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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljan

Ljan

["1 The old Ljan farms","2 Geology","3 Notable people","4 Notes","5 References"]

Coordinates: 59°50′N 10°47′E / 59.833°N 10.783°E / 59.833; 10.783Old copperplate engraving from Ljan. Ljan (Norwegian pronunciation: ) is a residential neighborhood in the borough Nordstrand in Oslo, Norway. It is located in the eastern rolling hillsides of the fjord Bunnefjorden. To the south Ljanselva which begins at Lutvann has its mouth, and where it runs through Liadalen at Ljan it also constitutes the border with borough Søndre Nordstrand. The number of inhabitants was about 3,500 in 2004. Ljan Church is known as one of the very few churches in Norway that was built in the 1930s in the Romanesque Revival style. The public beaches at Ljan are Hvervenbukta, Ljansbadet and Katten, and in addition there are a number of private bath houses along Mosseveien. The borders to the north and east are less obvious and drawn between the school circuits Ljan and Nordstrand. The name originates with an Old Norse river name Ljǫrn but the meaning has been lost to time. The old Ljan farms Originally Ljan was an old farm first written about in 1308. After 1650 it was partitioned in three, Øvre Ljan (English: Upper Ljan), Nedre Ljan (English: Lower Ljan) and Stubljan, however, the two former were purchased by the owners of Stubljan and with the addition of the farm Hvitebjørn (English: White Bear) in Oppegård, they constituted the Ljan Estate (Norwegian: Ljansgodset). Stubljan received its name from its first owner, Christopher Nilsson Stub. Peder Holter bought the farm in 1765 and had built the large main building at Hvervenbukta. Holter's widow, Madam Maren Juel and her second and third husbands, Ole Christopher Wessel and First Minister Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz then took over. Maren Juel and Rosenkrantz sold off the estate to Juel's niece, Gjertrud Maren Juel and her husband, Lars Ingier. The main building was destroyed in a fire in 1913, and today only the foundations remain. Next to Ljansbrukveien the two old porter's lodges today contain handicraft stores run by local craftspeople, and the gazebo at Hvervenbukta beach harbors a cafe which is open during the summer. Geology Ljan is located immediately south of the Oslo Graben with the ground being predominantly bedrock dating back to the Precambrian, i.e. 1 billion years old: mostly nutrient-poor gneiss with more nutrient-rich amphibolite interspersed in layers. Due to the erosion that took place for hundreds of millions of years, today's rock surface was deep inside the mountains that were originally formed. During the Permian (around 250 million years ago) comprehensive volcanism marked the entire Oslo Graben and caused faults to arise across the Oslo region. As Bundefjorden sank, the Oslo valley sank along a northern fault line along the steep Ekeberg slope which remained elevated. The main western fault line follows Bundefjorden from Sjømannsskolen, past Nordstrand and Ingierstrand and on to Moss. Two branches of this fault line also emerged as crack zones: one along Gjersjøen and Gjersjøelva, the other along Ljanselva. The Ljanselva crack can be followed further inland with one branch going to Klemetsrud, the second to Nøklevann and Lutvann. The bedrock surface cracked up further still, also outside the main fault lines, exacerbated by erosion by water and ice. Looser accretions that had settled on top of the bedrock during the Cambrium, Ordovician and Silurian Periods eroded off during the following 200 million years, causing much of the bedrock to resurface. The final "molding" of the landscape of Ljan took place during the Quaternary Period—the recent 1½ million years—when the land was frozen under glaciers at least five times. Each time, when the ice melted, water seared into the thin fissures—weakness zones—that had originated in the three previous geological periods. At Ljan and neighboring Hauketo flat rock layers go horizontally, and this gave rise to the steep slope of the Ljanselva valley, Liadalen, as ice and water sheared straight down into the packed rock layers. At the end of the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago, the Ljan fissure and other dents in the terrain were filled with moraine debris. As the weight of the glacier lifted the land heaved. In fact, the land around the inner Oslofjord rose 200–220 meters. But before that had taken place, a fjord went up at Ljan to Hauketo, with a narrow inlet into the Lusetjern Valley at Holmlia. As rivers moved the sediment back into the sea, clay soil heaped up at the Ljan fields (today Hundejordet and Hallagerjordet) because the mountain blocked the further movement, creating deep dents in the terrain where the soil accumulated. Here arable land remained up to the 45 meter contour line. Here, at Store Ljan, the first Ljan farm was cleared, followed by another, Stubljan, at Hvervenbukta. Overall, the soil cover in the Ljan area is thin as almost all soils were washed away from the steep hills and hillsides. In many places naked rock protrudes. In valley hollows though, such as at Ljan Station, at Skredderjordet and Åsdalsveien, nutrient-rich soil with clay minerals appear. The clay soil can be quite stiff and heavy, but it is also mixed with a considerable amount of sand particles. Notable people Jens Christian Hauge Notes ^ a b Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Ljan – boligområde i Oslo". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ Arstal, Aksel; Just, Carl, eds. (1966) . "Ljan". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (2 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. ^ Tvedt, Knut Are, ed. (2000) . "Ljan". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ a b c d e Henriksen 1990, pp. 13–15 References Henriksen, Lise (1990). "Gård og grunn". In Johannessen, Finn Erhard (ed.). Fint folk i bratte bakker – Ljans historie (in Norwegian). Selskapet til Ljans Vel. ISBN 82-992272-0-8. 59°50′N 10°47′E / 59.833°N 10.783°E / 59.833; 10.783

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ljan_Kobberstik.png"},{"link_name":"[jɑːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Nordstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrand,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Bunnefjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnefjorden"},{"link_name":"Ljanselva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljanselva"},{"link_name":"Lutvann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutvann"},{"link_name":"Liadalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liadalen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søndre Nordstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ndre_Nordstrand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"Ljan Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljan_Church"},{"link_name":"Romanesque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Hvervenbukta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvervenbukta"},{"link_name":"Ljansbadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljansbadet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katten_Beach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obl2-2"},{"link_name":"Mosseveien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosseveien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obl4-3"}],"text":"Old copperplate engraving from Ljan.Ljan (Norwegian pronunciation: [jɑːn]) is a residential neighborhood in the borough Nordstrand in Oslo, Norway. It is located in the eastern rolling hillsides of the fjord Bunnefjorden. To the south Ljanselva which begins at Lutvann has its mouth, and where it runs through Liadalen at Ljan it also constitutes the border with borough Søndre Nordstrand. The number of inhabitants was about 3,500 in 2004.[1] Ljan Church is known as one of the very few churches in Norway that was built in the 1930s in the Romanesque Revival style. The public beaches at Ljan are Hvervenbukta, Ljansbadet and Katten,[1][2] and in addition there are a number of private bath houses along Mosseveien. The borders to the north and east are less obvious and drawn between the school circuits Ljan and Nordstrand. The name originates with an Old Norse river name Ljǫrn but the meaning has been lost to time.[3]","title":"Ljan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hvitebjørn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitebj%C3%B8rn"},{"link_name":"Oppegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppeg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Peder Holter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peder_Holter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maren Juel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maren_Juel"},{"link_name":"Ole Christopher Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Christopher_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Gj%C3%B8e_Rosenkrantz"},{"link_name":"Lars Ingier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ingier"}],"text":"Originally Ljan was an old farm first written about in 1308. After 1650 it was partitioned in three, Øvre Ljan (English: Upper Ljan), Nedre Ljan (English: Lower Ljan) and Stubljan, however, the two former were purchased by the owners of Stubljan and with the addition of the farm Hvitebjørn (English: White Bear) in Oppegård, they constituted the Ljan Estate (Norwegian: Ljansgodset).Stubljan received its name from its first owner, Christopher Nilsson Stub. Peder Holter bought the farm in 1765 and had built the large main building at Hvervenbukta. Holter's widow, Madam Maren Juel and her second and third husbands, Ole Christopher Wessel and First Minister Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz then took over. Maren Juel and Rosenkrantz sold off the estate to Juel's niece, Gjertrud Maren Juel and her husband, Lars Ingier.The main building was destroyed in a fire in 1913, and today only the foundations remain. Next to Ljansbrukveien the two old porter's lodges today contain handicraft stores run by local craftspeople, and the gazebo at Hvervenbukta beach harbors a cafe which is open during the summer.","title":"The old Ljan farms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo Graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Graben"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"amphibolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolite"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Ekeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeberg"},{"link_name":"Sjømannsskolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%B8mannsskolen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ingierstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingierstrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Gjersjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjersj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Gjersjøelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjersj%C3%B8elva"},{"link_name":"Klemetsrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemetsrud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nøklevann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8klevann"},{"link_name":"Lutvann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutvann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriksen13-15-4"},{"link_name":"Cambrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrium"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Hauketo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauketo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriksen13-15-4"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine"},{"link_name":"Holmlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmlia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriksen13-15-4"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"contour line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line#Isopleths"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriksen13-15-4"},{"link_name":"Ljan Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljan_Station"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriksen13-15-4"}],"text":"Ljan is located immediately south of the Oslo Graben with the ground being predominantly bedrock dating back to the Precambrian, i.e. 1 billion years old: mostly nutrient-poor gneiss with more nutrient-rich amphibolite interspersed in layers. Due to the erosion that took place for hundreds of millions of years, today's rock surface was deep inside the mountains that were originally formed. During the Permian (around 250 million years ago) comprehensive volcanism marked the entire Oslo Graben and caused faults to arise across the Oslo region. As Bundefjorden sank, the Oslo valley sank along a northern fault line along the steep Ekeberg slope which remained elevated. The main western fault line follows Bundefjorden from Sjømannsskolen, past Nordstrand and Ingierstrand and on to Moss. Two branches of this fault line also emerged as crack zones: one along Gjersjøen and Gjersjøelva, the other along Ljanselva. The Ljanselva crack can be followed further inland with one branch going to Klemetsrud, the second to Nøklevann and Lutvann.[4]The bedrock surface cracked up further still, also outside the main fault lines, exacerbated by erosion by water and ice. Looser accretions that had settled on top of the bedrock during the Cambrium, Ordovician and Silurian Periods eroded off during the following 200 million years, causing much of the bedrock to resurface. The final \"molding\" of the landscape of Ljan took place during the Quaternary Period—the recent 1½ million years—when the land was frozen under glaciers at least five times. Each time, when the ice melted, water seared into the thin fissures—weakness zones—that had originated in the three previous geological periods. At Ljan and neighboring Hauketo flat rock layers go horizontally, and this gave rise to the steep slope of the Ljanselva valley, Liadalen, as ice and water sheared straight down into the packed rock layers.[4]At the end of the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago, the Ljan fissure and other dents in the terrain were filled with moraine debris. As the weight of the glacier lifted the land heaved. In fact, the land around the inner Oslofjord rose 200–220 meters. But before that had taken place, a fjord went up at Ljan to Hauketo, with a narrow inlet into the Lusetjern Valley at Holmlia.[4]As rivers moved the sediment back into the sea, clay soil heaped up at the Ljan fields (today Hundejordet and Hallagerjordet) because the mountain blocked the further movement, creating deep dents in the terrain where the soil accumulated. Here arable land remained up to the 45 meter contour line. Here, at Store Ljan, the first Ljan farm was cleared, followed by another, Stubljan, at Hvervenbukta.[4]Overall, the soil cover in the Ljan area is thin as almost all soils were washed away from the steep hills and hillsides. In many places naked rock protrudes. In valley hollows though, such as at Ljan Station, at Skredderjordet and Åsdalsveien, nutrient-rich soil with clay minerals appear. The clay soil can be quite stiff and heavy, but it is also mixed with a considerable amount of sand particles.[4]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jens Christian Hauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Christian_Hauge"}],"text":"Jens Christian Hauge","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snl_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snl_1-1"},{"link_name":"Godal, Anne Marit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marit_Godal"},{"link_name":"\"Ljan – boligområde i Oslo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//snl.no/Ljan/boligomr%C3%A5de_i_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Store norske leksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obl2_2-0"},{"link_name":"Arstal, Aksel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_Arstal"},{"link_name":"Just, Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Just"},{"link_name":"Oslo byleksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_byleksikon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obl4_3-0"},{"link_name":"Oslo byleksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_byleksikon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henriksen13-15_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henriksen13-15_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henriksen13-15_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henriksen13-15_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henriksen13-15_4-4"}],"text":"^ a b Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). \"Ljan – boligområde i Oslo\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2012.\n\n^ Arstal, Aksel; Just, Carl, eds. (1966) [1938]. \"Ljan\". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (2 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.\n\n^ Tvedt, Knut Are, ed. (2000) [1938]. \"Ljan\". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.\n\n^ a b c d e Henriksen 1990, pp. 13–15","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Foot_Wave_(EP)

50 Foot Wave (EP)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Production","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "50 Foot Wave" EP – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2004 EP by 50 Foot Wave50 Foot WaveEP by 50 Foot WaveReleasedMarch 23, 2004 (2004-03-23)GenreAlternative rockLength19:40Label4AD/Throwing MusicProducerEthan Allen50 Foot Wave chronology 50 Foot Wave(2004) Golden Ocean(2005) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicPitchfork Media(7.6/10)Blender Magazine 50 Foot Wave is an extended-play recording by American alternative-rock band 50 Foot Wave, released on March 23, 2004. Track listing All tracks are written by Rob Ahlers, Bernard Georges, and Kristin HershNo.TitleLength1."Bug"4:202."Clara Bow"3:103."Long Painting"2:574."Glory Weed"2:335."Lavender"2:506."Dog Days"3:52 Personnel Kristin Hersh – vocals, guitars Bernard Georges – bass Rob Ahlers – drums, vocals Production Producer: Ethan Allen Recorded by Ethan Allen and James Adam Watts Mixing: Ethan Allen Mastering: Joe Gastwirt at Joe's Mastering Joint Design: Lakuna, Inc. References ^ Allmusic review ^ Pitchfork Media review ^ Blender review Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Malicky

Neal Malicky

["1 Early childhood and education","2 Career","3 Malicky Hall","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

American academic administrator Neal Malicky (born 1934) was an American academic administrator served as the sixth president of Baldwin-Wallace College (now Baldwin Wallace University) in Berea, Ohio from 1981 to 1999. Malicky was succeeded by Mark H. Collier in 1999. A building on the north side of BW's campus bears Malicky's name. The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001. Early childhood and education Malicky was born in Sour Lake, Texas, to George and Ethel (née Reed) Malicky. He was raised in Baldwin City, Kansas, a community named for the founder of Baldwin-Wallace College, John Baldwin. Originally part of Baldwin Institute, German Wallace College was established just down the road. As a result of financial hardships the schools merged in 1913, forming Baldwin-Wallace College Malicky's father, George, was a professional baseball player for the Philadelphia Athletics. Malicky graduated from Baker University in Baldwin City, and earned a theological degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. While on the faculty at Drew University, Malicky earned his Ph.D. in international affairs from Columbia University in 1968. He did additional study at Harvard University. Career Malicky Hall on BW's North Campus In 1969, Malicky was appointed dean of the college at Baker University. He later served as acting president of Baker in 1974. Malicky became dean of academic affairs of Baldwin-Wallace College in 1975. Upon the retirement of President Alfred Bryan Bonds in 1981, Malicky was appointed the sixth president of Baldwin-Wallace College. Malicky served 18 years as president of Baldwin-Wallace College. During his term, he oversaw a growth in the endowment of the college from 15 million to over 100 million dollars. Malicky coined the new college motto, "Quality Education with a Personal Touch", and focused faculty to teach over publishing or scholarly work. Malicky was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters from Baldwin-Wallace College in 1999, and named president emeritus and chancellor, an honor only bestowed to his predecessor, Alfred Bryan Bonds. The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001. During the 1990s BW acquired Bagley Hall which was originally owned by the Cleveland Browns and was used as the teams summer training facility. BW acquired the former practice field and office building when the team was moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens. Upon the Cleveland Browns returning to Cleveland a new training facility was built in Berea close to the BW campus. As well, Carmel Center for Living and Learning (referred to as Carmel Hall) opened. In 1998, Baldwin Wallace switched from the quarters system to semesters. With this switch the campus tradition "May Day" ceased to exist. May Day was celebration in the spring which even had a May Queen every year. With the school year ending now in early May, April Reign began. Malicky Hall Following Malicky's presidency, Mark Collier (his successor), oversaw building of Malicky hall, named after Neal Malicky. Malicky Hall combines Baldwin Library and Carnegie Hall with an addition of new classrooms and offices. The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 7–14. ISBN 978-0-7385-5180-7. ^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 35. ^ "George Malicky". CJonline. August 26, 2002. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2012. ^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 85. ^ "Cleveland Browns training camp schedule". Cleveland.com. July 28, 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012. ^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 40. References Clary, Norman J. Baldwin-Wallace College. Cradles of Conscience. Ed. John William Oliver, Jr. Kent State University Press, 2003. 39-51 External links Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace History: Neal Malicky Academic offices Preceded byAlfred Bryan Bonds President of Baldwin-Wallace College 1981–1999 Succeeded byMark H. Collier vteBaldwin Wallace UniversityCampus Conservatory of Music Baldwin Wallace buildings South Campus Historic District North Campus Historic District Burrell Observatory Culture BW History BW Greek Life BW Alumni BW Presidents WBWC Robert C. Helmer John Baldwin (founder) Athletics Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets Stinger BW Athletic Facilities Lee Tressel Ohio Athletic Conference Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League Category Commons vtePresidents of Baldwin Wallace University D. Dwight John Wheeler William D. Godman Aaron Schuyler Joseph E. Stubbs Millard F. Warner Robert M. Freshwater Glezen A. Reeder George B. Rogers Robert L. Waggoner Glezen A. Reeder William Nast Karl Riemenschneider Edwin S. Havinghurst Arthur L. Breslich Arthur Louis Breslich Albert Boynton Storms Louis C. Wright John Lowden Knight Alfred Bryan Bonds Neal Malicky Mark H. Collier Richard Durst Robert C. Helmer

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwin-Wallace College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin-Wallace_College"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Wallace University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace_University"},{"link_name":"Berea, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mark H. Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_H._Collier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"}],"text":"Neal Malicky (born 1934) was an American academic administrator served as the sixth president of Baldwin-Wallace College (now Baldwin Wallace University) in Berea, Ohio from 1981 to 1999. Malicky was succeeded by Mark H. Collier in 1999.[1] A building on the north side of BW's campus bears Malicky's name. The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001.[1]","title":"Neal Malicky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sour Lake, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Baldwin City, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Baldwin-Wallace College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin-Wallace_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_Malicky-3"},{"link_name":"Baker University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_University"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Drew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"}],"text":"Malicky was born in Sour Lake, Texas, to George and Ethel (née Reed) Malicky. He was raised in Baldwin City, Kansas, a community named for the founder of Baldwin-Wallace College, John Baldwin.[1] Originally part of Baldwin Institute, German Wallace College was established just down the road. As a result of financial hardships the schools merged in 1913, forming Baldwin-Wallace College[2] Malicky's father, George, was a professional baseball player for the Philadelphia Athletics.[3] Malicky graduated from Baker University in Baldwin City, and earned a theological degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. While on the faculty at Drew University, Malicky earned his Ph.D. in international affairs from Columbia University in 1968. He did additional study at Harvard University.","title":"Early childhood and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malicky_BWC.JPG"},{"link_name":"Baldwin-Wallace College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin-Wallace_College"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bryan Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bryan_Bonds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Humane Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bryan Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bryan_Bonds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleveland_Browns_training_camp-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"}],"text":"Malicky Hall on BW's North CampusIn 1969, Malicky was appointed dean of the college at Baker University. He later served as acting president of Baker in 1974. Malicky became dean of academic affairs of Baldwin-Wallace College in 1975. Upon the retirement of President Alfred Bryan Bonds in 1981, Malicky was appointed the sixth president of Baldwin-Wallace College.[1] Malicky served 18 years as president of Baldwin-Wallace College. During his term, he oversaw a growth in the endowment of the college from 15 million to over 100 million dollars. Malicky coined the new college motto, \"Quality Education with a Personal Touch\", and focused faculty to teach over publishing or scholarly work.[1]Malicky was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters from Baldwin-Wallace College in 1999, and named president emeritus and chancellor, an honor only bestowed to his predecessor, Alfred Bryan Bonds.[1] The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001.[1] During the 1990s BW acquired Bagley Hall which was originally owned by the Cleveland Browns and was used as the teams summer training facility. BW acquired the former practice field and office building when the team was moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens. Upon the Cleveland Browns returning to Cleveland a new training facility was built in Berea close to the BW campus.[4][5] As well, Carmel Center for Living and Learning (referred to as Carmel Hall) opened. In 1998, Baldwin Wallace switched from the quarters system to semesters. With this switch the campus tradition \"May Day\" ceased to exist.[6] May Day was celebration in the spring which even had a May Queen every year. With the school year ending now in early May, April Reign began.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW_history-1"}],"text":"Following Malicky's presidency, Mark Collier (his successor), oversaw building of Malicky hall, named after Neal Malicky. Malicky Hall combines Baldwin Library and Carnegie Hall with an addition of new classrooms and offices.[1] The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001.[1]","title":"Malicky Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BW_history_1-9"},{"link_name":"Arcadia Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7385-5180-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5180-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-George_Malicky_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"George Malicky\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160312192129/http://cjonline.com/stories/082602/obn_malicky.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cjonline.com/stories/082602/obn_malicky.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cleveland_Browns_training_camp_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Cleveland Browns training camp schedule\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2010/07/cleveland_browns_announce_trai_1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 7–14. ISBN 978-0-7385-5180-7.\n\n^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 35.\n\n^ \"George Malicky\". CJonline. August 26, 2002. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2012.\n\n^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 85.\n\n^ \"Cleveland Browns training camp schedule\". Cleveland.com. July 28, 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012.\n\n^ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 40.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Malicky Hall on BW's North Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Malicky_BWC.JPG/190px-Malicky_BWC.JPG"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Spain-class_corvette

Amazonas-class offshore patrol vessel

["1 Design and construction","2 Operators","3 Ships of class","4 Images","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Araguari departing Portsmouth for Brazil on 12 July 2013 Class overview BuildersBAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships Operators Brazilian Navy Planned3 Completed3 Active3 General characteristics TypeOffshore patrol vessel Displacement2,000 t (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) Length90.5 m (296 ft 11 in) Beam13.5 m (44 ft 3 in) Propulsion 2 × MAN 16V28/33D diesel engines, 14,700 kW (19,713 hp), 2 shafts 2 × controllable-pitch propellers Speed25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) Range5,500 nmi (10,200 km) Endurance35 days Complement80 Sensors and processing systems Batch 2: Kelvin Hughes Ltd SharpEye navigation radar Terma Scanter 4100 2D radar BAE CMS-1 Shared Infrastructure operating system Armament 1 × 30 mm DS30M cannon 2 × 25 mm guns 2 × 12.7 mm machine guns Aviation facilities20 m (66 ft) flight deck The Amazonas class comprises three offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) built by VT Shipbuilding (now BAE Systems Surface Ships). The ships entered service with the Brazilian Navy during 2012 and 2013. Design and construction The vessels are based on the Royal Navy's River-class patrol vessels, are 90 m (295 ft) long, and have 80 man crews plus accommodation for 40 troops. They are designed to perform a range of Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) management, special operations and maritime law enforcement tasks. The first vessel was named Port of Spain at her launch at BAE Systems Surface Ships’ Portsmouth facility, on 18 November 2009. The second was named Scarborough on her launch a day later at Scotstoun in Glasgow, and began sea trials in July 2010, reaching 25.38 knots (47.00 km/h; 29.21 mph). The third was named San Fernando when launched on 16 July 2010 at Scotstoun on the River Clyde. Operators The Amazonas class were originally named as the Port of Spain class and built for the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard. Then, despite two of the vessels having been completed at the time and awaiting delivery, and with crew training ongoing in the United Kingdom, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) cancelled the order in September 2010. In December 2011 it was reported that the Brazilian Navy were interested in buying the vessels, and possibly up to five additional vessels of the same design. The sale, for £133 million, was then confirmed on 2 January 2012. Amazonas was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 29 June in Portsmouth. During her one-month voyage to Brazil, she docked in the cities of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte and Salvador, Bahia in September, and was expected to arrive in Rio de Janeiro on 5 October. Ships of class Pennant No Name Builder Launched Commissioned Fleet Status Remarks P120 Amazonas BAE Systems Portsmouth 18 November 2009 29 June 2012 Grouping Naval Southeast (Brazilian Navy) In service Launched as Port of Spain P121 Apa BAE Systems Scotstoun, Glasgow. Scotland 15 July 2010 30 November 2012 Grouping Naval Southeast (Brazilian Navy) In service Launched as Scarborough P122 Araguari BAE Systems Scotstoun, Glasgow. Scotland 16 July 2010 21 June 2013 Grouping Naval Northeast (Brazilian Navy) In service Launched as San Fernando Images Araguari berthing Portsea, 24 April 2013. Araguari departing Portsmouth, 12 July 2013. Trinidadian Port of Spain at Portsmouth 2010. Trinidadian Scarborough at Portsmouth 2010. See also List of naval ship classes in service River-class patrol vessel, a design on which the Amazonas-class is based. References ^ a b c d e f g "Offshore Patrol Vessels". www.baesystems.com. BAE Systems. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ a b "Third BAE Systems built OPV for Brazilian Navy "ARAGUARI" handed over during ceremony". 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2013. ^ "Britain orders Kelvin Hughes radar system". United Press International. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "Terma's SCANTER 4100 radar system has been selected and ordered by BAE Systems for integration on board Royal Navy's OPVs" (Press release). Terma A/S. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ a b "Construction begins on new Royal Navy warships". BAE Systems (Press release). Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "Combat Management Systems". BAE Systems. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "Third BAE Systems built OPV for Brazilian Navy "ARAGUARI" handed over during ceremony". Naval Recognition. 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Scarborough is ship-shape". Trinidad & Tobago Newsday. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Trindad & Tobago Ships Sail into the Clyde for First Sea Trials". defpro. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. ^ "BAE may lose £150m ship deal". The News. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010. ^ "Brazil could buy the 3 BAE System's OPV that were canceled by Trinidad and Tobago". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011. ^ "BAE Systems sells patrol vessels to Brazil". BBC News. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ "Brazil's Newest Navy Patrol Vessel to Arrive in Rio de Janeiro | Dialogo forum Breaking News from South America the Caribbean". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2012. ^ "UK Welcomes 250th Brazilian Navy Sailor for Maiden Sea Trials". 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013. External links Press release from BAE Systems Product information from BAE Systems BAE Systems Datasheet vteRiver-class patrol vessels Royal Navy Mersey Severn Tyne Clyde Forth Medway Trent Tamar Spey  Royal Thai Navy Krabi Prachuap Khiri Khan  Royal Bahrain Naval Force Al-Zubara (ex-Clyde)  Brazilian NavyAmazonas class Amazonas Apa Araguari List of patrol vessels of the Royal Navy

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The ships entered service with the Brazilian Navy during 2012 and 2013.","title":"Amazonas-class offshore patrol vessel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"River-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River-class_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article_in_Naval_Recognition-7"},{"link_name":"Economic Exclusion Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Exclusion_Zone"},{"link_name":"launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems Surface Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Surface_Ships"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Scotstoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotstoun"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trials"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article_in_Trinidad_&_Tobago_Newsday-8"},{"link_name":"River Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The vessels are based on the Royal Navy's River-class patrol vessels, are 90 m (295 ft) long, and have 80 man crews plus accommodation for 40 troops.[7] They are designed to perform a range of Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) management, special operations and maritime law enforcement tasks.The first vessel was named Port of Spain at her launch at BAE Systems Surface Ships’ Portsmouth facility, on 18 November 2009.The second was named Scarborough on her launch a day later at Scotstoun in Glasgow, and began sea trials in July 2010, reaching 25.38 knots (47.00 km/h; 29.21 mph).[8]The third was named San Fernando when launched on 16 July 2010 at Scotstoun on the River Clyde.[9]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completes_sea_trials-10"},{"link_name":"Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brazil_could_buy_the_3_BAE_System's_OPV_that_were_canceled_by_Trinidad_and_Tobago-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Natal, Rio Grande do Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte"},{"link_name":"Salvador, Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Amazonas class were originally named as the Port of Spain class and built for the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard. Then, despite two of the vessels having been completed at the time and awaiting delivery, and with crew training ongoing in the United Kingdom,[10] the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) cancelled the order in September 2010.In December 2011 it was reported that the Brazilian Navy were interested in buying the vessels, and possibly up to five additional vessels of the same design.[11] The sale, for £133 million, was then confirmed on 2 January 2012.[12]Amazonas was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 29 June in Portsmouth. During her one-month voyage to Brazil, she docked in the cities of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte and Salvador, Bahia in September, and was expected to arrive in Rio de Janeiro on 5 October.[13][14]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships of class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Araguari%22_(P122),_Amazonas-class_corvette.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BNS_Araguari-17.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%26T_Scarborough-2.JPG"}],"text":"Araguari berthing Portsea, 24 April 2013.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAraguari departing Portsmouth, 12 July 2013.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrinidadian Port of Spain at Portsmouth 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrinidadian Scarborough at Portsmouth 2010.","title":"Images"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of naval ship classes in service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service"},{"title":"River-class patrol vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River-class_patrol_vessel"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operations_officer

Chief operating officer

["1 Responsibilities and similar titles","1.1 President","1.2 Current situation","2 Roles and functions","2.1 COO as successor","3 Relationship with a CEO","4 Relationship with board of directors","5 Failure in the COO role","6 Experts and research","7 References","8 Further reading"]

Executive position This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A chief operating officer (COO) (or chief operations officer) is an executive in charge of the daily operations of an organization (i.e. personnel, resources, and logistics). COOs are usually second-in-command immediately after the CEO, and reports directly to them and acts on their behalf in their absence. A COO is usually voted in by shareholders or appointed by the board of directors. Responsibilities and similar titles Unlike other C-suite positions, which tend to be defined according to commonly designated responsibilities across most companies, a COO's job tends to be defined in relation to the specific CEO with whom they work, given the close working relationship of these two individuals. The selection of a COO is similar in many ways to the selection of a vice president or chief of staff of the United States: power and responsibility structures vary in government and private regimes depending on the style and needs of the president or CEO. Thus, the COO role meets individual expectations and changes as leadership teams adjust. The COO position is common in firms that are operationally intensive, such as airline and automotive industries. President In a similar vein to the COO, the title of corporate president as a separate position (as opposed to being combined with a "C-suite" designation, such as "president and CEO" or "president and COO") is also loosely defined. The president is usually the legally recognized highest rank of corporate officer, ranking above the various vice presidents (including senior vice president and executive vice president), but on its own generally considered subordinate, in practice, to the CEO. Lloyd E. Reuss was president of General Motors from 1990 to 1992, as the right-hand man of chairman and CEO Robert C. Stempel. Stempel insisted on naming Reuss as company president in charge of North American operations, the board reluctantly agreed but showed their displeasure by not giving Reuss the title of COO. Richard D. Parsons was number two in the company hierarchy during his tenure as president of Time Warner from 1995 to 2001, but he had no authority over the operating divisions, and instead took on assignments at the behest of chairman and CEO Gerald Levin. Michael Capellas was appointed president of Hewlett-Packard in order to ease its acquisition and integration of Compaq, where Capellas was previously chairman and CEO. Capellas ended up serving just six months as HP president before departing. His former role of president was not filled as the executives who reported to him then reported directly to the CEO. In 2007, the investment banking firms of Bear Stearns and Morgan Stanley each had two presidents (Warren Spector and Alan Schwartz at Bear, Robert Scully and Zoe Cruz at Morgan) reporting to one CEO (who was also chairman of the board); each president was essentially a co-COO (despite the lack of title) overseeing half of the firm's business divisions. Schwartz became sole president of Bear after Spector was ousted, and several months later assumed the position of CEO as well when James Cayne was forced to resign (Cayne remained chairman). Tom Anselmi of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment was chief operating officer from 2004 until September 6, 2013. Between the departure of Richard Peddie and the hiring of Tim Leiweke for the posts of president and CEO, Anselmi added the title of president from September 4, 2012, to June 30, 2013, however he remained COO and did not receive the title of CEO. Richard Fuld, the chairman and CEO of Lehman Brothers, had a succession of "number twos" under him, usually titled as president and chief operating officer. Chris Pettit was Fuld's second-in-command for two decades until November 26, 1996, when he resigned as president and board member. Pettit lost a power struggle with his deputies (Steve Lessing, Tom Tucker, and Joseph M. Gregory) on March 15 that year that caused him to relinquish its COO title, likely brought about after the three men found about Pettit's extramarital affairs, which violated Fuld's unwritten rules on marriage and social etiquette. Bradley Jack and Joseph M. Gregory were appointed co-COOs in 2002, but Jack was demoted to the office of the chairman in May 2004 and departed in June 2005 with a severance package of $80 million, making Gregory the sole COO. While Fuld was considered the "face" of Lehman brothers, Gregory was in charge of day-to-day operations and he influenced culture to drive the bottom line. Gregory was demoted on June 12, 2008, and replaced as president and COO by Bart McDade, who had been serving as head of Equities, and McDade would see Lehman through bankruptcy. Thomas W. LaSorda served as president and CEO of Chrysler from January 1, 2006, to August 5, 2007, while Chrysler was owned by Daimler-Benz. When Cerberus Capital bought majority control of Chrysler, Bob Nardelli was appointed chairman and CEO of Chrysler, while LaSorda became vice chairman and president. Despite the appointment of a second vice chairman and president, Jim Press, LaSorda stayed on. LaSorda's titles as vice chairman and president officially stated that he was in charge of manufacturing, procurement and supply, employee relations, global business development and alliances. However, LaSorda's actual role was to find a new partner or buyer for Chrysler, leading to speculation that Cerberus Capital was less interested in rebuilding the auto manufacturer than it was to turning profit though a leveraged buyout. Research in Motion's corporate structure had more than one COO, including Jim Rowan as chief operating officer for global operations, and Thorsten Heins as COO of products and sales. The Walt Disney Company has used the president and COO titles in varied ways for their number two executive. Ron W. Miller was president from 1978 to 1984, while serving additionally as CEO for 18 months from 1983 to 1984. Frank Wells was president from 1984 to 1994, where he reported to the board of directors and not chairman and CEO Michael Eisner. When Wells died in a helicopter crash, no replacement president was named as his duties were resumed by Eisner. Michael Ovitz was president from 1995 to 1997, being hired by Eisner and then dismissed not long afterwards. Bob Iger was president and COO from 2000 to 2005, when he succeeded Eisner as CEO. Thomas O. Staggs was COO from 2015 to 2016, during that time the senior executive team had a dual reporting structure to both Staggs and Iger; Staggs resigned after the board did not give him assurances that he would succeed as CEO. Manulife has used the president and COO titles for separate roles. From June 5 until September 30, 2017, Rocco "Roy" Gori served as president where he oversaw Manulife's global operating businesses, with his subordinates being the general managers of the Canadian, U.S., and Asia Divisions, and the chief investment officer. Gori reported to chief executive officer Donald Guloien before additionally assuming the title of CEO on October 1, 2017, upon Guloien's retirement. Linda Mantia, the chief operating officer, reported to the president on corporate strategy while continuing to report to the CEO on all other matters including corporate development, Analytics, Technology, Marketing, Innovation, human resources, regulatory and public affairs, global resourcing and procurement, and the global program office. At the World Bank, the president outranks the other executives including the CEO and chief economist. Current situation Most modern companies operate without a COO. For example, in 2007 almost 58% of Fortune 500 companies did not have a COO. In these instances the CEO either takes on more roles and responsibilities, or the roles traditionally assigned to the COO are carried out by sub C-suite executives. Although the number of COOs has been in decline for the past 10 years, there are reasons to anticipate an increased utilization of the position in the future, including: Companies are becoming larger and more complex, making it more difficult for one person alone to have total oversight over the whole organization. Companies are finding a strong relationship between firm performance and the presence of a COO. Companies are becoming more deliberate about CEO succession planning and will use the role to on-board and train successors. The increase in talent mobility means that the role will likely be used more often as a retention mechanism for key executives who are at risk of moving to a competitor. Roles and functions The role of the COO differs from industry to industry and from organization to organization. Some organizations function without a COO. Others may have two COOs, each assigned to oversee several business lines or divisions, such as Lehman Brothers from 2002 to 2004 when Bradley Jack and Joseph M. Gregory were the co-COOs. A COO could also be brought in from other organizations as a "fixer", such as Daniel J. O'Neill who in 1999 joined Molson in that capacity. In the manufacturing sector, the primary role of the COO is routinely one of operations management, meaning that the COO is responsible for the development, design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm's products. The COO is responsible for ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective and that the proper management of resources, distribution of goods and services to customers and analysis of queue systems is conducted. Despite the functional diversity associated with the role of COO, there are some common functions the COOs usually perform: At the direction of the CEO and board of directors, marshalling limited resources to the most productive uses with the aim of creating maximum value for the company's stakeholders Developing and cascading the organization's strategy/mission statement to the lower-ranking staff, and implementing appropriate rewards/recognition and coaching or corrective practices to align personnel with company goals Planning by prioritizing customer, employee, and organizational requirements Maintaining and monitoring staffing, levels, knowledge-skills-attributes (KSA), expectations and motivation to fulfill organizational requirements Driving performance measures for the operation (including a consideration of efficiency versus effectiveness), often in the form of dashboards convenient for review of high level key indicators COO as successor Routinely in large organizations the COO will be the heir apparent to the CEO. Individuals may have worked their way (internally) up the company ladder before being named COO, or may have been recruited from an outside company. Either way, the position is used as a training and testing ground for the next CEO. A 2003 Crist Associates study revealed that only 17% of companies that promote a COO to a CEO replace the COO within the next year. An Accenture study found that approximately one in nine COOs moved into the CEO's shoes within a year of their departure and that half of COOs see themselves as the "heir apparent." COOs transitioning into the CEO role often face similar challenges including: Not being automatically granted the luxury of a diagnostic period. Given that they know the company, COOs turned CEOs are often expected to hit the ground running when in actuality they too need to enter diagnostic mode to fully understand their new role and to see the company from a new perspective. Finding time to manage a new key stakeholder: The board. Many COOs turned CEOs are often surprised how time-intensive managing the board of directors can be and must learn to incorporate this important responsibility into an already packed schedule. Being in the spotlight. COOs are used to having the luxury of working "behind the scenes." As CEO, many are surprised to find they have become a "public" figure both inside and outside the organization and must learn how to manage this additional obligation. Recalibrating their image. Often COOs struggle not with the strategy portion of the job itself, but overcoming the perception of other stakeholders that they are an "execution" executive versus a "strategy" executive. As a result, nearly 50% of the S&P 500 companies have opted to appoint a Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) to be a "mini CEO" and as peer to the COO. According to researchers Miles and Bennett, just knowing these common pitfalls can help a COO "heir" better prepare for the transition, thereby avoiding them in totality or ensuring that at least they do not evolve into full derailers once they are in the CEO seat. Relationship with a CEO Because the COO is often responsible for serving as an information conduit to the CEO, it is essential that the relationship between COO and CEO be a positive one. Trust is the most important ingredient necessary for a CEO-COO relationship to thrive. The CEO must have full confidence that the COO is not making direct passes for their job, can get the work done, and shares their vision (rather than using their trusted spot and access to information to undermine the CEO's strategy or implement his/her own vision). When a relationship built upon trust is created between the CEO and COO, firm performance is improved and shareholder results are strengthened. Seven strategies that are key to building trust in the CEO-COO relationship include: Communication—The CEO has to be comfortable sharing information with the COO and regularly communicating the strategy and any changes to it. Similarly, the COO has to be comfortable regularly providing status updates to the CEO. When communication breaks down, mistrust or misunderstanding is likely to mess up. Clear decision rights—The COO role appears to work the best when the roles and responsibilities of the COO have been clearly delineated ahead of time and the COO is allowed to make the final decision within pre-agreed upon scope. Lock on the backdoor—The CEO must not undermine the COO's credibility by continually reversing decisions. When employees learn that they can get a different answer by going directly to the CEO as opposed to the COO, the COO role quickly becomes impotent. Sharing the spotlight—In effective CEO-COO relationships, both parties are comfortable with how much "credit" they receive for their work internally, externally, from the board of directors, and from each other. Fit between CEO and COO—The two individuals must respect each other and effectively partner together. This is not a partnership that can be forced. Fit Between the COO and the position—The selected COO must have the right credentials to carry out the purpose for which the COO role was created (which can include everything from operations expertise to change expertise to having a complementary skill set to the CEO). Transparency of succession expectations and timeline—Both parties must understand whether the COO desires the CEO job, whether the COO is in consideration for the top job, and what the timing might be for such a transition. Relationship with board of directors In addition to having a strong and trusting relationship with the CEO, the COO should also have an effective relationship with the board. A good relationship between COO and the board allows the board to better understand and independently judge a potential successor. A strong relationship between the board and the COO also offers the board an additional expert opinion on the health of the company, and status of key initiatives. It benefits the CEO to allow such a relationship to form because it reflects confidence and fosters transparency. It also reinforces that the CEO is capable of developing talent, and helps the CEO to retain the COO by further empowering the individual. A strong relationship benefits the COOs in that they are able to expand their experience as well as their professional network. Additionally, if they are looking to be the next CEO, it allows them to develop credibility with the board. Researchers advise the COO to go beyond simply presenting at board meetings, to ensure they are developing strong one-on-one relationships with each board director. Researchers also urge the COO to develop his or her own voice, independent of the CEO. Failure in the COO role Any breakdown in trust between the CEO and COO can lead to failure. Additionally, the COO typically has to be a high-level leader who is comfortable being fully in charge. Many executives with the leadership skills necessary to be a top-level COO would prefer to be running their own organization as opposed to taking orders from a CEO. For COOs who are expecting to serve their time and be promoted to the top spot, their timelines for such a move can often be out of sync with the CEO's, causing a breakdown in the relationship. COOs can also find themselves trapped into being labeled an "operations" person or a "number two" as opposed to being seen as a strategic and top-level leader by the board of directors, which causes some executives to steer clear of the position. Harry Levinson effectively summarized the challenges of the COO position: "The relationship between the chief executive officer and the chief operating officer in any organization is fraught with many psychological complexities. Perhaps it is the most difficult of all organizational working relationships because more than others, it is a balancing act on the threshold of power.". Experts and research Nathan Bennett and Stephen A. Miles have researched the role of COOs. Their published works analyse the role and its effectiveness, classify the different types of COOs, and examine relationships between CEOs and COOs. References ^ a b c d e f g h Miles, Stephen A.; Bennett, Nathan (May 2006). "Second in Command: The Misunderstood Role of the Chief Operating Officer". Harvard Business Review. 84 (5). New Haven, Connecticut: Harvard University Business School: 70–79. PMID 16649699. Retrieved 2011-09-24. ^ Bennett, Nate; Miles, Stephen A. (May 1, 2006). "Second in Command: The Misunderstood Role of the Chief Operating Officer". Harvard Business Review. 84 (5). New Haven, Connecticut: Harvard Business School: 70–8, 154. PMID 16649699. ^ "Lloyd and Mark Reuss: Father and Son – Generations of GM". history.gmheritagecenter.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ "CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CASE STUDY----General Motors". Corporate Governance of China. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ "Power Failure". Vanity Fair. July 2002. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. ^ "Naomi Campbell Won't Take 'No' for an Answer". The Observer. March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2017. ^ "Anthony Bianco – Cover Stories". www.ajbianco.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-18. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ Dignan, Larry (November 12, 2002). "Capellas leaves HP | Networks". silicon.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2011. ^ "Guild Companies". IT Jungle. 2002-11-13. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-17. ^ Cox, Damien (September 7, 2012). "Maple Leafs: New era of MLSE intrigue unfolding: Cox". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 8, 2012. ^ "Print Page". New York. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ a b Ward, Vicky (April 2010), "Lehman's Desperate Housewives", Vanity Fair, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Truell, Peter (November 27, 1996). "Pettit Resigns as President Of Lehman Brothers Firm". The New York Times. ^ "He led GM"s quality and lean manufacturing activities as a corporate VP". The Detroit News. 2009-05-02. Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ^ "The Cerberus Takeover of Chrysler". Allpar.com. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ^ "So long, LaSorda". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ "Jim Balsillie resigns amid poor RIM results – Business – CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ^ Riley Kennysmith (2011-07-25). "Research In Motion Cuts 2,000 Jobs, Shuffles Upper Management". Pulse2.com. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ^ "Research In Motion Appoints Chief Operating Officer of Engineering and Manufacturing – Press Releases". Press.blackberry.com. 2001-01-23. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ^ "Frank Wells, Disney's President, Is Killed in a Copter Crash at 62". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 1994-04-05. ^ "Manulife appoints Roy Gori as President". www.newswire.ca. ^ Gerut, Amanda (August 9, 2010), "COOs: A Vanishing Breed" (PDF), Agenda, archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2011, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Marcel, Jeremy J. (2009), "Why top management team characteristics matter when employing a chief operating officer: a strategic contingency perspective", Strategic Management Journal, 30 (6): 647–658, doi:10.1002/smj.763 ^ Case Examining the Molson acquisition of Bavaria in Brazil, archived from the original on 2011-07-10, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Galbraith, Jay R. (October 15, 2009), "Where Have All the COOs Gone?" (PDF), Directorship, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Martin, Justin (August–September 2003), "Rise of the New Breed: The age of the imperial CEO is waning. In its place, a crop of new CEOs – humble, team building, highly communicative – are rising" (PDF), Chief Executive, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ a b c Miles, Stephen A.; Bennett, Nathan (June 2010), "Mastering the move from COO to CEO", Outlook, archived from the original on 2011-09-27, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Menz, Markus; Scheef, Christine (2014). "Chief strategy officers: Contingency analysis of their presence in top management teams". Strategic Management Journal. 35 (3): 461–471. doi:10.1002/smj.2104. ISSN 1097-0266. ^ Bennett, Nathan; Nunes, Paul F. (2008), "Chief Operating Officers: Off to a fast start" (PDF), Outlook (3), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ a b Bennett, Nathan; Miles, Stephen A. (June 13, 2006), "The COO: Friend or Foe?", ChiefExecutive.net, archived from the original on August 2, 2010, retrieved February 8, 2011 ^ a b c Bennett, Nathan; Miles, Stephen A. (November 30, 2007), "Making the Most of COOs", MIT Sloan Management Review, archived from the original on July 21, 2010, retrieved 2011-02-08 ^ Levinson, Harry (1993), "Between CEO and COO", Academy of Management Executive, 7 (2): 71–83, JSTOR 4165123 ^ Miles, Stephen A.; Nathan Bennett (2006). Riding shotgun: the role of the COO. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Business Books. ISBN 978-0-8047-5166-7. Further reading Bennett, Nathan; Stephen A. Miles (2006). Riding Shotgun: The Role of the COO. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5166-7. Turner, Antony (June 30, 2020). COO Playbook: "Vision without action is a daydream". ASIN B08C5CL3HZ. vteCorporate titlesChief officers Accessibility Administrative Analytics Audit Brand Business Channel Commercial Communications Compliance Content Creative Data Design Digital Diversity Executive Experience Financial Gaming Human resources Information Information security Innovation Investment Knowledge Learning Legal Marketing Medical Merchandising Networking Operating Privacy Procurement Product Research Restructuring Revenue Risk Science Security Solutions Strategy Sustainability Technology Visionary Web Senior executives Chairperson Creative director Development director General counsel Executive director Non-executive director President Representative director Vice president Mid-level executives Manager General manager Account manager Supervisor Product manager Foreman Related topics Board of directors Corporate governance Executive compensation List of business and finance abbreviations Senior management Supervisory board Talent management

