sikh community's secretary.[47] The Shanghai Municipal Police decided to use the rising-stardom of Buddha Singh to achieve their own interests.[47] Buddha Singh, a highly-ranked officer (jemadar), was captain E. I. M. Barrett's informant on the happenings within the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, as the gurdwara commonly housed the impoverished, misfortunate, and travellers for free.[51] After the start of World War I, Buddha Singh was pro-active at stomping-out anti-British currents within the local Sikh community.[47] In July 1914, he began investigating the circulation of a Ghadarite publication and found out that seven members of the Sikh community who were Ghadarites were responsible for the distribution of the seditious Ghadar newspaper.[47] Furthermore, he uncovered that these seven men also acted as recruiters of local Sikh men for Ghadarite activites in India, also being responsible for their transport.[47] The findings of his investigation were forwarded to the Shanghai Municipal Police and Buddha advocated that these seven men should be arrested.[47] However, the Ghadarites caught wind of this and burnt the seditious newspapers and absconded from Shanghai.[47] In the morning of 15 July 1914, days after Buddha Singh gave the list of the names of the seven Ghadarites to the S.M.P., he was attacked by an ex-policeman named Lal Singh who wielded a heavy stick.[47] Lal Singh was a Ghadar member himself and was friends with the seven men accused.[47] On 25 July 1914, Buddha Singh was attacked by a group of three Ghadarite Sikhs, who tried to blind Buddha by aiming for his eyes and head during the attack after knocking him over.[47] As a result of this attack, Buddha was in a state of unconsciousness for several days.[47] A month earlier in June 1914, Buddha had receieved a Ghadarite threat-letter which accused him of being disloyal to the Indian people and that he will be killed as a result.[47]On 21 November 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Buddha Singh was in charge of the celebration and during it, a resolution was passed that requested all Shanghai-based Sikhs to declare their loyalty to the British Raj and dedicate themselves to the British during the First World War.[47] Buddha Singh founded the Shanghai Sikh Scout Troop in August 1917 to promote patriotism and obedience amongst the Sikh youth of Shanghai.[47] He also campaigned a movement to promote donations to be made to the Red Cross by the Shanghai Sikh community for the benefit of wounded Sikh soldiers in the war.[47] During the First World War, there was little activity against the British in Shanghai by Sikhs and Buddha's efforts did not go wasted to achieve this result.[47] In 1917, the Shanghai Municipal Council graded the Sikh unit of the S.M.P. as \"excellent\" as there was no reported cases of insubordination and there was good discipline exhibited.[47]In 1917, Buddha Singh was conferred the title of Sirdar Sahib by the Shanghai Municipal Police due to his pro-British work during the First World War, and the Sikh Women's Association gifted him a gold Sikh emblem at the gurdwara.[51][47] The Sirdar Sahib title had been the most prestigious title that a Sikh in Shanghai had been bestowed with by the British yet.[47] The ceremony for bestowing the title on Buddha Singh was held at the British Consulate, with attendance by all the highly-prominent British officials of Shanghai.[47] Buddha Singh was presented with the insignia by Everard Fraser himself, who was the British Consul-General at the time.[47] Many local Sikhs were angry at Buddha Singh, whom they characterized as a puppet of the British, believing he misappropriated the gurdwara's funds to brown-nose British officials with gifts.[51] Death threats against Buddha's life were commonplace.[47] On 3 October 1923, Buddha was travelling aboard a ship that was heading to Hong Kong when four Sikhs told him that he will be killed in the future and that whoever kills him will be considered a martyr.[47] In his communications with his friends, Buddha Singh often remarked that the death threats against his life were serious and that he would one day be killed.[47]In January 1924, an article titled One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal Benefit published in the Hind Jagawa by Harbaksh Singh of the Rue du Consulat severely criticized Buddha Singh and stated that he was \"the one who seeks the blood of his brethren for his own benefit\".[51][47] Furthermore, Buddha Singh was accused of misappropriating gurdwara funds to buy gifts for British officials to curry up favour to them.[47] This article was considered seditious and therefore Harbaksh Singh was remanded to custody in Amoy Road Gaol.[51][47] Harbaksh Singh was charged with published seditious literature that would lead to a breaching of public peace.[47] The S.M.P. confiscated all copies of the seditious literature at the Hindustan Association which was located in the Rue du Consulat of the French Concession.[47]\"... outwardly [Buddha Singh] seems to love his people, but inwardly, he is against them and on the side of the government”.— Harbaksh Singh, Hind Jagawa (1923), One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal BenefitThe Ghadarites devised a plan to assasinate Buddha Singh.[47] The Ghadarites wanted to murder Buddha in-order to throw the Sikh police unit in disarray and also to support the Chinese nationalist movement.[47] On the morning of 6 April 1927, Buddha Singh was assasinated by being shot whilst he was in front of the gate of the Central Police Station located within the Shanghai International Settlement.[47] His assassin was Harbant Singh, a Ghadar party member.[47]In the aftermath of Buddha Singh's murder, the British had nearly all prominent Ghadarites in custody within 2 months of the event.[47] Additionally, the British increased the salaries and living conditions of Shanghai's Sikhs.[47] According to Cin Yao, the murder of Buddha Singh helped kickstart British surveillance activites in the late 1920's and early 1930's to prevent revolutionary Sikhs and Indians from North America to travel to India through a Southeast and East Asian route.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advent of Communist rule in 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-44"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"mixed offspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindians"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0244-64"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0244-64"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"Indian embassy in Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"wearing red arm-bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"Indic deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"Sino-Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02442-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02442-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02442-67"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0244-64"}],"sub_title":"People's Republic of China (1949–present)","text":"After the advent of Communist rule in 1949, many Sikhs who had been employed as watchmen in China left the mainland and departed for resettlement in Hong Kong, immigrated to the West, or returned to India.[21]: 212 [44] Dozens of copies of the central Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, were brought from China to India by these returning Sikhs rather than being left behind in China.[27] However, it is said that around 260 Sikhs (most of them married to Chinese women) still remained in Shanghai afterwards.[27] Many Sikh men had settled permanently in China by this time and had married local Chinese women, bearing mixed offspring.[32] After 1949, the Chinese increasingly began to view Sikhs as an \"undisciplined community\" and \"hated enemy\".[32] Despite this, some Sikhs opted to remain in Shanghai and remained there throughout the 1950's.[33] In 1963, there were around 27 Sikhs in the city of Shanghai and most of them were engaged in the dairy industry.[62]During the Cultural Revolution, three gurdwaras' presidents and compounds were apprehended by Chinese authorities and no form of compensation was given to the remaining Sikhs.[62] The Tientsin gurdwara was heavily vandalized and desecrated in September 1966 during the Cultural Revolution.[63] On 16 September 1966, Shankar Rao, then the first secretary of the Indian embassy in Beijing, visited the Tientsin Sikh temple and found it in a deplorable state due to damage caused by Chinese nationals, some of whom were seen by eyewitnesses as wearing red arm-bands.[63] The windows of the gurdwara were smashed, images of Indic deities were ripped apart, a painting of Guru Nanak was missing, and the Guru Granth Sahib of the temple was torn apart with its pages left strewn around the room.[63] The wooden platform where the Sikh scripture was placed upon was damaged and the mattress of the same platform was ripped.[63] Shankar Rao presented a page of the desecrated Guru Granth Sahib and torn image of the deity Hanuman as evidence for the defilement of the Tientsin Sikh temple in a meeting with the Chinese deputy section chief of the consular department on 19 September 1966.[63] The Indian embassy officials requested that the Chinese government extend protection to the Tientsin Sikh gurdwara to ward off similar attacks in the future, to investigate the attack to bring its perpetrators to justice, and to compensate for the damages caused to the site.[63] However, the Chinese government rejected this request and the evidence provided.[63] Furthermore, they rejected that any damage had been inflicted on the Tientsin Sikh temple.[63] According to the Chinese government's narrative, the Red Guards simply requested that the caretaker of the Tientsin Sikh temple remove the sign-board and photograph within the temple.[63] This explanation was rejected by the Indian embassy due to the physical evidence contrary-wise at the scene of the incident.[63] To the surprise of the Indian embassy, the Chinese government defended the attack on the Tientsin Sikh temple, lauding it as a \"just and proper\" action, \"revolutionary\", and that there was nothing to complain about and that the protest by the Indian embassy was \"unjust\".[63]Most of the remaining Sikhs left Shanghai in 1973 after the Sino-Indian War in 1962, these fleeing Shanghai Sikhs shifted to Hong Kong.[64][32][27][33] In 1973, there were two Sikhs remaining in Shanghai: Gurmukh Singh and Kapul Singh, both of whom were dairy business owners.[65] Gurmukh was using a room in the former Dong Baoxing Gurdwara as a place of residence and remarked that he had grown weary of feeling isolated.[65] Gurmukh and Kapul left China by embarking for India from Hong Kong.[65] Three or four Chinese women who had been married to Indian nationals and their mixed-race children had to be left behind because the Chinese government considerd the wives and children to be Chinese citizens.[62]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaoxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoxing"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"United Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sikhs"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"Z-class work visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_mainland_China"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"granthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granthi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"kirtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"performed in the morning and evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitnem"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"Gurpurab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpurb"},{"link_name":"Sindhis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"Indian community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_China"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"relations of India and China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"Hindu communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_China"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Yiwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"Keqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keqiao,_Shaoxing"},{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Hindu priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_priest"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"ethnic Sindhi followers of Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakpanthi"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"Sikh-influenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3HO"},{"link_name":"kundalini yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_yoga"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"developed by a Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Bhajan"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"turbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastar"},{"link_name":"beards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"patkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka"},{"link_name":"SIM cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"},{"link_name":"Indian consulate in Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-69"}],"sub_title":"People's Republic of China (1949–present) - Current status","text":"The majority of the Sikh population residing in China today can be found in eastern China, specifically the areas of Shanghai, Shaoxing and Yiwu.[46] The current population of Sikhs in China is unknown, however United Sikhs estimated in a 2012–2013 report that the Sikh population in mainland China was around 7,500 and the population in Hong Kong as around 10,000, giving a total figure of 17,500 Sikhs in all of China.[46] According to a United Sikhs report from 2012–2013, there are presently around 50 Sikhs residing in modern Shanghai.[46] It also reported that there are around 10 Sikh families living in Shaoxing.[46] The report claims that around 120 Sikhs reside in Yiwu.[46] Sikhism is not an officially recognized religion by the Chinese government.[66]: 124Sikhs began to return to Shanghai after a policy change which opened up the city to international exchanges.[66]: 107–108  The Sikh presence in Shanghai is a shell of its historical self but is slowly rebuilding due to business enterprises.[21]: 212  Most Sikhs in Shanghai today are working in technology-related sectors.[27] Many Sikhs residing in China today are on a Z-class work visa.[67] Apart from mainland China, many Sikh businessmen and Indians also reside in Hong Kong.[citation needed]A secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai.[68][46] It was established in around 2006 by a Sikh businessman.[68] Regular religious service and caretaking of the gurdwara is carried out by a full-time granthi.[46] Daily kirtan is performed in the morning and evening.[46] Every Sunday, around 30 people attend services at the site.[68] During Gurpurab celebrations, around 100 people visit the gurdwara, including Sindhis and Hindus.[68][46][69] Only members of the local Sikh and Indian community are aware of the gurdwara and its existence is kept hidden from the Chinese government to avoid trouble.[68] The caretakers of the secret gurdwara state that they have yet to obtain permission from the Chinese government to carry out religious services.[68] After gathering enough funds, the local community is planning to obtain a permit from the Chinese government to legitimize the establishment of a gurdwara building for the community's religious needs.[68] Practioners of religions that do not have official recognition by the Chinese government face hurdles in the setting up of official, permanent religious institutions.[46] Religious personnel appointments, religious publications, and seminary applications require Chinese government approval.[46] However, in 2017 The Times of India reported on the gurdwara and that it was founded by Satbir Singh, whose family has been living and working in Hong Kong and Shanghai for decades.[69] It was reported that relations between the local Chinese and Sikh residents are warm and friendly and that many Chinese friends of the Sikh congregates visit the gurdwara alongside them.[69] Negative events between the relations of India and China do not effect the relationship between the Sikhs and local Chinese.[69] There are closely forged bonds between the Sikh and Hindu communities in modern Shanghai.[66]: 168One of the only official gurdwaras remaining in mainland China that is still functioning and carrying out its original purpose is a gurdwara located in Yiwu.[68][69] There is a Sikh gurdwara located in Keqiao which is beside a Hindu temple, with both sites being maintained by a Hindu priest.[70][69] The name of the gurdwara in Keqiao is Sach Dham and was it established in October 2011.[71] Many of the attendees of the Keqiao gurdwara are ethnic Sindhi followers of Guru Nanak.[71] The granthi of the Keqiao Sikh temple is recorded as complaining about the low amount of attendees and how visitors would spend minimal time in the temple premises.[71] Hong Kong's gurdwaras still function normally.[68]According to Ka-Kin Cheuk, whilst the modern gurdwaras of Hong Kong and Shanghai show strong communal and social bonds, the gurdwara at Keqiao does not show the same social bonding between the congregates.[71] He explains this by claiming this is due to how the Keqiao temple is mostly attended by Sindhis, who have not formed \"one coherent community\".[71]There are some ethnic Chinese in Shanghai whom are practioners of Sikh-influenced kundalini yoga.[66]: 166–167  Kundalini yoga started making inroads amongst some Chinese of Shanghai from 2010 onwards.[66]: 166–167  The kundalini yoga practiced in the city was developed by a Sikh and incorporates Sikh philosophy and chanting elements.[66]: 166–167  However, many Chinese practioners of this Sikh brand of kundalini yoga reject the chanting practices.[66]: 166–167  They believe that practicing kundalini is good for energy and strengthening the nervous system.[66]: 166–167  A Taiwanese woman in the city, who practices kundalini yoga and runs a yoga studio, does so by wearing a turban and believes it protects her from headaches.[66]: 166–167  Another woman of Chinese origin in the city, named Irina, also practices and teaches kundalini yoga and wears a turban and gown, both white in-colour.[66]: 166–167In 2019, it was reported that the Chinese government banned Sikhs from wearing turbans when obtaining identification documents (drivers' licences, visas, etc.) and they face questions from Chinese officials on their beards.[67] Sikhs are often forced to remove their turbans and patkas when being photographed, such as to obtain mobile SIM cards.[67] Sikhs who refuse to remove their religious head garbs are denied access to services.[67] In the past, the Chinese government did not pressure Sikhs to remove their headwear in this manner.[67] It was reported that a Sikh driving his vehicle in China was stopped by the police.[67] The Chinese police told the Sikh that in-order to live in China, he has to shave-off his beard and remove his turban.[67] Sikhs residing in China petitioned the Indian consulate in Shanghai to bring the matter up with their Chinese counterparts through diplomatic channels but nothing was done.[67]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gurdwara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gurdwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_Diwan_Sikh_Temple"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Yiwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"Keqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keqiao,_Shaoxing"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-71"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-68"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inauguration_in_1908_of_Sikh_Gurdwara_in_Shanghai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Sikh_Gurdwara_in_Shanghai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yindu_Xikejiaotang_Jiuzhi.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Extant gurdwaras","text":"There are a small number of gurdwara (Sikh temples) in China:[72]Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai[73] – construction starting in 1907 on Dong Baoxing Road on land allotted by the Shanghai Municipal Council.[32] It is now a residential complex and clinic and no longer a functioning Sikh temple.[21]: 212 [32][74]\nKhalsa Diwan Sikh Temple, Hong Kong[75] – remains functional\nA gurdwara is located in Yiwu[68][69]\nGurdwara Sach Dham is located Keqiao[70][71][69] – maintained by a Hindu priest and catering to a tiny, mostly ethnic Sindhi, congregation.[70][71]\nA secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai.[68] It was established by Satbir Singh and his family.[69] It is located in a luxurious villa in Hongqiao.[66]: 108 \nA gurdwara is reported to be on Jinhui Road South in Shanghai.[46]Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPicture of Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai which is used for residential purpose now\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBauxing Road Gurdwara Monument for Sikhism heritage in China","title":"Gurdwara"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tien_chin_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tientsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-30"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-79"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"Jewish refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-79"},{"link_name":"Tientsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-22"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-65"},{"link_name":"Hankou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankou"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"}],"sub_title":"Lost gurdwaras","text":"Tientsin map from ca.1912 identifying the location of a Sikh temple in the city. The temple is now lost.By the 1930's, aside from the Shanghai Gurdwara, there apparently were two more gurdwaras located in the city of Shanghai.[26]: 221  However, Swarn Singh Kahlon was unable to authenticate their location, fate, or even existence, when he investigated.[26]: 220  Aside from Shanghai, there were other gurdwaras which had been established in Tientsin and Hankou.[26]: 221Specific details are as follows:Gordon Road Gurdwara, Shanghai – a former gurdwara that was located on Gordon Road (today’s Jiangning Road) which was meant only for Sikh policemen.[33] The architect who designed the gurdwara was R. C. Turner, who had earlier designed the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara.[30] It was inaugurated and opened on Friday, 21 July 1916.[33][76][30] Motivations behind its establishment may be related to the British wanting to keep closer surveillance of Sikh policemen to prevent revolutionary activites from festering like what had occurred at the gurdwara on Dong Baoxing Road.[33] Compared to the earlier Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, the Gordon Road Gurdwara was much larger, had a library, cookhouse, granthi quarters, and a committee room.[30] It had enough room for 500 parishioners.[30] The gurdwara in the present-day is hidden behind a building material's market.[46] It is in a precarious state, with its current condition being described as \"full of rubbish dumps, waste water flowing, flies and mosquitoes, and a terrible smell\".[46]\nThere was a gurdwara located on No.218 Chusan Road (now Zhoushan Road/Zhoushan Lu[77]) in a neighbourhood of Shanghai's Hongkou district.[46] The structure is a three-story building that does not bear resemblance to other buildings in its vicinity.[46] This gurdwara was used as a place of residence for Jewish refugees during World War II.[46] Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State was photographed visiting the vicinity of this area in the 1930's.[77]\nA gurdwara existed in Tientsin.[26]: 221  Its construction cost was assisted by a donation made by Jagajit Singh of Kapurthala in 1903–04.[21]: 213–214 [22] The Tientin gurdwara was heavily vandalized in September 1966 during the Cultural Revolution.[63]\nA gurdwara existed in Hankou.[26]: 221 \nA gurdwara existed on Boone Road (today's Tanggu Road) in Shanghai, prior to 1908.[28] In 1904, a large and decorated volume of the Guru Granth Sahib was delivered to this gurdwara.[28] The secretary of the gurdwara was B. Tek Singh.[28]","title":"Gurdwara"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:True-colour_photograph_-_%E2%80%98Group_of_Tibetans_at_the_%E2%80%9CGolden_Temple%E2%80%9D_of_the_Sikhs%E2%80%99,_15_January_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Padmasambhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Tarthang Tulku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Bon Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_a_dark-complexioned_Padmasambhava_surrounded_by_356_smaller_depictions_of_various_forms_of_Padmasambhava,_from_eastern_Tibet,_circa_17th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-82"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetic_languages"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-82"},{"link_name":"Bonpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"},{"link_name":"sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_tank"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-81"}],"text":"True-colour photograph – \"Group of Tibetans at the 'Golden Temple' of the Sikhs\", 15 January 1914Trilochan Singh claims that, for centuries, Tibetans have been making pilgrimages to the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar to pay homage to Guru Nanak's memory.[3]: 338  However, Tibetans seem to have confused Nanak with the visit of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, and have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of reverence (believing the essence of both figures is one and the same) or mistaken chronology.[note 3][4] According to Tibetan scholar Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Guru Nanak was an incarnation of Padmasambhava.[5] Both Buddhist and Bon Tibetans made pilgramages to the Golden Temple in Amritsar, however they revered the site for different reasons.[78]Painting of a dark-complexioned Padmasambhava surrounded by 356 smaller depictions of various forms of Padmasambhava, from eastern Tibet, circa 17th century.Between 1930–1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to India for a second time, visiting the Golden Temple in Amritsar during this visit.[79]: 78 [78] Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 or 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked around the Golden Temple while making offerings.[79]: 78  Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Temple as \"Guru Nanak's Palace\" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).[79]: 78  Khyung-sprul returned to the Golden Temple in Amritsar for another time during his third and final visit to India in 1948.[79]: 80Several years later after the 1930–31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk by the name of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:[79]: 78\"Their principal gshen is the Subduing gshen with the 'bird-horns'. His secret name is Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative and Absolute Truth. He holds in his hand the Sword of Wisdom . . . At this holy place the oceanic assembly of the tutelary gods and buddhas . . . gather like clouds\"— Kyangtsün Sherab NamgyelKyangtsün Sherab Namgyel conflated the essence of Sikhism with the \"the sphere of the supreme Bon\" and believed the Golden Temple in Amritsar was a \"a citadel for the life-force of the eternal [Bon] tantras\".[78] He referred to Amritsar as \"Gyakhar Bachö\" (rGya mkhar ba chod) due to the similarities of Sikhs (beards and turbans) to descriptions of ancient Bonpos.[78] He refers to the Sikh turbans as “bird horns” (bya ru), which is believed to be a unique feature of the eighteen kings of Zhangzhung and early Bonpo priests.[78]Another Tibetan, Dzamyag, identifies the Golden Temple as the most sacred shrine of Sikhism but believed it held sacred objects connected to Padmasambhava and his consort Mandāravā:[78]We visited some ornaments [kept] in a shrine [and] said to be, according to the tradition, the body ornaments of princess Mandāravā, and, in [another] shrine [we saw] the ritual objects said to be those of Guru Rinpoche.— translated by Lucia Galli, Kha stag ʼDzam yag (1997), page 146According to some Tibetans, the sarovar of the Golden Temple in Amritsar was linked to the lake of Padmasambhava.[78]","title":"Tibetans and Sikhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treaty-port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_ports"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Caricatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"The Blue Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Lotus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"When We Were Orphans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_Were_Orphans"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jing Wu Men (Fist of Fury)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_of_Fury"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"Shanghailanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghailander"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-49"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-45"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-33"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-45"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-25"}],"text":"There are many depictions and portrayals of Sikhs in media where the setting is Shanghai during its treaty-port era.[48]Caricatures and newspaper cartoons of prototypical Shanghai Sikh policemen were often drawn by both Chinese and European artists.[33]The Adventures of Tintin contains many depictions and references to Sikhs of Shanghai during the colonial-period.[25] In The Blue Lotus of the fifth volume of 'The Adventures of Tintin', set in 1931, Shanghai-based Sikh policemen play a role in the story.[25][48] Sikhs are depicted directing traffic and also Sikhs are ordered to punish Tintin in the municipal jail.[48]In Kazuo Ishiguro's book, When We Were Orphans, Sikh policemen are described as stacking sandbags during the 1937 Japanese aggression against Shanghai.[48]In Bruce Lee's film Jing Wu Men (Fist of Fury) (1972), Bruce Lee attacks a Sikh guard who bars him from entering the Shanghai Public Gardens.[48]Memoirs and popular histories authored by former British Shanghailanders contain stereotypes of Shanghai's Sikhs.[48] One written by former policeman Daniel Cormie states that the Sikh policemen of Shanghai possessed the disposition of ten-year-old children due to them being \"happy, carefree and entirely uninhibited\".[48]Within China today, Sikhs of the era are depicted in a negative manner for political reasons as an enemy oppressing the Chinese people on behalf of their British overlords.[48] A painting titled Xueji ('Blood Sacrifice') by Ma Hongdao depicts the Nanjing Road Incident of 1925 in a manner where only Sikh policemen are solely depicted as firing on the Chinese protesters, completely ignoring the fact that ethnic Chinese policemen also were present at the actual historical event and partook in the shooting.[48]Sikhs are commonly featured in the Shanghai City Museum's exhibitions.[24]: 153 [33] The Shanghai Public Security Museum on 518 Ruijin Road South contains a life-size wax statue of a Sikh policeman near the entranceway on the ground floor.[45][33][46] On other floors of the museum, there are sepia-stained photographs of Sikh traffic police at-work.[45]According to Cao Yin, Sikhs feature as voiceless backdrops in many films and novels on colonial-era Shanghai, being delegated to the sidelines as part of an orientalist view of the city.[25] They do not feature as main characters but only part of the background setting, merely as objects to exoticize the historical setting of the Shanghai International Settlement, standing silently wearing red-turbans, comparable to trees on the side of the road.[25] This manner of portrayal ignores the efforts that the Sikh community made to modernize the city of Shanghai.[25]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"}],"text":"^ The road is known as 'Jiangning Road' today.\n\n^ Various sources have described her relationship to Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State as her being either a sister, daughter, or niece of his.\n\n^ Padmasambhava is alternatively known as 'Guru Rinpoche'.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9004344082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004344082"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"}],"text":"Cao, Yin (2017). From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai, 1885–1945. Brill. ISBN 978-9004344082.vteSikhism in AsiaSovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\n\n Category\n Asia portal","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/An_embroidered_silk_panel_depicting_Guru_Nanak_from_China.jpg/220px-An_embroidered_silk_panel_depicting_Guru_Nanak_from_China.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the Tibetans (protectorate of the Qing Dynasty) and Dogras (vassals of the Sikh Empire)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Letter_of_exchange_from_the_1842_Treaty_of_Chushul_between_the_Tibetans_of_the_Qing_Dynasty_and_Dogras_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg/220px-Letter_of_exchange_from_the_1842_Treaty_of_Chushul_between_the_Tibetans_of_the_Qing_Dynasty_and_Dogras_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg"},{"image_text":"'North China Herald' newspaper snippet about the opening ceremony of Gurdwara Shanghai on Tung Pao-hsing Road in Shanghai, China, 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/%27North_China_Herald%27_newspaper_snippet_about_the_opening_ceremony_of_Gurdwara_Shanghai_on_Tung_Pao-hsing_Road_in_Shanghai%2C_China%2C_1908.png"},{"image_text":"Mounted Shanghai Municipal Police (including Sikhs) taking part in Japanese victory parade through the International Settlement, Shanghai, 3 December 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mounted_Shanghai_Municipal_Police_%28including_Sikhs%29_taking_part_in_Japanese_victory_parade_through_the_International_Settlement%2C_Shanghai%2C_3_December_1937.jpg/220px-Mounted_Shanghai_Municipal_Police_%28including_Sikhs%29_taking_part_in_Japanese_victory_parade_through_the_International_Settlement%2C_Shanghai%2C_3_December_1937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of Aurel Stein with his expedition team, including R.B. Lal Singh, in the Tarim Basin, circa 1910.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AurelSteinWithDog.jpg/220px-AurelSteinWithDog.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Guinea-Gold' cigarette advertisement featuring a Sikh and Gurkha soldier during the Boxer Rebellion of China, 25th of August, 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%27Guinea-Gold%27_cigarette_advertisement_featuring_a_Sikh_and_Gurkha_soldier_during_the_Boxer_Rebellion_of_China%2C_1900.jpg/220px-%27Guinea-Gold%27_cigarette_advertisement_featuring_a_Sikh_and_Gurkha_soldier_during_the_Boxer_Rebellion_of_China%2C_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sikh troops in front of the barricaded entrance to the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion, Peking, August 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sikh_troops_in_front_of_the_barricaded_entrance_to_the_British_Legation_during_the_Boxer_Rebellion%2C_Peking%2C_August_1900.jpg/220px-Sikh_troops_in_front_of_the_barricaded_entrance_to_the_British_Legation_during_the_Boxer_Rebellion%2C_Peking%2C_August_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chinese and Sikh policemen (S.M.P.), Shanghai, ca.1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chinese_and_Sikh_policemen_%28S.M.P.%29%2C_Shanghai%2C_ca.1930.jpg/220px-Chinese_and_Sikh_policemen_%28S.M.P.%29%2C_Shanghai%2C_ca.1930.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shanghainese newspaper clipping reporting on the miraculous survival of convicted murderer Atma Singh, whose execution failed when the noose broke, ca.1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shanghainese_newspaper_clipping_reporting_on_the_miraculous_survival_of_convicted_murderer_Atma_Singh%2C_whose_execution_failed_when_the_noose_broke%2C_ca.1937.jpg/220px-Shanghainese_newspaper_clipping_reporting_on_the_miraculous_survival_of_convicted_murderer_Atma_Singh%2C_whose_execution_failed_when_the_noose_broke%2C_ca.1937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman beating a Chinese \"coolie\", from 'The Rattle', July 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_beating_a_Chinese_%22coolie%22%2C_from_%27The_Rattle%27%2C_July_1896.png/220px-Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_beating_a_Chinese_%22coolie%22%2C_from_%27The_Rattle%27%2C_July_1896.png"},{"image_text":"Photograph of Nanking Road, Shanghai just after the Nanking Road Incident (now spelt as 'Nanjing'), 30 May 1925. Sikh troops reinforcing Chinese soldiery, with two casualties of the incident visible in the frame of the image towards the right-side lying in the roadway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Photograph_of_Nanking_Road%2C_Shanghai_just_after_the_Nanking_Road_Incident%2C_30_May_1925.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Nanking_Road%2C_Shanghai_just_after_the_Nanking_Road_Incident%2C_30_May_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman wearing the standard, red-turbaned uniform, from 'The Rattle', 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_wearing_the_standard%2C_red-turbaned_uniform%2C_from_%27The_Rattle%27%2C_1896.png/220px-Caricature_of_a_Shanghai_Sikh_policeman_wearing_the_standard%2C_red-turbaned_uniform%2C_from_%27The_Rattle%27%2C_1896.png"},{"image_text":"Sikh men of Macau with Chinese wives and their mixed-race children, Khalsa Diwan Macau, China, 27 March 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sikh_men_of_Macau_with_Chinese_wives_and_their_mixed-race_children%2C_Khalsa_Diwan_Macau%2C_Macau%2C_China%2C_27_March_1927.jpg/220px-Sikh_men_of_Macau_with_Chinese_wives_and_their_mixed-race_children%2C_Khalsa_Diwan_Macau%2C_Macau%2C_China%2C_27_March_1927.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tientsin map from ca.1912 identifying the location of a Sikh temple in the city. The temple is now lost.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tien_chin_1912.jpg/220px-Tien_chin_1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"True-colour photograph – \"Group of Tibetans at the 'Golden Temple' of the Sikhs\", 15 January 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/True-colour_photograph_-_%E2%80%98Group_of_Tibetans_at_the_%E2%80%9CGolden_Temple%E2%80%9D_of_the_Sikhs%E2%80%99%2C_15_January_1914.jpg/220px-True-colour_photograph_-_%E2%80%98Group_of_Tibetans_at_the_%E2%80%9CGolden_Temple%E2%80%9D_of_the_Sikhs%E2%80%99%2C_15_January_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting of a dark-complexioned Padmasambhava surrounded by 356 smaller depictions of various forms of Padmasambhava, from eastern Tibet, circa 17th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Painting_of_a_dark-complexioned_Padmasambhava_surrounded_by_356_smaller_depictions_of_various_forms_of_Padmasambhava%2C_from_eastern_Tibet%2C_circa_17th_century.jpg/220px-Painting_of_a_dark-complexioned_Padmasambhava_surrounded_by_356_smaller_depictions_of_various_forms_of_Padmasambhava%2C_from_eastern_Tibet%2C_circa_17th_century.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Sikhism in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Sikhism in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea"},{"title":"Sikhism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan"}]

[{"reference":"Baker, Janet (2019-10-02). \"Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020\". Sikh Formations. 15 (3–4): 499. doi:10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641. ISSN 1744-8727. S2CID 210494526.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641","url_text":"\"Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641","url_text":"10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-8727","url_text":"1744-8727"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526","url_text":"210494526"}]},{"reference":"Service, Tribune News. \"Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released\". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 2023-02-19. Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/booklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%E2%80%99s-teachings-released-859755","url_text":"\"Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Trilochan (1969). Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gill, Savinder Kaur; Wangmo, Sonam (2019). Two Gurus One Message: The Buddha and Guru Nanak: Legacy of Liberation, Egalitarianism and Social Justice. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. pp. 302–304.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chauhan, G. S.; Rajan, Meenakshi (January 2019). Shri Guru Nanak Dev: Life, Travels and Teachings (2nd ed.). All India Pingalwara Charitable Society Amritsar. pp. 176–178.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singh, I. J. (8 February 2012). \"Sikhi: The Global Vision That Was\". SikhNet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-global-vision-was","url_text":"\"Sikhi: The Global Vision That Was\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Patwant (1999). The Sikhs. Alfred A. Knopf – Random House Publishing Group. p. 88. ISBN 9780307429339. Amritsar, already a thriving city, received a further boost after the consolidation of Sikh power. It exported goods to Yarkand, Turfan, Chinese Turkestan, Afghanistan, Bokhara, Persia, Arabia and places further afield. Kafilas (caravans) carried merchandise over regular routes, one such being from Amritsar to Bokhara via Kabul. Articles from Amritsar were first carried to Kabul where traders from Bokhara took delivery and sold them in Central Asia and Russia. Exports out of Amritsar included shawls, silks and woollen cloth, metalware and agricultural products, while imports included gold, raw silk, horses and arms. The trading communities of the city, each specializing in something different, imported a wide range of goods for distribution in Kashmir, Ladakh and other remote areas of the country.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307429339","url_text":"9780307429339"}]},{"reference":"Duggal, Kartar Singh (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: the Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 133. ISBN 9788170174103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170174103","url_text":"9788170174103"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Amit (2022). Precious Threads and Precarious Lives: Histories of Shawl and Silk Industries of Kashmir, 1846–1950. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000594553. Moreover, when the General [Zorawar Singh] visited Ranjit Singh to pay his tributes, he proposed to the Maharaja that the Sikh army should now march over to western Tibet also. Understanding well the repercussions of stretching his empire close to the Chinese territory, Ranjit Singh is said to have told the general that the \"King of China had 12 Lakhs [1.2 million] of soldiers. How could possession of that country be established?\" The exultant general, writes the chronicler, replied, \"By the grace of ever triumphant glory of the Maharaja he would take possession of it.\" However, Ranjit Singh very well knew that bringing his territory close to the Chinese (given the size and strength of the Chinese army) would not be a wise decision, and thus, the then-feudatory Dogras desisted from invading Tibet in 1836-1837. Eventually, the death of Ranjit Singh and the declining amount of wool that was coming into Kashmir made the Dogra army rethink attacking western Tibet and motivated them to finish what they had started in 1834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000594553","url_text":"9781000594553"}]},{"reference":"Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). Historical Dictionary of Tibet. Scarecrow Press. p. 390.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Guo, Rongxing (2015). China's Regional Development and Tibet. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-981-287-958-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZvDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"China's Regional Development and Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-287-958-5","url_text":"978-981-287-958-5"}]},{"reference":"Das, Sarat Chandra (1989). A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with Sanskrit Synonyms (reprint, revised ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 1202. ISBN 9788120604551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120604551","url_text":"9788120604551"}]},{"reference":"Alomes, Anna (2022). The Tibetan Journey to Democracy. Tibetan Political History Studies. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. p. 144. ISBN 9789390752904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789390752904","url_text":"9789390752904"}]},{"reference":"Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010). \"Eleventh and Twelfth Dalai Lamas\". One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Volume 23 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Translated by Maher, Derek F. (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 577. ISBN 9789004177321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004177321","url_text":"9789004177321"}]},{"reference":"Atwill, David G. (2018). Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960. University of California Press. pp. 26–27, 176. ISBN 9780520299733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520299733","url_text":"9780520299733"}]},{"reference":"\"Treaty Between Nepal and Tibet, March 1856\". Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951) (PDF). Department of Information & International Relations (DIIR) - Central Tibetan Administration. 1990. 4. Chouthon Kura (Article Four): The Government of Gorkha is to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Kuti and Kerong and Jhung and return to the Tibetans the sepoys, sheep, and yaks captured during the war, when the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. The Tibetans, in return, are also to give back to the Gorkhali cannons and also the Sikh prisoners-of war who had been captured in 1841 in the war between Bhot and the Dogra ruler.","urls":[{"url":"https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/political-treaties-of-tibet...pdf","url_text":"Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951)"}]},{"reference":"Atwill, David G. (2018). Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960. University of California Press. pp. 26–27, 176. ISBN 9780520299733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520299733","url_text":"9780520299733"}]},{"reference":"McKay, Alex (2003). Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History. Edition Hansjörg Mayer. p. 139. ISBN 9783883757186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783883757186","url_text":"9783883757186"}]},{"reference":"\"56 Prisoners Released From Tibet\". Spink. 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spink.com/media/view?id=232","url_text":"\"56 Prisoners Released From Tibet\""}]},{"reference":"Kahlon, Swarn Singh (2016). \"9. Sikhs in China: Sikh Migration of Great Historical Interest\". Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351987417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351987417","url_text":"9781351987417"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jagat-Jit (1905). \"My Travels in the Far East – Tien-Tsin\". My Travels in China, Japan and Java, 1903. Hutchinson. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai\". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s30","url_text":"\"Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442236011","url_text":"9781442236011"}]},{"reference":"Bhandari, Bibek (9 March 2018). \"The Forgotten History of Sikhs in Shanghai\". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001893","url_text":"\"The Forgotten History of Sikhs in Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Kahlon, Swarn Singh (2016). \"9. Sikhs in China: Sikh Migration of Great Historical Interest\". Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351987417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351987417","url_text":"9781351987417"}]},{"reference":"Almeida, Rhea (8 June 2018). \"The Captivating History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\". Homegrown. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-captivating-history-of-sikhs-in-old-shanghai-in-photos-and-text","url_text":"\"The Captivating History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018-01-01). \"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras\". The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"\"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabindranath Tagore, with group outside Sikh Gurdwara, Shanghai\". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s38","url_text":"\"Rabindranath Tagore, with group outside Sikh Gurdwara, Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (March 2016). \"Sikhs in Shanghai\". Historic Shanghai.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historic-shanghai.com/sikhs-in-shanghai/","url_text":"\"Sikhs in Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (14 November 2016). \"Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary\". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml","url_text":"\"Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Khushwant (18 July 2012). \"Sikhs of Shanghai\". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720194723/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Sikhs-of-Shanghai/SP-Article1-891238.aspx","url_text":"\"Sikhs of Shanghai\""},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Sikhs-of-Shanghai/SP-Article1-891238.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chand, Dhyan (1952). \"1932\". Goal!. Sport & Pastime. p. 6. The atmosphere in the city was quite tense due to the Sino-Jap clash over Manchuria. We were told to keep within bounds and avoid any trouble spots. We visited a small Sikh temple on the outskirts of the city. The temple had suffered much damage in clashes between the Chinese and Japanese soldiers. As we came out of the temple, Japanese soldiers eyed us with suspicion. We had lunch on board our ship and sailed for Kobe at about 4 pm.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1932/","url_text":"Goal!"}]},{"reference":"Goldfarb, Susanne (1980). \"Interview with Susanne Goldfarb\". Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust – Wisconsin Historical Society. 7 February 1980 and 8 October 1980. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/601/collection_resources/80294/","url_text":"\"Interview with Susanne Goldfarb\""}]},{"reference":"Fewkes, Jacqueline H. (2011). \"British Indian Punjab: Lalas and Gaddis\". Trade and Contemporary Society along the Silk Road: An Ethno-history of Ladakh. Routledge. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0415693158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415693158","url_text":"978-0415693158"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Anjali (2017). Imperialism and Sikh Migration: The Komagata Maru Incident. Routledge. ISBN 9781351802970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351802970","url_text":"9781351802970"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Robert (1871). Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar (Formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey Over the Karakoran Pass (1st ed.). John Murray. p. 397.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442236011","url_text":"9781442236011"}]},{"reference":"Bedi, Harchand Singh (29 November 2011). \"Contribution of Sikhs in China\". SikhNet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sikhnet.com/news/contribution-sikhs-china","url_text":"\"Contribution of Sikhs in China\""}]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H.; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442236011","url_text":"9781442236011"}]},{"reference":"Barrier, Norman Gerald; Dusenbery, Verne A., eds. (1989). The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab (1st ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 9788170010470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170010470","url_text":"9788170010470"}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (19 September 2014). \"A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\". Scroll India.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/article/660988/A-fascinating-visual-history-of-Sikhs-in-old-Shanghai","url_text":"\"A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Mukherjeeand, Bivash; Qin, Xu (2009-08-12). \"Lording over the locals: When red turbans were a familiar sight\". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2022-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Lording-over-the-locals-When-red-turbans-were-a-familiar-sight/shdaily.shtml","url_text":"\"Lording over the locals: When red turbans were a familiar sight\""}]},{"reference":"Kaur, Mejindarpal (2014). \"China & Hong Kong\". Global Sikh Civil & Human Rights Report (2012–2013) (PDF). United Sikhs. pp. 50–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://ichra.unitedsikhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CivilAndHumanRightsReport2013.pdf","url_text":"Global Sikh Civil & Human Rights Report (2012–2013)"}]},{"reference":"Yao, Cin (Spring 2017). \"The Murder of Buddha Singh and the Rise of British Trans-Regional Surveillance\" (PDF). The Newsletter (76). International Institute for Asian Studies: 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/theNewsletter/2019-06/IIAS_NL76_FULL.pdf","url_text":"\"The Murder of Buddha Singh and the Rise of British Trans-Regional Surveillance\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Isabella (November 2012). \"The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai\". Modern Asian Studies. 46 (6): 1672–1704 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41683041","url_text":"\"The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena. Hong Tou A-san. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3203406","url_text":"Hong Tou A-san"}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Gurnam (13 April 2023). \"Sikh and Interracial Relationships\". Asia Samachar. Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiasamachar.com/2023/04/13/sikh-and-interracial-relationships/","url_text":"\"Sikh and Interracial Relationships\""}]},{"reference":"Woolman, Jessica (19 December 2014). \"Rare Sikh Sangat photo in Macau at UBC Library\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.library.ubc.ca/2014/12/19/rare-sikh-sangat-photo/","url_text":"\"Rare Sikh Sangat photo in Macau at UBC Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sikh family group, with amah, in a photographer's studio, Shanghai\". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s20","url_text":"\"Sikh family group, with amah, in a photographer's studio, Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harbhajan Singh Sangha, Mohinder Kaur Sangha, Ranjit Singh Sangha, with their amah, Shanghai\". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s72","url_text":"\"Harbhajan Singh Sangha, Mohinder Kaur Sangha, Ranjit Singh Sangha, with their amah, Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Edward (1970). I've Lived Like a Lord. Joseph. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wasserstein, Bernard (September 1998). \"Collaborators and Renegades in Occupied Shanghai\". History Today. 48 (9).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historytoday.com/archive/collaborators-and-renegades-occupied-shanghai","url_text":"\"Collaborators and Renegades in Occupied Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (2013). \"4. Claim to Be One of Many: Princess Sumaire\". Princesses Behaving Badly: Real Stories from History Without the Fairy-Tale Endings. Quirk Books. ISBN 9781594746659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594746659","url_text":"9781594746659"}]},{"reference":"Rea, Christopher (July–August 2016). \"Shanghailanders\". Literary Review of Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2016/07/shanghailanders/","url_text":"\"Shanghailanders\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"\"Note given by the Embassy of India in China, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, September 28, 1966 – No. 237.\". Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper, Issue 13 (PDF). Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 1967. pp. 52–58.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper13NEW.pdf","url_text":"Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper, Issue 13"}]},{"reference":"\"Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary\". archive.shine.cn. 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2019-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml","url_text":"\"Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras. Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437/Tears_and_Toil_The_History_of_Shanghai_Sikh_Gurdwaras","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"Vermander, Benoît; Hingley, Liz; Zhang, Liang (15 April 2018). Shanghai Sacred: The Religious Landscape of a Global City. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295741697.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295741697","url_text":"9780295741697"}]},{"reference":"Rana, Yudhvir (22 September 2019). \"Now Sikhs face turban plight and identity issue in China too\". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-sikhs-face-turban-plight-and-identity-issue-in-china-too/articleshow/71247088.cms","url_text":"\"Now Sikhs face turban plight and identity issue in China too\""}]},{"reference":"Kaur, Anju (18 May 2011). \"Shanghai's Secret Gurdwara\". SikhChic (originally published on Sikh News Network). Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2433&cat=20","url_text":"\"Shanghai's Secret Gurdwara\""}]},{"reference":"Rana, Yudhvir (19 August 2017). \"Doklam standoff fails to affect services at Shanghai gurdwara\". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/doklam-standoff-fails-to-affect-services-at-shanghai-gurdwara/articleshow/60126778.cms","url_text":"\"Doklam standoff fails to affect services at Shanghai gurdwara\""}]},{"reference":"Mukherjee, Bivash (15 September 2018). \"The Sindhis of Shanghai: how an Indian diaspora cracked China\". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2024. Labelled \"Little India\" in China, the transformation of Keqiao \"from a local Chinese textile market to an international textile export centre\" is credited to these Indian traders. A Hindu temple and a gurdwara stand side-by-side in the heart of the district, managed by a single Indian Hindu priest who looks after both places of worship. Ningbo, which lies on the shore of the East China Sea, is also coming into its own with a port that is second only to Shanghai in terms of annual cargo throughput.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915044915/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2163911/sindhis-shanghai-how-indian-diaspora-cracked-china","url_text":"\"The Sindhis of Shanghai: how an Indian diaspora cracked China\""}]},{"reference":"Cheuk, Ka-Kin (April 2012). Indians in the Chinese Textile City: Middleman Traders in Upgrading Economy (PDF). Emerging Scholars Symposium, Indian China Institute, The New School for Social Research. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiachinainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/CKK-Feb-2012.pdf","url_text":"Indians in the Chinese Textile City: Middleman Traders in Upgrading Economy"}]},{"reference":"\"A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\". The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib. 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2022-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://barusahib.org/general/3102/","url_text":"\"A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, China\". Gurdwaar.com. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gurdwaar.com/Gurdwara+Shanghai/27087445","url_text":"\"Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, China\""}]},{"reference":"\"虹口区志\" [The Annals of Hongkou District]. 上海市地方志办公室 (Office of Shanghai Local Annals). Archived from the original on 5 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505170121/http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20222/index.html","url_text":"\"虹口区志\""},{"url":"http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20222/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Khalsa Diwan\". Khalsadiwan.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khalsadiwan.com/","url_text":"\"Khalsa Diwan\""}]},{"reference":"Vathyam, Meena (2018). Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37962437","url_text":"Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras"}]},{"reference":"\"Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai\". Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s30","url_text":"\"Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"McKay, Alex (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. Routledge. ISBN 9781136807169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136807169","url_text":"9781136807169"}]},{"reference":"Cao, Yin (2017). From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai, 1885–1945. Brill. ISBN 978-9004344082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004344082","url_text":"978-9004344082"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepus_yarkandensis