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_executive"},{"link_name":"operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_operations"},{"link_name":"second-in-command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-in-command"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"}],"text":"A chief operating officer (COO) (or chief operations officer) is an executive in charge of the daily operations of an organization (i.e. personnel, resources, and logistics). COOs are usually second-in-command immediately after the CEO, and reports directly to them and acts on their behalf in their absence.A COO is usually voted in by shareholders or appointed by the board of directors.","title":"Chief operating officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-suite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unlike other C-suite positions, which tend to be defined according to commonly designated responsibilities across most companies, a COO's job tends to be defined in relation to the specific CEO with whom they work, given the close working relationship of these two individuals.[1]The selection of a COO is similar in many ways to the selection of a vice president or chief of staff of the United States: power and responsibility structures vary in government and private regimes depending on the style and needs of the president or CEO. Thus, the COO role meets individual expectations and changes as leadership teams adjust.[1]The COO position is common in firms that are operationally intensive, such as airline and automotive industries.[2]","title":"Responsibilities and similar titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Stempel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Stempel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Parsons"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"Gerald Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Levin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Capellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Capellas"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Compaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bear Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"James Cayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cayne"},{"link_name":"Tom Anselmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Anselmi"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Sports_%26_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Richard Peddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peddie"},{"link_name":"Tim Leiweke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Leiweke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Fuld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fuld"},{"link_name":"Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bart McDade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_McDade"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward2010-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truell-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. LaSorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._LaSorda"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz"},{"link_name":"Cerberus Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus_Capital"},{"link_name":"Bob Nardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Nardelli"},{"link_name":"Jim Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Press"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-detnews.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"leveraged buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveraged_buyout"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Research in Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_in_Motion"},{"link_name":"Thorsten Heins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsten_Heins"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Ron W. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_W._Miller"},{"link_name":"Frank Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wells"},{"link_name":"Michael Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Michael Ovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ovitz"},{"link_name":"Bob Iger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger"},{"link_name":"Thomas O. Staggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Staggs"},{"link_name":"Manulife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manulife"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group"},{"link_name":"chief economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Chief_Economist"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"In a similar vein to the COO, the title of corporate president as a separate position (as opposed to being combined with a \"C-suite\" designation, such as \"president and CEO\" or \"president and COO\") is also loosely defined. The president is usually the legally recognized highest rank of corporate officer, ranking above the various vice presidents (including senior vice president and executive vice president), but on its own generally considered subordinate, in practice, to the CEO.Lloyd E. Reuss was president of General Motors from 1990 to 1992, as the right-hand man of chairman and CEO Robert C. Stempel.[3] Stempel insisted on naming Reuss as company president in charge of North American operations, the board reluctantly agreed but showed their displeasure by not giving Reuss the title of COO.[4]Richard D. Parsons was number two in the company hierarchy during his tenure as president of Time Warner from 1995 to 2001, but he had no authority over the operating divisions, and instead took on assignments at the behest of chairman and CEO Gerald Levin.[5][6][7]Michael Capellas was appointed president of Hewlett-Packard in order to ease its acquisition and integration of Compaq, where Capellas was previously chairman and CEO. Capellas ended up serving just six months as HP president before departing. His former role of president was not filled as the executives who reported to him then reported directly to the CEO.[8][9]In 2007, the investment banking firms of Bear Stearns and Morgan Stanley each had two presidents (Warren Spector and Alan Schwartz at Bear, Robert Scully and Zoe Cruz at Morgan) reporting to one CEO (who was also chairman of the board); each president was essentially a co-COO (despite the lack of title) overseeing half of the firm's business divisions. Schwartz became sole president of Bear after Spector was ousted, and several months later assumed the position of CEO as well when James Cayne was forced to resign (Cayne remained chairman).Tom Anselmi of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment was chief operating officer from 2004 until September 6, 2013. Between the departure of Richard Peddie and the hiring of Tim Leiweke for the posts of president and CEO, Anselmi added the title of president from September 4, 2012, to June 30, 2013, however he remained COO and did not receive the title of CEO.[10]Richard Fuld, the chairman and CEO of Lehman Brothers, had a succession of \"number twos\" under him, usually titled as president and chief operating officer. Chris Pettit was Fuld's second-in-command for two decades until November 26, 1996, when he resigned as president and board member. Pettit lost a power struggle with his deputies (Steve Lessing, Tom Tucker, and Joseph M. Gregory) on March 15 that year that caused him to relinquish its COO title, likely brought about after the three men found about Pettit's extramarital affairs, which violated Fuld's unwritten rules on marriage and social etiquette. Bradley Jack and Joseph M. Gregory were appointed co-COOs in 2002, but Jack was demoted to the office of the chairman in May 2004 and departed in June 2005 with a severance package of $80 million, making Gregory the sole COO. While Fuld was considered the \"face\" of Lehman brothers, Gregory was in charge of day-to-day operations and he influenced culture to drive the bottom line.[11] Gregory was demoted on June 12, 2008, and replaced as president and COO by Bart McDade, who had been serving as head of Equities, and McDade would see Lehman through bankruptcy.[12][13]Thomas W. LaSorda served as president and CEO of Chrysler from January 1, 2006, to August 5, 2007, while Chrysler was owned by Daimler-Benz. When Cerberus Capital bought majority control of Chrysler, Bob Nardelli was appointed chairman and CEO of Chrysler, while LaSorda became vice chairman and president. Despite the appointment of a second vice chairman and president, Jim Press, LaSorda stayed on.[14][15] LaSorda's titles as vice chairman and president officially stated that he was in charge of manufacturing, procurement and supply, employee relations, global business development and alliances. However, LaSorda's actual role was to find a new partner or buyer for Chrysler, leading to speculation that Cerberus Capital was less interested in rebuilding the auto manufacturer than it was to turning profit though a leveraged buyout.[16]Research in Motion's corporate structure had more than one COO, including Jim Rowan as chief operating officer for global operations, and Thorsten Heins as COO of products and sales.[17][18][19]The Walt Disney Company has used the president and COO titles in varied ways for their number two executive. Ron W. Miller was president from 1978 to 1984, while serving additionally as CEO for 18 months from 1983 to 1984. Frank Wells was president from 1984 to 1994, where he reported to the board of directors and not chairman and CEO Michael Eisner. When Wells died in a helicopter crash,[20] no replacement president was named as his duties were resumed by Eisner. Michael Ovitz was president from 1995 to 1997, being hired by Eisner and then dismissed not long afterwards. Bob Iger was president and COO from 2000 to 2005, when he succeeded Eisner as CEO. Thomas O. Staggs was COO from 2015 to 2016, during that time the senior executive team had a dual reporting structure to both Staggs and Iger; Staggs resigned after the board did not give him assurances that he would succeed as CEO.Manulife has used the president and COO titles for separate roles. From June 5 until September 30, 2017, Rocco \"Roy\" Gori served as president where he oversaw Manulife's global operating businesses, with his subordinates being the general managers of the Canadian, U.S., and Asia Divisions, and the chief investment officer. Gori reported to chief executive officer Donald Guloien before additionally assuming the title of CEO on October 1, 2017, upon Guloien's retirement. Linda Mantia, the chief operating officer, reported to the president on corporate strategy while continuing to report to the CEO on all other matters including corporate development, Analytics, Technology, Marketing, Innovation, human resources, regulatory and public affairs, global resourcing and procurement, and the global program office.[21]At the World Bank, the president outranks the other executives including the CEO and chief economist.","title":"Responsibilities and similar titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerut2010-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcel2009-23"},{"link_name":"CEO succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO_succession"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"}],"sub_title":"Current situation","text":"Most modern companies operate without a COO. For example, in 2007 almost 58% of Fortune 500 companies did not have a COO.[22] In these instances the CEO either takes on more roles and responsibilities, or the roles traditionally assigned to the COO are carried out by sub C-suite executives. Although the number of COOs has been in decline for the past 10 years, there are reasons to anticipate an increased utilization of the position in the future, including:Companies are becoming larger and more complex, making it more difficult for one person alone to have total oversight over the whole organization.[1]\nCompanies are finding a strong relationship between firm performance and the presence of a COO.[23]\nCompanies are becoming more deliberate about CEO succession planning and will use the role to on-board and train successors.[1]\nThe increase in talent mobility means that the role will likely be used more often as a retention mechanism for key executives who are at risk of moving to a competitor.[1]","title":"Responsibilities and similar titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward2010-12"},{"link_name":"Molson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molson-24"},{"link_name":"manufacturing sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_sector"},{"link_name":"operations management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_management"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)"},{"link_name":"business operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_operations"},{"link_name":"management of resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_management"},{"link_name":"distribution of goods and services to customers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management"}],"text":"The role of the COO differs from industry to industry and from organization to organization. Some organizations function without a COO. Others may have two COOs, each assigned to oversee several business lines or divisions, such as Lehman Brothers from 2002 to 2004 when Bradley Jack and Joseph M. Gregory were the co-COOs.[12] A COO could also be brought in from other organizations as a \"fixer\", such as Daniel J. O'Neill who in 1999 joined Molson in that capacity.[24]In the manufacturing sector, the primary role of the COO is routinely one of operations management, meaning that the COO is responsible for the development, design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm's products. The COO is responsible for ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective and that the proper management of resources, distribution of goods and services to customers and analysis of queue systems is conducted.Despite the functional diversity associated with the role of COO, there are some common functions the COOs usually perform:At the direction of the CEO and board of directors, marshalling limited resources to the most productive uses with the aim of creating maximum value for the company's stakeholders\nDeveloping and cascading the organization's strategy/mission statement to the lower-ranking staff, and implementing appropriate rewards/recognition and coaching or corrective practices to align personnel with company goals\nPlanning by prioritizing customer, employee, and organizational requirements\nMaintaining and monitoring staffing, levels, knowledge-skills-attributes (KSA), expectations and motivation to fulfill organizational requirements\nDriving performance measures for the operation (including a consideration of efficiency versus effectiveness), often in the form of dashboards convenient for review of high level key indicators","title":"Roles and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galbraith2009-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2003-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2010-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2010-27"},{"link_name":"Chief Strategy Officer (CSO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2010-27"}],"sub_title":"COO as successor","text":"Routinely in large organizations the COO will be the heir apparent to the CEO.[25] Individuals may have worked their way (internally) up the company ladder before being named COO, or may have been recruited from an outside company. Either way, the position is used as a training and testing ground for the next CEO.A 2003 Crist Associates study revealed that only 17% of companies that promote a COO to a CEO replace the COO within the next year.[26]An Accenture study found that approximately one in nine COOs moved into the CEO's shoes within a year of their departure and that half of COOs see themselves as the \"heir apparent.\"[27] COOs transitioning into the CEO role often face similar challenges including:Not being automatically granted the luxury of a diagnostic period. Given that they know the company, COOs turned CEOs are often expected to hit the ground running when in actuality they too need to enter diagnostic mode to fully understand their new role and to see the company from a new perspective.\nFinding time to manage a new key stakeholder: The board. Many COOs turned CEOs are often surprised how time-intensive managing the board of directors can be and must learn to incorporate this important responsibility into an already packed schedule.\nBeing in the spotlight. COOs are used to having the luxury of working \"behind the scenes.\" As CEO, many are surprised to find they have become a \"public\" figure both inside and outside the organization and must learn how to manage this additional obligation.\nRecalibrating their image. Often COOs struggle not with the strategy portion of the job itself, but overcoming the perception of other stakeholders that they are an \"execution\" executive versus a \"strategy\" executive.[27] As a result, nearly 50% of the S&P 500 companies have opted to appoint a Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) to be a \"mini CEO\" and as peer to the COO.[28]According to researchers Miles and Bennett, just knowing these common pitfalls can help a COO \"heir\" better prepare for the transition, thereby avoiding them in totality or ensuring that at least they do not evolve into full derailers once they are in the CEO seat.[27]","title":"Roles and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennett2008-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2006-30"}],"text":"Because the COO is often responsible for serving as an information conduit to the CEO, it is essential that the relationship between COO and CEO be a positive one.[29] Trust is the most important ingredient necessary for a CEO-COO relationship to thrive. The CEO must have full confidence that the COO is not making direct passes for their job, can get the work done, and shares their vision (rather than using their trusted spot and access to information to undermine the CEO's strategy or implement his/her own vision). When a relationship built upon trust is created between the CEO and COO, firm performance is improved and shareholder results are strengthened. Seven strategies that are key to building trust in the CEO-COO relationship include:[1][30]Communication—The CEO has to be comfortable sharing information with the COO and regularly communicating the strategy and any changes to it. Similarly, the COO has to be comfortable regularly providing status updates to the CEO. When communication breaks down, mistrust or misunderstanding is likely to mess up.\nClear decision rights—The COO role appears to work the best when the roles and responsibilities of the COO have been clearly delineated ahead of time and the COO is allowed to make the final decision within pre-agreed upon scope.\nLock on the backdoor—The CEO must not undermine the COO's credibility by continually reversing decisions. When employees learn that they can get a different answer by going directly to the CEO as opposed to the COO, the COO role quickly becomes impotent.\nSharing the spotlight—In effective CEO-COO relationships, both parties are comfortable with how much \"credit\" they receive for their work internally, externally, from the board of directors, and from each other.\nFit between CEO and COO—The two individuals must respect each other and effectively partner together. This is not a partnership that can be forced.\nFit Between the COO and the position—The selected COO must have the right credentials to carry out the purpose for which the COO role was created (which can include everything from operations expertise to change expertise to having a complementary skill set to the CEO).\nTransparency of succession expectations and timeline—Both parties must understand whether the COO desires the CEO job, whether the COO is in consideration for the top job, and what the timing might be for such a transition.","title":"Relationship with a CEO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2007-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2007-31"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"In addition to having a strong and trusting relationship with the CEO, the COO should also have an effective relationship with the board.[31] A good relationship between COO and the board allows the board to better understand and independently judge a potential successor. A strong relationship between the board and the COO also offers the board an additional expert opinion on the health of the company, and status of key initiatives. It benefits the CEO to allow such a relationship to form because it reflects confidence and fosters transparency. It also reinforces that the CEO is capable of developing talent, and helps the CEO to retain the COO by further empowering the individual. A strong relationship benefits the COOs in that they are able to expand their experience as well as their professional network. Additionally, if they are looking to be the next CEO, it allows them to develop credibility with the board. Researchers advise the COO to go beyond simply presenting at board meetings, to ensure they are developing strong one-on-one relationships with each board director.[31] Researchers[who?] also urge the COO to develop his or her own voice, independent of the CEO.","title":"Relationship with board of directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson1993-32"}],"text":"Any breakdown in trust between the CEO and COO can lead to failure. Additionally, the COO typically has to be a high-level leader who is comfortable being fully in charge. Many executives with the leadership skills necessary to be a top-level COO would prefer to be running their own organization as opposed to taking orders from a CEO. For COOs who are expecting to serve their time and be promoted to the top spot, their timelines for such a move can often be out of sync with the CEO's, causing a breakdown in the relationship. COOs can also find themselves trapped into being labeled an \"operations\" person or a \"number two\" as opposed to being seen as a strategic and top-level leader by the board of directors, which causes some executives to steer clear of the position.[1] Harry Levinson effectively summarized the challenges of the COO position: \"The relationship between the chief executive officer and the chief operating officer in any organization is fraught with many psychological complexities. Perhaps it is the most difficult of all organizational working relationships because more than others, it is a balancing act on the threshold of power.\".[32]","title":"Failure in the COO role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen A. Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Miles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbr2006-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2006-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2007-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shotgun-33"}],"text":"Nathan Bennett and Stephen A. Miles have researched the role of COOs.[1] Their published works analyse the role and its effectiveness, classify the different types of COOs, and examine relationships between CEOs and COOs.[30][31][33]","title":"Experts and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen A. Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Miles"},{"link_name":"Riding Shotgun: The Role of the COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ridingshotgunrol00benn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-5166-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5166-7"},{"link_name":"COO Playbook: \"Vision without action is a daydream\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/COO-Playbook-Vision-without-daydream-ebook/dp/B08C5CL3HZ"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B08C5CL3HZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B08C5CL3HZ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"Corporate titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_title"},{"link_name":"Accessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_accessibility_officer"},{"link_name":"Administrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer"},{"link_name":"Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_analytics_officer"},{"link_name":"Audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_audit_executive"},{"link_name":"Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_brand_officer"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_business_officer"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_channel_officer"},{"link_name":"Commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_commercial_officer"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_officer"},{"link_name":"Compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer"},{"link_name":"Content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_content_officer"},{"link_name":"Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_creative_officer"},{"link_name":"Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_data_officer"},{"link_name":"Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_design_officer"},{"link_name":"Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_digital_officer"},{"link_name":"Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer"},{"link_name":"Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_experience_officer"},{"link_name":"Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer"},{"link_name":"Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_gaming_officer"},{"link_name":"Human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer"},{"link_name":"Information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_security_officer"},{"link_name":"Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer"},{"link_name":"Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_investment_officer"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_knowledge_officer"},{"link_name":"Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_learning_officer"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_counsel"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer"},{"link_name":"Medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer"},{"link_name":"Merchandising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_merchandising_officer"},{"link_name":"Networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_networking_officer"},{"link_name":"Operating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_privacy_officer"},{"link_name":"Procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer"},{"link_name":"Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_product_officer"},{"link_name":"Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_research_officer"},{"link_name":"Restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_restructuring_officer"},{"link_name":"Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_revenue_officer"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_risk_officer"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_scientific_officer"},{"link_name":"Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_security_officer"},{"link_name":"Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_solutions_officer"},{"link_name":"Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer"},{"link_name":"Sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_sustainability_officer"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"},{"link_name":"Visionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_visionary_officer"},{"link_name":"Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_web_officer"},{"link_name":"Chairperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson"},{"link_name":"Creative director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_director"},{"link_name":"Development director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_director"},{"link_name":"General counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_counsel"},{"link_name":"Executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_director"},{"link_name":"Non-executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-executive_director"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Representative director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"General manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Account manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_manager"},{"link_name":"Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Product manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_manager"},{"link_name":"Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"Executive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_compensation"},{"link_name":"List of business and finance abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Senior management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_management"},{"link_name":"Supervisory board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_board"},{"link_name":"Talent management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_management"}],"text":"Bennett, Nathan; Stephen A. Miles (2006). Riding Shotgun: The Role of the COO. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5166-7.\nTurner, Antony (June 30, 2020). COO Playbook: \"Vision without action is a daydream\". ASIN B08C5CL3HZ.vteCorporate titlesChief officers\nAccessibility\nAdministrative\nAnalytics\nAudit\nBrand\nBusiness\nChannel\nCommercial\nCommunications\nCompliance\nContent\nCreative\nData\nDesign\nDigital\nDiversity\nExecutive\nExperience\nFinancial\nGaming\nHuman resources\nInformation\nInformation security\nInnovation\nInvestment\nKnowledge\nLearning\nLegal\nMarketing\nMedical\nMerchandising\nNetworking\nOperating\nPrivacy\nProcurement\nProduct\nResearch\nRestructuring\nRevenue\nRisk\nScience\nSecurity\nSolutions\nStrategy\nSustainability\nTechnology\nVisionary\nWeb\nSenior executives\nChairperson\nCreative director\nDevelopment director\nGeneral counsel\nExecutive director\nNon-executive director\nPresident\nRepresentative director\nVice president\nMid-level executives\nManager\nGeneral manager\nAccount manager\nSupervisor\nProduct manager\nForeman\nRelated topics\nBoard of directors\nCorporate governance\nExecutive compensation\nList of business and finance abbreviations\nSenior management\nSupervisory board\nTalent management","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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(2008), \"Chief Operating Officers: Off to a fast start\" (PDF), Outlook (3), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27, retrieved 2011-02-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927161016/http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/OutlookPDF_COO_03.pdf","url_text":"\"Chief Operating Officers: Off to a fast start\""},{"url":"http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/OutlookPDF_COO_03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Nathan; Miles, Stephen A. (June 13, 2006), \"The COO: Friend or Foe?\", ChiefExecutive.net, archived from the original on August 2, 2010, retrieved February 8, 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100802015944/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=AE18E51872A048FD971322CA78CF2945","url_text":"\"The COO: Friend or Foe?\""},{"url":"http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=AE18E51872A048FD971322CA78CF2945","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Nathan; Miles, Stephen A. (November 30, 2007), \"Making the Most of COOs\", MIT Sloan Management Review, archived from the original on July 21, 2010, retrieved 2011-02-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721012849/http://sloanreview.mit.edu/executive-adviser/articles/2007/6/4969/making-the-most-of-coos/","url_text":"\"Making the Most of COOs\""},{"url":"http://sloanreview.mit.edu/executive-adviser/articles/2007/6/4969/making-the-most-of-coos/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levinson, Harry (1993), \"Between CEO and COO\", Academy of Management Executive, 7 (2): 71–83, JSTOR 4165123","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165123","url_text":"4165123"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Stephen A.; Nathan Bennett (2006). Riding shotgun: the role of the COO. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Business Books. 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ASIN B08C5CL3HZ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/COO-Playbook-Vision-without-daydream-ebook/dp/B08C5CL3HZ","url_text":"COO Playbook: \"Vision without action is a daydream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08C5CL3HZ","url_text":"B08C5CL3HZ"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E7_m2

Orders of magnitude (area)

["1 10−70 to 10−9 square metres","2 10−8 to 10−1 square metres","3 100 to 107 square metres","4 108 to 1014 square metres","5 1015 to 1026 square metres","6 1027 square metres and larger","7 See also","8 References"]

Comparison of a wide range of areas Image comparing various units: square mile (the entire yellow square), square kilometre, hectare and acre, as well as a soccer field and a Manhattan block.An area of one square kilometre consists of 100 hectares each containing 10,000 square metres. This page is a progressive and labelled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects. 10−70 to 10−9 square metres List of orders of magnitude for area 10−70 to 10−9 square metres Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 10−70   2.6×10−70 m2 Planck area, G ℏ c 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {G\hbar }{c^{3}}}} 10−60 1 square quectometre 10−54 1 square rontometre 10−52   100 rm2 1 shed 10−48 1 square yoctometre (ym2)  1 ym2   10−43   100,000 ym2 1 femtobarn 10−42 1 square zeptometre (zm2)  1 zm2   10−36 1 square attometre (am2)  1 am2   10−30 1 square femtometre (fm2)  1 fm2   10−29   66.52 fm2 Thomson cross-section of the electron 10−28   100 fm2 1 barn, roughly the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus 10−24 1 square picometre (pm2)  1 pm2   10−20 1 square angstrom (Å2)  10,000 pm2   10−19 100,000 pm2 Area of a lipid bilayer, per molecule 75,000–260,000 pm2 Surface area of the 20 standard amino acids 10−18 1 square nanometre (nm2)  1 nm2   10−16 100 nm2 Globular proteins: solvent-accessible surface area of a typical globular protein, having a typical molecular mass of ~35000 u (quite variable) 10−14 17,000 nm2 Cross-sectional area of a nuclear pore complex in vertebrates 10−12 1 square micrometre (μm2) 6 μm2 Surface area of an E. coli bacterium 10−10   100 μm2 Surface area of a red blood cell 10−9   6,000–110,000 μm2 Range of common LCD screen pixel sizes   7,000 μm2 Area of a dot printed using 300 dots per inch resolution   8,000 μm2 Cross-sectional area of a straight human hair that is 100 μm in diameter 10−8 to 10−1 square metres List of orders of magnitude for areas 10−8 to 10−1 square metres Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 10−8   55,000 μm2 Size of a pixel on a typical modern computer display 10−7   2-400,000 μm2 Cross-sectional area of a mechanical pencil lead (0.5-0.7 mm in diameter) 10−6 1 square millimetre (mm2) 1–2 mm2 Area of a human fovea 2 mm2 Area of the head of a pin 10−5   30–50 mm2 Area of a 6–8 mm hole punched in a piece of paper by a hole punch 10−4 1 square centimetre (cm2) 290 mm2 Area of one side of a U.S. penny 500 mm2 Area of a typical postage stamp 10−3   1,100 mm2 Area of a human retina 4,600 mm2 Area of the face of a credit card 4,800 mm2 Largest side of a cigarette box 10−2 1 square decimetre (dm2) 10,000 mm2 Index card (3 × 5 inches) 60,000 mm2 American letter paper (11 × 8.5 inches, "A" size) 62,370 mm2 International A4 paper (210 × 297 mm) 92,903 mm2 1 square foot 10−1   125,000 mm2 International A3 paper (297 × 420 mm) 180,000 mm2 Surface area of a basketball (diameter 24 cm) 250,000 mm2 International A2 paper (420 × 594 mm) 500,000 mm2 International A1 paper (594 × 841 mm) 100 to 107 square metres List of orders of magnitude for areas 100 to 107 square metres. Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 100 1 square metre 1 m2 International A0 paper (841 × 1189 mm) 1.73 m2 A number commonly used as the average body surface area of a human 1–4 m2 Area of the top of an office desk 101   10–20 m2 A parking space 70 m2 Approximate surface area of a human lung 102 1 square decametre (dam2) 100 m2 One are (a) 162 m2 Size of a volleyball court (18 × 9 metres) 202 m2 Floor area of a median suburban three-bedroom house in the US in 2010: 2,169 sq ft (201.5 m2) 261 m2 Size of a tennis court 437 m2 Size of an NBA/WNBA/NCAA basketball court 845 m2 Wing area of Airbus A380, the largest commercial airliner 978 m2 Size of the primary mirror of the Extremely Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the world (under construction) 103 1 kilo square meter k(m2) 1,000 m2 Surface area of a modern stremma or dunam 1,250 m2 Surface area of the water in an Olympic-size swimming pool 4,047 m2 1 acre 5,400 m2 Size of an American football field 7,140 m2 Size of a typical football (soccer) field 104 1 square hectometre (hm2) 10,000 m2 1 hectare (ha) 17,000 m2 Approximate area of a cricket field (theoretical limits: 6,402 m2 to 21,273 m2) 22,100 m2 Area of a Manhattan city block 53,000 m2 Base of the Great Pyramid of Giza 105   195,000 m2 Irish National Botanic Gardens 490,000 m2 Vatican City 600,000 m2 Total floor area of the Pentagon 887,800 m2 AvtoVAZ main assembly building, Tolyatti, Russia (largest building by footprint) 106 1 mega square meter M(m2) 1 square kilometre (km2) 1.76 km2 New Century Global Center, Chengdu, China (largest building by total floor area) 2 km2 Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area) 2.59 km2 1 square mile 2.9 km2 City of London (not all of modern London) 107   59.5 km2 Manhattan Island (land area) 61 km2 San Marino 108 to 1014 square metres Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 108   105 km2 Paris (inner city only) 110 km2 Walt Disney World 272 km2 Taipei City 630 km2 Toronto 109 1 giga square meter G(m2) 1100 km2 Hong Kong 1290 km2 Los Angeles, California, United States (city) 1962 km2 Jacksonville, Florida; largest city in the Continental US 2188 km2 Tokyo 3,130 km2 Average area of an American county 5780 km2 Administrative area of Bali 8030 km2 Community of Madrid, Spain 1010   11,000 km2 Jamaica 30,528 km2 Belgium 68,870 km2 Lake Victoria 84,000 km2 Austria 1011   100,000 km2 South Korea 167,996 km2 Jiuquan in China 232,000 km2 Total area covered by underwater search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (including both 2014-2017 and 2018 searches) 238,397 Romania 301,338 km2 Italy 357,000 km2 Germany 377,900 km2 Japan 510,000 km2 Spain 780,000 km2 Turkey 1012 1 tera square meter T(m2) 1 square megametre (Mm2) 1.0 Mm2 Egypt (country ranked 29th by area) 2 Mm2 Mexico 3.10 Mm2 Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in Russia (largest subnational governing body) 5 Mm2 Largest extent of the Roman Empire 7.74 Mm2 Australia (country ranked 6th by area) 8.5 Mm2 Brazil 9.5 Mm2 China/ United States of America 1013   10 Mm2 Canada (including water) 14 Mm2 Antarctica 14 Mm2 Arable land worldwide 16.6 Mm2 Surface area of Pluto 17 Mm2 Russia (country ranked 1st by area) 30 Mm2 Africa 35.5 Mm2 Largest extent of the British Empire 38 Mm2 Surface area of the Moon 77 Mm2 Atlantic Ocean 1014   144 Mm2 Surface area of Mars 150 Mm2 Land area of Earth 156 Mm2 Pacific Ocean 360 Mm2 Water area of Earth 510 Mm2 Total surface area of Earth 1015 to 1026 square metres List of orders of magnitude for areas 1015 to 1026 square metres. Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 1015 1 peta square meter P(m2) 1,000 Mm2 Surface area of the white dwarf, Van Maanen's star 7,600 Mm2 Surface area of Neptune 1016   43,000 Mm2 Surface area of Saturn 61 000 Mm2 Surface area of Jupiter, the "surface" area of the spheroid (calculated from the mean radius as reported by NASA). The cross-sectional area of Jupiter, which is the same as the "circle" of Jupiter seen by an approaching spacecraft, is almost exactly one quarter the surface-area of the overall sphere, which in the case of Jupiter is approximately 1.535×1016 m2. 1017   2-600 000 Mm2 Surface area of the brown dwarf CT Chamaeleontis B. 460,000 Mm2 Area swept by the Moon's orbit of Earth 1018 1 square gigametre (Gm2) 6.1 Gm2 Surface area of the Sun 1019   30 Gm2 Surface area of the star Vega 1020    100 Gm2   1021 1 zetta square meter Z(m2) 1 000 Gm2 1022   11 000 Gm2 Area swept by Mercury's orbit around the Sun 37 000 Gm2 Area swept by Venus' orbit around the Sun 71 000 Gm2 Area swept by Earth's orbit around the Sun 1023   160 000 Gm2 Area swept by Mars' orbit around the Sun 281 000 Gm2 Surface area of a Dyson sphere with a radius of 1 AU 1024 1 yotta square meter (m2) 1 square terametre (Tm2) 1.9 Tm2 Area swept by Jupiter's orbit around the Sun 6.4 Tm2 Area swept by Saturn's orbit around the Sun 8.5 Tm2 Surface area of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse 1025   24 Tm2 Surface area of the hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris 26 Tm2 Area swept by Uranus' orbit around the Sun 64 Tm2 Area swept by Neptune's orbit around the Sun 1026   110 Tm2 Area swept by Pluto's orbit around the Sun 1027 square metres and larger List of orders of magnitude for areas 1027 square metres and larger. Factor (m2) Multiple Value Item 1030 1 square petametre (Pm2) 1031 10 Pm2 1032 200 Pm2 Roughly the surface area of an Oort Cloud 300 Pm2 Roughly the surface area of a Bok globule 1033 1 000 Pm2 1034 30 000 Pm2 Roughly the surface area of The Bubble nebula 1035 100 000 Pm2 1036 1 square exametre (Em2) ... 1041 700 000 Em2 Roughly the area of Milky Way's galactic disk 1042 1 square zettametre (Zm2) ... 1048 1 square yottametre (Ym2) 1054 1 square ronnametre (Rm2) 2.4 Rm2 Surface area of the observable universe See also Orders of magnitude List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area References ^ Calculated: square of the Planck length = (1.62e-35 m)^2 = 2.6e-70 m^2 ^ Russ Rowlett (September 1, 2004). "Units: S". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2011-10-25. ^ "Femtobarn". CERN writing guidelines. CERN. Retrieved 2015-10-22. ^ Eric W. Weisstein. "Thomson Cross Section". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2015-10-22. ^ "Other non-SI units". SI brochure. BIPM. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2011-10-25. ^ ""Rule of thumb" for the area per molecule in lipid bilayer". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09. ^ "Individual Properties of the 20 Standard Amino Acids: Properties and Images". The Amino Acid Repository. Jena Library of Biological Macromolecules. Retrieved 2011-10-10. ^ Janin, J. E. L. (1979). "Surface and inside volumes in globular proteins". Nature. 277 (5696): 491–492. Bibcode:1979Natur.277..491J. doi:10.1038/277491a0. PMID 763335. S2CID 4338901. ^ "The Nuclear Pore Complex". UIUC Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. Retrieved 2011-10-14. ^ "E. coli Statistics". The CyberCell Database. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-09-11. ^ Marcelli, Gianluca; Parker, Kim H.; Winlove, C. Peter (2005). "Thermal Fluctuations of Red Blood Cell Membrane via a Constant-Area Particle-Dynamics Model". Biophysical Journal. 89 (4): 2473–2480. Bibcode:2005BpJ....89.2473M. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.056168. PMC 1366746. PMID 16055528. ^ Calculated: Smallest and largest common pitches were 77 micrometers and 337 micrometers. (77e-6 m)^2 ~= 6e-9 m^2. (337e-6 m)^2 ~= 114e-9 m^2 ~= 110e-9 m^2 ^ Calculated: (300 dots per inch / 2.54e-2 m/inch)^(-2) = 7.2e-9 m^2 ^ "Hair Fiber Composition". Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ Calculated: 100 μm in diameter => pi * ((1e-4 m)/2)**2 = 7.9e-9 m^2 ^ Calculated: pi * (0.5mm/2)^2 = 2.0e-7 m^2 and pi * (0.7mm/2)^2 = 3.8e-7 m^2) ^ "Part XIII: Facts and Figures concerning the human retina". Webvision. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-09-28. ^ Calculated: ((6e-3 m)/2)**2 * pi = 2.8e-5 m^2 and ((8e-3 m)/2)**2 * pi = 5.0e-5 m^2 ^ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. Retrieved 2011-12-28. ^ Calculated: area = pi * diameter^2 / 4 = 3.14 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 = 2.850e-4 m^2 ^ Taylor, Enid; Jennings, Alan (1971). "Calculation of total retinal area". Br. J. Ophthalmol. 55 (4): 262–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.55.4.262. PMC 1208280. PMID 5572268. ^ "Credit Card Dimensions". Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ Calculated: 3 inches * 5 inches * (2.54e-2 m/inch)^2 = 9.7e-3 m^2 ~= 0.01 m^2 ^ Calculated: 1 foot * 1 foot * (0.3048 meters / foot)^2 = 0.092.90304 m^2 ^ "Rules of the Game". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ Calculated: 29.5-29.75 inch circumference * 2.54 cm / in = 23.85-24.05 cm diameter => radius = 0.119-0.120 m => Area = 4 * pi * (0.119 m)^2 = 0.18 m^2 ^ Sacco, Joseph J.; Botten, Joanne; Macbeth, Fergus; Bagust, Adrian; Clark, Peter (2010). "The Average Body Surface Area of Adult Cancer Patients in the UK: A Multicentre Retrospective Study". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8933. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8933S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008933. PMC 2812484. PMID 20126669. ^ Notter, Robert H. (2000). Lung surfactants: basic science and clinical applications. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. p. 120. ISBN 0-8247-0401-0. Retrieved 2011-09-27. ^ "Section 1.1" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2011-2012. FIVB. 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-27. The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides. ^ "Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed by Location" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-26. ^ "Area of a Tennis Court". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2011-09-27. ^ Calculated: 4,700 sq ft * (0.3048 ft/m)2 = 436.644288 m2 ^ "A380 Prestige Specifications" (PDF). Airbus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2016. ^ "Extremely Large Telescope - Timeline". Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ Calculated: 50 m * 25 m = 1250 m^2 ^ "General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). NIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2011-10-28. 4046.87 ^ "What are the Dimensions of a Football Field". Dimensions Guide. Retrieved 2011-10-27. ^ Calculated: 360 feet * 160 feet * (0.3048 m/ft)^2 = 5351 m^2 ~= 5400 m^2 ^ "How Big Is An Olympic Soccer Field?". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 2012-01-04. For the Olympics, fields are supposed to measure exactly 105 meters long and 68 meters wide ^ Calculated: 105 m * 68 m = 7140 m^2 ^ "General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). NIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "AFL Ground Sizes | Passy's World of Mathematics". passyworldofmathematics.com. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-11-12. ^ Greenberg, Ralph. "THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA (Some Elegant Numerical Relationships)". Retrieved 2012-01-04. average length of the four sides is 230.364 meters ^ Calculated: 230.364 m^2 ~= 53068 m^2 ^ Gartland, Fiona. "Valuable lead roofing stolen from Dublin bandstands". Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ "Holy See (Vatican City)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "The Pentagon - George Bergstrom". Great Buildings Online. Retrieved 2011-10-28. Floor area of 6.5 million square feet, 34 acres, 13.8 hectares, of which 3.7 million square feet are used for offices. ^ "Monaco". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ Calculated: 1 mile * 1 mile * (1.61 km / mile)^2 = 2.59 km^2 ^ "Jurisdictions: London". The International Finance Centre Portal. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "New York -- Place and County Subdivision: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density 2000". Census 2000 Summary File 1. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "San Marino". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ "Comparateur de territoire: Commune de Paris (75056)". INSEE. Retrieved 2020-08-26. ^ "Walt Disney World Resort". Disney By The Numb3rs. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2011-10-28. 30,500 acres ^ "Appendix II Statistics". Taipei Yearbook 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts". 2001 Census. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "California by Place: Los Angeles city". US Census. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2011-10-28. 498.29 square miles ^ "Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Land Area (square miles) /1, 2000 in Rank Order". U.S. Census Bureau, Administrative and Customer Services Division, Statistical Compendia Branch. March 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. Retrieved 2010-10-26. ^ "OVERVIEW OF TOKYO". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "Kabupaten Klungkung : Data Agregat per Kecamatan" (PDF). Sp2010.bps.go.id. 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2018. ^ "Jamaica". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Lake Profile: Victoria". World Lakes. LakeNet. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "Austria". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "South Korea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Italy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Germany". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Japan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Spain". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Turkey". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Egypt". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ Rosstat (Russian Statistical Service), 2010 Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine (xls). Retrieved 2012-06-15. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 2016-09-16. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 125. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959. ^ "Australia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "Canada". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Antarctica". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-28. ^ "FAO Resources page". FAO.org. 2010. ^ "Pluto: By the Numbers". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 2015-12-11. ^ "Russia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Map of Africa". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2012-01-04. 30,065,000 sq km ^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 502. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. ^ "Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "The World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean". Central Intelligence Agency. 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ "Mars: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ a b c "The World Factbook: World". Central Intelligence Agency. 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-09-27. ^ "The World Factbook: Pacific Ocean". Central Intelligence Agency. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ "Neptune: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Saturn: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Jupiter: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Sun: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine". www.wolframalpha.com. Retrieved 2016-03-01. vteOrders of magnitudeQuantity Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy / Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume See also Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10 and decades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale Related Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe (2010) Cosmic Eye (2012) Category Portal: Physics

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[{"image_text":"Image comparing various units: square mile (the entire yellow square), square kilometre, hectare and acre, as well as a soccer field and a Manhattan block.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Comparison_of_units_of_area.png/220px-Comparison_of_units_of_area.png"},{"image_text":"An area of one square kilometre consists of 100 hectares each containing 10,000 square metres.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1_km2.svg/220px-1_km2.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Orders of magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude"},{"title":"List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area"}]

[{"reference":"Russ Rowlett (September 1, 2004). \"Units: S\". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.html","url_text":"\"Units: S\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill","url_text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]},{"reference":"\"Femtobarn\". CERN writing guidelines. CERN. Retrieved 2015-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://writing-guidelines.web.cern.ch/entries/femtobarn","url_text":"\"Femtobarn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN","url_text":"CERN"}]},{"reference":"Eric W. Weisstein. \"Thomson Cross Section\". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2015-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ThomsonCrossSection.html","url_text":"\"Thomson Cross Section\""}]},{"reference":"\"Other non-SI units\". SI brochure. BIPM. 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(1979). \"Surface and inside volumes in globular proteins\". Nature. 277 (5696): 491–492. Bibcode:1979Natur.277..491J. doi:10.1038/277491a0. PMID 763335. S2CID 4338901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.277..491J","url_text":"1979Natur.277..491J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F277491a0","url_text":"10.1038/277491a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/763335","url_text":"763335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338901","url_text":"4338901"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nuclear Pore Complex\". UIUC Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. 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J. Ophthalmol. 55 (4): 262–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.55.4.262. PMC 1208280. PMID 5572268.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208280","url_text":"\"Calculation of total retinal area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.55.4.262","url_text":"10.1136/bjo.55.4.262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208280","url_text":"1208280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5572268","url_text":"5572268"}]},{"reference":"\"Credit Card Dimensions\". Retrieved 2011-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dimensionsguide.com/credit-card-dimensions/","url_text":"\"Credit Card Dimensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules of the Game\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027183121/http://www.usabasketball.com/rules/rules.html","url_text":"\"Rules of the Game\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/rules/rules.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sacco, Joseph J.; Botten, Joanne; Macbeth, Fergus; Bagust, Adrian; Clark, Peter (2010). \"The Average Body Surface Area of Adult Cancer Patients in the UK: A Multicentre Retrospective Study\". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8933. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8933S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008933. PMC 2812484. PMID 20126669.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812484","url_text":"\"The Average Body Surface Area of Adult Cancer Patients in the UK: A Multicentre Retrospective Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.8933S","url_text":"2010PLoSO...5.8933S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008933","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0008933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812484","url_text":"2812484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20126669","url_text":"20126669"}]},{"reference":"Notter, Robert H. (2000). Lung surfactants: basic science and clinical applications. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. p. 120. ISBN 0-8247-0401-0. Retrieved 2011-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pAuiWvNHwZcC&q=70&pg=PA120","url_text":"Lung surfactants: basic science and clinical applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-0401-0","url_text":"0-8247-0401-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 1.1\" (PDF). Official Volleyball Rules 2011-2012. FIVB. 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-27. The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/FIVB.2011-2012.VB.RulesOfTheGame.Eng.TextfileOnly.2.1.1.pdf","url_text":"\"Section 1.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB","url_text":"FIVB"}]},{"reference":"\"Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed by Location\" (PDF). 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For the Olympics, fields are supposed to measure exactly 105 meters long and 68 meters wide","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livestrong.com/article/406257-how-big-is-an-olympic-soccer-field/","url_text":"\"How Big Is An Olympic Soccer Field?\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Tables of Units of Measurement\" (PDF). NIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2011-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf","url_text":"\"General Tables of Units of Measurement\""},{"url":"http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFL Ground Sizes | Passy's World of Mathematics\". passyworldofmathematics.com. 11 September 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_II

Severus II

["1 Background and early career","2 Augustus, 306–307","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]

Roman emperor from 306 to 307 This article is about the Roman emperor. For the Syriac Orthodox patriarch, see Severus II bar Masqeh. Severus IIAureus from 306 or 307 depicting SeverusRoman emperor (in the West) Augustus25 July 306 – April 307(with Galerius in the East)PredecessorConstantius ISuccessorMaxentius (de facto)Licinius (de jure)Co-rulerConstantine ICaesar1 May 305 – 25 July 306(under Constantius I)BornFlavius SeverusIllyriaDiedSeptember 307Tres TabernaeIssueFlavius SeverianusNamesFlavius Valerius Severus Flavius Valerius Severus (died September 307), also called Severus II, was a Roman emperor from 306 to 307, and a member of the Tetrarchy. He shared control of the western half of the empire with Constantine I, but spent most of his short reign in a civil war against the usurper Maxentius, who later killed him and took over Italy. Background and early career Severus was of humble birth, born in Northern Illyria around the middle of the third century. A friend of emperor Galerius, he rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army, being nominated as caesar of the Western Roman Empire. According to Lactantius, Diocletian objected to Galerius's suggestion, saying in response, "What! That dancer, that habitual drunkard who turns night into day and day into night?" Galerius persisted, saying that Severus has served faithfully as paymaster and purveyor of the army. Diocletian acquiesced and Severus succeeded to the post of caesar on 1 May 305, thus becoming the junior colleague of Constantius I, augustus of the western half of empire. Augustus, 306–307 When Constantius died in Britain in July 306, his son Constantine I was immediately acclaimed emperor by his soldiers. At the same time, Severus was promoted to augustus by Galerius. Lactantius reports that Galerius had done this to promote the older man to the higher office, while accepting the imperial symbols of Constantine and accepting him as a member of the Tetrarchy, albeit with the rank of caesar. Despite his lower title, Constantine controlled most of the Western empire (Britain, Gaul, and Hispania), leaving Severus with the control of Italy and Western Africa. When Maxentius, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, revolted at Rome in October, Galerius sent Severus to suppress the rebellion. Severus moved towards Rome from his capital, Mediolanum, at the head of an army previously commanded by Maximian. Fearing the arrival of Severus, Maxentius offered Maximian the co-rule of the empire. Maximian accepted, and when Severus arrived under the walls of Rome and besieged it, his men deserted to Maxentius. Severus fled to Ravenna, an impregnable position. Maximian offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably, which he did around April 307. Despite Maximian's assurance, Severus was nonetheless displayed as a captive and later imprisoned at Tres Tabernae, near the current Cisterna di Latina. One belief is that when Galerius himself invaded Italy to suppress Maxentius and Maximian, the former ordered Severus's death. His death probably took place in September or October, as documents with his name where still issued in September, while news of his death already arrived in Egypt by December. Lactantius reports that he was permitted to kill himself by opening his veins. Another belief is that Severus was killed in Ravenna. The position of Western augustus remained oficially vacant until the Conference of Carnuntum of November 308, in which Licinius was appointed as new emperor (although his western domains only consisted of the Balkan Peninsula). Severus was survived by his son Flavius Severianus, but he was later executed by Licinius for treason. References ^ Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . Römische Kaisertabelle (in German). WBG. p. 278. Enumerated after Septimius Severus. ^ a b c d e Michael DiMalo (1998). "Severus II". De Imperatoribus Romanis. ^ a b Aurelius Victor (4th century), Liber de Caesaribus ^ a b c Lactantius (4th century). Lord Hailes (transl.) (2021) On the Deaths of the Persecutors. Evolution Publishing, Merchantville, NJ ISBN 978-1-935228-20-2, pp. 31-47 ^ Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. ^ a b Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0. ^ Barnes 1981, p. 30. ^ Origo Constantini Imperatoris (4th century) ^ Annales Ecclesiastici, vol. 1, pp. 769-770 ^ Barnes 1981, pp. 30–33. ^ Barnes 1981, p. 64. Sources Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. External links Works related to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1, Chapter XIV at Wikisource Media related to Flavius Valerius Severus at Wikimedia Commons Regnal titles Preceded byConstantius I Roman emperor 306–307 With: Galerius Succeeded byLicinius Political offices Preceded byConstantius IGalerius Roman consul 307 With: Maximinus DazaGaleriusMaximianConstantine I Succeeded byDiocletianGaleriusMaxentiusValerius Romulus vteRoman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnantPrincipate27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis235–285 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Dominate284–610 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor) Eugenius Western Empire395–480 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire395–610 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius) Phocas Eastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453 Heraclius Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios) Leo V (w. Constantine) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine) Theodora (II) (w. Thekla) Michael III Basil I (w. Constantine) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher, Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora (III) Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos, Konstantios & Constantine Doukas) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (267–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper Authority control databases International VIAF National Vatican

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He shared control of the western half of the empire with Constantine I, but spent most of his short reign in a civil war against the usurper Maxentius, who later killed him and took over Italy.","title":"Severus II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimalo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abtcs-3"},{"link_name":"Galerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimalo-2"},{"link_name":"caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lactantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactantius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hailes-4"},{"link_name":"Constantius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(title)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimalo-2"}],"text":"Severus was of humble birth, born in Northern Illyria around the middle of the third century.[2][3] A friend of emperor Galerius, he rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army,[2] being nominated as caesar of the Western Roman Empire. According to Lactantius, Diocletian objected to Galerius's suggestion, saying in response, \"What! That dancer, that habitual drunkard who turns night into day and day into night?\" Galerius persisted, saying that Severus has served faithfully as paymaster and purveyor of the army.[4] Diocletian acquiesced and Severus succeeded to the post of caesar on 1 May 305, thus becoming the junior colleague of Constantius I, augustus of the western half of empire.[2]","title":"Background and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(title)"},{"link_name":"Galerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerius"},{"link_name":"Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hailes-4"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italy"},{"link_name":"Western Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Mediolanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimalo-2"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimalo-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Tres Tabernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Tabernae"},{"link_name":"Cisterna di Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_di_Latina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198130-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abtcs-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hailes-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancrom-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Conference of Carnuntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Carnuntum"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198130%E2%80%9333-10"},{"link_name":"Flavius Severianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Severianus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198164-11"}],"text":"When Constantius died in Britain in July 306, his son Constantine I was immediately acclaimed emperor by his soldiers. At the same time, Severus was promoted to augustus by Galerius. Lactantius reports that Galerius had done this to promote the older man to the higher office, while accepting the imperial symbols of Constantine and accepting him as a member of the Tetrarchy, albeit with the rank of caesar.[4] Despite his lower title, Constantine controlled most of the Western empire (Britain, Gaul, and Hispania), leaving Severus with the control of Italy and Western Africa.[5]When Maxentius, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, revolted at Rome in October, Galerius sent Severus to suppress the rebellion. Severus moved towards Rome from his capital, Mediolanum, at the head of an army previously commanded by Maximian.[2] Fearing the arrival of Severus, Maxentius offered Maximian the co-rule of the empire. Maximian accepted, and when Severus arrived under the walls of Rome and besieged it, his men deserted to Maxentius. Severus fled to Ravenna, an impregnable position.[2] Maximian offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably, which he did around April 307.[6] Despite Maximian's assurance, Severus was nonetheless displayed as a captive and later imprisoned at Tres Tabernae, near the current Cisterna di Latina.[7] One belief is that when Galerius himself invaded Italy to suppress Maxentius and Maximian, the former ordered Severus's death.[3] His death probably took place in September or October, as documents with his name where still issued in September, while news of his death already arrived in Egypt by December.[6] Lactantius reports that he was permitted to kill himself by opening his veins.[4] Another belief is that Severus was killed in Ravenna.[8][9]The position of Western augustus remained oficially vacant until the Conference of Carnuntum of November 308, in which Licinius was appointed as new emperor (although his western domains only consisted of the Balkan Peninsula).[10] Severus was survived by his son Flavius Severianus, but he was later executed by Licinius for treason.[11]","title":"Augustus, 306–307"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnes, Timothy D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)"},{"link_name":"Constantine and Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/constantineeuseb0000barn/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-16531-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1"}],"text":"Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle (in German). WBG. p. 278.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle","url_text":"Römische Kaisertabelle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Buchgesellschaft","url_text":"WBG"}]},{"reference":"Michael DiMalo (1998). \"Severus II\". De Imperatoribus Romanis.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723043109/https://www.roman-emperors.org/severus.htm","url_text":"\"Severus II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis","url_text":"De Imperatoribus Romanis"}]},{"reference":"Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-415-31937-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-DCEKDw7I7cC","url_text":"The Emperor Constantine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31937-4","url_text":"0-415-31937-4"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 0-674-28066-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire","url_text":"The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674280670","url_text":"10.4159/harvard.9780674280670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-28066-0","url_text":"0-674-28066-0"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)","url_text":"Barnes, Timothy D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb0000barn/mode/1up","url_text":"Constantine and Eusebius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1","url_text":"978-0-674-16531-1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaublitz_Akita