Yarkand hare

["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior and ecology","5 Status and conservation","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Species of mammal Yarkand hare Drawing, circa 1879 Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Genus: Lepus Species: L. yarkandensis Binomial name Lepus yarkandensisGünther, 1875 Yarkand hare range The Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis) is a species of mammal in the family Leporidae. It has soft, straight, sandy brown dorsal pelage which has grayish-black stripes, and completely white ventral pelage. Endemic to China, the Yarkand hare is restricted to the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang, China. It is mainly nocturnal, and forages on grass and crops. The female produces two or three litters annually, each consisting of two to five young. It is rated as near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species and by the Red List of China's Vertebrates. However, Chinese geneticists have stated the species is "endangered" due to limited habitat and its fragmentation, and over-hunting and poaching. Taxonomy In 1875, the German zoologist Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther first described the Yarkand hare, giving it the name Lepus yarkandensis, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Gureev in 1964 and also by Averianov in 1998 placed the species in the subgenus Tarimolagus. It has no recognized subspecies. Low gene flow and genetic subdivision occurs among isolated populations of the Tarim Basin. The analysis of mitochondrial D-loop sequence has shown that significant genetic divergence was observed among some populations, but not much genetic divergence was observed among other populations. In the populations inhabiting the southern periphery of the Taklamakan Desert, a lower level of genetic diversity was found. It is thought that the pattern of lineage mixing shown by the mitochondrial Cytochrome b DNA data could be due to the extensive gene flow among the Yarkand hare populations. It could be explained by the probable demographic expansion of the species during the late Pleistocene interglacial period. The eastern and northern distribution ranges may have undergone three postglacial colonizations. Description It is a small hare, measuring 285 to 430 mm (11.2 to 16.9 in) in length, and weighs 1.1 to 1.9 kg (2.4 to 4.2 lb). The skull is small, measuring 76 to 88 mm (3.0 to 3.5 in) in length. It has narrow nasal cavities with their back portions being straight and flat. The supraorbital process is low and flat, or are slightly curved upward. The auditory bullae are round and tall, and the palatal bridge is narrow. It has soft, straight, sandy brown dorsal pelage which has grayish black stripes, and completely white ventral pelage. It has long ears, measuring 90 to 110 mm (3.5 to 4.3 in) in length, which lacks black at the tips. The winter pelage is lighter in tone, and is light sandy brown above. The underparts are white. The tail is 55 to 86 mm (2.2 to 3.4 in) long, and is smoke gray in colour, having whitish or creamy yellowish white below and along the sides. The upper incisors are filled with cement, and have V-shaped grooves. The forefeet are very pale and are brown at the front, and the hindfeet are paler, brown at the front too, and measure 90 to 110 mm (3.5 to 4.3 in) in length. It is distinguished from the desert hare (Lepus tibetanus), by its lack of black near the tip the peripheries of the ears. It is also distinguished from the Lepus oiostolus pallipes, by its lack of grey at the rump. It is also smaller in size and has thinner legs, than both the desert hare and the Lepus oiostolus pallipes. The species is easily distinguishable from other Chinese hares, having longer ears than the Chinese hare (Lepus sinensis). Like the woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus) and the Chinese hare, an examination of the skull shows the groove on the front face of the upper incisors is filled with cement. Distribution and habitat Endemic to China, the Yarkand hare is restricted to the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang, China. Its complete distribution, according to Angermann, falls in between 36° N and 42° N latitudes, and 76° E and 92° E longitudes. It prefers basins and desert areas vegetated with Chinese tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), brush, or poplar (Populus), along the peripheries of rivers that surround the mountains in the Taklamakan Desert. This distribution of the Yarkand hare is ring shaped. It also uses reed vegetation along rivers for shelter, and tends to avoid agricultural fields. About 200,000 individuals are estimated to inhabit the Tarim Basin. However, in 2010 Y.H. Wu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences flatly writes that the species is "endangered" due primarily to its fragmented and isolated islands of population. As Professor Wu wrote:The Yarkand hare is an endangered species. ... is distributed in scattered oases which are physically isolated by desert. Thus, its "natural fragmented habitat makes it an ideal object for study effect of habitat fragmentation on its genetic structure." Behavior and ecology It is a mainly nocturnal species, generally out in early morning or late evening, but may also feed at night. It hides in depressions, under vegetation, during the day. Foraging on grass and crops, the hare uses traditional foraging routes which can be 1 to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) long. Breeding season begins in February and can be seven to eight months long, extending up to September. The female produces two or three litters annually, each consisting of two to five young. Although there is no information on its home range, a high population density was previously inferred. In 1983, Gao recorded that in three hours observing in the field, four people could find 20 or more Yarkand hares. Their main predator is the eagle. Status and conservation Since 1996, it has been rated as a near threatened species on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. This is because it has a restricted area of occupancy; although it is a widespread species and has been reported as commonly found within its distribution. Additionally, its population trends, declining about 30%, warrants it a near threatened status, nearly meeting the criteria to be rated as vulnerable. It is hunted as a game species and, between 1958 and 1981, annually about 10,000 furs were produced from the Yarkand hare. Human activities such as transportation development and petroleum exploration has led to the population decline of the species. The Red List of China's Vertebrates has listed it as near threatened, and earlier it had been regionally listed as vulnerable. It occurs in the Aerjinshan, Luobupoyeluotuo, and Talimuhuyanglin Nature Reserves. As the IUCN report notes: However, increased human activity within its range is undoubtedly impacting this species negatively. At present, there are no data available to quantify ongoing population decline. It is assumed that declines are moderate (approximately 30%) and is, therefore, listed as Near Threatened nearly qualifying for listing as Vulnerable (VU) under A2cd. The species occurs only in the widely spaced oases that surround the Tarim – making it highly fragmented; the majority of the desert has no water or vegetation. More data are needed on the actual population level of L. yarkandensis in the oases that define its AOO, as well as whether or not the species is currently poached for food or pelts. Although it was regionally "classified as VU under criteria A1cd (Wang and Xie 2004)" a better criterion A2 was preferred, "as the cause(s) of decline have not ceased and are expected to continue in the future." The synergy of habitat loss, habitat patchiness and unsustainable harvest are cause for conservation concern. As indicated previously, Chinese researchers think it is "endangered." References Citations ^ a b c d e f g h Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H. 2016. Lepus yarkandensis. (errata version published in 2017) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T11796A115103994. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11796A45178274.en. Downloaded on 23 September 2017. ^ Wrobel 2007, p. 254. ^ a b Günther, Albert (1875). "Description of some leporine mammals from Central Asia". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 16 (93): 228–231. doi:10.1080/00222937508681158. ISSN 0374-5481. ^ Hoffman & Smith 2005, p. 205 ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris; Gemma, Federico, illustrator (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-1400834112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Alves, Ferrand & Hackländer 2007, p. 313. ^ a b Li, Zengchao; Xia, Lin; Li, Yiming; Yang, Qisen; Liang, Mengyuan (2006-09-01). "Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure of the yarkand hareLepus yarkandensis". Acta Theriologica. 51 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1007/BF03192676. ISSN 0001-7051. S2CID 39299361. ^ a b c d Wu, Yonghua; Xia, Lin; Zhang, Qian; Yang, Qisen (2010-02-01). "Habitat fragmentation affects, genetic diversity and differentiation of the Yarkand hare". Conservation Genetics. 11 (1): 183–194. doi:10.1007/s10592-009-0022-y. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 21450378. quoted in Acton, Q. Ashton (January 9, 2012). Issues in Genomics and Non-Human Genetic Research (2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. p. 22. ISBN 9781464965296. ^ Shan, WenJuan; Liu, Jiang; Yu, Li; Robert, W. Murphy; Mahmut, Halik; Zhang, YaPing (2011-05-01). "Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis) of the arid Tarim Basin". Chinese Science Bulletin. 56 (13): 1370–1382. Bibcode:2011ChSBu..56.1370S. doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4460-9. ISSN 1001-6538. ^ a b Sterndale 1884, p. 371. ^ a b c Pulliainen, Sulkava & Rkinaro 1983, p. 174–176. ^ Duff & Lawson 2004, p. 35. ^ a b c Chapman & Flux 1990, pp. 89–90. Bibliography Alves, Paulo C.; Ferrand, Nuno; Hackländer, Klaus (2007). Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 313. ISBN 9783540724469. Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E. C. (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9782831700199. Duff, Andrew; Lawson, Ann (July 11, 2004). Mammals of the World: A Checklist. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780300103984. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Pulliainen, Erkki; Sulkava, Seppo; Rkinaro, Eino E (1983). Symposia on lagomorphs, beaver, bear wolf and mustelids. Vol. 6. Finnish Zoological Pub. Board. pp. 174–176. Sterndale, Robert Armitage (1884). Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta, London: Thacker, Spink. pp. 371. Wrobel, Murray, ed. (2007). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Amsterdam Boston, MA: Elsevier. p. 254. ISBN 9780080488820. Further reading Luo, Z.X. (2013) . "Revision of the taxonomic status of yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Gunther". Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute (in Chinese). (subscription required) External links Ch Boudet. "Species Sheet, Yarkand hare". Mammals' Planet. "Lepus yarkandensis Yarkand Hare". Encyclopedia of Life. Nickolaev, Alexey (June 20, 2017). "Yarkand hare" (JPEG) (Photograph) – via Flickr. "Yarkand hare" (JPEG) (Photograph). iNatjuralist.org. "Yarkand hare". WildPro. vteExtant Lagomorpha species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)Ochotona Subgenus Pika: Alpine pika (O. alpina) Helan Shan pika (O. argentata) Collared pika (O. collaris) Korean pika (O. coreana) Hoffmann's pika (O. hoffmanni) Northern pika (O. hyperborea) Manchurian pika (O. mantchurica) Kazakh pika (O. opaca) Pallas's pika (O. pallasi) American pika (O. princeps) Turuchan pika (O. turuchanensis) Subgenus Ochotona: Gansu pika (O. cansus) Plateau pika (O. curzoniae) Daurian pika (O. dauurica) Nubra pika (O. nubrica) Steppe pika (O. pusilla) Qionglai pika (O. qionglaiensis) Afghan pika (O. rufescens) Sijin pika (O. sikimaria) Tsing-ling pika (O. syrinx) Moupin pika (O. thibetana) Thomas's pika (O. thomasi) Subgenus Conothoa: Chinese red pika (O. erythrotis) Forrest's pika (O. forresti) Glover's pika (O. gloveri) Ili pika (O. iliensis) Koslov's pika (O. koslowi) Ladak pika (O. ladacensis) Large-eared pika (O. macrotis) Royle's pika (O. roylei) Turkestan red pika (O. rutila) Subgenus Alienauroa: Yellow pika (O. huanglongensis) Sacred pika (O. sacraria) Flat-headed pika (O. flatcalvariam) Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)Pentalagus Amami rabbit (P. furnessi) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit (B. monticularis) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit (N. netscheri) Annamite striped rabbit (N. timminsi) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit (R. diazi) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit (B. idahoensis) Sylvilagus(Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti: Andean tapeti (S. andinus) Bogota tapeti (S. apollinaris) Swamp rabbit (S. aquaticus) Common tapeti (S. brasiliensis) Ecuadorian tapeti (S. daulensis) Dice's cottontail (S. dicei) Fulvous tapeti (S. fulvescens) Central American tapeti (S. gabbi) Northern tapeti (S. incitatus) Omilteme cottontail (S. insonus) Nicefor's tapeti (S. nicefori) Marsh rabbit (S. palustris) Suriname tapeti (S. parentum) Colombian tapeti (S. salentus) Santa Marta tapeti (S. sanctaemartae) Western tapeti (S. surdaster) Coastal tapeti (S. tapetillus) Venezuelan lowland rabbit (S. varynaensis) Subgenus Sylvilagus: Desert cottontail (S. audubonii) Mexican cottontail (S. cunicularis) Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus) Tres Marias rabbit (S. graysoni) Mountain cottontail (S. nuttallii) Appalachian cottontail (S. obscurus) Robust cottontail (S. holzneri) New England cottontail (S. transitionalis) Subgenus Microlagus: Brush rabbit (S. bachmani) Oryctolagus European rabbit (O. cuniculus) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit (P. marjorita) Pronolagus(Red rock hares) Natal red rock hare (P. crassicaudatus) Jameson's red rock hare (P. randensis) Smith's red rock hare (P. rupestris) Hewitt's red rock hare (P. saundersiae) Caprolagus Hispid hare (C. hispidus) Lepus(Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus: Antelope jackrabbit (L. alleni) Subgenus Poecilolagus: Snowshoe hare (L. americanus) Subgenus Lepus: Arctic hare (L. arcticus) Alaskan hare (L. othus) Mountain hare (L. timidus) Subgenus Proeulagus: Black jackrabbit (L. insularis) Desert hare (L. tibetanus) Tolai hare (L. tolai) Subgenus Eulagos: Broom hare (L. castroviejoi) Yunnan hare (L. comus) Korean hare (L. coreanus) European hare (L. europaeus) Manchurian hare (L. mandshuricus) Ethiopian highland hare (L. starcki) Subgenus Sabanalagus: Ethiopian hare (L. fagani) African savanna hare (L. victoriae) Subgenus Indolagus: Hainan hare (L. hainanus) Indian hare (L. nigricollis) Burmese hare (L. peguensis) Subgenus Sinolagus: Chinese hare (L. sinensis) Subgenus Tarimolagus: Yarkand hare (L. yarkandensis) Subgenus incertae sedis: Tamaulipas jackrabbit (L. altamirae) Japanese hare (L. brachyurus) Black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus) White-sided jackrabbit (L. callotis) Cape hare (L. capensis) Corsican hare (L. corsicanus) Tehuantepec jackrabbit (L. flavigularis) Granada hare (L. granatensis) Abyssinian hare (L. habessinicus) Woolly hare (L. oiostolus) Scrub hare (L. saxatilis) White-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii) Taxon identifiersLepus yarkandensis Wikidata: Q510359 Wikispecies: Lepus yarkandensis BOLD: 666073 CoL: 6PPQ2 EoL: 984319 GBIF: 2436787 iNaturalist: 43141 IRMNG: 10228549 ITIS: 625357 IUCN: 11796 MDD: 1001110 MSW: 13500249 NCBI: 301146 Observation.org: 84400

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Leporidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrobel2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQn1A9Y1OA2oCpgPA254_254]-2"},{"link_name":"pelage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur"},{"link_name":"Endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tarim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_Basin"},{"link_name":"Southern Xinjiang, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"near threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Endangered_Species"}],"text":"Species of mammalThe Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis) is a species of mammal in the family Leporidae.[2] It has soft, straight, sandy brown dorsal pelage which has grayish-black stripes, and completely white ventral pelage. Endemic to China, the Yarkand hare is restricted to the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang, China. It is mainly nocturnal, and forages on grass and crops. The female produces two or three litters annually, each consisting of two to five young. It is rated as near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species and by the Red List of China's Vertebrates. However, Chinese geneticists have stated the species is \"endangered\" due to limited habitat and its fragmentation, and over-hunting and poaching.","title":"Yarkand hare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Karl_Ludwig_Gotthilf_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Annals and Magazine of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther-1875-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-4"},{"link_name":"Tarim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_Basin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvesFerrandHackl%C3%A4nder2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9d8_AAAAQBAJpgPA313dq_313]-6"},{"link_name":"D-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-loop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-2006-7"},{"link_name":"Taklamakan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Cytochrome b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_b"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"interglacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacial"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu-8"},{"link_name":"postglacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1875, the German zoologist Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther first described the Yarkand hare, giving it the name Lepus yarkandensis, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.[3] Gureev in 1964 and also by Averianov in 1998 placed the species in the subgenus Tarimolagus. It has no recognized subspecies.[4] Low gene flow and genetic subdivision occurs among isolated populations of the Tarim Basin.[5][6] The analysis of mitochondrial D-loop sequence has shown that significant genetic divergence was observed among some populations, but not much genetic divergence was observed among other populations.[7] In the populations inhabiting the southern periphery of the Taklamakan Desert, a lower level of genetic diversity was found. It is thought that the pattern of lineage mixing shown by the mitochondrial Cytochrome b DNA data could be due to the extensive gene flow among the Yarkand hare populations. It could be explained by the probable demographic expansion of the species during the late Pleistocene interglacial period.[8] The eastern and northern distribution ranges may have undergone three postglacial colonizations.[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"auditory bullae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_bulla"},{"link_name":"pelage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"underparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underparts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterndale1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnaturalhistorym00stergoogpagen408_371]-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterndale1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnaturalhistorym00stergoogpagen408_371]-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"desert hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_hare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther-1875-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_hare"},{"link_name":"woolly hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_hare"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulliainenSulkavaRkinaro1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksisbn9519481192_174%E2%80%93176]-11"}],"text":"It is a small hare, measuring 285 to 430 mm (11.2 to 16.9 in) in length, and weighs 1.1 to 1.9 kg (2.4 to 4.2 lb). The skull is small, measuring 76 to 88 mm (3.0 to 3.5 in) in length. It has narrow nasal cavities with their back portions being straight and flat. The supraorbital process is low and flat, or are slightly curved upward. The auditory bullae are round and tall, and the palatal bridge is narrow. It has soft, straight, sandy brown dorsal pelage which has grayish black stripes, and completely white ventral pelage. It has long ears, measuring 90 to 110 mm (3.5 to 4.3 in) in length, which lacks black at the tips. The winter pelage is lighter in tone, and is light sandy brown above.[5] The underparts are white.[10] The tail is 55 to 86 mm (2.2 to 3.4 in) long, and is smoke gray in colour, having whitish or creamy yellowish white below and along the sides. The upper incisors are filled with cement, and have V-shaped grooves.[5] The forefeet are very pale and are brown at the front, and the hindfeet are paler, brown at the front too,[10] and measure 90 to 110 mm (3.5 to 4.3 in) in length.[5]It is distinguished from the desert hare (Lepus tibetanus), by its lack of black near the tip the peripheries of the ears. It is also distinguished from the Lepus oiostolus pallipes, by its lack of grey at the rump. It is also smaller in size and has thinner legs, than both the desert hare and the Lepus oiostolus pallipes.[3]The species is easily distinguishable from other Chinese hares, having longer ears than the Chinese hare (Lepus sinensis). Like the woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus) and the Chinese hare, an examination of the skull shows the groove on the front face of the upper incisors is filled with cement.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Southern Xinjiang, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffLawson2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMxjL_xRkC4CpgPA35_35]-12"},{"link_name":"36° N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"42° N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"76° E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"92° E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Tamarix chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarix_chinensis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulliainenSulkavaRkinaro1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksisbn9519481192_174%E2%80%93176]-11"},{"link_name":"Populus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-2006-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu-8"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu-8"}],"text":"Endemic to China, the Yarkand hare is restricted to the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang, China.[12] Its complete distribution, according to Angermann, falls in between 36° N and 42° N latitudes, and 76° E and 92° E longitudes.[1]It prefers basins and desert areas vegetated with Chinese tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), brush,[11] or poplar (Populus), along the peripheries of rivers that surround the mountains in the Taklamakan Desert.[5][1] This distribution of the Yarkand hare is ring shaped. It also uses reed vegetation along rivers for shelter, and tends to avoid agricultural fields.[1] About 200,000 individuals are estimated to inhabit the Tarim Basin.[7]However, in 2010 Y.H. Wu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences flatly writes that the species is \"endangered\" due primarily to its fragmented and isolated islands of population. As Professor Wu wrote:The Yarkand hare is an endangered species. ... [It] is distributed in scattered oases which are physically isolated by desert.[8]Thus, its \"natural fragmented habitat makes it an ideal object for study effect of habitat fragmentation on its genetic structure.\"[8]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanFlux1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ994k86i0zYCpgPA89dq_89%E2%80%9390]-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"home range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_range"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanFlux1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ994k86i0zYCpgPA89dq_89%E2%80%9390]-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulliainenSulkavaRkinaro1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksisbn9519481192_174%E2%80%93176]-11"}],"text":"It is a mainly nocturnal species, generally out in early morning or late evening,[13] but may also feed at night. It hides in depressions, under vegetation, during the day.[5] Foraging on grass and crops,[1] the hare uses traditional foraging routes which can be 1 to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) long. Breeding season begins in February and can be seven to eight months long, extending up to September.[1][5] The female produces two or three litters annually, each consisting of two to five young.[5] Although there is no information on its home range, a high population density was previously inferred. In 1983, Gao recorded that in three hours observing in the field, four people could find 20 or more Yarkand hares.[13]Their main predator is the eagle.[11]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"near threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Endangered Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Endangered_Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanFlux1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ994k86i0zYCpgPA89dq_89%E2%80%9390]-13"},{"link_name":"poached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu-8"}],"text":"Since 1996, it has been rated as a near threatened species on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. This is because it has a restricted area of occupancy; although it is a widespread species and has been reported as commonly found within its distribution. Additionally, its population trends, declining about 30%, warrants it a near threatened status, nearly meeting the criteria to be rated as vulnerable.[1] It is hunted as a game species and, between 1958 and 1981, annually about 10,000 furs were produced from the Yarkand hare.[13] Human activities such as transportation development and petroleum exploration has led to the population decline of the species. The Red List of China's Vertebrates has listed it as near threatened, and earlier it had been regionally listed as vulnerable. It occurs in the Aerjinshan, Luobupoyeluotuo, and Talimuhuyanglin Nature Reserves. As the IUCN report notes:However, increased human activity within its range is undoubtedly impacting this species negatively. At present, there are no data available to quantify ongoing population decline. It is assumed that declines are moderate (approximately 30%) and is, therefore, listed as Near Threatened nearly qualifying for listing as Vulnerable (VU) under A2cd. The species occurs only in the widely spaced oases that surround the Tarim – making it highly fragmented; the majority of the desert has no water or vegetation. More data are needed on the actual population level of L. yarkandensis in the oases that define its AOO, as well as whether or not the species is currently poached for food or pelts.Although it was regionally \"classified as VU under criteria A1cd (Wang and Xie 2004)\" a better criterion A2 was preferred, \"as the cause(s) of decline have not ceased and are expected to continue in the future.\"[1]The synergy of habitat loss, habitat patchiness and unsustainable harvest are cause for conservation concern.[5] As indicated previously, Chinese researchers think it is \"endangered.\"[8]","title":"Status and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Revision of the taxonomic status of yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Gunther\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302128911"}],"text":"Luo, Z.X. (2013) [1982]. \"Revision of the taxonomic status of yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Gunther\". Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute (in Chinese). (subscription required)","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Günther, Albert (1875). \"Description of some leporine mammals from Central Asia\". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 16 (93): 228–231. doi:10.1080/00222937508681158. ISSN 0374-5481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25128110#page/242/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Description of some leporine mammals from Central Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222937508681158","url_text":"10.1080/00222937508681158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0374-5481","url_text":"0374-5481"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris; Gemma, Federico, illustrator (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-1400834112.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA292","url_text":"A Guide to the Mammals of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400834112","url_text":"978-1400834112"}]},{"reference":"Li, Zengchao; Xia, Lin; Li, Yiming; Yang, Qisen; Liang, Mengyuan (2006-09-01). \"Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure of the yarkand hareLepus yarkandensis\". Acta Theriologica. 51 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1007/BF03192676. ISSN 0001-7051. S2CID 39299361.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03192676","url_text":"10.1007/BF03192676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-7051","url_text":"0001-7051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39299361","url_text":"39299361"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Yonghua; Xia, Lin; Zhang, Qian; Yang, Qisen (2010-02-01). \"Habitat fragmentation affects, genetic diversity and differentiation of the Yarkand hare\". Conservation Genetics. 11 (1): 183–194. doi:10.1007/s10592-009-0022-y. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 21450378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Genetics_(journal)","url_text":"Conservation Genetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-009-0022-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10592-009-0022-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1566-0621","url_text":"1566-0621"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21450378","url_text":"21450378"}]},{"reference":"Acton, Q. Ashton (January 9, 2012). Issues in Genomics and Non-Human Genetic Research (2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. p. 22. ISBN 9781464965296.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8_AJmX6QT10C&pg=PA22","url_text":"Issues in Genomics and Non-Human Genetic Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464965296","url_text":"9781464965296"}]},{"reference":"Shan, WenJuan; Liu, Jiang; Yu, Li; Robert, W. Murphy; Mahmut, Halik; Zhang, YaPing (2011-05-01). \"Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis) of the arid Tarim Basin\". Chinese Science Bulletin. 56 (13): 1370–1382. Bibcode:2011ChSBu..56.1370S. doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4460-9. ISSN 1001-6538.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-011-4460-9","url_text":"\"Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis) of the arid Tarim Basin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Science_Bulletin","url_text":"Chinese Science Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ChSBu..56.1370S","url_text":"2011ChSBu..56.1370S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-011-4460-9","url_text":"10.1007/s11434-011-4460-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1001-6538","url_text":"1001-6538"}]},{"reference":"Alves, Paulo C.; Ferrand, Nuno; Hackländer, Klaus (2007). Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 313. ISBN 9783540724469.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9d8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313","url_text":"Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540724469","url_text":"9783540724469"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E. C. (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9782831700199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Chapman","url_text":"Chapman, Joseph A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA89","url_text":"Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782831700199","url_text":"9782831700199"}]},{"reference":"Duff, Andrew; Lawson, Ann (July 11, 2004). Mammals of the World: A Checklist. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780300103984.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kMxjL_xRkC4C&pg=PA35","url_text":"Mammals of the World: A Checklist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300103984","url_text":"9780300103984"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). \"Order Lagomorpha\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500249","url_text":"\"Order Lagomorpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA205","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Pulliainen, Erkki; Sulkava, Seppo; Rkinaro, Eino E (1983). Symposia on lagomorphs, beaver, bear wolf and mustelids. Vol. 6. Finnish Zoological Pub. Board. pp. 174–176.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9519481192","url_text":"Symposia on lagomorphs, beaver, bear wolf and mustelids"}]},{"reference":"Sterndale, Robert Armitage (1884). Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta, London: Thacker, Spink. pp. 371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Armitage_Sterndale","url_text":"Sterndale, Robert Armitage"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturalhistorym00stergoog","url_text":"Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thacker%27s_Indian_Directory","url_text":"Thacker, Spink"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturalhistorym00stergoog/page/n408","url_text":"371"}]},{"reference":"Wrobel, Murray, ed. (2007). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Amsterdam Boston, MA: Elsevier. p. 254. ISBN 9780080488820.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA254","url_text":"Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080488820","url_text":"9780080488820"}]},{"reference":"Luo, Z.X. (2013) [1982]. \"Revision of the taxonomic status of yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Gunther\". Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302128911","url_text":"\"Revision of the taxonomic status of yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Gunther\""}]},{"reference":"Ch Boudet. \"Species Sheet, Yarkand hare\". Mammals' Planet.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/38?indice=Lepus+yarkandensis","url_text":"\"Species Sheet, Yarkand hare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lepus yarkandensis Yarkand Hare\". Encyclopedia of Life.","urls":[{"url":"http://eol.org/pages/984319/data?toc_id=4","url_text":"\"Lepus yarkandensis Yarkand Hare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Life"}]},{"reference":"Nickolaev, Alexey (June 20, 2017). \"Yarkand hare\" (JPEG) (Photograph) – via Flickr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/150323366@N06/35261414232/in/photolist-VHVXXN-xB5CG6","url_text":"\"Yarkand hare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr","url_text":"Flickr"}]},{"reference":"\"Yarkand hare\" (JPEG) (Photograph). iNatjuralist.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43141-Lepus-yarkandensis","url_text":"\"Yarkand hare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yarkand hare\". WildPro.","urls":[{"url":"http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MLagomorph/Leporidae/lepus/Lepus_yarkandensis.htm","url_text":"\"Yarkand hare\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_heptagonal_tiling

Truncated heptagonal tiling

["1 Dual tiling","2 Related polyhedra and tilings","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Truncated heptagonal tiling Poincaré disk model of the hyperbolic plane Type Hyperbolic uniform tiling Vertex configuration 3.14.14 Schläfli symbol t{7,3} Wythoff symbol 2 3 | 7 Coxeter diagram Symmetry group , (*732) Dual Order-7 triakis triangular tiling Properties Vertex-transitive In geometry, the truncated heptagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. There are one triangle and two tetradecagons on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of t{7,3}. The tiling has a vertex configuration of 3.14.14. Dual tiling The dual tiling is called an order-7 triakis triangular tiling, seen as an order-7 triangular tiling with each triangle divided into three by a center point. Related polyhedra and tilings This hyperbolic tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of uniform truncated polyhedra with vertex configurations (3.2n.2n), and Coxeter group symmetry. *n32 symmetry mutation of truncated tilings: t{n,3} vte Symmetry*n32 Spherical Euclid. Compact hyperb. Paraco. Noncompact hyperbolic *232 *332 *432 *532 *632 *732 *832... *∞32 Truncatedfigures Symbol t{2,3} t{3,3} t{4,3} t{5,3} t{6,3} t{7,3} t{8,3} t{∞,3} t{12i,3} t{9i,3} t{6i,3} Triakisfigures Config. V3.4.4 V3.6.6 V3.8.8 V3.10.10 V3.12.12 V3.14.14 V3.16.16 V3.∞.∞ From a Wythoff construction there are eight hyperbolic uniform tilings that can be based from the regular heptagonal tiling. Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are eight forms. Uniform heptagonal/triangular tilings vte Symmetry: , (*732) +, (732) {7,3} t{7,3} r{7,3} t{3,7} {3,7} rr{7,3} tr{7,3} sr{7,3} Uniform duals V73 V3.14.14 V3.7.3.7 V6.6.7 V37 V3.4.7.4 V4.6.14 V3.3.3.3.7 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uniform tiling 3-14-14. Truncated hexagonal tiling Heptagonal tiling Tilings of regular polygons List of uniform tilings References John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 19, The Hyperbolic Archimedean Tessellations) "Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space". The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays. Dover Publications. 1999. ISBN 0-486-40919-8. LCCN 99035678. External links Weisstein, Eric W. "Hyperbolic tiling". MathWorld. Weisstein, Eric W. "Poincaré hyperbolic disk". MathWorld. Hyperbolic and Spherical Tiling Gallery KaleidoTile 3: Educational software to create spherical, planar and hyperbolic tilings Hyperbolic Planar Tessellations, Don Hatch vteTessellationPeriodic Pythagorean Rhombille Schwarz triangle Rectangle Domino Uniform tiling and honeycomb Coloring Convex Kisrhombille Wallpaper group Wythoff Aperiodic Ammann–Beenker Aperiodic set of prototiles List Einstein problem Socolar–Taylor Gilbert Penrose Pentagonal Pinwheel Quaquaversal Rep-tile and Self-tiling Sphinx Socolar Truchet Other Anisohedral and Isohedral Architectonic and catoptric Circle Limit III Computer graphics Honeycomb Isotoxal List Packing Problems Domino Wang Heesch's Squaring Dividing a square into similar rectangles Prototile Conway criterion Girih Regular Division of the Plane Regular grid Substitution Voronoi Voderberg By vertex typeSpherical 2n 33.n V33.n 42.n V42.n Regular 2∞ 36 44 63 Semi-regular 32.4.3.4 V32.4.3.4 33.42 33.∞ 34.6 V34.6 3.4.6.4 (3.6)2 3.122 42.∞ 4.6.12 4.82 Hyper-bolic 32.4.3.5 32.4.3.6 32.4.3.7 32.4.3.8 32.4.3.∞ 32.5.3.5 32.5.3.6 32.6.3.6 32.6.3.8 32.7.3.7 32.8.3.8 33.4.3.4 32.∞.3.∞ 34.7 34.8 34.∞ 35.4 37 38 3∞ (3.4)3 (3.4)4 3.4.62.4 3.4.7.4 3.4.8.4 3.4.∞.4 3.6.4.6 (3.7)2 (3.8)2 3.142 3.162 3.∞2 42.5.4 42.6.4 42.7.4 42.8.4 42.∞.4 45 46 47 48 4∞ (4.5)2 (4.6)2 4.6.12 4.6.14 V4.6.14 4.6.16 V4.6.16 4.6.∞ (4.7)2 (4.8)2 4.8.10 V4.8.10 4.8.12 4.8.14 4.8.16 4.8.∞ 4.102 4.10.12 4.122 4.12.16 4.142 4.162 4.∞2 54 55 56 5∞ 5.4.6.4 (5.6)2 5.82 5.102 5.122 64 65 66 68 6.4.8.4 (6.8)2 6.82 6.102 6.122 6.162 73 74 77 7.62 7.82 7.142 83 84 86 88 8.62 8.122 8.162 ∞3 ∞4 ∞5 ∞∞ ∞.62 ∞.82 This hyperbolic geometry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Spider

The Magician Trilogy

["1 Series","2 Plot","3 Reception","4 Adaptations","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Not to be confused with The Magicians by Lev Grossman and its two sequels, The Magician King and The Magician's Land. The Magician Trilogy (or, The Snow Spider Trilogy) The Snow Spider Emlyn's Moon The Chestnut Soldier AuthorJenny NimmoCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreChildren's fantasy, supernatural fiction, thrillerPublisherMethuen Children's BooksPublished1986–1989Media typePrint (hardcover)Children's books series by Jenny Nimmo The Magician Trilogy is a series of three children's fantasy novels by the British author Jenny Nimmo, first published by Methuen 1986 to 1989. It is sometimes called the Snow Spider trilogy or series after the first book and The Snow Spider Trilogy is the title of its omnibus editions (1991 and later). The stories are inspired by Welsh mythology, with elements borrowed from Mabinogion. Set in contemporary Wales, they feature Gwyn Griffiths, a boy descended from Gwydion who discovers and develops some of the magical power in his lineage. The Snow Spider won the Tir na n-Og Award from the Welsh Books Council, recognising the year's best English-language children's book with an authentic Welsh background, and won the second annual Smarties Prize as the year's best children's book written by a United Kingdom citizen or resident. Series ISFDB catalogues the series as The Magician Trilogy. The novels were first published in hardcover editions by Methuen, the first two with illustrations by Joanna Carey, which were retained at least in early British paperbacks. The Snow Spider (1986) Emlyn's Moon (1987) The Chestnut Soldier (1989) In the US, Emlyn's Moon was originally titled Orchard of the Crescent Moon (1989, 1990). There the novels were published a year or two after their first editions by Dutton Children's Books (an imprint recently acquired by Penguin). ISFDB does not report any interior artwork. Omnibus editions entitled The Snow Spider Trilogy have been published in Britain. Mammoth paginated 468- and 435-page editions consecutively in 1991 and retained the Carey illustrations. Egmont UK's 2003 edition (ISBN 1-4052-1051-6) is paginated separately with counts that match Methuen's first editions and also some reissues in separate volumes (144, 158, and 168 pages). Plot The stories are set in twentieth-century Wales and revolve around a boy named Gwyn Griffiths, who is descended from magicians, although neither parent believes that family lore. On his ninth birthday grandmother Nain Griffiths gives him five odd gifts that take him on a quest to discover whether he is a magician like his Celtic ancestors. They help him to unravel the mystery of his sister Bethan, who disappeared on his birthday four years ago. In the sequel Gwyn again uses magical power to handle an outside threat to his family, and to resolve conflict within it. In the conclusion he strives to heal a soldier veteran of the Belfast Troubles, rather than anyone in his family. Reception Kirkus Reviews covered all three books when their first US editions were published in 1987, 1989, and 1991 by Dutton Books (an imprint of Viking Penguin from 1986). The reviewers judged the realistic aspects more successful than the magical. In The Snow Spider, that is, the "fabled landscape and weather" of Wales and the stresses in Gwyn's family, in contrast to "the integration of magical powers into the life of an otherwise ordinary boy". The second reviewer called Emlyn's Moon "another fine fantasy" based on Welsh lore. Although the realism is better than the magic (again), "Nimmo gives the fantasy an entrancing aura that enriches her subtle exploration of such themes as the sources and stresses of creation—of offspring or of art." In the concluding Chestnut Soldier, Nimmo's undertook to recast the mythical story of Efnisien. "The legend is complex; drawing on her now-extensive cast for her modern counterpart, Nimmo attempts, with mixed success, to parallel every detail. ... the action—rather than being a contemporary drama illuminated by its heroic prototype—seems forced into the legend's mold, while the promising idea of linking Efnisien with modern battle stress is overburdened with clever but less than fully digested detail." St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers (Detroit: St. James Press, 1996) reportedly called the series "a stunning achievement. Nimmo explores Gwyn's dual existence as ancient magician and young boy through five years, by turns showing his enthusiasm and weariness for his role as his awareness grows, and also his final acceptance of what he is." Adaptations The Snow Spider and its sequels were adapted for television by the television writer Julia Jones, as three miniseries under their original titles. The films were directed by Pennant Roberts and broadcast 1988 to 1991 by HTV: The Snow Spider in four episodes, 1988; Emlyn's Moon in five episodes, 1990; and The Chestnut Soldier in four episodes, 1991. The series introduced Osian Roberts as Gwyn Griffiths with Siân Phillips as grandmother Nain Griffiths, Robert Blythe and Sharon Morgan as his parents, and Gareth Thomas as Mr. Llewellyn. A stage production of The Snow Spider, adapted by Mike Kenny and directed by Phil Clark ran 1990/1991 at the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff and then toured to Theatr Clwyd, Mold and Theatr Gwynedd, Bangor. The Snow Spider was adapted by Delyth Jones and James Lark for a stage production with a cast of seven actor-musicians, singing, dancing and playing their own instruments as well as taking on multiple roles. The substantial score was written by James Lark using harp, violins and percussion and incorporating folksong to give an authentic Welsh flavour to the sound world. The adaptation was first performed at Ovalhouse and described by Jenny Nimmo as a 'brilliant production'. The adaptation was revived for a Christmas tour in 2013, including three weeks at The Playhouse. In 2020, the BBC adapted The Snow Spider into a 5-part serial on CBBC, directed by Jennifer Sheridan and partly written by original author Jenny Nimmo. See also Portals: Children's literature Fantasy Wales Notes ^ a b For two years there was a single Nestlé Prize for children's books. Three age categories were introduced for 1987 publications and retained as long as the prize continued. References ^ a b c "Jenny Nimmo Biography". . Encyclopedia of World Biography (notablebiographies.com). Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ "Jenny Nimmo". Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ a b c d The Magician Trilogy series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 26 April 2012. ^ "Tir na n-Og Awards". Welsh Books Council "Tir na n-Og awards Past Winners" Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. WBC. Retrieved 2012-12-16. ^ "Nestlé Children's Book Prize 2007". Booktrust. Retrieved 17 December 2012. General material is appended to the display of final (2007) prize winners. ^ a b c d "THE SNOW SPIDER by Jenny Nimmo". Kirkus Reviews 1 July 1987. Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ a b c "ORCHARD OF THE CRESCENT MOON by Jenny Nimmo". Kirkus Reviews 1 August 1989. Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ a b c "THE CHESTNUT SOLDIER by Jenny Nimmo". Kirkus Reviews 30 May 1991. Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ The Snow Spider. Little Gems of children's television. Retrieved 21 December 2012. This is a point of entry to Little Gems coverage of all three TV mini-series. ^ Jenny Nimmo at IMDb. Retrieved 21 December 2012. This is a point of entry to IMDb coverage of all titles with credits to Nimmo. ^ Everything Theatre, review of The Snow Spider at Ovalhouse. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ MusicalTalk podcast episode 0317: An interview with James Lark about The Snow Spider. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ Jenny Nimmo twitter account. Retrieved 18 November 2013. External links Official website Jenny Nimmo at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Snow Spider Trilogy TV series at Facebook (fan page) The Snow Spider at Arts Council of Wales The Snow Spider at Ovalhouse vteWorks by Jenny Nimmo The Magician Trilogy (1986-1989) The Owl Tree (1997) Children of the Red King (2002-2009)