Blaublitz Akita

["1 History","2 Stadium","3 League and cup record","4 Honours","5 Current squad","5.1 Out on loan","6 Club officials","7 Managerial history","8 List of captains","9 Kit evolution","9.1 Award winners","9.2 Top scorers by seasons","9.3 Emperor's Cup Record (1984-2014)","9.4 JSL Cup Record","10 Seasons","11 Support","12 Stadium and facilities","12.1 Former facilities","13 Team mascots","14 Songs and chants","15 Related clubs","15.1 TDK derby list","16 Rivalries","16.1 Ōu Honsen (Dewa derby)","17 Broadcasters","18 Shirt sponsorship by TDK","19 References","20 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°43′9.2″N 140°6′20.1″E / 39.719222°N 140.105583°E / 39.719222; 140.105583Association football club Football clubBlaublitz Akita ブラウブリッツ秋田Full nameBlaublitz AkitaNickname(s)BlaublitzShort nameBB, BBA, BlauFounded1965; 59 years ago (1965) as TDK S.C. 2010; 14 years ago (2010) as Blaublitz AkitaGroundSoyu Stadium Akita, Akita PrefectureCapacity20,125J.League:18,528ChairmanKosuke IwaseManagerKen YoshidaLeagueJ2 League2023J2 League, 13th of 22WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Blaublitz Akita (ブラウブリッツ秋田, Burauburittsu Akita) is a Japanese professional association football team based in Akita, capital of Akita Prefecture. The club currently play in the J2 League, Japanese second tier of professional football league. Due to the club's former ownership by TDK and thus formerly known as the TDK S.C. (JaWiki), most of the players were employees of TDK's Akita factory. History The club based in Nikaho, Akita, was founded in 1965. They were promoted to the Tohoku Regional League in 1982. They played in the Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1985 and 1986. They were the only club in Tohoku region competing in the JSL. In 2006, they won the Tohoku Regional League championship for the fifth straight year. They were automatically promoted to the Japan Football League after they won the National Regional League Playoffs. The team has announced that it would separate from its parent company and join the J. League if the club's final yearly standing should ever allow promotion. In May, 2009, TDK announced that the football club will become independent for the 2010 season and be based around Akita. Later in 2010 the club's name was changed to "Blaublitz Akita". Blau and Blitz mean blue and lightning in German respectively. In 2014 they entered the J3 League after previously playing in the Japan Football League, the third tier of the Japanese association football league system until promotion to J2 in 2020. The club moved to Akita City and entered the J3 League for the 2014 season. The club finished 8th in each of its first two years in the professional competition. In the 2017 season, their fourth, they won the title, however due to their lacking a license to play upper-tier football, they were not promoted, becoming the first professional third-tier champion not to be promoted. However, Akita acquired the J2 license on September 27, 2018, after which they won the title again in the 2020 season, returning to the second tier for the first time in 34 years. See historical emblems Stadium Their home stadium is Soyu Stadium, also known as "Yabase" (capacity 20,125 and the J.League's oldest serving stadium). The club practices at the adjacent Akita Sports Plus ASP Stadium and Space Project Dream Field. League and cup record Champions Runners-up Third place Promoted Relegated League J. League Cup Emperor'sCup Season Div. Tier Teams Pos. P W D L F A GD Pts Attendance/G TDK 1982 Tohoku 3 8 1st 14 11 3 0 41 12 29 25 - — - 1983 8 1st 14 13 1 0 76 13 63 27 - - 1984 8 1st 14 11 1 2 50 15 35 23 - 1st round 1985 JSL2 2 12 12th 14 0 3 11 12 48 -36 3 - - 1986 16 15th 20 0 1 19 21 111 -90 2 - - 1987 Tohoku 3 8 3rd 14 10 2 2 51 15 36 22 - 1st round 1988 8 1st 14 12 0 2 48 13 35 24 - 1st round 1989 8 1st 14 11 2 1 49 11 38 24 - 1st round 1990 8 2nd 14 9 3 2 31 13 18 21 - - 1991 8 3rd 14 8 1 5 27 26 1 17 - - 1992 4 8 5th 14 6 2 6 18 24 -6 14 - - 1993 8 5th 14 4 3 7 22 30 -8 11 - - 1994 3 8 5th 14 3 5 6 18 28 -10 11 - - 1995 8 5th 14 4 5 5 20 23 -3 13 - - 1996 8 5th 14 6 2 6 25 24 1 14 - 1st round 1997 8 3rd 14 6 2 6 28 27 1 20 - - 1998 8 3rd 14 8 1 5 30 18 12 25 - 1st round 1999 4 8 2nd 14 7 5 2 35 13 22 26 - 1st round 2000 8 1st 14 11 1 2 41 11 30 35 - 1st round 2001 8 2nd 14 9 2 3 41 12 29 29 - - 2002 8 1st 14 13 1 0 39 6 33 40 - 1st round 2003 8 1st 14 8 5 1 38 12 26 29 - 2nd round 2004 8 1st 14 11 1 2 43 10 33 34 - 1st round 2005 8 1st 14 9 2 1 36 10 26 29 - 1st round 2006 8 1st 14 14 0 0 58 7 51 42 - 2nd round 2007 JFL 3 18 13th 34 11 9 14 49 47 2 42 983 4th round 2008 18 13th 34 10 11 13 48 47 1 41 951 1st round 2009 18 10th 34 14 4 16 39 54 -15 46 741 1st round Blaublitz Akita 2010 JFL 3 18 8th 34 14 9 11 54 41 13 51 1,256 — 2nd round 2011 18 14th 33 10 7 16 38 52 -14 37 1,274 2nd round 2012 17 13th 32 9 10 13 33 41 -8 37 1,136 2nd round 2013 18 8th 34 14 8 12 48 45 3 50 1,768 2nd round 2014 J3 12 8th 33 10 4 19 38 57 -19 34 1,773 2nd round 2015 13 8th 36 12 9 15 37 40 -3 45 1,998 2nd round 2016 16 4th 30 14 8 8 37 26 11 50 2,425 2nd round 2017 17 1st 32 18 7 7 53 31 22 61 2,364 1st round 2018 17 8th 32 12 7 13 37 35 2 43 2,839 1st round 2019 18 8th 34 13 10 11 45 35 10 49 1,576 1st round 2020 † 18 1st 34 21 10 3 55 18 37 73 1,221 Semi Final 2021 J2 2 22 13th 42 11 14 17 41 53 -12 47 2,097 1st round 2022 22 12nd 42 15 11 16 39 46 -7 56 2,283 2nd round 2023 22 13th 42 12 15 15 37 44 -7 51 3,139 2nd round 2024 20 TBA 38 2nd round Key Pos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained Attendance/G = Average home league attendance † 2020 season attendance reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic Source: Source: J. League Data Site Honours Blaublitz Akita Honours Honour No. Years Tohoku Soccer League 11 1982, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1989, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 (shared with Grulla Morioka), 2006 J3 League 2 2017, 2020 Regional Promotion Series 1 2006 Current squad As of 14 May 2024. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  JPN Genki Yamada 2 DF  JPN Ryohei Okazaki 3 DF  JPN Tatsushi Koyanagi 4 DF  JPN Koji Hachisuka 5 DF  JPN Takashi Kawano 6 MF  JPN Hiroto Morooka 7 MF  JPN Takuma Mizutani 8 FW  JPN Junki Hata 9 MF  JPN Ryota Nakamura 10 FW  JPN Ren Komatsu 11 FW  JPN Yukihito Kajiya 13 DF  JPN Ryuji Saito 14 MF  JPN Ryuhei Oishi 15 FW  JPN Shion Niwa 16 DF  JPN Kota Muramatsu No. Pos. Nation Player 17 FW  JPN Koya Handa 18 FW  JPN Ibuki Yoshida 20 MF  JPN Hiroki Kurimoto 23 GK  JPN Soki Yatagai 25 MF  JPN Tomofumi Fujiyama 27 DF  JPN Keita Yoshioka (on loan from Montedio Yamagata) 29 FW  JPN Daiki Sato (on loan from Machida Zelvia) 31 GK  JPN Kentaro Kakoi 39 DF  JPN Kyowaan Hoshi 40 FW  JPN Shota Aoki 41 GK  JPN Kosuke Inose (on loan from SC Sagamihara) 42 FW  JPN Ken Tshizanga Matsumoto 47 GK  JPN Tomoki Horiuchi Type 2 80 MF  JPN Kazuya Onohara (on loan from Zweigen Kanazawa) 88 DF  JPN Kenichi Kaga Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 45 MF  JPN Hinase Suzuki (at Michinoku Sendai) — DF  JPN Shintaro Kato (at Vanraure Hachinohe) No. Pos. Nation Player — FW  JPN Hayate Take (at Thespa Gunma) Club officials Position Name Manager Ken Yoshida Assistant manager Hirotaka Usui First-team coach Shota Sakagawa Masanori Tamo Goalkeeper coach Hirohito Ito Analytical coach Haruki Sasaki Chief trainer Yuta Kobayashi Trainer Kaichi Hiraoka Ryota Kanagaya Competent Taichi Matsuda Side affairs Hiromasa Nishizawa Managerial history Name Nationality Tenure Start Finish Kazuaki Sato  Japan 1988 ? Norio Sasaki  Japan ? 31 January 1998 Tsutomu Komatsu  Japan 1 February 1999 31 January 2007 Hisao Sasaki  Japan 1 February 2008 31 January 2009 Hirotoshi Yokoyama  Japan 1 February 2010 31 January 2011 Yuji Yokoyama  Japan 1 February 2012 31 January 2013 George Yonashiro  Brazil /  Japan 1 February 2013 31 January 2014 Shuichi Mase  Japan 1 February 2015 31 January 2016 Koichi Sugiyama  Japan 1 February 2017 11 July 2018 Shuichi Mase  Japan 12 July 2018 31 January 2019 Ken Yoshida  Japan 1 February 2020 Current List of captains # Name Captaincy years - Akira Sasaki JSL Era 7 Satoshi Sato 17 Moriyasu Saito 4 Masatoshi Ozawa 2007–2009 18 Satoshi Yokoyama 2010 2 Hiroyuki Kobayashi 2011 10 Masatoshi Matsuda 2012-2013 10 Shingo Kumabayashi 2014 4 Toshio Shimakawa 2015 24 Naoyuki Yamada 2016-2018 3924 Hiroki KotaniNaoyuki Yamada 2019 24 Naoyuki Yamada 2020 9 Ryota Nakamura 2021 23 Shuto Inaba 2022 33 Ryutaro Iio 2023 6 Hiroto Morooka 2024- Kit evolution Home kits - 1st 2010 - 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 - Away kits - 2nd 2010 - 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 - Award winners The following players have won the awards while at TDK/Blaublitz: JFL Top Scorer Masatoshi Matsuda (2011) JFL Best XI Masatoshi Matsuda (2010) Top scorers by seasons Season Name Goals 2006 Go Togashi 12 2007 Masatoshi Matsuda 18 2008 Go Togashi 14 2009 Masahiro Ikeda Masatoshi Matsuda 7 2010 Masatoshi Matsuda 24 2011 20 2012 12 2013 10 2014 Hirochika Miyoshi 12 2015 Kyohei Maeyama 10 2016 Tomohiro Tanaka 8 2017 15 2018 Tomohiro Tanaka Ken Hisatomi 6 2019 Ryota Nakamura 11 2020 10 2021 Hayate Take 7 2022 Ibuki Yoshida Shota Aoki 5 2023 Keita Saito 5 Emperor's Cup Record (1984-2014) Aichi Gakuin University v TDK 15 December 1984 1 Aichi Gakuin University 3–1 TDK JST (UTC+9) TDK v Tokai University 19 December 1987 1 TDK 1–10 Tokai University JST (UTC+9) Yomiuri v TDK 24 December 1988 1 Yomiuri 4–1 TDK JST (UTC+9) PJM Futures v TDK 9 December 1989 1 PJM Futures 5–0 TDK JST (UTC+9) Volca Kagoshima v TDK 3 November 1996 1 Volca Kagoshima 3–1 TDK JST (UTC+9) Omiya Ardija v TDK 29 November 1998 1 Omiya Ardija 1–0 TDK JST (UTC+9) Mito HollyHock v TDK 28 November 1999 1 Mito HollyHock 5–1 TDK JST (UTC+9) Juntendo University v TDK 25 November 2000 1 Juntendo University 3–2 TDK JST (UTC+9) Sagawa Printing v TDK 25 November 2002 1 Sagawa Printing 1–0 TDK Kyoto Nishikyogoku Athletic StadiumJST (UTC+9) Alouette Kumamoto v TDK SC 30 November 2003 1 Alouette Kumamoto 1–3 TDK SC Kumamoto Suizenji Stadium Aira 86' Report Morita 18', 75', 87' Attendance: 536 Otsuka Pharmaceuticals v TDK SC 7 December 2003 2 Otsuka Pharmaceuticals 6–0 TDK SC Tokushima Naruto Stadium 06' 44' 45' 62' 65' 84' Report Attendance: 655 TDK SC v Tottori SC 2004-09-23 1 TDK SC 2–3 Tottori SC Yabase Athletic Field own goal 44'Ozawa 73' Report Yamazaki 27'Kobayashi 60'Hori 67' Attendance: 1,111 TDK v Ehime FC 2005-09-17 1 TDK 1–3 Ehime FC Yabase Athletic Field15:00 Togashi 27' Report Maegawa 24'Hoshino 33'Akai 38' Attendance: 1,168Referee: Hiroyuki Anzai TDK v Japan Soccer College 2006-09-17 1 TDK 2–0 Japan Soccer College Yabase Athletic Field13:00 Ozawa 10'Fujiwara 80' Report Attendance: 1,214Referee: Yusuke Murata Hosei University v TDK 2006-09-23 2 Hosei University 2–0 TDK Yumenoshima Stadium13:00 Inoue 61'Kosukegawa 71' Report Attendance: 449Referee: Keiichi Sunagawa Nirasaki Astros v TDK S.C. 2007-09-16 1 Nirasaki Astros 0–8 TDK S.C. Yamanashi Chuo Bank Stadium, Kōfu13:00 Ozawa 1'Matsuda 27', 39', 47'(own goal) 37'Togashi 55'Ikeda 61', 79' Mitsubishi Motors Mizushima F.C. v TDK S.C. 2007-09-23 2 Mitsubishi Motors Mizushima F.C. 0–2 TDK S.C. Kagawa Sports Park, Takamatsu13:00 Ikeda 35'Matsuda 42' Consadole Sapporo v TDK S.C. 2007-10-07 3 Consadole Sapporo 1–1 (9–10 p) TDK S.C. Sapporo Atsubetsu Park Stadium, Sapporo13:00 Ishii 4' Report Matsugae 2' FC Tokyo v TDK SC 2007-11-04 4 FC Tokyo 2–1 TDK SC Ajinomoto Stadium13:00 Hirayama 52'Konno 82' Matsuda 53' TDK S.C. v Osaka Taiiku University 2008-09-13 1 TDK S.C. 2  – 3 (a.e.t.) Osaka Taiiku University Yabase Athletic Field13:00 Narita 63'Ikeda 79' Report Mori 23', 33'Kawanishi 92' Attendance: 773Referee: Hiroyuki Onishi TDK SC v Sony Sendai 2009-09-19 1 TDK SC 1–2 Sony Sendai Akita Athletics Stadium, Akita13:00 Yokoyama 16' Report Machida 32'Konta 65' Attendance: 392Referee: Hiosaharu Kitamura Yamagata University v Blaublitz Akita 2010-09-03 1 Yamagata University 1–6 Blaublitz Akita ND Stadium, Tendō19:00 Sato 38' Report Yokoyama 1', 62'Fukazawa 5'Ka. Sato 22'Togashi 43'Maeyama 75' Attendance: 452Referee: Koei Koya Montedio Yamagata v Blaublitz Akita 2010-09-05 2 Montedio Yamagata 3–0 Blaublitz Akita ND Stadium, Tendō18:00 Masuda 32'Ota 68' 89' (o.g.) Report Attendance: 3,085Referee: Toshimitsu Yoshida Blaublitz Akita v Yamagata University School of Medicine 2011-09-04 1 Blaublitz Akita 13–0 Yamagata University School of Medicine Akita Yabase Stadium, Akita City13:00 Miyoshi 13'Matsuda 26', 41', 56', 73', 75'Imai 30', 53'Higa 45+2', 61'Kawata 73'Kozawa 80'Chino 90+3' Report Attendance: 473Referee: Toshiyuki Wazumi Montedio Yamagata v Blaublitz Akita 2011-10-08 2 Montedio Yamagata 2–0 Blaublitz Akita ND Soft Stadium Yamagata, Tendō13:00 Shimomura 23'Hasegawa 38' Report Attendance: 2,425Referee: Minoru Tojo Blaublitz Akita v Heisei International University 2 September 2012 1 Blaublitz Akita 1–0 Heisei International University Akita Yabase Stadium, Akita13:00 Taisuke Matsugae 62' report Attendance: 677Referee: Taku Hase Omiya Ardija v Blaublitz Akita 9 September 2012 2 Omiya Ardija 2–0 Blaublitz Akita Kumagaya Athletic Stadium, Kumagaya13:00 Carlinhos 45+4'Cho Young-Cheol 68' report Attendance: 1,439Referee: Nobutsugu Murakami Blaublitz Akita v Renofa Yamaguchi FC 1 September 2013 1 Blaublitz Akita 2–0 Renofa Yamaguchi FC Akita13:00 Maeyama 23'Handa 31' Report Stadium: Akita Yabase StadiumAttendance: 1,053Referee: Atsushi Uemura Vegalta Sendai v Blaublitz Akita 7 September 2013 2 Vegalta Sendai 3–0 Blaublitz Akita Sendai15:00 Sasaki 1'Akamine 63'Matsushita 82' Report Stadium: Yurtec Stadium SendaiAttendance: 3,377Referee: Yoshiro Imamura Blaublitz Akita v Saitama SC 5 July 2014 1 Blaublitz Akita 7–1 Saitama SC Akita19:00 Stadium: Akita Yabase Athletic Field FC Tokyo v Blaublitz Akita 12 July 2014 2 FC Tokyo 8–0 Blaublitz Akita Chōfu, Tokyo18:00 Mita 11'Kawano 22'Morishige 26'Edú 29' (P), 58'Ota 48' (DFK)Hirayama 62'Watanabe 84' Stadium: Ajinomoto StadiumAttendance: 5,860Referee: Nobutsugu Murakami JSL Cup Record Honda FC v TDK 23 June 1985 1 Honda FC 6–0 TDK JST (UTC+9) Kawasaki Steel Mizushima v TDK 28 June 1986 1 Kawasaki Steel Mizushima 2–0 TDK JST (UTC+9) Seasons TDK fans in 2007, Ajinomoto Stadium 2003 TDK SC season 2004 TDK SC season 2005 TDK SC season 2006 TDK SC season 2007 TDK SC season 2008 TDK SC season 2009 TDK SC season 2010 Blaublitz Akita season 2011 Blaublitz Akita season 2012 Blaublitz Akita season 2013 Blaublitz Akita season 2014 Blaublitz Akita season 2015 Blaublitz Akita season 2016 Blaublitz Akita season 2017 Blaublitz Akita season 2018 Blaublitz Akita season 2019 Blaublitz Akita season 2020 Blaublitz Akita season 2021 Blaublitz Akita season 2022 Blaublitz Akita season 2023 Blaublitz Akita season Support Blaublitz Akita's main active supporters' group is called the Blue tasu Akita. Stadium and facilities Tsuchizaki Facility Soyu Stadium Akigin Stadium Akita Prefectural Central Park JA Kyosai Tsuchizaki Indoor Practice Facility (39°45′6.2″N 140°3′46.5″E / 39.751722°N 140.062917°E / 39.751722; 140.062917) Akita Prefecture Football Centre (39°51′33.4″N 140°00′32.1″E / 39.859278°N 140.008917°E / 39.859278; 140.008917) Versity Weight Room (39°44′1.9″N 140°5′52.8″E / 39.733861°N 140.098000°E / 39.733861; 140.098000) Nipro Hachiko Dome Dormitory Green Thumb no Mori Former facilities Nikaho Green Field Nishime Country Park Soccer Field TDK Akita General Sports Center (39°16′3.9″N 139°55′41.9″E / 39.267750°N 139.928306°E / 39.267750; 139.928306) Mizubayashi Athletic Field (39°22′42.5″N 140°1′52.7″E / 39.378472°N 140.031306°E / 39.378472; 140.031306) Oga Athletic Stadium (39°54′38.1″N 139°51′7.6″E / 39.910583°N 139.852111°E / 39.910583; 139.852111) Team mascots Blaublitz Akita Co., Ltd.Tokan Building houses the headquartersCompany typePublicIndustrySportsFoundedSeptember 14, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-09-14) in Akita, Japan HeadquartersTokan Building 1F, Sanno 3–1–7, Akita City, JapanRevenueJPY 435 million (2019) Operating incomeJPY −3 million (2019) Net incomeJPY 2 million (2019) Total assetsJPY 99 million Headquarters The official team mascot is a 8-year-old Ryūjin, named Blaugon and wears #00. Blaugon Songs and chants Akita Prefectural Anthem - song We are Akita - song, Rakan edition composed by Berabow Akita Olé - song, champ edition Related clubs TDK Shinwakai (Tohoku Soccer League Division 2 North) – Based in Nikaho, Akita. Tsuruoka TDK TDK derby list Tsuruoka TDK  v TDK Akita 1996-08-25 9 Tsuruoka TDK  0–4 TDK Akita Yamagata Prefecture TDK Akita v Tsuruoka TDK  1996-09-29 12 TDK Akita 3–1 Tsuruoka TDK  Akita Prefecture TDK Akita v Tsuruoka TDK  1997-08-24 8 TDK Akita 6–0 Tsuruoka TDK  Akita Prefecture Tsuruoka TDK  v TDK Akita 1997-10-19 13 Tsuruoka TDK  0–2 TDK Akita Yamagata Prefecture TDK Akita v Tsuruoka TDK  1998-05-30 2 TDK Akita 4–0 Tsuruoka TDK  Nikaho, Akita Stadium: TDK General Sports Center Tsuruoka TDK  v TDK Akita 1998-08-30 8 Tsuruoka TDK  2–5 TDK Akita Yamagata Prefecture Rivalries Ōu Honsen (Dewa derby) Main article: Ōu Honsen TDK and NEC Yamagata first met in 1990 in old Tohoku regional football league. The two clubs have been based in former Dewa Province, and their rivalry is renamed as Ōu Honsen (奥羽本戦) after the Japan Railways Ōu Main Line (奥羽本線) in 2021. Tohoku derby Battle of Ōshū Broadcasters Yuji Hirota Francesco Bellissimo Toshifumi Takeshima Shirt sponsorship by TDK AFC Ajax (1982–91) Crystal Palace F.C. (1993–99) References ^ "1.15 拠点移設の記者会見を行いました | ブラウブリッツ秋田". ブラウブリッツ秋田 公式ホームページ. ^ "水戸に解除条件付J1ライセンス、秋田にJ2ライセンス初交付!J1昇格圏町田はJ2ライセンス". ゲキサカ. ^ "J. League Data Site". J. League. Retrieved 2 October 2021. ^ "選手・スタッフ紹介 – ブラウブリッツ秋田". blaublitz.jp. ^ Archived copy Archived 27 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ "企業クラブから地域に根ざしたJクラブへ J2・J3漫遊記 ブラウブリッツ秋田 後編". スポーツナビ. ^ "BB秋田、開幕7連勝支える堅守速攻 仲間助ける走りに注目｜秋田魁新報電子版". 秋田魁新報電子版. ^ "ストーブリーグを前に。。。". 続・東北の門番からJFL～J3へ. ^ "旧Jsl戦ったTdkのOb、J2・ブラウブリッツに期待｜秋田魁新報電子版". Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "TDK prayer". homepage3.nifty.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022. ^ "Archived copy". homepage3.nifty.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "2021年2月". 続・東北の門番からJFL～J3～J2へ. ^ 続・東北の門番からJFL～J3へ (12 May 2006). "第84回天皇杯1回戦 対 SC鳥取". Retrieved 8 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Japan Football Association (23 September 2004). "第84回天皇杯全日本サッカー選手権大会" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ 日本サッカー情報Gen (23 September 2004). "2004年第84回天皇杯全日本サッカー選手権". Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ MOO's Football Data (23 September 2004). "第84回天皇杯(2004–05)". Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ fcmarco.com (23 September 2004). "第84回天皇杯対戦一覧表". Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ まぐまぐまぐろん (23 September 2004). "第84回天皇杯". Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ Shikoku News (23 September 2004). "FC琉球など2回戦に進出／サッカーの天皇杯が開幕". Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ "BLUE+ AKITA Network". Retrieved 29 September 2018. ^ "12.16 室内練習場がオープンしました | ブラウブリッツ秋田". ブラウブリッツ秋田 公式ホームページ. ^ "秋田県フットボールセンター|人工芝導入実績". 国内実績No.1 スポーツ専用ロングパイル人工芝 ハイブリッドターフ. ^ "ラジパル日記 – ブラウブリッツ秋田アカデミーの寮に潜入！ - Abs秋田放送". ^ "TDK秋田総合スポーツセンター". waka77.fc2web.com. ^ "本荘由利総合運動公園水林陸上競技場". waka77.fc2web.com. ^ "男鹿総合運動公園陸上競技場". waka77.fc2web.com. ^ "株式会社ブラウブリッツ秋田(秋田県秋田市)の企業情報詳細". 全国法人データバンク. ^ a b c d "ブラウブリッツ秋田 売上高と業績推移のグラフで財務諸表の内訳を比較分析 2019". グラフで決算｜投資、分析、金融、就職転職に役立つ. ^ "ブラウブリッツ秋田のマスコット、ブラウゴンの紹介ページです Jリーグマスコット総選挙（2019／サッカー）：Jリーグ.jp". Jリーグ.jp. ^ "しゃちょさんの介護日記". 有限会社アタカンテ. ^ "チーム紹介 | 東北社会人サッカーリーグ | 一般社団法人東北サッカー協会". tohoku-fa.jp. ^ "東北日本海側の最強を決める戦い「奥羽本戦」". モンテディオ山形 オフィシャルサイト. ^ "ベリッシモ・フランチェスコ『三浦淳宏さんと竹島アナとサッカー解説！#ベリッシモ #ブラウブリッツ秋田 #Jリーグ #イケメン』". 料理研究家ベリッシモ・フランチェスコ オフィシャルブログ Powered by Ameba. External links (Japanese) Official site (Japanese) Club Introduction in the J3 League official site vteBlaublitz AkitaClub Players History All articles Stadium Soyu Stadium Honours J3 League (2017, 2020) Regional Promotion Series (2006) Tohoku Soccer League (1982, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1989, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 shared with Grulla Morioka, 2006) Seasons 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Training ground Katagami Soccer Ground Space Project Dream Field Akita Prefectural Central Park Tsuchizaki Facility Akita Prefectural University Akita Prefecture Football Centre Nipro Hachiko Dome Former stadiums Akita Sports Plus ASP Stadium Nikaho Green Field Nishime Country Park Soccer Field TDK Akita General Sports Center Mizubayashi Athletic Field Oga Athletic Stadium Rivalries Tohoku derby Ōu Honsen Battle of Ōshū vteJ.LeagueChampions (J1 League · J2 League · J3 League) · Records and statistics · Historical goalsSeasonsJ1 League seasons(1993–present) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 J2 League seasons(1999–present) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 J3 League seasons(2014–present) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 ClubsJ1 League Albirex Niigata Avispa Fukuoka Cerezo Osaka Gamba Osaka Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Júbilo Iwata Kashima Antlers Kashiwa Reysol Kawasaki Frontale Kyoto Sanga FC FC Machida Zelvia Nagoya Grampus Sagan Tosu Sanfrecce Hiroshima Shonan Bellmare FC Tokyo Tokyo Verdy Urawa Red Diamonds Vissel Kobe Yokohama F. Marinos J2 League Blaublitz Akita Ehime FC Fagiano Okayama Fujieda MYFC Iwaki FC JEF United Chiba Kagoshima United FC Mito HollyHock Montedio Yamagata Oita Trinita Renofa Yamaguchi FC Roasso Kumamoto Shimizu S-Pulse Thespa Gunma Tochigi SC Tokushima Vortis V-Varen Nagasaki Vegalta Sendai Ventforet Kofu Yokohama FC J3 League AC Nagano Parceiro Azul Claro Numazu Fukushima United FC Gainare Tottori FC Gifu Giravanz Kitakyushu FC Imabari Iwate Grulla Morioka Kamatamare Sanuki Kataller Toyama Matsumoto Yamaga FC Nara Club Omiya Ardija FC Osaka FC Ryukyu SC Sagamihara Tegevajaro Miyazaki Vanraure Hachinohe YSCC Yokohama Zweigen Kanazawa Former Yokohama Flügels J.League U-22 Selection FC Tokyo U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Players Designated special players (DSP) Foreign J.League players Managers J.League managers current Referees J.League referees Awards (Monthly MVP · MVP Award · Best XI · Top Scorer · Rookie of the Year · Manager of the Year) vteJapanese club footballFirst-tier club football seasons, 1965–presentJapan Soccer League1965–1992Japan Soccer League Division 1since 1972 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 J.League1993–presentJ.League Division 1/J1 Leaguesince 1999 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions J.League Championship Promotion / Relegation series Super Cup Second-tier club football seasons, 1972–presentJapan Soccer League Division 21972–1992 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 (former) Japan Football League1992–1998(former) Japan Football League Division 11992–1993 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 J2 League1999–present 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions Promotion / Relegation series Third-tier club football seasons, 1992–93, 1999–present(former) Japan Football League Division 21992–93 1992 1993 No national third tier, 1994–1998 Japan Football League 1999–2013 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 J3 League 2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of championsFourth-tier club football seasons, 2014–presentJapan Football League2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional level club football seasons, 1966–presentJapanese Regional Leagues1966–present 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional Champions League Shakaijin Cup Emperor's Cup seasons, 1921–presentEmperor's Cup1921–present 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 WW II 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super CupLeague Cup seasons, 1976–presentJSL Cup1976–1991 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 J.League Cup1992–present 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Suruga Bank ChampionshipFootball clubs in Japan, 2024J1 League Albirex Niigata Avispa Fukuoka Cerezo Osaka Gamba Osaka Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Júbilo Iwata Kashima Antlers Kashiwa Reysol Kawasaki Frontale Kyoto Sanga FC FC Machida Zelvia Nagoya Grampus Sagan Tosu Sanfrecce Hiroshima Shonan Bellmare FC Tokyo Tokyo Verdy Urawa Red Diamonds Vissel Kobe Yokohama F. Marinos J2 League Blaublitz Akita Ehime FC Fagiano Okayama Fujieda MYFC Iwaki FC JEF United Chiba Kagoshima United FC Mito HollyHock Montedio Yamagata Oita Trinita Renofa Yamaguchi FC Roasso Kumamoto Shimizu S-Pulse Thespakusatsu Gunma Tochigi SC Tokushima Vortis V-Varen Nagasaki Vegalta Sendai Ventforet Kofu Yokohama FC J3 League AC Nagano Parceiro Azul Claro Numazu FC Gifu FC Imabari Fukushima United FC Gainare Tottori Giravanz Kitakyushu Iwate Grulla Morioka Kamatamare Sanuki Kataller Toyama Matsumoto Yamaga FC Nara Club Omiya Ardija FC Osaka FC Ryukyu SC Sagamihara Tegevajaro Miyazaki Vanraure Hachinohe YSCC Yokohama Zweigen Kanazawa 100 Year Plan clubs Criacao Shinjuku Nankatsu SC Reilac Shiga Tokyo 23 Vonds Ichihara Japan Football League Briobecca Urayasu Criacao Shinjuku Honda FC Kochi United Maruyasu Okazaki Minebea Mitsumi Okinawa SV Reilac Shiga ReinMeer Aomori Sony Sendai FC Tiamo Hirakata Tochigi City Tokyo Musashino United Suzuka Point Getters Veertien Mie Verspah Oita Defunct clubs(clubs belonging tonationwide leagues only) Fukushima FC Arte Takasaki JEF Reserves Sagawa Express Tokyo NKK SC Yokohama Flügels ALO's Hokuriku Jatco SC Hagoromo Club Toyota Higashi-Fuji Seino Transportation Cosmo Oil Yokkaichi Sagawa Shiga NTT Kinki/Kansai SP Kyoto Tanabe Pharmaceutical Dainichi Cable Industries Sagawa Express Osaka Eidai SC Teijin SC Nippon Steel Yawata Tosu Futures Profesor Miyazaki J.League U-22 Selection FC Tokyo U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Kagura Shimane 39°43′9.2″N 140°6′20.1″E / 39.719222°N 140.105583°E / 39.719222; 140.105583

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_(city)"},{"link_name":"Akita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"J2 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2_League"},{"link_name":"TDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDK"},{"link_name":"TDK S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDK%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E9%83%A8"},{"link_name":"JaWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia"}],"text":"Association football clubFootball clubBlaublitz Akita (ブラウブリッツ秋田, Burauburittsu Akita) is a Japanese professional association football team based in Akita, capital of Akita Prefecture. The club currently play in the J2 League, Japanese second tier of professional football league. Due to the club's former ownership by TDK and thus formerly known as the TDK S.C. (JaWiki), most of the players were employees of TDK's Akita factory.","title":"Blaublitz Akita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikaho, Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaho,_Akita"},{"link_name":"Tohoku Regional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Japan Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Japan_Soccer_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986-87_Japan_Soccer_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Tohoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku"},{"link_name":"Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Football_League"},{"link_name":"J. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._League"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"J3 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J3_League"},{"link_name":"Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Japanese association football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_association_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Akita City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"J3 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J3_League"},{"link_name":"2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_J3_League"},{"link_name":"2017 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_J3_League"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_J3_League_and_predecessors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2020 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_J3_League"},{"link_name":"See historical emblems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E7%94%B0%E8%97%8D%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB#%E7%94%A8%E9%81%8E%E5%98%85%E9%9A%8A%E5%BE%BD"}],"text":"The club based in Nikaho, Akita, was founded in 1965. They were promoted to the Tohoku Regional League in 1982. They played in the Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1985 and 1986. They were the only club in Tohoku region competing in the JSL.In 2006, they won the Tohoku Regional League championship for the fifth straight year. They were automatically promoted to the Japan Football League after they won the National Regional League Playoffs.The team has announced that it would separate from its parent company and join the J. League if the club's final yearly standing should ever allow promotion.In May, 2009, TDK announced that the football club will become independent for the 2010 season and be based around Akita. Later in 2010 the club's name was changed to \"Blaublitz Akita\". Blau and Blitz mean blue and lightning in German respectively.In 2014 they entered the J3 League after previously playing in the Japan Football League, the third tier of the Japanese association football league system until promotion to J2 in 2020.The club moved to Akita City[1] and entered the J3 League for the 2014 season. The club finished 8th in each of its first two years in the professional competition. In the 2017 season, their fourth, they won the title, however due to their lacking a license to play upper-tier football, they were not promoted, becoming the first professional third-tier champion not to be promoted. However, Akita acquired the J2 license on September 27, 2018,[2] after which they won the title again in the 2020 season, returning to the second tier for the first time in 34 years.See historical emblems","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Akita Sports Plus ASP Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Sports_Plus_ASP_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Space Project Dream Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akigin_Stadium#Facilities"}],"text":"Their home stadium is Soyu Stadium, also known as \"Yabase\" (capacity 20,125 and the J.League's oldest serving stadium). The club practices at the adjacent Akita Sports Plus ASP Stadium and Space Project Dream Field.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"KeyPos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained\n Attendance/G = Average home league attendance \n † 2020 season attendance reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic \nSource: Source: J. League Data Site[3]","title":"League and cup record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 14 May 2024.[4]\n\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"[12]","title":"List of captains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_shirt_of_BlauBlitz.jpg"}],"title":"Kit evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Masatoshi Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Matsuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Masatoshi Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Matsuda"}],"sub_title":"Award winners","text":"The following players have won the awards while at TDK/Blaublitz:JFL Top Scorer\n Masatoshi Matsuda (2011)\nJFL Best XI\n Masatoshi Matsuda (2010)","title":"Kit evolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top scorers by seasons","title":"Kit evolution"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_trapezohedron

Truncated trapezohedron

["1 Forms","2 See also","3 External links"]

Polyhedron made by cutting off a trapezohedron's polar vertices Set of n-gonal truncated trapezohedraExample: pentagonal truncated trapezohedron (regular dodecahedron)Faces2 n-sided polygons,2n pentagonsEdges6nVertices4nConway notationt4dA4 t5dA5 t6dA6Symmetry groupDnd, , (2*n), order 4nRotation groupDn, +, (22n), order 2nDual polyhedrongyroelongated bipyramidsPropertiesconvex In geometry, an n-gonal truncated trapezohedron is a polyhedron formed by a n-gonal trapezohedron with n-gonal pyramids truncated from its two polar axis vertices. The vertices exist as 4 n-gons in four parallel planes, with alternating orientation in the middle creating the pentagons. The regular dodecahedron is the most common polyhedron in this class, being a Platonic solid, with 12 congruent pentagonal faces. A truncated trapezohedron has all vertices with 3 faces. This means that the dual polyhedra, the set of gyroelongated dipyramids, have all triangular faces. For example, the icosahedron is the dual of the dodecahedron. Forms Triangular truncated trapezohedron (Dürer's solid) – 6 pentagons, 2 triangles, dual gyroelongated triangular dipyramid Truncated square trapezohedron – 8 pentagons, 2 squares, dual gyroelongated square dipyramid Truncated pentagonal trapezohedron or regular dodecahedron – 12 pentagonal faces, dual icosahedron Truncated hexagonal trapezohedron – 12 pentagons, 2 hexagons, dual gyroelongated hexagonal dipyramid ... Truncated n-gonal trapezohedron – 2n pentagons, 2 n-gons, dual gyroelongated dipyramids See also Diminished trapezohedron External links Conway Notation for Polyhedra Try: "tndAn", where n=4,5,6... example "t5dA5" is a dodecahedron. vteConvex polyhedraPlatonic solids (regular) tetrahedron cube octahedron dodecahedron icosahedron Archimedean solids(semiregular or uniform) truncated tetrahedron cuboctahedron truncated cube truncated octahedron rhombicuboctahedron truncated cuboctahedron snub cube icosidodecahedron truncated dodecahedron truncated icosahedron rhombicosidodecahedron truncated icosidodecahedron snub dodecahedron Catalan solids(duals of Archimedean) triakis tetrahedron rhombic dodecahedron triakis octahedron tetrakis hexahedron deltoidal icositetrahedron disdyakis dodecahedron pentagonal icositetrahedron rhombic triacontahedron triakis icosahedron pentakis dodecahedron deltoidal hexecontahedron disdyakis triacontahedron pentagonal hexecontahedron Dihedral regular dihedron hosohedron Dihedral uniform prisms antiprisms duals: bipyramids trapezohedra Dihedral others pyramids truncated trapezohedra gyroelongated bipyramid cupola bicupola frustum bifrustum rotunda birotunda prismatoid scutoid Degenerate polyhedra are in italics. This polyhedron-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Diminished trapezohedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_trapezohedron"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_noise

String noise

[]

In guitar and string instrument technique, string noise is the noise created by the movement of the fingers of one hand (usually the left hand) against the strings, such as when shifting on one string, or changing from one string to another. String noise is often an unwanted side-effect that musicians try to avoid or minimize, especially when playing with amplification or distortion (as on an electric guitar). However, string noise can be intentionally used or emphasized as a stylistic choice. String noise is generally relatively quiet but parallel string motion brings out higher, more dissonant harmonics than perpendicular string motion. However this should not be confused with parallel rather than perpendicular bowing, which is relatively quite loud and harsh. If the pressure was consistent then the result would be a glissando. However, if the pressure is eliminated, then string noise does not result but the movement is more difficult. On fretted string instruments, the frets guide the movement of the hand, making the movement easier, but the frets increase the amount of contact, making fret noise more difficult to avoid. vteMusical techniquesGeneral Articulation Bowing Damping Double stop Extended technique Fingering Finger substitution Finger vibrato Glissando Harmonics Intonation Multiphonic Phrasing Pizzicato Position Slapping Stopped note Thumb position Tremolo Vibrato Wind instruments Saxophone technique Circular breathing Embouchure Flutter-tonguing Growling Harmonica technique Overblowing Slap tonguing Split tone Tonguing Piano Piano extended techniques Finger tapping Luthéal Three-hand technique Prepared piano String piano Tack piano Bowed string instruments Bowed string instrument extended technique Violin technique Cello technique Bariolage Pizzicato Bartók pizz. Col legno Free bowing Martelé Spiccato Two bows Guitar Downpicking Fingerstyle Flatpicking Picking Hybrid picking String bending Tambour Third bridge Prepared guitar Harp Prepared harp Percussion Snare drum technique Burton grip Cymbal choke Drum roll Stevens grip Rimshot Human voice Extended vocal technique Beatboxing Death growl Overtone singing Screaming Sprechgesang Related articles Étude Category:Musical performance techniques vteMusical strings, wires, and instrumentsList ( Hornbostel–Sachs numbers) Bow Bridge Third bridge Chordophone Course Drone Enharmonic Fingerboard Fret Fundamental/Harmonics/Overtones/String harmonic Longitudinal wave Long-string instrument Melde's experiment Mersenne's laws Monochord Music On A Long Thin Wire Node Nut Re-entry Scale length Soundboard Standing wave String vibration Transverse wave Tuning peg Monochords and musical bows Ahardin Berimbau Bladder fiddle Boom-ba Đàn bầu Diddley bow Duxianqin Ektara Ground bow Ichigenkin Japanese fiddle Jaw harp Genggong Gogona Khomuz Kubing Morsing Mukkuri Langeleik Lesiba Masenqo Onavillu Psalmodicon Tromba marina Tumbi Umuduri Unitar Washtub bass This music theory article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromba_marina"},{"link_name":"Tumbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbi"},{"link_name":"Umuduri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuduri"},{"link_name":"Unitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitar_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Washtub bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtub_bass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_equivalence_noire_pointee.svg"},{"link_name":"music theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_noise&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Music-theory-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Music-theory-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music-theory-stub"}],"text":"String noise is often an unwanted side-effect that musicians try to avoid or minimize, especially when playing with amplification or distortion (as on an electric guitar). However, string noise can be intentionally used or emphasized as a stylistic choice.String noise is generally relatively quiet but parallel string motion brings out higher, more dissonant harmonics than perpendicular string motion. However this should not be confused with parallel rather than perpendicular bowing, which is relatively quite loud and harsh.If the pressure was consistent then the result would be a glissando. However, if the pressure is eliminated, then string noise does not result but the movement is more difficult. On fretted string instruments, the frets guide the movement of the hand, making the movement easier, but the frets increase the amount of contact, making fret noise more difficult to avoid.vteMusical techniquesGeneral\nArticulation\nBowing\nDamping\nDouble stop\nExtended technique\nFingering\nFinger substitution\nFinger vibrato\nGlissando\nHarmonics\nIntonation\nMultiphonic\nPhrasing\nPizzicato\nPosition\nSlapping\nStopped note\nThumb position\nTremolo\nVibrato\nWind instruments\nSaxophone technique\nCircular breathing\nEmbouchure\nFlutter-tonguing\nGrowling\nHarmonica technique\nOverblowing\nSlap tonguing\nSplit tone\nTonguing\nPiano\nPiano extended techniques\nFinger tapping\nLuthéal\nThree-hand technique\nPrepared piano\nString piano\nTack piano\nBowed string instruments\nBowed string instrument extended technique\nViolin technique\nCello technique\nBariolage\nPizzicato\nBartók pizz.\nCol legno\nFree bowing\nMartelé\nSpiccato\nTwo bows\nGuitar\nDownpicking\nFingerstyle\nFlatpicking\nPicking\nHybrid picking\nString bending\nTambour\nThird bridge\nPrepared guitar\nHarp\nPrepared harp\nPercussion\nSnare drum technique\nBurton grip\nCymbal choke\nDrum roll\nStevens grip\nRimshot\nHuman voice\nExtended vocal technique\nBeatboxing\nDeath growl\nOvertone singing\nScreaming\nSprechgesang\nRelated articles\nÉtude\n\n Category:Musical performance techniquesvteMusical strings, wires, and instrumentsList ( Hornbostel–Sachs numbers)\nBow\nBridge\nThird bridge\nChordophone\nCourse\nDrone\nEnharmonic\nFingerboard\nFret\nFundamental/Harmonics/Overtones/String harmonic\nLongitudinal wave\nLong-string instrument\nMelde's experiment\nMersenne's laws\nMonochord\nMusic On A Long Thin Wire\nNode\nNut\nRe-entry\nScale length\nSoundboard\nStanding wave\nString vibration\nTransverse wave\nTuning peg\nMonochords and musical bows\nAhardin\nBerimbau\nBladder fiddle\nBoom-ba\nĐàn bầu\nDiddley bow\nDuxianqin\nEktara\nGround bow\nIchigenkin\nJapanese fiddle\nJaw harp\nGenggong\nGogona\nKhomuz\nKubing\nMorsing\nMukkuri\nLangeleik\nLesiba\nMasenqo\nOnavillu\nPsalmodicon\nTromba marina\nTumbi\nUmuduri\nUnitar\nWashtub bassThis music theory article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"String noise"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-third_United_States_Congress

33rd United States Congress

["1 Major events","2 Major legislation","3 Treaties","4 Territories organized","5 Party summary","5.1 Senate","5.2 House of Representatives","6 Leadership","6.1 Senate","6.2 House of Representatives","7 Members","7.1 Senate","7.1.1 Alabama","7.1.2 Arkansas","7.1.3 California","7.1.4 Connecticut","7.1.5 Delaware","7.1.6 Florida","7.1.7 Georgia","7.1.8 Illinois","7.1.9 Indiana","7.1.10 Iowa","7.1.11 Kentucky","7.1.12 Louisiana","7.1.13 Maine","7.1.14 Maryland","7.1.15 Massachusetts","7.1.16 Michigan","7.1.17 Mississippi","7.1.18 Missouri","7.1.19 New Hampshire","7.1.20 New Jersey","7.1.21 New York","7.1.22 North Carolina","7.1.23 Ohio","7.1.24 Pennsylvania","7.1.25 Rhode Island","7.1.26 South Carolina","7.1.27 Tennessee","7.1.28 Texas","7.1.29 Vermont","7.1.30 Virginia","7.1.31 Wisconsin","7.2 House of Representatives","7.2.1 Alabama","7.2.2 Arkansas","7.2.3 California","7.2.4 Connecticut","7.2.5 Delaware","7.2.6 Florida","7.2.7 Georgia","7.2.8 Illinois","7.2.9 Indiana","7.2.10 Iowa","7.2.11 Kentucky","7.2.12 Louisiana","7.2.13 Maine","7.2.14 Maryland","7.2.15 Massachusetts","7.2.16 Michigan","7.2.17 Mississippi","7.2.18 Missouri","7.2.19 New Hampshire","7.2.20 New Jersey","7.2.21 New York","7.2.22 North Carolina","7.2.23 Ohio","7.2.24 Pennsylvania","7.2.25 Rhode Island","7.2.26 South Carolina","7.2.27 Tennessee","7.2.28 Texas","7.2.29 Vermont","7.2.30 Virginia","7.2.31 Wisconsin","7.2.32 Non-voting members","8 Changes in membership","8.1 Senate","8.2 House of Representatives","9 Committees","9.1 Senate","9.2 House of Representatives","9.3 Joint committees","10 Caucuses","11 Employees","11.1 Legislative branch agency directors","11.2 Senate","11.3 House of Representatives","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]

1853-1855 U.S. Congress 33rd United States Congress32nd ←→ 34thUnited States Capitol (1846)March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1855Members62 senators234 representatives7 non-voting delegatesSenate majorityDemocraticSenate PresidentWilliam R. King (Democrat) (until April 18, 1853)Vacant (from April 18, 1853)House majorityDemocraticHouse SpeakerLinn Boyd (Democrat)SessionsSpecial: March 4, 1853 – April 11, 18531st: December 5, 1853 – August 7, 18542nd: December 4, 1854 – March 4, 1855 The 33rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855, during the first two years of Franklin Pierce's presidency. During this session, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was passed, an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority. Major events Gadsden Purchase (in yellow) See also: 1853 in the United States, 1854 in the United States, and 1855 in the United States March 4, 1853: Franklin Pierce became 14th President of the United States April 18, 1853: Vice President William R. King died July 8, 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo Bay with a request for a trade treaty December 30, 1853: Gadsden Purchase: The United States bought land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest March 20, 1854: Republican Party founded Major legislation Main article: Major legislation: 33rd United States Congress May 30, 1854: Kansas–Nebraska Act, ch. 59, 10 Stat. 277 March 3, 1855: The U.S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U.S. Camel Corps Treaties January 26, 1854: Point No Point Treaty signed March 31, 1854: Convention of Kanagawa signed with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade Territories organized May 30, 1854 – Kansas Territory was organized. May 30, 1854 – Nebraska Territory was organized. Party summary Senate Party(shading shows control) Total Vacant KnowNothing(A) Democratic(D)FreeSoil(F)Whig(W)Other(O) End of previous congress 0 35 3 23 0 61 1 Begin 1 35 2 19 0 57 5 End 37 5 17 602 Final voting share 1.7% 61.7% 8.3% 28.3% 0.0% Beginning of next congress 2 35 2 9 7 55 7 House of Representatives For the beginning of this congress, the size of the House was increased from 233 seats to 234 seats, following the 1850 United States census (See 9 Stat. 433). Affiliation Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic(D) Independent Democratic(ID) Free Soil(FS) Whig(W) Independent Party (United States)(I) Other Vacant End of previous Congress 125 3 4 86 0 14 232 1 Begin 157 1 4 71 1 0 234 0 End 155 3 74 Final voting share 66.7% 0.4% 0.9% 31.6% 0.4% 0.1% Beginning of next Congress 79 (Opposition coalition)154 233 1 Leadership President of the SenateWilliam R. King Senate President: William R. King (D), until April 18, 1853; vacant thereafter. President pro tempore: David R. Atchison (D), until December 4, 1854 Lewis Cass (D), December 4, 1854 Jesse D. Bright (D), from December 5, 1854 House of Representatives Speaker: Linn Boyd (D) Democratic Caucus Chairman: Edson B. Olds Members This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district. Senate Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1856; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1858; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1854. The United States consisted of 31 states during this Congress. Skip to House of Representatives, below Alabama ▌2. Clement C. Clay Jr. (D), from November 29, 1853 ▌3. Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) Arkansas ▌2. William K. Sebastian (D) ▌3. Solon Borland (D), until April 11, 1853 ▌Robert W. Johnson (D), from July 6, 1853 California ▌1. John B. Weller (D) ▌3. William M. Gwin (D) Connecticut ▌1. Isaac Toucey (D) ▌3. Truman Smith (W), until May 24, 1854 ▌Francis Gillette (FS), from May 24, 1854 Delaware ▌1. James A. Bayard Jr. (D) ▌2. John M. Clayton (W) Florida ▌1. Stephen Mallory (D) ▌3. Jackson Morton (W) Georgia ▌2. Robert Toombs (D) ▌3. William C. Dawson (W) Illinois ▌2. Stephen A. Douglas (D) ▌3. James Shields (D) Indiana ▌1. Jesse D. Bright (D) ▌3. John Pettit (D) Iowa ▌2. George Wallace Jones (D) ▌3. Augustus C. Dodge (D), until February 22, 1855 Kentucky ▌2. John B. Thompson (A) ▌3. Archibald Dixon (W) Louisiana ▌2. Judah P. Benjamin (W) ▌3. Pierre Soulé (D), until April 11, 1853 ▌John Slidell (D), from December 5, 1853 Maine ▌1. Hannibal Hamlin (D) ▌2. William Pitt Fessenden (W), from February 10, 1854 Maryland ▌1. Thomas Pratt (W) ▌3. James A. Pearce (W) Massachusetts ▌1. Charles Sumner (FS) ▌2. Edward Everett (W), until June 1, 1854 ▌Julius Rockwell (W), from June 3, 1854, until January 31, 1855 ▌Henry Wilson (FS), from January 31, 1855 Michigan ▌1. Lewis Cass (D) ▌2. Charles E. Stuart (D) Mississippi ▌1. Stephen Adams (D) ▌2. Albert G. Brown (D), from January 7, 1854 Missouri ▌1. Henry S. Geyer (W) ▌3. David R. Atchison (D) New Hampshire ▌2. Charles G. Atherton (D), until November 15, 1853 ▌Jared W. Williams (D), from November 29, 1853, until July 15, 1854 ▌3. Moses Norris Jr. (D), until January 11, 1855 ▌John S. Wells (D), from January 16, 1855 New Jersey ▌1. John R. Thomson (D) ▌2. William Wright (D) New York ▌1. Hamilton Fish (W) ▌3. William H. Seward (W) North Carolina ▌2. David S. Reid (D), from December 6, 1854 ▌3. George E. Badger (W) Ohio ▌1. Benjamin Wade (W) ▌3. Salmon P. Chase (FS) Pennsylvania ▌1. Richard Brodhead (D) ▌3. James Cooper (W) Rhode Island ▌1. Charles T. James (D) ▌2. Philip Allen (D), from July 20, 1853 South Carolina ▌2. Josiah J. Evans (D) ▌3. Andrew Butler (D) Tennessee ▌1. James C. Jones (W) ▌2. John Bell (W) Texas ▌1. Thomas J. Rusk (D) ▌2. Samuel Houston (D) Vermont ▌1. Solomon Foot (W) ▌3. Samuel S. Phelps (W), until March 16, 1854 ▌Lawrence Brainerd (FS), from October 14, 1854 Virginia ▌1. James M. Mason (D) ▌2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D) Wisconsin ▌1. Henry Dodge (D) ▌3. Isaac P. Walker (D) Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 33rd Congress in March 1853. The gray stripes represent Know-Nothings. The green stripes represent Free Soil.   2 Democrats   1 Democrat and 1 Whig   2 Whigs Senate President pro tempore David R. Atchison Senate President pro tempore Jesse D. Bright House of Representatives The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Alabama ▌1. Philip Phillips (D) ▌2. James Abercrombie (W) ▌3. Sampson W. Harris (D) ▌4. William R. Smith (D) ▌5. George S. Houston (D) ▌6. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D) ▌7. James F. Dowdell (D) Arkansas ▌1. Alfred B. Greenwood (D) ▌2. Edward A. Warren (D) California Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. ▌At-large. Milton Latham (D) ▌At-large. James A. McDougall (D) Connecticut ▌1. James T. Pratt (D) ▌2. Colin M. Ingersoll (D) ▌3. Nathan Belcher (D) ▌4. Origen S. Seymour (D) Delaware ▌At-large. George Read Riddle (D) Florida ▌At-large. Augustus Maxwell (D) Georgia ▌1. James L. Seward (D) ▌2. Alfred H. Colquitt (D) ▌3. David J. Bailey (D) ▌4. William B. W. Dent (D) ▌5. Elijah W. Chastain (D) ▌6. Junius Hillyer (D) ▌7. David A. Reese (W) ▌8. Alexander Stephens (W) Illinois ▌1. Elihu B. Washburne (W) ▌2. John Wentworth (D) ▌3. Jesse O. Norton (W) ▌4. James Knox (W) ▌5. William A. Richardson (D) ▌6. Richard Yates (W) ▌7. James C. Allen (D) ▌8. William H. Bissell (ID) ▌9. Willis Allen (D) Indiana ▌1. Smith Miller (D) ▌2. William H. English (D) ▌3. Cyrus L. Dunham (D) ▌4. James H. Lane (D) ▌5. Samuel W. Parker (W) ▌6. Thomas A. Hendricks (D) ▌7. John G. Davis (D) ▌8. Daniel Mace (D) ▌9. Norman Eddy (D) ▌10. Ebenezer M. Chamberlain (D) ▌11. Andrew J. Harlan (D) Iowa ▌1. Bernhart Henn (D) ▌2. John P. Cook (W) Kentucky ▌1. Linn Boyd (D) ▌2. Benjamin E. Grey (W) ▌3. Presley Ewing (W), until September 27, 1854 ▌Francis Bristow (W), from December 4, 1854 ▌4. James Chrisman (D) ▌5. Clement S. Hill (W) ▌6. John M. Elliott (D) ▌7. William Preston (W) ▌8. John C. Breckinridge (D) ▌9. Leander Cox (W) ▌10. Richard H. Stanton (D) Louisiana ▌1. William Dunbar (D) ▌2. Theodore G. Hunt (W) ▌3. John Perkins Jr. (D) ▌4. Roland Jones (D) Maine ▌1. Moses MacDonald (D) ▌2. Samuel Mayall (D) ▌3. E. Wilder Farley (W) ▌4. Samuel P. Benson (W) ▌5. Israel Washburn Jr. (W) ▌6. Thomas J. D. Fuller (D) Maryland ▌1. John R. Franklin (W) ▌2. Jacob Shower (D) ▌3. Joshua Van Sant (D) ▌4. Henry May (D) ▌5. William T. Hamilton (D) ▌6. Augustus R. Sollers (W) Massachusetts ▌1. Zeno Scudder (W), until March 4, 1854 ▌Thomas D. Eliot (W), from April 17, 1854 ▌2. Samuel L. Crocker (W) ▌3. J. Wiley Edmands (W) ▌4. Samuel H. Walley (W) ▌5. William Appleton (W) ▌6. Charles W. Upham (W) ▌7. Nathaniel P. Banks (D) ▌8. Tappan Wentworth (W) ▌9. Alexander De Witt (FS) ▌10. Edward Dickinson (W) ▌11. John Z. Goodrich (W) Michigan ▌1. David Stuart (D) ▌2. David A. Noble (D) ▌3. Samuel Clark (D) ▌4. Hestor L. Stevens (D) Mississippi ▌1. Daniel B. Wright (D) ▌2. William T. S. Barry (D) ▌3. Otho R. Singleton (D) ▌4. Wiley P. Harris (D) ▌At-large. William Barksdale (D) Missouri ▌1. Thomas H. Benton (D) ▌2. Alfred W. Lamb (D) ▌3. James J. Lindley (W) ▌4. Mordecai Oliver (W) ▌5. John G. Miller (W) ▌6. John S. Phelps (D) ▌7. Samuel Caruthers (W) New Hampshire ▌1. George W. Kittredge (D) ▌2. George W. Morrison (D) ▌3. Harry Hibbard (D) New Jersey ▌1. Nathan T. Stratton (D) ▌2. Charles Skelton (D) ▌3. Samuel Lilly (D) ▌4. George Vail (D) ▌5. Alexander C. M. Pennington (W) New York ▌1. James Maurice (D) ▌2. Thomas W. Cumming (D) ▌3. Hiram Walbridge (D) ▌4. Michael Walsh (D) ▌5. William M. Tweed (D) ▌6. John Wheeler (D) ▌7. William A. Walker (D) ▌8. Francis B. Cutting (D) ▌9. Jared V. Peck (D) ▌10. William Murray (D) ▌11. Theodoric R. Westbrook (D) ▌12. Gilbert Dean (D), until July 3, 1854 ▌Isaac Teller (W), from November 7, 1854 ▌13. Russell Sage (W) ▌14. Rufus W. Peckham (D) ▌15. Charles Hughes (D) ▌16. George A. Simmons (W) ▌17. Bishop Perkins (D) ▌18. Peter Rowe (D) ▌19. George W. Chase (W) ▌20. Orsamus B. Matteson (W) ▌21. Henry Bennett (W) ▌22. Gerrit Smith (FS), until August 7, 1854 ▌Henry C. Goodwin (W), from November 7, 1854 ▌23. Caleb Lyon (I) ▌24. Daniel T. Jones (D) ▌25. Edwin B. Morgan (W) ▌26. Andrew Oliver (D) ▌27. John J. Taylor (D) ▌28. George Hastings (D) ▌29. Azariah Boody (W) until October 13, 1853 ▌Davis Carpenter (W), from November 8, 1853 ▌30. Benjamin Pringle (W) ▌31. Thomas T. Flagler (W) ▌32. Solomon G. Haven (W) ▌33. Reuben Fenton (D) North Carolina ▌1. Henry M. Shaw (D) ▌2. Thomas H. Ruffin (D) ▌3. William S. Ashe (D) ▌4. Sion H. Rogers (W) ▌5. John Kerr Jr. (W) ▌6. Richard C. Puryear (W) ▌7. F. Burton Craige (D) ▌8. Thomas L. Clingman (D) Ohio ▌1. David T. Disney (D) ▌2. John Scott Harrison (W) ▌3. Lewis D. Campbell (W) ▌4. Matthias H. Nichols (D) ▌5. Alfred P. Edgerton (D) ▌6. Andrew Ellison (D) ▌7. Aaron Harlan (W) ▌8. Moses B. Corwin (W) ▌9. Frederick W. Green (D) ▌10. John L. Taylor (W) ▌11. Thomas Ritchey (D) ▌12. Edson B. Olds (D) ▌13. William D. Lindsley (D) ▌14. Harvey H. Johnson (D) ▌15. William R. Sapp (W) ▌16. Edward Ball (W) ▌17. Wilson Shannon (D) ▌18. George Bliss (D) ▌19. Edward Wade (FS) ▌20. Joshua R. Giddings (FS) ▌21. Andrew Stuart (D) Pennsylvania ▌1. Thomas B. Florence (D) ▌2. Joseph R. Chandler (W) ▌3. John Robbins Jr. (D) ▌4. William H. Witte (D) ▌5. John McNair (D) ▌6. William Everhart (W) ▌7. Samuel A. Bridges (D) ▌8. Henry A. Muhlenberg (D), until January 9, 1854 ▌J. Glancey Jones (D), from February 4, 1854 ▌9. Isaac E. Hiester (W) ▌10. Ner A. Middleswarth (W) ▌11. Christian M. Straub (D) ▌12. Hendrick B. Wright (D) ▌13. Asa Packer (D) ▌14. Galusha A. Grow (D) ▌15. James Gamble (D) ▌16. William H. Kurtz (D) ▌17. Samuel L. Russell (W) ▌18. John McCulloch (W) ▌19. Augustus Drum (D) ▌20. John L. Dawson (D) ▌21. David Ritchie (W) ▌22. Thomas M. Howe (W) ▌23. Michael C. Trout (D) ▌24. Carlton B. Curtis (D) ▌25. John Dick (W) Rhode Island ▌1. Thomas Davis (D) ▌2. Benjamin B. Thurston (D) South Carolina ▌1. John McQueen (D) ▌2. William Aiken Jr. (D) ▌3. Laurence M. Keitt (D) ▌4. Preston Brooks (D) ▌5. James L. Orr (D) ▌6. William W. Boyce (D) Tennessee ▌1. Brookins Campbell (D), until December 25, 1853 ▌Nathaniel G. Taylor (W), from March 30, 1854 ▌2. William M. Churchwell (D) ▌3. Samuel A. Smith (D) ▌4. William Cullom (W) ▌5. Charles Ready (W) ▌6. George W. Jones (D) ▌7. Robert M. Bugg (W) ▌8. Felix K. Zollicoffer (W) ▌9. Emerson Etheridge (W) ▌10. Frederick P. Stanton (D) Texas ▌1. George W. Smyth (D) ▌2. Peter H. Bell (D) Vermont ▌1. James Meacham (W) ▌2. Andrew Tracy (W) ▌3. Alvah Sabin (W) Virginia ▌1. Thomas H. Bayly (D) ▌2. John S. Millson (D) ▌3. John Caskie (D) ▌4. William Goode (D) ▌5. Thomas S. Bocock (D) ▌6. Paulus Powell (D) ▌7. William Smith (D) ▌8. Charles J. Faulkner Sr. (D) ▌9. John Letcher (D) ▌10. Zedekiah Kidwell (D) ▌11. John F. Snodgrass (D), until June 5, 1854 ▌Charles S. Lewis (D), from December 4, 1854 ▌12. Henry A. Edmundson (D) ▌13. LaFayette McMullen (D) Wisconsin ▌1. Daniel Wells Jr. (D) ▌2. Ben C. Eastman (D) ▌3. John B. Macy (D) Non-voting members ▌Kansas Territory. John W. Whitfield (D), from December 20, 1854 ▌Minnesota Territory. Henry M. Rice (D) ▌Nebraska Territory. Napoleon B. Giddings (D), from January 5, 1855 ▌New Mexico Territory. José Manuel Gallegos (D) ▌Oregon Territory. Joseph Lane (D) ▌Utah Territory. John M. Bernhisel ▌Washington Territory. Columbia Lancaster (D), from April 12, 1854 House seats by party holding plurality in state   80.1-100% Democratic   Up to 60% Whig   60.1-80% Democratic   60.1-80% Whig   Up to 60% Democratic   80.1-100% Whig House SpeakerLinn Boyd Changes in membership The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Senate Replacements: 7 Democrats (D): 2 seat net gain Whigs (W): 2 seat net loss Free Soilers (FS): 3 seat net gain Deaths: 2 Resignations: 4 Interim appointments: 1 Total seats with changes: 13 See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate Senate changes State(class) Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor'sformal installation Rhode Island(2) Vacant Failure to elect.Successor was elected July 20, 1853. Philip Allen (D) July 20, 1853 Alabama(2) Vacant Failure to elect.Successor elected November 29, 1853. Clement C. Clay (D) November 29, 1853 Mississippi(2) Vacant Failure to elect.Successor elected January 7, 1854. Albert G. Brown (D) January 7, 1854 Maine(2) Vacant Failure to elect.Successor was elected February 10, 1854. William P. Fessenden (W) February 10, 1854 North Carolina(2) Vacant Failure to elect.Successor was elected December 6, 1854. David Reid (D) December 6, 1854 Arkansas(3) Solon Borland (D) Resigned April 11, 1853, after being appointed U.S. Minister to Nicaragua and other Central American Republics.Successor appointed July 6, 1853. Robert W. Johnson (D) July 6, 1853 Louisiana(3) Pierre Soulé (D) Resigned April 11, 1853, after being appointed U.S. Minister to Spain.Successor elected December 5, 1853. John Slidell (D) December 5, 1853 New Hampshire(2) Charles G. Atherton (D) Died November 15, 1853. Jared W. Williams (D) November 29, 1853 Vermont(3) Samuel S. Phelps (W) Senate declared not entitled to seat March 16, 1854.Successor elected October 14, 1854. Lawrence Brainerd (FS) October 14, 1854 Connecticut(3) Truman Smith (W) Resigned May 24, 1854.Successor was elected May 24, 1854. Francis Gillette (FS) May 24, 1854 Massachusetts(2) Edward Everett (W) Resigned June 1, 1854Successor was appointed to serve until a new successor was elected. Julius Rockwell (W) June 3, 1854 New Hampshire(2) Jared W. Williams (D) Resigned August 4, 1854. Vacant Not filled this term New Hampshire(3) Moses Norris Jr. (D) Died January 11, 1855.Successor appointed January 16, 1855, to finish the term. John S. Wells (D) January 16, 1855 Massachusetts(2) Julius Rockwell (W) Successor elected January 31, 1855. Henry Wilson (FS) January 31, 1855 Iowa(3) Augustus C. Dodge (D) Resigned February 22, 1855, after being appointed U.S. Minister to Spain. Vacant Not filled this term House of Representatives Replacements: 7 Democrats (D): 2 seat net loss Whigs (W): 3 seat net gain Free Soilers (FS): 1 seat net loss Deaths: 4 Resignations: 4 Total seats with changes: 8 Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives House changes District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor'sformal installation Washington Territory at-large Vacant New seat established after Washington became a territory near the end of previous Congress. Seat was vacant until April 12, 1854. Columbia Lancaster (D) Seated April 12, 1854 New York 29th Azariah Boody (W) Resigned on October 13, 1853 Davis Carpenter (W) Seated November 8, 1853 Tennessee 1st Brookins Campbell (D) Died December 25, 1853 Nathaniel G. Taylor (W) Seated March 30, 1854 Pennsylvania 8th Henry A. Muhlenberg (D) Died January 9, 1854 J. Glancy Jones (D) Seated February 4, 1854 Massachusetts 1st Zeno Scudder (W) Resigned March 4, 1854 Thomas D. Eliot (W) Seated April 17, 1854 Kansas Territory at-large New seat New seat established after Kansas became a territory May 30, 1854. Seat was vacant until December 20, 1854. John W. Whitfield (D) Seated December 20, 1854 Nebraska Territory at-large New seat New seat established after Nebraska became a territory May 30, 1854. Seat was vacant until January 5, 1855. Napoleon B. Giddings (D) Seated December 5, 1855 Virginia 11th John F. Snodgrass (D) Died June 5, 1854 Charles S. Lewis (D) Seated December 4, 1854 New York 12th Gilbert Dean (D) Resigned July 3, 1854, after being appointed justice of the Supreme Court of New York Isaac Teller (W) Seated November 7, 1854 New York 22nd Gerrit Smith (W) Resigned August 7, 1854 Henry C. Goodwin (W) Seated November 7, 1854 Kentucky 3rd Presley Ewing (W) Died September 27, 1854 Francis Bristow (W) Seated December 4, 1854 Committees List of committees and their party leaders. Senate Agriculture (Chairman: Philip Allen) American Association for the Promotion of Science (Select) Atmospheric Telegraph Between Washington and Baltimore (Select) Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Josiah J. Evans) Claims (Chairman: Richard Brodhead) Commerce (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin) Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select) District of Columbia (Chairman: Moses Norris Jr.) Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Benjamin Fitzpatrick) Finance (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter) Foreign Relations (Chairman: James M. Mason) French Spoilations (Select) Indian Affairs (Chairman: William K. Sebastian) Judiciary (Chairman: Andrew P. Butler) Library (Chairman: James A. Pearce) Loss of Original Papers of Mark and Richard Bean (Select) Manufactures (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin) Mexican Claims Commission (Select) Military Affairs (Chairman: James Shields) Militia (Chairman: Sam Houston) Naval Affairs (Chairman: William M. Gwin) Ordnance and War Ships (Select) Pacific Railroad (Select) (Chairman: William M. Gwin) Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: Charles T. James) Pensions (Chairman: George Wallace Jones) Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Thomas J. Rusk) Printing (Chairman: Benjamin Fitzpatrick) Private Claims Commission (Select) Private Land Claims (Chairman: John Pettit) Protection of Life and Health in Passenger Ships (Select) Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: James A. Bayard Jr.) Public Lands (Chairman: Augustus Dodge) Retrenchment (Chairman: Stephen Adams) Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Isaac P. Walker) Roads and Canals (Chairman: John Slidell) Sickness on Emigrant Ships (Select) Tariff Regulation (Select) Territories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas) Whole House of Representatives Accounts (Chairman: Carlton B. Curtis) Agriculture (Chairman: John L. Dawson) Claims (Chairman: Alfred P. Edgerton) Commerce (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton) District of Columbia (Chairman: William T. Hamilton) Elections (Chairman: Richard H. Stanton) Engraving (Chairman: George R. Riddle) Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Fayette McMullen) Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: Samuel Lilly) Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Daniel Wells Jr.) Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: David Stuart) Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: George W. Kittredge) Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Henry A. Edmundson) Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Thomas H. Bayly) Indian Affairs (Chairman: James L. Orr) Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Thomas A. Hendricks) Judiciary (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton) Manufactures (Chairman: John McNair) Mileage (Chairman: Andrew J. Harlan) Military Affairs (Chairman: William H. Bissell) Militia (Chairman: Elijah W. Chastain) Naval Affairs (Chairman: Thomas S. Bocock) Patents (Chairman: Benjamin B. Thurston) Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Edson B. Olds) Private Land Claims (Chairman: Junius Hillyer) Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Francis B. Craige) Public Expenditures (Chairman: William H. Kurtz) Public Lands (Chairman: David T. Disney) Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Williamson R. W. Cobb) Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Rufus W. Peckham) Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: William M. Churchwell) Roads and Canals (Chairman: Cyrus L. Dunham) Rules (Select) Standards of Official Conduct Territories (Chairman: William A. Richardson) Ways and Means (Chairman: George S. Houston) Whole Joint committees Amending the Constitution on Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. George Wallace Jones) The Library (Chairman: Joseph R. Chandler) Printing (Chairman: William Murray) San Francisco Disaster Caucuses Democratic (House) Democratic (Senate) Employees Legislative branch agency directors Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan Senate Chaplain: Clement M. Butler (Episcopalian), until December 7, 1853 Henry Slicer (Methodist), elected December 7, 1853 Secretary: Asbury Dickins Sergeant at Arms: Robert Beale, until March 17, 1853 Dunning R. McNair, elected March 17, 1853 House of Representatives Chaplain: William H. Milburn (Methodist) Clerk: John W. Forney Doorkeeper: Zadock W. McKnew Postmaster: John M. Johnson Reading Clerks: Sergeant at Arms: Adam J. Glossbrenner See also 1852 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress) 1852 United States presidential election 1852–53 United States Senate elections 1852–53 United States House of Representatives elections 1854 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress) 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections Notes ^ By some reckonings, Wilson is a Know-Nothing/Free Soil joint candidate ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began. ^ By some reckonings, Wilson is a Know-Nothing/Free Soil joint candidate References Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. External links Statutes at Large, 1789–1875 Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives: House History U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists Congressional Directory for the 33rd Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. vteUnited States congresses (and year convened)    1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025)

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It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855, during the first two years of Franklin Pierce's presidency. During this session, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was passed, an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.","title":"33rd United States Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"1853 in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1854 in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1855 in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"William R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry"},{"link_name":"Edo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"Gadsden Purchase (in yellow)See also: 1853 in the United States, 1854 in the United States, and 1855 in the United StatesMarch 4, 1853: Franklin Pierce became 14th President of the United States\nApril 18, 1853: Vice President William R. King died\nJuly 8, 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo Bay with a request for a trade treaty\nDecember 30, 1853: Gadsden Purchase: The United States bought land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest\nMarch 20, 1854: Republican Party founded","title":"Major events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas–Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-277"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"U.S. Camel Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Camel_Corps"}],"text":"May 30, 1854: Kansas–Nebraska Act, ch. 59, 10 Stat. 277\nMarch 3, 1855: The U.S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U.S. Camel Corps","title":"Major legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point No Point Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_No_Point_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Convention of Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa"}],"text":"January 26, 1854: Point No Point Treaty signed\nMarch 31, 1854: Convention of Kanagawa signed with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade","title":"Treaties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Territory"}],"text":"May 30, 1854 – Kansas Territory was organized.\nMay 30, 1854 – Nebraska Territory was organized.","title":"Territories organized"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Party summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senate","title":"Party summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"size of the House was increased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment"},{"link_name":"1850 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-433"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"For the beginning of this congress, the size of the House was increased from 233 seats to 234 seats, following the 1850 United States census (See 9 Stat. 433).","title":"Party summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Rufus_DeVane_King_1839_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"William R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King"}],"text":"President of the SenateWilliam R. King","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"William R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"David R. Atchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"Jesse D. Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"President: William R. King (D), until April 18, 1853; vacant thereafter.\nPresident pro tempore: David R. Atchison (D), until December 4, 1854\nLewis Cass (D), December 4, 1854\nJesse D. Bright (D), from December 5, 1854","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Democratic Caucus Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Edson B. Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_B._Olds"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"Speaker: Linn Boyd (D)\nDemocratic Caucus Chairman: Edson B. Olds","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate class numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Skip to House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#House_of_Representatives_3"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Clement C. Clay Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Claiborne_Clay"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"William K. Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Solon Borland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon_Borland"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"John B. Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Weller"},{"link_name":"William M. Gwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"Isaac Toucey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Toucey"},{"link_name":"Truman Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Smith"},{"link_name":"Francis Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gillette"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"James A. Bayard Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr."},{"link_name":"John M. Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Clayton"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"Stephen Mallory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Mallory"},{"link_name":"Jackson Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Morton"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Robert Toombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Toombs"},{"link_name":"William C. Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crosby_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas"},{"link_name":"James Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1810)"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"Jesse D. Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright"},{"link_name":"John Pettit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pettit"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"George Wallace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Augustus C. Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"John B. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"Judah P. Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Pierre Soulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"John Slidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slidell"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"William Pitt Fessenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Fessenden"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)"},{"link_name":"James A. Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pearce"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Edward Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett"},{"link_name":"Julius Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"Henry Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Stephen Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Adams_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Albert G. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G._Brown"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"Henry S. Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Geyer"},{"link_name":"David R. Atchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"Charles G. Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton"},{"link_name":"Jared W. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_W._Williams"},{"link_name":"Moses Norris Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Norris_Jr."},{"link_name":"John S. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Wells"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"John R. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Renshaw_Thomson"},{"link_name":"William Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wright_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=34"},{"link_name":"David S. Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Settle_Reid"},{"link_name":"George E. Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=35"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Wade"},{"link_name":"Salmon P. Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"Richard Brodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brodhead"},{"link_name":"James Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=37"},{"link_name":"Charles T. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tillinghast_James"},{"link_name":"Philip Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island)"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=38"},{"link_name":"Josiah J. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_J._Evans"},{"link_name":"Andrew Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Butler"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=39"},{"link_name":"James C. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Jones"},{"link_name":"John Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=40"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk"},{"link_name":"Samuel Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=41"},{"link_name":"Solomon Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Foot"},{"link_name":"Samuel S. Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_S._Phelps"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Brainerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Brainerd"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=42"},{"link_name":"James M. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_Mason"},{"link_name":"Robert M. T. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mercer_Taliaferro_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=43"},{"link_name":"Henry Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dodge"},{"link_name":"Isaac P. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_P._Walker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33rd_United_States_Congress_Senators.svg"},{"link_name":"Know-Nothings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Rice_Atchison.jpg"},{"link_name":"David R. Atchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Atchison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JesseDBright.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesse D. Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1856; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1858; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1854. The United States consisted of 31 states during this Congress.Skip to House of Representatives, belowAlabama[edit]\n▌2. Clement C. Clay Jr. (D), from November 29, 1853\n▌3. Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D)\nArkansas[edit]\n▌2. William K. Sebastian (D)\n▌3. Solon Borland (D), until April 11, 1853\n▌Robert W. Johnson (D), from July 6, 1853\nCalifornia[edit]\n▌1. John B. Weller (D)\n▌3. William M. Gwin (D)\nConnecticut[edit]\n▌1. Isaac Toucey (D)\n▌3. Truman Smith (W), until May 24, 1854\n▌Francis Gillette (FS), from May 24, 1854\nDelaware[edit]\n▌1. James A. Bayard Jr. (D)\n▌2. John M. Clayton (W)\nFlorida[edit]\n▌1. Stephen Mallory (D)\n▌3. Jackson Morton (W)\nGeorgia[edit]\n▌2. Robert Toombs (D)\n▌3. William C. Dawson (W)\nIllinois[edit]\n▌2. Stephen A. Douglas (D)\n▌3. James Shields (D)\nIndiana[edit]\n▌1. Jesse D. Bright (D)\n▌3. John Pettit (D)\nIowa[edit]\n▌2. George Wallace Jones (D)\n▌3. Augustus C. Dodge (D), until February 22, 1855\nKentucky[edit]\n▌2. John B. Thompson (A)\n▌3. Archibald Dixon (W)\nLouisiana[edit]\n▌2. Judah P. Benjamin (W)\n▌3. Pierre Soulé (D), until April 11, 1853\n▌John Slidell (D), from December 5, 1853\nMaine[edit]\n▌1. Hannibal Hamlin (D)\n▌2. William Pitt Fessenden (W), from February 10, 1854\nMaryland[edit]\n▌1. Thomas Pratt (W)\n▌3. James A. Pearce (W)\nMassachusetts[edit]\n▌1. Charles Sumner (FS)\n▌2. Edward Everett (W), until June 1, 1854\n▌Julius Rockwell (W), from June 3, 1854, until January 31, 1855\n▌Henry Wilson (FS), from January 31, 1855\nMichigan[edit]\n▌1. Lewis Cass (D)\n▌2. Charles E. Stuart (D)\n\n\nMississippi[edit]\n▌1. Stephen Adams (D)\n▌2. Albert G. Brown (D), from January 7, 1854\nMissouri[edit]\n▌1. Henry S. Geyer (W)\n▌3. David R. Atchison (D)\nNew Hampshire[edit]\n▌2. Charles G. Atherton (D), until November 15, 1853\n▌Jared W. Williams (D), from November 29, 1853, until July 15, 1854\n▌3. Moses Norris Jr. (D), until January 11, 1855\n▌John S. Wells (D), from January 16, 1855\nNew Jersey[edit]\n▌1. John R. Thomson (D)\n▌2. William Wright (D)\nNew York[edit]\n▌1. Hamilton Fish (W)\n▌3. William H. Seward (W)\nNorth Carolina[edit]\n▌2. David S. Reid (D), from December 6, 1854\n▌3. George E. Badger (W)\nOhio[edit]\n▌1. Benjamin Wade (W)\n▌3. Salmon P. Chase (FS)\nPennsylvania[edit]\n▌1. Richard Brodhead (D)\n▌3. James Cooper (W)\nRhode Island[edit]\n▌1. Charles T. James (D)\n▌2. Philip Allen (D), from July 20, 1853\nSouth Carolina[edit]\n▌2. Josiah J. Evans (D)\n▌3. Andrew Butler (D)\nTennessee[edit]\n▌1. James C. Jones (W)\n▌2. John Bell (W)\nTexas[edit]\n▌1. Thomas J. Rusk (D)\n▌2. Samuel Houston (D)\nVermont[edit]\n▌1. Solomon Foot (W)\n▌3. Samuel S. Phelps (W), until March 16, 1854\n▌Lawrence Brainerd (FS), from October 14, 1854\nVirginia[edit]\n▌1. James M. Mason (D)\n▌2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D)\nWisconsin[edit]\n▌1. Henry Dodge (D)\n▌3. Isaac P. Walker (D)\n\n\nSenators' party membership by state at the opening of the 33rd Congress in March 1853. The gray stripes represent Know-Nothings. The green stripes represent Free Soil.   2 Democrats   1 Democrat and 1 Whig   2 Whigs\n\n\nSenate President pro tempore David R. Atchison\nSenate President pro tempore Jesse D. Bright","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=45"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Philip Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Phillips_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James Abercrombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(Congressman)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sampson W. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_Willis_Harris"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William R. 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Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_L._Dunham"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Lane_(Senator)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Samuel W. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Parker"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John G. 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Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Cook"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=55"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Benjamin E. 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Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Leander Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Cox"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Richard H. 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Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_B._Thurston"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=70"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McQueen"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Aiken Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aiken_Jr."},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Laurence M. Keitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_M._Keitt"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Preston Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Brooks"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James L. Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William W. Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waters_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=71"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Brookins Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookins_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel G. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Green_Taylor"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William M. Churchwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomery_Churchwell"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Samuel A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Axley_Smith"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Cullom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullom"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ready"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"George W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Bugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Malone_Bugg"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Felix K. Zollicoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Zollicoffer"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Emerson Etheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Etheridge"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Frederick P. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=72"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"George W. Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Smyth"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Peter H. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hansborough_Bell"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=73"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James Meacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meacham"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tracy"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Alvah Sabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvah_Sabin"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=74"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Bayly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John S. Millson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Millson"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Caskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caskie"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Goode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goode_(politician)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Paulus Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Powell"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Extra_Billy%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Faulkner Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Letcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Letcher"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah Kidwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah_Kidwell"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John F. Snodgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Snodgrass"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Edmundson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Edmundson"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"LaFayette McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=75"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wells Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wells_Jr."},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ben C. Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_C._Eastman"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John B. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Macy"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_United_States_Congress&action=edit&section=76"},{"link_name":"Kansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John W. Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry M. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mower_Rice"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Napoleon B. Giddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_B._Giddings"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Gallegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Gallegos"},{"link_name":"Oregon Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lane"},{"link_name":"Utah Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John M. Bernhisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Bernhisel"},{"link_name":"Washington Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Columbia Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lancaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33_us_house_membership.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinnBoyd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.Alabama[edit]\n▌1. Philip Phillips (D)\n▌2. James Abercrombie (W)\n▌3. Sampson W. Harris (D)\n▌4. William R. Smith (D)\n▌5. George S. Houston (D)\n▌6. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D)\n▌7. James F. Dowdell (D)\nArkansas[edit]\n▌1. Alfred B. Greenwood (D)\n▌2. Edward A. Warren (D)\nCalifornia[edit]\nBoth representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.\n\n▌At-large. Milton Latham (D)\n▌At-large. James A. McDougall (D)\nConnecticut[edit]\n▌1. James T. Pratt (D)\n▌2. Colin M. Ingersoll (D)\n▌3. Nathan Belcher (D)\n▌4. Origen S. Seymour (D)\nDelaware[edit]\n▌At-large. George Read Riddle (D)\nFlorida[edit]\n▌At-large. Augustus Maxwell (D)\nGeorgia[edit]\n▌1. James L. Seward (D)\n▌2. Alfred H. Colquitt (D)\n▌3. David J. Bailey (D)\n▌4. William B. W. Dent (D)\n▌5. Elijah W. Chastain (D)\n▌6. Junius Hillyer (D)\n▌7. David A. Reese (W)\n▌8. Alexander Stephens (W)\nIllinois[edit]\n▌1. Elihu B. Washburne (W)\n▌2. John Wentworth (D)\n▌3. Jesse O. Norton (W)\n▌4. James Knox (W)\n▌5. William A. Richardson (D)\n▌6. Richard Yates (W)\n▌7. James C. Allen (D)\n▌8. William H. Bissell (ID)\n▌9. Willis Allen (D)\nIndiana[edit]\n▌1. Smith Miller (D)\n▌2. William H. English (D)\n▌3. Cyrus L. Dunham (D)\n▌4. James H. Lane (D)\n▌5. Samuel W. Parker (W)\n▌6. Thomas A. Hendricks (D)\n▌7. John G. Davis (D)\n▌8. Daniel Mace (D)\n▌9. Norman Eddy (D)\n▌10. Ebenezer M. Chamberlain (D)\n▌11. Andrew J. Harlan (D)\nIowa[edit]\n▌1. Bernhart Henn (D)\n▌2. John P. Cook (W)\nKentucky[edit]\n▌1. Linn Boyd (D)\n▌2. Benjamin E. Grey (W)\n▌3. Presley Ewing (W), until September 27, 1854\n▌Francis Bristow (W), from December 4, 1854\n▌4. James Chrisman (D)\n▌5. Clement S. Hill (W)\n▌6. John M. Elliott (D)\n▌7. William Preston (W)\n▌8. John C. Breckinridge (D)\n▌9. Leander Cox (W)\n▌10. Richard H. Stanton (D)\nLouisiana[edit]\n▌1. William Dunbar (D)\n▌2. Theodore G. Hunt (W)\n▌3. John Perkins Jr. (D)\n▌4. Roland Jones (D)\nMaine[edit]\n▌1. Moses MacDonald (D)\n▌2. Samuel Mayall (D)\n▌3. E. Wilder Farley (W)\n▌4. Samuel P. Benson (W)\n▌5. Israel Washburn Jr. (W)\n▌6. Thomas J. D. Fuller (D)\nMaryland[edit]\n▌1. John R. Franklin (W)\n▌2. Jacob Shower (D)\n▌3. Joshua Van Sant (D)\n▌4. Henry May (D)\n▌5. William T. Hamilton (D)\n▌6. Augustus R. Sollers (W)\nMassachusetts[edit]\n▌1. Zeno Scudder (W), until March 4, 1854\n▌Thomas D. Eliot (W), from April 17, 1854\n▌2. Samuel L. Crocker (W)\n▌3. J. Wiley Edmands (W)\n▌4. Samuel H. Walley (W)\n▌5. William Appleton (W)\n▌6. Charles W. Upham (W)\n▌7. Nathaniel P. Banks (D)\n▌8. Tappan Wentworth (W)\n▌9. Alexander De Witt (FS)\n▌10. Edward Dickinson (W)\n▌11. John Z. Goodrich (W)\nMichigan[edit]\n▌1. David Stuart (D)\n▌2. David A. Noble (D)\n▌3. Samuel Clark (D)\n▌4. Hestor L. Stevens (D)\nMississippi[edit]\n▌1. Daniel B. Wright (D)\n▌2. William T. S. Barry (D)\n▌3. Otho R. Singleton (D)\n▌4. Wiley P. Harris (D)\n▌At-large. William Barksdale (D)\nMissouri[edit]\n▌1. Thomas H. Benton (D)\n▌2. Alfred W. Lamb (D)\n▌3. James J. Lindley (W)\n▌4. Mordecai Oliver (W)\n▌5. John G. Miller (W)\n▌6. John S. Phelps (D)\n▌7. Samuel Caruthers (W)\nNew Hampshire[edit]\n▌1. George W. Kittredge (D)\n▌2. George W. Morrison (D)\n▌3. Harry Hibbard (D)\nNew Jersey[edit]\n▌1. Nathan T. Stratton (D)\n▌2. Charles Skelton (D)\n▌3. Samuel Lilly (D)\n▌4. George Vail (D)\n▌5. Alexander C. M. Pennington (W)\n\n\nNew York[edit]\n▌1. James Maurice (D)\n▌2. Thomas W. Cumming (D)\n▌3. Hiram Walbridge (D)\n▌4. Michael Walsh (D)\n▌5. William M. Tweed (D)\n▌6. John Wheeler (D)\n▌7. William A. Walker (D)\n▌8. Francis B. Cutting (D)\n▌9. Jared V. Peck (D)\n▌10. William Murray (D)\n▌11. Theodoric R. Westbrook (D)\n▌12. Gilbert Dean (D), until July 3, 1854\n▌Isaac Teller (W), from November 7, 1854\n▌13. Russell Sage (W)\n▌14. Rufus W. Peckham (D)\n▌15. Charles Hughes (D)\n▌16. George A. Simmons (W)\n▌17. Bishop Perkins (D)\n▌18. Peter Rowe (D)\n▌19. George W. Chase (W)\n▌20. Orsamus B. Matteson (W)\n▌21. Henry Bennett (W)\n▌22. Gerrit Smith (FS), until August 7, 1854\n▌Henry C. Goodwin (W), from November 7, 1854\n▌23. Caleb Lyon (I)\n▌24. Daniel T. Jones (D)\n▌25. Edwin B. Morgan (W)\n▌26. Andrew Oliver (D)\n▌27. John J. Taylor (D)\n▌28. George Hastings (D)\n▌29. Azariah Boody (W) until October 13, 1853\n▌Davis Carpenter (W), from November 8, 1853\n▌30. Benjamin Pringle (W)\n▌31. Thomas T. Flagler (W)\n▌32. Solomon G. Haven (W)\n▌33. Reuben Fenton (D)\nNorth Carolina[edit]\n▌1. Henry M. Shaw (D)\n▌2. Thomas H. Ruffin (D)\n▌3. William S. Ashe (D)\n▌4. Sion H. Rogers (W)\n▌5. John Kerr Jr. (W)\n▌6. Richard C. Puryear (W)\n▌7. F. Burton Craige (D)\n▌8. Thomas L. Clingman (D)\nOhio[edit]\n▌1. David T. Disney (D)\n▌2. John Scott Harrison (W)\n▌3. Lewis D. Campbell (W)\n▌4. Matthias H. Nichols (D)\n▌5. Alfred P. Edgerton (D)\n▌6. Andrew Ellison (D)\n▌7. Aaron Harlan (W)\n▌8. Moses B. Corwin (W)\n▌9. Frederick W. Green (D)\n▌10. John L. Taylor (W)\n▌11. Thomas Ritchey (D)\n▌12. Edson B. Olds (D)\n▌13. William D. Lindsley (D)\n▌14. Harvey H. Johnson (D)\n▌15. William R. Sapp (W)\n▌16. Edward Ball (W)\n▌17. Wilson Shannon (D)\n▌18. George Bliss (D)\n▌19. Edward Wade (FS)\n▌20. Joshua R. Giddings (FS)\n▌21. Andrew Stuart (D)\nPennsylvania[edit]\n▌1. Thomas B. Florence (D)\n▌2. Joseph R. Chandler (W)\n▌3. John Robbins Jr. (D)\n▌4. William H. Witte (D)\n▌5. John McNair (D)\n▌6. William Everhart (W)\n▌7. Samuel A. Bridges (D)\n▌8. Henry A. Muhlenberg (D), until January 9, 1854\n▌J. Glancey Jones (D), from February 4, 1854\n▌9. Isaac E. Hiester (W)\n▌10. Ner A. Middleswarth (W)\n▌11. Christian M. Straub (D)\n▌12. Hendrick B. Wright (D)\n▌13. Asa Packer (D)\n▌14. Galusha A. Grow (D)\n▌15. James Gamble (D)\n▌16. William H. Kurtz (D)\n▌17. Samuel L. Russell (W)\n▌18. John McCulloch (W)\n▌19. Augustus Drum (D)\n▌20. John L. Dawson (D)\n▌21. David Ritchie (W)\n▌22. Thomas M. Howe (W)\n▌23. Michael C. Trout (D)\n▌24. Carlton B. Curtis (D)\n▌25. John Dick (W)\nRhode Island[edit]\n▌1. Thomas Davis (D)\n▌2. Benjamin B. Thurston (D)\nSouth Carolina[edit]\n▌1. John McQueen (D)\n▌2. William Aiken Jr. (D)\n▌3. Laurence M. Keitt (D)\n▌4. Preston Brooks (D)\n▌5. James L. Orr (D)\n▌6. William W. Boyce (D)\nTennessee[edit]\n▌1. Brookins Campbell (D), until December 25, 1853\n▌Nathaniel G. Taylor (W), from March 30, 1854\n▌2. William M. Churchwell (D)\n▌3. Samuel A. Smith (D)\n▌4. William Cullom (W)\n▌5. Charles Ready (W)\n▌6. George W. Jones (D)\n▌7. Robert M. Bugg (W)\n▌8. Felix K. Zollicoffer (W)\n▌9. Emerson Etheridge (W)\n▌10. Frederick P. Stanton (D)\nTexas[edit]\n▌1. George W. Smyth (D)\n▌2. Peter H. Bell (D)\nVermont[edit]\n▌1. James Meacham (W)\n▌2. Andrew Tracy (W)\n▌3. Alvah Sabin (W)\nVirginia[edit]\n▌1. Thomas H. Bayly (D)\n▌2. John S. Millson (D)\n▌3. John Caskie (D)\n▌4. William Goode (D)\n▌5. Thomas S. Bocock (D)\n▌6. Paulus Powell (D)\n▌7. William Smith (D)\n▌8. Charles J. Faulkner Sr. (D)\n▌9. John Letcher (D)\n▌10. Zedekiah Kidwell (D)\n▌11. John F. Snodgrass (D), until June 5, 1854\n▌Charles S. Lewis (D), from December 4, 1854\n▌12. Henry A. Edmundson (D)\n▌13. LaFayette McMullen (D)\nWisconsin[edit]\n▌1. Daniel Wells Jr. (D)\n▌2. Ben C. Eastman (D)\n▌3. John B. Macy (D)\nNon-voting members[edit]\n▌Kansas Territory. John W. Whitfield (D), from December 20, 1854\n▌Minnesota Territory. Henry M. Rice (D)\n▌Nebraska Territory. Napoleon B. Giddings (D), from January 5, 1855\n▌New Mexico Territory. José Manuel Gallegos (D)\n▌Oregon Territory. Joseph Lane (D)\n▌Utah Territory. John M. Bernhisel\n▌Washington Territory. Columbia Lancaster (D), from April 12, 1854\n\n\n House seats by party holding plurality in state   80.1-100% Democratic   Up to 60% Whig   60.1-80% Democratic   60.1-80% Whig   Up to 60% Democratic   80.1-100% Whig \nHouse SpeakerLinn Boyd","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.","title":"Changes in membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats (D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Whigs (W)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Free Soilers (FS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"List of special elections to the United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"Replacements: 7\nDemocrats (D): 2 seat net gain\nWhigs (W): 2 seat net loss\nFree Soilers (FS): 3 seat net gain [a]\nDeaths: 2\nResignations: 4\nInterim appointments: 1\nTotal seats with changes: 13See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate","title":"Changes in membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats (D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Whigs (W)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Free Soilers (FS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"Replacements: 7\nDemocrats (D): 2 seat net loss\nWhigs (W): 3 seat net gain\nFree Soilers (FS): 1 seat net loss\nDeaths: 4\nResignations: 4\nTotal seats with changes: 8","title":"Changes in membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of committees and their party leaders.","title":"Committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Philip Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island_politician)"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Promotion of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric Telegraph Between Washington and Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Atmospheric_Telegraph_Between_Washington_and_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_to_Audit_and_Control_the_Contingent_Expenses_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"Josiah J. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_J._Evans"},{"link_name":"Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Claims"},{"link_name":"Richard Brodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brodhead"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Distributing Public Revenue Among the States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Distributing_Public_Revenue_Among_the_States&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Moses Norris Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Norris_Jr."},{"link_name":"Engrossed Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Engrossed_Bills"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance"},{"link_name":"Robert M.T. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M.T._Hunter"},{"link_name":"Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"James M. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Mason"},{"link_name":"French Spoilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_French_Spoilations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"William K. Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_K._Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Andrew P. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_P._Butler"},{"link_name":"Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Library"},{"link_name":"James A. Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pearce"},{"link_name":"Loss of Original Papers of Mark and Richard Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Loss_of_Original_Papers_of_Mark_and_Richard_Bean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manufactures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Manufactures"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Mexican Claims Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_Mexican_Claims_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Military Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Military_Affairs"},{"link_name":"James Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)"},{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Militia"},{"link_name":"Sam Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston"},{"link_name":"Naval Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Naval_Affairs"},{"link_name":"William M. Gwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin"},{"link_name":"Ordnance and War Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_Ordnance_and_War_Ships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_Pacific_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William M. Gwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin"},{"link_name":"Patents and the Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Patents_and_the_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"Charles T. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tillinghast_James"},{"link_name":"Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Pensions"},{"link_name":"George Wallace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Post Office and Post Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Post_Roads"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Printing"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Private Claims Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Private_Claims_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Private Land Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Private_Land_Claims"},{"link_name":"John Pettit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pettit"},{"link_name":"Protection of Life and Health in Passenger Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Protection_of_Life_and_Health_in_Passenger_Ships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Public Buildings and Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Public_Buildings_and_Grounds"},{"link_name":"James A. Bayard Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr."},{"link_name":"Public Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Public_Lands"},{"link_name":"Augustus Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Dodge"},{"link_name":"Retrenchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Retrenchment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Adams_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Revolutionary_Claims"},{"link_name":"Isaac P. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_P._Walker"},{"link_name":"Roads and Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Roads_and_Canals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Slidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slidell"},{"link_name":"Sickness on Emigrant Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_Sickness_on_Emigrant_Ships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tariff Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_the_Tariff_Regulation"},{"link_name":"Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Territories"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Whole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_the_whole"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"Agriculture (Chairman: Philip Allen)\nAmerican Association for the Promotion of Science (Select)\nAtmospheric Telegraph Between Washington and Baltimore (Select)\nAudit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Josiah J. Evans)\nClaims (Chairman: Richard Brodhead)\nCommerce (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin)\nDistributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)\nDistrict of Columbia (Chairman: Moses Norris Jr.)\nEngrossed Bills (Chairman: Benjamin Fitzpatrick)\nFinance (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter)\nForeign Relations (Chairman: James M. Mason)\nFrench Spoilations (Select)\nIndian Affairs (Chairman: William K. Sebastian)\nJudiciary (Chairman: Andrew P. Butler)\nLibrary (Chairman: James A. Pearce)\nLoss of Original Papers of Mark and Richard Bean (Select)\nManufactures (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin)\nMexican Claims Commission (Select)\nMilitary Affairs (Chairman: James Shields)\nMilitia (Chairman: Sam Houston)\nNaval Affairs (Chairman: William M. Gwin)\nOrdnance and War Ships (Select)\nPacific Railroad (Select) (Chairman: William M. Gwin)\nPatents and the Patent Office (Chairman: Charles T. James)\nPensions (Chairman: George Wallace Jones)\nPost Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Thomas J. Rusk)\nPrinting (Chairman: Benjamin Fitzpatrick)\nPrivate Claims Commission (Select)\nPrivate Land Claims (Chairman: John Pettit)\nProtection of Life and Health in Passenger Ships (Select)\nPublic Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: James A. Bayard Jr.)\nPublic Lands (Chairman: Augustus Dodge)\nRetrenchment (Chairman: Stephen Adams)\nRevolutionary Claims (Chairman: Isaac P. Walker)\nRoads and Canals (Chairman: John Slidell)\nSickness on Emigrant Ships (Select)\nTariff Regulation (Select)\nTerritories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas)\nWhole","title":"Committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Accounts"},{"link_name":"Carlton B. Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_B._Curtis"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"John L. Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Dawson"},{"link_name":"Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Claims"},{"link_name":"Alfred P. Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Edgerton"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Frederick P. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_P._Stanton"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"William T. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Elections"},{"link_name":"Richard H. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Stanton"},{"link_name":"Engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Engraving"},{"link_name":"George R. Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Riddle"},{"link_name":"Expenditures in the Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_Navy_Department"},{"link_name":"Fayette McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"Expenditures in the Post Office Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_Post_Office_Department"},{"link_name":"Samuel Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lilly"},{"link_name":"Expenditures in the State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_State_Department"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wells Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wells_Jr."},{"link_name":"Expenditures in the Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"David Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_(Michigan_politician)"},{"link_name":"Expenditures in the War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_War_Department"},{"link_name":"George W. Kittredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Kittredge"},{"link_name":"Expenditures on Public Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_on_Public_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Edmundson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Edmundson"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Bayly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly"},{"link_name":"Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"James L. Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Orr"},{"link_name":"Invalid Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Invalid_Pensions"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Frederick P. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_P._Stanton"},{"link_name":"Manufactures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Manufactures"},{"link_name":"John McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNair_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Mileage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Mileage"},{"link_name":"Andrew J. Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Harlan"},{"link_name":"Military Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Military_Affairs"},{"link_name":"William H. Bissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Bissell"},{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Militia"},{"link_name":"Elijah W. Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_W._Chastain"},{"link_name":"Naval Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Naval_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock"},{"link_name":"Patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Patents"},{"link_name":"Benjamin B. Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_B._Thurston"},{"link_name":"Post Office and Post Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Post_Roads"},{"link_name":"Edson B. Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_B._Olds"},{"link_name":"Private Land Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Private_Land_Claims"},{"link_name":"Junius Hillyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Hillyer"},{"link_name":"Public Buildings and Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Public_Buildings_and_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Francis B. Craige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_B._Craige"},{"link_name":"Public Expenditures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Public_Expenditures"},{"link_name":"William H. Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Kurtz"},{"link_name":"Public Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Public_Lands"},{"link_name":"David T. Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Disney"},{"link_name":"Revisal and Unfinished Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Revisal_and_Unfinished_Business"},{"link_name":"Williamson R. W. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_R._W._Cobb"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Revolutionary_Claims"},{"link_name":"Rufus W. Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Revolutionary_Pensions"},{"link_name":"William M. Churchwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Churchwell"},{"link_name":"Roads and Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Roads_and_Canals"},{"link_name":"Cyrus L. Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_L._Dunham"},{"link_name":"Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Rules"},{"link_name":"Standards of Official Conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Standards_of_Official_Conduct"},{"link_name":"Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Territories"},{"link_name":"William A. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Ways and Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means"},{"link_name":"George S. Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Houston"},{"link_name":"Whole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"Accounts (Chairman: Carlton B. Curtis)\nAgriculture (Chairman: John L. Dawson)\nClaims (Chairman: Alfred P. Edgerton)\nCommerce (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton)\nDistrict of Columbia (Chairman: William T. Hamilton)\nElections (Chairman: Richard H. Stanton)\nEngraving (Chairman: George R. Riddle)\nExpenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Fayette McMullen)\nExpenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: Samuel Lilly)\nExpenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Daniel Wells Jr.)\nExpenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: David Stuart)\nExpenditures in the War Department (Chairman: George W. Kittredge)\nExpenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Henry A. Edmundson)\nForeign Affairs (Chairman: Thomas H. Bayly)\nIndian Affairs (Chairman: James L. Orr)\nInvalid Pensions (Chairman: Thomas A. Hendricks)\nJudiciary (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton)\nManufactures (Chairman: John McNair)\nMileage (Chairman: Andrew J. Harlan)\nMilitary Affairs (Chairman: William H. Bissell)\nMilitia (Chairman: Elijah W. Chastain)\nNaval Affairs (Chairman: Thomas S. Bocock)\nPatents (Chairman: Benjamin B. Thurston)\nPost Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Edson B. Olds)\nPrivate Land Claims (Chairman: Junius Hillyer)\nPublic Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Francis B. Craige)\nPublic Expenditures (Chairman: William H. Kurtz)\nPublic Lands (Chairman: David T. Disney)\nRevisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Williamson R. W. Cobb)\nRevolutionary Claims (Chairman: Rufus W. Peckham)\nRevolutionary Pensions (Chairman: William M. Churchwell)\nRoads and Canals (Chairman: Cyrus L. Dunham)\nRules (Select)\nStandards of Official Conduct\nTerritories (Chairman: William A. Richardson)\nWays and Means (Chairman: George S. Houston)\nWhole","title":"Committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amending the Constitution on Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Amending_the_Constitution_on_Presidential_and_Vice_Presidential_Elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enrolled Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Enrolled_Bills"},{"link_name":"George Wallace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Chandler"},{"link_name":"Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Printing"},{"link_name":"William Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murray_(New_York_politician)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_San_Francisco_Disaster&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Joint committees","text":"Amending the Constitution on Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections\nEnrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. George Wallace Jones)\nThe Library (Chairman: Joseph R. 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Johnson\nReading Clerks: [data missing]\nSergeant at Arms: Adam J. Glossbrenner","title":"Employees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SuccessorInstallation_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SuccessorInstallation_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ By some reckonings, Wilson is a Know-Nothing/Free Soil joint candidate\n\n^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.\n\n^ By some reckonings, Wilson is a Know-Nothing/Free Soil joint candidate","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_tolerant_plant

Halophyte

["1 Classification","2 Habitats of halophytes","3 Salt tolerance","4 Examples","5 Uses","5.1 Biofuel","5.2 Phytoremediation","6 See also","7 References"]

Salt-tolerant plant See also: biosalinity and halophile This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Halophyte" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass), a halophyte. A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species. Information about many of the earth's halophytes can be found in the halophyte database. The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity. Classification Halophytes can be classified in many ways. According to Stocker (1933), it is mainly of 3 kinds by habitat, viz. Aqua-halines (aquatic plants) Emerged Halophytes (most of the stem remains above the water level) Hydro-halophytes (whole or almost whole plant remains under water) Terrestro-halines (terrestrial plants) Hygro-halophytes (grow on swamp lands) Mesohalophytes (grow on non-swamp, non-dry lands) Xero-halophytes (grow on dry or mostly dry lands) Aero-halines (epiphytes and aerophytes) Again, according to Iversen (1936), these plants are classified with respect to the salinity of the soil on which they grow. Oligo-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.01 to 0.1%) Meso-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.1 to 1%) Euhalophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is >1%) For comparison, seawater has a salinity of about 3.5%. See water salinity for other reference levels. Habitats of halophytes Major habitats where halophytes flourish include mangrove swamps, sand and cliff shorelines in the tropics, salt deserts and semi-deserts, the Sargasso Sea, mudflats and salt marshes, kelp forests and beds, salt lakes and salt steppes of the Pannonian region, wash fringes, isolated inland saline grasslands, and in places where people have brought about salination. Salt tolerance One quantitative measure of salt tolerance (halotolerance) is the total dissolved solids in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate. Seawater typically contains 40 grams per litre (g/L) of dissolved salts (mostly sodium chloride). Beans and rice can tolerate about 1–3 g/L, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants). At the other extreme, Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) grows well at 70 g/L of dissolved solids, and is a promising halophyte for use as a crop. Plants such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can tolerate about 5 g/L, and can be considered as marginal halophytes. Adaptation to saline environments by halophytes may take the form of salt tolerance or salt avoidance. Plants that avoid the effects of high salt even though they live in a saline environment may be referred to as facultative halophytes rather than 'true', or obligatory, halophytes.Pneumatophores of Grey mangrove For example, a short-lived plant species that completes its reproductive life cycle during periods (such as a rainy season) when the salt concentration is low would be avoiding salt rather than tolerating it. Or a plant species may maintain a 'normal' internal salt concentration by excreting excess salts through its leaves, by way of salt glands, or by concentrating salts in salt bladders in leaves that later die and drop off. In an effort to improve agricultural production in regions where crops are exposed to salinity, research is focused on improving understanding of the various mechanisms whereby plants respond to salinity stress, so that more robust crop halophytes may be developed. Adaptive responses to salinity stress have been identified at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels. Examples Some halophytes are: Taxon Common name(s) Habitat type Tolerance type Anemopsis californica yerba mansa, lizard tail Hygro Atriplex saltbush, orache, orach Xero Attalea speciosa babassu Meso Panicum virgatum switchgrass Meso, Xero Salicornia bigelovii dwarf glasswort, pickleweed Hygro Eu (seawater) Spartina alterniflora smooth cordgrass Emerged, Hygro Eu (seawater) Tetragonia tetragonoides warrigal greens, kōkihi, sea spinach Hygro Eu (seawater) Dunaliella (a green alga) Hydro Eu (seawater) Sesuvium portulacastrum sea purslane, shoreline purslane Hygro Eu (seawater) Suaeda Seep-weeds Hygro Eu (seawater) Halimione portulacoides sea purslane Hygro Eu (seawater) Sarcocornia fruticosa saltworts ? Uses Biofuel Main article: Biofuel Some halophytes are being studied for use as "3rd-generation" biofuel precursors. Halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii can be grown in harsh environments and typically do not compete with food crops for resources, making them promising sources of biodiesel or bioalcohol. Phytoremediation Halophytes like Suaeda salsa can store salt ions and rare-earth elements absorbed from soils in their tissues. Halophytes can therefore be used in Phytoremediation measures to adjust salinity levels of surrounding soils. These measures aim to allow glycophytes to survive in previously uninhabitable areas through an environmentally safe, and cost effective process. A higher concentration of halophyte plants in one area leads to higher salt uptake and lower soil salinity levels. Different species of halophytes have different absorption capabilities. Three different halophyte species (Atriplex patula, Atriplex hortensis, and Atriplex canescans) have been found to rehabilitate soils contaminated with road salt over varying lengths of time. See also Biosalinity – Use of salty water for irrigation Crop tolerance to seawater – Crop tolerance to seawater is the ability of an agricultural crop to withstand the high salinity induced by irrigation with seawater.Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Halotolerance – Adaptation to high salinity Salt tolerance of crops Sodium in biology – Use of Sodium by organisms Soil salinity – Salt content in the soil Soil salinity control – Controlling the problem of soil salinity References ^ a b Physiology of halophytes, T. J. FLOWERS, Plant and Soil 89, 41-56 (1985) ^ a b Glenn, E. P.; et al. (1999). "Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 18 (2): 227–55. Bibcode:1999CRvPS..18..227G. doi:10.1080/07352689991309207. ^ "Halophytes: Classification and Characters of Halophytes". 29 January 2015. ^ Kapler, Adam. 2019. Habitats of Halophytes. In: Halophytes & Climate Change: Adaptive Mechanisms and Potential Uses. Edited by Mirza Hassanuzzaman, Sergey Shabala, & Masayuki Fujita. CAB International. Pp. 19-37. ^ a b Glenn, E. P.; Brown, J. J.; O'Leary, J. W. (1998). "Irrigating Crops with Seawater", Scientific American, Vol. 279, no. 8, Aug. 1998, pp. 56-61. ^ Gupta, Bhaskar; Huang, Bingru (3 April 2014). "Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization". International Journal of Genomics. 2014: 701596. doi:10.1155/2014/701596. PMC 3996477. PMID 24804192. ^ "Fact Sheet: Alternative Fuels". IATA. December 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-28. ^ Bresdin, Cylphine; Glenn, Edward P.; Brown, J. Jed (2016), "Comparison of Seed Production and Agronomic Traits of 20 Wild Accessions of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Grown Under Greenhouse Conditions", Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands, Elsevier, pp. 67–82, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801854-5.00005-4, ISBN 978-0-12-801854-5, retrieved 2022-03-05 ^ a b Liang, Jiaping; Shi, Wenjuan (2021). "Cotton/halophytes intercropping decreases salt accumulation and improves soil physicochemical properties and crop productivity in saline-alkali soils under mulched drip irrigation: A three-year field experiment". Field Crops Research. 262: 108027. Bibcode:2021FCrRe.26208027L. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2020.108027. S2CID 230576810. ^ a b Brito, Pedro; Caetano, Miguel; Martins, Marcelo D.; Caçador, Isabel (December 2020). "Effects of salt marsh plants on mobility and bioavailability of REE in estuarine sediments". Science of the Total Environment. 759: 144314. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144314. PMID 33338692. S2CID 229325441. ^ a b Mann, Ellen; Rutter, Allison; Zeeb, Barbara (October 2020). "Evaluating the efficacy of Atriplex spp. in the phytoextraction of road salt (NaCl) from contaminated soil". Environmental Pollution. 265 (Pt B): 114963. Bibcode:2020EPoll.26514963M. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114963. PMID 32806446. S2CID 221162683. Authority control databases National Israel United States Japan Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biosalinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosalinity"},{"link_name":"halophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spartina_alterniflora.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spartina alterniflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartina_alterniflora"},{"link_name":"cordgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordgrass"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"sloughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"glycophytes.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycophyte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Spartina alterniflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartina_alterniflora"},{"link_name":"halophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sussex.ac.uk/affiliates/halophytes/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glenn99-2"}],"text":"See also: biosalinity and halophileSpartina alterniflora (cordgrass), a halophyte.A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes.[1] An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species. Information about many of the earth's halophytes can be found in the halophyte database.The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.[2]","title":"Halophyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aquatic plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plants"},{"link_name":"terrestrial plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_plant"},{"link_name":"epiphytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytes"},{"link_name":"aerophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophyte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halophytes:_Classification_and_Characters_of_Halophytes-3"},{"link_name":"NaCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaCl"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"water salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_salinity"}],"text":"Halophytes can be classified in many ways. According to Stocker (1933), it is mainly of 3 kinds by habitat, viz.Aqua-halines (aquatic plants)\nEmerged Halophytes (most of the stem remains above the water level)\nHydro-halophytes (whole or almost whole plant remains under water)\nTerrestro-halines (terrestrial plants)\nHygro-halophytes (grow on swamp lands)\nMesohalophytes (grow on non-swamp, non-dry lands)\nXero-halophytes (grow on dry or mostly dry lands)\nAero-halines (epiphytes and aerophytes)Again, according to Iversen (1936), these plants are classified with respect to the salinity of the soil on which they grow.[3]Oligo-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.01 to 0.1%)\nMeso-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.1 to 1%)\nEuhalophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is >1%)For comparison, seawater has a salinity of about 3.5%. See water salinity for other reference levels.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sargasso Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea"},{"link_name":"mudflats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"kelp forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest"},{"link_name":"salt lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lake"},{"link_name":"Pannonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Basin"},{"link_name":"wash fringes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_fringe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapler2019-4"}],"text":"Major habitats where halophytes flourish include mangrove swamps, sand and cliff shorelines in the tropics, salt deserts and semi-deserts, the Sargasso Sea, mudflats and salt marshes, kelp forests and beds, salt lakes and salt steppes of the Pannonian region, wash fringes, isolated inland saline grasslands, and in places where people have brought about salination.[4]","title":"Habitats of halophytes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halotolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotolerance"},{"link_name":"Seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"Beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"crop plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_plant"},{"link_name":"Salicornia bigelovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia_bigelovii"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Hordeum vulgare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare"},{"link_name":"Phoenix dactylifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glenn99-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pneumatophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophores"},{"link_name":"Grey mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_mangrove"},{"link_name":"rainy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_season"},{"link_name":"salt glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_gland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta-2014-6"}],"text":"One quantitative measure of salt tolerance (halotolerance) is the total dissolved solids in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate. Seawater typically contains 40 grams per litre (g/L) of dissolved salts (mostly sodium chloride). Beans and rice can tolerate about 1–3 g/L, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants). At the other extreme, Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) grows well at 70 g/L of dissolved solids, and is a promising halophyte for use as a crop.[5] Plants such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can tolerate about 5 g/L, and can be considered as marginal halophytes.[2]Adaptation to saline environments by halophytes may take the form of salt tolerance or salt avoidance. Plants that avoid the effects of high salt even though they live in a saline environment may be referred to as facultative halophytes rather than 'true', or obligatory, halophytes.Pneumatophores of Grey mangroveFor example, a short-lived plant species that completes its reproductive life cycle during periods (such as a rainy season) when the salt concentration is low would be avoiding salt rather than tolerating it. Or a plant species may maintain a 'normal' internal salt concentration by excreting excess salts through its leaves, by way of salt glands, or by concentrating salts in salt bladders in leaves that later die and drop off.[1]In an effort to improve agricultural production in regions where crops are exposed to salinity, research is focused on improving understanding of the various mechanisms whereby plants respond to salinity stress, so that more robust crop halophytes may be developed. Adaptive responses to salinity stress have been identified at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels.[6]","title":"Salt tolerance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some halophytes are:","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salicornia bigelovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia_bigelovii"},{"link_name":"biodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel"},{"link_name":"bioalcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioalcohol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Biofuel","text":"Some halophytes are being studied for use as \"3rd-generation\" biofuel precursors. Halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii can be grown in harsh environments and typically do not compete with food crops for resources, making them promising sources of biodiesel or bioalcohol.[5][7][8]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaeda"},{"link_name":"rare-earth elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Phytoremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Atriplex patula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_patula"},{"link_name":"Atriplex hortensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_hortensis"},{"link_name":"Atriplex canescans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_canescens"},{"link_name":"road salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Phytoremediation","text":"Halophytes like Suaeda salsa can store salt ions and rare-earth elements absorbed from soils in their tissues.[9] Halophytes can therefore be used in Phytoremediation measures to adjust salinity levels of surrounding soils.[10] These measures aim to allow glycophytes to survive in previously uninhabitable areas through an environmentally safe, and cost effective process.[11] A higher concentration of halophyte plants in one area leads to higher salt uptake and lower soil salinity levels.[9]Different species of halophytes have different absorption capabilities.[10] Three different halophyte species (Atriplex patula, Atriplex hortensis, and Atriplex canescans) have been found to rehabilitate soils contaminated with road salt over varying lengths of time.[11]","title":"Uses"}]

[{"image_text":"Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass), a halophyte.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Spartina_alterniflora.jpg/250px-Spartina_alterniflora.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pneumatophores of Grey mangrove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG/320px-Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Biosalinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosalinity"},{"title":"Crop tolerance to seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_tolerance_to_seawater"},{"title":"Halotolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotolerance"},{"title":"Salt tolerance of crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_tolerance_of_crops"},{"title":"Sodium in biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology"},{"title":"Soil salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity"},{"title":"Soil salinity control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity_control"}]

[{"reference":"Glenn, E. P.; et al. (1999). \"Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes\". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 18 (2): 227–55. Bibcode:1999CRvPS..18..227G. doi:10.1080/07352689991309207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999CRvPS..18..227G","url_text":"1999CRvPS..18..227G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07352689991309207","url_text":"10.1080/07352689991309207"}]},{"reference":"\"Halophytes: Classification and Characters of Halophytes\". 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biologydiscussion.com/plants/halophytes-classification-and-characters-of-halophytes-with-diagram/6932","url_text":"\"Halophytes: Classification and Characters of Halophytes\""}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Bhaskar; Huang, Bingru (3 April 2014). \"Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization\". International Journal of Genomics. 2014: 701596. doi:10.1155/2014/701596. PMC 3996477. PMID 24804192.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996477","url_text":"\"Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Genomics","url_text":"International Journal of Genomics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F701596","url_text":"10.1155/2014/701596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996477","url_text":"3996477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804192","url_text":"24804192"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet: Alternative Fuels\". IATA. December 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191340/https://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/alt-fuels.aspx","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet: Alternative Fuels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA","url_text":"IATA"},{"url":"https://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/alt-fuels.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bresdin, Cylphine; Glenn, Edward P.; Brown, J. Jed (2016), \"Comparison of Seed Production and Agronomic Traits of 20 Wild Accessions of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Grown Under Greenhouse Conditions\", Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands, Elsevier, pp. 67–82, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801854-5.00005-4, ISBN 978-0-12-801854-5, retrieved 2022-03-05","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128018545000054","url_text":"\"Comparison of Seed Production and Agronomic Traits of 20 Wild Accessions of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. 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S2CID 230576810.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378429020313113","url_text":"\"Cotton/halophytes intercropping decreases salt accumulation and improves soil physicochemical properties and crop productivity in saline-alkali soils under mulched drip irrigation: A three-year field experiment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FCrRe.26208027L","url_text":"2021FCrRe.26208027L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fcr.2020.108027","url_text":"10.1016/j.fcr.2020.108027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230576810","url_text":"230576810"}]},{"reference":"Brito, Pedro; Caetano, Miguel; Martins, Marcelo D.; Caçador, Isabel (December 2020). \"Effects of salt marsh plants on mobility and bioavailability of REE in estuarine sediments\". Science of the Total Environment. 759: 144314. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144314. PMID 33338692. S2CID 229325441.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720378451","url_text":"\"Effects of salt marsh plants on mobility and bioavailability of REE in estuarine sediments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144314","url_text":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338692","url_text":"33338692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229325441","url_text":"229325441"}]},{"reference":"Mann, Ellen; Rutter, Allison; Zeeb, Barbara (October 2020). \"Evaluating the efficacy of Atriplex spp. in the phytoextraction of road salt (NaCl) from contaminated soil\". Environmental Pollution. 265 (Pt B): 114963. Bibcode:2020EPoll.26514963M. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114963. PMID 32806446. S2CID 221162683.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749120310459","url_text":"\"Evaluating the efficacy of Atriplex spp. in the phytoextraction of road salt (NaCl) from contaminated soil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26514963M","url_text":"2020EPoll.26514963M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.114963","url_text":"10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32806446","url_text":"32806446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221162683","url_text":"221162683"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dully_Sykes

Dully Sykes

["1 Biography","2 Nyambizi and controversy","3 Discography","4 Compilations","5 Awards","5.1 Won","5.2 Nominations","6 References","7 External links"]