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It is sometimes called the Snow Spider trilogy or series after the first book[1][2] and The Snow Spider Trilogy is the title of its omnibus editions (1991 and later).[3] The stories are inspired by Welsh mythology, with elements borrowed from Mabinogion.[1] Set in contemporary Wales, they feature Gwyn Griffiths, a boy descended from Gwydion who discovers and develops some of the magical power in his lineage.The Snow Spider won the Tir na n-Og Award from the Welsh Books Council, recognising the year's best English-language children's book with an authentic Welsh background,[4] and won the second annual Smarties Prize as the year's best children's book written by a United Kingdom citizen or resident.[5][a]","title":"The Magician Trilogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isfdb-3"},{"link_name":"Dutton Children's Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutton_Children%27s_Books"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isfdb-3"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Omnibus editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology#Omnibus"},{"link_name":"Egmont UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_UK"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4052-1051-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4052-1051-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isfdb-3"}],"text":"ISFDB catalogues the series as The Magician Trilogy. The novels were first published in hardcover editions by Methuen, the first two with illustrations by Joanna Carey, which were retained at least in early British paperbacks.[3]The Snow Spider (1986)\nEmlyn's Moon (1987)\nThe Chestnut Soldier (1989)In the US, Emlyn's Moon was originally titled Orchard of the Crescent Moon (1989, 1990). There the novels were published a year or two after their first editions by Dutton Children's Books[3] (an imprint recently acquired by Penguin). ISFDB does not report any interior artwork.Omnibus editions entitled The Snow Spider Trilogy have been published in Britain. Mammoth paginated 468- and 435-page editions consecutively in 1991 and retained the Carey illustrations. Egmont UK's 2003 edition (ISBN 1-4052-1051-6) is paginated separately with counts that match Methuen's first editions and also some reissues in separate volumes (144, 158, and 168 pages).[3]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus2-8"},{"link_name":"Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus3-9"}],"text":"The stories are set in twentieth-century Wales and revolve around a boy named Gwyn Griffiths, who is descended from magicians, although neither parent believes that family lore.[6] On his ninth birthday grandmother Nain Griffiths gives him five odd gifts that take him on a quest to discover whether he is a magician like his Celtic ancestors. They help him to unravel the mystery of his sister Bethan, who disappeared on his birthday four years ago.[6]In the sequel Gwyn again uses magical power to handle an outside threat to his family, and to resolve conflict within it.[7] In the conclusion he strives to heal a soldier veteran of the Belfast Troubles, rather than anyone in his family.[8]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"Dutton Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutton_Books"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus3-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus2-8"},{"link_name":"Efnisien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnisien"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus3-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWB-1"}],"text":"Kirkus Reviews covered all three books when their first US editions were published in 1987, 1989, and 1991 by Dutton Books[6][7][8] (an imprint of Viking Penguin from 1986).\nThe reviewers judged the realistic aspects more successful than the magical. In The Snow Spider, that is, the \"fabled landscape and weather\" of Wales and the stresses in Gwyn's family, in contrast to \"the integration of magical powers into the life of an otherwise ordinary boy\".[6]The second reviewer called Emlyn's Moon \"another fine fantasy\" based on Welsh lore. Although the realism is better than the magic (again), \"Nimmo gives the fantasy an entrancing aura that enriches her subtle exploration of such themes as the sources and stresses of creation—of offspring or of art.\"[7]In the concluding Chestnut Soldier, Nimmo's undertook to recast the mythical story of Efnisien. \"The legend is complex; drawing on her now-extensive cast for her modern counterpart, Nimmo attempts, with mixed success, to parallel every detail. ... the action—rather than being a contemporary drama illuminated by its heroic prototype—seems forced into the legend's mold, while the promising idea of linking Efnisien with modern battle stress is overburdened with clever but less than fully digested detail.\"[8]St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers (Detroit: St. James Press, 1996) reportedly called the series \"a stunning achievement. Nimmo explores Gwyn's dual existence as ancient magician and young boy through five years, by turns showing his enthusiasm and weariness for his role as his awareness grows, and also his final acceptance of what he is.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adapted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Julia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Jones_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Pennant Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant_Roberts"},{"link_name":"HTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"link_name":"Siân Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Robert Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blythe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Gareth Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-11"},{"link_name":"Mike Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kenny_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Phil Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Clark_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sherman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Cymru"},{"link_name":"Theatr Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Theatr Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatr_Gwynedd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ovalhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovalhouse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Playhouse_(Cheltenham)"}],"text":"The Snow Spider and its sequels were adapted for television by the television writer Julia Jones, as three miniseries under their original titles. The films were directed by Pennant Roberts and broadcast 1988 to 1991 by HTV: The Snow Spider in four episodes, 1988; Emlyn's Moon in five episodes, 1990; and The Chestnut Soldier in four episodes, 1991. The series introduced Osian Roberts as Gwyn Griffiths with Siân Phillips as grandmother Nain Griffiths, Robert Blythe and Sharon Morgan as his parents, and Gareth Thomas as Mr. Llewellyn.[9][10]A stage production of The Snow Spider, adapted by Mike Kenny and directed by Phil Clark ran 1990/1991 at the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff and then toured to Theatr Clwyd, Mold and Theatr Gwynedd, Bangor.The Snow Spider was adapted by Delyth Jones and James Lark for a stage production with a cast of seven actor-musicians, singing, dancing and playing their own instruments as well as taking on multiple roles.[11] The substantial score was written by James Lark using harp, violins and percussion and incorporating folksong to give an authentic Welsh flavour to the sound world.[12] The adaptation was first performed at Ovalhouse and described by Jenny Nimmo as a 'brilliant production'.[13] The adaptation was revived for a Christmas tour in 2013, including three weeks at The Playhouse.In 2020, the BBC adapted The Snow Spider into a 5-part serial on CBBC, directed by Jennifer Sheridan and partly written by original author Jenny Nimmo.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smarties_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smarties_6-1"}],"text":"^ a b For two years there was a single Nestlé Prize for children's books. Three age categories were introduced for 1987 publications and retained as long as the prize continued.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedinstvo_(Lithuania)

Yedinstvo (Lithuania)

["1 References","2 See also"]

Pro-Soviet movement during the perestroika "Jedność" redirects here. For the ship, see SS Jedność. Yedinstvo (literally: Unity, Russian: Единство, Lithuanian: Vienybė, Polish: Jedność) was a pro-soviet and anti-Sąjūdis movement in the Lithuanian SSR during the Perestroika era. The goals of the movement were similar to those of the Latvian and Estonian Internationalist Movements, e.g. opposition to disintegration of the Soviet Union. Yedinstvo was supported by the Soviet military and the KGB. In addition to ethnic Russians, the organization had some success among the Polish minority in Lithuania, some of whom preferred Lithuania as a member of the Soviet Union. Yedinstvo went as far as to support forming a Polish autonomous region in southeastern Lithuania. Some commentators suggested that the organization was more popular with the Polish minority than the Russophone minority of Lithuania, which might have surprised the Poles of Warsaw, then seeking a de-communization in Poland. At the election to the Soviet Congress of People's Deputies, two Poles were elected to that body. The movement lost influence after the August Coup, which its leaders had supported. Since 1991, the organization is inactive. References ^ a b Political Transformation and Changing Identities in Central and Eastern Europe by Andrew M. Blasko, Diana Januauskienė, p. 97 ^ Taming nationalism? by Dovile Budryte, p. 55 ^ Van Horne, Winston A. (January 1997). Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century. SUNY Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780791432358. ^ Ethnicity and electoral politics by Jóhanna Kristín Birnir, p. 238 See also Intermovement International Front of the Working People of Latvia Soyuz This article about an organisation in Lithuania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_World_(Hikaru_Utada_song)

Beautiful World (Hikaru Utada song)

["1 Background and development","2 Promotion and release","2.1 Planitb Acoustica Remix","2.2 Da Capo Version","3 Music videos","4 Critical reception","4.1 Accolades","5 Track listings","6 Personnel","7 Chart rankings","7.1 Sales and certifications","8 Release history","9 References","10 External links"]

2007 single by Hikaru Utada "Beautiful World""Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" cover.Single by Hikaru Utadafrom the album Heart Station ReleasedAugust 29, 2007 (2007-08-29)Recorded2007StudioBunkamura StudioGenre J-pop synthpop trance Length5:18LabelEMI Music JapanSongwriter(s)Hikaru UtadaProducer(s) Hikaru Utada Akira Miyake Teruzane Utada Hikaru Utada singles chronology "Kiss & Cry" (2007) "Beautiful World" (2007) "Do You" (2007) Alternate cover"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)" digital download cover "Beautiful World" is a song by Japanese American musician Hikaru Utada. It served as the theme song for Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone, the 2007 film reboot of the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion. It was released as a double A-side single on August 29, 2007 along with her song "Kiss & Cry", which had been released digitally three months earlier. In 2009, a remix of the song, "Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)" served as the theme song of the second film in the series, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance. Background and development In 2006, Utada released her fifth studio album, Ultra Blue, led by the digital single "This Is Love". In February 2007, Utada released "Flavor of Life", the theme song for the drama Hana Yori Dango Returns, which became one of her most commercially successful singles, selling over eight million downloads and becoming the second most digitally successful song of 2007 globally. On April 20, Utada's song "Kiss & Cry" began to be used in commercials for Nissin Foods' Freedom Project advertising campaign, and was released as a digital download on May 31. Utada's recording of the jazz standard "Fly Me to the Moon", originally found on her "Wait & See (Risk)" (2000) single, was rearranged and released as a digital download on June 29. Renditions of this song had previously been used in the original Neon Genesis Evangelion animation's soundtrack, and Utada's version was used in trailers for Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone. Since Utada had not read the movie's script before writing the theme songs for any of the first three Rebuild movies, Utada took her inspirations from Shinji wanting to see his friends and the real world again at the end of End of Evangelion, and Asuka's realization that she did desire love from other people. Utada's relationship with her mother, a musician herself, and her mental illness later in life influenced her Evangelion songs. For this reason, out of all Eva characters she identified the most with Asuka. Promotion and release "Beautiful World" debuted on the radio and was released as a ringtone on July 23, 2007. In early September, Utada performed the song at many music entertainment programs in Japan: at Count Down TV on the night of September 1, Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ on September 3, Utaban on September 6, and both Music Station and Music Fighter on September 7. "Beautiful World" was performed during Utada's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010. Articles about Utada appeared in music and fashion magazines in August and September 2007, to promote the single. This included R&R Newsmaker, What's In?, CD Data, Barfout!, Oricon Style, Pia, Pop Teen and Patipati. Planitb Acoustica Remix In 2009, the song was rearranged for the second film of the Rebuild of Evangelion series, as "Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)". It was released as a digital download on June 28, 2009. Utada worked with Russell McNamara, who had previously made remixes of her songs "Distance", "Traveling", "Hikari" and "Simple and Clean" between 2001–2002. The song was commercially successful, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. It was added as the final track of Utada's second compilation album Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2 in late 2010. Da Capo Version In 2021, Utada re-recorded the song (specified as a "self cover") for the last film of the Evangelion series, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time, entitled "Beautiful World (Da Capo Version)", which featured on her 2021 EP, One Last Kiss. Musically, the Da Capo version immediately follows on from the preceding song, "One Last Kiss". Director Hideaki Anno specifically requested the version be created as he believed "One Last Kiss" would not be long enough for the credit sequence. Music videos Two animated music videos were produced for the song, depicting scenes from Evangelion. The first was released at the time of the single's release, and featured scenes of Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone, directed by the film's chief director Hideaki Anno. This music video won a Japanese MTV Video Music Award for the best video used for a film. In 2014 to promote Utada's 15th anniversary, as well as the tribute album Utada Hikaru no Uta, a music video of Evangelion scenes was produced by Kazuya Tsurumaki, one of the co-directors of the Rebuild of Evangelion film series. Critical reception CDJournal reviewers described Utada as singing about "earnest love and deep prayers in a rhythmic tempo", and noted "a painful beauty where transience and passion live together" in the song. They praised the "melancholy" way that Utada sings the lyric "it's only love", as well as the lyrics' sense of ironic while coming from an everyday perspective. Tetsuo Hiraga of Hot Express gave an extremely positive review of the song, feeling in awe of the emotional sensitivity of Utada's lyrics and how well they resonated with Evangelion. Accolades Awards for "Beautiful World" Year Organization Award Result Ref. 2008 Japan Gold Disc Awards Best 5 PC Streaming Songs Won MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Video From a Film Won RTHK International Pop Poll Awards Top Japanese Gold Songs Won Track listings "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" singleNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Beautiful World"Utada5:182."Kiss & Cry"Utada5:073."Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words) (2007 Mix)"Bart Howard3:244."Beautiful World (Original Karaoke)"Utada5:155."Kiss & Cry (Original Karaoke)"Utada5:086."Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words) (2007 Mix) (Original Karaoke)"Howard3:23Total length:27:35 All tracks are written by Hikaru Utada"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)" digital downloadNo.TitleLength1."Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)"5:15Total length:5:15 Personnel Personnel details were sourced from "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry"'s liner notes booklet. Goetz B. for 365 Artists – mixing Atsushi Matsui – recording Akira Miyake – production Alexis Smith – additional programming Yuzuru Tomita – additional programming Hikaru Utada – arrangement, keyboards, programming, production, songwriting, vocals Teruzane Utada – production Chart rankings Charts (2007) Peakposition Japan Oricon weekly singles "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" 2 Japan Oricon yearly singles "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" 20 Japan RIAJ Reco-kyō ringtones Top 100 2 Charts (2009) Peakposition Billboard Japan Hot 100 Planitb Acoustica Mix 8 RIAJ Digital Track Chart Top 100 59 RIAJ Digital Track Chart Top 100 Planitb Acoustica Mix 8 Sales and certifications Chart Amount Oricon physical sales "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" 235,000 RIAJ digital download certification Million (1,000,000) RIAJ ringtone certification 2× Platinum (500,000) RIAJ physical certification "Beautiful World" / "Kiss & Cry" Platinum (250,000) RIAJ cellphone download certification Planitb Acoustica Mix Gold (100,000) Release history Region Date Format Distributing Label Catalog codes Japan July 23, 2007 (2007-07-23) Ringtone, radio add date EMI Music Japan August 29, 2007 (2007-08-29) CD single, digital download TOCT-40120 South Korea August 30, 2007 (2007-08-30) Digital download Universal Music Korea Taiwan August 31, 2007 (2007-08-31) CD single Gold Typhoon 5099950581924 Japan June 27, 2009 (2009-06-27) Digital download (Planitb Acoustica Mix) EMI Music Japan References ^ a b "Beautiful World / Kiss & Cry". Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved December 23, 2014. ^ AFP (January 24, 2008). "Online music sales grow 40 percent in 2007: IFPI" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ 宇多田ヒカル、デビュー以来全アルバムがミリオン達成 (in Japanese). Barks. March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ "宇多田ヒカルが新記録を樹立！さらに新曲も発表" (in Japanese). Barks. April 20, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ レコード協会調べ 6月度有料音楽配信認定 (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. July 20, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ a b "宇多田ヒカル、新曲はヱヴァンゲリヲンのテーマ" (in Japanese). Oricon. June 29, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/utadahikaru/status/1378156202069229569. Retrieved 2022-11-22. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "EVANGELION.CO.JP". www.evangelion.co.jp. Retrieved 2022-11-22. ^ "インタビューYahoo!ミュージック 宇多田ヒカルColors". 2021-03-14. Archived from the original on 2021-03-14. Retrieved 2022-11-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b "宇多田ヒカル、話題の新曲がついに解禁！" (in Japanese). Barks. July 23, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "September 1, 2007". Count Down TV (in Japanese). September 1, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ "宇多田ヒカル Beautiful World" (in Japanese). Fuji Television. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "September 6, 2007". Utaban (in Japanese). September 6, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System. ^ 主演者ライナップ 2007/09/07 (in Japanese). TV Asahi. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "September 6, 2007". Music Fighter (in Japanese). September 6, 2007. Nippon Television. ^ "宇多田ヒカル一時休止前ラスト公演で感涙＆Ust新記録樹立" (in Japanese). Natalie. December 13, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010. ^ 「Beautiful World」関連記事掲載予定メディア一覧 (in Japanese). EMI Music Japan. July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2014. ^ a b "Japan Billboard Hot 100". Billboard Japan. July 13, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved September 19, 2010. ^ "Hikaru Utada Official Website | NEWS". ^ "Beautiful World" (in Japanese). Space Shower. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "速報！MTVが贈るミュージックビデオの祭典VMAJ受賞者決定". white-screen.jp. Archived from the original on 2010-04-04. Retrieved 2012-01-15. ^ "Beautiful World（2014 ver.)" (in Japanese). Space Shower. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ EMI Music Japan. "Utada Hikaru「Beautiful World」 Directed by Tsurumaki Kazuya" (in Japanese). Youtube. Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014. ^ "宇多田ヒカル / Beautiful World / Kiss&Cry" (in Japanese). CDJournal. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "宇多田ヒカル / HEART STATION" (in Japanese). CDJournal. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Beautiful World / Kiss & Cry" (in Japanese). Hot Express. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2015. ^ "第22回日本ゴールドディスク大賞" . Japan Gold Disc Awards (in Japanese). p. 3. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ "MTV VMAJ 2008 受賞作品一覧" . MTV Japan. 2008-06-02. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. ^ Beautiful World / Kiss & Cry (Media notes) (in Japanese). Hikaru Utada. Tokyo, Japan: EMI Music Japan. 2007.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ 宇多田ヒカルのシングル売り上げランキング (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2014. ^ シングル 年間ランキング (in Japanese). Oricon. December 2007. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2010. ^ "レコード協会調べ 9月度有料音楽配信チャート（「着うた（R）」）＜略称：9月度レコ協チャート（「着うた（R）」）＞" (in Japanese). RIAJ. 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2010-09-19. ^ "レコード協会調べ 2009年07月01日～2009年07月07日 ＜略称：レコ協チャート（「着うたフル(R)」）＞" (in Japanese). RIAJ. 2009-07-10. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2010-09-19. ^ "レコード協会調べ 2009年06月24日～2009年06月30日 ＜略称：レコ協チャート（「着うたフル(R)」）＞" (in Japanese). RIAJ. 2009-07-03. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. Retrieved 2010-09-19. ^ "オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」" . Oricon. Retrieved December 18, 2014. ^ a b レコード協会調べ 9月度有料音楽配信認定 (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ レコード協会調べ 9月度有料音楽配信認定 (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. October 20, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2007年8月 (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. September 10, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2014. ^ a b レコード協会調べ 8月度有料音楽配信認定 (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. September 20, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2014. ^ "Beautiful World / Kiss & Cry" (in Korean). Bugs. 29 August 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2014. ^ "Beautiful World - Kiss & Cry". Books.co.tw. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014. External links "Beautiful World" at MusicBrainz (information and list of recordings) vteHikaru Utada songs Discography 1990s "Automatic" "Time Will Tell" "Movin' On Without You" "First Love" "Addicted to You" 2000s "Wait & See (Risk)" "For You" "Time Limit" "Can You Keep a Secret?" "Final Distance" "Traveling" "Hikari" "Sakura Drops" "Letters" "Colors" "Easy Breezy" "Devil Inside" "Exodus '04" "Be My Last" "You Make Me Want to Be a Man" "Passion / Sanctuary" "Keep Tryin'" "This Is Love" "Boku wa Kuma" "Flavor of Life" "Kiss & Cry" "Beautiful World" "Stay Gold" "Heart Station" "Prisoner of Love" "Come Back to Me" "Dirty Desire" 2010s "Hymne à l'amour (Ai no Anthem)" "Goodbye Happiness" "Sakura Nagashi" "Hanataba o Kimi ni" "Manatsu no Tōriame" "Michi" "Ōzora de Dakishimete" "Forevermore" "Anata" "Play a Love Song" "Hatsukoi" "Chikai / Don't Think Twice" "Face My Fears" 2020s "Time" "One Last Kiss" "Kimi ni Muchū" "Somewhere Near Marseilles" Promotional releases "Fight the Blues" "Eternally" "Can't Wait 'Til Christmas" "Show Me Love (Not a Dream)" "Nijikan Dake no Vacance" Collaborations "Do You" "Lonely One" vteNeon Genesis EvangelionMedia Anime Manga chapters Angelic Days Shinji Ikari Raising Project Campus Apocalypse Petit Eva Anima Episodes "Angel Attack" "The Beast" "A Transfer" "Hedgehog's Dilemma" "Rei I" "Rei II" "A Human Work" "Asuka Strikes!" "Both of You, Dance Like You Want to Win!" "Magmadiver" "The Day Tokyo-3 Stood Still" "She said, 'Don't make others suffer for your personal hatred.'" "Lilliputian Hitcher" "Weaving a Story" "Those women longed for the touch of others' lips, and thus invited their kisses" "Splitting of the Breast" Films Revival of Evangelion Death & Rebirth The End of Evangelion Rebuild of Evangelion 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0+1.0 Video gamesVisual novels/raising sims Girlfriend of Steel 2nd Ayanami Raising Project Shinji Ikari Raising Project Other Neon Genesis Evangelion Neon Genesis Evangelion 2 Battle Orchestra Misato Katsuragi's Reporting Plan Music "A Cruel Angel's Thesis" "Fly Me to the Moon" "Beautiful World" "Tsubasa o Kudasai" "Sakura Nagashi" "One Last Kiss" Studios Gainax Tatsunoko Production Khara Production I.G Characters Shinji Ikari Rei Ayanami Asuka Langley Soryu Mari Illustrious Makinami Misato Katsuragi Gendo Ikari Kaworu Nagisa Ritsuko Akagi People Hideaki Anno Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Kazuya Tsurumaki Shirō Sagisu Ikuto Yamashita Yōji Enokido Takeshi Honda Mahiro Maeda Related Angels Evangelions Themes Uru in Blue "Arue" Peni Parker Japan Animator Expo Kyoei Toshi Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion Nope Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Utada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Utada"},{"link_name":"Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelion:_1.0_You_Are_(Not)_Alone"},{"link_name":"film reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Neon Genesis Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Kiss & Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_%26_Cry_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-1"},{"link_name":"Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelion:_2.0_You_Can_(Not)_Advance"}],"text":"\"Beautiful World\" is a song by Japanese American musician Hikaru Utada. It served as the theme song for Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone, the 2007 film reboot of the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion. It was released as a double A-side single on August 29, 2007 along with her song \"Kiss & Cry\", which had been released digitally three months earlier.[1] In 2009, a remix of the song, \"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)\" served as the theme song of the second film in the series, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance.","title":"Beautiful World (Hikaru Utada song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultra Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Blue"},{"link_name":"This Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Love_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"Flavor of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Hana Yori Dango Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Yori_Dango_Returns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kiss & Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_%26_Cry_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nissin Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissin_Foods"},{"link_name":"Freedom Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Project"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&Cannouncement-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAJ-jun2007digi-5"},{"link_name":"Fly Me to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Wait & See (Risk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_%26_See_(Risk)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriconFly-6"},{"link_name":"Neon Genesis Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Neon_Genesis_Evangelion#Fly_Me_to_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriconFly-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Ikari"},{"link_name":"End of Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Evangelion"},{"link_name":"Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_Langley_Soryu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2006, Utada released her fifth studio album, Ultra Blue, led by the digital single \"This Is Love\". In February 2007, Utada released \"Flavor of Life\", the theme song for the drama Hana Yori Dango Returns, which became one of her most commercially successful singles, selling over eight million downloads and becoming the second most digitally successful song of 2007 globally.[2][3]On April 20, Utada's song \"Kiss & Cry\" began to be used in commercials for Nissin Foods' Freedom Project advertising campaign, and was released as a digital download on May 31.[4][5] Utada's recording of the jazz standard \"Fly Me to the Moon\", originally found on her \"Wait & See (Risk)\" (2000) single, was rearranged and released as a digital download on June 29.[6] Renditions of this song had previously been used in the original Neon Genesis Evangelion animation's soundtrack, and Utada's version was used in trailers for Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone.[6]Since Utada had not read the movie's script before writing the theme songs for any of the first three Rebuild movies,[7] Utada took her inspirations from Shinji wanting to see his friends and the real world again at the end of End of Evangelion, and Asuka's realization that she did desire love from other people.[8] Utada's relationship with her mother, a musician herself, and her mental illness later in life influenced her Evangelion songs. For this reason, out of all Eva characters she identified the most with Asuka.[9]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ringtone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadioRingtone-10"},{"link_name":"Count Down TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Down_TV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey!_Hey!_Hey!_Music_Champ"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Utaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaban"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Music Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wild Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Life_(concert)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Beautiful World\" debuted on the radio and was released as a ringtone on July 23, 2007.[10] In early September, Utada performed the song at many music entertainment programs in Japan: at Count Down TV on the night of September 1,[11] Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ on September 3,[12] Utaban on September 6,[13] and both Music Station and Music Fighter on September 7.[14][15] \"Beautiful World\" was performed during Utada's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010.[16]Articles about Utada appeared in music and fashion magazines in August and September 2007, to promote the single. This included R&R Newsmaker, What's In?, CD Data, Barfout!, Oricon Style, Pia, Pop Teen and Patipati.[17]","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_McNamara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Distance"},{"link_name":"Traveling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"Simple and Clean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardPos-18"},{"link_name":"Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utada_Hikaru_Single_Collection_Vol._2"}],"sub_title":"Planitb Acoustica Remix","text":"In 2009, the song was rearranged for the second film of the Rebuild of Evangelion series, as \"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)\". It was released as a digital download on June 28, 2009. Utada worked with Russell McNamara, who had previously made remixes of her songs \"Distance\", \"Traveling\", \"Hikari\" and \"Simple and Clean\" between 2001–2002. The song was commercially successful, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.[18] It was added as the final track of Utada's second compilation album Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2 in late 2010.","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelion:_3.0%2B1.0_Thrice_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"One Last Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Last_Kiss_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Hideaki Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_Anno"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Da Capo Version","text":"In 2021, Utada re-recorded the song (specified as a \"self cover\") for the last film of the Evangelion series, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time, entitled \"Beautiful World (Da Capo Version)\", which featured on her 2021 EP, One Last Kiss. Musically, the Da Capo version immediately follows on from the preceding song, \"One Last Kiss\".Director Hideaki Anno specifically requested the version be created as he believed \"One Last Kiss\" would not be long enough for the credit sequence.[19]","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hideaki Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_Anno"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kazuya Tsurumaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuya_Tsurumaki"},{"link_name":"Rebuild of Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebuild_of_Evangelion"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Two animated music videos were produced for the song, depicting scenes from Evangelion. The first was released at the time of the single's release, and featured scenes of Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone, directed by the film's chief director Hideaki Anno.[20] This music video won a Japanese MTV Video Music Award for the best video used for a film.[21]In 2014 to promote Utada's 15th anniversary, as well as the tribute album Utada Hikaru no Uta, a music video of Evangelion scenes was produced by Kazuya Tsurumaki, one of the co-directors of the Rebuild of Evangelion film series.[22][23]","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"CDJournal reviewers described Utada as singing about \"earnest love and deep prayers in a rhythmic tempo\", and noted \"a painful beauty where transience and passion live together\" in the song. They praised the \"melancholy\" way that Utada sings the lyric \"it's only love\", as well as the lyrics' sense of ironic while coming from an everyday perspective.[24][25] Tetsuo Hiraga of Hot Express gave an extremely positive review of the song, feeling in awe of the emotional sensitivity of Utada's lyrics and how well they resonated with Evangelion.[26]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Bart Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Howard"}],"text":"\"Beautiful World\" / \"Kiss & Cry\" singleNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Beautiful World\"Utada5:182.\"Kiss & Cry\"Utada5:073.\"Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words) (2007 Mix)\"Bart Howard3:244.\"Beautiful World (Original Karaoke)\"Utada5:155.\"Kiss & Cry (Original Karaoke)\"Utada5:086.\"Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words) (2007 Mix) (Original Karaoke)\"Howard3:23Total length:27:35All tracks are written by Hikaru Utada\"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)\" digital downloadNo.TitleLength1.\"Beautiful World (Planitb Acoustica Mix)\"5:15Total length:5:15","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-29"},{"link_name":"Teruzane Utada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruzane_Utada"}],"text":"Personnel details were sourced from \"Beautiful World\" / \"Kiss & Cry\"'s liner notes booklet.[29]Goetz B. for 365 Artists – mixing\nAtsushi Matsui – recording\nAkira Miyake – production\nAlexis Smith – additional programming\nYuzuru Tomita – additional programming\nHikaru Utada – arrangement, keyboards, programming, production, songwriting, vocals\nTeruzane Utada – production","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sales and certifications","title":"Chart rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[]

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Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000033005","url_text":"\"宇多田ヒカル、話題の新曲がついに解禁！\""}]},{"reference":"\"September 1, 2007\". Count Down TV (in Japanese). September 1, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Down_TV","url_text":"Count Down TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Tokyo Broadcasting System"}]},{"reference":"\"宇多田ヒカル Beautiful World\" (in Japanese). Fuji Television. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513053532/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/HEY/guestprofile/utada8.html","url_text":"\"宇多田ヒカル Beautiful World\""},{"url":"http://www.fujitv.co.jp/HEY/guestprofile/utada8.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"September 6, 2007\". Utaban (in Japanese). September 6, 2007. Tokyo Broadcasting System.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaban","url_text":"Utaban"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Tokyo Broadcasting System"}]},{"reference":"主演者ライナップ 2007/09/07 (in Japanese). TV Asahi. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143041/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/music/contents/m_lineup/0901/index2.html","url_text":"主演者ライナップ 2007/09/07"},{"url":"http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/music/contents/m_lineup/0901/index2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"September 6, 2007\". Music Fighter (in Japanese). September 6, 2007. Nippon Television.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television","url_text":"Nippon Television"}]},{"reference":"\"宇多田ヒカル一時休止前ラスト公演で感涙＆Ust新記録樹立\" (in Japanese). Natalie. December 13, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/41982","url_text":"\"宇多田ヒカル一時休止前ラスト公演で感涙＆Ust新記録樹立\""}]},{"reference":"「Beautiful World」関連記事掲載予定メディア一覧 [Planned \"Beautiful World\" related article media list] (in Japanese). EMI Music Japan. July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031221130/http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php","url_text":"「Beautiful World」関連記事掲載予定メディア一覧"},{"url":"http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard Japan. July 13, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome

Meige's syndrome

["1 Presentation","1.1 Symptoms","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Upper and lower dystonia types","3 Treatment","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Not to be confused with Meigs's syndrome or Meige lymphedema. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Meige's syndrome" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Medical conditionMeige's syndromeThis 16th-century painting by Flemish artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder is one of the oldest known depictions of the facial dystonia associated with this syndrome.SpecialtyNeurology  Meige's syndrome is a type of dystonia. It is also known as Brueghel's syndrome and oral facial dystonia. It is actually a combination of two forms of dystonia, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (OMD). When OMD is combined with blepharospasm, it may be referred to as Meige's Syndrome named after Henri Meige, the French neurologist who first described the symptoms in detail in 1910. The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1 ratio). The combination of upper and lower dystonia is sometimes called cranial-cervical dystonia. The incidence is about one case in 20,000 people. Presentation The main symptoms involve involuntary blinking and chin thrusting. Some patients may experience excessive tongue protrusion, squinting, light sensitivity, muddled speech, or uncontrollable contraction of the platysma muscle. Some Meige's patients also have "laryngeal dystonia" (spasms of the larynx). Blepharospasm may lead to embarrassment in social situations, and oromandibular dystonia can affect speech, making it difficult to carry on the simplest conversations. This can cause difficulty in both personal and professional contexts, and in some cases may cause patients to withdraw from social situations. The condition tends to affect women more frequently than men. Symptoms Oromandibular Symptoms difficulty opening the mouth (trismus) clenching or grinding of the teeth (bruxism) spasms of jaw opening sideways deviation or protrusion of the jaw lip tightening and pursing drawing back (retraction) of the corners of the mouth deviation or protrusion of the tongue. jaw pain difficulties eating and drinking difficulties speaking (dysarthria) Blepharospasm symptoms the first symptom to appear is an increased rate of blinking uncontrollable squinting/closing of eyes light sensitivity (photophobia) squinting/eyes closing during speech uncontrollable eyes closing shut (rare instances completely causing blindness) In addition, in some patients, the dystonic spasms may sometimes be provoked by certain activities, such as talking, chewing, or biting. Particular activities or sensory tricks may sometimes temporarily alleviate OMD symptoms, including chewing gum, talking, placing a toothpick in the mouth, lightly touching the lips or chin, or applying pressure beneath the chin. Diagnosis Meige's is commonly misdiagnosed and most doctors will not be familiar with this condition due to its rare incidence. Usually, a neurologist specializing in psychomotor disorders can detect Meige's. There are currently no technological diagnostic tools to detect Meige's, as it cannot be identified using blood chemistry analysis or radiological imaging, such as MRI or CT scans. A patient presenting with signs of OMD alone may be misdiagnosed with TMJD. Patients with idiopathic Meige's syndrome do not quickly respond to anticholinergic drug treatments, a diagnostic sign that can help differentiate it from acute dystonia, which does respond to anticholinergic drugs. Upper and lower dystonia types The Greek word blepharon means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. "Benign" indicates the condition is not life-threatening, and "essential" is a medical term meaning "of unknown cause". It is both a cranial and a focal dystonia. Cranial refers to the head and focal indicates confinement to one part. The word dystonia describes abnormal involuntary sustained muscle contractions and spasms. Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids. Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a form of focal dystonia that affects varying areas of the head and neck including the lower face, jaw, tongue and larynx. The spasms may cause the mouth to pull open, shut tight, or move repetitively. Speech and swallowing may be distorted. It is often associated with dystonia of the cervical muscles (Spasmodic Torticollis), eyelids (Blepharospasm), or larynx (Spasmodic Dysphonia). In patients with OMD, involuntary contractions may involve the muscles used for chewing (masticatory muscles). These may include the thick muscle in the cheek that closes the jaw (masseter muscle) and the broad muscle that draws back the lower jaw and closes the mouth (temporalis muscle). Some patients may also experience involuntary contractions of the wide muscle at the side of the neck (platysmal muscle). This muscle draws down the corner of the mouth and lower lip or other muscle groups. Treatment In some cases Meige's syndrome can be reversed when it is caused by medication. Botulinum toxin injections can be helpful for the blepharospasm and for masseter spasm. See also Mogigraphia References ^ synd/547 at Who Named It? ^ a b c Ananth J, Edelmuth E, Dargan B (April 1988). "Meige's Syndrome Associated with Neuroleptic Treatment". American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (4): 513–515. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.4.513. PMID 2894781. ^ Boodman, Sandra G. (April 23, 2012). "Medical mysteries: I opened my laptop and my eyes snapped shut". Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2012. ^ Czyz, Craig N; Burns, John A; Petrie, Thomas P; Watkins, John R; Cahill, Kenneth V; Foster, Jill A (2013). "Long-term Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm, Hemifacial Spasm, and Meige Syndrome". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 156 (1): 173–177.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.02.001. PMID 23541393. Paulson, George W. (December 13, 1997). "Meige's Syndrome". Blepharospasm.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. "Oromandibular". Dystonia.org.za. 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. "Focal Dystonias: Oromandibular Dystonia". WeMove.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. External links ClassificationDICD-10: G24.4ICD-9-CM: 333.82MeSH: D008538DiseasesDB: 31428 vteDiseases of the nervous system, primarily CNSInflammationBrain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Brain and spinal cord Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Brain/encephalopathyDegenerativeExtrapyramidal andmovement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS NBIA PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff-person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick's Lewy bodies dementia Posterior cortical atrophy Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating Autoimmune Inflammatory Multiple sclerosis For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS Episodic/paroxysmalSeizures and epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy Headache Migraine Cluster Tension For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache Cerebrovascular TIA Stroke For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases Other Sleep disorders For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye syndrome Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto's encephalopathy Static encephalopathy Both/eitherDegenerativeSA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia–telangiectasia MND UMN only: Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only: Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) SMALED1 SMALED2A SMALED2B SMA-PCH SMA-PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio–Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meigs's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meigs%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Meige lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"blepharospasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm"},{"link_name":"oromandibular dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromandibular_dystonia"},{"link_name":"Henri Meige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Meige"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ananth1988-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Meigs's syndrome or Meige lymphedema.Medical conditionMeige's syndrome is a type of dystonia. It is also known as Brueghel's syndrome and oral facial dystonia. It is actually a combination of two forms of dystonia, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (OMD).When OMD is combined with blepharospasm, it may be referred to as Meige's Syndrome named after Henri Meige,[1] the French neurologist who first described the symptoms in detail in 1910. The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1 ratio). The combination of upper and lower dystonia is sometimes called cranial-cervical dystonia.[2] The incidence is about one case in 20,000 people.[3]","title":"Meige's syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinking"},{"link_name":"chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin"},{"link_name":"larynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The main symptoms involve involuntary blinking and chin thrusting. Some patients may experience excessive tongue protrusion, squinting, light sensitivity, muddled speech, or uncontrollable contraction of the platysma muscle. Some Meige's patients also have \"laryngeal dystonia\" (spasms of the larynx). Blepharospasm may lead to embarrassment in social situations, and oromandibular dystonia can affect speech, making it difficult to carry on the simplest conversations. This can cause difficulty in both personal and professional contexts, and in some cases may cause patients to withdraw from social situations.[citation needed]The condition tends to affect women more frequently than men.[citation needed]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trismus"},{"link_name":"bruxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism"},{"link_name":"dysarthria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ananth1988-2"},{"link_name":"photophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophobia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Symptoms","text":"Oromandibular Symptomsdifficulty opening the mouth (trismus)\nclenching or grinding of the teeth (bruxism)\nspasms of jaw opening\nsideways deviation or protrusion of the jaw\nlip tightening and pursing\ndrawing back (retraction) of the corners of the mouth\ndeviation or protrusion of the tongue.\njaw pain\ndifficulties eating and drinking\ndifficulties speaking (dysarthria)Blepharospasm symptomsthe first symptom to appear is an increased rate of blinking[2]\nuncontrollable squinting/closing of eyes\nlight sensitivity (photophobia)\nsquinting/eyes closing during speech\nuncontrollable eyes closing shut (rare instances completely causing blindness)In addition, in some patients, the dystonic spasms may sometimes be provoked by certain activities, such as talking, chewing, or biting. Particular activities or sensory tricks may sometimes temporarily alleviate OMD symptoms, including chewing gum, talking, placing a toothpick in the mouth, lightly touching the lips or chin, or applying pressure beneath the chin.[citation needed]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ananth1988-2"}],"text":"Meige's is commonly misdiagnosed and most doctors will not be familiar with this condition due to its rare incidence. Usually, a neurologist specializing in psychomotor disorders can detect Meige's. There are currently no technological diagnostic tools to detect Meige's, as it cannot be identified using blood chemistry analysis or radiological imaging, such as MRI or CT scans. A patient presenting with signs of OMD alone may be misdiagnosed with TMJD.[citation needed]Patients with idiopathic Meige's syndrome do not quickly respond to anticholinergic drug treatments, a diagnostic sign that can help differentiate it from acute dystonia, which does respond to anticholinergic drugs.[2]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourette's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome"},{"link_name":"tardive dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spasmodic Torticollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis"},{"link_name":"Spasmodic Dysphonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"masticatory muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication"},{"link_name":"masseter muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter_muscle"},{"link_name":"temporalis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_muscle"},{"link_name":"platysmal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma_muscle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Upper and lower dystonia types","text":"The Greek word blepharon means \"eyelid\". Spasm means \"uncontrolled muscle contraction\". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz-m] can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. \"Benign\" indicates the condition is not life-threatening, and \"essential\" is a medical term meaning \"of unknown cause\". It is both a cranial and a focal dystonia. Cranial refers to the head and focal indicates confinement to one part. The word dystonia describes abnormal involuntary sustained muscle contractions and spasms. Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids.[citation needed]Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a form of focal dystonia that affects varying areas of the head and neck including the lower face, jaw, tongue and larynx. The spasms may cause the mouth to pull open, shut tight, or move repetitively. Speech and swallowing may be distorted. It is often associated with dystonia of the cervical muscles (Spasmodic Torticollis), eyelids (Blepharospasm), or larynx (Spasmodic Dysphonia).[citation needed]In patients with OMD, involuntary contractions may involve the muscles used for chewing (masticatory muscles). These may include the thick muscle in the cheek that closes the jaw (masseter muscle) and the broad muscle that draws back the lower jaw and closes the mouth (temporalis muscle). Some patients may also experience involuntary contractions of the wide muscle at the side of the neck (platysmal muscle). This muscle draws down the corner of the mouth and lower lip or other muscle groups.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23541393-4"}],"text":"In some cases Meige's syndrome can be reversed when it is caused by medication. Botulinum toxin injections can be helpful for the blepharospasm and for masseter spasm.[4]","title":"Treatment"}]

[]

[{"title":"Mogigraphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Wetherill

Roderick Wetherill

["1 Education and early career","2 Vietnam War","3 Fort Sill","4 Awards","5 Promotion dates","6 Writings","7 Roderick Wetherill Jr.","8 References"]

United States Army general (1918–1978) Roderick Wetherill Sr.Nickname(s)"Rod"Born(1918-01-19)January 19, 1918Chicago, Illinois, United StatesDiedJune 26, 1978(1978-06-26) (aged 60)AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1940–1973RankMajor GeneralService number0-23158UnitField Artillery BranchCommands heldFort Sill176th Field Artillery BattalionBattles/warsWorld War IIKorean WarVietnam WarAwardsArmy Distinguished Service MedalSilver StarLegion of MeritBronze Star (2) Major General Roderick Wetherill Sr. (January 19, 1918 – June 26, 1978) was a notable officer of the United States Army, serving from World War II through to the Vietnam War. The official Army history of the War in southeast Asia considers him to have been a "key ... commander in Vietnam". He is the son of Richard Wetherill and Elenor Jane Eckerson. Education and early career Wetherill graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1940, as had his father and both his sons, Roderick Jr. and Robert Wetherill as well as both grandsons, Chad and Brett Wetherill. While a young Lieutenant, he married Josephine Bolling, in March 1941, at a church in Waban, Massachusetts; his bride was a daughter of Army officer Alexander R. Bolling, who later became a lieutenant general and former Chief of Army Intelligence. Wetherill was working there at West Point after graduation, and residing in Highland Falls, New York, when his son, Roderick Wetherill Jr., was born on January 20, 1942. His first son was born six weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the day after his own birthday. Wetherill was promoted several times during and after World War II. In June 1953, then-Lieutenant Colonel Wetherill took part in a "retrograde movement" at Pukhan River as commander of the 176th Field Artillery Battalion, towards the end of the Korean War. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Legion of Merit for his service. He was "division artillery advisor" at the battle of Pukhan River, and witnessed first-hand the horrible casualties; he said, "I could see by the gun flashes the arms legs and faces hanging all over the wire." He also attempted to save some soldiers from being captured as prisoners of war by the Chinese Army. From about 1955 to 1957, Wetherill was a colonel stationed at the Headquarters, Continental Army Command. From April 1963 to December 1964, he was chief of staff of V Corps in Germany, at the rank of brigadier general. Vietnam War Walter Cronkite reported on location during the Vietnam War. After a long military career, Wetherill rose to the rank of major general. He was appointed the Senior Advisor, IV Corps, Delta Military Assistance Command on June 1, 1969, and served until February 1970. He advised General Creighton Abrams in June 1969 to transfer certain units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam out of Saigon to the Mekong delta area to allow them to gain combat experience, but Wetherill's advice was ignored. Just as he feared, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) invaded the Mekong Delta in August 1969. Wetherill was quoted extensively in a nationally syndicated UPI story about the offensive. Specifically, he noted that this was not merely the Viet Cong being involved, but regular enemy troops being engaged for the first time in the area. He famously said about those PAVN troop movements in the Mekong Delta: I think they came down here to shore up a deteriorating situation. It's an indication of Hanoi's growing concern with what's happening down here.— Maj. Gen. Roderick Wetherill, August 1969, in Can Tho In September 1969, Walter Cronkite of CBS News reported that some civilian advisors had also advised withdrawing United States troops; he further quoted Wetherill as describing both the displaced persons there and the withdrawal of American troops. Fort Sill Old infantry barracks at Fort Sill, Comanche County, outside Lawton, Oklahoma. Wetherill was sent stateside to Fort Sill, which he commanded from February 1970 through the end of May 1973. As a commanding officer of Fort Sill, and its artillery school during the early 1970s, Wetherill was the named defendant in a famous conscientious objector case during the Vietnam War, Polsky v. Wetherill, 438 F.2d 132 (10th Cir. 1971). The Tenth Circuit decided Polski on jurisdictional grounds, without getting into the merits of the case, while sitting en banc. However, the Supreme Court vacated that judgment in Polsky v. Wetherill, 403 U.S. 916, 91 S.Ct. 2232, 29 L.Ed.2d 693 (1971), and remanded it to the Tenth Circuit for further consideration. On remand, the Tenth Circuit ruled in favor of the petitioner's request for a writ of habeas corpus, and against Wetherill, in Polsky v. Wetherill, 455 F.2d 960 (10th Cir. 1972). Polsky v. Wetherill was cited was precedent ("mandatory authority") in Miller v. United States Army, 458 F.2d 388 (10th Cir. 1972). Wetherill once sent an enlisted man to psychiatric evaluation, rather than trial, in Lozinski v. Wetherill, 21 USCMA 77, 44 CMR 131 (C.M.A. 1971). In another case, Robertson v. Wetherill, 21 USCMA 77, 44 CMR 131 (C.M.A. 1971), he ordered an enlisted man who was charged with possession of marijuana to face a general, rather than special, court martial. At Fort Sill, Wetherill also organized the 1970 Field Artillery Systems Review, which aimed for a major "Modernization of the Field Artillery System." He inspected at least two college ROTC units in 1971, including that of Henderson State University in Arkansas. Major General Wetherill retired from the army on May 31, 1973. Awards This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster Army Commendation Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal Vietnam Service Medal United Nations Korea Medal Korean War Service Medal Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal Promotion dates This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rank Temporary Permanent 2nd Lieutenant N/A 11 June 1940 1st Lieutenant 10 October 1941 11 June 1943 Captain 1 February 1942 1 July 1948 Major 9 October 1942 29 August 1952 Lieutenant Colonel 15 June 1944 11 June 1960 Colonel 31 Jan 1955 11 June 1965 Brigadier General 29 August 1963 17 March 1967 Major General 1 July 1969 ? Retired May 31, 1973 Writings Wetherill's official papers have been collected, which primarily concern field artillery issues, such as personnel and gunships versus field artillery. He was the editor of the United States Army's monograph about the history of U.S. Field Artillery from 1972 to 1973. His written report to General Frederick C. Weyand on August 31, 1970, about the "Command of I Field Force in Vietnam" was used as a "case study" in "the development of close air support." Roderick Wetherill Jr. Both Wetherill and his son were graduates of West Point, and wore the famous grey uniform. Roderick "Rick" Wetherill Jr. (b. January 20, 1942 – September 9, 1996) was an officer of the United States Army from the Vietnam War through the Reagan administration's arms war. He was decorated with several high honors. He was educated at West Point Military Academy, like several of his male relatives, Wetherill Jr. was the son of Wetherill and Josephine Bolling, daughter of army officer Alexander R. Bolling, who later became a lieutenant general and Chief of Army Intelligence. So many of Wetherill's relatives attended West Point—his father, a grandfather, and two uncles among them—that it was said his blood was "grey", which is the color of the uniforms at the military academy. He was raised an army brat in Highland Falls, immediately south of the academy; he was an Eagle Scout and football player at Highland Falls High School and graduated in 1960. He joined the army, attended their preparatory school, and was class of 1965 at West Point. He also graduated from the Command and General Staff Schools of the army. Wetherill served first in Germany before 1968, and finished Airborne and Ranger schools. During a tour in the Vietnam War, from 1968 to 1969, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and the Republic of Vietnam's Cross of Gallantry. He earned his Master of Business Administration while an advisor to the ROTC at the University of Arizona (1969–1973). He served with Army Support Group in Panmunjom, South Korea, (1973–1974) the 1st Cavalry Division and as executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry at Fort Hood (1975–1977), CGSC (1977–1979), Individual Training Division at the Pentagon (1979–1982), and Office of the Secretary of Defense (1982–1987), during the Cold War build-up. He retired as a lieutenant colonel. In addition to the Bronze Star Medal and Cross of Gallantry, he earned a Meritorious Service Medal and the Defense Superior Service Medal. He was widely eulogized after his death. References ^ a b "Biographical stub at West Point alumni website". Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ a b c Richard W. Stewart (ed.). "KEY U.S. OFFICIALS AND COMMANDERS IN VIETNAM, Appendix to the History of Vietnam war". United States Army. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ "1940 West Point Yearbook". 1940. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Greg Letterman. "Biography at West Point alumni website". Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ "Margaret Bolling Wed to Officer; Bride in Church Ceremony at Waban, Mass., of Lieut. Roderick Wetherill New York Times select archives (behind a paywall)". New York Times. March 9, 1941. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b c Frederick Painton (June 17, 1953). "Retreat Before 'Human Sea' Attack Described – Google newspapers website". Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Official register of the United States (Volume 1955). (page 19 of 111) – eBooks website". United States Bureau of the Census. 1955. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Official register of the United States (Volume 1957). (page 21 of 135) – eBooks website". United States Bureau of the Census. 1957. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ Charles E. Kirkpatrick (November 2001). "History of V Corps – US Army in Germany website" (PDF). United States Department of Defense, Army V Corps Public Affairs Office. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b "The filed Artilleryman" (PDF). United States Army. October 1972. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b David E. Ott (2003). "U.S. Field Artillery in Vietnam". United States Army. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ Jeffrey J. Clarke (1988). Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. United States Government Printing Office. p. 381. ISBN 9780160899232. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ a b c d UPI (August 25, 1969). "paper". The Journal-Tribune (Marysville, Ohio). Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b c d UPI (August 25, 1969). "Red Regiment Poses Threat to Delta Area". The Norwalk Hour. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ William Gerber (August 23, 1969). "Quotable Quotes – Google newspapers archives". The Bulletin (Bend, Oregon). Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "CBS Evening News for Wednesday, Sep 03, 1969". Vanderbilt University Televisions News Project. September 3, 1969. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "US Army Field Artillery Center and Fort Sill Annual (History) - Docstoc.com". 1999. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b Janice E. McKenney (2007). The organizational history of field artillery 1775–2003 – Google books. Government Printing Office. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-16-077115-6. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b "Field Artillery Magazine, Systems Review" (PDF). March 1971. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b "Polsky v. Wetherill". Justia. January 24, 1971. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ Polsky v. Wetherill, 403 U.S. 916, 91 S.Ct. 2232, 29 L.Ed.2d 693 (1971); see also Polsky v. Wetherill, 455 F.2d 960 (10th Cir. 1972). ^ "Polsky v. Wetherill". Justia. March 2, 1972. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ "Miller v. United States Army". vLex.com. 1972. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b Lozinski v. Wetherill – Google Books. LLMC. August 17, 1971. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Gen. Wetherill Will Visit Henderson, Ouachita Units – Henderson State University Library archives". Daily Sifting Herald. February 7, 1972. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ a b "Roderick Wetherill - Recipient -". The Hall of Valor Project. Retrieved 2022-04-07. ^ Roderick Wetherill (1970). The Roderick Wetherill papers – Google books. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ B. Franklin Cooling, editor, for the Office of Air Force History (1990). Case studies in the development of close air support -Google ebooks. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781428992986. Retrieved September 17, 2011. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Genealogical Succession". West Point Association of Graduates. 2002. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Class of 1965, Company F-2". West Point. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Eulogies". West Point Association of Graduates. Retrieved September 20, 2011. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_point_stub-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-2"}],"text":"Major General Roderick Wetherill Sr. (January 19, 1918 – June 26, 1978) was a notable officer of the United States Army, serving from World War II through to the Vietnam War.[1] The official Army history of the War in southeast Asia considers him to have been a \"key ... commander in Vietnam\".[2] He is the son of Richard Wetherill and Elenor Jane Eckerson.","title":"Roderick Wetherill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Point Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_point_stub-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940_yearbook-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Waban, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waban,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times_wedding-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander R. Bolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_R._Bolling"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"Army Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Pukhan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukhan_River"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pukan-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pukan-6"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pukan-6"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Continental Army Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army_Command"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Wetherill graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1940,[1][3] as had his father and both his sons, Roderick Jr. and Robert Wetherill as well as both grandsons, Chad and Brett Wetherill.[4] While a young Lieutenant, he married Josephine Bolling, in March 1941, at a church in Waban, Massachusetts;[5] his bride was a daughter of Army officer Alexander R. Bolling, who later became a lieutenant general and former Chief of Army Intelligence.Wetherill was working there at West Point after graduation, and residing in Highland Falls, New York, when his son, Roderick Wetherill Jr., was born on January 20, 1942.[4] His first son was born six weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the day after his own birthday.Wetherill was promoted several times during and after World War II. In June 1953, then-Lieutenant Colonel Wetherill took part in a \"retrograde movement\" at Pukhan River as commander of the 176th Field Artillery Battalion, towards the end of the Korean War. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Legion of Merit for his service.[6] He was \"division artillery advisor\" at the battle of Pukhan River, and witnessed first-hand the horrible casualties; he said, \"I could see by the gun flashes the arms legs and faces hanging all over the wire.\"[6] He also attempted to save some soldiers from being captured as prisoners of war by the Chinese Army.[6]From about 1955 to 1957, Wetherill was a colonel stationed at the Headquarters, Continental Army Command.[7][8] From April 1963 to December 1964, he was chief of staff of V Corps in Germany, at the rank of brigadier general.[9]","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Cronkite_In_Vietnam2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort_Sill-10"},{"link_name":"IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monograph-11"},{"link_name":"Creighton Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Abrams"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"Mekong delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-Tribune-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwalk-14"},{"link_name":"UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-Tribune-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwalk-14"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-Tribune-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwalk-14"},{"link_name":"Can Tho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Tho"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-Tribune-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwalk-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quotes-15"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Walter Cronkite reported on location during the Vietnam War.After a long military career, Wetherill rose to the rank of major general.[2][10] He was appointed the Senior Advisor, IV Corps, Delta Military Assistance Command on June 1, 1969,[2] and served until February 1970.[11] He advised General Creighton Abrams in June 1969 to transfer certain units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam out of Saigon to the Mekong delta area to allow them to gain combat experience, but Wetherill's advice was ignored.[12] Just as he feared, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) invaded the Mekong Delta in August 1969.[13][14] Wetherill was quoted extensively in a nationally syndicated UPI story about the offensive.[13][14] Specifically, he noted that this was not merely the Viet Cong being involved, but regular enemy troops being engaged for the first time in the area.[13][14] He famously said about those PAVN troop movements in the Mekong Delta:I think they came down here to shore up a deteriorating situation. It's an indication of Hanoi's growing concern with what's happening down here.— Maj. Gen. Roderick Wetherill, August 1969, in Can Tho[13][14][15]In September 1969, Walter Cronkite of CBS News reported that some civilian advisors had also advised withdrawing United States troops; he further quoted Wetherill as describing both the displaced persons there and the withdrawal of American troops.[16]","title":"Vietnam War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Sill;infantrybarracks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"Comanche County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organizational-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort_Sill-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organizational-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Systems-19"},{"link_name":"conscientious objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector"},{"link_name":"Polsky v. Wetherill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polsky_v._Wetherill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polski_v._Wetherill-20"},{"link_name":"en banc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polski_v._Wetherill-20"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"writ of habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polski_v._Wetherill_remand-22"},{"link_name":"precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"C.M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Military_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lozinski_v._Wetherill-24"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lozinski_v._Wetherill-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Systems-19"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROTC"},{"link_name":"Henderson State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_State_University"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Old infantry barracks at Fort Sill, Comanche County, outside Lawton, Oklahoma.Wetherill was sent stateside to Fort Sill, which he commanded from February 1970 through the end of May 1973.[17][18]As a commanding officer of Fort Sill, and its artillery school during the early 1970s,[10][18][19] Wetherill was the named defendant in a famous conscientious objector case during the Vietnam War, Polsky v. Wetherill, 438 F.2d 132 (10th Cir. 1971).[20] The Tenth Circuit decided Polski on jurisdictional grounds, without getting into the merits of the case, while sitting en banc.[20] However, the Supreme Court vacated that judgment in Polsky v. Wetherill, 403 U.S. 916, 91 S.Ct. 2232, 29 L.Ed.2d 693 (1971), and remanded it to the Tenth Circuit for further consideration.[21] On remand, the Tenth Circuit ruled in favor of the petitioner's request for a writ of habeas corpus, and against Wetherill, in Polsky v. Wetherill, 455 F.2d 960 (10th Cir. 1972).[22] Polsky v. Wetherill was cited was precedent (\"mandatory authority\") in Miller v. United States Army, 458 F.2d 388 (10th Cir. 1972).[23]Wetherill once sent an enlisted man to psychiatric evaluation, rather than trial, in Lozinski v. Wetherill, 21 USCMA 77, 44 CMR 131 (C.M.A. 1971).[24] In another case, Robertson v. Wetherill, 21 USCMA 77, 44 CMR 131 (C.M.A. 1971), he ordered an enlisted man who was charged with possession of marijuana to face a general, rather than special, court martial.[24]At Fort Sill, Wetherill also organized the 1970 Field Artillery Systems Review, which aimed for a major \"Modernization of the Field Artillery System.\"[19] He inspected at least two college ROTC units in 1971, including that of Henderson State University in Arkansas.[25]Major General Wetherill retired from the army on May 31, 1973.","title":"Fort Sill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Army Commendation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Army of Occupation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_Medal"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Korean Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Nations Korea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal"},{"link_name":"Korean War Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal"}],"text":"Distinguished Service Medal\nSilver Star[26]\nLegion of Merit[26]\nBronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster\nArmy Commendation Medal\nAmerican Defense Service Medal\nAmerican Campaign Medal\nEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nArmy of Occupation Medal\nNational Defense Service Medal\nKorean Service Medal\nVietnam Service Medal\nUnited Nations Korea Medal\nKorean War Service Medal\nRepublic of Vietnam Campaign Medal","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promotion dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_artillery"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monograph-11"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Weyand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Wetherill's official papers have been collected, which primarily concern field artillery issues, such as personnel and gunships versus field artillery.[27] He was the editor of the United States Army's monograph about the history of U.S. Field Artillery from 1972 to 1973.[11] His written report to General Frederick C. Weyand on August 31, 1970, about the \"Command of I Field Force in Vietnam\" was used as a \"case study\" in \"the development of close air support.\"[28]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMA_Graduation_Hat_Toss_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"West Point Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genealogical-29"},{"link_name":"Alexander R. Bolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_R._Bolling"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"Army Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genealogical-29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"army brat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_brat"},{"link_name":"Eagle Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"Highland Falls High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._O%27Neill_High_School#History"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_F-2-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Airborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cross of Gallantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallantry_Cross_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROTC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Panmunjom, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Security_Area"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Office of the Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Defense Superior Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Point-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Both Wetherill and his son were graduates of West Point, and wore the famous grey uniform.Roderick \"Rick\" Wetherill Jr. (b. January 20, 1942 – September 9, 1996) was an officer of the United States Army from the Vietnam War through the Reagan administration's arms war.[4] He was decorated with several high honors.[4] He was educated at West Point Military Academy, like several of his male relatives,[29] Wetherill Jr. was the son of Wetherill and Josephine Bolling, daughter of army officer Alexander R. Bolling, who later became a lieutenant general and Chief of Army Intelligence. So many of Wetherill's relatives attended West Point—his father, a grandfather, and two uncles among them[29]—that it was said his blood was \"grey\", which is the color of the uniforms at the military academy.[4] He was raised an army brat in Highland Falls, immediately south of the academy; he was an Eagle Scout and football player at Highland Falls High School and graduated in 1960.[4]He joined the army, attended their preparatory school, and was class of 1965 at West Point.[4][30] He also graduated from the Command and General Staff Schools of the army.[4]Wetherill served first in Germany before 1968, and finished Airborne and Ranger schools.[4] During a tour in the Vietnam War, from 1968 to 1969, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and the Republic of Vietnam's Cross of Gallantry.[4]He earned his Master of Business Administration while an advisor to the ROTC at the University of Arizona (1969–1973).[4] He served with Army Support Group in Panmunjom, South Korea, (1973–1974) the 1st Cavalry Division and as executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry at Fort Hood (1975–1977), CGSC (1977–1979), Individual Training Division at the Pentagon (1979–1982), and Office of the Secretary of Defense (1982–1987),[4] during the Cold War build-up. He retired as a lieutenant colonel.[4] In addition to the Bronze Star Medal and Cross of Gallantry, he earned a Meritorious Service Medal and the Defense Superior Service Medal.[4] He was widely eulogized after his death.[31]","title":"Roderick Wetherill Jr."}]

[{"image_text":"Walter Cronkite reported on location during the Vietnam War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walter_Cronkite_In_Vietnam2.jpg/100px-Walter_Cronkite_In_Vietnam2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old infantry barracks at Fort Sill, Comanche County, outside Lawton, Oklahoma.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fort_Sill%3Binfantrybarracks.jpg/200px-Fort_Sill%3Binfantrybarracks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Both Wetherill and his son were graduates of West Point, and wore the famous grey uniform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USMA_Graduation_Hat_Toss_2008.jpg/170px-USMA_Graduation_Hat_Toss_2008.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Biographical stub at West Point alumni website\". Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.west-point.org/users/usma1940/12065/","url_text":"\"Biographical stub at West Point alumni website\""}]},{"reference":"Richard W. Stewart (ed.). \"KEY U.S. OFFICIALS AND COMMANDERS IN VIETNAM, Appendix to the History of Vietnam war\". United States Army. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061702/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Comm-Control/app.htm","url_text":"\"KEY U.S. OFFICIALS AND COMMANDERS IN VIETNAM, Appendix to the History of Vietnam war\""},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Comm-Control/app.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1940 West Point Yearbook\". 1940. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/United_States_Military_Academy_West_Point_Howitzer_Yearbook/1940/Page_244.html","url_text":"\"1940 West Point Yearbook\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Letterman. \"Biography at West Point alumni website\". Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.west-point.org/users/usma1965/25999/","url_text":"\"Biography at West Point alumni website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret Bolling Wed to Officer; Bride in Church Ceremony at Waban, Mass., of Lieut. Roderick Wetherill New York Times select archives (behind a paywall)\". New York Times. March 9, 1941. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1941/03/09/archives/margaret-bolling-wed-to-officer-bride-in-church-ceremony-at-waban.html","url_text":"\"Margaret Bolling Wed to Officer; Bride in Church Ceremony at Waban, Mass., of Lieut. Roderick Wetherill New York Times select archives (behind a paywall)\""}]},{"reference":"Frederick Painton (June 17, 1953). \"Retreat Before 'Human Sea' Attack Described – Google newspapers website\". Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19530617&id=BPciAAAAIBAJ&pg=1306,2232643","url_text":"\"Retreat Before 'Human Sea' Attack Described – Google newspapers website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official register of the United States (Volume 1955). (page 19 of 111) – eBooks website\". United States Bureau of the Census. 1955. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-bureau-of-the-census/official-register-of-the-united-states-volume-1955-tin/page-19-official-register-of-the-united-states-volume-1955-tin.shtml","url_text":"\"Official register of the United States (Volume 1955). (page 19 of 111) – eBooks website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official register of the United States (Volume 1957). (page 21 of 135) – eBooks website\". United States Bureau of the Census. 1957. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-bureau-of-the-census/official-register-of-the-united-states-volume-1957-tin/page-21-official-register-of-the-united-states-volume-1957-tin.shtml","url_text":"\"Official register of the United States (Volume 1957). (page 21 of 135) – eBooks website\""}]},{"reference":"Charles E. Kirkpatrick (November 2001). \"History of V Corps – US Army in Germany website\" (PDF). United States Department of Defense, Army V Corps Public Affairs Office. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usarmygermany.com/units/corps/V%20Corps%20History%20Revised%20Nov%202001.pdf","url_text":"\"History of V Corps – US Army in Germany website\""}]},{"reference":"\"The filed Artilleryman\" (PDF). United States Army. October 1972. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120255/http://sill-www.army.mil/famag/1972/oct_1972/oct_1972_cover_toc.pdf","url_text":"\"The filed Artilleryman\""},{"url":"http://sill-www.army.mil/famag/1972/oct_1972/oct_1972_cover_toc.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David E. Ott (2003). \"U.S. Field Artillery in Vietnam\". United States Army. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523102415/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/FA54-73/Preface.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. Field Artillery in Vietnam\""},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/FA54-73/Preface.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey J. Clarke (1988). Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. United States Government Printing Office. p. 381. ISBN 9780160899232. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DE7CRD9QGtEC&q=%22Roderick+Wetherill%22&pg=PA381","url_text":"Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160899232","url_text":"9780160899232"}]},{"reference":"UPI (August 25, 1969). \"paper\". The Journal-Tribune (Marysville, Ohio). Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI","url_text":"UPI"},{"url":"http://www.newspaperarchive.com/SiteMap/FreePdfPreview.aspx?img=114387270","url_text":"\"paper\""}]},{"reference":"UPI (August 25, 1969). \"Red Regiment Poses Threat to Delta Area\". The Norwalk Hour. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI","url_text":"UPI"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1898&dat=19690825&id=yR9JAAAAIBAJ&pg=6031,2395846","url_text":"\"Red Regiment Poses Threat to Delta Area\""}]},{"reference":"William Gerber (August 23, 1969). \"Quotable Quotes – Google newspapers archives\". The Bulletin (Bend, Oregon). Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19690823&id=RbJhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5060,6824288","url_text":"\"Quotable Quotes – Google newspapers archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBS Evening News for Wednesday, Sep 03, 1969\". Vanderbilt University Televisions News Project. September 3, 1969. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=205755","url_text":"\"CBS Evening News for Wednesday, Sep 03, 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Army Field Artillery Center and Fort Sill Annual (History) - Docstoc.com\". 1999. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.docstoc.com/docs/44465978/US-ARMY-FIELD-ARTILLERY-CENTER-AND-FORT-SILL-ANNUAL","url_text":"\"US Army Field Artillery Center and Fort Sill Annual (History) - Docstoc.com\""}]},{"reference":"Janice E. McKenney (2007). The organizational history of field artillery 1775–2003 – Google books. Government Printing Office. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-16-077115-6. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xfGGwoL-E4wC&q=%22Roderick+Wetherill%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA326","url_text":"The organizational history of field artillery 1775–2003 – Google books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-077115-6","url_text":"978-0-16-077115-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Field Artillery Magazine, Systems Review\" (PDF). March 1971. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sill-www.army.mil/famag/1971/MAR_1971/MAR_1971_PAGES_24_25.pdf","url_text":"\"Field Artillery Magazine, Systems Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polsky v. Wetherill\". Justia. January 24, 1971. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/438/132/21489/","url_text":"\"Polsky v. Wetherill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polsky v. Wetherill\". Justia. March 2, 1972. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/455/960/168587/","url_text":"\"Polsky v. Wetherill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miller v. United States Army\". vLex.com. 1972. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329134325/http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/samuel-obediah-miller-army-respondent-36763534","url_text":"\"Miller v. United States Army\""},{"url":"http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/samuel-obediah-miller-army-respondent-36763534","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lozinski v. Wetherill – Google Books. LLMC. August 17, 1971. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oqx5O8Hvp5cC&q=%22Roderick+Wetherill%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT180","url_text":"Lozinski v. Wetherill – Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Gen. Wetherill Will Visit Henderson, Ouachita Units – Henderson State University Library archives\". Daily Sifting Herald. February 7, 1972. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402132410/http://library.hsu.edu/Frames/MilitaryScience.htm","url_text":"\"Gen. Wetherill Will Visit Henderson, Ouachita Units – Henderson State University Library archives\""},{"url":"http://library.hsu.edu/Frames/MilitaryScience.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Roderick Wetherill - Recipient -\". The Hall of Valor Project. Retrieved 2022-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/98845","url_text":"\"Roderick Wetherill - Recipient -\""}]},{"reference":"Roderick Wetherill (1970). The Roderick Wetherill papers – Google books. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k1HGZwEACAAJ","url_text":"The Roderick Wetherill papers – Google books"}]},{"reference":"B. Franklin Cooling, editor, for the Office of Air Force History (1990). Case studies in the development of close air support -Google ebooks. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781428992986. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_mIq1PP0nCEC&q=%22Roderick+Wetherill%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA482","url_text":"Case studies in the development of close air support -Google ebooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428992986","url_text":"9781428992986"}]},{"reference":"\"Genealogical Succession\". West Point Association of Graduates. 2002. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924170322/http://westpointaog.org/netcommunity/document.doc?id=3239","url_text":"\"Genealogical Succession\""},{"url":"http://www.westpointaog.org/netcommunity/document.doc?id=3239","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Class of 1965, Company F-2\". West Point. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234256/http://www.west-point.org/class/usma1965/CompanyPix/Company_F-2.htm","url_text":"\"Class of 1965, Company F-2\""},{"url":"http://www.west-point.org/class/usma1965/CompanyPix/Company_F-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eulogies\". West Point Association of Graduates. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://defender.west-point.org/service/eulogies.mhtml?&u=25999","url_text":"\"Eulogies\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_Yamaros_FC

Yamaros F.C.

["1 History","2 Honours","2.1 Regional Competitions","3 References"]

Association football club in Port Moresby Football clubYamarosFull nameYamaros Football ClubFoundedc. 2010LeagueNational Soccer League20176thYamaros FC, formerly known as Vats Yamaros or Vitis Yamaros for sponsorship reasons, is a semi-professional association football club based in Gerehu, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, founded around 2010. The club took part in one edition of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, finishing 6th out of six teams in the 2017 edition of the competition. The club has also taken part in several editions of the Port Moresby Premier Division, having won the title once in 2011. History The club was founded sometime before their first competitive outing in the Port Moresby Premier Division in 2010, in which they finished runners-up to University after a 2–0 defeat in the Grand Final. The following season, they went a step further, defeating the Port Moresby School of Excellence (POMSOE) team 4–3 on penalties after a 0–0 draw, with fullback Tony Pepea scoring the winning penalty. In the 2012 edition of the competition, the club picked up the league's Minor Premiership by finishing the regular season at the top of the table, before reaching their third successive Grand Final with a 1–0 victory over PS Rutz in the semi-final. However, the side failed to defend their title, going down 1–0 in the final against University. In December 2012, it was reported that the side had expressed an interest in taking part in the 2013 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, but had failed to pay the application fee. In the end, their participation failed to materialise. They did, however, enter the 2013 Port Moresby Premier Division, losing their opening match 4–0 against Defence on the first weekend of June before stabilising somewhat in an evenly-matched season with no runaway leader: by July, the side were level with four other teams in second place on nine points, by August they were top, but they had surrendered that lead and fallen to third by the end of the following weekend. They finished the regular season in second place behind FC Momase, before eventually losing to MacLaren FC in the playoffs, finishing third overall. Details of the club's competitive history after 2013 are unclear, until they were confirmed in February 2017 as taking part in the 2017 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League for the first time. They opened their campaign with a solid 1–1 draw against league veterans Besta PNG United, but that would prove to be their only point of the campaign, as they lost or forfeited the remainder of their matches. The side were not one of the teams registered ahead of the 2018 season. Honours Regional Competitions Port Moresby Premier League Champions: 2011 Runners-Up: 2010, 2012 Third: 2013 References ^ a b "Papua New Guinea 2017". RSSSF. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Papua New Guinea 2010/11". RSSSF. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "VATS Yamaros clinch PMSA title". The National. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Papua New Guinea 2011/12". RSSSF. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Yamaros bag Super League's minor title". The National. 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Yamaros make final". The National. 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Uni win first Super crown". The National. 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Papua New Guinea 2012/13". RSSSF. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "National Soccer League start date delayed". Oceania Football Confederation. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Only three pay". The National. 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Blue Kumuls fly high with help". The National. 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Defence smash Yamaros in Super League opener". The National. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Minors cause upsets". The National. 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Defence shock Rapatona". The National. 2013-08-04. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Rapatona regains top spot after 3-0 victory". The National. 2013-08-11. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Momase bag minor title, Cosmos miss out". The National. 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Posei inspires Maclaren to Super League final". The National. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "NSL pushed back". The National. 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "Dwellers win big". Post Courier. 2017-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "United pull out, NSL finals cancelled". The National. 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2019-03-10. ^ "NSL set to kick off". The National. 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2019-03-10.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Gerehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerehu"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"2017 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Football clubYamaros FC, formerly known as Vats Yamaros or Vitis Yamaros for sponsorship reasons, is a semi-professional association football club based in Gerehu, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, founded around 2010.The club took part in one edition of the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, finishing 6th out of six teams in the 2017 edition of the competition.[1]The club has also taken part in several editions of the Port Moresby Premier Division, having won the title once in 2011.","title":"Yamaros F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Inter_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Tony Pepea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Pepea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2013 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"FC Momase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Momase"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MacLaren FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacLaren_FC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2017 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Besta PNG United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besta_PNG_United"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2018 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The club was founded sometime before their first competitive outing in the Port Moresby Premier Division in 2010, in which they finished runners-up to University after a 2–0 defeat in the Grand Final.[2] The following season, they went a step further, defeating the Port Moresby School of Excellence (POMSOE) team 4–3 on penalties after a 0–0 draw, with fullback Tony Pepea scoring the winning penalty.[3][4]In the 2012 edition of the competition, the club picked up the league's Minor Premiership by finishing the regular season at the top of the table,[5] before reaching their third successive Grand Final with a 1–0 victory over PS Rutz in the semi-final.[6] However, the side failed to defend their title, going down 1–0 in the final against University.[7][8]In December 2012, it was reported that the side had expressed an interest in taking part in the 2013 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, but had failed to pay the application fee.[9][10] In the end, their participation failed to materialise.They did, however, enter the 2013 Port Moresby Premier Division,[11] losing their opening match 4–0 against Defence on the first weekend of June[12] before stabilising somewhat in an evenly-matched season with no runaway leader: by July, the side were level with four other teams in second place on nine points,[13] by August they were top,[14] but they had surrendered that lead and fallen to third by the end of the following weekend.[15] They finished the regular season in second place behind FC Momase,[16] before eventually losing to MacLaren FC in the playoffs, finishing third overall.[17]Details of the club's competitive history after 2013 are unclear, until they were confirmed in February 2017 as taking part in the 2017 Papua New Guinea National Soccer League for the first time.[18] They opened their campaign with a solid 1–1 draw against league veterans Besta PNG United,[19] but that would prove to be their only point of the campaign, as they lost or forfeited the remainder of their matches.[1][20]The side were not one of the teams registered ahead of the 2018 season.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regional Competitions","text":"Port Moresby Premier League\nChampions: 2011\nRunners-Up: 2010, 2012\nThird: 2013","title":"Honours"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Duo

Zhao Duo

["1 References"]

Chinese volleyball player Zhao DuoPersonal informationNationalityChineseBorn (1963-05-26) 26 May 1963 (age 61)SportSportVolleyball Zhao Duo (born 26 May 1963) is a Chinese volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Zhao Duo Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2019. This biographical article relating to a People's Republic of China volleyball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School