Tanzanian musician (born 1980) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Dully Sykes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dully SykesDully SykesBackground informationBirth nameAbdul SykesAlso known asMr. MisifaBorn (1980-12-04) 4 December 1980 (age 43)Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaOriginDar Es Salaam, TanzaniaGenresBongo Flava • AfropopOccupation(s) Singer record producer Instrument(s)VocalsYears active1999–presentLabelsDhahabu Records • 41 RecordsMusical artist Dully Sykes (born Abdul Sykes on 4 December 1980) is a Tanzanian Bongo Flava musician, songwriter, record producer and composer. Biography Also known as Mr Misifa or Mr Chicks, Dully Sykes is a bongo flava artist from Tanzania, the grandson of Abdulwahid Sykes. He has performed in the UK and he is one of the pioneers of Swahili dancehall in the African Great Lakes region, and is widely known for hits like "Julieta", "Salome", "Historia ya Kweli" and "Leah". Some of his songs are based on true stories. After the first album, Historia ya kweli released in 2003, people started calling his music mwanasesele, Swahili for a high squeaky noise. With the song "Handsome" and an album by the same name, he became one of the biggest names in young urban music in Tanzania. He has produced music at his Dar es Salaam record label called. Dhahabu Records, and continues to write songs. He has provided "hooks" to many artists including Man X's "Nimechezea Bahati" and P-Funk's "Please Forgive Me". One of his tracks, "Handsome", is on the African Rebel Music Roots reggae and dancehall CD compiled by the international record label, Out Here Records. Dully Sykes is renowned for his relevance and long stay on the game as most of era mates artists have already laid low. He is one of the founding fathers of Bongo flava. Dully Sykes has a high reputation of bringing to the game some of the big names in the industry including Marioo, Shetta and the late Pancho latino. In 2022, he featured Tanzanian singer, Kusah in his smash hit Do Do. Nyambizi and controversy Sykes has also attracted criticism for his lyrical content and the images in his videos. His most controversial song is "Nyambiz", a tale of his sexual experience with a "nyambizi", slang for a large voluptuous woman. Released as a single in 2001, the song was attacked by various organisations for its lewd lyrics. In response to public outlash, radio stations refused to play the song, but it nevertheless continued to be requested by radio listeners. Sykes' music videos have also attracted criticism. Discography Historia ya Kweli (2003) Handsome (2004) Hunifahamu (2005) Compilations Bongo Hottest Flavas: Volume 1 Ndani ya Bongo: Volume 1 Kwa Fujo Deejayz: Volume 1 Kwa Fujo Deejayz: Ladha Zaidi Kwa Fujo Deejayz: Mlipuko wa Bongo Cuts Gede Records: Pasua Kichwa Bongo Halisi (2004) G-Project: Bongo Project Volume 1 (2005) Fungua Mwaka 2005 (2005) Pamoja Ndani Ya Game (2006) African Rebel Music: "Roots, Reggae and Dancehall" (2006) Awards Won 2011 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Video and Best Ragga/Dancehall Song ("Action" with CPWAA, Ms. Triniti & Mangwair) 2012 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Ragga/Dancehall Song ("Maneno Maneno" with Queen Darleen) Nominations 2004 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Hip Hop Album (Handsome) 2007 Tanzania Music Awards – Best collaboration ("Dhahabu" with Joslin and Mr. Blue) 2008 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Reggae/Ragga Song ("Baby Candy") 2010 Tanzania music awards – Best Ragga/Dancehall Song ("Shikide") 2012 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Male Artist, Best Video ("Bongo flava"), Best Afro Pop Song ("Bongo flava") References ^ Dully Sykes born 4 December 1980 – his facebook profile ^ "BBC - Africa Beyond". bbc.co.uk. ^ djmwanga (1 December 2022). "AUDIO | Dully Sykes Ft Kusah - Do Do | Download". DJ Mwanga. Retrieved 13 February 2023. ^ a b Lemelle, Sidney J. "'Ni wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha" in The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press ^ allAfrica.com: "20 Percent" Bags Five Tanzania Music Awards ^ allAfrica.com: Kili Night of Fun, Awards And Much More ^ "Tanzania Music Awards – Nominees 2004". archive.org. 4 December 2004. Archived from the original on 4 December 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Tanzania Music Awards – 2007 Nominees". kilitimetz.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2009. ^ Freemedia.co.tz: Kili Music Awards 2007 yafana, wengi wakubali matokeo ^ allAfrica.com: Diamond Lands Seven Kili Music Awards Nominations 9 February 2012 ^ Bongo5.com: Kili awards 2012 Nominees hawa hapa! 8 February 2012 External links Dully Sykes at MySpace Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bongo Flava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_Flava"}],"text":"Musical artistDully Sykes (born Abdul Sykes on 4 December 1980)[1] is a Tanzanian Bongo Flava musician, songwriter, record producer and composer.","title":"Dully Sykes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdulwahid Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisha_na_Nyakati_za_Abdulwahid_Sykes"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"African Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"Dhahabu Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhahabu_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nimechezea Bahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//yingamedia.com/bongo/man-x-ft-dully-sykes-nimechezea-bahati/"},{"link_name":"P-Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Funk"},{"link_name":"Bongo flava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_flava"},{"link_name":"Marioo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marioo"},{"link_name":"Shetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetta"},{"link_name":"Pancho latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pancho_latino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kusah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusah_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Also known as Mr Misifa or Mr Chicks, Dully Sykes is a bongo flava artist from Tanzania, the grandson of Abdulwahid Sykes. He has performed in the UK[2] and he is one of the pioneers of Swahili dancehall in the African Great Lakes region, and is widely known for hits like \"Julieta\", \"Salome\", \"Historia ya Kweli\" and \"Leah\". Some of his songs are based on true stories. After the first album, Historia ya kweli released in 2003, people started calling his music mwanasesele, Swahili for a high squeaky noise. With the song \"Handsome\" and an album by the same name, he became one of the biggest names in young urban music in Tanzania. He has produced music at his Dar es Salaam record label called. Dhahabu Records, and continues to write songs. He has provided \"hooks\" to many artists including Man X's \"Nimechezea Bahati\" and P-Funk's \"Please Forgive Me\". One of his tracks, \"Handsome\", is on the African Rebel Music Roots reggae and dancehall CD compiled by the international record label, Out Here Records. Dully Sykes is renowned for his relevance and long stay on the game as most of era mates artists have already laid low. He is one of the founding fathers of Bongo flava. Dully Sykes has a high reputation of bringing to the game some of the big names in the industry including Marioo, Shetta and the late Pancho latino. In 2022, he featured Tanzanian singer, Kusah in his smash hit Do Do.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemelle-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemelle-4"}],"text":"Sykes has also attracted criticism for his lyrical content and the images in his videos. His most controversial song is \"Nyambiz\", a tale of his sexual experience with a \"nyambizi\", slang for a large voluptuous woman. Released as a single in 2001, the song was attacked by various organisations for its lewd lyrics.[4] In response to public outlash, radio stations refused to play the song, but it nevertheless continued to be requested by radio listeners.[4] Sykes' music videos have also attracted criticism.","title":"Nyambizi and controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Historia ya Kweli (2003)\nHandsome (2004)\nHunifahamu (2005)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bongo Hottest Flavas: Volume 1\nNdani ya Bongo: Volume 1\nKwa Fujo Deejayz: Volume 1\nKwa Fujo Deejayz: Ladha Zaidi\nKwa Fujo Deejayz: Mlipuko wa Bongo Cuts\nGede Records: Pasua Kichwa\nBongo Halisi (2004)\nG-Project: Bongo Project Volume 1 (2005)\nFungua Mwaka 2005 (2005)\nPamoja Ndani Ya Game (2006)\nAfrican Rebel Music: \"Roots, Reggae and Dancehall\" (2006)","title":"Compilations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Ms. Triniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Triniti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2012 Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Queen Darleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Darleen"}],"sub_title":"Won","text":"2011 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Video and Best Ragga/Dancehall Song (\"Action\" with CPWAA, Ms. Triniti & Mangwair)[5][6]\n2012 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Ragga/Dancehall Song (\"Maneno Maneno\" with Queen Darleen)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Joslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joslin_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2010 Tanzania music awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tanzania_music_awards"},{"link_name":"2012 Tanzania Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tanzania_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Nominations","text":"2004 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Hip Hop Album (Handsome)[7]\n2007 Tanzania Music Awards – Best collaboration (\"Dhahabu\" with Joslin and Mr. Blue)[8]\n2008 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Reggae/Ragga Song (\"Baby Candy\")[9]\n2010 Tanzania music awards – Best Ragga/Dancehall Song (\"Shikide\")\n2012 Tanzania Music Awards – Best Male Artist, Best Video (\"Bongo flava\"), Best Afro Pop Song (\"Bongo flava\")[10][11]","title":"Awards"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range

Lower Himalayan Range

["1 Background","2 References"]

Coordinates: 28°45′N 83°30′E / 28.750°N 83.500°E / 28.750; 83.500Inner mountain range of the Himalayas Not to be confused with Sub-Himalayan Range. Lower Himalayan Range in Tansen, Nepal. Great Himalaya range pictured in the background. The Lower Himalayan Range (Nepali: पर्वत शृङ्खला parbat shrinkhalā) – also called the Middle Himalayas or Lesser Himalayas or Himachal – is a major east–west mountain range with elevations 3,700 to 4,500 m (12,000 to 14,500 feet) in the northernmost regions of the Indian subcontinent along the crest, paralleling the much higher High Himalayas range from the Indus River in Pakistan across northern India, Nepal and Bhutan but then the two ranges become increasingly difficult to differentiate east of Bhutan as the ranges approach the Brahmaputra River. The Himachal range also parallels the lower Shiwalik or Churia Range (Outer Himalaya) to the south. The Pir Panjal is the largest range of the Lesser Himalayas. Background Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major fault system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support upland pastures and terraced fields. Nepal's densely populated Middle Hills begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other "hills" until population thins out above 2,000 m and cereal-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes. Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have Tibeto-Burman affinities including Nepalese origins of Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai and Limbu, however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European Hindus called Paharis, mainly of the upper Brahman, and Kshatriya, or Chhetri castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically malarial and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the Tharu and Maithili people. The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Himachal Range and cutting through in major gorges as the Karnali in the west, the Gandaki or Narayani in central Nepal, and the Kosi in the east. With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the summer monsoon in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Himachal Range, Hill Stations were developed as alternate capitals and resorts for the hot season by India's Mughal and British rulers. There are no hill stations in Nepal or Bhutan since the capital cities are high enough to avoid extreme heat. References ^ "Lesser Himalayas - mountains, Asia". britannica.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018. 28°45′N 83°30′E / 28.750°N 83.500°E / 28.750; 83.500 vteGeography of South AsiaMountains Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Himachal Range Khasi Hills Anaimalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Naga Hills Gandhamardan Hills Lushai Hills Plateaus Deccan Plateau Chota Nagpur Ladakh Plateau Mysore Plateau Malwa Deserts Thar Desert Lowlands Indo-Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Coromandel Coast Konkan Sundarbans Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu Makran Coasts Coastal India East Coast West Coast Makran Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lakshadweep Atolls of the Maldives By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan By region Central Northwestern Northern Northeastern Littoral Southern Island Southwestern Southeastern Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Indian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Pakistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Nepalese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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The Pir Panjal is the largest range of the Lesser Himalayas.","title":"Lower Himalayan Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"upland pastures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_pasture"},{"link_name":"Middle Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Hills_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"Nepalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_people"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_people"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Paharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhettri"},{"link_name":"malarial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Tharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_people"},{"link_name":"Maithili people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Karnali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River"},{"link_name":"Gandaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River"},{"link_name":"Kosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River"},{"link_name":"summer monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Hill Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_hill_stations"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"}],"text":"Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major fault system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust\". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support upland pastures and terraced fields. Nepal's densely populated Middle Hills begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other \"hills\" until population thins out above 2,000 m and cereal-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes.Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have Tibeto-Burman affinities including Nepalese origins of Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai and Limbu, however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European Hindus called Paharis, mainly of the upper Brahman, and Kshatriya, or Chhetri castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically malarial and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the Tharu and Maithili people.The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Austrian_football_championship

1956–57 Austrian football championship

["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 References"]

39th season of top-tier football league in Austria Football league seasonAustrian football championshipSeason1956–57ChampionsRapid Wein← 1955–56 1957–58 → The 1956–57 Austrian Staatsliga A was the 46th edition of top flight football in Austria. Overview It was contested by 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 SK Rapid Wien 26 19 2 5 100 43 +57 40 2 First Vienna FC 26 17 5 4 71 32 +39 39 3 FK Austria Wien 26 18 2 6 68 41 +27 38 4 SC Wacker 26 14 7 5 82 37 +45 35 5 1. Simmeringer SC 26 11 9 6 67 60 +7 31 6 Grazer AK 26 12 2 12 47 55 −8 26 7 Kapfenberger SV 26 11 3 12 56 74 −18 25 8 SK Admira Wien 26 9 4 13 52 57 −5 22 9 Kremser SC 26 9 4 13 53 79 −26 22 10 Wiener Sportclub 26 9 3 14 50 46 +4 21 11 Wiener AC 26 8 5 13 58 62 −4 21 12 SK Sturm Graz 26 9 3 14 48 66 −18 21 13 SV Austria Salzburg 26 6 3 17 55 83 −28 15 14 FC Stadlau 26 2 4 20 26 98 −72 8 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away ADM ASZ AWI FIR GAK KAP KRE RWI SIM STA STU WAK WAC WIE Admira Wien 5–1 1–0 2–1 1–2 4–0 1–1 2–6 2–2 2–3 3–2 2–2 5–2 2–0 Austria Salzburg 2–1 0–2 3–8 1–2 2–3 1–3 4–5 4–2 5–0 1–2 3–3 0–8 2–6 Austria Wien 6–2 4–2 0–3 4–0 5–2 0–2 2–3 3–2 4–0 3–1 2–1 3–2 1–0 First Vienna 3–0 2–0 3–3 1–0 5–2 1–0 2–3 2–2 1–1 4–0 1–1 1–0 4–2 Grazer AK 2–0 1–3 0–2 2–1 1–1 0–2 1–5 2–3 2–0 6–1 0–4 1–0 2–1 Kapfenberger SV 3–2 3–2 0–2 2–4 4–0 6–0 1–8 2–2 5–0 2–0 0–14 2–4 0–1 Kremser SC 2–0 3–8 4–3 2–6 2–3 2–2 1–12 4–4 2–3 4–1 2–5 2–2 0–5 Rapid Wien 2–1 6–1 4–1 1–4 1–1 3–4 2–0 1–1 4–2 0–1 0–1 7–4 3–1 Simmeringer SC 4–0 2–1 2–2 1–4 0–4 4–1 4–2 1–2 6–4 4–3 3–2 4–1 2–2 Stadlau 0–3 3–3 0–5 0–3 1–9 1–4 1–5 1–9 2–3 1–5 1–5 1–1 1–4 Sturm Graz 5–3 0–0 2–3 3–2 2–3 4–2 3–2 1–5 3–5 0–0 2–2 0–2 0–1 Wacker Wien 2–5 5–2 2–3 1–1 2–1 2–0 5–1 4–2 3–0 2–0 7–0 4–0 1–1 Wiener AC 1–1 3–2 3–4 1–3 5–0 1–3 0–3 1–4 2–2 4–0 0–4 2–2 6–2 Wiener SC 3–2 2–1 0–1 0–1 8–2 1–2 1–2 0–2 2–2 2–0 1–3 3–0 2–3 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. References Austria - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteTop division football seasons in Austria1911 to 1938 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 Gauliga(1938 to 1945) 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945 to 1974 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 Bundesliga(1974 to current) 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1956–57 in European football (UEFA) « 1955–56 1957–58 » Domestic leagues Albania '56 '57 Austria Belgium Bulgaria '56 '57 Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '56 '57 Finland '56 '57 France East Germany '56 '57 West Germany (Finals) Greece Hungary '56 '57 Iceland '56 '57 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland '56 '57 Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '56 '57 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania '57 Belgium Bulgaria Denmark England Faroe Islands '56 '57 Finland '56 '57 France East Germany '56 '57 West Germany Greece Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '56 '57 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '57 Spain Switzerland Wales Yugoslavia League cups Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Group stage) Mitropa Cup This article about an Austrian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgoi

Izgoi

["1 References"]

Archaic medieval Russian term for a prince excluded from the line of succession Izgoi is a term that is found in medieval Kievan Rus'. In primary documents, it indicated orphans who were protected by the church. In historiographic writing on the period, the term was meant as a prince in Kievan Rus' who was excluded from succession to the Kievan throne because his father had not held the throne before, as exemplified by Yaroslav the Wise's two youngest sons becoming izgoi. In Kievan Rus', as well as Appanage and early Muscovite Russia, collateral succession, rather than linear succession, was practiced, with the throne being passed from the eldest brother to the youngest brother and then to cousins until the fourth in line of succession (not to be confused with "fourth cousins") in a generation before it was passed on to the eldest member of the senior line if his father had held the Kievan throne. The princes were placed in a hierarchy or "ladder" or "staircase" of principalities, which Sergei Soloviev called the "rota system" (rota being the Old Church Slavonic term for a ladder or staircase), with Kiev as the pinnacle. When the grand prince of Kiev died, the next prince on the ladder moved up the ladder, and the rest advanced a rung as well. Any prince whose father had not held the throne, such as for having predeceased the grandfather, who was then grand prince, was excluded from succession and was known as izgoi. The term is also found in the expanded version of the Russkaya Pravda, where it meant an orphan or exile; thus, an izgoi prince is in some sense seen as an "orphaned" or "exiled" prince since he was left outside of the succession to the Kievan throne. However, he was not, usually, landless, unlike what is sometimes stated, as he still held the patrimonial land granted to him in the provinces. An example of an izgoi prince would be Vseslav of Polotsk, whose father, Briacheslav (d. 1003) and grandfather Iziaslav (d. 1001) both predeceased Vseslav's great-grandfather, Vladimir the Great (d. 1015). Thus, Vseslav was izgoi since he could not legitimately claim the grand princely throne in Kiev: neither his father nor his grandfather had sat on the throne. He however, remained prince of Polotsk, in northeast Belarus. Furthermore, in spite of his excluded status, Vseslav briefly seized the throne of Kiev in 1069 but held it only six months before he was ousted. Another example (there are many others) would be Rostislav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Yaroslavich. Since Vladimir had died in 1052, two years before his father, Yaroslav the Wise (d. 1054), he had never held the Kievan throne, and Rostislav was an izgoi. His descendants, however, became princes of Galicia, in northwestern Ukraine. They were excluded from holding the grand-princely throne in Kiev but were not landless. References ^ Dimnik, Martin (2006), Perrie, Maureen (ed.), "The Rus' principalities (1125–1246)", The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1: From Early Rus' to 1689, The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 98–126, ISBN 978-1-139-05410-2, retrieved 2023-03-21 ^ Sergei Soloviev, Istorii Rossii s drevneishchikh vremen. 29 volumes in 15 books, vol. 1 (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoi literatury, 1960), 346-348. ^ A. D. Stokes, “the System of Succession to the Thrones of Russia, 1054-1113,” in R. Auty, L. R. Lewitter, and A. P. Vlasto, eds., Gorski Vijenats: A Garland of Essays Offered to Professor Elizabeth Mary Hill (Cambridge: Modern Humanities Research Association, 1970): 268-275; Nancy Shields Kollmann, "Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 14 (1990): 277-287; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 26-29. ^ Russkaia Pravda, Expanded Version, art. 1. ^ Martin, Medieval Russia, 29. ^ Martin, Medieval Russia,96

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[]

[{"reference":"Dimnik, Martin (2006), Perrie, Maureen (ed.), \"The Rus' principalities (1125–1246)\", The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1: From Early Rus' to 1689, The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 98–126, ISBN 978-1-139-05410-2, retrieved 2023-03-21","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-russia/rus-principalities-11251246/E34ACDA963FD2080F778025DDC29C7BD","url_text":"\"The Rus' principalities (1125–1246)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05410-2","url_text":"978-1-139-05410-2"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Performance

Children's and Family Emmy Awards

["1 History","2 Categories","2.1 Program","2.2 Performer","2.3 Writing","2.4 Directing","2.5 Crafts","2.6 Individual achievement","2.7 Special","2.8 Defunct categories","3 List of ceremonies","4 References","5 External links"]

American TV award This article is about the awards recognizing excellence in American children's programming. For the Emmy Awards for international children's programming, see International Emmy Kids Awards. Children's and Family Emmy AwardCurrent: 2nd Children's and Family Emmy AwardsAwarded forExcellence in children's and family televisionCountryUnited StatesPresented byNational Academy of Television Arts and SciencesWebsitetheemmys.tv/childrens/ Part of a series of articles about theEmmy Awards Primetime Emmy 2024 ceremony Main ceremonies Creative Arts Winners Daytime Emmy 2024 ceremony Main ceremonies Creative Arts Winners Sports Emmy 2024 ceremony Main ceremonies Children's and Family Emmy 2023 ceremony Main ceremonies Engineering Emmy Primetime Engineering Emmy Technology & Engineering Emmy International Emmy 2023 ceremony Main ceremonies Winners News & Documentary Emmy 2023 ceremony Main ceremonies Regional Emmy Chicago/Midwest Heartlands Lone Star Los Angeles Lower Great Lakes Michigan Mid-America Mid-Atlantic Midsouth National Capital New England New York Northwest Ohio Valley Pacific Southwest Rocky Mountain San Francisco/Northern California Southeast Suncoast Upper Midwest vte The Children's and Family Emmy Awards, or Children's and Family Emmys, are a part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the American television industry. Bestowed by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), the Children's and Family Emmys are presented in recognition of excellence in American children's and family-oriented television programming. The first ceremony took place on December 10 and 11, 2022, at Wilshire Ebell Theatre, Los Angeles. Awards for children's programming were previously presented at both the Daytime Emmys and the Primetime Emmys. History Previously, the majority of Emmy Awards for children's television fell within the scope of the Daytime Emmy Awards, as organized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS). The 48th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards introduced a new Outstanding Young Adult Series category as well. The Primetime Emmy Awards organized by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS, also branded as the Television Academy) featured a non-competitive award for Outstanding Children's Program, which could be shared by multiple nominees that meet a specific voting threshold of academy members. This category was retired in 2020, with the Television Academy citing that the proliferation of streaming services had created confusion over whether children's programs should fall under the Daytime or Primetime awards; the category had already been modified to make primetime specials and spin-offs of a daytime children's program ineligible. On November 17, 2021, the NATAS announced that it would create a new award presentation for children's and family television in 2022, the Children's and Family Emmy Awards, which would take over categories previously dispersed across the Daytime and Primetime Emmys. The organization cited an "explosive growth in the quantity and quality of children's and family programming" as justification for a dedicated ceremony. The categories featured in the ceremony also include seven new categories for preschool television series. The introduction of the ceremony is part of a larger re-alignment of the Primetime and Daytime Emmy Awards' eligibility criteria that begun in 2022, with eligibility for the ceremonies now based more on themes and stylistic characteristics rather than strictly the dayparts where a program airs on linear television. Categories The following categories were presented at the 2nd Children's and Family Emmy Awards in 2023: Program Outstanding Preschool Series Outstanding Children's or Family Viewing Series Outstanding Young Teen Series Outstanding Fiction Special Outstanding Non-Fiction Program Outstanding Preschool Animated Series Outstanding Animated Series Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Outstanding Short Form Program Outstanding Interactive Media Outstanding Promotional Announcement Performer Outstanding Lead Performance Outstanding Supporting Performance Outstanding Younger Performer Outstanding Voice Performance in a Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Host Outstanding Puppeteer Performance Writing Outstanding Writing for a Live Action Preschool or Children's Program Outstanding Writing for a Young Teen Program Outstanding Writing for a Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Writing for an Animated Program Directing Outstanding Directing for a Single Camera Program Outstanding Directing for a Multiple Camera Program Outstanding Directing for a Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Directing for an Animated Program Outstanding Voice Directing for an Animated Series Crafts Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Live Action Program Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for an Animated Program Outstanding Original Song for a Preschool Program Outstanding Original Song for a Children's and Young Teen Program Outstanding Lighting Design for a Live Action Program Outstanding Cinematography for a Live Action Single-Camera Program Outstanding Cinematography for a Live Action Multiple-Camera Program Outstanding Editing for a Single Camera Program Outstanding Editing for Multiple Camera Program Outstanding Editing for a Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Editing for an Animated Program Outstanding Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for a Live Action Program Outstanding Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for a Preschool Animated Program Outstanding Sound Editing and Sound Mixing for an Animated Program Outstanding Visual Effects for a Live Action Program Outstanding Main Title and Graphics Outstanding Casting for a Live-Action Program Outstanding Casting for an Animated Program Outstanding Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design Outstanding Costume Design/Styling Outstanding Hairstyling and Makeup Outstanding Choreography Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Live Action Program Outstanding Public Service Initiative Outstanding Puppet Design/Styling Individual achievement Individual Achievement in Animation Special Lifetime Achievement Award Defunct categories Outstanding Guest Performance (presented in 2022 only) Outstanding Original Song (split into two categories in 2023) Outstanding Special Effects Costumes, Makeup and Hairstyling (presented in 2022 only) List of ceremonies # Date Year Host(s) Site 1st December 10–11, 2022 2021–22 JoJo Siwa (December 10)Jack McBrayer (December 11) Wilshire Ebell Theatre, Los Angeles 2nd December 16–17, 2023 2022–23 Christopher Jackson Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles References ^ a b Schneider, Michael (November 2, 2020). "Primetime Emmys Drop Children's Program Category, as All Kids Awards Move to Daytime". Variety. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved November 2, 2020. ^ a b Hipes, Patrick (2021-11-17). "Children's & Family Emmy Awards Set As Stand-Alone Competition Beginning In 2022". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Hill, Libby (December 14, 2021). "Television Academies Announce Overhaul of Primetime and Daytime Emmy Award Categories". IndieWire. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 14, 2021). "Emmys: Primetime & Daytime Awards Get Realigned Based On Genre Not Airtime; Dramas, Talk Shows & Game Shows Impacted". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ "Call for Entries" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022. External links Official website vteEmmy Awards ATAS NATAS International TV Academy Primetime Emmy Award (categorieswinnersmost awards per ceremony)Main ceremonies 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Creative Arts 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Daytime Emmy Award (categorieswinners)Main ceremonies 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Creative Arts 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 International (categorieswinners) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Sports (categories) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2021 2022 2023 2024 Technology and Engineering 2006 2007 2008 2009 News and Documentary 2010 2011 2012 2013 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Children's and Family (categories) 2022 2023 Regional Chicago / Midwest Heartlands Lone Star Los Angeles Lower Great Lakes Michigan Mid-America Mid-Atlantic Midsouth National Capital / Chesapeake Bay New England New York Northwest Ohio Valley Pacific Southwest Rocky Mountain / Southwest San Francisco / Northern California Atlanta / Southeast Suncoast Upper Midwest Related Lifetime Achievement Emmys Television Hall of Fame Bob Hope Humanitarian Award EGOT Triple Crown of Acting Category vteChildren's and Family Emmy Award categoriesPrograms Animated Series Children's or Family Series Interactive Media Fiction Special Non-Fiction Program Preschool Animated Series Preschool Series Promotional Announcement Short Form Program Special Class Animated Program Young Teen Series Performers Host Lead Performance Puppeteer Performance Supporting Performance Voice Performance Voice Performance (Preschool) Younger Performer Younger Voice Performer Directing Animated Program Multiple Camer Program Preschool Animated Program Single Camera Program Voice Directing for an Animated Series Writing Animated Program Live Action Preschool or Children's Program Preschool Animated Program Young Teen Program Crafts Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design Casting (Animation) Casting (Live Action) Choreography Cinematography (Multiple Camera) Cinematography (Single Camera) Costume Design/Styling Editing (Animation) Editing (Multiple Camera) Editing (Preschool Animation) Editing (Single Camera) Lighting Design Main Title and Graphics Makeup and Hairstyling Music Direction/Composition (Animation) Music Direction/Composition (Live Action) Original Song (Preschool) Original Song (Children's/Young Teen) Public Service Initiative Puppet Design/Styling Sound Editing/Mixing (Animation) Sound Editing/Mixing (Live Action) Sound Editing/Mixing (Preschool Animation) Stunt Coordination Visual Effects Other Individual Achievement in Animation Lifetime Achievement Discontinued Guest Performance Special Effects Costumes, Hair and Makeup Emmy categories Primetime Daytime International Sports Children's and Family vteAnimation industry in the United StatesCompanies and studiosActiveMajorsNBCUniversal DreamWorks Animation DreamWorks Animation Television DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions Illumination Universal Animation Studios Paramount Global CBS Eye Animation Productions Late Night Cartoons MTV Animation Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Digital Nickelodeon Movies Paramount Animation Miramax Animation (49%) Disney Entertainment 20th Century Animation 20th Television Animation Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Industrial Light & Magic Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Warner Bros. Cartoon Network Studios Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Williams Street Sony Pictures Aniplex of America Crunchyroll Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Imageworks 41 Entertainment Augenblick Studios Awesome Inc. Fox Corporation Bento Box Entertainment Bandera Entertainment Billionfold Inc. Blur Studio Bolder Media Cartuna Charlex CMCC Cartoons DNEG Digital Domain Film Roman Phil Roman Entertainment Floyd County Productions Fred Wolf Films Fuzzy Door Productions Hasbro Entertainment Joe Murray Productions Kanbar Animation Kartoon Studios Wow Unlimited Media Frederator Studios Frederator Films Kinofilm Klasky Csupo Kurtz & Friends Laika Lee Mendelson Films Lionsgate Entertainment One Media Blasters Melendez Films Man of Action Entertainment Mattel Television Mexopolis Mondo Media 6 Point Harness Netflix Animation Noble O Entertainment Parallax Studio Powerhouse Animation Studios Psyop Reel FX Creative Studios Renegade Animation Rhythm and Hues Studios Rough Draft Studios Rovio Animation Screen Novelties Scholastic Weston Woods Studios SD Entertainment Sentai Filmworks ShadowMachine Skydance Animation Snee-Oosh, Inc. SpindleHorse Toons Splash Entertainment Sprite Animation Studios Stretch Films Stoopid Buddy Stoodios Tau Films Threshold Entertainment Titmouse, Inc. The ULULU Company United Plankton Pictures Vanguard Animation Wild Canary Animation World Events Productions Worker StudioFormer 4Kids Entertainment 70/30 Productions Adelaide Productions Adventure Cartoon Productions Allspark Amblimation Animation Collective Animation Lab Animation Magic Blue Sky Studios Cambria Productions Cartoon Pizza Chorion Circle 7 Animation Cookie Jar Copernicus Studios Crest Animation Productions Curious Pictures DePatie–Freleng Enterprises DIC Entertainment Disneytoon Studios DNA Productions Famous Studios Filmation Fleischer Studios Format Films Fox Animation Studios Golden Films Hanna-Barbera HIT Entertainment Jetlag Productions Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions! Kroyer Films Laugh-O-Gram Studio Little Airplane Productions Marvel Productions Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation MGM Animation/Visual Arts MGM Cartoons Mirari Films MoonScoop Omation Animation Studio Pacific Data Images PorchLight Entertainment Prana Studios Radical Axis Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment Rooster Teeth Animation Ruby-Spears Saban Entertainment Screen Gems Skellington Productions Soup2Nuts Spümcø Storyboard, Inc./Hubley Studios Sullivan Bluth Studios Sunbow Entertainment Terrytoons Total Television United Productions of America Van Beuren Studios Walter Lantz Productions Warner Bros. Cartoons Wētā FX WildBrain Entertainment Will Vinton Studios Zodiac Entertainment Industry associations The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839 ASIFA-Hollywood Other topicsAwards Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Annie Awards Emmy Awards Children's and Family Primetime Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Animated Movie NAACP Image Awards Motion Picture Series GLAAD Media Awards Kids and Family Programming (Animated) Writers Guild of America Awards Television Animation History Silent era Golden age World War II Television era Modern era Related Animated sitcom American comics History of American comics Tijuana bible Humorous Phases of Funny Faces Flash animation Labor strikes Fleischer Studios (1937) Disney (1941) Multiple studios (1982) Category vte Television in the United StatesStations and networks Over-the-air television networks ABC CBS NBC Fox Stations Cable and satellite Networks High-definition Channels Awards and events Emmy Award Primetime Daytime Children's & Family International Sports News & Documentary Technology & Engineering Sylvania Award Directors Guild of America Award Producers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award Golden Globes Screen Actors Guild Awards TCA Awards Critics' Choice TV Award Peabody Award People's Choice Awards NAACP Image Awards Eddie Awards Artios Award American Society of Cinematographers Awards Humanitas Prize ADG Excellence in Production Design Award Hugo Award Visual Effects Society Awards Golden Reel Award GLAAD Media Award MTV Movie & TV Awards MTV Fandom Awards Organizations Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Directors Guild of America Federal Communications Commission Motion Picture Association National Association of Broadcasters National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences National Cable & Telecommunications Association Paley Center for Media Producers Guild of America SAG-AFTRA Writers Guild of America, East Writers Guild of America, West History Prewar broadcasting Golden Age Network era Multi-channel transition New Golden Age Post-network era Streaming wars History by decade

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Emmy Kids Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Kids_Awards"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"family-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-friendly"},{"link_name":"Wilshire Ebell Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Ebell_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmys"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmys"}],"text":"This article is about the awards recognizing excellence in American children's programming. For the Emmy Awards for international children's programming, see International Emmy Kids Awards.The Children's and Family Emmy Awards, or Children's and Family Emmys, are a part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the American television industry. Bestowed by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), the Children's and Family Emmys are presented in recognition of excellence in American children's and family-oriented television programming. The first ceremony took place on December 10 and 11, 2022, at Wilshire Ebell Theatre, Los Angeles. Awards for children's programming were previously presented at both the Daytime Emmys and the Primetime Emmys.","title":"Children's and Family Emmy Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"children's television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"48th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Daytime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Children's Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Children%27s_Program"},{"link_name":"streaming services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"dayparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayparting"},{"link_name":"linear television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiewire-2021-Dec-14-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadline-2021-Dec-14-4"}],"text":"Previously, the majority of Emmy Awards for children's television fell within the scope of the Daytime Emmy Awards, as organized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS).[1] The 48th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards introduced a new Outstanding Young Adult Series category as well.[2]The Primetime Emmy Awards organized by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS, also branded as the Television Academy) featured a non-competitive award for Outstanding Children's Program, which could be shared by multiple nominees that meet a specific voting threshold of academy members. This category was retired in 2020, with the Television Academy citing that the proliferation of streaming services had created confusion over whether children's programs should fall under the Daytime or Primetime awards; the category had already been modified to make primetime specials and spin-offs of a daytime children's program ineligible.[1]On November 17, 2021, the NATAS announced that it would create a new award presentation for children's and family television in 2022, the Children's and Family Emmy Awards, which would take over categories previously dispersed across the Daytime and Primetime Emmys. The organization cited an \"explosive growth in the quantity and quality of children's and family programming\" as justification for a dedicated ceremony. The categories featured in the ceremony also include seven new categories for preschool television series.[2]The introduction of the ceremony is part of a larger re-alignment of the Primetime and Daytime Emmy Awards' eligibility criteria that begun in 2022, with eligibility for the ceremonies now based more on themes and stylistic characteristics rather than strictly the dayparts where a program airs on linear television.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Children's and Family Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Children's or Family Viewing Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Children%27s_or_Family_Viewing_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Young Teen Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Young_Teen_Series"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Lead Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Performance"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Supporting Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Performance"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Younger Performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Younger_Performer"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Voice Performance in a Preschool Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Voice_Performance_in_a_Preschool_Animated_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Voice_Performance_in_an_Animated_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Younger_Voice_Performer_in_an_Animated_or_Preschool_Animated_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Host"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Puppeteer Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Puppeteer_Performance"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards&action=edit&section=9"}],"text":"The following categories were presented at the 2nd Children's and Family Emmy Awards in 2023:[5]Program[edit]\nOutstanding Preschool Series\nOutstanding Children's or Family Viewing Series\nOutstanding Young Teen Series\nOutstanding Fiction Special\nOutstanding Non-Fiction Program\nOutstanding Preschool Animated Series\nOutstanding Animated Series\nOutstanding Special Class Animated Program\nOutstanding Short Form Program\nOutstanding Interactive Media\nOutstanding Promotional Announcement\nPerformer[edit]\nOutstanding Lead Performance\nOutstanding Supporting Performance\nOutstanding Younger Performer\nOutstanding Voice Performance in a Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program\nOutstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Host\nOutstanding Puppeteer Performance\nWriting[edit]\nOutstanding Writing for a Live Action Preschool or Children's Program\nOutstanding Writing for a Young Teen Program\nOutstanding Writing for a Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Writing for an Animated Program\nDirecting[edit]\nOutstanding Directing for a Single Camera Program\nOutstanding Directing for a Multiple Camera Program\nOutstanding Directing for a Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Directing for an Animated Program\nOutstanding Voice Directing for an Animated SeriesCrafts[edit]\nOutstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Live Action Program\nOutstanding Music Direction and Composition for an Animated Program\nOutstanding Original Song for a Preschool Program\nOutstanding Original Song for a Children's and Young Teen Program\nOutstanding Lighting Design for a Live Action Program\nOutstanding Cinematography for a Live Action Single-Camera Program\nOutstanding Cinematography for a Live Action Multiple-Camera Program\nOutstanding Editing for a Single Camera Program\nOutstanding Editing for Multiple Camera Program\nOutstanding Editing for a Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Editing for an Animated Program\nOutstanding Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for a Live Action Program\nOutstanding Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for a Preschool Animated Program\nOutstanding Sound Editing and Sound Mixing for an Animated Program\nOutstanding Visual Effects for a Live Action Program\nOutstanding Main Title and Graphics\nOutstanding Casting for a Live-Action Program\nOutstanding Casting for an Animated Program\nOutstanding Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design\nOutstanding Costume Design/Styling\nOutstanding Hairstyling and Makeup\nOutstanding Choreography\nOutstanding Stunt Coordination for a Live Action Program\nOutstanding Public Service Initiative\nOutstanding Puppet Design/Styling\nIndividual achievement[edit]\nIndividual Achievement in Animation\nSpecial[edit]\nLifetime Achievement Award","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defunct categories","text":"Outstanding Guest Performance (presented in 2022 only)\nOutstanding Original Song (split into two categories in 2023)\nOutstanding Special Effects Costumes, Makeup and Hairstyling (presented in 2022 only)","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ceremonies"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62f

Kepler-62f

["1 Physical characteristics","1.1 Mass, radius and temperature","1.2 Host star","1.3 Orbit","2 Habitability","2.1 Climate","2.2 Other factors","3 Discovery","3.1 Follow-up studies","3.2 Extraterrestrial intelligence target","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 18h 52m 51.06019s, +45° 20′ 59.507″Super-Earth orbiting Kepler-62 Kepler-62fArtist's impression of the Kepler-62 system (sizes to scale) compared to the planets of the inner Solar System with their respective habitable zones.DiscoveryDiscovered byKepler spacecraftDiscovery date18 April 2013Detection methodTransitOrbital characteristicsSemi-major axis0.718 ± 0.007 AUEccentricity~0Orbital period (sidereal)267.291 ± 0.005 dInclination89.90 ± 0.03StarKepler-62 (KOI-701)Physical characteristicsMean radius1.461±0.070 R🜨Mass2.8±0.4 M🜨TemperatureTeq: 208 K (−65 °C; −85 °F) Kepler-62f (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-701.04) is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-62, the outermost of five such planets discovered around the star by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 980 light-years (300 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Lyra. Kepler-62f orbits its parent star at a distance of 0.718 AU (107,400,000 km; 66,700,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 267 days, and has a radius of around 1.41 times that of Earth. It is one of the more promising candidates for potential habitability, as its parent star is a relatively quiet star, and has less mass than the Sun – thus it can live up to a span of about 30 billion years or so. Based on its size, Kepler-62f is likely a terrestrial or ocean-covered planet. However, key components of the exoplanet still need to be assessed to determine habitability; such as its atmosphere if one exists, since it lies within the outer part of its host star's habitable zone. The discovery of the exoplanet (along with Kepler-62e) was announced in April 2013 by NASA as part of the Kepler spacecraft data release. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. According to scientists, it is a potential candidate to search for extraterrestrial life, and was chosen as one of the targets to study by the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) program. Physical characteristics Mass, radius and temperature Kepler-62f is a super-Earth, placing it in the class of exoplanets with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and Uranus. It has an equilibrium temperature of 208 K (−65 °C; −85 °F), close to that of Mars’s temperature. It has a radius of 1.46 R🜨, placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 R🜨 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 ME, the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The Planetary Habitability Laboratory estimated a mass of around 2.6 ME, assuming a rocky Earth-like composition. Host star Main article: Kepler-62 The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 M☉ and a radius of 0.64 R☉. It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity () of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity (L☉) is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Orbit Kepler-62f orbits its host star every 267.29 days at a semi-major axis distance of about 0.718 astronomical units (107,400,000 km, 66,700,000 mi), which is roughly the same as Venus's semi-major axis from the Sun. Compared to Earth, this is about seven-tenths of the distance from it to the Sun. Kepler-62f is estimated to receive about 41% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does from the Sun, which is comparable to Mars, which receives 43%. Habitability Artist's conception of Kepler-62f (foreground) as a rocky terrestrial exoplanet orbiting its host star (center). The actual appearance is not known. Kepler-62e can be seen in the distance as a twinkling star. See also: Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems Given the planet's age (7 ± 4 billion years), irradiance (0.41 ± 0.05 times Earth's) and radius (1.46 ± 0.07 times Earth's), a rocky (silicate-iron) composition with the addition of a possibly substantial amount of water is considered plausible. A modeling study indicates it is likely that a great majority of planets in its size range are completely covered by ocean. If its density is the same as Earth's, its mass would be 1.413 or 2.80 times Earth's. The planet has the potential for hosting a moon according to a study of tidal effects on potentially habitable planets. The planet may be the only habitable-zone candidate which would avoid desiccation by irradiation from the host star at its current location. Climate Although Kepler-62f may be an ocean-covered planet possessing rock and water at the surface, it is the farthest out from its star, so without a supplementary amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), it may be a planet covered entirely in ice. In order for Kepler-62f to sustain an Earth-like climate (with an average temperature of around 284–290 K (11–17 °C; 52–62 °F), at least 5 bars (4.9 atm) of carbon dioxide would have to be present in the planet's atmosphere. On 13 May 2016, researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) announced that they had found various scenarios that allow the exoplanet to be habitable. They tested several simulations based on Kepler-62f having an atmosphere that ranges in thickness from the same as Earth's all the way up to 12 times thicker than our planet's, various concentrations of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, ranging from the same amount as is in the Earth's atmosphere up to 2,500 times that level and several different possible configurations for its orbital path. In June 2018, studies suggest that Kepler-62f may have seasons and a climate similar to those on Earth. Other factors Because it is the outermost planet of its star system, the effects of tidal evolution from the inner planets and the host star on Kepler-62f are not likely to have had significant outcomes over its lifetime. The axial tilt is likely to have been unchanged, and thus, the planet may have an axial tilt (anywhere from 14°–30°) and rotational period somewhat similar to Earth. This can further make the planet more sustainable for habitability, as it would be able to transfer heat to the night side, instead of it being a planet with its surface being half water and half ice. K-type stars like Kepler-62 can live for approximately 20–40 billion years, 2 to 4 times longer than the estimated lifetime of the Sun. The low stellar activity of orange dwarfs like Kepler-62, creates a relatively benign radiation environment for planets orbiting in their habitable zones, increasing their potential habitability. One review essay in 2015 concluded that Kepler-62f, along with the exoplanets Kepler-186f and Kepler-442b, were likely the best candidates for being potentially habitable planets. Discovery Confirmed small exoplanets in habitable zones (artist's impressions).(Kepler-62e, 62f, 186f, 296e, 296f, 438b, 440b, 442b) NASA's Kepler spacecraft observed 150000 stars in the Kepler Input Catalog, including Kepler-62, between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. The software pipeline that searched for periodic dip in the stellar brightness, the sign of a planetary transit of the star, initially found three planets around Kepler-62, including Kepler-62e. Due to a bug in the software pipeline, the planet 62f was missed. Eric Agol, a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Washington, discovered three additional transits that had been missed by the pipeline, which occurred every 267 days, and with a more detailed analysis the Kepler team concluded that a fourth planetary body, 62f, was responsible for the periodic 267-day transits. The discovery, along with the planetary system of the star Kepler-69 were announced on April 18, 2013. Follow-up studies On 9 May 2013, a congressional hearing (Archived 2014-12-06 at the Wayback Machine) by two U.S. House of Representatives subcommittees discussed "Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?," prompted by the discovery of exoplanet Kepler-62f, along with Kepler-62e and Kepler-69c. A related special issue of the journal Science, published earlier, described the discovery of the exoplanets. At about 980 light-years (300 parsecs) distant, Kepler-62f is too remote and its star too far for current telescopes or the next generation of planned telescopes to determine its mass or whether it has an atmosphere. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars throughout the sky. Nearby stars with planets can then be studied by the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based telescopes to analyze atmospheres, determine masses and infer compositions. Additionally the Square Kilometer Array would significantly improve radio observations over the Arecibo Observatory and Green Bank Telescope. Extraterrestrial intelligence target Kepler-62f and the other Kepler-62 exoplanets are being specially targeted as part of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) search programs. They will scan the areas for any signals that may represent technological life in the system. Given the interstellar distance of 980 light-years (300 parsecs), the signals would have left the planet that many years ago. As of 2016, no such signals have been found. See also Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems Kepler-62e, another exoplanet in the Kepler-62 system List of potentially habitable exoplanets References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Borucki, William J.; et al. (18 April 2013). "Kepler-62: A Five-Planet System with Planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth Radii in the Habitable Zone". Science Express. 340 (6132): 587–590. arXiv:1304.7387. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..587B. doi:10.1126/science.1234702. PMID 23599262. S2CID 21029755. ^ a b c Johnson, Michele; Harrington, J.D. (18 April 2013). "NASA's Kepler Discovers Its Smallest 'Habitable Zone' Planets to Date". NASA. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ Borucki, William; Thompson, Susan E.; Agol, Eric; Hedges, Christina (May 2019). "Kepler-62f: Kepler's First Small Planet in the Habitable Zone, but Is It Real?". New Astronomy Reviews. 83: 28–36. arXiv:1905.05719. Bibcode:2018NewAR..83...28B. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2019.03.002. S2CID 153313459. ^ Overbye, Dennis (18 April 2013). "2 Good Places to Live, 1,200 Light-Years Away". New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ "Kepler-62f: A Possible Water World". Space.com. 13 May 2016. ^ a b Paul Glister (August 12, 2009). "In Praise of K-class Stars". Centauri Dreams. Retrieved July 2, 2016. ^ "3 Potentially Habitable Super-Earth Planets Explained (Infographic)". Space.com. 18 April 2013. ^ a b "Has Kepler Found Ideal SETI-target Planets?". SETI Institute. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Kepler-62 f". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ Rogers, Leslie A. (31 July 2014). "Most 1.6 Earth-radius planets are not rocky". The Astrophysical Journal. 801 (1): 41. arXiv:1407.4457. Bibcode:2015ApJ...801...41R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/41. S2CID 9472389. ^ Mendez, Abel (April 18, 2013). "NASA Kepler Discovers New Potentially Habitable Exoplanets". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved August 10, 2016. ^ Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011. ^ Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011. ^ "Water worlds surface: Planets covered by global ocean with no land in sight". Harvard Gazette. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ Kaltenegger, L.; Sasselov, D.; Rugheimer, S. (18 April 2013). "Water Planets in the Habitable Zone: Atmospheric Chemistry, Observable Features, and the case of Kepler-62e and -62f". The Astrophysical Journal. 775 (2): L47. arXiv:1304.5058. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775L..47K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/2/L47. S2CID 256544. ^ Sasaki, Takashi; Barnes, Jason W. (30 June 2014). "Longevity of moons around habitable planets". International Journal of Astrobiology. 13 (4): 324–336. Bibcode:2014IJAsB..13..324S. doi:10.1017/S1473550414000184. S2CID 120860148. ^ Luger, Rodrigo; Barnes, Rory (2015). "Extreme Water Loss and Abiotic O2 Buildup On Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs". Astrobiology. 15 (2): 119–143. arXiv:1411.7412. Bibcode:2015AsBio..15..119L. doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1231. PMC 4323125. PMID 25629240. ^ "Water Planets in the Habitable Zone: A Closer Look at Kepler 62e and 62f". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Sci Tech Daily. April 22, 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ a b Shields, Aomawa L.; et al. (2016). "The Effect of Orbital Configuration on the Possible Climates and Habitability of Kepler-62f". Astrobiology. 16 (6): 443–64. arXiv:1603.01272. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..443S. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1353. PMC 4900229. PMID 27176715. ^ Mack, Eric (29 June 2018). "Two Earth-like exoplanets (Kepler 186f and Kepler 62f) now even better spots to look for life - Two of the earliest Earth-ish exoplanet finds are now more exciting targets in the search for habitable worlds beyond this rock". CNET. Retrieved 29 June 2018. ^ Shan, Yutong; Li, Gongjie (2018-05-16). "Obliquity Variations of Habitable Zone Planets Kepler-62f and Kepler-186f". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (6): 237. arXiv:1710.07303. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..237S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabfd1. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 59033808. ^ Adam Hanhazy (2015-02-19). "Planets Can Alter Each Other's Climates over Eons". Astrobiology. Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2016-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Life Could Easily Develop Around Orange Dwarfs". Softpedia. 7 May 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Paul Gilster, Andrew LePage (2015-01-30). "A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates". Centauri Dreams, Tau Zero Foundation. Retrieved 2015-07-24. ^ NASA Astrobiology Strategy 2015 Archived 2016-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.(PDF), page 92, NASA ^ Clavin, Whitney; Chou, Felicia; Johnson, Michele (6 January 2015). "NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ "Special Issue: Exoplanets". Science. 340 (6132). 3 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013. ^ Siemion, Andrew P.V.; Demorest, Paul; Korpela, Eric; Maddalena, Ron J.; Werthimer, Dan; Cobb, Jeff; Langston, Glen; Lebofsky, Matt; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Tarter, Jill (3 February 2013). "A 1.1 to 1.9 GHz SETI Survey of the Kepler Field: I. A Search for Narrow-band Emission from Select Targets". Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 94. arXiv:1302.0845. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...94S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/94. S2CID 119302350. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kepler-62 f. NASA – Kepler Mission overview. NASA – Kepler Discoveries – Summary Table. NASA – Kepler-62f at The NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA – Kepler-62f at The Exoplanet Data Explorer. NASA – Kepler-62f at The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Habitable Exolanets Catalog at UPR-Arecibo. Kepler – Discovery of New Planetary Systems (2013). Kepler – Tally of Planets/interactive (2013) – NYT. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"18h 52m 51.06019s, +45° 20′ 59.507″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=18.880850052778&de=45.349863055556&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20130418-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20130418-4"},{"link_name":"Kepler Object of Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Object_of_Interest"},{"link_name":"super-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"habitable zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zone"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Kepler spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacecomkepler62f-5"},{"link_name":"days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days"},{"link_name":"habitability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTypePosLife-6"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_planet"},{"link_name":"ocean-covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-space.com_kepler-7"},{"link_name":"discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(observation)"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"transit method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_method"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrial life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kepler-62_SETI-8"}],"text":"Coordinates: 18h 52m 51.06019s, +45° 20′ 59.507″Super-Earth orbiting Kepler-62Kepler-62f[1][2][4] (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-701.04) is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-62, the outermost of five such planets discovered around the star by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 980 light-years (300 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Lyra.[5]Kepler-62f orbits its parent star at a distance of 0.718 AU (107,400,000 km; 66,700,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 267 days, and has a radius of around 1.41 times that of Earth. It is one of the more promising candidates for potential habitability, as its parent star is a relatively quiet star, and has less mass than the Sun – thus it can live up to a span of about 30 billion years or so.[6] Based on its size, Kepler-62f is likely a terrestrial or ocean-covered planet. However, key components of the exoplanet still need to be assessed to determine habitability; such as its atmosphere if one exists, since it lies within the outer part of its host star's habitable zone.[1][7]The discovery of the exoplanet (along with Kepler-62e) was announced in April 2013 by NASA as part of the Kepler spacecraft data release.[1] The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. According to scientists, it is a potential candidate to search for extraterrestrial life, and was chosen as one of the targets to study by the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) program.[8]","title":"Kepler-62f"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"equilibrium temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_temperature"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"R🜨","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"mini-Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Neptune"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"rocky planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"Planetary Habitability Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Habitability_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHL-11"}],"sub_title":"Mass, radius and temperature","text":"Kepler-62f is a super-Earth, placing it in the class of exoplanets with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and Uranus. It has an equilibrium temperature of 208 K (−65 °C; −85 °F), close to that of Mars’s temperature.[9] It has a radius of 1.46 R🜨,[1] placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 R🜨 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface.[10] Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 ME, the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this.[1] The Planetary Habitability Laboratory estimated a mass of around 2.6 ME, assuming a rocky Earth-like composition.[11]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_K"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"M☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"R☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_scale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"metallicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"L☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"}],"sub_title":"Host star","text":"The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets.[1] The star has a mass of 0.69 M☉ and a radius of 0.64 R☉. It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old.[1] In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old[12] and has a temperature of 5778 K.[13] The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount.[1] Its luminosity (L☉) is 21% that of the Sun.[1]The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semi-major axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis"},{"link_name":"astronomical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometers"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_flux"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"}],"sub_title":"Orbit","text":"Kepler-62f orbits its host star every 267.29 days at a semi-major axis distance of about 0.718 astronomical units (107,400,000 km, 66,700,000 mi), which is roughly the same as Venus's semi-major axis from the Sun. Compared to Earth, this is about seven-tenths of the distance from it to the Sun. Kepler-62f is estimated to receive about 41% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does from the Sun, which is comparable to Mars, which receives 43%.[1]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"link_name":"Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaltenegger_2013-15"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exomoon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sasaki-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luger-17"}],"text":"Artist's conception of Kepler-62f (foreground) as a rocky terrestrial exoplanet orbiting its host star (center). The actual appearance is not known. Kepler-62e can be seen in the distance as a twinkling star.See also: Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systemsGiven the planet's age (7 ± 4 billion years), irradiance (0.41 ± 0.05 times Earth's) and radius (1.46 ± 0.07 times Earth's), a rocky (silicate-iron) composition with the addition of a possibly substantial amount of water is considered plausible.[1] A modeling study indicates it is likely that a great majority of planets in its size range are completely covered by ocean.[14][15] If its density is the same as Earth's, its mass would be 1.413 or 2.80 times Earth's. The planet has the potential for hosting a moon according to a study of tidal effects on potentially habitable planets.[16] The planet may be the only habitable-zone candidate which would avoid desiccation by irradiation from the host star at its current location.[17]","title":"Habitability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ocean-covered planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shields_2016-19"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shields_2016-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET-20180629-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Although Kepler-62f may be an ocean-covered planet possessing rock and water at the surface, it is the farthest out from its star, so without a supplementary amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), it may be a planet covered entirely in ice.[18] In order for Kepler-62f to sustain an Earth-like climate (with an average temperature of around 284–290 K (11–17 °C; 52–62 °F), at least 5 bars (4.9 atm) of carbon dioxide would have to be present in the planet's atmosphere.[19]On 13 May 2016, researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) announced that they had found various scenarios that allow the exoplanet to be habitable. They tested several simulations based on Kepler-62f having an atmosphere that ranges in thickness from the same as Earth's all the way up to 12 times thicker than our planet's, various concentrations of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, ranging from the same amount as is in the Earth's atmosphere up to 2,500 times that level and several different possible configurations for its orbital path.[19] In June 2018, studies suggest that Kepler-62f may have seasons and a climate similar to those on Earth.[20][21]","title":"Habitability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTypePosLife-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kepler-186f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-186f"},{"link_name":"Kepler-442b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-442b"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centauridreams-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA_strategy_2015-25"}],"sub_title":"Other factors","text":"Because it is the outermost planet of its star system, the effects of tidal evolution from the inner planets and the host star on Kepler-62f are not likely to have had significant outcomes over its lifetime. The axial tilt is likely to have been unchanged, and thus, the planet may have an axial tilt (anywhere from 14°–30°) and rotational period somewhat similar to Earth.[22] This can further make the planet more sustainable for habitability, as it would be able to transfer heat to the night side, instead of it being a planet with its surface being half water and half ice.K-type stars like Kepler-62 can live for approximately 20–40 billion years, 2 to 4 times longer than the estimated lifetime of the Sun.[6] The low stellar activity of orange dwarfs like Kepler-62, creates a relatively benign radiation environment for planets orbiting in their habitable zones, increasing their potential habitability.[23] One review essay in 2015 concluded that Kepler-62f, along with the exoplanets Kepler-186f and Kepler-442b, were likely the best candidates for being potentially habitable planets.[24][25]","title":"Habitability"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KeplerExoplanets-NearEarthSize-HabitableZone-20150106.png"},{"link_name":"habitable zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zone"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"link_name":"186f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-186f"},{"link_name":"296e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-296e"},{"link_name":"296f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-296f"},{"link_name":"438b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-438b"},{"link_name":"440b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-440b"},{"link_name":"442b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-442b"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20150106-26"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Kepler Input Catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Input_Catalog"},{"link_name":"transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"link_name":"Eric Agol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Agol"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20130418-2"},{"link_name":"Kepler-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-69"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borucki-1"}],"text":"Confirmed small exoplanets in habitable zones (artist's impressions).(Kepler-62e, 62f, 186f, 296e, 296f, 438b, 440b, 442b)[26]NASA's Kepler spacecraft observed 150000 stars in the Kepler Input Catalog, including Kepler-62, between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. The software pipeline that searched for periodic dip in the stellar brightness, the sign of a planetary transit of the star, initially found three planets around Kepler-62, including Kepler-62e. Due to a bug in the software pipeline, the planet 62f was missed. Eric Agol, a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Washington, discovered three additional transits that had been missed by the pipeline,[2] which occurred every 267 days, and with a more detailed analysis the Kepler team concluded that a fourth planetary body, 62f, was responsible for the periodic 267-day transits. The discovery, along with the planetary system of the star Kepler-69 were announced on April 18, 2013.[1]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"congressional hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//science.edgeboss.net/wmedia/science/sst2013/SP050913.wvx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141206181537/http://science.edgeboss.net/wmedia/science/sst2013/SP050913.wvx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"subcommittees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee"},{"link_name":"Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141207205111/https://science.house.gov/hearing/subcommittee-space-and-subcommittee-research-joint-hearing-exoplanet-discoveries-have-we"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"link_name":"Kepler-69c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-69c"},{"link_name":"special issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.science.org/toc/science/340/6132"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCI-20130503-27"},{"link_name":"TESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite"},{"link_name":"CHEOPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEOPS"},{"link_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Square Kilometer Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array"},{"link_name":"Arecibo Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Green Bank Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bank_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv=1302.0845v1-28"}],"sub_title":"Follow-up studies","text":"On 9 May 2013, a congressional hearing (Archived 2014-12-06 at the Wayback Machine) by two U.S. House of Representatives subcommittees discussed \"Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?,\" prompted by the discovery of exoplanet Kepler-62f, along with Kepler-62e and Kepler-69c. A related special issue of the journal Science, published earlier, described the discovery of the exoplanets.[27]At about 980 light-years (300 parsecs) distant, Kepler-62f is too remote and its star too far for current telescopes or the next generation of planned telescopes to determine its mass or whether it has an atmosphere. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars throughout the sky.Nearby stars with planets can then be studied by the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based telescopes to analyze atmospheres, determine masses and infer compositions. Additionally the Square Kilometer Array would significantly improve radio observations over the Arecibo Observatory and Green Bank Telescope.[28]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kepler-62_SETI-8"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Extraterrestrial intelligence target","text":"Kepler-62f and the other Kepler-62 exoplanets are being specially targeted as part of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) search programs.[8] They will scan the areas for any signals that may represent technological life in the system. Given the interstellar distance of 980 light-years (300 parsecs), the signals would have left the planet that many years ago.[clarification needed] As of 2016, no such signals have been found.","title":"Discovery"}]