Aberdeen Grammar School

["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Recent history","2 Present day","2.1 Pupils and catchment area","2.2 Colour System & Achievements","3 Rectors","4 Notable alumni and teachers","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 57°08′49″N 2°06′54″W / 57.1468581°N 2.115042°W / 57.1468581; -2.115042 Secondary school in Aberdeen, ScotlandAberdeen Grammar SchoolAddressSkene StreetAberdeen, AB10 1HTScotlandCoordinates57°08′49″N 2°06′54″W / 57.1468581°N 2.115042°W / 57.1468581; -2.115042InformationTypeSecondary schoolMottoBon RecordEstablishedc. 1256; 768 years ago (1256)Local authorityAberdeen City CouncilRectorAlison Murison, Ma(Hons) (2015–present)Staff77 (2018)GenderCoeducational (all boys previously)Age11 to 18Enrolment1,120 (2018)Houses  Byron  Keith and Dun   MelvinColour(s)Blue, Red, White     AlumniAberdeen Grammar School Former Pupils ClubWebsiteAberdeen Grammar School Aberdeen Grammar School is a state secondary school in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is one of thirteen secondary schools run by the Aberdeen City Council educational department. It is the oldest school in the city and one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, with a history spanning more than 750 years. Founded around 1256, the year used in official school records, it began operating as a boys' school. On Skene Street, near the centre of the city, it was originally situated on Schoolhill, near the current site of Robert Gordon's College. It moved to its current site in 1863, and became co-educational in 1973. In 1970 the school's name was changed by the City of Aberdeen Education Committee to a more accurate, less ceremonial "Rubislaw Academy" but in 1977 the name was reverted to "Aberdeen Grammar School" by the Grampian Regional Council, who at that point were responsible for education in Aberdeen. Although the school is named Aberdeen Grammar School, the school is not a Grammar School, The state school does not choose its own students and instead has a catchment zone like other schools in Aberdeen, Scotland. In an annual survey run by the British broadsheet newspaper The Times, Aberdeen Grammar was rated the 15th best Scottish state secondary school in 2019, and second in Aberdeen behind Cults Academy. The most notable former student is Lord Byron, the Romantic poet and writer who spent a short amount of time at the school before his move back to England as a 10 year old. A statue of him was erected in the front courtyard of the school. Alumni include Scottish international footballer Russell Anderson and mathematician Hector Munro Macdonald. History Early history The school coat of arms A certificate awarded to a pupil in 1915 for success in Maths, English, Greek, Latin, and French. The exact date of the school's founding is unknown; however, research done to mark the school's 750th anniversary led to the belief it was formed in c. 1256, which is the date that is now used for official school purposes. The earliest documented date of its existence is in the Burgh Records of 1418, when the Lord Provost and Council nominated John Homyll to replace the recently deceased Andrew of Chivas as "Master of the Schools". Originally on Schoolhill, near the site of the current Robert Gordon's College, the curriculum consisted of Latin, Greek and ancient geography. In 1580, new pupils were reprimanded, under the penalty of £10, if they did not show good behaviour or did not listen to their Magistrates or masters. In 1612, the pupils, many of whom were related to the gentry in the country, rioted with pistols and hagbuts, and took over part of the school. The masters stopped the riot, and 21 pupils were expelled, while some were arrested. Recent history In 1986, the original building was devastated by a fire, destroying most of the rooms including the large library, a collection of Byron's notebooks, the trophy room and other classrooms, although the historic facade was mostly undamaged. The modular building that was painted pink as part of a prank on "muck-up day" in 2002 The school and FPs club own the 18-acre (7.3 ha) Rubislaw Playing Fields at a site about a mile away from the main school building. Shared with the former pupils' club, the location has rugby union pitches with a stand, football pitches, grass hockey pitches and an artificial hockey pitch built in 2005. In recent years the school has been the site of a number of newsworthy events, including a protest against PETA, the painting pink of an entire temporary classroom block, and a bomb threat. The school marked its 750th anniversary year in 2007 with a series of fund-raising events, the proceeds of which went towards buying a new school minibus. Also in 2007, work was completed on a new gymnasium, begun two years previously. In February 2019, the school was shut for a suspected gas leak. Present day Today the school is run by Aberdeen City Council in accordance with the Scottish Executive's educational guidelines for state schools. In the 2013/14 academic year, the education of each pupil at the Grammar School specifically cost £4,252. In the session 2018–2019, 61% of leavers received a qualification equivalent of five Highers or more. Furthermore, 83% gained 5 or more National 5s and 27% gained 2 or more Advanced Highers. Pupils and catchment area About 1100 pupils attend the school each year, between the ages of about 11 to 18. The school's catchment area centres on the west end of the city, including Rosemount and Mannofield. There are four main primary schools that feed into the school, located throughout the centre and west-end of Aberdeen: Ashley Road Primary School, Gilcomstoun Primary School, Mile-End School and Skene Square Primary School. Under the Parent's Charter, children from other areas can attend the school after successful application by parents. Places using this method are limited for each year. As of 2023, of the schools in Scotland with the ten highest academic achievements, the school has the most inexpensive houses within its catchment zone. Colour System & Achievements Three colour awards are made. The first, 'Bronze Colours', issued in the third year of the school, are represented by a red ribbon on the breast pocket of the school blazer. This level requires two years of participation in an extra-curricular activity. The second, 'Silver Colours' are awarded in fifth or sixth year and represented by a light blue tie (replacing the navy, red and white tie). Pupils must be participating in the activity throughout fourth and fifth year for this award. The third, 'Gold Colours' is the final level of the colours system. Pupils must demonstrate a very high level of attainment, performance and achievement to be eligible for this award. It is represented by red braiding outlining the rims of the school blazer. 'International Colours' are awarded to pupils who have represented their country at international level. It is marked by silver braiding around the blazer. 'Citizenship Colours' are awarded for an outstanding contribution to the school community and are represented by a silver tie. Rectors The rector is the head of the school. Records show there were 26 rectors between 1418 and 1881. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) Name Incumbency James Cromar 1803–1825 William Barrack 1860–1868 Henry Fife Morland Simpson 1893–1920 DM Andrew 1924–1942 Notable alumni and teachers See also: Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School Russell Anderson, Scotland international footballer, captain of Aberdeen F.C. James Beattie, professor of moral philosophy and logic at the University of Aberdeen George Boyne, principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Aberdeen Lord Byron, poet, famous poems include Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan; his statue stands in front of the school Zoey Clark, British athlete Craig Clunas, historian of Chinese art; Emeritus Professor of the History of Art, University of Oxford Robin Cook, former cabinet member and Secretary of State Martin Dalby, composer David Ferrier, FRS, neurologist and psychologist James Gibbs 18th century architect Paul Gough, Vice-Chancellor, Arts University Bournemouth, and Chair of UKADIA Iain Gray, chief executive, technology strategy board and former MD Airbus UK Neil Kemsley, sportsman (cricket and badminton) Robert Daniel Lawrence, early recipient of insulin injections, founder of the British Diabetic Association, now Diabetes_UK Eric Linklater, novelist, author of Magnus Merriman and Juan in America William Lumsden, cricketer and British Army officer Hector Munro Macdonald, Scottish mathematician and Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901, and Edinburgh in 1905; was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal in 1916 David Masson, Scottish writer James Melvin (1795–1853), Latin scholar and rector (1826–53) John Macleod (physiologist), recipient of the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine John McLeod (composer) John Bryce McLeod Scottish mathematician and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1974, Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1992, awarded the Royal Society of Edinburgh Keith medal and prize in 1987, London Mathematical Society Naylor Prize and Lectureship in 2011 Michael Sheard (1938-2005) Scottish character actor known for playing villains (including Mr Bronson in Grange Hill and Admiral Ozzel in The Empire Strikes Back) Steve Robertson of "Scotland the What?" John Smith (architect) William Smith (architect) Annie Wallace, actress David Wedderburn (teacher), wrote Vocabula in 1636 John David Maitland Wright (1942-2023), research professor of mathematics at the University of Aberdeen, professor of mathematics at the University of Reading and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1978 References ^ a b "Aberdeen Grammar School". Parentzone Scotland. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ "List of Aberdeen City schools". Aberdeen City Council. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ a b c d "School History". Aberdeen Grammar School. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007. ^ a b c d e Aberdeen. Placemark key on left (Map). Google Maps. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar School : History Aberdeen Grammar School". www.take2theweb.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2023. ^ "Top 100 Scottish Secondary Schools". 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019. ^ a b "Hector Munro Macdonald". School of Mathematics, St Andrews. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2007. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar School | Provenance | Provenance | The University of Aberdeen". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. ^ a b Turreff, Gavin (1859). Antiquarian Gleanings from Aberdeenshire Records. King. p. 65. ISBN 1-4326-3337-6. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar School Aberdeen". Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. 2000. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2007. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar School Former Pupils". Former Pupils' Club. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar Rugby". Aberdeen Grammar Rugby. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. ^ "Milk protest turns sour". Edinburgh: The Scotsman. 12 October 2002. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007. ^ "Charges over "threatening call"". BBC News. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2007. ^ "s1 event overview". 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007. ^ "Aberdeen Grammar School News". Aberdeen Grammar School. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007. ^ Beattie, Kieran. "Pupils sent home after suspected gas leak in Aberdeen". Press and Journal. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019. ^ Morrice, Emma. "Aberdeen academy to reopen after suspected gas leak". Evening Express. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019. ^ "North East Secondary School Spending". Evening Express. 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ^ "Top 100 Scottish Secondary Schools". 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019. ^ a b "School Prospectus 2018" (PDF). Aberdeen Grammar School. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ Davies, Matilda (8 September 2023). "Houses near top Scottish secondary schools carry £100,000 premium". The Times. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ a b c d e "Aberdeen Grammar School Colours Criteria". Aberdeen Grammar School. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ "Schoolhill". The Doric Columns. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ Henderson, John Alexander (1912). History of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen. Aberdeen University Studies. No. 60. United Kingdom: Printed for the University . p. 138. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023. ^ Thomas Alexander Lee (2006). Seekers of Truth: The Scottish Founders of Modern Public Accountancy. Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 9780762312986. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ "Formation of the Club". Aberdeen Grammar School Former Pupils Club. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ "Aberdeen Teaching Appointment". The Glasgow Herald. 25 October 1941. p. 2. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ "Russell Anderson Player Profile". afc.co.uk. Aberdeen F.C. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ "Life of great Aberdonian celebrated". University of Aberdeen. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "The Life of George Noel Gordon, Lord Byron". English History. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2007. ^ "Zoey Clark". The Press and Journal. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "CLUNAS, Prof. Craig". Who's Who. Vol. 2024 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Obituary: Robin Cook". BBC News. 6 August 2005. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2007. ^ "Martin Dalby". Chester Music. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ "Fellow details". London: The Royal Society. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ Sandrone, S.; Zanin, E. (2014). "David Ferrier (1843–1928)" (PDF). J Neurol. 261 (6): 1247–8. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7023-y. hdl:20.500.11850/383939. PMID 23846770. S2CID 2849337. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2019. ^ Terry Friedman (1984). James Gibbs. Yale University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-300-03172-6. ^ "Welcome to VORTEX, War Art & Artists". Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010. ^ "Mr Iain Gray". University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Masson, David" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 870. ^ "Melvin Collection". University of Aberdeen, Library, Special Collections and Museums. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ "John James Rickard MacLeod (1876 – 1935)". Aberdeen Medico-Chirurgical Society. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "Aberdeen Bach Choir". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010. ^ "John Bryce McLeod". School of Mathematics, St Andrews. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ^ "Michael Sheard". Press & Journal. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "Scotland the What?". About Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007. ^ Fraser, W. Hamish; Lee, Clive Howard (2000). Aberdeen, 1800–2000: A New History. Dundurn. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-86232-108-3. ^ "William Smith II - Basic Biographical Details". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013. ^ "Actress and Former Pupil Annie Wallace to Visit School". Aberdeen Grammar School. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ "Wedderburn, David" Archived 14 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ^ "Origin and meaning of the word "golf"". Scottish Golf History. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007. ^ Turreff, Gavin (1859). Antiquarian Gleanings from Aberdeenshire Records. King. p. 296. ISBN 1-4326-3337-6. ^ "Obituary Professor John David Maitland Wright FRSE". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023. External links Grammar School Webpage Aberdeen Grammar School's page on Parentzone vteSchools in AberdeenState Aberdeen Grammar School Bridge of Don Academy Bucksburn Academy Cults Academy Dyce Academy Harlaw Academy Hazlehead Academy Lochside Academy Northfield Academy Oldmachar Academy St Machar Academy Independent Albyn School Robert Gordon's College St Margaret's School for Girls Defunct Kincorth Academy Oakbank School Torry Academy Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Gordon's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"state school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Cults Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cults_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Russell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hector Munro Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Munro_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-7"}],"text":"Secondary school in Aberdeen, ScotlandAberdeen Grammar School is a state secondary school in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is one of thirteen secondary schools run by the Aberdeen City Council educational department.[2]It is the oldest school in the city and one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, with a history spanning more than 750 years.[3] Founded around 1256, the year used in official school records, it began operating as a boys' school. On Skene Street, near the centre of the city, it was originally situated on Schoolhill, near the current site of Robert Gordon's College.[4] It moved to its current site in 1863, and became co-educational in 1973.[3]In 1970 the school's name was changed by the City of Aberdeen Education Committee to a more accurate, less ceremonial \"Rubislaw Academy\" but in 1977 the name was reverted to \"Aberdeen Grammar School\" by the Grampian Regional Council, who at that point were responsible for education in Aberdeen.[5]Although the school is named Aberdeen Grammar School, the school is not a Grammar School, The state school does not choose its own students and instead has a catchment zone like other schools in Aberdeen, Scotland.In an annual survey run by the British broadsheet newspaper The Times, Aberdeen Grammar was rated the 15th best Scottish state secondary school in 2019, and second in Aberdeen behind Cults Academy.[6]The most notable former student is Lord Byron, the Romantic poet and writer who spent a short amount of time at the school before his move back to England as a 10 year old. A statue of him was erected in the front courtyard of the school. Alumni include Scottish international footballer Russell Anderson and mathematician Hector Munro Macdonald.[7]","title":"Aberdeen Grammar School"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AberdeenGrammarLogo.jpg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Grammar_School_1st_prize_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh"},{"link_name":"Lord Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Provost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"Magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turreff-9"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"},{"link_name":"hagbuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagbut"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_(education)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turreff-9"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The school coat of armsA certificate awarded to a pupil in 1915 for success in Maths, English, Greek, Latin, and French.The exact date of the school's founding is unknown; however, research done to mark the school's 750th anniversary led to the belief it was formed in c. 1256, which is the date that is now used for official school purposes.[8] The earliest documented date of its existence is in the Burgh Records of 1418, when the Lord Provost and Council nominated John Homyll to replace the recently deceased Andrew of Chivas as \"Master of the Schools\".[3] Originally on Schoolhill, near the site of the current Robert Gordon's College, the curriculum consisted of Latin, Greek and ancient geography.[3][4]In 1580, new pupils were reprimanded, under the penalty of £10, if they did not show good behaviour or did not listen to their Magistrates or masters.[9] In 1612, the pupils, many of whom were related to the gentry in the country, rioted with pistols and hagbuts, and took over part of the school. The masters stopped the riot, and 21 pupils were expelled, while some were arrested.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"facade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkhut.jpg"},{"link_name":"modular building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_building"},{"link_name":"muck-up day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muck-up_day"},{"link_name":"Rubislaw Playing Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubislaw_Playing_Fields"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammar_FPs-11"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"artificial hockey pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_turf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rugby_site-12"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"minibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-School_News-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"In 1986, the original building was devastated by a fire, destroying most of the rooms including the large library, a collection of Byron's notebooks, the trophy room and other classrooms, although the historic facade was mostly undamaged.[10]The modular building that was painted pink as part of a prank on \"muck-up day\" in 2002The school and FPs club own the 18-acre (7.3 ha) Rubislaw Playing Fields at a site about a mile away from the main school building.[4][11] Shared with the former pupils' club, the location has rugby union pitches with a stand, football pitches, grass hockey pitches and an artificial hockey pitch built in 2005.[4][12]In recent years the school has been the site of a number of newsworthy events, including a protest against PETA, the painting pink of an entire temporary classroom block, and a bomb threat.[13][14]The school marked its 750th anniversary year in 2007 with a series of fund-raising events, the proceeds of which went towards buying a new school minibus.[15] Also in 2007, work was completed on a new gymnasium, begun two years previously.[16]In February 2019, the school was shut for a suspected gas leak.[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Scottish Executive's educational guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"state schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"academic year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_year"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Today the school is run by Aberdeen City Council in accordance with the Scottish Executive's educational guidelines for state schools. In the 2013/14 academic year, the education of each pupil at the Grammar School specifically cost £4,252.[19]In the session 2018–2019, 61% of leavers received a qualification equivalent of five Highers or more. Furthermore, 83% gained 5 or more National 5s and 27% gained 2 or more Advanced Highers.[20]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosemount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemount,_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Ashley Road Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Road_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prospectus-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prospectus-21"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen_Grammar_School&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Pupils and catchment area","text":"About 1100 pupils attend the school each year, between the ages of about 11 to 18. The school's catchment area centres on the west end of the city, including Rosemount and Mannofield. There are four main primary schools that feed into the school, located throughout the centre and west-end of Aberdeen: Ashley Road Primary School, Gilcomstoun Primary School, Mile-End School and Skene Square Primary School.[21][4] Under the Parent's Charter, children from other areas can attend the school after successful application by parents. Places using this method are limited for each year.[21]As of 2023[update], of the schools in Scotland with the ten highest academic achievements, the school has the most inexpensive houses within its catchment zone.[22]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-23"}],"sub_title":"Colour System & Achievements","text":"Three colour awards are made. The first, 'Bronze Colours', issued in the third year of the school, are represented by a red ribbon on the breast pocket of the school blazer. This level requires two years of participation in an extra-curricular activity.[23]The second, 'Silver Colours' are awarded in fifth or sixth year and represented by a light blue tie (replacing the navy, red and white tie). Pupils must be participating in the activity throughout fourth and fifth year for this award.[23]The third, 'Gold Colours' is the final level of the colours system. Pupils must demonstrate a very high level of attainment, performance and achievement to be eligible for this award. It is represented by red braiding outlining the rims of the school blazer.[23]'International Colours' are awarded to pupils who have represented their country at international level. It is marked by silver braiding around the blazer.[23]'Citizenship Colours' are awarded for an outstanding contribution to the school community and are represented by a silver tie.[23]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The rector is the head of the school. Records show there were 26 rectors between 1418 and 1881.[24]","title":"Rectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Aberdeen_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Russell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"James Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)"},{"link_name":"moral philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophy"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"George Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boyne"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron"},{"link_name":"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(Byron)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Zoey Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoey_Clark"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Craig Clunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Clunas"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Robin Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Cook"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-35"},{"link_name":"Martin Dalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dalby"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"David Ferrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferrier"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"James Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Arts University Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Neil Kemsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kemsley"},{"link_name":"Robert Daniel Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Daniel_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Diabetes_UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_UK"},{"link_name":"Eric Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Linklater"},{"link_name":"William Lumsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lumsden"},{"link_name":"Hector Munro Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Munro_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal Society Royal Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_Royal_Medal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-7"},{"link_name":"David Masson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Masson"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"John Macleod (physiologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"John McLeod (composer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLeod_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"John Bryce McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bryce_McLeod"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod-46"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheard"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheard-47"},{"link_name":"Steve Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_the_What%3F"},{"link_name":"Scotland the What?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_the_What%3F"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"John Smith (architect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"William Smith (architect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Annie Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"David Wedderburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wedderburn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"Vocabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabula"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"John David Maitland Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_David_Maitland_Wright"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"University of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar SchoolRussell Anderson, Scotland international footballer, captain of Aberdeen F.C.[29]\nJames Beattie, professor of moral philosophy and logic at the University of Aberdeen[30]\nGeorge Boyne, principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Aberdeen[31]\nLord Byron, poet, famous poems include Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan; his statue stands in front of the school[32]\nZoey Clark, British athlete[33]\nCraig Clunas, historian of Chinese art; Emeritus Professor of the History of Art, University of Oxford[34]\nRobin Cook, former cabinet member and Secretary of State[35]\nMartin Dalby, composer[36]\nDavid Ferrier, FRS, neurologist and psychologist[37][38]\nJames Gibbs 18th century architect[39]\nPaul Gough, Vice-Chancellor, Arts University Bournemouth, and Chair of UKADIA[40]\nIain Gray, chief executive, technology strategy board and former MD Airbus UK[41]\nNeil Kemsley, sportsman (cricket and badminton)\nRobert Daniel Lawrence, early recipient of insulin injections, founder of the British Diabetic Association, now Diabetes_UK\nEric Linklater, novelist, author of Magnus Merriman and Juan in America\nWilliam Lumsden, cricketer and British Army officer\nHector Munro Macdonald, Scottish mathematician and Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901, and Edinburgh in 1905; was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal in 1916[7]\nDavid Masson, Scottish writer[42]\nJames Melvin (1795–1853), Latin scholar and rector (1826–53)[43]\nJohn Macleod (physiologist), recipient of the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine[44]\nJohn McLeod (composer)[45]\nJohn Bryce McLeod Scottish mathematician and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1974, Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1992, awarded the Royal Society of Edinburgh Keith medal and prize in 1987, London Mathematical Society Naylor Prize and Lectureship in 2011[46]\nMichael Sheard (1938-2005) Scottish character actor known for playing villains (including Mr Bronson in Grange Hill and Admiral Ozzel in The Empire Strikes Back)[47]\nSteve Robertson of \"Scotland the What?\"[48]\nJohn Smith (architect)[49]\nWilliam Smith (architect)[50]\nAnnie Wallace, actress[51]\nDavid Wedderburn (teacher), wrote Vocabula in 1636[52][53][54]\nJohn David Maitland Wright (1942-2023), research professor of mathematics at the University of Aberdeen, professor of mathematics at the University of Reading and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1978[55]","title":"Notable alumni and teachers"}]

[{"image_text":"The school coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/AberdeenGrammarLogo.jpg/220px-AberdeenGrammarLogo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A certificate awarded to a pupil in 1915 for success in Maths, English, Greek, Latin, and French.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aberdeen_Grammar_School_1st_prize_1915.jpg/220px-Aberdeen_Grammar_School_1st_prize_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"The modular building that was painted pink as part of a prank on \"muck-up day\" in 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Pinkhut.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Aberdeen Grammar School\". Parentzone Scotland. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161907/https://education.gov.scot/parentzone/find-a-school/aberdeen-city/5244439","url_text":"\"Aberdeen Grammar School\""},{"url":"https://education.gov.scot/parentzone/find-a-school/aberdeen-city/5244439","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Aberdeen City schools\". Aberdeen City Council. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/services/education-and-childcare/find-school","url_text":"\"List of Aberdeen City schools\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008155008/https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/services/education-and-childcare/find-school","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"School History\". Aberdeen Grammar School. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.take2theweb.com/pub/sso/aberdeengs/c.html?1156755753","url_text":"\"School History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070222012345/http://www.take2theweb.com/pub/sso/aberdeengs/c.html?1156755753","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aberdeen. Placemark key on left (Map). Google Maps. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=116252837442601174092.000440a46f4b66e198e18","url_text":"Aberdeen. Placemark key on left"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140822155326/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=116252837442601174092.000440a46f4b66e198e18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdeen Grammar School : History Aberdeen Grammar School\". www.take2theweb.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons_RFC

Dragons RFC

["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 2003–2005: Infancy","1.3 2005–2011 Paul Turner era","1.4 2011–2017","1.5 2017–2023: WRU ownership","1.6 2023 onwards: Return to private ownership","2 Team name","3 Kit","4 Home ground","5 Current United Rugby Championship table","6 Current squad","6.1 Senior academy","6.2 Notable players","6.3 British & Irish Lions","7 Coaching staff","8 Former coaches","9 Results and statistics","9.1 Celtic League / Pro12 / Pro14 / United Rugby Championship","9.2 Celtic Cup","9.3 Heineken Cup / European Rugby Champions Cup","9.4 European Challenge Cup / European Rugby Challenge Cup","9.5 Anglo-Welsh Cup","10 Honours","11 References","12 External links"]