[{"image_text":"Artist's conception of Kepler-62f (foreground) as a rocky terrestrial exoplanet orbiting its host star (center). The actual appearance is not known. Kepler-62e can be seen in the distance as a twinkling star.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg/275px-Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confirmed small exoplanets in habitable zones (artist's impressions).(Kepler-62e, 62f, 186f, 296e, 296f, 438b, 440b, 442b)[26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KeplerExoplanets-NearEarthSize-HabitableZone-20150106.png/240px-KeplerExoplanets-NearEarthSize-HabitableZone-20150106.png"}]

[{"title":"Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems"},{"title":"Kepler-62e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62e"},{"title":"Kepler-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62"},{"title":"List of potentially habitable exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets"}]

[{"reference":"Borucki, William J.; et al. (18 April 2013). \"Kepler-62: A Five-Planet System with Planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth Radii in the Habitable Zone\". Science Express. 340 (6132): 587–590. arXiv:1304.7387. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..587B. doi:10.1126/science.1234702. PMID 23599262. 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and Abiotic O2 Buildup On Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7412","external_links_name":"1411.7412"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AsBio..15..119L","external_links_name":"2015AsBio..15..119L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2014.1231","external_links_name":"10.1089/ast.2014.1231"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323125","external_links_name":"4323125"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25629240","external_links_name":"25629240"},{"Link":"http://scitechdaily.com/water-planets-in-the-habitable-zone-a-closer-look-at-kepler-62e-and-62f/","external_links_name":"\"Water Planets in the Habitable Zone: A Closer Look at Kepler 62e and 62f\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4900229","external_links_name":"\"The Effect of Orbital Configuration on the Possible Climates and Habitability of Kepler-62f\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.01272","external_links_name":"1603.01272"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AsBio..16..443S","external_links_name":"2016AsBio..16..443S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2015.1353","external_links_name":"10.1089/ast.2015.1353"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4900229","external_links_name":"4900229"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27176715","external_links_name":"27176715"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/earth-size-planets-kepler-186f-62f-now-even-better-spots-to-look-for-life/","external_links_name":"\"Two Earth-like exoplanets (Kepler 186f and Kepler 62f) now even better spots to look for life - Two of the earliest Earth-ish exoplanet finds are now more exciting targets in the search for habitable worlds beyond this rock\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faabfd1","external_links_name":"\"Obliquity Variations of Habitable Zone Planets Kepler-62f and Kepler-186f\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07303","external_links_name":"1710.07303"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....155..237S","external_links_name":"2018AJ....155..237S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faabfd1","external_links_name":"10.3847/1538-3881/aabfd1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881","external_links_name":"1538-3881"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59033808","external_links_name":"59033808"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930221833/http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/planets-can-alter-others-climates-eons/","external_links_name":"\"Planets Can Alter Each Other's Climates over Eons\""},{"Link":"http://news.softpedia.com/news/Life-Could-Easily-Develop-Around-Orange-Dwarfs-111006.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Life Could Easily Develop Around Orange Dwarfs\""},{"Link":"http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=32470","external_links_name":"\"A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf","external_links_name":"NASA Astrobiology Strategy 2015"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161222190306/https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2015-003","external_links_name":"\"NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/toc/science/340/6132","external_links_name":"\"Special Issue: Exoplanets\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.0845","external_links_name":"1302.0845"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...767...94S","external_links_name":"2013ApJ...767...94S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F767%2F1%2F94","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/94"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119302350","external_links_name":"119302350"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/overview/index.html","external_links_name":"NASA – Kepler Mission overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527104316/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/","external_links_name":"NASA – Kepler Discoveries – Summary Table"},{"Link":"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=Kepler-62+f&type=CONFIRMED_PLANET","external_links_name":"NASA – Kepler-62f"},{"Link":"http://exoplanets.org/detail/Kepler-62_f","external_links_name":"NASA – Kepler-62f"},{"Link":"https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler_62_f--1261/","external_links_name":"NASA – Kepler-62f"},{"Link":"https://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog","external_links_name":"Habitable Exolanets Catalog"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-62-kepler-69.html","external_links_name":"Kepler – Discovery of New Planetary Systems (2013)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html","external_links_name":"Kepler – Tally of Planets/interactive (2013)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8PJt-R5NxI","external_links_name":"Video (02:27) - NASA Finds Three New Planets in \"Habitable Zone\" (18 April 2013)."}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Closure_and_Realignment_Commission

Base Realignment and Closure

["1 Background","2 Law","3 Closures and realignments","3.1 1988","3.2 1990","3.3 1991","3.4 1993","3.5 1995","3.6 2005","3.7 2015","4 Appropriations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Process of closing some U.S. military bases "Base Realignment and Closure Act" redirects here. For the post-WWII act, see Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949. Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) was a process by a United States federal government commission to increase the efficiency of the United States Department of Defense by coordinating the realignment and closure of military installations following the end of the Cold War. Over 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. These five BRAC rounds constitute a combined savings of $12 billion annually. Background The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, passed after the 1947 reorganization of the National Military Establishment, reduced the number of U.S. military bases, forts, posts, and stations. The subsequent 1950s buildup for the Cold War (e.g., during the Korean War) resulted in large numbers of new installations, such as the Permanent System radar stations and Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) control centers. By 1959, plans for even larger numbers of Cold War installations were canceled (e.g., DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Center underground nuclear bunkers to 7). In 1958, U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) began to replace Strategic Air Command bombers. From 1960–1964, the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations closed 574 U.S. military bases around the world, particularly after President John F. Kennedy was briefed after his inauguration that the missile gap was not a concern. 1961 closures On March 28, 1961, President Kennedy announced the closure of 73 military establishments. 1964 closures "In December 1963, Secretary McNamara announced the closure of twenty-six DOD installations or activities in the CONUS".: 134  1965 closures Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced 95 base closures/realignments in November 1964: 80 in the United States (33 states & DC) and 15 overseas. Closures included the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, the Springfield Armory, six bomber bases, and 15 Air Defense Command radar stations—a realignment transferred Highlands Air Force Station to the adjacent Highlands Army Air Defense Site. 1968 Project 693 Project 693 was established by Defense Secretary Clark Clifford during the Vietnam War for reducing programs and personnel, and the project also closed several military installations. 1969 realignments The DoD realigned 307 military bases beginning with an announcement in October 1969. 1973 closures 224 closures were announced in 1973. 1974 Project Concise Project Concise eliminated most of the Project Nike missile locations which generally each had two sites, a radar station on an elevated landform for guidance and command/control, and a launch area that had launch rails and stored missiles and warheads. A 1976 follow-on program to Concise closed additional installations. 1983 Grace Commission The Grace Commission was President Ronald Reagan's "Private Sector Survey" on cost control that concluded that "savings could be made in the military base structure" and recommended establishing an independent commission to study the issue. Public Law 100–526 endorsed the review in October 1988 and authorized the "special commission to recommend base realignments and closures" to the Secretary of Defense and provided relief from NEPA provisions that had hindered the base closure process.: 156  1988 Carlucci Commission On May 3, 1988, the Carlucci Commission was chartered by Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci,: 156  which in December 1988 recommended closing five Air Force bases: Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois, George Air Force Base, Mather Air Force Base and Norton Air Force Base in California, and Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire.: 161  Law The Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 provided "the basic framework for the transfer and disposal of military installations closed during the base realignment and closure (BRAC) process". The process was created in 1988 to reduce pork barrel politics with members of Congress that arise when facilities face activity reductions. The most recent process began May 13, 2005, when Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld forwarded his recommendations for realignments and closures to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission. The BRAC is an independent nine-member panel appointed by the President. This panel evaluated the list by taking testimony from interested parties and visiting affected bases. The BRAC Commission had the opportunity to add bases to the list and did so in a July 19, 2005, hearing. The Commission met its deadline of September 2005 to provide the evaluated list to the President, who approved the list with the condition that it could only be approved or disapproved in its entirety. On November 7, 2005, the approved list was then given to Congress, who had the opportunity to disapprove the entire list within 45 days by enacting a resolution of disapproval. This did not happen, and the BRAC Commission's recommendations became final. Closures and realignments 1988 The 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included: Alabama Army Ammunition Plant Army Materials Technology Laboratory Army Reserve Center Gaithersburg Bennett Army National Guard Facility Cameron Station Cape St. George Chanute Air Force Base Coosa River Storage Annex Defense Mapping Agency site Herndon, Virginia Former Nike Site at the Aberdeen Proving Ground Fort Bliss (realigned) Fort Des Moines Fort Detrick (realigned) Fort Dix (realigned as Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst) Fort Douglas Fort Holabird Fort Meade (realigned) Fort Monmouth Fort Sheridan Fort Wingate Ammunition Storage Depot Fort Wingate George Air Force Base Hamilton Army Airfield Indiana Army Ammunition Plant Irwin Support Detachment Annex Jefferson Proving Ground Kapalama Military Reservation Phase III Lexington Army Depot Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot Mather Air Force Base Navajo Depot Activity (turned over to the Arizona Army National Guard) Naval Hospital Philadelphia Naval Reserve Center Coconut Grove Naval Station Galveston Naval Station Lake Charles Naval Station New York Naval Station Puget Sound Naval Station San Francisco (realigned) New Orleans Military Ocean Terminal Nike Washington-Baltimore Norton Air Force Base Pease Air Force Base (realigned as Pease Air National Guard Base) Pontiac Storage Facility Presidio of San Francisco Pueblo Army Depot (realigned) Salton Sea Test Base St. Louis Area Support Center Wherry housing Tacony Warehouse Umatilla Army Depot (realigned) 1990 In 1990, the Navy considered cutting 34 military installations. 1991 The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included: Beale Air Force Base (realigned) Bergstrom Air Force Base Carswell Air Force Base (turned over to the United States Navy Reserve and realigned as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth) Castle Air Force Base Eaker Air Force Base England Air Force Base Fleet Combat Direction Systems Support Activity San Diego (realigned) Fort Benjamin Harrison Fort Chaffee (turned over to the Arkansas Army National Guard) Fort Devens (turned over to the United States Army Reserve and realigned as Devens Reserve Forces Training Area) Fort Ord Fort Novosel (realigned) Grissom Air Force Base (realigned as Grissom Air Reserve Base) Hunters Point Annex Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility San Diego Letterman Army Institute of Research (disestablished) Loring Air Force Base Lowry Air Force Base Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Myrtle Beach Air Force Base Naval Air Station Chase Field Naval Air Station Moffett Field Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center San Diego Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Vallejo Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Naval Space Systems Activity Los Angeles Naval Station Long Beach Naval Station Philadelphia Naval Station Puget Sound Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (realigned) Naval Air Station Point Mugu Philadelphia Naval Yard Presidio of Monterey Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base Rickenbacker Air Force Base (portion realigned as Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base) Sacramento Army Depot Williams Air Force Base Wurtsmith Air Force Base 1993 The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included: Anniston Army Depot (realigned) Camp Evans Fort Wingate Griffiss Air Force Base Homestead Air Force Base (realigned as Homestead Air Reserve Base) K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base March Air Force Base (realigned as March Air Reserve Base) Mare Island Naval Shipyard Marine Corps Air Station El Toro Naval Air Station Agana Naval Air Station Alameda Naval Air Station Barbers Point Naval Air Station Cecil Field Naval Air Station Dallas (realigned as Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex) Naval Air Station Glenview Naval Air Warfare Center Trenton Naval Aviation Depot Alameda Naval Aviation Depot Norfolk Naval Aviation Depot Pensacola Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, Saint Inigoes Naval Hospital Charleston Naval Hospital Oakland Naval Hospital Orlando Naval Reserve Center Gadsden Naval Reserve Center Montgomery Naval Station Argentia Naval Station Charleston Naval Station Mobile Naval Station Staten Island Naval Station Treasure Island Naval Supply Center, Oakland Naval Training Center Orlando Naval Training Center San Diego Newark Air Force Base O'Hare Air Reserve Station Plattsburgh Air Force Base Vint Hill Farms Station Williams Air Force Base 1995 The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included: Camp Bonneville Castle Air Force Base Fitzsimons Army Medical Center Fort Chaffee (turned over to the Arkansas National Guard) Fort Greely (realigned) Fort Indiantown Gap (turned over to the Pennsylvania National Guard) Fort McClellan Fort Barfoot (turned over to the Virginia National Guard) Fort Ritchie Kelly Air Force Base (realigned as Kelly Field) Letterkenny Army Depot McClellan Air Force Base Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne Naval Air Facility Adak Naval Air Station South Weymouth Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Warminster Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Indianapolis Naval Reserve Center Fayetteville Naval Reserve Center Fort Smith Naval Reserve Center Huntsville Naval Shipyard, Long Beach Naval Supply Center, Oakland Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division Oakland Army Base Ontario Air National Guard Station Red River Army Depot Reese Air Force Base Roslyn Air National Guard Station Savanna Army Depot Activity Seneca Army Depot Ship Repair Facility, Guam Sierra Army Depot (realigned) Stratford Army Engine Plant 2005 The Pentagon released its proposed list for the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission on May 13, 2005 (a date given the moniker "BRAC Friday," a pun on Black Friday). After an extensive series of public hearings, analysis of DoD-supplied supporting data, and solicitation of comments from the public, the list of recommendations was revised by the 9-member Defense Base Closure and Realignments Commission in two days of public markups and votes on individual recommendations (the proceedings were broadcast by C-SPAN and are available for review on the network's website). The Commission submitted its revised list to the President on September 8, 2005. The President approved the list and notified Congress on September 15. The House of Representatives took up a joint resolution to disapprove the recommendations on October 26, but the resolution failed to pass. The recommendations were thereby enacted. The Secretary of Defense must implement the recommendations no later than September 15, 2011. Major facilities slated for closure included: Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, renamed Brooks City-Base after San Antonio assumed control Defense Finance and Accounting Service, New York (removed from list 2005) Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota (removed from list August 26, 2005) Fort Gillem, Georgia Fort McPherson, Georgia Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Fort Monroe, Virginia Naval Air Station Brunswick, Maine Naval Air Station Willow Grove Joint Reserve Base, Pennsylvania Naval Station Ingleside, Texas Naval Station Pascagoula, Mississippi Naval Submarine Base New London, Connecticut (removed from list August 24, 2005) Navy Supply Corps School Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts (removed from list August 26, 2005) Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine (removed from list August 26, 2005) Major facilities slated for realignment include: Army Human Resource Command (HRC), Missouri, moving to the Fort Knox Military Installation in Kentucky Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska Fort Belvoir, Virginia Fort Meade, Maryland Fort Novosel, Alabama, Aviation Technical Test Center moving to the Redstone Arsenal, Alabama and combining with the Redstone Technical Test Center to form Redstone Test Center Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia (extent contingent on reopening the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Florida) Naval Station Great Lakes, Illinois Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina (transferred to the U.S. Army as Pope Army Airfield and merged with Fort Liberty) Rome Laboratory, New York Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. Twenty-six bases were realigned into 12 joint bases, with each joint base's installation support being led by the Army, the Air Force, or the Navy. An example is Joint Base Lewis–McChord, Washington, combining Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base. 2015 The 2005 Commission recommended that Congress authorize another BRAC round in 2015 and every eight years thereafter. On May 10, 2012, the House Armed Services Committee rejected calls by the Pentagon for base closures outside of a 2015 round by a 44 to 18 vote. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta had called for two rounds of base closures while at the same time arguing that the alternative of the sequester would be a "meat-ax" approach to cuts which would "hollow out" military forces. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 specifically prohibits authorization of future BRAC rounds. In May 2014, it was attempted to fund another round of BRAC, although funding was not approved in a vote in May of that year. In March 2015, the Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment addressed the possibility of a future BRAC, indicating that the DOD, Defense Secretary Ash Carter was requesting authority to conduct another BRAC. In September 2015, at the tenth anniversary of the end of the most recent BRAC commission report, its former chairman Anthony Principi wrote, "Now is the time to do what's right for our men and women in uniform. Spending dollars on infrastructure that does not serve their needs is inexcusable." Appropriations This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017) The following is a chronological timeline of authorizations for U.S. Congressional legislation related to U.S. defense installation realignments and military base closures. Date of Enactment Public Law Number U.S. Statute Citation U.S. Legislative Bill U.S. Presidential Administration October 24, 1988 P.L. 100-526 102 Stat. 2623 S. 2749 Ronald W. Reagan November 5, 1990 P.L. 101-510 104 Stat. 1485 H.R. 4739 George H.W. Bush October 3, 1995 P.L. 104-32 109 Stat. 283 H.R. 1817 William J. Clinton September 16, 1996 P.L. 104-196 110 Stat. 2385 H.R. 3517 William J. Clinton September 30, 1997 P.L. 105-45 111 Stat. 1142 H.R. 2016 William J. Clinton September 20, 1998 P.L. 105-237 112 Stat. 1553 H.R. 4059 William J. Clinton August 17, 1999 P.L. 106-52 113 Stat. 259 H.R. 2465 William J. Clinton July 13, 2000 P.L. 106-246 114 Stat. 511 H.R. 4425 William J. Clinton November 5, 2001 P.L. 107-64 115 Stat. 474 H.R. 2904 George W. Bush October 23, 2002 P.L. 107-249 116 Stat. 1578 H.R. 5011 George W. Bush November 22, 2003 P.L. 108-132 117 Stat. 1374 H.R. 2559 George W. Bush October 13, 2004 P.L. 108-324 118 Stat. 1220 H.R. 4837 George W. Bush 2005 P.L. H.R. 4302 George W. Bush See also United States portalPolitics portal Joint bases of the United States military Loss of Strength Gradient Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe References ^ "Base Realignment and Closure 2005 - U.S. Department of Defense". Archived from the original on May 15, 2005. Retrieved May 15, 2005. ^ "Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library". Digital.library.unt.edu. Retrieved March 30, 2016. ^ a b Flynn, Aaron M. (February 23, 2005). "Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal" (abstract at University of Texas Digital Library). Congressional Research Service Reports. Retrieved October 12, 2011. ^ "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)". Brac.gov. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016. ^ "Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC): Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. April 25, 2019. p. 7. Retrieved March 21, 2020. ^ a b c "Highlands Radar Site Closing" (PDF). The Daily Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. November 20, 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011. McNamara Firm on Base Shutdowns … Temporary Team … Highlands Air Force Station … personnel will be inactivated by July 1966, leaving Army radar unit at base intact ^ "The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search". News.google.com. Retrieved March 30, 2016. ^ "99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. March 28, 1961". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ a b c d Shaw, Frederick J., ed. (2004). Locating Air Force Base Sites: History's Legacy (Report). Vol. AFD-100928-010. Air Force History and Museums Program. The passage in October 1988 of Public Law 100–526 removed certain restrictive provisions of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and allowed the first round of domestic base closings in nearly a decade. ... ^ Defense Agencies Summary: DoD Project 693, nd, fldr FY 1969 Budget, box 71, ASD(C) files, OSD Hist. ^ Drea, Edward J. (1984). McNamara, Clifford, and the Burdens of Vietnam 1965-1969 (PDF) (Report). Vol. VI, Secretaries of Defense Historical Series. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-088135-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013. the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command, denominated a specified command because, although part of the Air Force, it came under the operational control of the JCS.24 Clifford had appointed a group known as Project 693 to determine which programs to sacrifice when necessary.65 ... McNamara test, January 25 66, House Subcte No 2, HCAS, Hearing: Department of Defense Decision to Reduce the Number and Types of Manned Bombers in the Strategic Air Command, 6084. ^ "Niagara Falls Air Force Units Are Phased Out" (Google news archive). Observer-Reporter. October 28, 1969. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ "Kentucky New Era". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. ^ "Lodi News-Sentinel". Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. ^ "Base-Closing Plan Survives Assaults by Some on Hill". CQ Press. CQ Almanac 1989, 45th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 470–73. ^ a b c d "BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS BY STATE: 1995, 1993, 1991, AND 1988" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2015. ^ Cassata, Donna (April 25, 1990). "34 military bases may face the ax". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, S.C. p. A3. ^ "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. July 1, 1993. Retrieved October 23, 2007. ^ 1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President (Report). ^ See Joint Base Background (part 4 of the Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam webpage) (on Hickam AFB's official website). Retrieved 2010-06-18. To access other parts of the webpage, go to the bottom of the right scroll bar and click on the down arrow (or the "page-down" double arrow). To go to earlier parts of the webpage, click on the up arrow (or the "page-up" double arrow). See Hickam Air Force Base#Internet webpage for a partial list of the webpage parts that discuss joint basing and BRAC. ^ BRAC panel calls closure round premature - News Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. GovExec.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. ^ Military Headlines. Military.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. ^ U.S. House committee rejects more military base closings. NOLA.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. ^ Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 113–66 (text) (PDF): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (Sec. 2711; page 334; 127 Stat. 1004) ^ Jordan, Bryant (May 7, 2014). "House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget". Military.com. Retrieved May 8, 2014. ^ Marshall, Jr., Tyrone. "Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved April 22, 2015. ^ Anthony J. Principi (September 3, 2015). "Time for a new BRAC". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. Retrieved September 5, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission. "Collection: Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission" at the UNT Digital Library Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Property_and_Administrative_Services_Act_of_1949"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn-3"},{"link_name":"United States federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"military installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_military_installations"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Base Realignment and Closure Act\" redirects here. For the post-WWII act, see Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949.Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)[1][2] was a process[3] by a United States federal government commission[4] to increase the efficiency of the United States Department of Defense by coordinating the realignment and closure of military installations following the end of the Cold War. Over 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. These five BRAC rounds constitute a combined savings of $12 billion annually.[5]","title":"Base Realignment and Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Property_and_Administrative_Services_Act_of_1949"},{"link_name":"National Military Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Military_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Permanent System radar stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_System_radar_stations"},{"link_name":"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment"},{"link_name":"control centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Control_Center"},{"link_name":"Continental Air Defense Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Air_Defense_Command#1956_reorganization"},{"link_name":"Super Combat Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Combat_Center"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Kennedy administrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"missile gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_gap"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDR196411-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-9"},{"link_name":"Robert McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDR196411-6"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Army Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Army_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Springfield Armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Armory"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command radar stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_radar_stations"},{"link_name":"Highlands Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"Highlands Army Air Defense Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Army_Air_Defense_Site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDR196411-6"},{"link_name":"Project 693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_693&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Clark Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Project Concise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Concise"},{"link_name":"Project Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Grace Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Commission"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-9"},{"link_name":"Frank Carlucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlucci"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-9"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Chanute Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanute_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"George Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Mather Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Pease Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw-9"}],"text":"The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, passed after the 1947 reorganization of the National Military Establishment, reduced the number of U.S. military bases, forts, posts, and stations. The subsequent 1950s buildup for the Cold War (e.g., during the Korean War) resulted in large numbers of new installations, such as the Permanent System radar stations and Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) control centers. By 1959, plans for even larger numbers of Cold War installations were canceled (e.g., DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Center underground nuclear bunkers to 7). In 1958, U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) began to replace Strategic Air Command bombers. From 1960–1964, the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations closed 574 U.S. military bases around the world, particularly after President John F. Kennedy was briefed after his inauguration that the missile gap was not a concern.[6]1961 closures\nOn March 28, 1961, President Kennedy announced the closure of 73 military establishments.[7][8]1964 closures\n\"In December 1963, Secretary McNamara announced the closure of twenty-six DOD installations or activities in the CONUS\".[9]: 1341965 closures\nSecretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced 95 base closures/realignments in November 1964: 80 in the United States (33 states & DC) and 15 overseas.[6] Closures included the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, the Springfield Armory, six bomber bases, and 15 Air Defense Command radar stations—a realignment transferred Highlands Air Force Station to the adjacent Highlands Army Air Defense Site.[6]1968 Project 693\nProject 693[10] was established by Defense Secretary Clark Clifford during the Vietnam War for reducing programs and personnel, and the project also closed several military installations.[11]1969 realignments\nThe DoD realigned 307 military bases beginning with an announcement in October 1969.[12]1973 closures\n224 closures were announced in 1973.[13][14]1974 Project Concise\nProject Concise eliminated most of the Project Nike missile locations which generally each had two sites, a radar station on an elevated landform for guidance and command/control, and a launch area that had launch rails and stored missiles and warheads. A 1976 follow-on program to Concise closed additional installations.1983 Grace Commission\nThe Grace Commission was President Ronald Reagan's \"Private Sector Survey\" on cost control that concluded that \"savings could be made in the military base structure\" and recommended establishing an independent commission to study the issue. Public Law 100–526 endorsed the review in October 1988 and authorized the \"special commission to recommend base realignments and closures\" to the Secretary of Defense and provided relief from NEPA provisions that had hindered the base closure process.[9]: 1561988 Carlucci Commission\nOn May 3, 1988, the Carlucci Commission was chartered by Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci,[9]: 156  which in December 1988 recommended closing five Air Force bases: Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois, George Air Force Base, Mather Air Force Base and Norton Air Force Base in California, and Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire.[9]: 161","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn-3"},{"link_name":"pork barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"}],"text":"The Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 provided \"the basic framework for the transfer and disposal of military installations closed during the base realignment and closure (BRAC) process\".[3] The process was created in 1988 to reduce pork barrel politics with members of Congress that arise when facilities face activity reductions.[15]The most recent process began May 13, 2005, when Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld forwarded his recommendations for realignments and closures to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission. The BRAC is an independent nine-member panel appointed by the President. This panel evaluated the list by taking testimony from interested parties and visiting affected bases. The BRAC Commission had the opportunity to add bases to the list and did so in a July 19, 2005, hearing. The Commission met its deadline of September 2005 to provide the evaluated list to the President, who approved the list with the condition that it could only be approved or disapproved in its entirety. On November 7, 2005, the approved list was then given to Congress, who had the opportunity to disapprove the entire list within 45 days by enacting a resolution of disapproval. This did not happen, and the BRAC Commission's recommendations became final.","title":"Law"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRAC-16"},{"link_name":"Alabama Army Ammunition Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"link_name":"Army Materials Technology Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Materials_Technology_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Army Reserve Center Gaithersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220th_Military_Police_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Bennett Army National Guard Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Army_National_Guard_Facility"},{"link_name":"Cameron Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Station_(Alexandria,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Cape St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._George_Island"},{"link_name":"Chanute Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanute_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Coosa River Storage Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coosa_River_Storage_Annex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Defense Mapping Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Mapping_Agency"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Fort Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Des_Moines_Provisional_Army_Officer_Training_School"},{"link_name":"Fort Detrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Detrick"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst"},{"link_name":"Fort Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Fort Holabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Holabird"},{"link_name":"Fort Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Fort Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Reserve_Center"},{"link_name":"Fort Wingate Ammunition Storage Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Wingate_Ammunition_Storage_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Wingate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wingate"},{"link_name":"George Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Indiana Army Ammunition Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"link_name":"Irwin Support Detachment Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irwin_Support_Detachment_Annex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Kapalama Military Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapalama_Military_Reservation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lexington Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexington-Bluegrass_Army_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mather Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Navajo Depot Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Depot_Activity"},{"link_name":"Arizona Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Naval Hospital Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Coconut Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Coconut_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Galveston"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Lake Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana#History"},{"link_name":"Naval Station New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_New_York"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Naval Station San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Station_San_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Military Ocean Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Military_Ocean_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Nike Washington-Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Washington-Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Pease Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Pease Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Pontiac Storage Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Storage_Facility"},{"link_name":"Presidio of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Salton Sea Test Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea_Test_Base"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Area Support Center Wherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Area_Support_Center_Wherry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tacony Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacony_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Umatilla Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_Army_Depot"}],"sub_title":"1988","text":"The 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16]Alabama Army Ammunition Plant\nArmy Materials Technology Laboratory\nArmy Reserve Center Gaithersburg\nBennett Army National Guard Facility\nCameron Station\nCape St. George\nChanute Air Force Base\nCoosa River Storage Annex\nDefense Mapping Agency site Herndon, Virginia\nFormer Nike Site at the Aberdeen Proving Ground\nFort Bliss (realigned)\nFort Des Moines\nFort Detrick (realigned)\nFort Dix (realigned as Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst)\nFort Douglas\nFort Holabird\nFort Meade (realigned)\nFort Monmouth\nFort Sheridan\nFort Wingate Ammunition Storage Depot\nFort Wingate\nGeorge Air Force Base\nHamilton Army Airfield\nIndiana Army Ammunition Plant\nIrwin Support Detachment Annex\nJefferson Proving Ground\nKapalama Military Reservation Phase III\nLexington Army Depot\nLexington-Bluegrass Army Depot\nMather Air Force Base\nNavajo Depot Activity (turned over to the Arizona Army National Guard)\nNaval Hospital Philadelphia\nNaval Reserve Center Coconut Grove\nNaval Station Galveston\nNaval Station Lake Charles\nNaval Station New York\nNaval Station Puget Sound\nNaval Station San Francisco (realigned)\nNew Orleans Military Ocean Terminal\nNike Washington-Baltimore\nNorton Air Force Base\nPease Air Force Base (realigned as Pease Air National Guard Base)\nPontiac Storage Facility\nPresidio of San Francisco\nPueblo Army Depot (realigned)\nSalton Sea Test Base\nSt. Louis Area Support Center Wherry housing\nTacony Warehouse\nUmatilla Army Depot (realigned)","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"1990","text":"In 1990, the Navy considered cutting 34 military installations.[17]","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRAC-16"},{"link_name":"Beale Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Bergstrom Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergstrom_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Carswell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Eaker Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaker_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"England Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fleet Combat Direction Systems Support Activity San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fleet_Combat_Direction_Systems_Support_Activity_San_Diego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Fort Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Fort Devens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Devens"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Fort Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ord"},{"link_name":"Fort Novosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Novosel"},{"link_name":"Grissom Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grissom_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Grissom Air Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grissom_Air_Reserve_Base"},{"link_name":"Hunters Point Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunters_Point_Annex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Combat_Systems_Test_Facility_San_Diego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Letterman Army Institute of Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letterman_Army_Institute_of_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Loring Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lowry Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Tustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Tustin"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Chase Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Chase_Field"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Moffett Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Moffett_Field"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Warminster"},{"link_name":"Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Electronic_Systems_Engineering_Center_San_Diego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Electronic_Systems_Engineering_Center_Vallejo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Electronic_Systems_Engineering_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Space Systems Activity Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Space_Systems_Activity_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Point Mugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Naval Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Yard"},{"link_name":"Presidio of Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey"},{"link_name":"Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Rickenbacker Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Williams Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Wurtsmith Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtsmith_Air_Force_Base"}],"sub_title":"1991","text":"The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16]Beale Air Force Base (realigned)\nBergstrom Air Force Base\nCarswell Air Force Base (turned over to the United States Navy Reserve and realigned as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth)\nCastle Air Force Base\nEaker Air Force Base\nEngland Air Force Base\nFleet Combat Direction Systems Support Activity San Diego (realigned)\nFort Benjamin Harrison\nFort Chaffee (turned over to the Arkansas Army National Guard)\nFort Devens (turned over to the United States Army Reserve and realigned as Devens Reserve Forces Training Area)\nFort Ord\nFort Novosel (realigned)\nGrissom Air Force Base (realigned as Grissom Air Reserve Base)\nHunters Point Annex\nIntegrated Combat Systems Test Facility San Diego\nLetterman Army Institute of Research (disestablished)\nLoring Air Force Base\nLowry Air Force Base\nMarine Corps Air Station Tustin\nMyrtle Beach Air Force Base\nNaval Air Station Chase Field\nNaval Air Station Moffett Field\nNaval Air Warfare Center Warminster\nNaval Electronic Systems Engineering Center San Diego\nNaval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Vallejo\nNaval Electronic Systems Engineering Center\nNaval Space Systems Activity Los Angeles\nNaval Station Long Beach\nNaval Station Philadelphia\nNaval Station Puget Sound\nNaval Air Weapons Station China Lake (realigned)\nNaval Air Station Point Mugu\nPhiladelphia Naval Yard\nPresidio of Monterey\nRichards-Gebaur Air Force Base\nRickenbacker Air Force Base (portion realigned as Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base)\nSacramento Army Depot\nWilliams Air Force Base\nWurtsmith Air Force Base","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRAC-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Anniston Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Camp Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Evans"},{"link_name":"Griffiss Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Homestead Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Homestead Air Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Air_Reserve_Base"},{"link_name":"K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.I._Sawyer_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"March Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"March Air Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station El Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_El_Toro"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Agana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Agana"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Barbers_Point"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Cecil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Cecil_Field"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prairie_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Complex"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Glenview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Glenview"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Trenton"},{"link_name":"Naval Aviation Depot Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Depot_Alameda"},{"link_name":"Naval Aviation Depot Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Depot_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Naval Aviation Depot Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Depot_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, Saint Inigoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Electronic_Systems_Engineering_Center,_Saint_Inigoes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Hospital Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Naval Hospital Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Naval Hospital Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Gadsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Gadsden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Naval Supply Center, Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Supply_Center,_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Naval Training Center Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Training_Center_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Naval Training Center San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Training_Center_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Newark Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"O'Hare Air Reserve Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O%27Hare_Air_Reserve_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Vint Hill Farms Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Hill_Farms_Station"},{"link_name":"Williams Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"}],"sub_title":"1993","text":"The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16][18]Anniston Army Depot (realigned)\nCamp Evans\nFort Wingate\nGriffiss Air Force Base\nHomestead Air Force Base (realigned as Homestead Air Reserve Base)\nK.I. Sawyer Air Force Base\nMarch Air Force Base (realigned as March Air Reserve Base)\nMare Island Naval Shipyard\nMarine Corps Air Station El Toro\nNaval Air Station Agana\nNaval Air Station Alameda\nNaval Air Station Barbers Point\nNaval Air Station Cecil Field\nNaval Air Station Dallas (realigned as Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex)\nNaval Air Station Glenview\nNaval Air Warfare Center Trenton\nNaval Aviation Depot Alameda\nNaval Aviation Depot Norfolk\nNaval Aviation Depot Pensacola\nNaval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, Saint Inigoes\nNaval Hospital Charleston\nNaval Hospital Oakland\nNaval Hospital Orlando\nNaval Reserve Center Gadsden\nNaval Reserve Center Montgomery\nNaval Station Argentia\nNaval Station Charleston\nNaval Station Mobile\nNaval Station Staten Island\nNaval Station Treasure Island\nNaval Supply Center, Oakland\nNaval Training Center Orlando\nNaval Training Center San Diego\nNewark Air Force Base\nO'Hare Air Reserve Station\nPlattsburgh Air Force Base\nVint Hill Farms Station\nWilliams Air Force Base","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRAC-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Camp Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fitzsimons Army Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzsimons_Army_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Fort Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Arkansas National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Fort Greely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Greely"},{"link_name":"Fort Indiantown Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Indiantown_Gap"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Fort McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McClellan"},{"link_name":"Fort Barfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Barfoot"},{"link_name":"Virginia National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Fort Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Kelly Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Letterkenny Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterkenny_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"McClellan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Ocean_Terminal_at_Bayonne"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Facility Adak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Adak"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station South Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_South_Weymouth"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Aircraft_Division,_Warminster"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center,_Aircraft_Division,_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Fayetteville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Fort_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve Center Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Reserve_Center_Huntsville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Shipyard, Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Shipyard,_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Naval Supply Center, Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Supply_Center,_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Crane_Division"},{"link_name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division"},{"link_name":"Oakland Army Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Army_Base"},{"link_name":"Ontario Air National Guard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Air_National_Guard_Station"},{"link_name":"Red River Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Reese Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Roslyn Air National Guard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyn_Air_National_Guard_Station"},{"link_name":"Savanna Army Depot Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Seneca Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Ship Repair Facility, Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_Repair_Facility,_Guam"},{"link_name":"Sierra Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Stratford Army Engine Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Army_Engine_Plant"}],"sub_title":"1995","text":"The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16][19]Camp Bonneville\nCastle Air Force Base\nFitzsimons Army Medical Center\nFort Chaffee (turned over to the Arkansas National Guard)\nFort Greely (realigned)\nFort Indiantown Gap (turned over to the Pennsylvania National Guard)\nFort McClellan\nFort Barfoot (turned over to the Virginia National Guard)\nFort Ritchie\nKelly Air Force Base (realigned as Kelly Field)\nLetterkenny Army Depot\nMcClellan Air Force Base\nMilitary Ocean Terminal at Bayonne\nNaval Air Facility Adak\nNaval Air Station South Weymouth\nNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Warminster\nNaval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Indianapolis\nNaval Reserve Center Fayetteville\nNaval Reserve Center Fort Smith\nNaval Reserve Center Huntsville\nNaval Shipyard, Long Beach\nNaval Supply Center, Oakland\nNaval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division\nNaval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division\nOakland Army Base\nOntario Air National Guard Station\nRed River Army Depot\nReese Air Force Base\nRoslyn Air National Guard Station\nSavanna Army Depot Activity\nSeneca Army Depot\nShip Repair Facility, Guam\nSierra Army Depot (realigned)\nStratford Army Engine Plant","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"Black Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Brooks Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Brooks City-Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_City-Base"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Defense Finance and Accounting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Finance_and_Accounting_Service"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fort Gillem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gillem"},{"link_name":"Fort McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McPherson"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Willow Grove Joint Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Willow_Grove"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Ingleside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Ingleside"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Pascagoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Pascagoula"},{"link_name":"Naval Submarine Base New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London"},{"link_name":"Navy Supply Corps School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps_School_(Athens,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Otis Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Army Human Resource Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Human_Resource_Command"},{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Cannon Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Eielson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eielson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Elmendorf Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmendorf_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fort Belvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belvoir"},{"link_name":"Redstone Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Redstone Technical Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Technical_Test_Center"},{"link_name":"Redstone Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redstone_Test_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Forks Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Oceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Cecil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Cecil_Field"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fort Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Rome Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Walter Reed Army Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"joint bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_base"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Joint Base Lewis–McChord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Lewis%E2%80%93McChord"},{"link_name":"Fort Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"McChord Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McChord_Field"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"The Pentagon released its proposed list for the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission on May 13, 2005 (a date given the moniker \"BRAC Friday,\" a pun on Black Friday). After an extensive series of public hearings, analysis of DoD-supplied supporting data, and solicitation of comments from the public, the list of recommendations was revised by the 9-member Defense Base Closure and Realignments Commission in two days of public markups and votes on individual recommendations (the proceedings were broadcast by C-SPAN and are available for review on the network's website). The Commission submitted its revised list to the President on September 8, 2005. The President approved the list and notified Congress on September 15. The House of Representatives took up a joint resolution to disapprove the recommendations on October 26, but the resolution failed to pass. The recommendations were thereby enacted. The Secretary of Defense must implement the recommendations no later than September 15, 2011.Major facilities slated for closure included:\n\nBrooks Air Force Base, Texas, renamed Brooks City-Base after San Antonio assumed control\nDefense Finance and Accounting Service, New York (removed from list 2005)\nEllsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota (removed from list August 26, 2005)\nFort Gillem, Georgia\nFort McPherson, Georgia\nFort Monmouth, New Jersey\nFort Monroe, Virginia\nNaval Air Station Brunswick, Maine\nNaval Air Station Willow Grove Joint Reserve Base, Pennsylvania\nNaval Station Ingleside, Texas\nNaval Station Pascagoula, Mississippi\nNaval Submarine Base New London, Connecticut (removed from list August 24, 2005)\nNavy Supply Corps School\nOtis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts (removed from list August 26, 2005)\nPortsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine (removed from list August 26, 2005)\n\n\n\n\nMajor facilities slated for realignment include:\n\nArmy Human Resource Command (HRC), Missouri, moving to the Fort Knox Military Installation in Kentucky\nCannon Air Force Base, New Mexico\nEielson Air Force Base, Alaska\nElmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska\nFort Belvoir, Virginia\nFort Meade, Maryland\nFort Novosel, Alabama, Aviation Technical Test Center moving to the Redstone Arsenal, Alabama and combining with the Redstone Technical Test Center to form Redstone Test Center\nGrand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota\nNaval Air Station Oceana, Virginia (extent contingent on reopening the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Florida)\nNaval Station Great Lakes, Illinois\nPope Air Force Base, North Carolina (transferred to the U.S. Army as Pope Army Airfield and merged with Fort Liberty)\nRome Laboratory, New York\nWalter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.Twenty-six bases were realigned into 12 joint bases, with each joint base's installation support being led by the Army, the Air Force, or the Navy.[20] An example is Joint Base Lewis–McChord, Washington, combining Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"House Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Leon Panetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2014"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jordan-25"},{"link_name":"Ash Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Anthony Principi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Principi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The 2005 Commission recommended that Congress authorize another BRAC round in 2015 and every eight years thereafter.[21] On May 10, 2012, the House Armed Services Committee rejected calls by the Pentagon for base closures outside of a 2015 round by a 44 to 18 vote.[22] Defense Secretary Leon Panetta had called for two rounds of base closures while at the same time arguing that the alternative of the sequester would be a \"meat-ax\" approach to cuts which would \"hollow out\" military forces.[23]The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 specifically prohibits authorization of future BRAC rounds.[24]In May 2014, it was attempted to fund another round of BRAC, although funding was not approved in a vote in May of that year.[25]In March 2015, the Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment addressed the possibility of a future BRAC, indicating that the DOD, Defense Secretary Ash Carter was requesting authority to conduct another BRAC.[26]In September 2015, at the tenth anniversary of the end of the most recent BRAC commission report, its former chairman Anthony Principi wrote, \"Now is the time to do what's right for our men and women in uniform. Spending dollars on infrastructure that does not serve their needs is inexcusable.\"[27]","title":"Closures and realignments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a chronological timeline of authorizations for U.S. Congressional legislation related to U.S. defense installation realignments and military base closures.","title":"Appropriations"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Base Realignment and Closure 2005 - U.S. Department of Defense\". Archived from the original on May 15, 2005. Retrieved May 15, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050515075028/http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/","url_text":"\"Base Realignment and Closure 2005 - U.S. Department of Defense\""},{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library\". Digital.library.unt.edu. Retrieved March 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=brac&t=metadata","url_text":"\"Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library\""}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Aaron M. (February 23, 2005). \"Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal\" (abstract at University of Texas Digital Library). Congressional Research Service Reports. Retrieved October 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=brac&t=metadata","url_text":"\"Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas","url_text":"University of Texas"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)\". Brac.gov. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405120706/http://www.brac.gov/","url_text":"\"Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)\""},{"url":"http://www.brac.gov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC): Background and Issues for Congress\" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. April 25, 2019. p. 7. Retrieved March 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45705.pdf","url_text":"\"Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC): Background and Issues for Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highlands Radar Site Closing\" (PDF). The Daily Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. November 20, 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011. McNamara Firm on Base Shutdowns … Temporary Team … Highlands Air Force Station … personnel will be inactivated by July 1966, leaving Army radar unit at base intact","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425063154/http://209.212.22.88/data/rbr/1960-1969/1964/1964.11.20.pdf","url_text":"\"Highlands Radar Site Closing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bank_Register","url_text":"The Daily Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bank,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Red Bank, New Jersey"},{"url":"http://209.212.22.88/data/rbr/1960-1969/1964/1964.11.20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search\". News.google.com. Retrieved March 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KxMgAAAAIBAJ&pg=1309,2847321&dq=snark+presque&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. March 28, 1961\". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054719/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8554","url_text":"\"99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. March 28, 1961\""},{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8554","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Frederick J., ed. (2004). Locating Air Force Base Sites: History's Legacy (Report). Vol. AFD-100928-010. Air Force History and Museums Program. The passage in October 1988 of Public Law 100–526 removed certain restrictive provisions of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and allowed the first round of domestic base closings in nearly a decade. ...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Drea, Edward J. (1984). McNamara, Clifford, and the Burdens of Vietnam 1965-1969 (PDF) (Report). Vol. VI, Secretaries of Defense Historical Series. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-088135-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013. the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command, denominated a specified command because, although part of the Air Force, it came under the operational control of the JCS.24 Clifford had appointed a group known as Project 693 to determine which programs to sacrifice when necessary.65 ... McNamara test, January 25 66, House Subcte No 2, HCAS, Hearing: Department of Defense Decision to Reduce the Number and Types of Manned Bombers in the Strategic Air Command, 6084.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201119/http://history.defense.gov/resources/OSDSeries_Vol6.pdf","url_text":"McNamara, Clifford, and the Burdens of Vietnam 1965-1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-088135-0","url_text":"978-0-16-088135-0"},{"url":"http://history.defense.gov/resources/OSDSeries_Vol6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Niagara Falls Air Force Units Are Phased Out\" (Google news archive). Observer-Reporter. October 28, 1969. 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Archived from the original on May 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160515084813/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19730417&id=tBozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2TIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4255,4257487","url_text":"\"Lodi News-Sentinel\""},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19730417&id=tBozAAAAIBAJ&pg=4255,4257487","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Base-Closing Plan Survives Assaults by Some on Hill\". CQ Press. CQ Almanac 1989, 45th ed. 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Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, S.C. p. A3.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19900425&id=yNIpAAAAIBAJ&pg=6945,2774544","url_text":"\"34 military bases may face the ax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal","url_text":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President\" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. July 1, 1993. Retrieved October 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/docs/1993com2.pdf","url_text":"\"Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"}]},{"reference":"1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President (Report).","urls":[{"url":"http://jameslandrith.com/category/advocacy-and-letters/1995-dcbrc/","url_text":"1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Bryant (May 7, 2014). \"House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget\". Military.com. Retrieved May 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/05/07/house-panel-protects-a10-pulls-brac-from-budget.html","url_text":"\"House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Jr., Tyrone. \"Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=128294","url_text":"\"Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC\""}]},{"reference":"Anthony J. Principi (September 3, 2015). \"Time for a new BRAC\". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/252594-time-for-a-new-brac/","url_text":"\"Time for a new BRAC\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe

History of Zimbabwe

["1 Pre-Colonial era (150,000 BCE – 1852 CE)","1.1 Prehistory","2 Colonial era (1890–1980)","2.1 World War I","3 Independence and the 1980s","4 1990s","4.1 The economy during the 1980s and 1990s","5 1999 to 2000","6 2002","7 2003–2005","8 2006 to 2007","8.1 Deterioration of the educational system","9 2008","9.1 2008 elections","9.2 Marange diamond fields massacre","10 2009 to present","10.1 2009–2017","10.2 2018–2019","10.3 2023 Zimbabwean general election","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2011) Part of a series on the History of Zimbabwe Ancient history Leopard's Kopje c. 900 – c. 1075 Mapungubwe Kingdom c. 1075 – c. 1220 Zimbabwe Kingdom c. 1220 – c. 1450 Butua Kingdom c. 1450–1683 Mutapa Kingdom c. 1450–1760 White settlement pre-1923 Rozvi Empire c. 1684–1834 Mthwakazi 1823-1894 Rudd Concession 1888 BSA Company rule 1890–1923 First Matabele War 1893–1894 Second Matabele War 1896–1897 World War I involvement 1914–1918 Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1923–1965 World War II involvement 1939–1945 Malayan Emergencyinvolvement 1948–1960 Federation with NorthernRhodesia and Nyasaland 1953–1963 Rhodesian Bush War 1964–1979 Unilateral Declaration ofIndependence (UDI) 1965 Rhodesia 1965–1979 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia June–December 1979 Lancaster House Agreement December 1979 British Dependency 1979–1980 Zimbabwe 1980–present Gukurahundi 1982–1987 Second Congo War 1998–2003 Coup d'état 2017 vte Until roughly 2,000 years ago, what would become Zimbabwe was populated by ancestors of the San people. Bantu inhabitants of the region arrived and developed ceramic production in the area. A series of trading empires emerged, including the Kingdom of Mapungubwe and Kingdom of Zimbabwe. In the 1880s, the British South Africa Company began its activities in the region, leading to the colonial era in Southern Rhodesia. In 1965, the colonial government declared itself independent as Rhodesia, but largely failed to secure international recognition and faced sustained internal opposition in the Rhodesian Bush War. After fifteen years of war, following the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 there was a transition to internationally recognised majority rule in 1980. The United Kingdom, which had never recognised Rhodesian independence, briefly imposed direct rule in order to grant independence on 18 April that year as the new country of Zimbabwe. In the 2000s Zimbabwe's economy began to deteriorate due to various factors, including the imposition of economic sanctions by Western countries led by the United Kingdom and widespread corruption in government. Economic instability caused many Zimbabweans to emigrate. Prior to its recognized independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, the nation had been known by several names: Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Pre-Colonial era (150,000 BCE – 1852 CE) Main article: Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe Prehistory By 150,000 BC, Homo sapiens had migrated to the region now known as Zimbabwe from East Africa.See also: Bantu expansion Prior to the arrival of Bantu speakers in present-day Zimbabwe the region was populated by ancestors of the San people. The first Bantu-speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion around 2000 years ago. These Bantu speakers were the makers of early Iron Age pottery belonging to the Silver Leaves or Matola tradition, of the third to fifth centuries A.D., found in southeast Zimbabwe. This tradition was part of the eastern stream of Bantu expansion (sometimes called Kwale) which originated west of the Great Lakes, spreading to the coastal regions of southeastern Kenya and north eastern Tanzania, and then southwards to Mozambique, south eastern Zimbabwe and Natal. More substantial in numbers in Zimbabwe were the makers of the Ziwa and Gokomere ceramic wares, of the fourth century A.D. Their early Iron Age ceramic tradition belonged to the highlands facies of the eastern stream, which moved inland to Malawi and Zimbabwe. Imports of beads have been found at Gokomere and Ziwa sites, possibly in return for gold exported to the coast. A later phase of the Gokomere culture was the Zhizo in southern Zimbabwe. Zhizo communities settled in the Shashe-Limpopo area in the tenth century. Their capital there was Schroda (just across the Limpopo River from Zimbabwe). Many fragments of ceramic figurines have been recovered from there, including figures of animals and birds, and also fertility dolls. The inhabitants produced ivory bracelets and other ivory goods. Imported beads found there and at other Zhizo sites, are evidence of trade, probably of ivory and skins, with traders on the Indian Ocean coast. Pottery belonging to a western stream of Bantu expansion (sometimes called Kalundu) has been found at sites in northeastern Zimbabwe, dating back to the seventh century. (The western stream originated in the same area as the eastern stream: both belong to the same style system, called by Phillipson the Chifumbadze system, which has general acceptance by archaeologists.) The terms eastern and western streams represent the expansion of the Bantu-speaking peoples in terms of their culture. Another question is about the branches of the Bantu languages which they spoke. It seems that the makers of the Ziwa/Gokomere wares were not the ancestral speakers of the Shona languages of today's Zimbabwe, who did not arrive in there until around the tenth century, from south of the Limpopo river, and whose ceramic culture belonged to the western stream. The linguist and historian Ehret believes that in view of the similarity of the Ziwa/Gokomere pottery to the Nkope of the ancestral Nyasa language speakers, the Ziwa/Gokomere people spoke a language closely related to the Nyasa group. Their language, whatever it was, was superseded by the ancestral Shona languages, although Ehret says that a set of Nyasa words occur in central Shona dialects today. The evidence that the ancestral Shona speakers came from South Africa is that the ceramic styles associated with Shona speakers in Zimbabwe from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries can be traced back to western stream (Kalunndu) pottery styles in South Africa. The Ziwa /Gokomere and Zhizo traditions were superseded by Leopards Kopje and Gumanye wares of the Kalundu tradition from the tenth century. Although the western stream Kalundu tradition was ancestral to Shona ceramic wares, the closest relationships of the ancestral Shona language according to many linguists were with a southern division of eastern Bantu – such languages as the southeastern languages (Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, Tsonga), Nyasa and Makwa. While it may well be the case that the people of the western stream spoke a language belonging to a wider Eastern Bantu division, it is a puzzle which remains to be resolved that they spoke a language most closely related to the languages just mentioned, all of which are today spoken in southeastern Africa. After the Shona speaking people moved into the present day Zimbabwe many different dialects developed over time in the different parts of the country. Among these was Kalanga. Towers of Great Zimbabwe. It is believed that Kalanga speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Kalanga states. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal. They traded in gold, ivory and copper for cloth and glass. From about 1250 until 1450, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe. This Kalanga state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom's capital of Great Zimbabwe. From c. 1450–1760, Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa. This Kalanga state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today, and parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwenemutapa was known for its gold trade routes with Arabs and the Portuguese. António Fernandes, a Portuguese explorer, first entered the area in 1511 from Sofala and encountered the Manyika people. He returned in 1513 and explored the northern region of the territory, coming into contact with Chikuyo Chisamarengu, the ruler of Mutapa. In the early 17th century, Portuguese settlers destroyed the trade and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse. As a direct response to Portuguese aggression in the interior, a new Kalanga state emerged called the Rozvi Empire. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozvi (which means "destroyers") removed the Portuguese from the Zimbabwe plateau by force of arms. The Rozvi continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding guns to its arsenal and developing a professional army to protect its trade routes and conquests. Around 1821, the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled from King Shaka and created his own clan, the Ndebele. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Boer trekkers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward. After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled the southwest of present-day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland, establishing Bulawayo as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. During the pre-colonial period, the Ndebele social structure was stratified. It was composed mainly of three social groups, abeZansi, Enhla and Amahole. The Zansi were the ruling class of the original Khumalo people who migrated from south of Limpopo with Mzilikazi. The Enhla and Amahole groups were made up of other tribes and ethnics who had been incorporated into the empire during the migration. However, with the passage of time, this stratification has slowly disappeared The Ndebele people have for long ascribed to the worship of Unkunkulu as their supreme being. Their religious life in general, rituals, ceremonies, practices, devotion and loyalty revolves around the worship of this Supreme Being. However, with the popularisation of Christianity and other religions, Ndebele traditional religion is now uncommon. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and, following a violent power struggle, was succeeded by his son, Lobengula. King Mzilikazi had established the Ndebele Kingdom, with Shona subjects paying tribute to him. The nascent kingdom encountered European powers for the first time and Lonbengula signed various treaties with the various nations jostling for power in the region, playing them off one another in order to preserve the sovereignty of his kingdom and gain the aid of the Europeans should the kingdom become involved in a war. Colonial era (1890–1980) Main articles: Southern Rhodesia and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland In the 1880s, British diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSAC) started to make inroads into the region. In 1898, the name Southern Rhodesia was adopted. In 1888, Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the British government to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the immigration of white settlers into the region, as well as the establishment of mines, primarily to extract the diamond ores present. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for the territory of Zambesia, in honour of Cecil Rhodes. In 1898, 'Southern Rhodesia' became the official denotation for the region south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe. The region to the north was administered separately by the BSAC and later named Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). The Shona waged unsuccessful wars (known as Chimurenga) against encroachment upon their lands by clients of BSAC and Cecil Rhodes in 1896 and 1897. Following the failed insurrections of 1896–97 the Ndebele and Shona groups became subject to Rhodes's administration thus precipitating European settlement en masse in the new colony. The colony's first formal constitution was drafted in 1899, and copied various pieces of legislation directly from that of the Union of South Africa; Rhodesia was meant to be, in many ways, a shadow colony of the Cape. Many within the administrative framework of the BSAC assumed that Southern Rhodesia, when its "development" was "suitably advanced", would "take its rightful place as a member of" the Union of South Africa after the Second Boer War (1898-1902), when the four South African colonies joined under the auspices of one flag and began to work towards the creation of a unified administrative structure. The territory was made open to white settlement, and these settlers were then in turn given considerable administrative powers, including a franchise that, while on the surface non-racial, ensured "a predominantly European electorate" which "operated to preclude Great Britain from modifying her policy in Southern Rhodesia and subsequently treating it as a territory inhabited mainly by Africans whose interests should be paramount and to whom British power should be transferred". World War I Main article: Southern Rhodesia in World War I As a British territory, Southern Rhodesia immediately joined World War I after the UK declared war on the Central Powers, in August 1914. Rhodesia was noted for its patriotic zeal in joining the war. The main priority of British forces in Southern Africa was the capture of the German colony of South-West Africa, modern-day Namibia. A Rhodesian unit was sent to guard Victoria Falls from a possible German invasion via. the Caprivi Strip. Meanwhile, a force was sent to assist British forces in South Africa suppressing the pro-German Maritz Rebellion. Afterwards, Rhodesians participated in the invasion of German South-West Africa. Following the British victory over German forces in Southern Africa, many Rhodesian units, mostly white, were sent to the Western Front in Europe, where they took part in major battles of the war. A small amount of Rhodesian soldiers saw action in the Salonika Front in Macedonia, and some even joined the Royal Flying Corps. Other Rhodesian regiments were sent to participate in the invasion of German East Africa, now Tanzania, in early 1915. A guerrilla war in the German colony began, and the fierce fighting and disease devastated the 2nd Rhodesian Regiment, leading to more regiments of native Africans being raised. By November 1918, the Central Powers surrendered to the Allies, ending World War I. Southern Rhodesia stamp: princesses Elizabeth and Margaret on the 1947 royal tour of South Africa Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony in October 1923, subsequent to a referendum held the previous year. The British government took full command of the British South Africa Company's holdings, including both Northern and Southern Rhodesia. Northern Rhodesia retained its status as a colonial protectorate; Southern Rhodesia was given responsible self-government – with limitations and still annexed to the crown as a colony. Many studies of the country see it as a state that operated independently within the Commonwealth; nominally under the rule of the Crown, but technically able to do as it pleased. And in theory, Southern Rhodesia was able to govern itself, draft its own legislation, and elect its own parliamentary leaders. But in reality, this was self-government subject to supervision. Until the white minority settler government's declaration of unilateral independence in 1965, London remained in control of the colony's external affairs, and all legislation was subject to approval from the United Kingdom Government and the Queen. In 1930, the Land Apportionment Act divided rural land along racial lines, creating four types of land: white-owned land that could not be acquired by Africans; purchase areas for those Africans who could afford to purchase land; Tribal Trust Lands designated as the African reserves; and Crown lands owned by the state, reserved for future use and public parks. Fifty one percent of the land was given to approximately 50,000 white inhabitants, with 29.8 per cent left for over a million Africans. Many Rhodesians served on behalf of the United Kingdom during World War II, mainly in the East African Campaign against Axis forces in Italian East Africa. In 1953, the British government consolidated the two colonies of Rhodesia with Nyasaland (now Malawi) in the ill-fated Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland which was dominated by Southern Rhodesia. This move was heavily opposed by the residents of Nyasaland, who feared coming under the domination of white Rhodesians. In 1962, however, with growing African nationalism and general dissent, the British government declared that Nyasaland had the right to secede from the Federation; soon afterwards, they said the same for Northern Rhodesia. After African-majority governments had assumed control in neighbouring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland, the white-minority Southern Rhodesian government led by Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The United Kingdom deemed this an act of rebellion, but did not re-establish control by force. The white minority government declared itself a republic in 1970. A civil war ensued, with Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU and Robert Mugabe's ZANU using assistance from the governments of Zambia and Mozambique. Although Smith's declaration was not recognised by the United Kingdom nor any other foreign power, Southern Rhodesia dropped the designation "Southern", and claimed nation status as the Republic of Rhodesia in 1970 although this was not recognised internationally. Independence and the 1980s The country gained official independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. The government held independence celebrations in Rufaro stadium in Salisbury, the capital. Lord Christopher Soames, the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia, watched as Charles, Prince of Wales, gave a farewell salute and the Rhodesian Signal Corps played "God Save the Queen". Many foreign dignitaries also attended, including Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India, President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, President Seretse Khama of Botswana, and Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia, representing the Commonwealth of Nations. Bob Marley sang 'Zimbabwe', a song he wrote, at the government's invitation in a concert at the country's independence festivities. President Shagari pledged $15 million at the celebration to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria. Mugabe's government used part of the money to buy newspaper companies owned by South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. The rest went to training students in Nigerian universities, government workers in the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria in Badagry, and soldiers in the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna. Later that year Mugabe commissioned a report by the BBC on press freedom in Zimbabwe. The BBC issued its report on 26 June, recommending the privatisation of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation and its independence from political interests. Mugabe's government changed the capital's name from Salisbury to Harare on 18 April 1982 in celebration of the second anniversary of independence. The government renamed the main street in the capital, Jameson Avenue, in honour of Samora Machel, President of Mozambique. In 1992, a World Bank study indicated that more than 500 health centres had been built since 1980. The percentage of children vaccinated increased from 25% in 1980 to 67% in 1988 and life expectancy increased from 55 to 59 years. Enrolment increased by 232 per cent one year after primary education was made free and secondary school enrolment increased by 33 per cent in two years. These social policies lead to an increase in the debt ratio. Several laws were passed in the 1980s in an attempt to reduce wage gaps. However, the gaps remained considerable. In 1988, the law gave women, at least in theory, the same rights as men. Previously, they could only take a few personal initiatives without the consent of their father or husband. The new Constitution provided for an executive President as Head of State with a Prime Minister as Head of Government. Reverend Canaan Banana served as the first President. In government amended the Constitution in 1987 to provide for an Executive President and abolished the office of Prime Minister. The constitutional changes came into effect on 1 January 1988 with Robert Mugabe as president. The bicameral Parliament of Zimbabwe had a directly elected House of Assembly and an indirectly elected Senate, partly made up of tribal chiefs. The Constitution established two separate voters rolls, one for the black majority, who had 80% of the seats in Parliament, and the other for whites and other ethnic minorities, such as Coloureds, people of mixed race, and Asians, who held 20%. The government amended the Constitution in 1986, eliminating the voter rolls and replacing the white seats with seats filled by nominated members. Many white MPs joined ZANU which then reappointed them. In 1990 the government abolished the Senate and increased the House of Assembly's membership to include members nominated by the President. Prime Minister Mugabe kept Peter Walls, the head of the army, in his government and put him in charge of integrating the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), and the Rhodesian Army. While Western media outlets praised Mugabe's efforts at reconciliation with the white minority, tension soon developed. On 17 March 1980, after several unsuccessful assassination attempts Mugabe asked Walls, "Why are your men trying to kill me?" Walls replied, "If they were my men you would be dead." BBC News interviewed Walls on 11 August 1980. He told the BBC that he had asked British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to annul the 1980 election prior to the official announcement of the result on the grounds that Mugabe used intimidation to win the election. Walls said Thatcher had not replied to his request. On 12 August British government officials denied that they had not responded, saying Antony Duff, Deputy Governor of Salisbury, told Walls on 3 March that Thatcher would not annul the election. Minister of Information Nathan Shamuyarira said the government would not be "held ransom by racial misfits" and told "all those Europeans who do not accept the new order to pack their bags." He also said the government continued to consider taking "legal or administrative action" against Walls. Mugabe, returning from a visit with United States President Jimmy Carter in New York City, said, "One thing is quite clear—we are not going to have disloyal characters in our society." Walls returned to Zimbabwe after the interview, telling Peter Hawthorne of Time magazine, "To stay away at this time would have appeared like an admission of guilt." Mugabe drafted legislation that would exile Walls from Zimbabwe for life and Walls moved to South Africa. Ethnic divisions soon came back to the forefront of national politics. Tension between ZAPU and ZANU erupted with guerrilla activity starting again in Matabeleland in south-western Zimbabwe. Nkomo (ZAPU) left for exile in Britain and did not return until Mugabe guaranteed his safety. In 1982 government security officials discovered large caches of arms and ammunition on properties owned by ZAPU, accusing Nkomo and his followers of plotting to overthrow the government. Mugabe fired Nkomo and his closest aides from the cabinet. Seven MPs, members of the Rhodesian Front, left Smith's party to sit as "independents" on 4 March 1982, signifying their dissatisfaction with his policies. As a result of what they saw as persecution of Nkomo and his party, PF-ZAPU supporters, army deserters began a campaign of dissidence against the government. Centring primarily in Matabeleland, home of the Ndebeles who were at the time PF-ZAPU's main followers, this dissidence continued through 1987. It involved attacks on government personnel and installations, armed banditry aimed at disrupting security and economic life in the rural areas, and harassment of ZANU-PF members. Because of the unsettled security situation immediately after independence and democratic sentiments, the government kept in force a "state of emergency". This gave the government widespread powers under the "Law and Order Maintenance Act," including the right to detain persons without charge which it used quite widely. In 1983 to 1984 the government declared a curfew in areas of Matabeleland and sent in the army in an attempt to suppress members of the Ndebele tribe. The pacification campaign, known as the Gukuruhundi, or strong wind, resulted in at least 20,000 civilian deaths perpetrated by an elite, North Korean-trained brigade, known in Zimbabwe as the Gukurahundi. ZANU-PF increased its majority in the 1985 elections, winning 67 of the 100 seats. The majority gave Mugabe the opportunity to start making changes to the constitution, including those with regard to land restoration. Fighting did not cease until Mugabe and Nkomo reached an agreement in December 1987 whereby ZAPU became part of ZANU-PF and the government changed the constitution to make Mugabe the country's first executive president and Nkomo one of two vice-presidents. 1990s Elections in March 1990 resulted in another overwhelming victory for Mugabe and his party, which won 117 of the 120 election seats. Election observers estimated voter turnout at only 54% and found the campaign neither free nor fair, though balloting met international standards. Unsatisfied with a de facto one-party state, Mugabe called on the ZANU-PF Central Committee to support the creation of a de jure one-party state in September 1990 and lost. The government began further amending the constitution. The judiciary and human rights advocates fiercely criticised the first amendments enacted in April 1991 because they restored corporal and capital punishment and denied recourse to the courts in cases of compulsory purchase of land by the government. The general health of the civilian population also began to significantly flounder and by 1997 25% of the population of Zimbabwe had been infected by HIV, the AIDS virus. During the 1990s students, trade unionists, and workers often demonstrated to express their discontent with the government. Students protested in 1990 against proposals for an increase in government control of universities and again in 1991 and 1992 when they clashed with police. Trade unionists and workers also criticised the government during this time. In 1992 police prevented trade unionists from holding anti-government demonstrations. In 1994 widespread industrial unrest weakened the economy. In 1996 civil servants, nurses, and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues. On 9 December 1997 a national strike paralysed the country. Mugabe was panicked by demonstrations by ZANLA ex-combatants, war veterans, who had been the heart of incursions 20 years earlier in the Bush War. He agreed to pay them large gratuities and pensions, which proved to be a wholly unproductive and unbudgeted financial commitment. The discontent with the government spawned draconian government crackdowns which in turn started to destroy both the fabric of the state and of society. This in turn brought with it further discontent within the population. Thus a vicious downward spiral commenced. Although many whites had left Zimbabwe after independence, mainly for neighbouring South Africa, those who remained continued to wield disproportionate control of some sectors of the economy, especially agriculture. In the late-1990s whites accounted for less than 1% of the population but owned 70% of arable land. Mugabe raised this issue of land ownership by white farmers. In a calculated move, he began forcible land redistribution, which brought the government into headlong conflict with the International Monetary Fund. Amid a severe drought in the region, the police and military were instructed not to stop the invasion of white-owned farms by the so-called 'war veterans' and youth militia. This led to a mass migration of White Zimbabweans out of Zimbabwe. At present almost no arable land is in the possession of white farmers. The economy during the 1980s and 1990s Main article: Economic history of Zimbabwe The economy was run along corporatist lines with strict governmental controls on all aspects of the economy. Controls were placed on wages, prices and massive increases in government spending resulting in significant budget deficits. This experiment met with very mixed results and Zimbabwe fell further behind the first world and unemployment. Some market reforms in the 1990s were attempted. A 40 per cent devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar was allowed to occur and price and wage controls were removed. These policies also failed at that time. Growth, employment, wages, and social service spending contracted sharply, inflation did not improve, the deficit remained well above target, and many industrial firms, notably in textiles and footwear, closed in response to increased competition and high real interest rates. The incidence of poverty in the country increased during this time. 1999 to 2000 See also: Land reform in Zimbabwe However, Zimbabwe began experiencing a period of considerable political and economic upheaval in 1999. Opposition to President Mugabe and the ZANU-PF government grew considerably after the mid-1990s in part due to worsening economic and human rights conditions brought about by the seizure of farmland owned by white farmers and economic sanctions imposed by Western countries in response. The Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was established in September 1999 as an opposition party founded by trade unionist Morgan Tsvangirai. The MDC's first opportunity to test opposition to the Mugabe government came in February 2000, when a referendum was held on a draft constitution proposed by the government. Among its elements, the new constitution would have permitted President Mugabe to seek two additional terms in office, granted government officials immunity from prosecution, and authorised government seizure of white-owned land. The referendum was handily defeated. Shortly thereafter, the government, through a loosely organised group of war veterans, some of the so-called war veterans judging from their age were not war veterans as they were too young to have fought in the chimurenga, sanctioned an aggressive land redistribution program often characterised by forced expulsion of white farmers and violence against both farmers and farm employees. Parliamentary elections held in June 2000 were marred by localised violence, electoral irregularities, and government intimidation of opposition supporters. Nonetheless, the MDC succeeded in capturing 57 of 120 seats in the National Assembly. 2002 Presidential elections were held in March 2002. In the months leading up to the poll, ZANU-PF, with the support of the army, security services, and especially the so-called 'war veterans', – very few of whom actually fought in the Second Chimurenga against the Smith regime in the 1970s – set about wholesale intimidation and suppression of the MDC-led opposition. Despite strong international criticism, these measures, together with organised subversion of the electoral process, ensured a Mugabe victory . The government's behaviour drew strong criticism from the EU and the US, which imposed limited sanctions against the leading members of the Mugabe regime. Since the 2002 election, Zimbabwe has suffered further economic difficulty and growing political chaos. 2003–2005 This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GBP 8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003 Divisions within the opposition MDC had begun to fester early in the decade, after Morgan Tsvangirai (the president of the MDC) was lured into a government sting operation that videotaped him talking of Mr. Mugabe's removal from power. He was subsequently arrested and put on trial on treason charges. This crippled his control of party affairs and raised questions about his competence. It also catalysed a major split within the party. In 2004 he was acquitted, but not until after suffering serious abuse and mistreatment in prison. The opposing faction was led by Welshman Ncube who was the general secretary of the party. In mid-2004, vigilantes loyal to Mr. Tsvangirai began attacking members who were mostly loyal to Ncube, climaxing in a September raid on the party's Harare headquarters in which the security director was nearly thrown to his death. An internal party inquiry later established that aides to Tsvangirai had tolerated, if not endorsed, the violence. Divisive as the violence was, it was a debate over the rule of law that set off the party's final break-up in November 2005. These division severely weakened the opposition. In addition the government employed its own operatives to both spy on each side and to undermine each side via acts of espionage. Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2005 were held in March 2005 in which ZANU-PF won a two-thirds majority, were again criticised by international observers as being flawed. Mugabe's political operatives were thus able to weaken the opposition internally and the security apparatus of the state was able to destabilise it externally by using violence in anti-Mugabe strongholds to prevent citizens from voting. Some voters were 'turned away' from polling station despite having proper identification, further guaranteeing that the government could control the results. Additionally Mugabe had started to appoint judges sympathetic to the government, making any judicial appeal futile. Mugabe was also able to appoint 30 of the members of parliament. As Senate elections approached further opposition splits occurred. Ncube's supporters argued that the M.D.C. should field a slate of candidates; Tsvangirai's argued for a boycott. When party leaders voted on the issue, Ncube's side narrowly won, but Mr. Tsvangirai declared that as president of the party he was not bound by the majority's decision. Again the opposition was weakened. As a result, the elections for a new Senate in November 2005 were largely boycotted by the opposition. Mugabe's party won 24 of the 31 constituencies where elections were held amid low voter turnout. Again, evidence surfaced of voter intimidation and fraud. In May 2005 the government began Operation Murambatsvina. It was officially billed to rid urban areas of illegal structures, illegal business enterprises, and criminal activities. In practice its purpose was to punish political opponents. The UN estimates 700,000 people have been left without jobs or homes as a result. Families and traders, especially at the beginning of the operation, were often given no notice before police destroyed their homes and businesses. Others were able to salvage some possessions and building materials but often had nowhere to go, despite the government's statement that people should be returning to their rural homes. Thousands of families were left unprotected in the open in the middle of Zimbabwe's winter., . The government interfered with non-governmental organisation (NGO) efforts to provide emergency assistance to the displaced in many instances. Some families were removed to transit camps, where they had no shelter or cooking facilities and minimal food, supplies, and sanitary facilities. The operation continued into July 2005, when the government began a program to provide housing for the newly displaced. Human Rights Watch said the evictions had disrupted treatment for people with HIV/AIDS in a country where 3,000 die from the disease each week and about 1.3 million children have been orphaned. The operation was "the latest manifestation of a massive human rights problem that has been going on for years", said Amnesty International. As of September 2006, housing construction fell far short of demand, and there were reports that beneficiaries were mostly civil servants and ruling party loyalists, not those displaced. The government campaign of forced evictions continued in 2006, albeit on a lesser scale. In September 2005 Mugabe signed constitutional amendments that reinstituted a national senate (abolished in 1987) and that nationalised all land. This converted all ownership rights into leases. The amendments also ended the right of landowners to challenge government expropriation of land in the courts and marked the end of any hope of returning any land that had been hitherto grabbed by armed land invasions. Elections for the senate in November resulted in a victory for the government. The MDC split over whether to field candidates and partially boycotted the vote. In addition to low turnout there was widespread government intimidation. The split in the MDC hardened into factions, each of which claimed control of the party. The early months of 2006 were marked by food shortages and mass hunger. The sheer extremity of the siltation was revealed by the fact that in the courts, state witnesses said they were too weak from hunger to testify. 2006 to 2007 In August 2006 runaway inflation forced the government to replace its existing currency with a revalued one. In December 2006, ZANU-PF proposed the "harmonisation" of the parliamentary and presidential election schedules in 2010; the move was seen by the opposition as an excuse to extend Mugabe's term as president until 2010. Morgan Tsvangirai was badly beaten on 12 March 2007 after being arrested and held at Machipisa Police Station in the Highfield suburb of Harare. The event garnered an international outcry and was considered particularly brutal and extreme, even considering the reputation of Mugabe's government. Kolawole Olaniyan, Director of Amnesty International's Africa Programme said "We are very concerned by reports of continuing brutal attacks on opposition activists in Zimbabwe and call on the government to stop all acts of violence and intimidation against opposition activists". The economy has shrunk by 50% from 2000 to 2007. In September 2007 the inflation rate was put at almost 8,000%, the world's highest. There are frequent power and water outages. Harare's drinking water became unreliable in 2006 and as a consequence dysentery and cholera swept the city in December 2006 and January 2007. Unemployment in formal jobs is running at a record 80%. There was widespread hunger, manipulated by the government so that opposition strongholds suffer the most. Availability of bread was severely constrained after a poor wheat harvest and the closure of all bakeries. The country, which used to be one of Africa's richest, became one of its poorest. Many observers now view the country as a 'failed state'. The settlement of the Second Congo War brought back Zimbabwe's substantial military commitment, although some troops remain to secure the mining assets under their control. The government lacks the resources or machinery to deal with the ravages of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which affects 25% of the population. With all this and the forced and violent removal of white farmers in a brutal land redistribution program, Mugabe has earned himself widespread scorn from the international arena. The regime has managed to cling to power by creating wealthy enclaves for government ministers, and senior party members. For example, Borrowdale Brook, a suburb of Harare is an oasis of wealth and privilege. It features mansions, manicured lawns, full shops with fully stocked shelves containing an abundance of fruit and vegetables, big cars and a golf club give is the home to President Mugabe's out-of-town retreat. Zimbabwe's bakeries shut down in October 2007 and supermarkets warned that they would have no bread for the foreseeable future due to collapse in wheat production after the seizure of white-owned farms. The ministry of agriculture has also blamed power shortages for the wheat shortfall, saying that electricity cuts have affected irrigation and halved crop yields per acre. The power shortages are because Zimbabwe relies on Mozambique for some of its electricity and that due to an unpaid bill of $35 million Mozambique had reduced the amount of electrical power it supplies. On 4 December 2007, The United States imposed travel sanctions against 38 people with ties to President Mugabe because they "played a central role in the regime's escalated human rights abuses." On 8 December 2007, Mugabe attended a meeting of EU and African leaders in Lisbon, prompting UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown to decline to attend. While German chancellor Angela Merkel criticised Mugabe with her public comments, the leaders of other African countries offered him statements of support. Deterioration of the educational system The educational system in Zimbabwe which was once regarded as among the best in Africa, went into crisis in 2007 because of the country's economic meltdown. One foreign reporter witnessed hundreds of children at Hatcliffe Extension Primary School in Epworth, 19 kilometres (12 miles) west of Harare, writing in the dust on the floor because they had no exercise books or pencils. The high school exam system unravelled in 2007. Examiners refused to mark examination papers when they were offered just Z$79 a paper, enough to buy three small candies. Corruption has crept into the system and may explain why in January 2007 thousands of pupils received no marks for subjects they had entered, while others were deemed "excellent" in subjects they had not sat. However, as of late the education system has recovered and is still considered the best in Southern Africa. 2008 2008 elections Main articles: Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008 and 2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a 2008 parliamentary election of 29 March. The three major candidates were incumbent President Robert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Morgan Tsvangirai of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T), and Simba Makoni, an independent. As no candidate received an outright majority in the first round, a second round was held on 27 June 2008 between Tsvangirai (with 47.9% of the first round vote) and Mugabe (43.2%). Tsvangirai withdrew from the second round a week before it was scheduled to take place, citing violence against his party's supporters. The second round went ahead, despite widespread criticism, and led to victory for Mugabe. Because of Zimbabwe's dire economic situation the election was expected to provide President Mugabe with his toughest electoral challenge to date. Mugabe's opponents were critical of the handling of the electoral process, and the government was accused of planning to rig the election; Human Rights Watch said that the election was likely to be "deeply flawed". After the first round, but before the counting was completed, Jose Marcos Barrica, the head of the Southern African Development Community observer mission, described the election as "a peaceful and credible expression of the will of the people of Zimbabwe." No official results were announced for more than a month after the first round. The failure to release results was strongly criticised by the MDC, which unsuccessfully sought an order from the High Court to force their release. An independent projection placed Tsvangirai in the lead, but without the majority needed to avoid a second round. The MDC declared that Tsvangirai won a narrow majority in the first round and initially refused to participate in any second round. ZANU-PF has said that Mugabe will participate in a second round; the party alleged that some electoral officials, in connection with the MDC, fraudulently reduced Mugabe's score, and as a result a recount was conducted. After the recount and the verification of the results, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) announced on 2 May that Tsvangirai won 47.9% and Mugabe won 43.2%, thereby necessitating a run-off, which was to be held on 27 June 2008. Despite Tsvangirai's continuing claims to have won a first round majority, he refused to participate in the second round. The period following the first round was marked by serious political violence caused by ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF blamed the MDC supporters for perpetrating this violence; Western governments and prominent Western organisations have blamed ZANU-PF for the violence which seems very likely to be true. On 22 June 2008, Tsvangirai announced that he was withdrawing from the run-off, describing it as a "violent sham" and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him. The second round nevertheless went ahead as planned with Mugabe as the only actively participating candidate, although Tsvangirai's name remained on the ballot. Mugabe won the second round by an overwhelming margin and was sworn in for another term as president on 29 June. The international reaction to the second round have varied. The United States and states of the European Union have called for increased sanctions. On 11 July, the United Nations Security Council voted to impose sanctions on the Zimbabwe; Russia and China vetoed. The African Union has called for a "government of national unity." Preliminary talks to set up conditions for official negotiations began between leading negotiators from both parties on 10 July, and on 22 July, the three party leaders met for the first time in Harare to express their support for a negotiated settlement of disputes arising out of the presidential and parliamentary elections. Negotiations between the parties officially began on 25 July and are currently proceeding with very few details released from the negotiation teams in Pretoria, as coverage by the media is barred from the premises where the negotiations are taking place. The talks were mediated by South African President Thabo Mbeki. On 15 September 2008, the leaders of the 14-member Southern African Development Community witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki. With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel, in Harare, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis. As provided, Robert Mugabe will remain president, Morgan Tsvangirai will become prime minister, ZANU-PF and the MDC will share control of the police, Mugabe's Zanu (PF) will command the Army, and Arthur Mutambara becomes deputy prime minister. Marange diamond fields massacre In November 2008 the Air Force of Zimbabwe was sent, after some police officers began refusing orders to shoot the illegal miners at Marange diamond fields. Up to 150 of the estimated 30,000 illegal miners were shot from helicopter gunships. In 2008 some Zimbabwean lawyers and opposition politicians from Mutare claimed that Shiri was the prime mover behind the military assaults on illegal diggers in the diamond mines in the east of Zimbabwe. Estimates of the death toll by mid-December range from 83 reported by the Mutare City Council, based on a request for burial ground, to 140 estimated by the (then) opposition Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai party. 2009 to present 2009–2017 In January 2009, Morgan Tsvangirai announced that he would do as the leaders across Africa had insisted and join a coalition government as prime minister with his nemesis, President Robert Mugabe . On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe. By 2009 inflation had peaked at 500 billion % per year under the Mugabe government and the Zimbabwe currency was worthless. The opposition shared power with the Mugabe regime between 2009 and 2013, Zimbabwe switched to using the US dollar as currency and the economy improved reaching a growth rate of 10% per year. In 2013 the Mugabe government won an election which The Economist described as "rigged," doubled the size of the civil service and embarked on "...misrule and dazzling corruption." However, the United Nations, African Union and SADC endorsed the elections as free and fair. By 2016 the economy had collapsed, nationwide protests took place throughout the country and the finance minister admitted "Right now we literally have nothing." There was the introduction of bond notes to literally fight the biting cash crisis and liquidity crunch. Special Historical bonds was created to help the economy but never seen the light and was kept by the then President Robert Mugabe. Cash became scarce on the market in the year 2017. On Wednesday 15 November 2017 the military placed President Mugabe under house arrest and removed him from power. The military stated that the president was safe. The military placed tanks around government buildings in Harare and blocked the main road to the airport. Public opinion in the capital favored the dictators removal although they were uncertain about his replacement with another dictatorship. The Times reported that Emmerson Mnangagwa helped to orchestrate the coup. He had recently been sacked by Mr Mugabe so that the path could be smoothed for Grace Mugabe to replace her husband. A Zimbabwean army officer, Major General Sibusiso Moyo, went on television to say the military was targeting "criminals" around President Mugabe but not actively removing the president from power. However the head of the African Union described it as such. Ugandan writer Charles Onyango-Obbo stated on Twitter "If it looks like a coup, walks like a coup and quacks like a coup, then it's a coup". Naunihal Singh, an assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College and author of a book on military coups, described the situation in Zimbabwe as a coup. He tweeted that "'The President is safe' is a classic coup catch-phrase" of such an event. Robert Mugabe resigned 21 November 2017. Second Vice-President Phelekezela Mphoko became the Acting President. Former Vice-President and new ZANU-PF -leader, Emmerson Mnangagwa, was sworn in as president on 24 November 2017. 2018–2019 General elections were held on 30 July 2018 to elect the president and members of both houses of parliament. Ruling party ZANU-PF won the majority of seats in parliament, incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa was declared the winner after receiving 50.8% of votes. The opposition accused the government of rigging the vote. In subsequent riots by MDC supporters, the army opened fire and killed three people, while three others died of their injuries the following day. Main article: Zimbabwe fuel protests In January 2019 following a 130% increase in the price of fuel thousands of Zimbabweans protested and the government responded with a coordinated crackdown that resulted in hundreds of arrests and multiple deaths. In June 2019, former president Robert Mugabe died in Singapore, aged 95. Economic statistics 2021 GDP growth in Zimbabwe is projected to reach 3.9% in 2021, a significant improvement after a two-year recession, according to the World Bank Zimbabwe Economic Update. 2023 Zimbabwean general election In August 2023, President Emmerson Mnangagwa won a second term in an outcome of the election rejected by the opposition and questioned by observers. See also History of Africa Zimbabwe: Land reform in Zimbabwe Economic history of Zimbabwe Education in Zimbabwe Foreign relations of Zimbabwe List of presidents of Zimbabwe Politics of Zimbabwe Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Bulawayo history and timeline Harare history and timeline Years in Zimbabwe Rhodesia: President of Rhodesia Prime Minister of Rhodesia Governor of Southern Rhodesia References ^ "Pre-colonial history of SA". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ Huffman, T.N. (2007). 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International Political Science Review. Vol. 26, no. 1. 2005. pp. 91–106. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2007. ^ "REPORT: Policing the State – an evaluation of 1,981 political arrests in Zimbabwe: 2000–2005". zimonline.co.za. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. ^ "Not a Level Playing Field: Zimbabwe's Parliamentary Elections in 2005 : Background". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022. ^ Makumbe, John (2006). "Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe: Authoritarianism Versus the People". Africa Development. 31 (3): 45–61. JSTOR 24483863. ^ a b Wines, Michael (9 May 2007). "Opposition Splits While Zimbabwe Slips". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2010. ^ Sturcke, James (1 April 2005). "Mugabe's party wins Zimbabwe election". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2010. ^ a b "Background Note: Zimbabwe". United States Department of State. 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S/PV/5933 page 7. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008. ^ "African call for Zimbabwe unity". BBC News. London. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ "Rivals sign Zimbabwe power-share deal". Edition.cnn.com. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2011. ^ timesonline.co.uk, Power-sharing deal signed in Zimbabwe Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Zimbabwe power-sharing deal signed". NBC News. 15 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015. ^ a b "Government looking for land for mass burial, after killing 78 miners". SW Radio Africa via ZWnews. 11 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2008. ^ "Zimbabwe meets diamond trade standards" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 30 June 2010. ^ McGreal, Chris (11 December 2008). "Bodies pile up as Mugabe wages war on diamond miners". guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ Dixon, Robyn (4 December 2008). "Death stalks a field of gems". Los Angeles Times. Mutare. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008. ^ Dugger, Celia W. (31 January 2009). "Opposition Party to Join Zimbabwe's Government - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2010. ^ "Tsvangirai sworn in Zimbabwe PM". BBC News. London: BBC. 11 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009. ^ "Zimbabwe PM and wife 'in crash'". BBC News. London. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2009. ^ "Zimbabwe PM wife dies". Zimbabwe Metro News. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009. ^ a b c d e "Bailing out bandits". The Economist. Vol. 420, no. 8997. 9 July 2016. pp. 43–44. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2016. ^ "Zimbabwe 'shut down' over economic collapse". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Ramzy, Austin (15 November 2017). "Zimbabwe's Apparent Coup: What We Know". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Moyo, Jeffrey; Onishi, Norimitsu (15 November 2017). "Robert Mugabe Under House Arrest as Rule Over Zimbabwe Teeters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Raath, Jan; Davies, Harry; Laing, Aislinn (16 November 2017). "Mugabe crushed by his own strongman". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Zimbabwe takeover 'seems like a coup'". BBC News. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Taylor, Adam (15 November 2017). "Analysis | Zimbabwe: When a coup is not a coup". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Experts clear the air on succession". Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa sworn in as president". RTÉ. 24 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Zimbabwe's Emmerson Mnangagwa has been sworn in as the country's president, bringing the final curtain down on the 37-year rule of Robert Mugabe. ^ "Violence flares over Zimbabwe poll". BBC News. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ "Civilians beaten and abducted in major Zimbabwe crackdown". the Guardian. 16 January 2019. ^ "Former Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe dies – DW – 09/06/2019". dw.com. ^ "Zimbabwe's Economy is Set for Recovery, but Key Risks Remain". World Bank. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term, opposition rejects result". Al Jazeera. Further reading Darnolf, Staffan; Laakso, Liisa (2004). Twenty Years of Independence in Zimbabwe: From Liberation to Authoritarianism (International. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-80453-8. Wiseman, Henry; Taylor, Alastair M. (1981). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe The Politics of Transition. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-028069-2. Bourne, Richard. Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? (Zed Books 2011). ISBN 978-1848135215 Davoodi, Schoresch & Sow, Adama: Democracy and Peace in Zimbabwe in: EPU Research Papers: Issue 12/08, Stadtschlaining 2008 Maguwu, Farai: Land Reform, Famine and Environmental Degradation in Zimbabwe in: EPU Research Papers: Issue 06/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 Michel, Eddie. The White House and White Africa: Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 1965-1979 (New York: Routledge, 2019). ISBN 9781138319998 online review Mlambo, Alois. History of Zimbabwe (Oxford University Press, 2014) Raftopoulos, Brian & Alois Mlambo, Eds. Becoming Zimbabwe. A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 (Weaver Press, 2009). ISBN 978-1779220837 Scarnecchia, Timothy. The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940-1964 (Rochester University Press, 2008). Sibanda, Eliakim M. The Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1961-87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia (2004). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Zimbabwe. Background Note: Zimbabwe Monomotapa vteYears in ZimbabweThe Conquests Pre-1900s 1900s 1910s 1920s Southern Rhodesia 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 Rhodesia 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Zimbabwe 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteZimbabwe articles1890–1923: Company rule; 1923–1980: Southern Rhodesia; 1953–1963: Federation; 1965–1979: Rhodesia under UDI; 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI; 1980–present: ZimbabweHistoryChronology Pre-colonial Rudd Concession Company rule Pioneer Column First Matabele War Shangani Patrol Second Matabele War Second Boer War First World War Southern Rhodesia colonial history Second World War Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation Malayan Emergency involvement Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia Bush War 1975 Victoria Falls Conference 1976 Geneva Conference Internal Settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia Lancaster House Agreement Gukurahundi 2008–2009 cholera outbreak 2016–2017 protests 2017 coup d'état 2019 fuel protests By topic Constitutional Cricket (to 1992) Cricket (1992–2006) Cricket crisis (2003–2007) Military Geography Chimanimani District Cities and towns Districts Great Zimbabwe Place name renaming Provinces Rivers Wards (municipalities) Wildlife Politics Elections Foreign relations Capital punishment in Zimbabwe Human rights LGBT rights Land reform Military Parliament Political parties Heads of State Presidents Vice-President Prime Minister 2007 political crisis Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations Economy Central bank Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes Dollar (suspended currency) Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) Zimbabwe Gold Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Culture Abortion Architecture Art Child marriage Human trafficking Media Music Polygamy Prostitution Public holidays Sport in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games DemographicsEthnic groups(diaspora)Black Kunda Lemba Manyika Ndebele Rusape Jews Shona Tokaleya Tonga White Afrikaners British Greeks Portuguese Others Coloureds (Goffals) Jews Indians Languages Afrikaans English Shona Sindebele Symbols Animal Anthem Coat of arms Emblem Flag Flower OutlineIndex Category vteHistory of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