One of the four professional Rugby Union regional teams in Wales Rugby teamDragons RFCFounded2003LocationNewport, WalesGround(s)Rodney Parade (Capacity: 8,700)ChairmanDavid ButtressCoach(es)Dai FlanaganCaptain(s)Steffan HughesMost capsLewis Evans (236)Top scorerJason Tovey (974)Most triesAled Brew (43)League(s)United Rugby Championship2022–2315th (Welsh Shield: 4th) 1st kit 2nd kit 3rd kit Official websitewww.dragonsrugby.wales Dragons RFC (Welsh: Dreigiau) are one of the four professional rugby union regional teams in Wales. They are owned by the Welsh Rugby Union and play their home games at Rodney Parade, Newport. They play in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby Champions Cup/European Rugby Challenge Cup. The region they represent covers an area of southeast Wales including Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport and Torfaen with a total population approaching 600,000 and they are affiliated with a number of semi-professional and amateur clubs throughout the area, including Pontypool RFC, Caerphilly RFC, Cross Keys RFC, Ebbw Vale RFC and Newport RFC. Formed in 2003 as a result of the introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales, the team started life with a third-place finish in the 2003–04 Celtic League, and finished fourth the next season; however, the team finished in the bottom three in each of the next four seasons. In 2007, they reached the semi-finals of the European Challenge Cup, losing to French side ASM Clermont Auvergne 46–29. In 2011, they reached the semi-finals of the Anglo-Welsh Cup, losing to Gloucester. They are yet to make the knock-out stage of the European Rugby Champions Cup. History Cardiff Blues Cardiff Scarlets Llanelli Ospreys Swansea Neath Dragons Newport The 4 Welsh Rugby Union Regions of Wales Formation The regional team were formed on 1 April 2003, following an agreement between Ebbw Vale RFC and Newport RFC to form one of five regional rugby entities. Fundamental disagreements between the clubs saw a period of arbitration, led by the then Welsh Rugby Union chief executive David Moffett, which recommended the name "Gwent Dragons". On 28 July the side was launched under that name. This prompted Newport RFC benefactor Tony Brown of Bisley, Surrey to withdraw his financial support for the region. However, by 21 August Brown returned after Ebbw Vale chairman Marcus Russell resigned and the side's name was changed to "Newport and Gwent Dragons". With the Welsh Rugby Union demanding an explanation for the changes, and acrimony between the two clubs another agreement was struck: the side officially became 'Newport Gwent Dragons'. On 12 November 2003, the region's founding company Gwent Rugby Ltd entered into administration. On 27 November a new company, Dragons Rugby Ltd., was established to run the region, with Newport RFC and the Welsh Rugby Union each holding a 50% stake. 2003–2005: Infancy The logo used by the regional team between 2003 and 2017.Under Mike Ruddock and his assistant Clive Griffiths Newport Gwent Dragons, with a squad largely drawn from the Newport RFC and Ebbw Vale RFC sides of the preceding year, beat their limited pre-season expectations. Despite starting their life in top-class rugby with a 35–11 defeat away to Llanelli Scarlets, it was the region's most successful season so far. A 29–19 win over the Ospreys was to prove more telling; captained by Andy Marinos the side remained unbeaten at home in the Celtic League and eliminated Stade Français in the Heineken Cup. Going into the final round with an outside chance of taking the title, the Dragons finished third in the Celtic League WRU bosses were impressed enough to appoint Ruddock to the vacant Welsh coaching job in summer 2004. In 2005, Ruddock guided Wales to a Grand Slam Title in the Six Nations. Ruddock rewarded two of his former Dragons players, Hal Luscombe and Jason Forster, with their first test caps on Wales' summer tour of Argentina. Wales Percy Montgomery also impressed Springbok selectors enough to remind them of his international credentials, and earn a Tri Nations recall. The following off season saw a marked change in direction. Gareth Cooper, Kevin Morgan and Ceri Sweeney were amongst a handful of players who joined the region when the Celtic Warriors were disbanded. Having originally agreed to replace Mike Ruddock as head coach, Declan Kidney decided instead to seek employment back home with Leinster. It was not until 27 July 2004 that former Australia national rugby league team coach Chris Anderson was appointed, with Leigh Jones as his assistant. Another credible Celtic League campaign followed, finishing fourth, the second highest Welsh region. The side's Heineken Cup could be viewed as a wasted opportunity: the team beat French side Perpignan 27–14 at home, but were then beaten home and away by Newcastle Falcons to put paid to any quarter-final ambitions. Chris Anderson's contract was not extended beyond its initial one-year duration. 2005–2011 Paul Turner era The region looked to Harlequins backs coach Paul Turner, a Welshman, as their new head coach. Turner would also have to contend with Percy Montgomery returning to South Africa and Newport RFC stalwart Rod Snow retiring. Munster and Sale Sharks proved too strong in the 2005–06 Heineken Cup. After finishing 8th in the Celtic League, a 24–15 defeat Overmach Parma in a play-off for a place in the following seasons Heineken cup proved a new low for the region. Anglo-Welsh Cup wins over Leicester Tigers and Northampton Saints were the highlights of a tough season. Turner remained, but Wales international Hal Luscombe opted for a move away from the region, joining English Premiership side Harlequins. Former Wales captain Colin Charvis joined ahead of the 2006–07 season with the Dragons progressed into a European Challenge Cup semi-final, where they lost comfortably to ASM Clermont Auvergne. Domestically though, the region's European exploits appeared to take their toll, finishing ninth in the Celtic League. Significantly the region avoided the prospect of a second season away from the Heineken Cup, defeating another Italian side Calvisano 22–15. The match also marked the end for departing Wales internationals Ian Gough and Gareth Cooper at Rodney Parade. 2007–08 proved to be another difficult season for the region. Signings such as scrum-half Andy Williams and flanker Richard Parks were not able to help reverse the side's fortunes. The Dragons 2007–08 Heineken Cup campaign only saw one win against Italian side Treviso and exiting the Anglo-Welsh Cup in the pool stages for a third year running. Between completing a double over Llanelli Scarlets on 1 January to defeating the Ospreys on 6 May, the Dragons failed to win a Celtic League game. Despite finishing as the lowest-placed Welsh side in the league the region qualified for next season's Heineken Cup, without having to play off against Italian opposition due to a failure by the Italian League to finish before a specified date. The summer of 2008 marked a change in the Dragons recruitment policy to a more antipodean focus. Several new signings included New Zealander Tom Willis who was also appointed captain. The 2008–09 Heineken Cup saw visible signs of encouragement for the region. An opening round defeat of Glasgow at Rodney Parade and two respectable defeats to French giants Toulouse, sandwiched between narrow losses against Bath offered hope of arresting decline at Rodney Parade. Domestically in the Celtic League it was a case of same old as consecutive defeats in rearranged matches away at Cardiff Blues and the Ospreys ended any hopes of avoiding finishing as the lowest placed Welsh region and another Heineken Cup play off against Italian opposition. In record appearance holder Adam Black's final game for the side, the Dragons ran out comfortable winners away to Calvisano to secure their place in European rugby's premier tournament for a third season running. The 2009–10 season brought about significant improvements in results, with the Dragons remaining unbeaten at Rodney Parade in the Celtic League until their final home match, a 20–14 loss to Cardiff Blues. Defeat also brought about the end of the Dragons bid to qualify for the inaugural Celtic League playoffs. An improved seventh-place finish did, however, mean automatic qualification for the Heineken cup as the third highest finishing Welsh region. Despite coming close to defeating Gloucester away at Kingsholm and a win at home against Glasgow, back to back losses at Biarritz put paid to the Dragons chances of progressing past the group stages of the Heineken Cup for the first time. 2011–2017 Turner stepped down as head coach in February 2011 with Darren Edwards taking over in a caretaker capacity. In March 2011 Edwards led the Dragons to their first Anglo-Welsh Cup semi-final, where they lost to Gloucester. In April 2011 Edwards was appointed Head Coach on a full-time basis. Lyn Jones was appointed to the role of Director of Rugby in 2013 taking over a lot of on field responsibilities. He brought with him then Russia head coach Kingsley Jones who worked with him as a consultant at London Welsh. Edwards left the Dragons in February 2014 while in June, Jones was promoted to the role of head coach. During the 2014–2015 season, the Dragons reached the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, having defeated the Cardiff Blues 25–21. This was their second time reaching the semi-finals, having done so in 2007. They lost 45–16 to Edinburgh in the semi-final. The following season, the Dragons once again reached the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, but lost 22–12 to Montpellier. 2017–2023: WRU ownership In March 2017, following a vote of Newport RFC shareholders, the Welsh Rugby Union agreed to take over the Newport Gwent Dragons in its entirety as part of a deal that also saw the WRU take ownership of the Rodney Parade ground. Following the takeover, Bernard Jackman was appointed head coach, and on 20 June 2017 it was announced that following the takeover of the region by the WRU, the region would be dropping "Newport Gwent" from its name with immediate effect, becoming known simply as "Dragons". Jackman's endured a difficult first season in charge in 2017–18, with the Dragons recording only two wins in the league. Despite recruiting heavily for the 2018-19 campaign, including Wales forwards Ross Moriarty and Richard Hibbard, results did not improve and Jackman was dismissed in 2019 to be replaced by Dean Ryan. During the WRU-ownership period, the Dragons signed a large number of English-born players eligible for Wales thanks to parents or grandparents, such as Ross Moriarty, Will Talbot-Davies, Tom Griffiths, Huw Taylor, Nick Tompkins, Joe Maksymiw, Greg Bateman and Will Rowlands. Ahead of the 2022–2023 season, the Dragons continued their extensive recruitment drive, including established props Rhodri Jones and Rob Evans, as well as locks Sean Lonsdale and George Nott from the Premiership. JJ Hanrahan joined from Clermont, while two centres; Welsh-qualified Max Clark and New Zealander Sio Tomkinson added further depth. Further signings were made in the lead up to season. 2023 onwards: Return to private ownership In July 2023 a consortium headed by Dragons chairman David Buttress bought Rodney Parade and the Dragons from the WRU. Team name The naming of the region's team caused considerable turbulence. Newport Gwent Dragons were a new side created out of the restructuring of Welsh rugby, and represent their designated region, like the Cardiff Blues, the Scarlets and the Ospreys. Some in the Welsh rugby world, such as Bobby Windsor, believed that including the name Newport would alienate some fans in the surrounding valleys. Many supporters in the wider Newport area favoured greater identification with the City of Newport and a continuation of the historic traditions of Newport RFC. Several names were suggested but all were rejected by the WRU. In the end, the WRU decided the region would be called the Gwent Dragons. However, initial response to the new region was mixed, with many fans unsure whether to buy a season ticket for the new side or to stick to their local clubs. The company set up to run the side entered administration before a game had been played, and as a compromise the word "Newport" was added to the team name in a double-sized font, whilst "Gwent" was reduced. This addition and choice of kit added a greater Newport emphasis to the region and polarised the regions' fan base: some supporters of Ebbw Vale, Pontypool, Cross Keys and Newbridge turned their backs on the regional side, claiming that Gwent was no longer being equally represented. This debate continued, with the Dragons being accused of favouritism towards their Newport feeder club rather than the other feeder clubs. The Newport Action Group, among others, claimed the side has lost more supporters by including the name "Gwent" in its title. The crowds supporting Newport Gwent Dragons averaged 5,154 for the 2005–06 season, whereas in the 2002–03 season, Newport RFC was Wales' best supported club and British rugby's fourth best with an average attendance of 8,302 – behind English Premiership clubs Leicester, Gloucester and Northampton. In the 2006–07 season, attendance averaged 5,629 at Rodney Parade. On the 27 June 2022, the Dragons announced their rebranding as Dragons RFC. The new playing colours being black and amber to represent the traditional colours of Newport sporting teams and the blue of the historic Monmouthshire county. The new badge includes three fleur-de-lis derived from the county Flag of Monmouthshire. Kit The Dragons kit for the 2022–2023 season is supplied by VX3. Their current 'Headline Sponsor' is Compeed. Home ground The region's ground is the 8,700 capacity Rodney Parade ground in Newport, where they play the majority of their home games. Games are occasionally hosted at other grounds in Gwent, such as Pontypool Park or Pandy Park (home of Cross Keys RFC). These are usually pre-season or other fixtures, however occasionally league games are taken elsewhere such as in 2017 when a game against local rivals Cardiff Blues was hosted at the Constructaquote Stadium (formerly Virginia Park), home of Caerphilly RFC, due to a fixture clash with Newport County AFC; and during the 2017/18 season when the Dragons hosted a Pro14 game against Edinburgh Rugby in Eugene Cross Park, Ebbw Vale. As a part of Judgement Day, each season a home game against a rival Welsh rugby region is hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. In preparation for the 2014–15 season the Newport Gwent Dragons agreed a partnership with Caerphilly County Borough Council for the team and coaching staff to use the CCB Centre for Sporting Excellence as the new training base for the 1st team and all other age grade structures within the region. The small stadium at the centre hosts the home matches of the Dragons U23 side, which competes in the Celtic Cup. Owing to a frozen pitch at Rodney Parade, the CCB Centre hosted a Challenge Cup fixture on 22 January 2023. Current United Rugby Championship table 2023–24 United Rugby Championship watch · edit · discuss Team P W D L PF PA PD TF TA TB LB Pts 1 Munster 18 13 1 4 483 318 +165 65 38 11 3 68 2 Bulls 18 13 0 5 639 433 +206 85 54 11 3 66 3 Leinster 18 13 0 5 554 350 +204 81 43 11 2 65 4 Glasgow Warriors 18 13 0 5 519 353 +166 76 35 11 2 65 5 Stormers 18 12 0 6 468 348 +120 58 45 7 4 59 6 Ulster 18 11 0 7 437 409 +28 53 55 5 5 54 7 Benetton 18 11 1 6 411 400 +11 51 56 6 2 54 8 Ospreys 18 10 0 8 414 449 –35 53 53 8 2 50 9 Lions 18 9 0 9 526 398 +128 67 50 8 6 50 10 Edinburgh 18 11 0 7 416 397 +19 47 52 3 2 49 11 Connacht 18 9 0 9 404 432 –28 51 57 4 5 45 12 Cardiff 18 4 1 13 384 410 –26 50 51 4 10 32 13 Scarlets 18 5 0 13 313 575 –262 37 77 4 3 27 14 Sharks 18 4 0 14 343 431 –88 47 55 3 6 25 15 Dragons 18 3 0 15 300 611 –311 36 84 1 3 16 16 Zebre Parma 18 1 1 16 345 643 –298 42 94 4 5 15 If teams are level at any stage, tiebreakers are applied in the following order: number of matches won; the difference between points for and points against; the number of tries scored; the most points scored; the difference between tries for and tries against; the fewest red cards received; the fewest yellow cards received. Green background indicates teams that are in play-off places and earn a place in the 2024–25 European Champions Cup Pink background indicates teams that are in play-off places and earn a place in the 2024–25 European Challenge Cup Yellow background indicates the team that won the 2023–24 European Challenge Cup and thus qualify for the 2024–25 European Champions Cup, but are not in a play-off place Plain background indicates teams that earn a place in the 2024–25 European Challenge Cup. Q: qualified for play-offs. H: home field advantage secured for quarter-and semi-final. h; home field advantage secured for quarter-final X: cannot reach play-offs. E: qualified for Champions Cup. Current squad For player movements before or during the 2024–25 season, see List of 2024–25 United Rugby Championship transfers § Dragons. Dragons United Rugby Championship squad Props Leon Brown Christian Coleman Lloyd Fairbrother* Rhodri Jones Rodrigo Martínez Josh Reynolds Luke Yendle Hookers James Benjamin Oli Burrows Brodie Coghlan Elliot Dee Bradley Roberts Locks Ben Carter Steve Cummins Joe Davies Barny Langton-Cryer ST Shane Lewis-Hughes Matthew Screech Back row Taine Basham Solomone Funaki Ollie Griffiths Harrison Keddie Dan Lydiate George Nott Aaron Wainwright George Young Scrum-halves Dane Blacker Rhodri Williams Fly-halves Angus O'Brien Will Reed Centres Steffan Hughes (c) Aneurin Owen Harry Wilson Wings Rio Dyer Ashton Hewitt Ewan Rosser Jared Rosser Fullbacks Cai Evans David Richards Jordan Williams (cc) denotes the team co-captains, Bold denotes internationally capped players. * denotes players qualified to play for Wales on residency or dual nationality. ST denotes a player signed on a short-term deal. L denotes a player on loan at the club. Players and their allocated positions from the Dragons website. ^ Taking into account signings and departures head of 2024–25 season as listed on List of 2024–25 United Rugby Championship transfers. Senior academy Dragons Senior academy squad Props Josh Gay George Tuckley Hookers Tomoya Nieuwendjik-Adachi Sam Scarfe Locks Nick Thomas Back row Evan Minto Kobi Rees Ryan Woodman Scrum-halves Che Hope Morgan Lloyd Fly-halves Centres Harri Ackerman Tye Davies Oscar Watkins Joe Westwood Wings Oli Andrew Ioan Duggan Harry Rees-Weldon Fullbacks Huw Anderson Oli Woodman (c) denotes the team captain, Bold denotes internationally capped players. * denotes players qualified to play for Wales on residency or dual nationality. Players and their allocated positions from the Dragons website. ^ Taking into account signings and departures head of 2024–25 season as listed on List of 2024–25 United Rugby Championship transfers. Notable players See also: Category:Dragons RFC players Michael Owen captained Wales in 2005–06 and he led Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27-years in the 2005 Six Nations Championship. Lewis Evans has made over 200 appearances for the Dragons. Prop Adam Black became the first centurion in Dragons colours during the 2006–07 season. The following players have also made over one hundred Dragons appearances: Jamie Ringer, Peter Sidoli, Gareth Wyatt, Steve Jones, Luke Charteris, Wayne Evans, Aled Brew, Ashley Smith, Adam Jones, Hugh Gustafson, Jason Tovey, Robert Sidoli, Phil Price, Adam Hughes, Nic Cudd, Rynard Landman, Matthew Screech, Brok Harris, Lloyd Fairbrother, Jack Dixon, Elliot Dee, Ashton Hewitt, Joe Davies, Harrison Keddie, Rhodri Williams, Ollie Griffiths, Aaron Wainwright. Several former players have been capped by the Wales national rugby union team while with the region; props Chris Anthony and Rhys M. Thomas, hookers Steve Jones and Lloyd Burns, second rows Ian Gough, Luke Charteris, Andrew Coombs, Cory Hill and Will Rowlands, flankers Jason Forster, Richard Parks, Jamie Ringer, Gavin Thomas and Ross Moriarty, number eight Michael Owen, Rhys Oakley and Taulupe Faletau, scrum halves Gareth Cooper and Andy Williams, outside half Ceri Sweeney, centres Andy Marinos, Tyler Morgan and Nick Tompkins, wingers Gareth Wyatt, Hal Luscombe, Aled Brew, Will Harries, Tom Prydie, Hallam Amos, Jonah Holmes and fullback Kevin Morgan. Percy Montgomery, Sione Tuʻipulotu, Rod Snow, Mike Hercus, Mike Petri, James Arlidge, Will Kelly and Mesake Doge played internationally for their respective countries whilst with the region. Of the current players Dan Lydiate, Ollie Griffiths, Leon Brown, Elliot Dee, Aaron Wainwright, Ben Carter, Taine Basham, Rio Dyer, Bradley Roberts, Matthew Screech and Cai Evans have featured in Wales test matches whilst with the region, as have Gonzalo Bertranou and Aki Seiuli for Argentina and Samoa respectively. Rhodri Williams and Rhodri Jones achieved Wales international caps before joining the Dragons. British & Irish Lions The following players have been selected to play for the British & Irish Lions touring squads while playing for the Dragons. Player Tours Michael Owen 2005 New Zealand Gareth Cooper 2005 New Zealand Dan Lydiate 2013 Australia Taulupe Faletau 2013 Australia Cory Hill 2017 New Zealand Coaching staff Position Name Head Coach Dai Flanagan General Manager James Chapron Skills Coach Matt O’Brien Forwards Coach Luke Narraway Forwards Coach Mefin Davies Defence Coach Vacant Former coaches Name Years Mike Ruddock 2003–2004 Declan Kidney 2004 Chris Anderson 2004–2005 Paul Turner 2005–2011 Darren Edwards 2011–2014 Lyn Jones 2014 Kingsley Jones 2014–2017 Bernard Jackman 2017–2018 Ceri Jones (interim) 2018–2019 Dean Ryan 2019–2022 Results and statistics Celtic League / Pro12 / Pro14 / United Rugby Championship Season Played Win Draw Loss BP Points Position 2003–04 22 16 0 6 8 72 3rd 2004–05 20 11 0 9 6 50 4th 2005–06 22 7 0 13 9 45 8th 2006–07 20 8 0 12 7 39 9th 2007–08 18 7 1 10 4 34 8th 2008–09 18 7 0 11 5 33 9th 2009–10 18 8 1 9 5 39 7th 2010–11 22 10 1 11 7 49 7th 2011–12 22 7 1 14 6 36 9th 2012–13 22 6 0 16 4 28 11th 2013–14 22 7 1 14 5 35 9th 2014–15 22 8 0 14 10 42 9th 2015–16 22 4 0 18 10 26 10th 2016–17 22 4 0 18 7 23 11th 2017–18 21 2 2 17 8 20 6th (Conference B) 2018–19 21 5 1 15 4 26 6th (Conference B) 2019–20 15 5 1 9 2 24 5th (Conference B) 2020–21 16 6 0 10 5 29 5th (Conference A) 2021–22 18 2 1 15 9 19 15th 2022–23 18 4 0 14 8 24 15th ^ 11 teams were involved in this season, so one team did not play each week and were awarded four points instead. Therefore, each team finished the season with eight more points than the table would seem to warrant. ^ The competition was split into two conferences of 7 teams each following the increase from 12 to 14 teams. ^ Only 15 rounds were played during the 2019–20 season and 16 rounds during the 2020–21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Celtic Cup Season Round Match 2003–04 First round Llanelli Scarlets 40 – 6 Newport Gwent Dragons 2004–05 Quarter-final Newport Gwent Dragons 19 – 46 Llanelli Scarlets Heineken Cup / European Rugby Champions Cup Year Pool Pos Played Won Drawn Loss Bonus Pts 2003–04 1 4th 6 2 0 4 1 9 2004–05 5 3rd 6 3 0 3 3 15 2005–06 1 3rd 6 1 0 5 2 6 2007–08 1 3rd 6 1 0 5 4 8 2008–09 5 4th 6 1 0 5 3 7 2009–10 2 4th 6 1 0 5 2 6 2010–11 6 4th 6 0 0 6 2 2 2020–21 A 12th 2 0 0 2 0 0 ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, only 2 pool games were played during the 2020–21 season. The knockout stage commenced with a round of 16 consisting of the top 8 ranked teams from each pool. European Challenge Cup / European Rugby Challenge Cup Year Pool Pos Played Won Drawn Loss Bonus Pts 2006–07 1 1st 6 5 0 1 5 25 Quarter-final Newport Gwent Dragons 39 – 17 Brive Semi-final Clermont Auvergne 46 – 29 Newport Gwent Dragons 2011–12 4 3rd 6 3 0 3 3 15 2012–13 3 3rd 6 2 0 4 5 13 2013–14 2 2nd 6 3 0 3 2 14 2014–15 3 1st 6 5 0 1 5 25 Quarter-final Newport Gwent Dragons 25 – 21 Cardiff Blues Semi-final Edinburgh 45 – 16 Newport Gwent Dragons 2015–16 2 2nd 6 4 0 2 4 20 Quarter-final Gloucester 21 – 23 Newport Gwent Dragons Semi-final Montpellier 22 – 12 Newport Gwent Dragons 2016–17 3 2nd 6 3 0 3 2 14 2017–18 1 2nd 6 3 0 3 4 16 2018–19 1 3rd 6 2 0 4 2 10 2019–20 1 2nd 6 4 0 2 4 20 Quarter-final Bristol Bears 56 – 17 Dragons 2020–21 Quarter-final Dragons 39 – 43 Northampton Saints 2021–22 B 5th 4 0 0 4 2 2 2022–23 B 5th 4 1 1 2 4 10 Round of 16 Glasgow Warriors 73 – 33 Dragons Anglo-Welsh Cup Season Pool Pos Played Won Drawn Loss BP Points 2005–06 D 3rd 3 2 0 1 0 8 2006–07 D 3rd 3 1 0 2 0 4 2007–08 A 4th 3 0 1 2 3 5 2008–09 A 3rd 3 1 0 2 1 5 2009–10 4 2nd 4 3 0 1 0 12 2010–11 2 1st 4 3 0 1 0 12 Semi-final Gloucester 45–17 Newport Gwent Dragons 2011–12 4 4th 4 1 1 2 1 7 2012–13 1 3rd 4 2 0 2 0 8 2013–14 1 4th 4 1 0 3 0 4 2014–15 1 3rd 4 2 0 2 3 11 2016–17 1 3rd 4 1 0 3 1 5 2017–18 1 4th 4 2 0 2 1 9 Honours Glasgow City Sevens Champions (1): 2008 References ^ "Newport Gwent Dragons: Club Directory". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ Archer, Graeme. "Sport". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ a b "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Dragons enter administration". BBC News. 12 November 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ a b "Heineken Champions Cup". European Professional Club Rugby. ^ a b "Magners League Official Website : Stat Attack – League table". Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ "WRU: Wales Coach Archive: Mike Ruddock: 2004 – 2006". Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "Montgomery quits Wales for Sharks". BBC News. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Snow to retire at end of season". BBC News. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Dragons 15–24 Overmach Parma". BBC News. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Luscombe leaves Dragons for Quins". BBC News. 1 April 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Dragons 22–15 Calvisano". BBC News. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Dragons 15–13 Scarlets". BBC News. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Dragons 18–10 Ospreys". BBC News. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Magners League table". BBC News. 9 August 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ "Kiwi arrival no issue for Gatland". BBC News. 23 July 2008. ^ "Kiwi Willis made Dragons captain". BBC News. 5 August 2008. ^ Roberts, Gareth (29 May 2009). "Calvisano 17–42 NG Dragons". BBC News. ^ "Magners League : Match Centre : Two-Try Burst Does It for the Blues". Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010. ^ "Turner parts company with Dragons". BBC News. 11 February 2011. ^ "Pro12: Ex-Ospreys boss Lyn Jones takes over at Dragons". BBC. 10 June 2013. ^ "Latest News". Welsh Rugby Union | Wales & Regions. ^ "Darren Edwards leaves Dragons coaching role". South Wales Argus. ^ "Kingsley Jones pens long-term Dragons deal". South Wales Argus. ^ "Challenge Cup: Dragons 25-21 Blues". BBC Sport. 4 April 2015. ^ "Challenge Cup semi-final: Edinburgh 45-16 Dragons". 17 April 2015. ^ "Dragons defeated by Montpellier in Challenge Cup semi-final". Sky Sports. 23 April 2016. ^ WRU buy Rodney Parade. ^ "Newport Gwent Dragons' name changed to Dragons". BBC. 20 June 2017. ^ Dragons return to private ownership from WRU control as takeover goes through ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ "WalesOnline: News, sport, weather and events from across Wales". www.walesonline.co.uk. ^ "Archive news from the South Wales Argus". www.southwalesargus.co.uk. ^ Webb, Nick (17 May 2009). "Dragons back Newport in new cup". BBC News. ^ "Dragons back Newport in new cup". BBC News. 17 May 2009. ^ "Why Rugby Union Is The Best Sport in the World". magnersleague.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. ^ Davies, Phil (Autumn 2002). "Rugby in the community" (PDF). Welsh Economic Review. 14 (2). Welsh Economy Research Unit: 13–14. ISSN 0965-2450. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2003. ^ "WE ARE DRAGONS RFC". Dragons RFC. 27 June 2022. ^ Newport Gwent Dragons 7 – 31 Leeds Carnegie, 22/08/2003. Match Details Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Newport Gwent Dragons 14 – 24 Gwent Premiership XV, 13/08/2004. Match Details Archived 17 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "News Article | Dragons". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. ^ "News Article | Newport Gwent Dragons". Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014. ^ "Dragons issue ticket update after frozen Parade pitch forces Euro game to be moved". South Wales Argus. Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ League Format (3) "Competition Rules". United Rugby Championship. Retrieved 23 October 2023. ^ "Dragons Squad". Dragons Rugby. Retrieved 25 August 2017. ^ "Senior Academy". Dragons Rugby. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ "Pro14 restart: 2019-20 season resumes with derby weekends". BBC.co.uk. BBC Sport. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ "Cartha / Glasgow City Sevens". 7 June 2019. External links Official website Bedwas RFC website Cross Keys RFC website Ebbw Vale RFC website Newport RFC website Pontypool RFC website vteDragons Players Coaches History Feeder Teams Abercarn RFC Abergavenny RFC Abertillery RFC Bargoed RFC Bedwas RFC Blackwood RFC Blaenavon RFC Blaina RFC Brynmawr RFC Caerphilly RFC Chepstow RFC Caldicot RFC Croesyceiliog RFC Cross Keys RFC Crumlin RFC Cwmbran RFC Deri RFC Ebbw Vale RFC Fleur De Lys RFC Garndiffaith RFC Llanhilleth RFC Machen RFC Monmouth RFC Nelson RFC Newport RFC New Tredegar RFC Oakdale RFC Penallta RFC Pontllanfraith RFC Pontypool RFC Pontypool United RFC Rhymney RFC Risca RFC Senghenydd RFC Talywain RFC Tredegar RFC Tredegar Ironsides RFC Trinant RFC Usk RFC Ynysddu RFC Rivalry Blues Dragons derby Competitions United Rugby Championship European Champions Cup European Challenge Cup Related articles Judgement Day United Rugby Championship teams All articles Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales Stadia Rodney Parade Millennium Stadium (for Judgement Day games only) Sports Wales vteDragons – current squadForwards Dmitri Arhip Taine Basham James Benjamin Leon Brown Ben Carter Brodie Coghlan Christian Coleman Joe Davies Elliot Dee Lloyd Fairbrother Ollie Griffiths Rhodri Jones Harrison Keddie Barny Langton-Cryer Dan Lydiate Rodrigo Martínez George Nott Bradley Roberts Sam Scarfe Matthew Screech Harry Taylor Aaron Wainwright Ryan Woodman Luke Yendle George Young Backs Dane Blacker Rio Dyer Cai Evans Ashton Hewitt Steffan Hughes Angus O'Brien Aneurin Owen Will Reed David Richards Ewan Rosser Jared Rosser Jordan Williams Rhodri Williams Head Coach Dai Flanagan Sports Wales vteUnited Rugby ChampionshipSeasonsCeltic League 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 Celtic Cup 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 Pro12 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 Pro14 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Pro14 Rainbow Cup United Rugby Championship 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 TeamsActive Benetton Bulls Cardiff Connacht Dragons Edinburgh Glasgow Warriors Leinster Lions Munster Ospreys Scarlets Sharks Stormers Ulster Zebre Parma Former Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff RFC Cheetahs Ebbw Vale Llanelli Neath Newport Pontypridd Swansea Defunct Aironi Border Reivers Celtic Warriors Southern Kings Grounds Aviva Stadium Cape Town Stadium Cardiff Arms Park Edinburgh Rugby Stadium Ellis Park Stadium Galway Sportsgrounds Musgrave Park Ravenhill Stadium Kings Park Stadium Loftus Versfeld Stadium Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore Murrayfield Stadium Parc y Scarlets RDS Arena Rodney Parade Scotstoun Stadium Stadio Comunale di Monigo Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi Swansea.com Stadium Thomond Park Grand Finals 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Player movements 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteEPCR Challenge CupOrganised by European Professional Club RugbyFormerly the "European Challenge Cup" and "European Rugby Challenge Cup", organised by European Rugby Cup2023–24 teams Benetton Black Lion Castres Cheetahs Clermont Dragons Edinburgh Gloucester Lions Montpellier Newcastle Falcons Ospreys Oyonnax European Challenge Cup(1996–2014)Seasons 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 Pool stages 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 European Shield 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 European Rugby Challenge Cup(2014–2021)Seasons 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Pool stages 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 EPCR Challenge Cup(2021–present)Seasons 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Pool stages 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Qualification play-offsContinental Shield European Rugby Continental Shield Play-offs 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 vteRugby union in WalesGoverning body Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) National teamsMen's Wales A 7s U-20 U-18 British & Irish Lions Women's Wales 7s Regional teams Cardiff Dragons Ospreys Scarlets Celtic Warriors Regional and club competitions European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup United Rugby Championship Anglo-Welsh Cup Celtic Cup Welsh Premier Division British and Irish Cup WRU Challenge Cup WRU National Leagues Glamorgan County Silver Ball Trophy Mid District Cup Premiership Rugby Sevens Series Previous competitions Celtic Cup (2003) Cardiff Sevens Snelling Sevens (Welsh seven-a-side tournament) Related articles Welsh rugby union system Cardiff Arms Park National Stadium, Cardiff Millennium Stadium Match of the Century (1905) History London Welsh RFC London Welsh Amateur Judgement Day WRU reform Sports Wales Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Welsh Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Rodney Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Parade"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"United Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Rugby Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Rugby Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rugby_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen"},{"link_name":"Pontypool RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_RFC"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_RFC"},{"link_name":"Cross Keys RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Keys_RFC"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC"},{"link_name":"Newport RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_of_regional_rugby_union_teams_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Celtic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"ASM Clermont Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"European Rugby Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup"}],"text":"Rugby teamDragons RFC (Welsh: Dreigiau) are one of the four professional rugby union regional teams in Wales. They are owned by the Welsh Rugby Union and play their home games at Rodney Parade, Newport. They play in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby Champions Cup/European Rugby Challenge Cup. The region they represent covers an area of southeast Wales including Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport and Torfaen with a total population approaching 600,000 and they are affiliated with a number of semi-professional and amateur clubs throughout the area, including Pontypool RFC, Caerphilly RFC, Cross Keys RFC, Ebbw Vale RFC and Newport RFC.[1]Formed in 2003 as a result of the introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales, the team started life with a third-place finish in the 2003–04 Celtic League, and finished fourth the next season; however, the team finished in the bottom three in each of the next four seasons. In 2007, they reached the semi-finals of the European Challenge Cup, losing to French side ASM Clermont Auvergne 46–29. In 2011, they reached the semi-finals of the Anglo-Welsh Cup, losing to Gloucester. They are yet to make the knock-out stage of the European Rugby Champions Cup.","title":"Dragons RFC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC"},{"link_name":"Newport RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Welsh Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"David Moffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moffett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Newport RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The regional team were formed on 1 April 2003, following an agreement between Ebbw Vale RFC and Newport RFC to form one of five regional rugby entities.[2] Fundamental disagreements between the clubs[3] saw a period of arbitration, led by the then Welsh Rugby Union chief executive David Moffett, which recommended the name \"Gwent Dragons\". On 28 July the side was launched under that name.[4] This prompted Newport RFC benefactor Tony Brown of Bisley, Surrey to withdraw his financial support for the region. However, by 21 August Brown returned after Ebbw Vale chairman Marcus Russell resigned and the side's name was changed to \"Newport and Gwent Dragons\".[5] With the Welsh Rugby Union demanding an explanation for the changes, and acrimony between the two clubs[6] another agreement was struck:[7] the side officially became 'Newport Gwent Dragons'. On 12 November 2003, the region's founding company Gwent Rugby Ltd entered into\nadministration.[8] On 27 November a new company, Dragons Rugby Ltd., was established to run the region, with Newport RFC and the Welsh Rugby Union each holding a 50% stake.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newport_gwent_dragons_badge.png"},{"link_name":"Mike Ruddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ruddock"},{"link_name":"Clive Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Griffiths_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Newport RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC"},{"link_name":"Llanelli Scarlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlets"},{"link_name":"Ospreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Andy Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Marinos"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"Heineken Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-11"},{"link_name":"WRU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hal Luscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Luscombe"},{"link_name":"Jason Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Forster"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Percy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Tri Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Nations_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Gareth Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Kevin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Morgan_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ceri Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Celtic Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Declan Kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Kidney"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_RFC"},{"link_name":"Australia national rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Chris Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Anderson_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-11"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2003–2005: Infancy","text":"The logo used by the regional team between 2003 and 2017.Under Mike Ruddock and his assistant Clive Griffiths Newport Gwent Dragons, with a squad largely drawn from the Newport RFC and Ebbw Vale RFC sides of the preceding year, beat their limited pre-season expectations. Despite starting their life in top-class rugby with a 35–11 defeat away to Llanelli Scarlets, it was the region's most successful season so far. A 29–19 win over the Ospreys was to prove more telling; captained by Andy Marinos the side remained unbeaten at home in the Celtic League and eliminated Stade Français[10] in the Heineken Cup. Going into the final round with an outside chance of taking the title, the Dragons finished third in the Celtic League[11] WRU bosses were impressed enough to appoint Ruddock to the vacant Welsh coaching job in summer 2004.[12] In 2005, Ruddock guided Wales to a Grand Slam Title in the Six Nations. Ruddock rewarded two of his former Dragons players, Hal Luscombe and Jason Forster, with their first test caps on Wales' summer tour of Argentina. Wales Percy Montgomery also impressed Springbok selectors enough to remind them of his international credentials, and earn a Tri Nations recall.The following off season saw a marked change in direction. Gareth Cooper, Kevin Morgan and Ceri Sweeney were amongst a handful of players who joined the region when the Celtic Warriors were disbanded. Having originally agreed to replace Mike Ruddock as head coach, Declan Kidney decided instead to seek employment back home with Leinster. It was not until 27 July 2004 that former Australia national rugby league team coach Chris Anderson was appointed, with Leigh Jones as his assistant. Another credible Celtic League campaign followed, finishing fourth,[11] the second highest Welsh region. The side's Heineken Cup could be viewed as a wasted opportunity: the team beat French side Perpignan 27–14 at home, but were then beaten home and away by Newcastle Falcons to put paid to any quarter-final ambitions. Chris Anderson's contract was not extended beyond its initial one-year duration.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paul Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Turner_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Percy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rod Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Snow"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_rugby"},{"link_name":"Sale Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"link_name":"2005–06 Heineken Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Heineken_Cup"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Overmach Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmach_Parma"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Northampton Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Saints"},{"link_name":"Hal Luscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Luscombe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Colin Charvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Charvis"},{"link_name":"European Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"ASM Clermont Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_Sportive_Montferrandaise_Clermont_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Calvisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Calvisano"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ian Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gough"},{"link_name":"Gareth Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Richard Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parks"},{"link_name":"2007–08 Heineken Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Heineken_Cup"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetton_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Llanelli Scarlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"antipodean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2005–2011 Paul Turner era","text":"The region looked to Harlequins backs coach Paul Turner, a Welshman, as their new head coach.[14] Turner would also have to contend with Percy Montgomery returning to South Africa[15] and Newport RFC stalwart Rod Snow retiring.[16] Munster and Sale Sharks proved too strong in the 2005–06 Heineken Cup. After finishing 8th in the Celtic League, a 24–15 defeat[17] Overmach Parma in a play-off for a place in the following seasons Heineken cup proved a new low for the region. Anglo-Welsh Cup wins over Leicester Tigers and Northampton Saints were the highlights of a tough season. Turner remained, but Wales international Hal Luscombe opted for a move away from the region, joining English Premiership side Harlequins.[18]Former Wales captain Colin Charvis joined ahead of the 2006–07 season with the Dragons progressed into a European Challenge Cup semi-final, where they lost comfortably to ASM Clermont Auvergne. Domestically though, the region's European exploits appeared to take their toll, finishing ninth in the Celtic League. Significantly the region avoided the prospect of a second season away from the Heineken Cup, defeating another Italian side Calvisano 22–15.[19] The match also marked the end for departing Wales internationals Ian Gough and Gareth Cooper at Rodney Parade.2007–08 proved to be another difficult season for the region. Signings such as scrum-half Andy Williams and flanker Richard Parks were not able to help reverse the side's fortunes. The Dragons 2007–08 Heineken Cup campaign only saw one win against Italian side Treviso and exiting the Anglo-Welsh Cup in the pool stages for a third year running. Between completing a double over Llanelli Scarlets on 1 January[20] to defeating the Ospreys on 6 May,[21] the Dragons failed to win a Celtic League game. Despite finishing as the lowest-placed Welsh side in the league[22] the region qualified for next season's Heineken Cup, without having to play off against Italian opposition due to a failure by the Italian League to finish before a specified date.[10]The summer of 2008 marked a change in the Dragons recruitment policy to a more antipodean focus.[23] Several new signings included New Zealander Tom Willis who was also appointed captain.[24] The 2008–09 Heineken Cup saw visible signs of encouragement for the region. An opening round defeat of Glasgow at Rodney Parade and two respectable defeats to French giants Toulouse, sandwiched between narrow losses against Bath offered hope of arresting decline at Rodney Parade. Domestically in the Celtic League it was a case of same old as consecutive defeats in rearranged matches away at Cardiff Blues and the Ospreys ended any hopes of avoiding finishing as the lowest placed Welsh region and another Heineken Cup play off against Italian opposition. In record appearance holder Adam Black's final game for the side, the Dragons ran out comfortable winners away to Calvisano[25] to secure their place in European rugby's premier tournament for a third season running.The 2009–10 season brought about significant improvements in results, with the Dragons remaining unbeaten at Rodney Parade in the Celtic League until their final home match, a 20–14 loss to Cardiff Blues.[26] Defeat also brought about the end of the Dragons bid to qualify for the inaugural Celtic League playoffs. An improved seventh-place finish did, however, mean automatic qualification for the Heineken cup as the third highest finishing Welsh region. Despite coming close to defeating Gloucester away at Kingsholm and a win at home against Glasgow, back to back losses at Biarritz put paid to the Dragons chances of progressing past the group stages of the Heineken Cup for the first time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darren Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1969)"},{"link_name":"London Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Welsh_RFC"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_H%C3%A9rault_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2011–2017","text":"Turner stepped down as head coach in February 2011 with Darren Edwards taking over in a caretaker capacity.[27] In March 2011 Edwards led the Dragons to their first Anglo-Welsh Cup semi-final, where they lost to Gloucester. In April 2011 Edwards was appointed Head Coach on a full-time basis. Lyn Jones was appointed to the role of Director of Rugby in 2013 taking over a lot of on field responsibilities.[28] He brought with him then Russia head coach Kingsley Jones who worked with him as a consultant at London Welsh.[29] Edwards left the Dragons in February 2014[30] while in June, Jones was promoted to the role of head coach.[31]During the 2014–2015 season, the Dragons reached the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, having defeated the Cardiff Blues 25–21.[32] This was their second time reaching the semi-finals, having done so in 2007. They lost 45–16 to Edinburgh in the semi-final.[33]The following season, the Dragons once again reached the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, but lost 22–12 to Montpellier.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"link_name":"Welsh Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Rodney Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Parade"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bernard Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jackman"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ross Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Richard Hibbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hibbard"},{"link_name":"Dean Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Ross Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Will Talbot-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Talbot-Davies"},{"link_name":"Tom Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Griffiths_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Huw Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Nick Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Joe Maksymiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Maksymiw"},{"link_name":"Greg Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Bateman"},{"link_name":"Will Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"Rhodri Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodri_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rob Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Evans_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sean Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"George Nott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nott"},{"link_name":"JJ Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Hanrahan"},{"link_name":"Max Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Clark_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sio Tomkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sio_Tomkinson"}],"sub_title":"2017–2023: WRU ownership","text":"In March 2017, following a vote of Newport RFC shareholders, the Welsh Rugby Union agreed to take over the Newport Gwent Dragons in its entirety as part of a deal that also saw the WRU take ownership of the Rodney Parade ground.[35] Following the takeover, Bernard Jackman was appointed head coach, and on 20 June 2017 it was announced that following the takeover of the region by the WRU, the region would be dropping \"Newport Gwent\" from its name with immediate effect, becoming known simply as \"Dragons\".[36] Jackman's endured a difficult first season in charge in 2017–18, with the Dragons recording only two wins in the league. Despite recruiting heavily for the 2018-19 campaign, including Wales forwards Ross Moriarty and Richard Hibbard, results did not improve and Jackman was dismissed in 2019 to be replaced by Dean Ryan.During the WRU-ownership period, the Dragons signed a large number of English-born players eligible for Wales thanks to parents or grandparents, such as Ross Moriarty, Will Talbot-Davies, Tom Griffiths, Huw Taylor, Nick Tompkins, Joe Maksymiw, Greg Bateman and Will Rowlands.Ahead of the 2022–2023 season, the Dragons continued their extensive recruitment drive, including established props Rhodri Jones and Rob Evans, as well as locks Sean Lonsdale and George Nott from the Premiership. JJ Hanrahan joined from Clermont, while two centres; Welsh-qualified Max Clark and New Zealander Sio Tomkinson added further depth. Further signings were made in the lead up to season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium"},{"link_name":"David Buttress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Eat"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2023 onwards: Return to private ownership","text":"In July 2023 a consortium headed by Dragons chairman David Buttress bought Rodney Parade and the Dragons from the WRU.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"Scarlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlets"},{"link_name":"Ospreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Windsor"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Saints"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"Flag of Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The naming of the region's team caused considerable turbulence.[38] Newport Gwent Dragons were a new side created out of the restructuring of Welsh rugby, and represent their designated region, like the Cardiff Blues, the Scarlets and the Ospreys. Some in the Welsh rugby world, such as Bobby Windsor, believed that including the name Newport would alienate some fans in the surrounding valleys.[39] Many supporters in the wider Newport area favoured greater identification with the City of Newport and a continuation of the historic traditions of Newport RFC.[5] Several names were suggested but all were rejected by the WRU. In the end, the WRU decided the region would be called the Gwent Dragons. However, initial response to the new region was mixed, with many fans unsure whether to buy a season ticket for the new side or to stick to their local clubs.[40] The company set up to run the side entered administration before a game had been played, and as a compromise the word \"Newport\" was added to the team name in a double-sized font, whilst \"Gwent\" was reduced. This addition and choice of kit added a greater Newport emphasis to the region and polarised the regions' fan base: some supporters of Ebbw Vale, Pontypool, Cross Keys and Newbridge turned their backs on the regional side, claiming that Gwent was no longer being equally represented.[41] This debate continued, with the Dragons being accused of favouritism towards their Newport feeder club rather than the other feeder clubs.[42]The Newport Action Group, among others, claimed the side has lost more supporters by including the name \"Gwent\" in its title. The crowds supporting Newport Gwent Dragons averaged 5,154 for the 2005–06 season,[43] whereas in the 2002–03 season, Newport RFC was Wales' best supported club and British rugby's fourth best with an average attendance of 8,302 – behind English Premiership clubs Leicester, Gloucester and Northampton.[44] In the 2006–07 season, attendance averaged 5,629 at Rodney Parade.On the 27 June 2022, the Dragons announced their rebranding as Dragons RFC. The new playing colours being black and amber to represent the traditional colours of Newport sporting teams and the blue of the historic Monmouthshire county. The new badge includes three fleur-de-lis derived from the county Flag of Monmouthshire.[45]","title":"Team name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VX3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VX3_(sports_equipment)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Compeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compeed"}],"text":"The Dragons kit for the 2022–2023 season is supplied by VX3. Their current 'Headline Sponsor' is Compeed.","title":"Kit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Parade"},{"link_name":"Pontypool Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_Park"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cross Keys RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Keys_RFC"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"Virginia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Park_(Caerphilly)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_RFC"},{"link_name":"Newport County AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_AFC"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-48"},{"link_name":"Pro14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Eugene Cross Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Cross_Park"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-48"},{"link_name":"Judgement Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly County Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"CCB Centre for Sporting Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCB_Centre_for_Sporting_Excellence"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Celtic Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Cup_(2018_rugby_union_tournament)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The region's ground is the 8,700 capacity Rodney Parade ground in Newport, where they play the majority of their home games. Games are occasionally hosted at other grounds in Gwent, such as Pontypool Park[46] or Pandy Park (home of Cross Keys RFC).[47] These are usually pre-season or other fixtures, however occasionally league games are taken elsewhere such as in 2017 when a game against local rivals Cardiff Blues was hosted at the Constructaquote Stadium (formerly Virginia Park), home of Caerphilly RFC, due to a fixture clash with Newport County AFC;[48] and during the 2017/18 season when the Dragons hosted a Pro14 game against Edinburgh Rugby in Eugene Cross Park, Ebbw Vale.[48]As a part of Judgement Day, each season a home game against a rival Welsh rugby region is hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.In preparation for the 2014–15 season the Newport Gwent Dragons agreed a partnership with Caerphilly County Borough Council for the team and coaching staff to use the CCB Centre for Sporting Excellence as the new training base for the 1st team and all other age grade structures within the region.[49] The small stadium at the centre hosts the home matches of the Dragons U23 side, which competes in the Celtic Cup. Owing to a frozen pitch at Rodney Parade, the CCB Centre hosted a Challenge Cup fixture on 22 January 2023.[50]","title":"Home ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current United Rugby Championship table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024–25 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024%E2%80%9325_United_Rugby_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of 2024–25 United Rugby Championship transfers § Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2024%E2%80%9325_United_Rugby_Championship_transfers#Dragons"}],"text":"For player movements before or during the 2024–25 season, see List of 2024–25 United Rugby Championship transfers § Dragons.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior academy","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Dragons RFC players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dragons_RFC_players"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(Rugby_Union)"},{"link_name":"2005 Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lewis Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Evans_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Adam Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Black_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Ringer"},{"link_name":"Peter Sidoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sidoli"},{"link_name":"Gareth Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Luke Charteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Charteris"},{"link_name":"Wayne Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Evans_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Aled Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aled_Brew"},{"link_name":"Ashley Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Adam Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Gustafson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gustafson"},{"link_name":"Jason Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Robert Sidoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidoli"},{"link_name":"Phil Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Price_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Adam Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hughes_(rugby_union,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Nic Cudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Cudd"},{"link_name":"Rynard Landman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligtoring_Landman"},{"link_name":"Matthew Screech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Screech"},{"link_name":"Brok Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brok_Harris"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Fairbrother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Fairbrother"},{"link_name":"Jack Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Elliot Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Dee"},{"link_name":"Ashton Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Joe Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Davies_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"Harrison Keddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Rhodri Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodri_Williams_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"Ollie Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Aaron Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Wales national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Chris Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Anthony_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Rhys M. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_M._Thomas"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Burns"},{"link_name":"Ian Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gough"},{"link_name":"Luke Charteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Charteris"},{"link_name":"Andrew Coombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Coombs"},{"link_name":"Cory Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Hill"},{"link_name":"Will Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"Jason Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Forster"},{"link_name":"Richard Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parks"},{"link_name":"Jamie Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Ringer"},{"link_name":"Gavin Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Ross Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Michael Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Rhys Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Taulupe Faletau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulupe_Faletau"},{"link_name":"Gareth Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ceri Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Andy Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Marinos"},{"link_name":"Tyler Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Nick Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Gareth Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Hal Luscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Luscombe"},{"link_name":"Aled Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aled_Brew"},{"link_name":"Will Harries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Harries"},{"link_name":"Tom Prydie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Prydie"},{"link_name":"Hallam Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam_Amos"},{"link_name":"Jonah Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Kevin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Morgan_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Percy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Sione Tuʻipulotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sione_Tu%CA%BBipulotu"},{"link_name":"Rod Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Snow"},{"link_name":"Mike Hercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hercus"},{"link_name":"Mike Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Petri"},{"link_name":"James Arlidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arlidge"},{"link_name":"Will Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Kelly_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Mesake Doge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesake_Doge"},{"link_name":"Dan Lydiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lydiate"},{"link_name":"Ollie Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Leon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Brown_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Elliot Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Dee"},{"link_name":"Aaron Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Ben Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carter_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Taine Basham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taine_Basham"},{"link_name":"Rio Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Bradley Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Matthew Screech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Screech"},{"link_name":"Cai Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Evans"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Bertranou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Bertranou"},{"link_name":"Aki Seiuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Seiuli"},{"link_name":"Rhodri Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodri_Williams_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Rhodri Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodri_Jones"}],"sub_title":"Notable players","text":"See also: Category:Dragons RFC playersMichael Owen captained Wales in 2005–06 and he led Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27-years in the 2005 Six Nations Championship.Lewis Evans has made over 200 appearances for the Dragons. Prop Adam Black became the first centurion in Dragons colours during the 2006–07 season. The following players have also made over one hundred Dragons appearances: Jamie Ringer, Peter Sidoli, Gareth Wyatt, Steve Jones, Luke Charteris, Wayne Evans, Aled Brew, Ashley Smith, Adam Jones, Hugh Gustafson, Jason Tovey, Robert Sidoli, Phil Price, Adam Hughes, Nic Cudd, Rynard Landman, Matthew Screech, Brok Harris, Lloyd Fairbrother, Jack Dixon, Elliot Dee, Ashton Hewitt, Joe Davies, Harrison Keddie, Rhodri Williams, Ollie Griffiths, Aaron Wainwright.Several former players have been capped by the Wales national rugby union team while with the region; props Chris Anthony and Rhys M. Thomas, hookers Steve Jones and Lloyd Burns, second rows Ian Gough, Luke Charteris, Andrew Coombs, Cory Hill and Will Rowlands, flankers Jason Forster, Richard Parks, Jamie Ringer, Gavin Thomas and Ross Moriarty, number eight Michael Owen, Rhys Oakley and Taulupe Faletau, scrum halves Gareth Cooper and Andy Williams, outside half Ceri Sweeney, centres Andy Marinos, Tyler Morgan and Nick Tompkins, wingers Gareth Wyatt, Hal Luscombe, Aled Brew, Will Harries, Tom Prydie, Hallam Amos, Jonah Holmes and fullback Kevin Morgan. Percy Montgomery, Sione Tuʻipulotu, Rod Snow, Mike Hercus, Mike Petri, James Arlidge, Will Kelly and Mesake Doge played internationally for their respective countries whilst with the region.Of the current players Dan Lydiate, Ollie Griffiths, Leon Brown, Elliot Dee, Aaron Wainwright, Ben Carter, Taine Basham, Rio Dyer, Bradley Roberts, Matthew Screech and Cai Evans have featured in Wales test matches whilst with the region, as have Gonzalo Bertranou and Aki Seiuli for Argentina and Samoa respectively. Rhodri Williams and Rhodri Jones achieved Wales international caps before joining the Dragons.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"}],"sub_title":"British & Irish Lions","text":"The following players have been selected to play for the British & Irish Lions touring squads while playing for the Dragons.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-freeweek_56-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pro14_57-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-covid_59-0"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Pro14"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Pro14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behind_closed_doors-58"}],"sub_title":"Celtic League / Pro12 / Pro14 / United Rugby Championship","text":"^ 11 teams were involved in this season, so one team did not play each week and were awarded four points instead. Therefore, each team finished the season with eight more points than the table would seem to warrant.\n\n^ The competition was split into two conferences of 7 teams each following the increase from 12 to 14 teams.\n\n^ Only 15 rounds were played during the 2019–20 season and 16 rounds during the 2020–21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.[54]","title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Celtic Cup","title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-erc-covid_60-0"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_European_Rugby_Champions_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Heineken Cup / European Rugby Champions Cup","text":"^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, only 2 pool games were played during the 2020–21 season. The knockout stage commenced with a round of 16 consisting of the top 8 ranked teams from each pool.","title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European Challenge Cup / European Rugby Challenge Cup","title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anglo-Welsh Cup","title":"Results and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow City Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_City_Sevens"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Glasgow City Sevens\nChampions (1): 2008[55]","title":"Honours"}]

[{"image_text":"The logo used by the regional team between 2003 and 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Newport_gwent_dragons_badge.png/150px-Newport_gwent_dragons_badge.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"Newport Gwent Dragons: Club Directory\". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501085910/http://www.newportgwentdragons.com/ClubDirectory.aspx","url_text":"\"Newport Gwent Dragons: Club Directory\""},{"url":"http://www.newportgwentdragons.com/ClubDirectory.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Graeme. \"Sport\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2003/04/02/srwale02.xml.","url_text":"\"Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/05/19/Gwent+Archive/4611453.It_s_all_out_war_/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/07/28/Gwent+Archive/4610512.Support_the_Dragons_/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/08/21/Gwent+Archive/4610131.BROWN_S_BACK_-_AND_IT_S_NOW_NEWPORT_AND_GWENT_DRAGONS/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/09/10/Gwent+Archive/4609777.It_s_off_/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/09/12/Gwent+Archive/4609744.Can_we_get_on_with_the_rugby_now_/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons enter administration\". BBC News. 12 November 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/3173040.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons enter administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/11/27/Gwent+Archive/4608581.IT___S_A_DEAL/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heineken Champions Cup\". European Professional Club Rugby.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epcrugby.com/","url_text":"\"Heineken Champions Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magners League Official Website : Stat Attack – League table\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070409113218/http://www.magnersleague.com/122_125.php","url_text":"\"Magners League Official Website : Stat Attack – League table\""},{"url":"http://www.magnersleague.com/122_125.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WRU: Wales Coach Archive: Mike Ruddock: 2004 – 2006\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409104816/http://www.wru.co.uk/14058_14068.php","url_text":"\"WRU: Wales Coach Archive: Mike Ruddock: 2004 – 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.wru.co.uk/14058_14068.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2005/04/14/Gwent+Archive/4596098.Time_for_six_sense_-_Jones/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2005/05/05/Gwent+Archive/4595694.IT_S_TURNER/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montgomery quits Wales for Sharks\". BBC News. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/4420767.stm","url_text":"\"Montgomery quits Wales for Sharks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snow to retire at end of season\". BBC News. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/4355493.stm","url_text":"\"Snow to retire at end of season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons 15–24 Overmach Parma\". BBC News. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/4770225.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons 15–24 Overmach Parma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luscombe leaves Dragons for Quins\". BBC News. 1 April 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/4837960.stm","url_text":"\"Luscombe leaves Dragons for Quins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons 22–15 Calvisano\". BBC News. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/6654593.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons 22–15 Calvisano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons 15–13 Scarlets\". BBC News. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/7164143.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons 15–13 Scarlets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons 18–10 Ospreys\". BBC News. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/7383987.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons 18–10 Ospreys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magners League table\". BBC News. 9 August 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/tables/4777185.stm","url_text":"\"Magners League table\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwi arrival no issue for Gatland\". BBC News. 23 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/7522391.stm","url_text":"\"Kiwi arrival no issue for Gatland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwi Willis made Dragons captain\". BBC News. 5 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/7543307.stm","url_text":"\"Kiwi Willis made Dragons captain\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Gareth (29 May 2009). \"Calvisano 17–42 NG Dragons\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/8074752.stm","url_text":"\"Calvisano 17–42 NG Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magners League : Match Centre : Two-Try Burst Does It for the Blues\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426142936/http://www.magnersleague.com/matchcentre/5129.php","url_text":"\"Magners League : Match Centre : Two-Try Burst Does It for the Blues\""},{"url":"http://www.magnersleague.com/matchcentre/5129.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turner parts company with Dragons\". BBC News. 11 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/9379391.stm","url_text":"\"Turner parts company with Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro12: Ex-Ospreys boss Lyn Jones takes over at Dragons\". BBC. 10 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/22838618","url_text":"\"Pro12: Ex-Ospreys boss Lyn Jones takes over at Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest News\". Welsh Rugby Union | Wales & Regions.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wru.wales/news/latest-news/","url_text":"\"Latest News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darren Edwards leaves Dragons coaching role\". South Wales Argus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/11044357.darren-edwards-leaves-dragons-coaching-role/","url_text":"\"Darren Edwards leaves Dragons coaching role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingsley Jones pens long-term Dragons deal\". South Wales Argus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/11266833.kingsley-jones-pens-long-term-dragons-deal/","url_text":"\"Kingsley Jones pens long-term Dragons deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Cup: Dragons 25-21 Blues\". BBC Sport. 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/32173503","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup: Dragons 25-21 Blues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Cup semi-final: Edinburgh 45-16 Dragons\". 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/32330852","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup semi-final: Edinburgh 45-16 Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons defeated by Montpellier in Challenge Cup semi-final\". Sky Sports. 23 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/montpellier-vs-dragons/76538","url_text":"\"Dragons defeated by Montpellier in Challenge Cup semi-final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newport Gwent Dragons' name changed to Dragons\". BBC. 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/40346798","url_text":"\"Newport Gwent Dragons' name changed to Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/07/01/Gwent+Archive/4610910.Brown__I_want_nothing_to_do_with__region_/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"\"WalesOnline: News, sport, weather and events from across Wales\". www.walesonline.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/","url_text":"\"WalesOnline: News, sport, weather and events from across Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\". www.southwalesargus.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2003/08/07/Gwent+Archive/4610341.Dragons_hunt__missing__fans/","url_text":"\"Archive news from the South Wales Argus\""}]},{"reference":"Webb, Nick (17 May 2009). \"Dragons back Newport in new cup\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/8054337.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons back Newport in new cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons back Newport in new cup\". BBC News. 17 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/ng_dragons/8054337.stm","url_text":"\"Dragons back Newport in new cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Rugby Union Is The Best Sport in the World\". magnersleague.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231637/http://www.magnersleague.com/2_14.php?includeref=115&season=2005","url_text":"\"Why Rugby Union Is The Best Sport in the World\""},{"url":"https://magnersleague.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Phil (Autumn 2002). \"Rugby in the community\" (PDF). Welsh Economic Review. 14 (2). Welsh Economy Research Unit: 13–14. ISSN 0965-2450. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030511205734/http://www.weru.org.uk/WER_14_2_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Rugby in the community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0965-2450","url_text":"0965-2450"},{"url":"http://www.weru.org.uk/WER_14_2_1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WE ARE DRAGONS RFC\". Dragons RFC. 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dragonsrugby.wales/news/2022/june/we-are-dragons-rfc.html","url_text":"\"WE ARE DRAGONS RFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"News Article | Dragons\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9F%8E%88

Balloon

["1 Applications","1.1 Play","1.2 Decoration","1.3 Party Balloons","1.4 Sculpture","1.5 Drops and releases","1.6 Publicity","1.7 Water projection","1.8 Solar lift","1.9 Rockets","1.10 Flying machines","1.11 Medicine","2 History","3 Safety and environmental concerns","3.1 Release","3.2 Makeup","4 Air pressure","5 See also","5.1 Types of balloon","5.2 Other","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Inflatable flexible bag filled with gas For other uses, see Balloon (disambiguation). "Air balloons" redirects here. For other uses, see Air balloon (disambiguation). "Mylar balloon" redirects here. For the geometric shape, see Mylar balloon (geometry).This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Balloon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Balloons are given for special occasions, such as birthdays or holidays, and are often used as party décor. A balloon is a flexible membrane that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and air. For special tasks, balloons can be filled with smoke, liquid water, granular media (e.g. sand, flour or rice), or light sources. Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, and can come in many different colors. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder. Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications. The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824, during experiments with various gases. He invented them for use in the lab. Applications See also: List of balloon uses Play Main article: Toy balloon Decoration Decorations made of balloons with a combination of stacking and twisting techniques showcasing the deco-twisting style. Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties, weddings, corporate functions, school events, and for other festive gatherings. The artists who use the round balloons to build are called "stackers" and the artists who use pencil balloons to build are called "twisters." Most commonly associated with helium balloon decor, more recently balloon decorators have been moving towards the creation of air-filled balloon decorations due to the non-renewable natural resource of helium limited in supply. The most common types of balloon decor include arches, columns, centerpieces, balloon drops, sculptures, and balloon bouquets. With the increased aptitude for balloon twisting as well as balloon stacking, the rise of the deco-twister manifests itself as the combination of stacking techniques as well as twisting techniques to create unique and interesting balloon decor options. Party Balloons Decorative rainbow colored arches made of party balloons used at the pride parade in São Paulo, Brazil. Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees, and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber's elasticity makes the volume adjustable. Twisting balloons can be used to create decor centerpieces for events and to create a more unique look than can be provided by foil balloons. Often the term "party balloon" will refer to a twisting balloon or pencil balloon. These balloons are manipulated to create shapes and figures for parties and events, typically along with entertainment. Filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth, a manual or electric inflater (such as a hand pump), or with a source of compressed gas. When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium so that they float, they typically retain their buoyancy for only a day or so, sometimes longer. The enclosed helium atoms escape through small pores in the latex which are larger than the helium atoms. However, some types of balloons are labelled "helium-grade". These balloons are often thicker and have less porosity. Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer, sometimes for up to a week. However, a rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (for instance, the polymer solution sold under the "Hi Float" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time to a week or longer. Animal-shaped balloons Beginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) foil balloons made of thin, unstretchable, less permeable metallised films such as Mylar (BoPET) started being produced. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attributes of metallised nylon for balloons are its light weight, increasing buoyancy, and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. Foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines. Sculpture Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures such as animals (see balloon modelling). The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons. Decorators may use helium balloons to create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious "sculptures" have been attempted. It is also common to use balloons as table decorations for celebratory events. Balloons can sometimes be modeled to form shapes of animals. Table decorations normally appear with three or five balloons on each bouquet. Ribbon is curled and added with a weight to keep the balloons from floating away. Drops and releases Party balloons in Italy A decorative use for balloons is in balloon drops. In a balloon drop, a plastic bag or net filled with air-inflated balloons is suspended from a fixed height. Once released, the balloons fall onto their target area below. Balloon drops are commonly performed at New Year's Eve celebrations and at political rallies and conventions, but may also be performed at celebrations, including graduations and weddings. Balloons for sale on vappu in Helsinki, Finland in 2018 For decades, people have also celebrated with balloon releases. This practice has been discouraged by the balloon industry, as it has posed problematic for the environment and cities. In recent years, legislation such as the California Balloon Law has been enacted to enforce consumers and retailers to tether helium-filled foil (BoPET) balloons with a balloon weight. This ensures that the helium-filled balloons do not float into the atmosphere, which is potentially injurious to animals, the environment, and power lines. Many states now have banned balloon releases. It is becoming more common for balloons to be filled with air instead of helium, as air-filled balloons will not release into the atmosphere or deplete the earthly helium supply. There are numerous party games and school-related activities that can use air-filled balloons as opposed to helium balloons. When age appropriate, these activities often include the added fun of blowing the balloons up. In many events, the balloons will contain prizes, and party-goers can pop the balloons to retrieve the items inside. Publicity Balloons are used for publicity at major events. Screen printing processes can be used to print designs and company logos onto the balloons. Custom built printers inflate the balloon and apply ink with elastic qualities through a silk screen template. In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the United Nations Headquarters. Also in the 1950s at the start of the Cold War, activists in Western Europe uses balloons for propaganda purposes that would float east over Eastern Europe, which would release newspapers and pamphlets. In 2014, South Korean activists used the same balloon method to get information to those in North Korea. Paolo Scannavino set the record of 11 for the most giant balloons entered in 2 minutes. Water projection Main article: Water balloon Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons filled with a liquid, usually water, instead of a gas, and intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet, as a game, competition, or practical joke. By forcing water out the open end of a water balloon, it is possible to use it as a makeshift water gun. Solar lift Main article: Solar balloon Solar balloons are thin, large balloons filled with air that is heated by the sun in order to decrease its density to obtain lift. Rockets Main article: Balloon rocket Balloons are often deliberately released, creating a so-called balloon rocket. Balloon rockets work because the elastic balloons contract on the air within them, and so when the mouth of the balloon is opened, the gas within the balloon is expelled out, and due to Newton's third law of motion, the balloon is propelled forward. This is the same way that a rocket works. Flying machines Hot air balloons, San Diego, California Main article: Balloon (aeronautics) Balloons filled with hot air or a buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. The earliest flights were made with hot air balloons using air heated with a flame, or hydrogen as the lifting gas. Later, coal gas and later still helium were used. An unpowered balloon travels with the wind. A balloon which has an engine to propel it is called a dirigible balloon or airship. Medicine Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque, and to stretch the walls of the vessel, thus preventing myocardial infarction. A small stent can be inserted at the angioplasty site to keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal. Balloon catheters are catheters that have balloons at their tip to keep them from slipping out. For example, the balloon of a Foley catheter is inflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position. Insertion of balloons subsequently filled with air or liquid can be used to stop bleeding in hollow internal organs such as stomach or uterus. History Humans have intentionally filled bladders, especially actual animal bladders, with air since prehistory. In Ancient Greece, these had a number of recorded uses. By the 18th century, people were inflating balloons of cloth or canvas with hot air and sending it aloft, the Montgolfier brothers going so far as to experiment with first animals in 1782, and then, when altitude did not kill them, human beings in 1783. The first hydrogen-filled gas balloon was flown in the 1790s. A century later the first hydrogen-filled weather balloons were launched in France. The first modern rubber balloons on record were made by Michael Faraday in 1824. He used these to contain gasses he was experimenting with, especially hydrogen. By 1825 similar balloons were being sold by Thomas Hancock, but like Faraday's they came disassembled, as two circles of soft rubber. The user was expected to lay the circles one on top of the other and rub their edges until the soft, gummy rubber stuck, leaving the powdered inner part loose for inflation. Modern, preassembled balloons were being sold in the US by the early 20th century. Safety and environmental concerns Main article: Marine debris An illustration of the degradation of the latex polymer in aquatic environments Vacuum metalized PET balloon abandoned in a forest Release There has been some environmental concern over metallised Mylar balloons, as they do not biodegrade or shred as rubber balloons do. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful to the environment. This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages. Released balloons can land anywhere, including on nature reserves or other areas where they can pose a hazard to animals through ingestion or entanglement. Because of the potential harm to wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment, some jurisdictions even legislate to control mass balloon releases. Legislation proposed in Maryland, US, was named after Inky, a pygmy sperm whale who needed six operations after swallowing debris, the largest piece of which was a Mylar balloon. The Balloon Council, a trade organization that represents the interests of balloon businesses, claims that there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the death of any sea mammal has been attributed to foil balloons as a sole cause, to date. In the United Kingdom, foil balloons sold at major theme parks and zoos have balloon weights attached to help prevent accidental release into the environment. When balloons eventually return to the ground, they begin the degradation process. Latex balloons are the most used because of their ability to biodegrade. The problem with this is that it can take at least 4 weeks to show substantial degradation of the polymer in the environment, and around 6 months in aquatic environments. This issue can have an effect on the wildlife on both land and in aquatic systems because animals will confuse deflated balloons as food, nesting material, or simply something to play with. When that happens, it can lead to negative effects for the animals. For example, a bird can use a deflated balloon as a component for its nest. When the eggs hatch, they will get tangled in the balloon and that can lead to death. Anthony Andrady says that releases of latex balloons that descend into the sea pose a serious ingestion and/or entanglement hazard to marine animals because balloons exposed floating in seawater deteriorate much more slowly than those exposed in air. Balloon manufacturers will often state that a latex balloon is perfectly safe to release into the environment as it is made from a natural substance and will biodegrade over time. A latex balloon can take up to a year to degrade if it lands in the sea and during this time it is possible for a marine animal to ingest the balloon and die from slow starvation if its digestive system is blocked. NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers), an organisation that styles itself "The Balloon and Party Professionals Association" and represents the UK balloon industry, publishes guidelines for people holding balloon releases. some of the leading balloon manufacturers have started to recommend avoiding balloon releasing, instead preferring to tie balloons down with weights in order to prevent them from floating away. These recommendations have also been adopted by some industry professionals working with balloons in the fields of design and entertainment. Makeup Traditionally balloons are manufactured from plastic. With the rise of worldwide awareness for environmental conservation, some balloon manufacturers started making balloons out of biodegradable materials, which are made entirely of natural recyclable rubber trees. These balloons manufacturing processes preserve the natural state of the material in such a way that allows it to degrade relatively quickly. Some of the manufacturers only use rubber trees that are grown in plantations that receive the Rainforest Alliance's approval, and at which its representatives conduct regular inspections in order to make sure that the farmers meet several criteria set to ascertain that the biological diversity in the area is maintained, and that no worker or natural resource is abused in the material manufacturing process. Another environmental problem with latex balloons is not the effects the balloons have on the environment once they are decomposed, but when they are being made. When latex is being produced, it produces greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, N2O. This is becoming an increasing problem, especially in Thailand which is responsible for 35% of the worlds natural rubber production. At the start of the 21st century, balloon recycling or reuse for other purposes was in its infancy. As of 2020, several balloon manufacturers have developed methods for effective balloon waste disposal, and some manufacturers use recycled balloons to produce other products, such as toys for pets. Air pressure Main article: Atmospheric pressure Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles, December 1, 1783 Once inflated with regular, atmospheric air, the air inside the balloon will have a greater air pressure than the original atmospheric air pressure. Air pressure, technically, is a measurement of the amount of collisions against a surface at any time. In the case of balloon, it is supposed to measure how many particles at any in any given time space collide with the wall of the balloon and bounce off. Since this is nearly impossible to measure, air pressure seems to be more easily described as density. The similarity comes from the idea that when there are more molecules in the same space, more of them will be heading towards a collision course with the wall. The first concept of air pressure within a balloon that is necessary to know is that air pressures "try" to even out. With all the bouncing against the balloon wall (both interior and exterior) there will be a certain amount of expansion/contraction. As air pressure itself is a description of the total forces against an object, each of these forces, on the outside of the balloon, causes the balloon to contract a tiny bit, while the inside forces cause the balloon to expand. With this knowledge, one would immediately assume that a balloon with high air pressure inside would expand based on the high amount of internal forces, and vice versa. This would make the inside and outside air pressures equal. Balloons have a certain elasticity to them that needs to be taken into account. The act of stretching a balloon fills it with potential energy. When it is released, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and the balloon snaps back into its original position, though perhaps a little stretched out. When a balloon is filled with air, the balloon is being stretched. While the elasticity of the balloon causes tension that would have the balloon collapse, it is also being pushed back out by the constant bouncing of the internal air molecules. The internal air has to exert force not only to counteract the external air to keep the air pressures "even", but it also has to counteract the natural contraction of the balloon. Therefore, it requires more air pressure (or force) than the air outside the balloon wall. Because of this, when helium balloons are left and they float higher, as atmospheric pressure decreases, the air inside it exerts more pressure than outside it so the balloon pops from tension. In some cases, the helium leaks out from pores and the balloon deflates, falling down. See also Types of balloon Balloon (aeronautics) Gas balloon High-altitude balloon Hot air balloon Observation balloon Research balloon Solar balloon Tethered balloon or moored balloon or captive balloon, a balloon that is restrained by one or more tethers attached to the ground and so cannot float freely Tethered helium balloon Weather balloon Toy balloon Other Aerobot Balloon-carried light effect Flogo Lava balloons List of inflatable manufactured goods Pig Balloon Pneumatic bladder Radiosonde Rockoon Speech balloon Two-balloon experiment Balloon popping References ^ Swain, Heather (2010). Make These Toys: 101 Clever Creations Using Everyday Items. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-101-18873-6. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017. ^ Copy "What causes helium balloons to lose their lift after a day or two?" 1 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. https://science.howstuffworks.com/question10.htm 28 February 2022 ^ "Home". HiFloat. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ^ "Metallic balloons spark controversy" Archived July 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010. ^ "New bill to ban certain balloons" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ABC. April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010. ^ Sela, Neta (January 24, 2008) 4,200 balloons released in NY to protest Qassam fire Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Ynet News. ^ "Target Satellite Europe." Archived November 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Popular Mechanics, April 1956, pp. 110–112. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (October 10, 2014). "Koreas Exchange Fire After Activists Launch Balloons Over Border". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ^ 2013 Guinness Book of World Records Limited. Craig Glenday. 2013. pp. 114. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. ^ Zimmerman Jones, Andrew. "Scientific Explanation: Why the Rocket Balloon Works". How to Create a Rocket Balloon. About:Physics. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007. ^ Berger, Alan (May 30, 2006). "Angioplasty". Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007. ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Catheter – Balloon Catheter – Thomas Fogarty". About: Inventors. About. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2007. ^ "Balloons (Rubber) - History of Balloons". www.softschools.com. ^ Haroutunian, Atineh (June 3, 2008). "Mylar Balloons Spark Power Outages". Glendalewaterandpower.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2009. ^ "MARP Sponsors Inky Legislation". National Aquarium in Baltimore. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2006. ^ "Legislation regulating the release of balloons". Clean Virginia Waterways. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006. ^ "FAQ: Are sea mammals at risk?". The Balloon Council. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ "Environmental Policy Statement". Balloon Supply & Distribution Ltd. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ Lambert, S; Sinclair, CJ; Bradley, EL; Boxall, AB (March 1, 2013). "Effects of environmental conditions on latex degradation in aquatic systems". The Science of the Total Environment. 447: 225–34. Bibcode:2013ScTEn.447..225L. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.067. PMID 23384646. ^ Andrady, Anthony (February 11, 2015). Plastics and Environmental Sustainability. John Wiley & Sons. p. 303. ^ King, Rachael (July 5, 2008). "Old balloons causing woes for wildlife, despite law - Latex, ribbons fall to earth after whimsical flights in sky". New Haven Register. ^ Andrady, A.L. (August 6, 2000). "Plastics and Their Impacts in the Marine Environment" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment. Hawaii: Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. p. 140. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013. ^ "NABAS: The Balloon Association". NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers). Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ "Code of Conduct" (PDF). NABAS. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017. ^ a b "Sustainability". qualatex. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. ^ a b c "nature first". sempertex. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. ^ "Balloons & The Environment". PEBA. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. ^ "100% Latex, 100% Sustainable". qualatex. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. ^ Jawjit, Warit; Kroeze, Carolien; Rattanapan, Suwat (March 2010). "Greenhouse gas emissions from rubber industry in Thailand". Journal of Cleaner Production. 18 (5): 403–411. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.003. ^ Serway, Raymond, Chris Vuille, and Jerry Faughn (2008). College Physics, Volume 10. Cengage Learning. ^ "Balloons." Reach Out Michigan. N.p., n.d. Web. November 30, 2010. Why are balloons stretchy? Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Further reading "Stories Behind Everyday Things"; New York: Reader's Digest, 1980. External links Look up balloon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balloons. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Balloon". Stratospheric balloons, history and present Historical recompilation project on the use of stratospheric balloons in the scientific research, the military field and the aerospace activity National trade association for the UK balloon industry Balloon and Party Industry alliance for the UK and European Balloon and Party industry National trade association for the Australasian balloon industry vteParties and festivalsSorted by occasions, purposes or attributesTypesWedding-related Bachelor party Bachelorette party Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding reception Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr Banquets Eid cuisine State banquet Ball Debutante ball Hunt ball Symposium House parties Family reunion Cocktail party Housewarming party Sleepover LAN party Political houseparty Rent party Public partiesFestivals Holidays Spring break Mischief Night New Year's Eve Arts festival Film awards seasons Religious festival Christmas Carnival Feasts Food festival Harvest festival Social season Heortology Fairs World's fair State fair County fair Trade fair Picnic Block party Subway party Tailgate party Anniversary Jubilee Ceremony Children's party Baby shower Class reunion Costume party Masqerade party Drag party Toga party Naked party Crayfish party Cuddle party Dance party Prom Homecoming Foam party Hurricane party Kitty party Pamper party Parade Marching Pizza party Quiet party Ritual Stop light party Tea party ClothingWestern dress codes Formal White tie Morning dress Semi-formal Black tie Black lounge suit Informal Suit Casual Wedding dress Contemporary Bridal crown Dress Evening gown Ball gown Debutante Opera gloves Cocktail dress Garters Casual Equipment Balloon Balloon modelling Confetti Cotton candy Deely bobber Glow stick Groucho glasses Party hat New Year's glasses Party bus Party horn Party popper Serpentine streamer Society portal Media Category Authority control databases: National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balloon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Air balloon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_balloon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mylar balloon (geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylar_balloon_(geometry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congrats_bqt.jpg"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"nitrous oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex"},{"link_name":"polychloroprene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprene"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"bladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"pig bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_bladder"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloon"},{"link_name":"medical treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioplasty"},{"link_name":"military defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_balloon"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Inflatable flexible bag filled with gasFor other uses, see Balloon (disambiguation).\"Air balloons\" redirects here. For other uses, see Air balloon (disambiguation).\"Mylar balloon\" redirects here. For the geometric shape, see Mylar balloon (geometry).Balloons are given for special occasions, such as birthdays or holidays, and are often used as party décor.A balloon is a flexible membrane that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and air. For special tasks, balloons can be filled with smoke, liquid water, granular media (e.g. sand, flour or rice), or light sources. Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, and can come in many different colors. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder. Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications.The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824, during experiments with various gases. He invented them for use in the lab.[1]","title":"Balloon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of balloon uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_balloon_uses"}],"text":"See also: List of balloon uses","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Balloon_Nutcracker_Figures_for_Rays_Game.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Decoration","text":"Decorations made of balloons with a combination of stacking and twisting techniques showcasing the deco-twisting style.Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties, weddings, corporate functions, school events, and for other festive gatherings. The artists who use the round balloons to build are called \"stackers\" and the artists who use pencil balloons to build are called \"twisters.\" Most commonly associated with helium balloon decor, more recently balloon decorators have been moving towards the creation of air-filled balloon decorations due to the non-renewable natural resource of helium limited in supply. The most common types of balloon decor include arches, columns, centerpieces, balloon drops, sculptures, and balloon bouquets. With the increased aptitude for balloon twisting as well as balloon stacking, the rise of the deco-twister manifests itself as the combination of stacking techniques as well as twisting techniques to create unique and interesting balloon decor options.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parada_Gay_em_Sampa.jpg"},{"link_name":"pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dopey_Balloon_Twisting_Table_Centerpiece_for_Rays_Draft_Room.jpg"},{"link_name":"pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"helium atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_atom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"solute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute"},{"link_name":"diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balloonsanimals.jpg"},{"link_name":"metallised films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallised_film"},{"link_name":"BoPET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoPET"},{"link_name":"power lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Party Balloons","text":"Decorative rainbow colored arches made of party balloons used at the pride parade in São Paulo, Brazil.Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees, and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber's elasticity makes the volume adjustable.Twisting balloons can be used to create decor centerpieces for events and to create a more unique look than can be provided by foil balloons.Often the term \"party balloon\" will refer to a twisting balloon or pencil balloon. These balloons are manipulated to create shapes and figures for parties and events, typically along with entertainment.Filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth, a manual or electric inflater (such as a hand pump), or with a source of compressed gas.When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium so that they float, they typically retain their buoyancy for only a day or so, sometimes longer. The enclosed helium atoms escape through small pores in the latex which are larger than the helium atoms. However, some types of balloons are labelled \"helium-grade\". These balloons are often thicker and have less porosity.[2] Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer, sometimes for up to a week.However, a rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (for instance, the polymer solution sold under the \"Hi Float\" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time to a week or longer.[3]Animal-shaped balloonsBeginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) foil balloons made of thin, unstretchable, less permeable metallised films such as Mylar (BoPET) started being produced. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attributes of metallised nylon for balloons are its light weight, increasing buoyancy, and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. Foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines.[4][5]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"balloon modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_modelling"},{"link_name":"inversely proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#Inverse_proportionality"}],"sub_title":"Sculpture","text":"Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures such as animals (see balloon modelling). The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons.Decorators may use helium balloons to create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious \"sculptures\" have been attempted. It is also common to use balloons as table decorations for celebratory events. Balloons can sometimes be modeled to form shapes of animals. Table decorations normally appear with three or five balloons on each bouquet. Ribbon is curled and added with a weight to keep the balloons from floating away.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Units_of_Italy_in_Prato_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"political rallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(meeting)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_First_of_May_in_Helsinki_(47782051631).jpg"},{"link_name":"vappu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vappu"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"balloon releases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_release"},{"link_name":"California Balloon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Balloon_Law"},{"link_name":"BoPET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoPET"}],"sub_title":"Drops and releases","text":"Party balloons in ItalyA decorative use for balloons is in balloon drops. In a balloon drop, a plastic bag or net filled with air-inflated balloons is suspended from a fixed height. Once released, the balloons fall onto their target area below. Balloon drops are commonly performed at New Year's Eve celebrations and at political rallies and conventions, but may also be performed at celebrations, including graduations and weddings.Balloons for sale on vappu in Helsinki, Finland in 2018For decades, people have also celebrated with balloon releases. This practice has been discouraged by the balloon industry, as it has posed problematic for the environment and cities. In recent years, legislation such as the California Balloon Law has been enacted to enforce consumers and retailers to tether helium-filled foil (BoPET) balloons with a balloon weight. This ensures that the helium-filled balloons do not float into the atmosphere, which is potentially injurious to animals, the environment, and power lines. Many states now have banned balloon releases.It is becoming more common for balloons to be filled with air instead of helium, as air-filled balloons will not release into the atmosphere or deplete the earthly helium supply. There are numerous party games and school-related activities that can use air-filled balloons as opposed to helium balloons. When age appropriate, these activities often include the added fun of blowing the balloons up. In many events, the balloons will contain prizes, and party-goers can pop the balloons to retrieve the items inside.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community Relations Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council"},{"link_name":"United Nations Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ynet-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Publicity","text":"Balloons are used for publicity at major events. Screen printing processes can be used to print designs and company logos onto the balloons. Custom built printers inflate the balloon and apply ink with elastic qualities through a silk screen template. In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the United Nations Headquarters.[6]Also in the 1950s at the start of the Cold War, activists in Western Europe uses balloons for propaganda purposes that would float east over Eastern Europe, which would release newspapers and pamphlets.[7] In 2014, South Korean activists used the same balloon method to get information to those in North Korea.[8]Paolo Scannavino set the record of 11 for the most giant balloons entered in 2 minutes.[9]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"practical joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_joke"},{"link_name":"water gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gun"}],"sub_title":"Water projection","text":"Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons filled with a liquid, usually water, instead of a gas, and intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet, as a game, competition, or practical joke. By forcing water out the open end of a water balloon, it is possible to use it as a makeshift water gun.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solar lift","text":"Solar balloons are thin, large balloons filled with air that is heated by the sun in order to decrease its density to obtain lift.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"balloon rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_rocket"},{"link_name":"Newton's third law of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_third_law"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Rockets","text":"Balloons are often deliberately released, creating a so-called balloon rocket. Balloon rockets work because the elastic balloons contract on the air within them, and so when the mouth of the balloon is opened, the gas within the balloon is expelled out, and due to Newton's third law of motion, the balloon is propelled forward. This is the same way that a rocket works.[10]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luftballong.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"hot air balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_balloon"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"}],"sub_title":"Flying machines","text":"Hot air balloons, San Diego, CaliforniaBalloons filled with hot air or a buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. The earliest flights were made with hot air balloons using air heated with a flame, or hydrogen as the lifting gas. Later, coal gas and later still helium were used. An unpowered balloon travels with the wind. A balloon which has an engine to propel it is called a dirigible balloon or airship.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angioplasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioplasty"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"arterial plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheroma"},{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Balloon catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheter"},{"link_name":"catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"Foley catheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_catheter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"stop bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_tamponade"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"}],"sub_title":"Medicine","text":"Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque, and to stretch the walls of the vessel, thus preventing myocardial infarction. A small stent can be inserted at the angioplasty site to keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal.[11]Balloon catheters are catheters that have balloons at their tip to keep them from slipping out. For example, the balloon of a Foley catheter is inflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position.[12]Insertion of balloons subsequently filled with air or liquid can be used to stop bleeding in hollow internal organs such as stomach or uterus.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_balloon"},{"link_name":"Montgolfier brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers"},{"link_name":"gas balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_balloon"},{"link_name":"weather balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloons"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hancock_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Humans have intentionally filled bladders, especially actual animal bladders, with air since prehistory. In Ancient Greece, these had a number of recorded uses. By the 18th century, people were inflating balloons of cloth or canvas with hot air and sending it aloft, the Montgolfier brothers going so far as to experiment with first animals in 1782, and then, when altitude did not kill them, human beings in 1783.The first hydrogen-filled gas balloon was flown in the 1790s. A century later the first hydrogen-filled weather balloons were launched in France.The first modern rubber balloons on record were made by Michael Faraday in 1824. He used these to contain gasses he was experimenting with, especially hydrogen. By 1825 similar balloons were being sold by Thomas Hancock, but like Faraday's they came disassembled, as two circles of soft rubber. The user was expected to lay the circles one on top of the other and rub their edges until the soft, gummy rubber stuck, leaving the powdered inner part loose for inflation.[13] Modern, preassembled balloons were being sold in the US by the early 20th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3Chem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foil_balloon_abandoned_in_forest.jpg"}],"text":"An illustration of the degradation of the latex polymer in aquatic environmentsVacuum metalized PET balloon abandoned in a forest","title":"Safety and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biodegrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"sperm whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"biodegrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegrade"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"marine animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Release","text":"There has been some environmental concern over metallised Mylar balloons, as they do not biodegrade or shred as rubber balloons do. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful to the environment. This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages.[14]Released balloons can land anywhere, including on nature reserves or other areas where they can pose a hazard to animals through ingestion or entanglement. Because of the potential harm to wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment, some jurisdictions even legislate to control mass balloon releases. Legislation proposed in Maryland, US, was named after Inky, a pygmy sperm whale who needed six operations after swallowing debris, the largest piece of which was a Mylar balloon.[15][16] The Balloon Council, a trade organization that represents the interests of balloon businesses, claims that there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the death of any sea mammal has been attributed to foil balloons as a sole cause, to date.[17] In the United Kingdom, foil balloons sold at major theme parks and zoos have balloon weights attached to help prevent accidental release into the environment.[18]When balloons eventually return to the ground, they begin the degradation process. Latex balloons are the most used because of their ability to biodegrade. The problem with this is that it can take at least 4 weeks to show substantial degradation of the polymer in the environment, and around 6 months in aquatic environments.[19][20] This issue can have an effect on the wildlife on both land and in aquatic systems because animals will confuse deflated balloons as food, nesting material, or simply something to play with. When that happens, it can lead to negative effects for the animals. For example, a bird can use a deflated balloon as a component for its nest. When the eggs hatch, they will get tangled in the balloon and that can lead to death.[21]Anthony Andrady says that releases of latex balloons that descend into the sea pose a serious ingestion and/or entanglement hazard to marine animals because balloons exposed floating in seawater deteriorate much more slowly than those exposed in air.[22] Balloon manufacturers will often state that a latex balloon is perfectly safe to release into the environment as it is made from a natural substance and will biodegrade over time. A latex balloon can take up to a year to degrade if it lands in the sea and during this time it is possible for a marine animal to ingest the balloon and die from slow starvation if its digestive system is blocked.NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers), an organisation that styles itself \"The Balloon and Party Professionals Association\" and represents the UK balloon industry,[23] publishes guidelines for people holding balloon releases.[24] some of the leading balloon manufacturers have started to recommend avoiding balloon releasing, instead preferring to tie balloons down with weights in order to prevent them from floating away.[25][26] These recommendations have also been adopted by some industry professionals working with balloons in the fields of design and entertainment.[27]","title":"Safety and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"biodegradable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"Rainforest Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling"},{"link_name":"reuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse"},{"link_name":"waste disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"}],"sub_title":"Makeup","text":"Traditionally balloons are manufactured from plastic. With the rise of worldwide awareness for environmental conservation, some balloon manufacturers started making balloons out of biodegradable materials, which are made entirely of natural recyclable rubber trees. These balloons manufacturing processes preserve the natural state of the material in such a way that allows it to degrade relatively quickly.[26] Some of the manufacturers only use rubber trees that are grown in plantations that receive the Rainforest Alliance's approval, and at which its representatives conduct regular inspections in order to make sure that the farmers meet several criteria set to ascertain that the biological diversity in the area is maintained, and that no worker or natural resource is abused in the material manufacturing process.[28]Another environmental problem with latex balloons is not the effects the balloons have on the environment once they are decomposed, but when they are being made. When latex is being produced, it produces greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, N2O. This is becoming an increasing problem, especially in Thailand which is responsible for 35% of the worlds natural rubber production.[29]At the start of the 21st century, balloon recycling or reuse for other purposes was in its infancy. As of 2020, several balloon manufacturers have developed methods for effective balloon waste disposal,[25] and some manufacturers use recycled balloons to produce other products, such as toys for pets.[26]","title":"Safety and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Charles_Luftschiff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles, December 1, 1783Once inflated with regular, atmospheric air, the air inside the balloon will have a greater air pressure than the original atmospheric air pressure.[30]Air pressure, technically, is a measurement of the amount of collisions against a surface at any time. In the case of balloon, it is supposed to measure how many particles at any in any given time space collide with the wall of the balloon and bounce off. Since this is nearly impossible to measure, air pressure seems to be more easily described as density. The similarity comes from the idea that when there are more molecules in the same space, more of them will be heading towards a collision course with the wall.The first concept of air pressure within a balloon that is necessary to know is that air pressures \"try\" to even out. With all the bouncing against the balloon wall (both interior and exterior) there will be a certain amount of expansion/contraction. As air pressure itself is a description of the total forces against an object, each of these forces, on the outside of the balloon, causes the balloon to contract a tiny bit, while the inside forces cause the balloon to expand. With this knowledge, one would immediately assume that a balloon with high air pressure inside would expand based on the high amount of internal forces, and vice versa. This would make the inside and outside air pressures equal.Balloons have a certain elasticity to them that needs to be taken into account. The act of stretching a balloon fills it with potential energy. When it is released, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and the balloon snaps back into its original position, though perhaps a little stretched out. When a balloon is filled with air, the balloon is being stretched. While the elasticity of the balloon causes tension that would have the balloon collapse, it is also being pushed back out by the constant bouncing of the internal air molecules. The internal air has to exert force not only to counteract the external air to keep the air pressures \"even\", but it also has to counteract the natural contraction of the balloon. Therefore, it requires more air pressure (or force) than the air outside the balloon wall. Because of this, when helium balloons are left and they float higher, as atmospheric pressure decreases, the air inside it exerts more pressure than outside it so the balloon pops from tension. In some cases, the helium leaks out from pores and the balloon deflates, falling down.[31]","title":"Air pressure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reader's Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest"}],"text":"\"Stories Behind Everyday Things\"; New York: Reader's Digest, 1980.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Balloons are given for special occasions, such as birthdays or holidays, and are often used as party décor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Congrats_bqt.jpg/220px-Congrats_bqt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decorations made of balloons with a combination of stacking and twisting techniques showcasing the deco-twisting style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Giant_Balloon_Nutcracker_Figures_for_Rays_Game.jpg/220px-Giant_Balloon_Nutcracker_Figures_for_Rays_Game.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decorative rainbow colored arches made of party balloons used at the pride parade in São Paulo, Brazil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parada_Gay_em_Sampa.jpg/220px-Parada_Gay_em_Sampa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Twisting balloons can be used to create decor centerpieces for events and to create a more unique look than can be provided by foil balloons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dopey_Balloon_Twisting_Table_Centerpiece_for_Rays_Draft_Room.jpg/220px-Dopey_Balloon_Twisting_Table_Centerpiece_for_Rays_Draft_Room.jpg"},{"image_text":"Animal-shaped balloons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Balloonsanimals.jpg/220px-Balloonsanimals.jpg"},{"image_text":"Party balloons in Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Units_of_Italy_in_Prato_3.jpg/200px-Units_of_Italy_in_Prato_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Balloons for sale on vappu in Helsinki, Finland in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2018_First_of_May_in_Helsinki_%2847782051631%29.jpg/220px-2018_First_of_May_in_Helsinki_%2847782051631%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hot air balloons, San Diego, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Luftballong.jpg/220px-Luftballong.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration of the degradation of the latex polymer in aquatic environments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Slide3Chem.jpg/220px-Slide3Chem.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vacuum metalized PET balloon abandoned in a forest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Foil_balloon_abandoned_in_forest.jpg/220px-Foil_balloon_abandoned_in_forest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles, December 1, 1783","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jacques_Charles_Luftschiff.jpg/200px-Jacques_Charles_Luftschiff.jpg"}]

[]

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Archived from the original on August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sempertex.com/en/nature-first/","url_text":"\"nature first\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806183845/https://www.sempertex.com/en/nature-first/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balloons & The Environment\". PEBA. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peba.com.au/the-balloon-industry","url_text":"\"Balloons & The Environment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190228091437/https://www.peba.com.au/the-balloon-industry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"100% Latex, 100% Sustainable\". qualatex. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129064029/https://me.qualatex.com/en-gb/news/100-latex-100-sustainable/","url_text":"\"100% Latex, 100% Sustainable\""},{"url":"https://me.qualatex.com/en-gb/news/100-latex-100-sustainable/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jawjit, Warit; Kroeze, Carolien; Rattanapan, Suwat (March 2010). \"Greenhouse gas emissions from rubber industry in Thailand\". Journal of Cleaner Production. 18 (5): 403–411. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2009.12.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.003"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervalue

Hypervalue

["1 Financial problems","2 Musical reference","3 References","4 External links"]

Former retail store in England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hypervalue" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) HypervalueFounded1980FounderKen Rogers Hyper Value (Holdings) Limited was incorporated in 1980 by Ken Rogers, the founder and then Chairman of the Hypervalue Group. It was best known for the discount retail stores that encompassed the whole of South Wales, extending into the South West of England and as far away as Southampton. As of late 2006, the company entered into a creditors voluntary arrangement. The group's flagship store at Pontypridd closed Friday 14 September 2007. The only remaining Hyper Value store is still running on the famous Barry Island and has become known as the place to go for all Gavin & Stacey merchandise. The retail group started as a market stall held by Ken Rogers which he leased on the Barry Island Pleasure Park around 25 years ago – later on Hypervalue owned the pleasure park. Financial problems In August 2006, 50% of the company was bought by Hilco, a company specialising in selling off assets from failing retail businesses. Four stores were sold to Buyology (retailer) in October 2006 and 4 more in December 2006. Six stores were sold to Ian Rogers for his new business Hypa Xtra as part of a deal which saw Hilco agree to a joint venture to acquire and operate Barry Island Pleasure Park, Dolphin bar and KR's nightclub in Barry. All Hypa Extra stores have now ceased trading, it appears, as they have all been removed of existing stock and most buildings are minus their signage. However, the one store situated on the seafront of Barry Island has been renamed to 'Bargain Master' although it is still run by the Rogers family, and still displays the old Hyper Value signage. Creditors received 45p in the pound. Hilco acquired 4 ex Focus "NO FRILLS" stores in 2008 and converted them to Hyper Value Retail format. Hilco was envisioning a grand reopening in May. Not all stores got the grand reopening, which in turn left the customers thinking the store(s) had closed for good. This Hyper Value Retail venture was to add value in a variety of ways. In particular to purchase special buys and purchase distressed stock while operating a full line DIY operation. In May 2009, Closing Down signage was put up around these stores and Hilco are hoping to close these by the end of July. Musical reference Hyper Value features in the lyrics to the song 'Guns Don't Kill People Rappers Do' by Goldie Lookin' Chain References ^ a b "Hyper Value closing nine stores". 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2018-02-09. ^ "HILCO UK ACQUIRES 50% SHAREHOLDING IN HYPER VALUE (HOLDINGS) LIMITED" (Press release). Hilco UK Ltd. 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-19. ^ "HILCO SELLS HYPER VALUE STORES AND REAL ESTATE" (Press release). Hilco UK Ltd. 4 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-19. ^ "HILCO ANNOUNCES THE SALE OF SIX HYPER VALUE STORES" (Press release). Hilco UK Ltd. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-19. External links Hypervalue Holdings Ltd Hypa Extra website Hilco opens Hyper Value Retail Stores

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copan_(disambiguation)

Copan (disambiguation)

["1 Places","1.1 Brazil","1.2 Honduras","1.3 United States","2 People","3 Medical"]

Copán is a major Mayan archaeological site (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) in Honduras. Copan or Copán may refer to: Places Brazil Edifício Copan, a landmark building in São Paulo Honduras Copán Department, the province in Honduras containing the Mayan ruins at Copán as well as other ruins at La Entrada Copán Ruinas, the Honduran town near the archaeological site Santa Rosa de Copán, the capital of the department United States Copan, Oklahoma, a town People Paul Copan Medical CoPAN is an acronym for a rare disease, COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration, which is a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorder Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Copan.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan_Stew_(TV_series)

Mulligan Stew (TV series)

["1 Overview","2 \"4-4-3-2\" balanced diet message","3 Production and development","4 Episode list","5 Guest appearances","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

This article is about the 1972 educational television series. For the 1977 comedy-drama television series, see Mulligan's Stew. For the dish, see Mulligan stew (food). American TV series or program Mulligan StewCreated byIra A. Klugerman and Joseph PascalStarringSteven EinbenderLarry FriedmanMion HahmBarry MichlinBenjamin SandsSherry Louise WrightCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionProduction locationsMichigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan; also Washington, DCRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkSyndicatedRelease1972 (1972) –1981 (1981) Mulligan Stew is an American children's educational television series, produced and sponsored by the USDA Extension Service and its youth outreach program, 4-H. Taking its name from the hobo dish, Mulligan Stew aired in syndication beginning in the fall of 1972 and continued in reruns on public television into the early 80s. The six-episode series follows the adventures of a group of five school-age musicians and their mentor, all dedicated to teaching others about good nutrition and developing healthier eating habits. The series, along with various educational materials including a companion comic book with additional adventures of the characters, was developed by the Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service. Overview The series centers on the humorous adventures of a group of five school-aged kids who are all members of a rock band called "Mulligan Stew" (also referred to as the "Stews" or the "Mulligan Stew Force"). The band members are: Mulligan (Larry Friedman), the leader; occasionally plays guitar Maggie (Sherry Wright), identified by her long blond pigtailed hair; keyboards Mike (Steven Einbender), an Italian; drums Manny (Benjamin Sands), a Black preteen; bass Micki (Mi-On Hahm), a young Asian girl; guitar (Mulligan, Maggie and Micki all sing lead vocals on most of the band's songs while Mike and Manny usually handle backing vocals.) The group's clubhouse is a basement in a brownstone apartment, fully furnished with a kitchen, shortwave radio, home gym, laboratory, and even a small stage where they rehearse their music. Their grownup advisor and mentor is Wilbur Dooright (Barry Michlin), a bespectacled, bumbling accountant who, in some episodes, gives the kids their assignments "from upstairs", assumed to be a secret government organization (paying homage to the spy films and TV shows of the day). Wilbur provides much of the comic relief throughout the series. "4-4-3-2" balanced diet message An integral and ubiquitous part of the program's message was the "4-4-3-2" balanced diet program, part of the standard USDA nutrition guidelines/recommendations promoted during the 1960s and 1970s. The use of dietary supplements was strongly discouraged; it was taught that all nutritional needs, including the proper intake of vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates, could be adequately obtained solely by adhering to a balanced diet, with appropriate servings from the "basic four" food groups. This message was enthusiastically repeated by the children several times per episode. (The "basic four" food groups were updated by USDA in subsequent decades by the 1990s-era "Food Guide Pyramid" and the current "MyPlate" nutritional guidelines program.) Production and development Mulligan Stew was developed in early 1971 by the USDA Extension Service, and filmed by the USDA Motion Picture Service (which for many years prior produced educational cinematic films and TV programs for public viewing). Mulligan Stew was developed based on plan and design proposals by Developmental Committees, Iowa State University Extension Service 4-H Nutrition Television Programs. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) provided a grant to produce the series. (4-H is the official youth outreach and development program of the land-grant universities' Cooperative Extension Services and USDA.) The target audience of the program was older elementary school students, fourth through sixth grade. Eleanor Wilson, the national 4-H TV coordinator at the time, was tapped to be the series' technical advisor. Wilson subcontracted with Iowa State University to develop an outline of educational concepts for the series. USDA Extension then hired Ira Klugerman to direct the series. Klugerman, who came from a background of children's television at WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, came up with the title and general treatment for the series. V. "Buddy" Renfro was the credited producer. Production began on location in southeast Washington, DC in 1971 (the opening sequence was filmed at RFK Stadium). Other filming locations included major production partner Michigan State University's home base of Lansing, Michigan, and on location for one episode at Johnson Space Center in Houston. The low budget of the project proved to be a significant challenge, as well as the unique challenges of working with child actors. The producers wanted the style of the series to reflect trends begun in other popular and innovative TV shows such as Sesame Street and Laugh-In. Puppetry and animation were frequently used. Sometimes one or two of the kids would conduct "man-on-the-street" interviews, asking ordinary citizens about nutrition-related topics. All of the music, including the theme song and the various songs sung by the kids during an episode (many times in musical "romps" reminiscent of the ones seen on The Monkees TV series), were composed and arranged by Washington, DC musician and recording engineer Paul Brier, and performed by a rock combo credited on screen as "The Eye". Mulligan Stew premiered on October 4, 1972, during the National 4-H Week at the National 4-H Center in Washington, DC. The program was considered a success, especially by previous standards for television outreach sponsored by 4-H. The series had a moderate impact on kids making better choices in what they ate, and provided 4-H with a sizable marketing, promotional and public relations boost. Thanks in part to the popularity of Mulligan Stew, 4-H membership was boosted to an all-time high in 1974, and continued to air in reruns on public television until 1981. Episode list № Title 1 "The Great Nutrition Turn On" Wilbur and the Stews are given a secret assignment to travel to the town of Lazy Susan and rescue the lethargic locals, whose energy is being sapped from poor eating habits. On the way, the gang stops by a 4-H Fair and samples the exhibits. 2 "Look Inside Yourself" The Stews explain the basics of nutrition and digestion, as well as the importance of eating breakfast; they explain this to two lethargic and grouchy teenagers (played by two uncredited young actors) they have been assigned to help. Then-Washington Senators manager and baseball legend Ted Williams makes a cameo appearance in the pre-opening teaser; Senators star player Frank Howard makes a cameo later in the episode. 3 "The Flim Flam Man" The Stews shun Mulligan when he refuses to follow the direction of a macrobiotics-like fad diet promoter, who tricks the rest of the kids into trying his fad diets. A concerned Mulligan frantically seeks assistance from Wilbur, who engages the con man in a nutritional duel. Mulligan is ultimately proven correct, but not without some anguish on everyone's part. 4 "Getting It All Together" The Stews enlist suggestions from friends and family as they help prepare a buffet for an international 4-H conference, to spotlight the nutritional value of international foods. 5 "Countdown 4-4-3-2" With a rescue bag of food in tow, the Stews come to Wilbur's aid when he chooses a dark and stormy night for a camp-out. In some segments, the kids visit Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and interview Dr. Malcom Smith (chief nutritionist for NASA) and astronauts Jack Swigert and Joseph Kerwin. The overall theme is how innovations in food science, such as freeze-drying and aquaculture, have the possibility to meet the nutritional needs of a growing population. 6 "The Racer That Lost His Edge" With the help of a balanced diet, a sidelined race car driver regains his proper racing weight and returns to action — and his gout is alleviated as well. Guest appearances Several celebrities or future celebrities made uncredited appearances, either as part of the main storyline or in brief segments; among these were Richard Sanders who later gained fame playing Les Nessman on WKRP in Cincinnati. Ordinary citizens were interviewed by the kids in selected segments of some episodes in a "man on the street" format. Larry Friedman (Mulligan) performed in the musical Rasputin with Ted Neeley and John Hurt. Mion Hahm (Micki) is a realtor in Florida. Steve Einbender (Mike) is Senior Manager of Customer Analytics for The Home Depot, in Atlanta, Georgia. He still plays drums. Benjamin Sands (Manny) is a music teacher in the Washington, D.C. area. Sherry Wright (Maggie) pursued an acting and singing career while living in Alexandria, Virginia; she died in July 2009. Barry Michlin (Wilbur) had a number of minor roles throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and also made recurring appearances in several TV commercials including for Arm & Hammer Baking Soda with actress Beverly Sanders. He is a photographer based in Los Angeles. See also MyPlate for current USDA recommendations (as of 2011) References ^ "4-H Television Series". 4-hhistorypreservation.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13. ^ "New Mexico 4-H: Fabric of Young Lives". Resources. College of Agriculture & Home Economics, New Mexico State University. Summer 2001. Archived from the original on 2003-10-28. Retrieved 2022-07-14. ^ "Rasputin, Performer Biographies". rasputinthemusical.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-29. ^ "Team Members". imapprealty.com. ^ a b Beall, Anne-Lindsay. "Meet the data scientist: Steve Einbender". SAS.com. SAS Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2022. ^ "The Helpers". thehelpersrock.com. 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2022. ^ "Sherry L. Wright Actress, Singer". The Washington Post. July 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-29. ^ "Barry Michlin Filmography". IMDb. Retrieved 2010-07-29. ^ "Barry Michlin Photography". barrymichlin.com. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2010-07-29. External links Mulligan Stew at IMDb Review of "Mulligan Stew" comic book at Stupid Comics "Mulligan Stew" on YouTube

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mulligan's Stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan%27s_Stew"},{"link_name":"Mulligan stew (food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan_stew_(food)"},{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"4-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H"},{"link_name":"hobo dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan_stew_(food)"},{"link_name":"public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_television"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"}],"text":"This article is about the 1972 educational television series. For the 1977 comedy-drama television series, see Mulligan's Stew. For the dish, see Mulligan stew (food).American TV series or programMulligan Stew is an American children's educational television series, produced and sponsored by the USDA Extension Service and its youth outreach program, 4-H.Taking its name from the hobo dish, Mulligan Stew aired in syndication beginning in the fall of 1972 and continued in reruns on public television into the early 80s.The six-episode series follows the adventures of a group of five school-age musicians and their mentor, all dedicated to teaching others about good nutrition and developing healthier eating habits. The series, along with various educational materials including a companion comic book with additional adventures of the characters, was developed by the Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service.","title":"Mulligan Stew (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The series centers on the humorous adventures of a group of five school-aged kids who are all members of a rock band called \"Mulligan Stew\" (also referred to as the \"Stews\" or the \"Mulligan Stew Force\").The band members are:Mulligan (Larry Friedman), the leader; occasionally plays guitar\nMaggie (Sherry Wright), identified by her long blond pigtailed hair; keyboards\nMike (Steven Einbender), an Italian; drums\nManny (Benjamin Sands), a Black preteen; bass\nMicki (Mi-On Hahm), a young Asian girl; guitar(Mulligan, Maggie and Micki all sing lead vocals on most of the band's songs while Mike and Manny usually handle backing vocals.) The group's clubhouse is a basement in a brownstone apartment, fully furnished with a kitchen, shortwave radio, home gym, laboratory, and even a small stage where they rehearse their music.Their grownup advisor and mentor is Wilbur Dooright (Barry Michlin), a bespectacled, bumbling accountant who, in some episodes, gives the kids their assignments \"from upstairs\", assumed to be a secret government organization (paying homage to the spy films and TV shows of the day). Wilbur provides much of the comic relief throughout the series.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard USDA nutrition guidelines/recommendations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_USDA_nutrition_guides"}],"text":"An integral and ubiquitous part of the program's message was the \"4-4-3-2\" balanced diet program, part of the standard USDA nutrition guidelines/recommendations promoted during the 1960s and 1970s. The use of dietary supplements was strongly discouraged; it was taught that all nutritional needs, including the proper intake of vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates, could be adequately obtained solely by adhering to a balanced diet, with appropriate servings from the \"basic four\" food groups. This message was enthusiastically repeated by the children several times per episode. (The \"basic four\" food groups were updated by USDA in subsequent decades by the 1990s-era \"Food Guide Pyramid\" and the current \"MyPlate\" nutritional guidelines program.)","title":"\"4-4-3-2\" balanced diet message"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University"},{"link_name":"Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Food_and_Nutrition_Education_Program"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"WQED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQED_(TV)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RFK Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Johnson Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Laugh-In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_%26_Martin%27s_Laugh-In"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mulligan Stew was developed in early 1971 by the USDA Extension Service, and filmed by the USDA Motion Picture Service (which for many years prior produced educational cinematic films and TV programs for public viewing). Mulligan Stew was developed based on plan and design proposals by Developmental Committees, Iowa State University Extension Service 4-H Nutrition Television Programs. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) provided a grant to produce the series. (4-H is the official youth outreach and development program of the land-grant universities' Cooperative Extension Services and USDA.)[1]The target audience of the program was older elementary school students, fourth through sixth grade.[citation needed]Eleanor Wilson, the national 4-H TV coordinator at the time, was tapped to be the series' technical advisor. Wilson subcontracted with Iowa State University to develop an outline of educational concepts for the series. USDA Extension then hired Ira Klugerman to direct the series. Klugerman, who came from a background of children's television at WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, came up with the title and general treatment for the series. V. \"Buddy\" Renfro was the credited producer.[citation needed]Production began on location in southeast Washington, DC in 1971 (the opening sequence was filmed at RFK Stadium). Other filming locations included major production partner Michigan State University's home base of Lansing, Michigan, and on location for one episode at Johnson Space Center in Houston. The low budget of the project proved to be a significant challenge, as well as the unique challenges of working with child actors.The producers wanted the style of the series to reflect trends begun in other popular and innovative TV shows such as Sesame Street and Laugh-In. Puppetry and animation were frequently used. Sometimes one or two of the kids would conduct \"man-on-the-street\" interviews, asking ordinary citizens about nutrition-related topics. All of the music, including the theme song and the various songs sung by the kids during an episode (many times in musical \"romps\" reminiscent of the ones seen on The Monkees TV series), were composed and arranged by Washington, DC musician and recording engineer Paul Brier, and performed by a rock combo credited on screen as \"The Eye\".Mulligan Stew premiered on October 4, 1972, during the National 4-H Week at the National 4-H Center in Washington, DC. The program was considered a success, especially by previous standards for television outreach sponsored by 4-H. The series had a moderate impact on kids making better choices in what they ate, and provided 4-H with a sizable marketing, promotional and public relations boost. Thanks in part to the popularity of Mulligan Stew, 4-H membership was boosted to an all-time high in 1974,[2] and continued to air in reruns on public television until 1981.","title":"Production and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sanders_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Les Nessman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nessman"},{"link_name":"WKRP in Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ted Neeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Neeley"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAS-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arm & Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%26_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Beverly Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Several celebrities or future celebrities made uncredited appearances, either as part of the main storyline or in brief segments; among these were Richard Sanders who later gained fame playing Les Nessman on WKRP in Cincinnati. Ordinary citizens were interviewed by the kids in selected segments of some episodes in a \"man on the street\" format.Larry Friedman (Mulligan) performed in the musical Rasputin with Ted Neeley and John Hurt.[3]\nMion Hahm (Micki) is a realtor in Florida.[4]\nSteve Einbender (Mike) is Senior Manager of Customer Analytics for The Home Depot, in Atlanta, Georgia.[5] He still plays drums.[5][6]\nBenjamin Sands (Manny) is a music teacher in the Washington, D.C. area.\nSherry Wright (Maggie) pursued an acting and singing career while living in Alexandria, Virginia; she died in July 2009.[7]\nBarry Michlin (Wilbur) had a number of minor roles throughout the 1970s and 1980s,[8] and also made recurring appearances in several TV commercials including for Arm & Hammer Baking Soda with actress Beverly Sanders. He is a photographer based in Los Angeles.[9]","title":"Guest appearances"}]

[]

[{"title":"MyPlate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyPlate"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyidus_of_Thessaly

Polyidus of Thessaly

["1 References","2 Sources"]

Ancient Greek military engineer Polyidus of Thessaly (also Polyides, Polydus; Ancient Greek: Πολύειδος ὁ Θεσσαλός, Polúeidos ho Thessalós, English translation: "much beauty", from polus, "many, much" and eidos, "form, appearance, beauty") was an ancient Greek military engineer of Philip, who made improvements in the covered battering-ram (testudo arietaria, poliorceticus krios) during Philip's siege of Byzantium in 340 BC. His students were Diades of Pella and Charias, who served in the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Polyidus was the inventor of Helepolis. References ^ Campbell, p. 4. "On campaign, Phillip was accompanied by engineers, one of whom, Polyidus of Thessaly, allegedly developed different types of battering ram. The same engineer was also remembered as the builder of a giant siege tower (helepolis) at Byzantium during Philip's siege of 340 BC. Alexander routinely utilised siege machinery, and several of his engineers are also known by name, emphasising, the esteem in which they were held. Indeed, a pupil of Polyidus, named Diades, was known as 'the man who took Tyre with Alexander' in 332 BC." Sources Vitruvius. x. 19. s. 13. §3. Campbell, Duncan B. Greek and Roman Siege Machinery 399 BC-AD 363. Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-605-4 This article about a Greek engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Peleliu_(LHA-5)

USS Peleliu

["1 Design and construction","2 Operational history","2.1 1980s","2.2 1990s","2.3 2000s","2.4 2010s","3 Decommissioning","4 Ship's coat of arms","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 21°22′24″N 157°58′51″W / 21.3732154°N 157.9809546°W / 21.3732154; -157.9809546Amphibious assault ship of the U.S. Navy 21°22′24″N 157°58′51″W / 21.3732154°N 157.9809546°W / 21.3732154; -157.9809546 USS Peleliu USS Peleliu on 16 August 2006 History United States NamePeleliu NamesakeBattle of Peleliu Ordered6 November 1970 BuilderIngalls Shipbuilding Laid down12 November 1976 Launched25 November 1978 Commissioned3 May 1980 Decommissioned31 March 2015 Renamedfrom Da Nang HomeportSan Diego Identification Callsign: NPEL Hull number: LHA-5 Motto Pax per Potens (Peace through power) Nickname(s) The Fighting Five Iron Nickel StatusReserve Badge General characteristics Class and typeTarawa-class amphibious assault ship Displacement 39,438 long tons full and 25,982 tons light Length820 ft (250 m) Beam106.6 ft (32.5 m) Draft27 ft (8.2 m) Propulsion 2 steam combustion engineering modified super 6 boilers 2 Westinghouse steam turbines Speed24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) Complement262 officers and about 2,543 enlisted men Armament Two rolling airframe missile launchers, four 25 mm Mk 38 Bushmaster gun mounts, two Phalanx CIWS for self-defense, five 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns. These ships were built with an offensive armament with three 5-inch rapid-fire naval guns and a defense of two Mk 115 Basic Point Defense Missile guided missile units. Aircraft carried(typical) Six AV-8B Harrier attack planes; four AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters; 12 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters; nine CH-53 Sea Stallion heavy helicopters; four UH-1Y Venom utility helicopters, and two V-22 Ospreys. Aviation facilitieshangar deck USS Peleliu (LHA-5) is a Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship of the United States Navy, named for the Battle of Peleliu of World War II. Entering service in 1980, she has been deployed to the Persian Gulf on several occasions, performed an evacuation of U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, operated with the INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce, participated in Pacific Partnership deployments, and provided assistance following the massive floods in Pakistan in 2010. She was decommissioned in San Diego, California on 31 March 2015. She currently rests, out of commission and in reserve, at NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance Office, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii alongside USS Tarawa in the inactive reserve in case of further need. Design and construction Peleliu was originally going to be named USS Khe Sanh, and then USS Da Nang. Peleliu's keel was laid down in 1976 at the Litton Industries Ingalls Shipbuilding company in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on 25 November 1978, sponsored by Peggy Hayward, the wife of the Chief of Naval Operations at that time, Admiral Thomas B. Hayward. Peleliu was commissioned on 3 May 1980. Operational history 1980s Peleliu immediately steamed southwards and transited the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. She crossed the Equator for the first time on 27 May 1980, setting a new record for time between an American warship's commissioning and her crossing over into the Southern Hemisphere. Peleliu then steamed to the seaport of Long Beach, California. T-6 Texan aboard Peleliu in 1981 during the filming of The Winds of War. The ship was doubling for the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Peleliu off Australia in 1982. Following the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Peleliu was one of the 24 U.S. Navy and Military Sealift Command ships that rendered assistance. Peleliu provided shelter for 300 victims and provided helicopter support. 1990s Peleliu deployed again to the Western Pacific in January 1990. The ship, along with her Amphibious Ready Group (ARG), participated in multinational exercises including Exercise Team Spirit with forces from the Republic of Korea, and Exercise Cobra Gold, in Thailand. Peleliu returned home to Naval Station Long Beach in July and later that summer entered the shipyard for an availability period that was scheduled to last nearly a year. The U.S. response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 curtailed the shipyard availability and forced Peleliu into an accelerated schedule of pre-deployment training, but she did not deploy for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. She eventually departed Long Beach in May 1991, in support of ongoing U.S. operations in the Middle East. In June 1991, while en route to the Persian Gulf, she was diverted from a scheduled port call in Hong Kong to the Philippines, where she participated in the evacuation of the Americans from the Naval Base Subic Bay following the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. This evacuation included taking most of the patients from the maternity ward at the Subic Bay naval hospital, and hence there were several births on board. This eruption was one of the largest of the past 100 years and covered a large region of the Philippines in volcanic ash and caused extensive damage to American military bases in the area, including Naval Station Subic Bay, Naval Air Station Cubi Point, and Clark Air Force Base. On returning to her home port at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, Peleliu went through an extensive shipyard rehabilitation, including time in the dry dock. She was again underway by May 1992 and going through workups and inspections for her next Western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment on 21 January 1994. She changed home ports to Naval Station San Diego during this time period. On deploying with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, and following stops in Pearl Harbor and Singapore, she steamed for Mogadishu, Somalia to participate in Operation Continue Hope and Operation Quick Draw. She arrived on station around 3 March 1994 and spent the next three months supporting operations in the area. VIP visits included Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili, COMPHIBGRU THREE, Rear Admiral James B. Perkins III, and CJTF Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, U.S. Army and Brig. General Vercauteren, USMC. While off the coast of Mombasa, she participated in Operation Distant Runner at the border of Rwanda and Burundi. Medical and Dental Civic Action Programs(MEDCAP, DENCAP) were performed in the villages of Kipini and Witu, Kenya, providing medical and dental services to local civilians. Leaving Somalia on 4 June 1994, she steamed to Perth, Australia for a port visit. On 30 June 1994, Peleliu slowed her pace home and along with ship's company, Marines of 2nd Battalion 5th Marines, paused to honor the fallen off the coast of her name sake Peleliu, where 50 years earlier the Marines of the 1st Marine Division suffered 6,526 casualties with 1,256 killed in action against 10,138 Japanese defenders of which very few were taken alive in the Battle of Peleliu. Peleliu again deployed to the Western Pacifice and to the Persian Gulf in November 1995. The 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit/Special Operations Capable, partially comprising aviation units from the Third Marine Aircraft Wing, (HMM-268 REIN) embarked on board Peleliu. The ship eventually arrived in the Persian Gulf in support Operation Southern Watch. Peleliu made port calls at Pearl Harbor, Okinawa, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Phuket. Peleliu was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping task force from 26 October to 27 November 1999. 2000s Peleliu at dusk Peleliu departed from San Diego in August 2001 with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit on board for a six-month deployment in the Western Pacific. She was in the port of Darwin, Australia during the September 11 attacks. Following those attacks, Peleliu was sent to the North Arabian Sea and, on 26 November 2001, she took the first U.S. Marines to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. After the American Taliban John Walker Lindh was captured in Afghanistan, he was taken aboard Peleliu on 14 December 2001. There he was interrogated by a U.S. Marine Corps intelligence team. While he was on board, Lindh signed confessions and he told his interrogators that he was not merely a member of the Taliban, but a full member of Al Qaeda. Lindh received surgery by the senior surgeon of Peleliu to remove a bullet in his leg, and he was also treated for frostbite on his toes. While on deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2004, and as flagship of Expeditionary Strike Group One, a hostile boat was intercepted by warships at sea in the Indian Ocean, and 15 people were detained. An estimated 2,800 pounds (1,300 kg) of hashish was seized by American and Australian warships after the interception of the boat in the North Arabian Sea. During this deployment Peleliu was deployed for nine months and supported air strikes into Iraq. Marines from the embarked Marine Expeditionary Unit participated in ground operations in southern Iraq. The 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion departs Peleliu during exercises off the coast of Hawaii in 2005 Peleliu steamed to support of the Pacific Partnership mission from 23 May through 20 September 2007. This mission included medical, dental, construction, and other humanitarian assistance programs on shore and afloat in the Philippines, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. The medical personnel on board Peleliu included teams from the U.S. Navy and ten other countries, and also from three private assistance organizations. In 2008, Peleliu was sent to the Indian Ocean to support Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and antipiracy operations. On 10 August 2008, Peleliu responded to a distress call from a merchant ship, Gem of Kilakari, that was being attacked by armed pirates in the Gulf of Aden. That pirate attack was suppressed with no injuries. 2010s In August 2010, Peleliu was sent to Port of Karachi, Pakistan, to use 19 of her helicopters for rescue during the massive floods in southern Pakistan, which were the worst in the recorded history of Pakistan up to that point. During this deployment, Peleliu's commanding officer was relieved of command and reassigned for being "unduly familiar" with several crewmembers. The chief of staff for Expeditionary Strike Group 3, was then assigned as the commanding officer of Peleliu. On 24 November 2010, Peleliu returned full circle and she was berthed in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone on her first visit there since the evacuation by the Navy in 1991. That deployment also included port visits to: Naval Base Guam, Apra Harbor, Guam; Darwin, Australia; Dubai, UAE; Phuket, Thailand; and Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i before returning to her home port in San Diego, California on 18 Dec 2010. On 17 September 2012, Peleliu deployed to the C5F AOR. On 14 May 2013, Peleliu returned to her homeport after an eight-month deployment, accompanied by the USS Green Bay (LPD-20) and the USS Rushmore (LSD-47). Peleliu in the Philippine Sea, October 2014. In February 2014, the United States Pacific Fleet announced that USS Green Bay would be forward deployed to replace the decommissioned USS Denver in Japan. Peleliu deployed to the Western Pacific to mitigate the gap in amphibious presence. The ship visited numerous ports including, Apra Harbor, Guam; Sasebo and Okinawa, Japan; Subic Bay, Philippines and Singapore. During the visits, Peleliu competed against partner nation teams during various sporting events and participated in community relations projects. Over the course of deployment, Peleliu transited more than 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km; 29,000 mi), conducted the safe launch and recovery of more than 50 Landing Craft Utility, 30 Landing Craft Air Cushion, and 25 Amphibious Assault Vehicle ship to shore movements, as well as carrier and deck landing qualifications and operations for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aircraft squadrons, U.S. Army 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) and foreign aircraft from Colombia, Peru, Mexico and Argentina. Upon assignment to Seventh Fleet, the ship embarked Commander, Amphibious Force Seventh Fleet, Commander, Amphibious Squadron 11 and 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit and joined USS Germantown to form the Peleliu Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG). While deployed, the ARG conducted security and stability operations and exercises throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to include Amphibious Landing Exercise (PHIBLEX) 15 and other maritime cooperation exercises with partner nations. From June to August 2014, Peleliu, with Amphibious Squadron Three, Special Purpose Marine Task Force Three and Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 21 embarked, participated in Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2014 as part of the Third Fleet. Decommissioning Peleliu returned to Naval Base San Diego on 24 December 2014 from her final six-month deployment to the Western Pacific. Upon return, the ship made preparations to decommission in March 2015 after 34 years of service, 17 deployments and more than 1.6 million kilometres (990,000 miles) transited. Peleliu was decommissioned on 31 March 2015 in San Diego. Following her decommissioning, the 820 ft-long vessel was moved to Pearl Harbor to join the reserve fleet. Peleliu was placed in an inactive reserve status and moored alongside her sister ship Tarawa. Ship's coat of arms The stars across the top of the shield represent the eight Medal of Honor recipients from the Battle of Peleliu Island in 1944. Centered is the large Roman numeral "V", which represents the hull number of the ship, LHA-5. The four-point star in the "V" identifies the four functions of the landing force, and sustain their operations ashore. In the lower left-hand side of the shield is a ring, which by tradition of heraldry, symbolizes the fifth born. The 1st Marine Division emblem is the constellation Southern Cross with the numeral '1' superimposed. References ^ a b c "Naval Vessel Register – PELELIU (LHA 5)". www.nvr.navy.mil. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ Larter, David (2 July 2014). "Decommissioning plan pulls all frigates from fleet by end of FY '15". Military Times. Gannett Government Media. Retrieved 3 July 2014. ^ "A Sampling of U.S. Naval Humanitarian Operations". The Navy Department Library. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2012. ^ USS Peleliu 1994 WESTPAC Cruise book ^ Stevens, David (2007). Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise (PDF). Working Papers. Vol. 20. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-642-29676-4. ISSN 1834-7231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010. ^ Paul J. McNulty United States Attorney (2 April 2002). "United States of America vs John Phillip Walker Lindh – Criminal No. 02-37-A" (PDF). United States District Court. Retrieved 1 August 2007. On 14 December 2001, Lindh was taken from Camp Rhino to the USS Peleliu where he received the following treatment: 12 days after his US capture in Afghanistan, he was operated on by Peleliu's senior surgeon to remove the bullet lodged in his leg; he received daily medical treatment for the bullet wound as well as mild frostbite on his toes; he received various forms of medication including Motrin and Keflex (an antibiotic). He and his fellow detainees were advised five times per day as to the time for prayer and the brig supervisor called up to the deck to ascertain the location of Mecca so that he could advise the detainees in which direction to pray. He and his fellow detainees were provided Qurans to facilitate their prayers. He was permitted to shower twice a week and to wash his feet every day. He was given meals and unlimited water, was permitted to talk with his fellow detainees; and he was repeatedly queried by Peleliu personnel whether there was anything else he needed. ^ "Interrogation of Suspected al Qaeda Affiliates Lead U.S., Australian Navies to Seize More Drugs". U.S. 5th Fleet Public Affairs. 2 January 2004. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ "Navy: Amphib repels pirates". Associated Press. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ Garamone, Jim (11 August 2010). "USS Peleliu to Provide Helos for Pakistan Relief". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ Shanker, Thom (11 August 2010). "U.S. Provides Additional Helicopters to the Relief Effort". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ Steele, Jeanette, "Navy Commander in Charge of Peleliu Is Fired", San Diego Union-Tribune, 15 August 2010. ^ "USS Peleliu returns home to San Diego". ^ "Captain John D. Deehr". www.public.navy.mil. ^ "Welcome home USS Peleliu, USS Green Bay and USS Rushmore". ^ Affairs, This story was written by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Dustin Knight, USS Peleliu Public. ""Iron Nickel" Returns to San Diego for Final Time".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Affairs, This story was written by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Ryan J. Batchelder, USS Peleliu Public. "USS Peleliu to be Decommissioned After Nearly 35 Years of Service".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "US Navy decommissions USS Peleliu – Naval Technology". 1 April 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Peleliu (LHA-5). Peleliu homepage USS Peleliu history at U.S. Carriers "USS Peleliu (LHA-5)". NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive. vteTarawa-class amphibious assault ships Tarawa Saipan Belleau Wood Nassau Peleliu Preceded by: Iwo Jima class Followed by: Wasp class List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21°22′24″N 157°58′51″W / 21.3732154°N 157.9809546°W / 21.3732154; -157.9809546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Peleliu&params=21.3732154_N_157.9809546_W_"},{"link_name":"Tarawa-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawa-class_amphibious_assault_ship"},{"link_name":"amphibious assault ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"eruption of Mount Pinatubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo"},{"link_name":"INTERFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERFET"},{"link_name":"Pacific Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Partnership"},{"link_name":"massive floods in Pakistan in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"USS Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(LHA-1)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Amphibious assault ship of the U.S. Navy21°22′24″N 157°58′51″W / 21.3732154°N 157.9809546°W / 21.3732154; -157.9809546USS Peleliu (LHA-5) is a Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship of the United States Navy, named for the Battle of Peleliu of World War II. Entering service in 1980, she has been deployed to the Persian Gulf on several occasions, performed an evacuation of U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, operated with the INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce, participated in Pacific Partnership deployments, and provided assistance following the massive floods in Pakistan in 2010. She was decommissioned in San Diego, California on 31 March 2015. She currently rests, out of commission and in reserve, at NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance Office, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii[1] alongside USS Tarawa in the inactive reserve in case of further need.[2]","title":"USS Peleliu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Litton Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton_Industries"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_sponsor"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Hayward"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"}],"text":"Peleliu was originally going to be named USS Khe Sanh, and then USS Da Nang. Peleliu's keel was laid down in 1976 at the Litton Industries Ingalls Shipbuilding company in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on 25 November 1978, sponsored by Peggy Hayward, the wife of the Chief of Naval Operations at that time, Admiral Thomas B. Hayward. Peleliu was commissioned on 3 May 1980.","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-6_Texan_aboard_USS_Peleliu_(LHA-5)_03_for_The_Winds_of_War_TV_series_1981.jpeg"},{"link_name":"T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"The Winds of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Peleliu_(LHA-5)_off_Australia_in_1982.jpg"},{"link_name":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Peleliu immediately steamed southwards and transited the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. She crossed the Equator for the first time on 27 May 1980, setting a new record for time between an American warship's commissioning and her crossing over into the Southern Hemisphere. Peleliu then steamed to the seaport of Long Beach, California.T-6 Texan aboard Peleliu in 1981 during the filming of The Winds of War. The ship was doubling for the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.Peleliu off Australia in 1982.Following the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Peleliu was one of the 24 U.S. Navy and Military Sealift Command ships that rendered assistance. Peleliu provided shelter for 300 victims and provided helicopter support.[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphibious Ready Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_Ready_Group"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Iraqi invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield"},{"link_name":"Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"volcanic eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption"},{"link_name":"volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Cubi Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Cubi_Point"},{"link_name":"Clark Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Naval Station San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"11th Marine Expeditionary Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu, Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Operation Continue Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Continue_Hope"},{"link_name":"Operation Quick Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Quick_Draw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"John Shalikashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shalikashvili"},{"link_name":"Operation Distant Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Distant_Runner"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion 5th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion_5th_Marines"},{"link_name":"Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleliu"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"INTERFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERFET"},{"link_name":"task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Peleliu deployed again to the Western Pacific in January 1990. The ship, along with her Amphibious Ready Group (ARG), participated in multinational exercises including Exercise Team Spirit with forces from the Republic of Korea, and Exercise Cobra Gold, in Thailand. Peleliu returned home to Naval Station Long Beach in July and later that summer entered the shipyard for an availability period that was scheduled to last nearly a year. The U.S. response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 curtailed the shipyard availability and forced Peleliu into an accelerated schedule of pre-deployment training, but she did not deploy for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. She eventually departed Long Beach in May 1991, in support of ongoing U.S. operations in the Middle East. In June 1991, while en route to the Persian Gulf, she was diverted from a scheduled port call in Hong Kong to the Philippines, where she participated in the evacuation of the Americans from the Naval Base Subic Bay following the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. This evacuation included taking most of the patients from the maternity ward at the Subic Bay naval hospital, and hence there were several births on board. This eruption was one of the largest of the past 100 years and covered a large region of the Philippines in volcanic ash and caused extensive damage to American military bases in the area, including Naval Station Subic Bay, Naval Air Station Cubi Point, and Clark Air Force Base.On returning to her home port at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, Peleliu went through an extensive shipyard rehabilitation, including time in the dry dock. She was again underway by May 1992 and going through workups and inspections for her next Western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment on 21 January 1994. She changed home ports to Naval Station San Diego during this time period. On deploying with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, and following stops in Pearl Harbor and Singapore, she steamed for Mogadishu, Somalia to participate in Operation Continue Hope and Operation Quick Draw. She arrived on station around 3 March 1994 and spent the next three months supporting operations in the area. VIP visits included Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili, COMPHIBGRU THREE, Rear Admiral James B. Perkins III, and CJTF Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, U.S. Army and Brig. General Vercauteren, USMC. While off the coast of Mombasa, she participated in Operation Distant Runner at the border of Rwanda and Burundi. Medical and Dental Civic Action Programs(MEDCAP, DENCAP) were performed in the villages of Kipini and Witu, Kenya, providing medical and dental services to local civilians. Leaving Somalia on 4 June 1994, she steamed to Perth, Australia for a port visit. On 30 June 1994, Peleliu slowed her pace home and along with ship's company, Marines of 2nd Battalion 5th Marines, paused to honor the fallen off the coast of her name sake Peleliu, where 50 years earlier the Marines of the 1st Marine Division suffered 6,526 casualties with 1,256 killed in action against 10,138 Japanese defenders of which very few were taken alive in the Battle of Peleliu.[4]Peleliu again deployed to the Western Pacifice and to the Persian Gulf in November 1995. The 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit/Special Operations Capable, partially comprising aviation units from the Third Marine Aircraft Wing, (HMM-268 REIN) embarked on board Peleliu. The ship eventually arrived in the Persian Gulf in support Operation Southern Watch. Peleliu made port calls at Pearl Harbor, Okinawa, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Phuket.[citation needed]Peleliu was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping task force from 26 October to 27 November 1999.[5]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steel_Beach_Party.jpeg"},{"link_name":"15th Marine Expeditionary Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"},{"link_name":"Darwin, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Australia"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"North Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marines"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"John Walker Lindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_Lindh"},{"link_name":"intelligence team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawsuit-6"},{"link_name":"Expeditionary Strike Group One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expeditionary_Strike_Group_One&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"hashish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_050627-N-9866B-009_Amphibious_assault_vehicles_travel_through_the_Pacific_Ocean_after_departing_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_(LHA_5).jpg"},{"link_name":"3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Assault_Amphibian_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pacific Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Partnership"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"merchant ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Peleliu at duskPeleliu departed from San Diego in August 2001 with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit on board for a six-month deployment in the Western Pacific. She was in the port of Darwin, Australia during the September 11 attacks. Following those attacks, Peleliu was sent to the North Arabian Sea and, on 26 November 2001, she took the first U.S. Marines to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. After the American Taliban John Walker Lindh was captured in Afghanistan, he was taken aboard Peleliu on 14 December 2001. There he was interrogated by a U.S. Marine Corps intelligence team. While he was on board, Lindh signed confessions and he told his interrogators that he was not merely a member of the Taliban, but a full member of Al Qaeda.Lindh received surgery by the senior surgeon of Peleliu to remove a bullet in his leg, and he was also treated for frostbite on his toes.[6]While on deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2004, and as flagship of Expeditionary Strike Group One, a hostile boat was intercepted by warships at sea in the Indian Ocean, and 15 people were detained. An estimated 2,800 pounds (1,300 kg) of hashish was seized by American and Australian warships after the interception of the boat in the North Arabian Sea.[7] During this deployment Peleliu was deployed for nine months and supported air strikes into Iraq. Marines from the embarked Marine Expeditionary Unit participated in ground operations in southern Iraq.The 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion departs Peleliu during exercises off the coast of Hawaii in 2005Peleliu steamed to support of the Pacific Partnership mission from 23 May through 20 September 2007. This mission included medical, dental, construction, and other humanitarian assistance programs on shore and afloat in the Philippines, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. The medical personnel on board Peleliu included teams from the U.S. Navy and ten other countries, and also from three private assistance organizations.In 2008, Peleliu was sent to the Indian Ocean to support Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and antipiracy operations. On 10 August 2008, Peleliu responded to a distress call from a merchant ship, Gem of Kilakari, that was being attacked by armed pirates in the Gulf of Aden. That pirate attack was suppressed with no injuries.[8]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Karachi"},{"link_name":"massive floods in southern Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"Expeditionary Strike Group 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_Strike_Group_3"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay Freeport Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay_Freeport_Zone"},{"link_name":"Naval Base Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Base_Guam"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Phuket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_(city)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"USS Green Bay (LPD-20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Green_Bay_(LPD-20)"},{"link_name":"USS Rushmore (LSD-47)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-47)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Peleliu_(LHA-5)_in_the_Philippine_Sea_in_October_2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"United States Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"USS Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Green_Bay_(LPD-20)"},{"link_name":"USS Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Denver_(LPD-9)"},{"link_name":"Apra Harbor, Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apra_Harbor,_Guam"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo"},{"link_name":"Okinawa, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment_(Airborne)"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet"},{"link_name":"USS Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Germantown_(LSD-42)"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC-21"},{"link_name":"Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC"},{"link_name":"Third Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"In August 2010, Peleliu was sent to Port of Karachi, Pakistan, to use 19 of her helicopters for rescue during the massive floods in southern Pakistan, which were the worst in the recorded history of Pakistan up to that point.[9][10]During this deployment, Peleliu's commanding officer was relieved of command and reassigned for being \"unduly familiar\" with several crewmembers. The chief of staff for Expeditionary Strike Group 3, was then assigned as the commanding officer of Peleliu.[11]On 24 November 2010, Peleliu returned full circle and she was berthed in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone on her first visit there since the evacuation by the Navy in 1991. That deployment also included port visits to: Naval Base Guam, Apra Harbor, Guam; Darwin, Australia; Dubai, UAE; Phuket, Thailand; and Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i before returning to her home port in San Diego, California on 18 Dec 2010.[12]On 17 September 2012, Peleliu deployed to the C5F AOR.[13] On 14 May 2013, Peleliu returned to her homeport after an eight-month deployment,[14] accompanied by the USS Green Bay (LPD-20) and the USS Rushmore (LSD-47).Peleliu in the Philippine Sea, October 2014.In February 2014, the United States Pacific Fleet announced that USS Green Bay would be forward deployed to replace the decommissioned USS Denver in Japan. Peleliu deployed to the Western Pacific to mitigate the gap in amphibious presence. The ship visited numerous ports including, Apra Harbor, Guam; Sasebo and Okinawa, Japan; Subic Bay, Philippines and Singapore. During the visits, Peleliu competed against partner nation teams during various sporting events and participated in community relations projects.Over the course of deployment, Peleliu transited more than 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km; 29,000 mi), conducted the safe launch and recovery of more than 50 Landing Craft Utility, 30 Landing Craft Air Cushion, and 25 Amphibious Assault Vehicle ship to shore movements, as well as carrier and deck landing qualifications and operations for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aircraft squadrons, U.S. Army 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) and foreign aircraft from Colombia, Peru, Mexico and Argentina.[15]Upon assignment to Seventh Fleet, the ship embarked Commander, Amphibious Force Seventh Fleet, Commander, Amphibious Squadron 11 and 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit and joined USS Germantown to form the Peleliu Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG). While deployed, the ARG conducted security and stability operations and exercises throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to include Amphibious Landing Exercise (PHIBLEX) 15 and other maritime cooperation exercises with partner nations.From June to August 2014, Peleliu, with Amphibious Squadron Three, Special Purpose Marine Task Force Three and Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 21 embarked, participated in Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2014 as part of the Third Fleet.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(LHA-1)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Peleliu returned to Naval Base San Diego on 24 December 2014 from her final six-month deployment to the Western Pacific. Upon return, the ship made preparations to decommission in March 2015 after 34 years of service, 17 deployments and more than 1.6 million kilometres (990,000 miles) transited.Peleliu was decommissioned on 31 March 2015 in San Diego.[16] Following her decommissioning, the 820 ft-long vessel was moved to Pearl Harbor to join the reserve fleet.[1] Peleliu was placed in an inactive reserve status[1] and moored alongside her sister ship Tarawa.[17]","title":"Decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eight Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu#Individual_honors"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross"}],"text":"The stars across the top of the shield represent the eight Medal of Honor recipients from the Battle of Peleliu Island in 1944. Centered is the large Roman numeral \"V\", which represents the hull number of the ship, LHA-5. The four-point star in the \"V\" identifies the four functions of the landing force, and sustain their operations ashore. In the lower left-hand side of the shield is a ring, which by tradition of heraldry, symbolizes the fifth born. The 1st Marine Division emblem is the constellation Southern Cross with the numeral '1' superimposed.","title":"Ship's coat of arms"}]

[{"image_text":"T-6 Texan aboard Peleliu in 1981 during the filming of The Winds of War. The ship was doubling for the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/T-6_Texan_aboard_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_03_for_The_Winds_of_War_TV_series_1981.jpeg/220px-T-6_Texan_aboard_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_03_for_The_Winds_of_War_TV_series_1981.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Peleliu off Australia in 1982.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_off_Australia_in_1982.jpg/220px-USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_off_Australia_in_1982.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peleliu at dusk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Steel_Beach_Party.jpeg/220px-Steel_Beach_Party.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion departs Peleliu during exercises off the coast of Hawaii in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Navy_050627-N-9866B-009_Amphibious_assault_vehicles_travel_through_the_Pacific_Ocean_after_departing_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_050627-N-9866B-009_Amphibious_assault_vehicles_travel_through_the_Pacific_Ocean_after_departing_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peleliu in the Philippine Sea, October 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_in_the_Philippine_Sea_in_October_2014.JPG/220px-USS_Peleliu_%28LHA-5%29_in_the_Philippine_Sea_in_October_2014.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"\"Naval Vessel Register – PELELIU (LHA 5)\". www.nvr.navy.mil. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_LHA_5_2389.HTML","url_text":"\"Naval Vessel Register – PELELIU (LHA 5)\""}]},{"reference":"Larter, David (2 July 2014). \"Decommissioning plan pulls all frigates from fleet by end of FY '15\". Military Times. Gannett Government Media. Retrieved 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140702/NEWS04/307020082","url_text":"\"Decommissioning plan pulls all frigates from fleet by end of FY '15\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Sampling of U.S. Naval Humanitarian Operations\". The Navy Department Library. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141225055037/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/humanitarian.htm","url_text":"\"A Sampling of U.S. Naval Humanitarian Operations\""},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/humanitarian.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, David (2007). Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise (PDF). Working Papers. Vol. 20. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-642-29676-4. ISSN 1834-7231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910150114/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","url_text":"Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-29676-4","url_text":"978-0-642-29676-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1834-7231","url_text":"1834-7231"},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul J. McNulty United States Attorney (2 April 2002). \"United States of America vs John Phillip Walker Lindh – Criminal No. 02-37-A\" (PDF). United States District Court. Retrieved 1 August 2007. On 14 December 2001, Lindh was taken from Camp Rhino to the USS Peleliu where he received the following treatment: 12 days after his US capture in Afghanistan, he was operated on by Peleliu's senior surgeon to remove the bullet lodged in his leg; he received daily medical treatment for the bullet wound as well as mild frostbite on his toes; he received various forms of medication including Motrin and Keflex (an antibiotic). He and his fellow detainees were advised five times per day as to the time for prayer and the brig supervisor called up to the deck to ascertain the location of Mecca so that he could advise the detainees in which direction to pray. He and his fellow detainees were provided Qurans to facilitate their prayers. He was permitted to shower twice a week and to wash his feet every day. He was given meals and unlimited water, was permitted to talk with his fellow detainees; and he was repeatedly queried by Peleliu personnel whether there was anything else he needed.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer","url_text":"United States Attorney"},{"url":"http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/terrorism/us032902opp2licmot.pdf","url_text":"\"United States of America vs John Phillip Walker Lindh – Criminal No. 02-37-A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Rhino","url_text":"Camp Rhino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic","url_text":"antibiotic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca","url_text":"Mecca"}]},{"reference":"\"Interrogation of Suspected al Qaeda Affiliates Lead U.S., Australian Navies to Seize More Drugs\". U.S. 5th Fleet Public Affairs. 2 January 2004. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712091527/http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=11265","url_text":"\"Interrogation of Suspected al Qaeda Affiliates Lead U.S., Australian Navies to Seize More Drugs\""},{"url":"http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=11265","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy: Amphib repels pirates\". Associated Press. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navytimes.com/news/2008/08/ap_pirateattack_080808/","url_text":"\"Navy: Amphib repels pirates\""}]},{"reference":"Garamone, Jim (11 August 2010). \"USS Peleliu to Provide Helos for Pakistan Relief\". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=60396","url_text":"\"USS Peleliu to Provide Helos for Pakistan Relief\""}]},{"reference":"Shanker, Thom (11 August 2010). \"U.S. Provides Additional Helicopters to the Relief Effort\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/12/world/asia/12pstan.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Provides Additional Helicopters to the Relief Effort\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Peleliu returns home to San Diego\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs8.com/story/13709042/uss-peleliu-returns-home-to-san-diego","url_text":"\"USS Peleliu returns home to San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"\"Captain John D. Deehr\". www.public.navy.mil.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/lha5/Pages/bio2_relieved_june2012.aspx#.V7ANiGWtylI","url_text":"\"Captain John D. Deehr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome home USS Peleliu, USS Green Bay and USS Rushmore\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs8.com/story/22245368/welcome-home-uss-peleliu-uss-green-bay-and-uss-rushmore","url_text":"\"Welcome home USS Peleliu, USS Green Bay and USS Rushmore\""}]},{"reference":"Affairs, This story was written by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Dustin Knight, USS Peleliu Public. \"\"Iron Nickel\" Returns to San Diego for Final Time\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=85036","url_text":"\"\"Iron Nickel\" Returns to San Diego for Final Time\""}]},{"reference":"Affairs, This story was written by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Ryan J. Batchelder, USS Peleliu Public. \"USS Peleliu to be Decommissioned After Nearly 35 Years of Service\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=85207","url_text":"\"USS Peleliu to be Decommissioned After Nearly 35 Years of Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Navy decommissions USS Peleliu – Naval Technology\". 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsus-navy-decommissions-uss-peleliu-4545317","url_text":"\"US Navy decommissions USS Peleliu – Naval Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Peleliu (LHA-5)\". NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/07/0705.htm","url_text":"\"USS Peleliu (LHA-5)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomen_Mountain

Nicomen Mountain

["1 References","2 See also"]

Coordinates: 49°12′19″N 122°07′13″W / 49.20528°N 122.12028°W / 49.20528; -122.12028Nicomen MountainNicomen MountainLocation in British Columbia Highest pointElevation1,221 m (4,006 ft)Coordinates49°12′19″N 122°07′13″W / 49.20528°N 122.12028°W / 49.20528; -122.12028GeographyLocationBritish Columbia, CanadaDistrictNew Westminster Land DistrictParent rangeDouglas RangesTopo mapNTS 92G1 Mission Nicomen Mountain, 1,221 m (4,006 ft), is the southernmost major summit of the Douglas Ranges in the Lower Mainland region of southern British Columbia. It is located to the north of Nicomen Island and the communities of Deroche and Lake Errock. References ^ "Nicomen Mountain". BC Geographical Names. ^ "Nicomen Mountain". Bivouac. Retrieved 2015-06-12. See also Dewdney Peak vtePacific RangesRanges Bendor Britannia Bunster Cadwallader Calliope Camelsfoot Cantilever Caren Cayley Chilcotin Colville Conical Douglas Earle Edwards Fannin Fitzsimmons Franklyn Fraser Garibaldi Gastineau Georgina Koeye Lewis Lillooet Meager Namu Nicholl Niut North Shore Pantheon Pembroke Sir Harry Tantalus Tottenham Unwin Waddington Wharncliffe Whitemantle Mountains Akasik Alfred Alice Arthur Asperity Birkenhead Bishop The Black Tusk Blackcomb Blanshard Brandywine Breakenridge Brew Brew Burke Callaghan Capricorn Castle Towers Cauldron Cayley Cinder Cone Clarke Coquitlam Crevasse Crag Crickmer Crown Currie Cypress Devastator Dewdney Eagle Edge Elsay Fang Fee Fitzgerald Forefinger Frederick William Fromme Garibaldi Good Hope Grouse Helena Job Judge Howay ḵ’els Kinch Little Finger Little Ring Luna Mamquam Meager Merlon Middle Finger Monarch Monmouth Munday Nicomen One Eye Opal Cone Overill Pali Petlushkwohap Plinth Powder Price Pylon Pyroclastic Queen Bess Raleigh Red Tusk Ring Robie Reid Round Serratus Seymour Silverthrone Skihist Stein Somolenko Spearhead Table Tantalus Taseko Tatlow Tiedemann Tricouni Tuber Vic Vulcan's Thumb Waddington Wedge Wellington ʔEniyud (Niut) Passes Cayoosh Griswold McGillivray Pemberton Railroad Tyoax Wedge Glaciers Chaos Compton Névé Diamond Franklin Garibaldi Névé Ha-Iltzuk Homathko Klinaklini Mamquam Monarch Parallel Pashleth Powder Mountain Silverthrone Spearhead Communities List of communities in British Columbia Parks Clendinning Duffey Lake Garibaldi Mount Elphinstone Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage Spruce Lake (South Chilcotin) Upper Lillooet Golden Ears Tantalus Mehatl Creek Birkenhead Lake Joffre Lakes Ts'il?os Bishop River Princess Louisa Marine Callaghan Nairn Falls Brandywine Falls Alice Lake Blackcomb Glacier Tetrahedron Stawamus Chief Murrin Mount Seymour Cypress Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm) Pinecone-Burke Shannon Falls Rolley Lake Sasquatch Big Creek Homathko Estuary Davis Lake

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicomen Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomen_Island"},{"link_name":"Deroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deroche,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lake Errock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Errock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nicomen Mountain, 1,221 m (4,006 ft), is the southernmost major summit of the Douglas Ranges in the Lower Mainland region of southern British Columbia.[1] It is located to the north of Nicomen Island and the communities of Deroche and Lake Errock.[2]","title":"Nicomen Mountain"}]

[]

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Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Seymour_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Nuth_Khaw_Yum_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Pinecone-Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinecone_Burke_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Shannon Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Falls_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Rolley Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolley_Lake_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Sasquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Big Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Creek_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Homathko Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homathko_Estuary_Provincial_Park"},{"title":"Davis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Lake_Provincial_Park"}]

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