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Bantu inhabitants of the region arrived and developed ceramic production in the area. A series of trading empires emerged, including the Kingdom of Mapungubwe and Kingdom of Zimbabwe. In the 1880s, the British South Africa Company began its activities in the region, leading to the colonial era in Southern Rhodesia.In 1965, the colonial government declared itself independent as Rhodesia, but largely failed to secure international recognition and faced sustained internal opposition in the Rhodesian Bush War.After fifteen years of war, following the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 there was a transition to internationally recognised majority rule in 1980. The United Kingdom, which had never recognised Rhodesian independence, briefly imposed direct rule in order to grant independence on 18 April that year as the new country of Zimbabwe. In the 2000s Zimbabwe's economy began to deteriorate due to various factors, including the imposition of economic sanctions by Western countries led by the United Kingdom and widespread corruption in government. Economic instability caused many Zimbabweans to emigrate. 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people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffman-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ziwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffman-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shona languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_languages"},{"link_name":"Nyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasa_languages"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Nguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguni_languages"},{"link_name":"Sotho-Tswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_languages"},{"link_name":"Tsonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsonga_language"},{"link_name":"Kalanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanga_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mapungubwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Great Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mutapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Mutapa Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutapa_Empire"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall_2005_241%E2%80%93244-19"},{"link_name":"António Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Fernandes_(explorer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sofala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala"},{"link_name":"Manyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyika"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall_2005_241%E2%80%93244-19"},{"link_name":"Rozvi Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozvi_Empire"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"Mzilikazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzilikazi"},{"link_name":"Shaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mfecane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfecane"},{"link_name":"Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer"},{"link_name":"trekkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trek"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"kraals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lobengula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobengula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"By 150,000 BC, Homo sapiens had migrated to the region now known as Zimbabwe from East Africa.See also: Bantu expansionPrior to the arrival of Bantu speakers in present-day Zimbabwe the region was populated by ancestors of the San people. The first Bantu-speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion around 2000 years ago.[1]These Bantu speakers were the makers of early Iron Age pottery belonging to the Silver Leaves or Matola tradition, of the third to fifth centuries A.D.,[2] found in southeast Zimbabwe. This tradition was part of the eastern stream[3] of Bantu expansion (sometimes called Kwale)[4] which originated west of the Great Lakes, spreading to the coastal regions of southeastern Kenya and north eastern Tanzania, and then southwards to Mozambique, south eastern Zimbabwe and Natal.[5] More substantial in numbers in Zimbabwe were the makers of the Ziwa and Gokomere ceramic wares, of the fourth century A.D.[4] Their early Iron Age ceramic tradition belonged to the highlands facies of the eastern stream,[6] which moved inland to Malawi and Zimbabwe. Imports of beads have been found at Gokomere and Ziwa sites, possibly in return for gold exported to the coast.A later phase of the Gokomere culture was the Zhizo in southern Zimbabwe. Zhizo communities settled in the Shashe-Limpopo area in the tenth century. Their capital there was Schroda (just across the Limpopo River from Zimbabwe). Many fragments of ceramic figurines have been recovered from there, including figures of animals and birds, and also fertility dolls. The inhabitants produced ivory bracelets and other ivory goods. Imported beads found there and at other Zhizo sites, are evidence of trade, probably of ivory and skins, with traders on the Indian Ocean coast.[7][8][9]Pottery belonging to a western stream of Bantu expansion (sometimes called Kalundu) has been found at sites in northeastern Zimbabwe, dating back to the seventh century.[10] (The western stream originated in the same area as the eastern stream: both belong to the same style system, called by Phillipson[11] the Chifumbadze system, which has general acceptance by archaeologists.) The terms eastern and western streams represent the expansion of the Bantu-speaking peoples in terms of their culture. Another question is about the branches of the Bantu languages which they spoke. It seems that the makers of the Ziwa/Gokomere wares were not the ancestral speakers of the Shona languages of today's Zimbabwe, who did not arrive in there until around the tenth century, from south of the Limpopo river, and whose ceramic culture belonged to the western stream. The linguist and historian Ehret believes that in view of the similarity of the Ziwa/Gokomere pottery to the Nkope of the ancestral Nyasa language speakers, the Ziwa/Gokomere people spoke a language closely related to the Nyasa group. Their language, whatever it was, was superseded by the ancestral Shona languages, although Ehret says that a set of Nyasa words occur in central Shona dialects today.[12]The evidence that the ancestral Shona speakers came from South Africa is that the ceramic styles associated with Shona speakers in Zimbabwe from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries can be traced back to western stream (Kalunndu) pottery styles in South Africa. The Ziwa /Gokomere and Zhizo traditions were superseded by Leopards Kopje and Gumanye wares of the Kalundu tradition from the tenth century.[13]Although the western stream Kalundu tradition was ancestral to Shona ceramic wares, the closest relationships of the ancestral Shona language according to many linguists[14][15][16][17][18] were with a southern division of eastern Bantu – such languages as the southeastern languages (Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, Tsonga), Nyasa and Makwa. While it may well be the case that the people of the western stream spoke a language belonging to a wider Eastern Bantu division, it is a puzzle which remains to be resolved that they spoke a language most closely related to the languages just mentioned, all of which are today spoken in southeastern Africa.After the Shona speaking people moved into the present day Zimbabwe many different dialects developed over time in the different parts of the country. Among these was Kalanga.Towers of Great Zimbabwe.It is believed that Kalanga speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Kalanga states. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal. They traded in gold, ivory and copper for cloth and glass. From about 1250 until 1450, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe. This Kalanga state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom's capital of Great Zimbabwe. From c. 1450–1760, Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa. This Kalanga state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today, and parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwenemutapa was known for its gold trade routes with Arabs and the Portuguese.[19] António Fernandes, a Portuguese explorer, first entered the area in 1511 from Sofala and encountered the Manyika people. He returned in 1513 and explored the northern region of the territory, coming into contact with Chikuyo Chisamarengu, the ruler of Mutapa.[20] In the early 17th century, Portuguese settlers destroyed the trade and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse.[19] As a direct response to Portuguese aggression in the interior, a new Kalanga state emerged called the Rozvi Empire. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozvi (which means \"destroyers\") removed the Portuguese from the Zimbabwe plateau by force of arms. The Rozvi continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding guns to its arsenal and developing a professional army to protect its trade routes and conquests. Around 1821, the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled from King Shaka and created his own clan, the Ndebele. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Boer trekkers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward.[citation needed]After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled the southwest of present-day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland, establishing Bulawayo as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. During the pre-colonial period, the Ndebele social structure was stratified. It was composed mainly of three social groups, abeZansi, Enhla and Amahole. The Zansi were the ruling class of the original Khumalo people who migrated from south of Limpopo with Mzilikazi. The Enhla and Amahole groups were made up of other tribes and ethnics who had been incorporated into the empire during the migration. However, with the passage of time, this stratification has slowly disappeared[21] The Ndebele people have for long ascribed to the worship of Unkunkulu as their supreme being. Their religious life in general, rituals, ceremonies, practices, devotion and loyalty revolves around the worship of this Supreme Being. However, with the popularisation of Christianity and other religions, Ndebele traditional religion is now uncommon.[22]Mzilikazi died in 1868 and, following a violent power struggle, was succeeded by his son, Lobengula. King Mzilikazi had established the Ndebele Kingdom, with Shona subjects paying tribute to him. The nascent kingdom encountered European powers for the first time and Lonbengula signed various treaties with the various nations jostling for power in the region, playing them off one another in order to preserve the sovereignty of his kingdom and gain the aid of the Europeans should the kingdom become involved in a war.[citation needed]","title":"Pre-Colonial era (150,000 BCE – 1852 CE)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diamond magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_magnate"},{"link_name":"Cecil Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"British South Africa Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conquered-23"},{"link_name":"mining rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Concession"},{"link_name":"King Lobengula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobengula"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mining-24"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland"},{"link_name":"Mashonaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashonaland"},{"link_name":"Limpopo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treaties-25"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"extract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_mine"},{"link_name":"diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsac-26"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rhodesias#Origin_of_the_name_'Rhodesia'"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adopted-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Chimurenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimurenga"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-29"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-29"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"}],"text":"In the 1880s, British diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSAC) started to make inroads into the region. In 1898, the name Southern Rhodesia was adopted.[23] In 1888, Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples.[24] Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the British government to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties,[25] Cecil Rhodes promoted the immigration of white settlers into the region, as well as the establishment of mines, primarily to extract the diamond ores present.[26] In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for the territory of Zambesia, in honour of Cecil Rhodes. In 1898, 'Southern Rhodesia' became the official denotation for the region south of the Zambezi,[27] which later became Zimbabwe. The region to the north was administered separately by the BSAC and later named Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).The Shona waged unsuccessful wars (known as Chimurenga) against encroachment upon their lands by clients of BSAC and Cecil Rhodes in 1896 and 1897.[28][29] Following the failed insurrections of 1896–97 the Ndebele and Shona groups became subject to Rhodes's administration thus precipitating European settlement en masse in the new colony.[29]The colony's first formal constitution was drafted in 1899, and copied various pieces of legislation directly from that of the Union of South Africa; Rhodesia was meant to be, in many ways, a shadow colony of the Cape. Many within the administrative framework of the BSAC assumed that Southern Rhodesia, when its \"development\" was \"suitably advanced\", would \"take its rightful place as a member of\" the Union of South Africa after the Second Boer War (1898-1902), when the four South African colonies joined under the auspices of one flag and began to work towards the creation of a unified administrative structure. The territory was made open to white settlement, and these settlers were then in turn given considerable administrative powers, including a franchise that, while on the surface non-racial, ensured \"a predominantly European electorate\" which \"operated to preclude Great Britain from modifying her policy in Southern Rhodesia and subsequently treating it as a territory inhabited mainly by Africans whose interests should be paramount and to whom British power should be transferred\".[30]","title":"Colonial era (1890–1980)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"German colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"South-West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Victoria Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Caprivi Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_Strip"},{"link_name":"Maritz Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_rebellion"},{"link_name":"invasion of German South-West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Salonika Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"invasion of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Rhodesia_1947_stamp1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"self-governing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governing_colony"},{"link_name":"British colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Rhodesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"East African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Nyasaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fed-33"},{"link_name":"African nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fed-33"},{"link_name":"Northern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Nyasaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland"},{"link_name":"white-minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_minority_rule"},{"link_name":"Ian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith"},{"link_name":"Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)"},{"link_name":"Joshua Nkomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo"},{"link_name":"ZAPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAPU"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"ZANU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Republic of Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declaration-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desig-35"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"As a British territory, Southern Rhodesia immediately joined World War I after the UK declared war on the Central Powers, in August 1914. Rhodesia was noted for its patriotic zeal in joining the war.[31] The main priority of British forces in Southern Africa was the capture of the German colony of South-West Africa, modern-day Namibia. A Rhodesian unit was sent to guard Victoria Falls from a possible German invasion via. the Caprivi Strip. Meanwhile, a force was sent to assist British forces in South Africa suppressing the pro-German Maritz Rebellion. Afterwards, Rhodesians participated in the invasion of German South-West Africa.Following the British victory over German forces in Southern Africa, many Rhodesian units, mostly white, were sent to the Western Front in Europe, where they took part in major battles of the war. A small amount of Rhodesian soldiers saw action in the Salonika Front in Macedonia, and some even joined the Royal Flying Corps. Other Rhodesian regiments were sent to participate in the invasion of German East Africa, now Tanzania, in early 1915. A guerrilla war in the German colony began, and the fierce fighting and disease devastated the 2nd Rhodesian Regiment, leading to more regiments of native Africans being raised. By November 1918, the Central Powers surrendered to the Allies, ending World War I.Southern Rhodesia stamp: princesses Elizabeth and Margaret on the 1947 royal tour of South AfricaSouthern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony in October 1923, subsequent to a referendum held the previous year. The British government took full command of the British South Africa Company's holdings, including both Northern and Southern Rhodesia. Northern Rhodesia retained its status as a colonial protectorate; Southern Rhodesia was given responsible self-government – with limitations and still annexed to the crown as a colony. Many studies of the country see it as a state that operated independently within the Commonwealth; nominally under the rule of the Crown, but technically able to do as it pleased. And in theory, Southern Rhodesia was able to govern itself, draft its own legislation, and elect its own parliamentary leaders. But in reality, this was self-government subject to supervision. Until the white minority settler government's declaration of unilateral independence in 1965, London remained in control of the colony's external affairs, and all legislation was subject to approval from the United Kingdom Government and the Queen.[30]In 1930, the Land Apportionment Act divided rural land along racial lines, creating four types of land: white-owned land that could not be acquired by Africans; purchase areas for those Africans who could afford to purchase land; Tribal Trust Lands designated as the African reserves; and Crown lands owned by the state, reserved for future use and public parks. Fifty one percent of the land was given to approximately 50,000 white inhabitants, with 29.8 per cent left for over a million Africans.[32]Many Rhodesians served on behalf of the United Kingdom during World War II, mainly in the East African Campaign against Axis forces in Italian East Africa.In 1953, the British government consolidated the two colonies of Rhodesia with Nyasaland (now Malawi) in the ill-fated Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland which was dominated by Southern Rhodesia. This move was heavily opposed by the residents of Nyasaland, who feared coming under the domination of white Rhodesians.[33] In 1962, however, with growing African nationalism and general dissent, the British government declared that Nyasaland had the right to secede from the Federation; soon afterwards, they said the same for Northern Rhodesia.[33]After African-majority governments had assumed control in neighbouring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland, the white-minority Southern Rhodesian government led by Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The United Kingdom deemed this an act of rebellion, but did not re-establish control by force. The white minority government declared itself a republic in 1970. A civil war ensued, with Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU and Robert Mugabe's ZANU using assistance from the governments of Zambia and Mozambique. Although Smith's declaration was not recognised by the United Kingdom nor any other foreign power, Southern Rhodesia dropped the designation \"Southern\", and claimed nation status as the Republic of Rhodesia in 1970[34][35] although this was not recognised internationally.","title":"Colonial era (1890–1980)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Christopher Soames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Soames"},{"link_name":"Governor of Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"God Save the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Shehu Shagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Shagari"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Kaunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda"},{"link_name":"Seretse Khama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-37"},{"link_name":"expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriates"},{"link_name":"Badagry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagry"},{"link_name":"Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna"},{"link_name":"press freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_freedom"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j-39"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k-40"},{"link_name":"Samora Machel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel"},{"link_name":"President of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Canaan Banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan_Banana"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured"},{"link_name":"Peter Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Walls"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Rhodesian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Army"},{"link_name":"white minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-43"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Antony Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Duff"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-44"},{"link_name":"Nathan Shamuyarira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Shamuyarira"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f-46"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k-40"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-47"},{"link_name":"Gukurahundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gukurahundi"}],"text":"The country gained official independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. The government held independence celebrations in Rufaro stadium in Salisbury, the capital. Lord Christopher Soames, the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia, watched as Charles, Prince of Wales, gave a farewell salute and the Rhodesian Signal Corps played \"God Save the Queen\". Many foreign dignitaries also attended, including Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India, President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, President Seretse Khama of Botswana, and Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia, representing the Commonwealth of Nations. Bob Marley sang 'Zimbabwe', a song he wrote, at the government's invitation in a concert at the country's independence festivities.[36][37]President Shagari pledged $15 million at the celebration to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria. Mugabe's government used part of the money to buy newspaper companies owned by South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. The rest went to training students in Nigerian universities, government workers in the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria in Badagry, and soldiers in the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna. Later that year Mugabe commissioned a report by the BBC on press freedom in Zimbabwe. The BBC issued its report on 26 June, recommending the privatisation of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation and its independence from political interests.[38][39]Mugabe's government changed the capital's name from Salisbury to Harare on 18 April 1982 in celebration of the second anniversary of independence.[40] The government renamed the main street in the capital, Jameson Avenue, in honour of Samora Machel, President of Mozambique.In 1992, a World Bank study indicated that more than 500 health centres had been built since 1980. The percentage of children vaccinated increased from 25% in 1980 to 67% in 1988 and life expectancy increased from 55 to 59 years. Enrolment increased by 232 per cent one year after primary education was made free and secondary school enrolment increased by 33 per cent in two years. These social policies lead to an increase in the debt ratio. Several laws were passed in the 1980s in an attempt to reduce wage gaps. However, the gaps remained considerable. In 1988, the law gave women, at least in theory, the same rights as men. Previously, they could only take a few personal initiatives without the consent of their father or husband.[41]The new Constitution provided for an executive[citation needed] President as Head of State with a Prime Minister as Head of Government. Reverend Canaan Banana served as the first President. In government amended the Constitution in 1987 to provide for an Executive President and abolished the office of Prime Minister. The constitutional changes came into effect on 1 January 1988 with Robert Mugabe as president. The bicameral Parliament of Zimbabwe had a directly elected House of Assembly and an indirectly elected Senate, partly made up of tribal chiefs. The Constitution established two separate voters rolls, one for the black majority, who had 80% of the seats in Parliament, and the other for whites and other ethnic minorities, such as Coloureds, people of mixed race, and Asians, who held 20%. The government amended the Constitution in 1986, eliminating the voter rolls and replacing the white seats with seats filled by nominated members. Many white MPs joined ZANU which then reappointed them. In 1990 the government abolished the Senate and increased the House of Assembly's membership to include members nominated by the President.Prime Minister Mugabe kept Peter Walls, the head of the army, in his government and put him in charge of integrating the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), and the Rhodesian Army. While Western media outlets praised Mugabe's efforts at reconciliation with the white minority, tension soon developed.[42] On 17 March 1980, after several unsuccessful assassination attempts Mugabe asked Walls, \"Why are your men trying to kill me?\" Walls replied, \"If they were my men you would be dead.\"[43] BBC News interviewed Walls on 11 August 1980. He told the BBC that he had asked British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to annul the 1980 election prior to the official announcement of the result on the grounds that Mugabe used intimidation to win the election. Walls said Thatcher had not replied to his request. On 12 August British government officials denied that they had not responded, saying Antony Duff, Deputy Governor of Salisbury, told Walls on 3 March that Thatcher would not annul the election.[44]Minister of Information Nathan Shamuyarira said the government would not be \"held ransom by racial misfits\" and told \"all those Europeans who do not accept the new order to pack their bags.\" He also said the government continued to consider taking \"legal or administrative action\" against Walls. Mugabe, returning from a visit with United States President Jimmy Carter in New York City, said, \"One thing is quite clear—we are not going to have disloyal characters in our society.\" Walls returned to Zimbabwe after the interview, telling Peter Hawthorne of Time magazine, \"To stay away at this time would have appeared like an admission of guilt.\" Mugabe drafted legislation that would exile Walls from Zimbabwe for life and Walls moved to South Africa.[45][46]Ethnic divisions soon came back to the forefront of national politics. Tension between ZAPU and ZANU erupted with guerrilla activity starting again in Matabeleland in south-western Zimbabwe. Nkomo (ZAPU) left for exile in Britain and did not return until Mugabe guaranteed his safety. In 1982 government security officials discovered large caches of arms and ammunition on properties owned by ZAPU, accusing Nkomo and his followers of plotting to overthrow the government. Mugabe fired Nkomo and his closest aides from the cabinet.[citation needed] Seven MPs, members of the Rhodesian Front, left Smith's party to sit as \"independents\" on 4 March 1982, signifying their dissatisfaction with his policies.[40] As a result of what they saw as persecution of Nkomo and his party, PF-ZAPU supporters, army deserters began a campaign of dissidence against the government. Centring primarily in Matabeleland, home of the Ndebeles who were at the time PF-ZAPU's main followers, this dissidence continued through 1987. It involved attacks on government personnel and installations, armed banditry aimed at disrupting security and economic life in the rural areas, and harassment of ZANU-PF members.[47]Because of the unsettled security situation immediately after independence and democratic sentiments, the government kept in force a \"state of emergency\". This gave the government widespread powers under the \"Law and Order Maintenance Act,\" including the right to detain persons without charge which it used quite widely. In 1983 to 1984 the government declared a curfew in areas of Matabeleland and sent in the army in an attempt to suppress members of the Ndebele tribe. The pacification campaign, known as the Gukuruhundi, or strong wind, resulted in at least 20,000 civilian deaths perpetrated by an elite, North Korean-trained brigade, known in Zimbabwe as the Gukurahundi.ZANU-PF increased its majority in the 1985 elections, winning 67 of the 100 seats. The majority gave Mugabe the opportunity to start making changes to the constitution, including those with regard to land restoration. Fighting did not cease until Mugabe and Nkomo reached an agreement in December 1987 whereby ZAPU became part of ZANU-PF and the government changed the constitution to make Mugabe the country's first executive president and Nkomo one of two vice-presidents.","title":"Independence and the 1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"AIDS virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_virus"},{"link_name":"ZANLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANLA"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polsci-48"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"}],"text":"Elections in March 1990 resulted in another overwhelming victory for Mugabe and his party, which won 117 of the 120 election seats. Election observers estimated voter turnout at only 54% and found the campaign neither free nor fair[citation needed], though balloting met international standards. Unsatisfied with a de facto one-party state, Mugabe called on the ZANU-PF Central Committee to support the creation of a de jure one-party state in September 1990 and lost. The government began further amending the constitution. The judiciary and human rights advocates fiercely criticised the first amendments enacted in April 1991 because they restored corporal and capital punishment and denied recourse to the courts in cases of compulsory purchase of land by the government. The general health of the civilian population also began to significantly flounder and by 1997 25% of the population of Zimbabwe had been infected by HIV, the AIDS virus.During the 1990s students, trade unionists, and workers often demonstrated to express their discontent with the government. Students protested in 1990 against proposals for an increase in government control of universities and again in 1991 and 1992 when they clashed with police. Trade unionists and workers also criticised the government during this time. In 1992 police prevented trade unionists from holding anti-government demonstrations. In 1994 widespread industrial unrest weakened the economy. In 1996 civil servants, nurses, and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues.On 9 December 1997 a national strike paralysed the country. Mugabe was panicked by demonstrations by ZANLA ex-combatants, war veterans, who had been the heart of incursions 20 years earlier in the Bush War. He agreed to pay them large gratuities and pensions, which proved to be a wholly unproductive and unbudgeted financial commitment. The discontent with the government spawned draconian government crackdowns which in turn started to destroy both the fabric of the state and of society. This in turn brought with it further discontent within the population. Thus a vicious downward spiral commenced.[48]Although many whites had left Zimbabwe after independence, mainly for neighbouring South Africa, those who remained continued to wield disproportionate control of some sectors of the economy, especially agriculture. In the late-1990s whites accounted for less than 1% of the population but owned 70% of arable land. Mugabe raised this issue of land ownership by white farmers. In a calculated move, he began forcible land redistribution, which brought the government into headlong conflict with the International Monetary Fund. Amid a severe drought in the region, the police and military were instructed not to stop the invasion of white-owned farms by the so-called 'war veterans' and youth militia. This led to a mass migration of White Zimbabweans out of Zimbabwe. At present almost no arable land is in the possession of white farmers.","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"budget deficits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_deficits"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar"}],"sub_title":"The economy during the 1980s and 1990s","text":"The economy was run along corporatist lines with strict governmental controls on all aspects of the economy. Controls were placed on wages, prices and massive increases in government spending resulting in significant budget deficits. This experiment met with very mixed results and Zimbabwe fell further behind the first world and unemployment. Some market reforms in the 1990s were attempted. A 40 per cent devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar was allowed to occur and price and wage controls were removed. These policies also failed at that time. Growth, employment, wages, and social service spending contracted sharply, inflation did not improve, the deficit remained well above target, and many industrial firms, notably in textiles and footwear, closed in response to increased competition and high real interest rates. The incidence of poverty in the country increased during this time.","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Land reform in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimonline1-49"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democratic Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)"},{"link_name":"Morgan Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary elections held in June 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2000"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"See also: Land reform in ZimbabweHowever, Zimbabwe began experiencing a period of considerable political and economic upheaval in 1999. Opposition to President Mugabe and the ZANU-PF government grew considerably after the mid-1990s in part due to worsening economic and human rights conditions brought about by the seizure of farmland owned by white farmers and economic sanctions imposed by Western countries in response.[49] The Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was established in September 1999 as an opposition party founded by trade unionist Morgan Tsvangirai.The MDC's first opportunity to test opposition to the Mugabe government came in February 2000, when a referendum was held on a draft constitution proposed by the government. Among its elements, the new constitution would have permitted President Mugabe to seek two additional terms in office, granted government officials immunity from prosecution, and authorised government seizure of white-owned land. The referendum was handily defeated. Shortly thereafter, the government, through a loosely organised group of war veterans, some of the so-called war veterans judging from their age were not war veterans as they were too young to have fought in the chimurenga, sanctioned an aggressive land redistribution program often characterised by forced expulsion of white farmers and violence against both farmers and farm employees.[citation needed]Parliamentary elections held in June 2000 were marred by localised violence, electoral irregularities, and government intimidation of opposition supporters.[50][51] Nonetheless, the MDC succeeded in capturing 57 of 120 seats in the National Assembly.","title":"1999 to 2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Chimurenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chimurenga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Presidential elections were held in March 2002. In the months leading up to the poll, ZANU-PF, with the support of the army, security services, and especially the so-called 'war veterans', – very few of whom actually fought in the Second Chimurenga against the Smith regime in the 1970s – set about wholesale intimidation and suppression of the MDC-led opposition[citation needed]. Despite strong international criticism, these measures, together with organised subversion of the electoral process, ensured a Mugabe victory[citation needed] . The government's behaviour drew strong criticism from the EU and the US, which imposed limited sanctions against the leading members of the Mugabe regime. Since the 2002 election, Zimbabwe has suffered further economic difficulty and growing political chaos.","title":"2002"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_%C2%A38_in_local_currency_in_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"GBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBP"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Welshman Ncube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshman_Ncube"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wines-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2005"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian3-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wines-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Operation Murambatsvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-state-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-state-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian4-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-56"}],"text":"GBP 8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003Divisions within the opposition MDC had begun to fester early in the decade, after Morgan Tsvangirai (the president of the MDC) was lured [citation needed] into a government sting operation that videotaped him talking of Mr. Mugabe's removal from power. He was subsequently arrested and put on trial on treason charges. This crippled his control of party affairs and raised questions about his competence. It also catalysed a major split within the party. In 2004 he was acquitted, but not until after suffering serious abuse and mistreatment in prison. [citation needed] The opposing faction was led by Welshman Ncube who was the general secretary of the party. In mid-2004, vigilantes loyal to Mr. Tsvangirai began attacking members who were mostly loyal to Ncube, climaxing in a September raid on the party's Harare headquarters in which the security director was nearly thrown to his death.[52]An internal party inquiry later established that aides to Tsvangirai had tolerated, if not endorsed, the violence. Divisive as the violence was, it was a debate over the rule of law that set off the party's final break-up in November 2005. These division severely weakened the opposition. In addition the government employed its own operatives to both spy on each side and to undermine each side via acts of espionage. [citation needed] Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2005 were held in March 2005 in which ZANU-PF won a two-thirds majority, were again criticised by international observers as being flawed. [citation needed] Mugabe's political operatives were thus able to weaken the opposition internally and the security apparatus of the state was able to destabilise it externally by using violence in anti-Mugabe strongholds to prevent citizens from voting. [citation needed] Some voters were 'turned away' from polling station despite having proper identification[citation needed], further guaranteeing that the government could control the results. Additionally Mugabe had started to appoint judges sympathetic to the government[citation needed], making any judicial appeal futile. [citation needed] Mugabe was also able to appoint 30 of the members of parliament.[53]As Senate elections approached further opposition splits occurred. Ncube's supporters argued that the M.D.C. should field a slate of candidates; Tsvangirai's argued for a boycott. When party leaders voted on the issue, Ncube's side narrowly won, but Mr. Tsvangirai declared that as president of the party he was not bound by the majority's decision.[52] Again the opposition was weakened. As a result, the elections for a new Senate in November 2005 were largely boycotted by the opposition. Mugabe's party won 24 of the 31 constituencies where elections were held amid low voter turnout. Again, evidence surfaced of voter intimidation and fraud. [citation needed]In May 2005 the government began Operation Murambatsvina. It was officially billed to rid urban areas of illegal structures, illegal business enterprises, and criminal activities. In practice its purpose was to punish political opponents[citation needed]. The UN estimates 700,000 people have been left without jobs or homes as a result.[citation needed] Families and traders, especially at the beginning of the operation, were often given no notice before police destroyed their homes and businesses.[citation needed] Others were able to salvage some possessions and building materials but often had nowhere to go, despite the government's statement that people should be returning to their rural homes. Thousands of families were left unprotected in the open in the middle of Zimbabwe's winter.[citation needed], . The government interfered with non-governmental organisation (NGO) efforts to provide emergency assistance to the displaced in many instances.[citation needed] Some families were removed to transit camps, where they had no shelter or cooking facilities and minimal food, supplies, and sanitary facilities. The operation continued into July 2005, when the government began a program to provide housing for the newly displaced.[54]Human Rights Watch said the evictions had disrupted treatment for people with HIV/AIDS in a country where 3,000 die from the disease each week and about 1.3 million children have been orphaned. The operation was \"the latest manifestation of a massive human rights problem that has been going on for years\", said Amnesty International. As of September 2006, housing construction fell far short of demand, and there were reports that beneficiaries were mostly civil servants and ruling party loyalists, not those displaced. The government campaign of forced evictions continued in 2006, albeit on a lesser scale.[54][55]In September 2005 Mugabe signed constitutional amendments that reinstituted a national senate (abolished in 1987) and that nationalised all land. This converted all ownership rights into leases. The amendments also ended the right of landowners to challenge government expropriation of land in the courts and marked the end of any hope of returning any land that had been hitherto grabbed by armed land invasions. Elections for the senate in November resulted in a victory for the government. The MDC split over whether to field candidates and partially boycotted the vote. In addition to low turnout there was widespread government intimidation. The split in the MDC hardened into factions, each of which claimed control of the party. The early months of 2006 were marked by food shortages and mass hunger. The sheer extremity of the siltation was revealed by the fact that in the courts, state witnesses said they were too weak from hunger to testify.[56]","title":"2003–2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amnesty1-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcnews1-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian5-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost1-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian6-62"},{"link_name":"failed state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allafrica1-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-64"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind1-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian7-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-68"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes3-69"}],"text":"In August 2006 runaway inflation forced the government to replace its existing currency with a revalued one. In December 2006, ZANU-PF proposed the \"harmonisation\" of the parliamentary and presidential election schedules in 2010; the move was seen by the opposition as an excuse to extend Mugabe's term as president until 2010.Morgan Tsvangirai was badly beaten on 12 March 2007 after being arrested and held at Machipisa Police Station in the Highfield suburb of Harare. The event garnered an international outcry and was considered particularly brutal and extreme, even considering the reputation of Mugabe's government. Kolawole Olaniyan, Director of Amnesty International's Africa Programme said \"We are very concerned by reports of continuing brutal attacks on opposition activists in Zimbabwe and call on the government to stop all acts of violence and intimidation against opposition activists\".[57]The economy has shrunk by 50% from 2000 to 2007. In September 2007 the inflation rate was put at almost 8,000%, the world's highest.[58] There are frequent power and water outages.[59] Harare's drinking water became unreliable in 2006 and as a consequence dysentery and cholera swept the city in December 2006 and January 2007.[60] Unemployment in formal jobs is running at a record 80%.[61] There was widespread hunger, manipulated by the government so that opposition strongholds suffer the most. Availability of bread was severely constrained after a poor wheat harvest and the closure of all bakeries.[62]The country, which used to be one of Africa's richest, became one of its poorest. Many observers now view the country as a 'failed state'.[63][64] The settlement of the Second Congo War brought back Zimbabwe's substantial military commitment, although some troops remain to secure the mining assets under their control. The government lacks the resources or machinery to deal with the ravages of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which affects 25% of the population. With all this and the forced and violent removal of white farmers in a brutal land redistribution program, Mugabe has earned himself widespread scorn from the international arena.[65]The regime has managed to cling to power by creating wealthy enclaves for government ministers, and senior party members. For example, Borrowdale Brook, a suburb of Harare is an oasis of wealth and privilege. It features mansions, manicured lawns, full shops with fully stocked shelves containing an abundance of fruit and vegetables, big cars and a golf club give is the home to President Mugabe's out-of-town retreat.[66]Zimbabwe's bakeries shut down in October 2007 and supermarkets warned that they would have no bread for the foreseeable future due to collapse in wheat production after the seizure of white-owned farms. The ministry of agriculture has also blamed power shortages for the wheat shortfall, saying that electricity cuts have affected irrigation and halved crop yields per acre. The power shortages are because Zimbabwe relies on Mozambique for some of its electricity and that due to an unpaid bill of $35 million Mozambique had reduced the amount of electrical power it supplies.[67] On 4 December 2007, The United States imposed travel sanctions against 38 people with ties to President Mugabe because they \"played a central role in the regime's escalated human rights abuses.\"[68]On 8 December 2007, Mugabe attended a meeting of EU and African leaders in Lisbon, prompting UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown to decline to attend. While German chancellor Angela Merkel criticised Mugabe with her public comments, the leaders of other African countries offered him statements of support.[69]","title":"2006 to 2007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"educational system in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe"}],"sub_title":"Deterioration of the educational system","text":"The educational system in Zimbabwe which was once regarded as among the best in Africa, went into crisis in 2007 because of the country's economic meltdown. One foreign reporter witnessed hundreds of children at Hatcliffe Extension Primary School in Epworth, 19 kilometres (12 miles) west of Harare, writing in the dust on the floor because they had no exercise books or pencils. The high school exam system unravelled in 2007. Examiners refused to mark examination papers when they were offered just Z$79 a paper, enough to buy three small candies. Corruption has crept into the system and may explain why in January 2007 thousands of pupils received no marks for subjects they had entered, while others were deemed \"excellent\" in subjects they had not sat. However, as of late the education system has recovered and is still considered the best in Southern Africa.","title":"2006 to 2007"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"2008 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2008"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lead-70"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front"},{"link_name":"Morgan Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"Simba Makoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_Makoni"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confirmed-71"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn23mar08-72"},{"link_name":"Southern African Development Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daylight-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejects-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_20080404-75"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Electoral_Commission"},{"link_name":"run-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daylight-73"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accept-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToRun-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outofelection-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJRunoff-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwornIn-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianSworn-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeraldSworn-85"},{"link_name":"international reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_Zimbabwean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNMove-86"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"official negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"Southern African Development Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Arthur Mutambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"2008 elections","text":"Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a 2008 parliamentary election of 29 March.[70] The three major candidates were incumbent President Robert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Morgan Tsvangirai of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T), and Simba Makoni, an independent.[71] As no candidate received an outright majority in the first round, a second round was held on 27 June 2008 between Tsvangirai (with 47.9% of the first round vote) and Mugabe (43.2%). Tsvangirai withdrew from the second round a week before it was scheduled to take place, citing violence against his party's supporters. The second round went ahead, despite widespread criticism, and led to victory for Mugabe.Because of Zimbabwe's dire economic situation the election was expected to provide President Mugabe with his toughest electoral challenge to date. Mugabe's opponents were critical of the handling of the electoral process, and the government was accused of planning to rig the election; Human Rights Watch said that the election was likely to be \"deeply flawed\".[72] After the first round, but before the counting was completed, Jose Marcos Barrica, the head of the Southern African Development Community observer mission, described the election as \"a peaceful and credible expression of the will of the people of Zimbabwe.\"No official results were announced for more than a month after the first round.[73] The failure to release results was strongly criticised by the MDC, which unsuccessfully sought an order from the High Court to force their release. An independent projection placed Tsvangirai in the lead, but without the majority needed to avoid a second round. The MDC declared that Tsvangirai won a narrow majority in the first round and initially refused to participate in any second round.[74] ZANU-PF has said that Mugabe will participate in a second round;[75] the party alleged that some electoral officials, in connection with the MDC, fraudulently reduced Mugabe's score, and as a result a recount was conducted.After the recount and the verification of the results, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) announced on 2 May that Tsvangirai won 47.9% and Mugabe won 43.2%, thereby necessitating a run-off,[73] which was to be held on 27 June 2008.[76] Despite Tsvangirai's continuing claims to have won a first round majority, he refused to participate in the second round.[77][78] The period following the first round was marked by serious political violence caused by ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF blamed the MDC supporters for perpetrating this violence; Western governments and prominent Western organisations have blamed ZANU-PF for the violence which seems very likely to be true.[79][80] On 22 June 2008, Tsvangirai announced that he was withdrawing from the run-off, describing it as a \"violent sham\" and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him.[81] The second round nevertheless went ahead as planned with Mugabe as the only actively participating candidate, although Tsvangirai's name remained on the ballot.[82] Mugabe won the second round by an overwhelming margin and was sworn in for another term as president on 29 June.[83][84][85]The international reaction to the second round have varied. The United States and states of the European Union have called for increased sanctions.[86] On 11 July, the United Nations Security Council voted to impose sanctions on the Zimbabwe; Russia and China vetoed.[87][88] The African Union has called for a \"government of national unity.\"[89]Preliminary talks to set up conditions for official negotiations began between leading negotiators from both parties on 10 July, and on 22 July, the three party leaders met for the first time in Harare to express their support for a negotiated settlement of disputes arising out of the presidential and parliamentary elections. Negotiations between the parties officially began on 25 July and are currently proceeding with very few details released from the negotiation teams in Pretoria, as coverage by the media is barred from the premises where the negotiations are taking place. The talks were mediated by South African President Thabo Mbeki.On 15 September 2008, the leaders of the 14-member Southern African Development Community witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki. With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel, in Harare, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis. As provided, Robert Mugabe will remain president, Morgan Tsvangirai will become prime minister,[90] ZANU-PF and the MDC will share control of the police, Mugabe's Zanu (PF) will command the Army, and Arthur Mutambara becomes deputy prime minister.[91][92]","title":"2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Marange diamond fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marange_diamond_fields"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burial-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRIN-94"},{"link_name":"Mutare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutare"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Mutare City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutare"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_-_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burial-93"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fever-96"}],"sub_title":"Marange diamond fields massacre","text":"In November 2008 the Air Force of Zimbabwe was sent, after some police officers began refusing orders to shoot the illegal miners at Marange diamond fields.[93] Up to 150 of the estimated 30,000[94] illegal miners were shot from helicopter gunships. In 2008 some Zimbabwean lawyers and opposition politicians from Mutare claimed that Shiri was the prime mover behind the military assaults on illegal diggers in the diamond mines in the east of Zimbabwe.[95] Estimates of the death toll by mid-December range from 83 reported by the Mutare City Council, based on a request for burial ground, to 140 estimated by the (then) opposition Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai party.[93][96]","title":"2008"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlOpposition_Party_to_Join_Zimbabwe's_Government_-_NYTimes.com-97"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist072016-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist072016-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist072016-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist072016-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azadnegar_news_1350010173_323251_Ex.jpg"},{"link_name":"nationwide protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Zimbabwe_protests"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2016-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist072016-101"},{"link_name":"the military placed President Mugabe under house arrest and removed him from power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa"},{"link_name":"Grace Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Phelekezela Mphoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phelekezela_Mphoko"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTE2017-11-24a-109"}],"sub_title":"2009–2017","text":"In January 2009, Morgan Tsvangirai announced that he would do as the leaders across Africa had insisted and join a coalition government as prime minister with his nemesis, President Robert Mugabe .[97] On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.[98][99][100] By 2009 inflation had peaked at 500 billion % per year under the Mugabe government and the Zimbabwe currency was worthless.[101] The opposition shared power with the Mugabe regime between 2009 and 2013, Zimbabwe switched to using the US dollar as currency and the economy improved reaching a growth rate of 10% per year.[101]In 2013 the Mugabe government won an election which The Economist described as \"rigged,\"[101] doubled the size of the civil service and embarked on \"...misrule and dazzling corruption.\" However, the United Nations, African Union and SADC endorsed the elections as free and fair.[101]By 2016 the economy had collapsed, nationwide protests took place throughout the country[102] and the finance minister admitted \"Right now we literally have nothing.\"[101]\nThere was the introduction of bond notes to literally fight the biting cash crisis and liquidity crunch. Special Historical bonds was created to help the economy but never seen the light and was kept by the then President Robert Mugabe. Cash became scarce on the market in the year 2017.On Wednesday 15 November 2017 the military placed President Mugabe under house arrest and removed him from power.[103] The military stated that the president was safe. The military placed tanks around government buildings in Harare and blocked the main road to the airport. Public opinion in the capital favored the dictators removal although they were uncertain about his replacement with another dictatorship.[104] The Times reported that Emmerson Mnangagwa helped to orchestrate the coup. He had recently been sacked by Mr Mugabe so that the path could be smoothed for Grace Mugabe to replace her husband.[105] A Zimbabwean army officer, Major General Sibusiso Moyo, went on television to say the military was targeting \"criminals\" around President Mugabe but not actively removing the president from power. However the head of the African Union described it as such.[106]Ugandan writer Charles Onyango-Obbo stated on Twitter \"If it looks like a coup, walks like a coup and quacks like a coup, then it's a coup\". Naunihal Singh, an assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College and author of a book on military coups, described the situation in Zimbabwe as a coup. He tweeted that \"'The President is safe' is a classic coup catch-phrase\" of such an event.[107]Robert Mugabe resigned 21 November 2017. Second Vice-President Phelekezela Mphoko became the Acting President.[108] Former Vice-President and new ZANU-PF -leader, Emmerson Mnangagwa, was sworn in as president on 24 November 2017.[109]","title":"2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General elections were held on 30 July 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_general_election,_2018"},{"link_name":"ZANU-PF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU-PF"},{"link_name":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa"},{"link_name":"MDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDC_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"thousands of Zimbabweans protested and the government responded with a coordinated crackdown that resulted in hundreds of arrests and multiple deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_fuel_protests"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019","text":"General elections were held on 30 July 2018 to elect the president and members of both houses of parliament. Ruling party ZANU-PF won the majority of seats in parliament, incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa was declared the winner after receiving 50.8% of votes. The opposition accused the government of rigging the vote. In subsequent riots by MDC supporters, the army opened fire and killed three people, while three others died of their injuries the following day.[110]In January 2019 following a 130% increase in the price of fuel thousands of Zimbabweans protested and the government responded with a coordinated crackdown that resulted in hundreds of arrests and multiple deaths.[111]In June 2019, former president Robert Mugabe died in Singapore, aged 95.[112]Economic statistics 2021GDP growth in Zimbabwe is projected to reach 3.9% in 2021, a significant improvement after a two-year recession, according to the World Bank Zimbabwe Economic Update.[113]","title":"2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"2023 Zimbabwean general election","text":"In August 2023, President Emmerson Mnangagwa won a second term in an outcome of the election rejected by the opposition and questioned by observers.[114]","title":"2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-80453-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-80453-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-08-028069-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-028069-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848135215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848135215"},{"link_name":"Democracy and Peace in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080527192918/http://www.epu.ac.at/research/rp_1208.pdf"},{"link_name":"EPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Center_for_Peace_Studies"},{"link_name":"Land Reform, Famine and Environmental Degradation in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080910055742/http://www.epu.ac.at/research/rp_0607.pdf"},{"link_name":"EPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Center_for_Peace_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138319998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138319998"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-6.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1779220837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1779220837"}],"text":"Darnolf, Staffan; Laakso, Liisa (2004). Twenty Years of Independence in Zimbabwe: From Liberation to Authoritarianism (International. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-80453-8.\nWiseman, Henry; Taylor, Alastair M. (1981). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe The Politics of Transition. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-028069-2.\nBourne, Richard. Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? (Zed Books 2011). ISBN 978-1848135215\nDavoodi, Schoresch & Sow, Adama: Democracy and Peace in Zimbabwe in: EPU Research Papers: Issue 12/08, Stadtschlaining 2008\nMaguwu, Farai: Land Reform, Famine and Environmental Degradation in Zimbabwe in: EPU Research Papers: Issue 06/07, Stadtschlaining 2007\nMichel, Eddie. The White House and White Africa: Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 1965-1979 (New York: Routledge, 2019). ISBN 9781138319998 online review\nMlambo, Alois. History of Zimbabwe (Oxford University Press, 2014)\nRaftopoulos, Brian & Alois Mlambo, Eds. Becoming Zimbabwe. A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 (Weaver Press, 2009). ISBN 978-1779220837\nScarnecchia, Timothy. The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940-1964 (Rochester University Press, 2008).\nSibanda, Eliakim M. The Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1961-87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia (2004).","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Towers of Great Zimbabwe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/220px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southern Rhodesia stamp: princesses Elizabeth and Margaret on the 1947 royal tour of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southern_Rhodesia_1947_stamp1.jpg/220px-Southern_Rhodesia_1947_stamp1.jpg"},{"image_text":"GBP 8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Zimbabwe_%C2%A38_in_local_currency_in_2003.jpg/220px-Zimbabwe_%C2%A38_in_local_currency_in_2003.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Azadnegar_news_1350010173_323251_Ex.jpg/220px-Azadnegar_news_1350010173_323251_Ex.jpg"}]

[{"title":"History of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Africa"},{"title":"Land reform in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Economic history of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Education in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"List of presidents of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Politics of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Prime Minister of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo#History"},{"title":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Bulawayo"},{"title":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare#History"},{"title":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Harare"},{"title":"Years in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"President of Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia"},{"title":"Prime Minister of Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia"},{"title":"Governor of Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia"}]

[{"reference":"\"Pre-colonial history of SA\". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160702192857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa","url_text":"\"Pre-colonial history of SA\""},{"url":"http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huffman, T.N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillipson, D.W. (1985). \"An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion\". Muntu. 2: 69–84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Huffman. Handbook to the Iron Age.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillipson, D.W. (1995). African Archaeology 3rd ed. Cambridge. pp. 250 ff.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillipson, D.W. \"An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion\": 77–8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. Mitchell; G. Whitelaw (2005). \"The Archaeology of Southernmost Africa from c. 2000 bp to the Early 1800s: a Review of Recent Research\". Journal of African History. 46 (2): 209–241. doi:10.1017/s0021853705000770. S2CID 162795390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853705000770","url_text":"10.1017/s0021853705000770"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162795390","url_text":"162795390"}]},{"reference":"Phillipson, D.W. (1989). Bantu-Speaking People in Southern Africa' in Obenga (ed), Les Peuples Bantu. Paris. p. 156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mapungubwe: A Living Legacy. Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection. 2011.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillipson (1989). Bantu-Speaking People in Southern Africa. p. 156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillipson, D.W.title=An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion. : 69–84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ehret, C. (2001). An African Classical Age. University Press of Virginia. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Huffman (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ehret. An African Classical Age.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bastin Y, Coupez A, Mann M (1999). \"Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: perspectives from a lexicostatistic study\". Annales, Sciences Humaines. 162: 315–317 (the S languages).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Guthrie, M. (1967–71). Comparative Bantu: an introduction to the comparative linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages. Gregg International.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. Rexová; Y. Bastin; D. Frynta (2006). \"Cladistic analysis of Bantu Languages\". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (4): 189–194. doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0088-z. PMID 16514514. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._Sniper:_23_Days_of_Fear

D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear

["1 Plot","2 Release","3 References","4 External links"]

This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of FearUSA Network promotional image for the D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear T.V. movie based on the sniper attacksWritten byDave EricksonDirected byTom McLoughlinStarring Charles S. Dutton Jay O. Sanders Bobby Hosea Helen Shaver Music byMark SnowCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducers Orly Adelson Jonathan Eskenas Tracey Jeffrey CinematographyMark WarehamEditorCharles BornsteinRunning time85 minutesProduction companies Orly Adelson Productions USA Cable Entertainment Original releaseNetworkUSA NetworkReleaseOctober 17, 2003 (2003-10-17) D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear (also known as Sniper: 23 Days of Fear in Washington D.C.) is a 2003 TV movie created by USA Network based on the Beltway sniper attacks of 2002. The films chronicles the period when John Allen Muhammad (played by Bobby Hosea) and Lee Boyd Malvo (played by Trent Cameron) went on a serial killing spree in October 2002 in Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Maryland, all parts of the Washington Metropolitan Area, the entire area of which was held in a "grip of terror." Plot In October 2002, Chief Charles Moose (played by Charles S. Dutton) of the Montgomery County Police Department, heads an effort to track down those responsible for a recent string of murders in Montgomery County, Maryland. Unable to give anything but small pieces of information at various press conferences held during the 23 dark days, Moose finds himself vilified and derided in many corners as ineffectual and incompetent. Indeed, quite a few newspapers outside the area targeted by snipers came right out and called for Moose's resignation. But the chief's dogged persistence ultimately paid off and — in the sort of twist that a professional writer of thrillers might dismiss as inconceivable — the two men arrested for the carnage turned out to be the archetypal "least likely suspects." Release D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear originally aired on the USA Network on October 17, 2003, just as John Allen Muhammad and John Lee Malvo's murder trials were getting underway. References ^ Laura Fries (October 15, 2003). "D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear". Variety. Retrieved 26 March 2012. ^ a b Hal Erickson (2007). "D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear (2003)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012. External links D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear at IMDb vteFilms directed by Tom McLoughlin One Dark Night (1983) Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986) Date with an Angel (1987) Sometimes They Come Back (1991) Something to Live for: The Alison Gertz Story (1992) The Haunting of Helen Walker (1995) Anya's Bell (1999) The Unsaid (2001) Murder in Greenwich (2002) D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear (2003) She's Too Young (2004) Odd Girl Out (2005) Cyber Seduction: His Secret Life (2005) Not Like Everyone Else (2006) The Staircase Murders (2007) Fab Five: The Texas Cheerleader Scandal (2008) The Wronged Man (2010) At Risk (2010) vteNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special1980s Sister, Sister (1982) 1990s The Women of Brewster Place (1990) In the Heat of the Night (1991) In the Heat of the Night (1992) I'll Fly Away (1993) Alex Haley's Queen (1994) The Tuskegee Airmen (1995) America's Dream (1996) Miss Evers' Boys (1997) The Temptations (1998) Introducing Dorothy Dandridge (1999) 2000s Sally Hemmings: An American Scandal (2000) Boycott (2001) The Rosa Parks Story (2002) D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear (2003) Something the Lord Made (2004) Lackawanna Blues (2005) When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006) Life Support (2007) A Raisin in the Sun (2008) Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story (2009) 2010s Sins of the Mother (2010) Thurgood (2011) Steel Magnolias (2012) Being Mary Jane (2013) The Trip to Bountiful (2014) The Wiz Live! (2015) The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016) The New Edition Story (2017) The Bobby Brown Story (2018) When They See Us (2019) 2020s Self Made (2020) Colin in Black & White (2021) The Best Man: The Final Chapters (2022) Swarm (2023) This article related to an American TV movie is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Heavy_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_States)

30th Armored Brigade Combat Team

["1 Composition","2 History","2.1 The Battle of Baqubah","2.2 Casualties","2.3 Post-deployment and redeployment","2.4 Operation Iraqi Freedom VII","2.5 Operation Spartan Shield","3 Insignia","3.1 Shoulder Sleeve Insignia","3.2 Distinctive Unit Insignia","4 References","5 External links"]

US Army National Guard formation 30th Armored Brigade Combat TeamThe 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team's Shoulder Sleeve InsigniaActive1973–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States ArmyTypeArmored Brigade Combat TeamRoleMechanized InfantrySizeBrigadeGarrison/HQClinton, North CarolinaNickname(s)Old Hickory (special designation)EngagementsIraq War Operation Iraqi Freedom Phase II Operation Iraqi Freedom Phase VII CommandersCurrentcommanderCOL Paul W HollenackInsigniaDistinctive Unit InsigniaMilitary unit The 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team (30th ABCT or "Old Hickory") is a modular heavy brigade of the United States Army National Guard. 30th ABCT relieved 3rd ABCT/4ID in Kuwait, 1 November 2019. They returned to the U.S. in September 2020 and were replaced by the 2nd ABCT/1AD. The unit is composed of units from North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. It was formed from the remains of the downsized 30th Infantry Division of World War II fame. It was nicknamed the "Old Hickory" brigade, in honor of Andrew Jackson, due to the original division being composed of National Guard units from areas where he lived. Composition Organization 2023 The current composition of the brigade includes: 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company, in Clinton, North Carolina 1st Squadron, 150th Cavalry Regiment, in Bluefield, West Virginia 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor Regiment, in Fayetteville, North Carolina 4th Battalion, 118th Infantry Regiment, in Union, South Carolina. 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment, in Wilmington, North Carolina 1st Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment, in Charlotte, North Carolina 230th Brigade Support Battalion, in Goldsboro, North Carolina 236th Brigade Engineer Battalion, Durham, North Carolina. History In 1974 the 30th Infantry Division ceased to exist and its units were divided amongst the North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia Army National Guards. The 30th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) from North Carolina was chosen to carry on the lineage of the 30th Infantry Division. The brigade took part in Exercise Display Determination in 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992. The brigade was affiliated with the 24th Infantry Division on 5 June 1999 during the division's reactivation ceremony as part of the active/reserve component integrated division concept. The headquarters for the division was an active unit located at Fort Riley, Kansas while its subordinate units were all National Guard units. From 2000 to 2001 a few select units from 30th Brigade were chosen to conduct a six-month peacekeeping mission in war torn Bosnia and Herzegovina. The deployment marked the first time that National Guard troops were utilized as front line patrolling forces since the beginning of deployment of combat troops to the region. In July 2002 the brigade conducted "Operation Hickory Sting '02" at Ft. Riley, Kansas in preparation for the unit's upcoming National Training Center rotation the next year. During this time, an Illinois-based unit, Battery G, 202nd ADA, joined the Brigade. The unit's 2003 NTC rotation was dubbed "Operation Tarheel Thunder." After successfully completing its NTC rotation, 30th Brigade, along with the 39th Infantry Brigade from Arkansas, were informed that they would be deployed as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In February 2004 the brigade began a year-long deployment to the Diyala Governorate in Iraq. With the deployment, 30th Infantry Brigade became the first National Guard brigade combat team to deploy to a war since the Korean War 50 years earlier. The brigade was also the first National Guard brigade to have its own area of operation in Iraq. In 2004, one member of the Brigade, SPC Frederico Mérida was convicted of murdering an Iraqi National Guardsmen (ING) at FOB Mackenzie in Salh-Ad-Din Province near the village of Ad-Dawr and sentenced to 25 years in prison at his subsequent court martial. He apparently killed the ING member as a result of a sexual encounter gone wrong. The Battle of Baqubah The first Battle of Baqubah (not to be confused with Operation Arrowhead Ripper in 2007) was some of the fiercest fighting that the brigade encountered during its deployment. The battle began at approximately 5:30 am 24 June 2004 local time as insurgents from the group Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad (aka Al-Qaeda in Iraq) attempted to ambush 3rd Platoon, Company A, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry (Mechanized) with small arms, heavy machine guns, IEDs and RPG fire. The platoon was able to break through the ambush and attempted to turn the battle around with a counterattack. As the battle wore on, however, battle damage to all three of the platoon's M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles forced the counterattack to halt and once again the advantage lay with the insurgents. At around 6:00 am reinforcements from Company A, including company commander Captain Christopher Cash, left the unit's forward operating base and were also ambushed almost immediately. In the process Captain Cash was killed. The Bradley in which Captain Cash was killed as well as one other returned to base, leaving only three Bradleys from 1st Platoon to reinforce 3rd Platoon. As the reinforcements advanced on 3rd Platoon, an RPG struck one of the Bradleys, hitting SPC Daniel Desens and wounding several others. The platoon sergeant, SFC Chad Stephens, moved under fire without body armor or a weapon from his Bradley to SPC Desens' to retrieve the wounded Specialist. As SPC Desens was treated by the platoon medic, SPC Ralph Isabella, the platoon regrouped and continued its march towards 3rd Platoon. As they advanced once again towards 3rd Platoon, SFC Stephens's Bradley was also hit by an RPG, severely wounding his gunner and wounding several others including SFC Stephens. After SFC Stephens's platoon reached its objective, SPC Desens and six other wounded personnel were evacuated via helicopter and the platoon carried on the fight until 3:00 am the next morning. SPC Desens later died of his wounds. SFC Stephens would ultimately receive a Silver Star for his actions. As the well coordinated attack raged on for another eight hours, insurgents were able to overrun two Iraqi police stations as rocket and mortar attacks racked FOB Warhorse, the unit's forward operating base. Ultimately, Coalition forces were able to root out enemy hiding spots and strong points with UAVs as attack aircraft bombed them. In the end two soldiers from the 30th Brigade were killed and six wounded. While the actual enemy death toll varies, Coalition forces estimated at least 60 insurgents were killed in the attack. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi claimed responsibility for the attack although some experts question if Al-Qaeda in Iraq was actually capable of planning and carrying out such an organized attack, despite the fact that Al-Qaeda in Iraq flags were seen being raised by insurgents over the two captured police stations. Zarqawi claimed victory over the Americans in the battle, although it may have been a Pyrrhic victory as the insurgent death toll was much higher than the Coalition one and the attack neither forced the Americans from the city nor stopped the planned transfer of authority for the city from the Coalition Provisional Authority to the Iraqi Interim Government at the end of the month. Zarqawi was killed in an air attack two years later outside of Baqubah and a year after that Operation Arrowhead Ripper succeeded in forcing a large part of the remaining insurgent forces out of the city. Casualties By the end of the deployment the brigade had lost five soldiers killed in action: Specialist Jocelyn L. Carrasquillo: 28, from Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, assigned to HHC, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SPC Carrasquillo was killed by an improvised explosive device on 13 March 2004. Captain Christopher S. Cash: 36, from Winterville, North Carolina, Commander of A Company 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. CPT Cash was killed on 24 June 2004 in the Battle of Baqubah. Specialist Daniel Alan Desens Jr.: 20, from Jacksonville, North Carolina, also of A Company, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SPC Desens was also killed in the Battle of Baqubah on 24 June 2004. Sergeant DeForest L. Talbert: 24, of Charleston, West Virginia, assigned to C Company, 1st Battalion, 150th Armor. SGT Talbert died 27 July 2004 in Baladruz, Iraq, when an improvised explosive device detonated near his vehicle. Staff Sergeant Michael S. Voss: 35, from Aberdeen, North Carolina, assigned to HHC, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SSG Voss was killed on 8 October 2004 in Tikrit, Iraq when his convoy was attacked with an improvised explosive device and small arms fire. Post-deployment and redeployment In early 2005, as the brigade returned from Iraq, 30th Infantry Brigade transformed into the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team as part of the Army's new Brigade Unit of Action concept. With the transformation, the brigade disbanded the 119th Infantry Regiment whose lineage in the North Carolina National Guard can be traced back to before the American Civil War. The brigade then gained the 1st Squadron (RSTA), 150th Cavalry Regiment (WV ARNG) as the brigade's reconnaissance element. The 1–150th Cavalry had previously deployed with the brigade to Iraq as 1–150th Armor. The brigade also gained the 30th Special Troops Battalion, formed from the 30th Corps Support Group. In October 2007, the brigade was alerted for deployment once again, to include both the North Carolina and West Virginia Army National Guard assets. In preparation for the upcoming deployment, the brigade attended a 23-day annual training period at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in May 2008. The primary purpose of the training exercise was to complete Bradley Fighting Vehicle new equipment training for the scouts on fighting vehicle crews. The crews conducted gunnery through Bradley table VIII, while wheeled scouts performed gunnery with M2 .50 caliber machine guns. Other training included warrior task battle drill and individual weapons qualifications. Operation Iraqi Freedom VII The 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team prepares for a deployment. In early 2009, 30th HBCT began mobilizing in Camp Shelby, Mississippi to conduct pre-deployment validation training. With training complete, the brigade returned to North Carolina for one last time before the deployment to hold a deployment ceremony on 14 April and to allow soldiers to say goodbye to their families. By the end of April 2009, the brigade arrived in Iraq and began the process of taking over for 2nd HBCT, 1st Armored Division in a process known as "relief in place." Shortly thereafter, the brigade began conducting patrols south of the Baghdad area as part of Multinational Division – Baghdad. On 21 May, less than a month after arriving in Iraq, the brigade began to take its first casualties. While making their way to a meeting with local officials in the Doura Market, three soldiers from 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor Regiment's civil-military liaison team were killed by a suicide vest improvised explosive device (SVIED) in the Al Rashid district in the southwestern part of Baghdad along with multiple civilians. Major Jason George, 38, from Tehachapi, California was an Army Reservist and served as the battalion's civil-military officer. 1st Lieutenant Leevi Barnard, 28, from Mount Airy, North Carolina was a North Carolina Guardsman and served as Major George's assistant. Sergeant Paul Brooks, 34, from Joplin, Missouri was a Missouri Guardsman who had volunteered for the deployment and served as the team's medic. Alpha Co. also of the 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor was in the market area at the same time that morning when the attack occurred. Their swift response to the incident resulted in the timely treatment and ground evacuation of the remaining coalition casualties to the 10th CSH IBN Sina Hospital and their efforts undoubtedly saved many lives that day. On the same day, soldiers from A Battery, 1st Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment successfully fired the M982 Excalibur precision guided artillery round from FOB Mahmudiyah. This marked the first time that a National Guard unit had used the new precision guided munition in Iraq. A little over a month later the brigade suffered four more casualties, this time from A Company, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. They were killed when their HMMWV was struck by an IED on 29 June in the Mahmudiyah area, south of Baghdad. Sergeant 1st Class Edward Kramer, 39 and a father of two, was from Wilmington, North Carolina and was on his second deployment to Iraq with the battalion. Sergeant Roger Adams Jr., 36, from Jacksonville, North Carolina had recently joined the National Guard and had previously served in the Marine Corps. Adams was also a father of four. Sergeant Juan Baldeosingh, 30, from Havelock, North Carolina was a father of three and had been in the National Guard for a little over a year. He had previously served in the Marine Corps. Sergeant Robert Bittaker, 39, from Jacksonville, North Carolina was a father of two and had served two prior deployments with the battalion, one of which was with the brigade's deployment to Bosnia in 2000. This attack resulted in the single largest loss of life for the brigade since the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom. SGT Baldeosingh would later be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He would be the second North Carolina Guardsman to be buried at the cemetery since WWII. SGT Juan C. Baldeosingh is listed in the Arlington National Cemetery database as being laid to rest in Section 60, Grave 8847. Operation Spartan Shield In 2019, the 30th ABCT mobilized from Fort Bliss, Texas and deployed to Camp Buehring, Kuwait, replacing the 4th Infantry Division (United States) in command of Operation Spartan Shield. From here, many units of the brigade went on to support Operation Spartan Shield and Operation Inherent Resolve in countries around the CENTCOM area of responsibility. Insignia Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Description: The letters "O H" blue upon a red background, the "O" forming the elliptical outline of the device long axis to be 2+1⁄2 inches (6.4 cm) and short axis 1+5⁄8 inches (4.1 cm). The letter "H" within the "O". The letters "XXX" on the bar of the "H". The insignia to be worn with long axis vertical. Symbolism: The letters "O H" are the initials of "Old Hickory" and the "XXX" is the Roman notation for the number of the organization. Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved on 23 October 1918 for the 30th Division. It was redesignated for the 30th Infantry Brigade on 20 February 1974. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 2004, with description updated, for the 30th Brigade Combat Team, North Carolina Army National Guard. Distinctive Unit Insignia Description: A gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄4 inches (3.2 cm) high overall consisting of a representation of a hornet's nest in blue enamel charged at top with five gold fleurs-de-lis and in base with a gold five-pointed star, all enclosed by a continuous scarlet enamel scroll inscribed with the words "OLD HICKORY" at top and "BRIGADE" below and crossing at center overall from lower right to upper left a gold branch of laurel beneath a gold sword with point at upper right and hilt at lower left the blade divided in half lengthwise with green enamel above and red enamel below, both ends of sword and laurel branch protruding outside the scroll. Symbolism: The hornet's nest, adapted from the crest of the North Carolina ARNG, is a reference to the unit's home area. The fleurs-de-lis represent the unit's participation in five campaigns in Europe during World War II, while the sword with blade in the colors of the Belgium Fourragére refers to that award received for service in Belgium and the Ardennes. The laurel branch and the star denote awards of the French Croix de Guerre with Palm and with Star for service in France during World War II; the scarlet scroll alludes to the Meritorious Unit Commendation. Background: The distinctive unit insignia was authorized for the noncolor bearing units of the 30th Infantry Brigade on 11 June 1974. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 2004, with the description updated, for the 30th Brigade Combat Team, North Carolina Army National Guard. References ^ a b "Special Designation Listing". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ David Burge (25 September 2019) ‘Old Hickory’ trains at Bliss: 30th ABCT Soldiers get unique training experience at Fort Bliss ^ Lt. Col. Cindi King, 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team (1 November 2019) 30th ABCT provides armored vehicles in fight against ISIS Capt. Joselyn Sydnor – 653rd Regional Support Group (1 October 2019) 30th ABCT’s mobilization informs challenges of MFGI expansion at Fort Bliss ^ a b "History and Traditions: North Carolina National Guard." Second Edition, August 1966. Public Affairs Section, the Adjutant General's Department, State of North Carolina, Raleigh. ^ "Pages - 30th ABCT". nc.ng.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Units". www.wv.ng.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ a b "Top 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team maintenance Soldiers recognized". www.army.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ Wilson, John. B (1999). Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades. Government Printing Office. p. 646. ISBN 978-0-16-049992-0. ^ "Archive of Stories regarding Frederico Merida". Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ a b c Barrett, Barbara (11 November 2007). "Haunted by Iraq, a sergeant struggles". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ a b Tyson, Ann Scott (21 July 2004). "Inside one day's fierce battle in Iraq". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ Petrovic, Kara (June–July 2006). "'Outside the Wire' Citizen-Soldiers in Combat in Iraq". VFW Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ "DefenseLink News Release: DoD Identifies Army Casualty". Defenselink.mil. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Military Times, Honor the fallen: Army Capt. Christopher S. Cash". Militarycity.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ a b "DoD Identifies Army Casualty" (Press release). Department of Defense. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Honor the fallen: Army Spc. Daniel A. Desens". Military Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "DoD Identifies Army Casualty" (Press release). Department of Defense. 29 July 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ "DoD Identifies Army Casualty" (Press release). Department of Defensel. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Tan, Michelle (19 October 2007). "Guard names brigades tapped for deployments". Army Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "National Guard Unit Trains in Mississippi". 1270 WMPM News Blog. 1270 WMPM. 2 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Clifton, Matthew (14 April 2009). "Strength of Army families praised as "Old Hickory" departs for Iraq". U.S. Army. Retrieved 20 April 2014. ^ "Relief in place begins between Iron Brigade and Old Hickory". Army.mil. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "N.C. Guardsmen make first Iraq patrol". Army.mil. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Three Soldiers honored for service, lives". Army.mil. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Jordan, Robert (29 May 2009). "Old Hickory Guardsmen Fire New Artillery Round in Iraq". Department of Defense. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ Phillips, Mary (12 July 2009). "Four 120th CAB Soldiers honored for their service". U.S. Army. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Rose, Julie (4 August 2009). "NC National Guardsman buried today in Arlington National Cemetery". WFAE. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ a b c d e f "30th Infantry Brigade". The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team. "Guard Family Connection" magazine, volume 3, No. 4. Published 15 October 2007. PDF Lowe, Christi. "30th Brigade Combat Team to deploy to Iraq", WRAL.com. 30 October 2007."30th Brigade Combat Team to Deploy to Iraq". WRAL.com. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Kuwait-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUD-1"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"United States Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"30th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&T-4"}],"text":"Military unitThe 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team (30th ABCT[2] or \"Old Hickory\")[1] is a modular heavy brigade of the United States Army National Guard. 30th ABCT relieved 3rd ABCT/4ID in Kuwait, 1 November 2019.[3] They returned to the U.S. in September 2020 and were replaced by the 2nd ABCT/1AD.The unit is composed of units from North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. It was formed from the remains of the downsized 30th Infantry Division of World War II fame. It was nicknamed the \"Old Hickory\" brigade, in honor of Andrew Jackson, due to the original division being composed of National Guard units from areas where he lived.[4]","title":"30th Armored Brigade Combat Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30th_Armored_Brigade_Combat_Team_-_Organization_2023.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Clinton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_-_150_Armor_Regt.png"},{"link_name":"150th Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Bluefield, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:252_Arm_Rgt_DUI.png"},{"link_name":"252nd Armor Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252nd_Armor_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:118th_Infantry_Regiment_DUI.png"},{"link_name":"118th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Union, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_South_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:120th_Infantry_Regiment_DUI_-_2.png"},{"link_name":"120th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:113FARegtDUI.jpg"},{"link_name":"113th Field Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113th_Field_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:230BSB_DUI.gif"},{"link_name":"230th Brigade Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/230th_Brigade_Support_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Organization 2023The current composition of the brigade includes:[5]30th Armored Brigade Combat Team\nBrigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company, in Clinton, North Carolina\n 1st Squadron, 150th Cavalry Regiment, in Bluefield, West Virginia[6]\n 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor Regiment, in Fayetteville, North Carolina\n 4th Battalion, 118th Infantry Regiment, in Union, South Carolina.\n 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment, in Wilmington, North Carolina\n 1st Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment, in Charlotte, North Carolina[7]\n230th Brigade Support Battalion, in Goldsboro, North Carolina[7]\n236th Brigade Engineer Battalion, Durham, North Carolina.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"30th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Georgia Army National Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armies,_Corps,_Divisions,_and_Separate_Brigades-8"},{"link_name":"Exercise Display Determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise_Display_Determination&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"24th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Riley"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"39th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Diyala Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyala_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1974 the 30th Infantry Division ceased to exist and its units were divided amongst the North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia Army National Guards. The 30th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) from North Carolina was chosen to carry on the lineage of the 30th Infantry Division.[8]The brigade took part in Exercise Display Determination in 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992.The brigade was affiliated with the 24th Infantry Division on 5 June 1999 during the division's reactivation ceremony as part of the active/reserve component integrated division concept. The headquarters for the division was an active unit located at Fort Riley, Kansas while its subordinate units were all National Guard units.From 2000 to 2001 a few select units from 30th Brigade were chosen to conduct a six-month peacekeeping mission in war torn Bosnia and Herzegovina. The deployment marked the first time that National Guard troops were utilized as front line patrolling forces since the beginning of deployment of combat troops to the region.[citation needed]In July 2002 the brigade conducted \"Operation Hickory Sting '02\" at Ft. Riley, Kansas in preparation for the unit's upcoming National Training Center rotation the next year. During this time, an Illinois-based unit, Battery G, 202nd ADA, joined the Brigade. The unit's 2003 NTC rotation was dubbed \"Operation Tarheel Thunder.\" After successfully completing its NTC rotation, 30th Brigade, along with the 39th Infantry Brigade from Arkansas, were informed that they would be deployed as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.In February 2004 the brigade began a year-long deployment to the Diyala Governorate in Iraq. With the deployment, 30th Infantry Brigade became the first National Guard brigade combat team to deploy to a war since the Korean War 50 years earlier. The brigade was also the first National Guard brigade to have its own area of operation in Iraq.[citation needed]In 2004, one member of the Brigade, SPC Frederico Mérida was convicted of murdering an Iraqi National Guardsmen (ING) at FOB Mackenzie in Salh-Ad-Din Province near the village of Ad-Dawr and sentenced to 25 years in prison at his subsequent court martial. He apparently killed the ING member as a result of a sexual encounter gone wrong.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Arrowhead Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arrowhead_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"120th Infantry (Mechanized)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"IEDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device"},{"link_name":"RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade"},{"link_name":"M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2/M3_Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBref1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTref1-11"},{"link_name":"forward operating base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_operating_base"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBref3-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBref1-10"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBref1-10"},{"link_name":"FOB Warhorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FOB_Warhorse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Abu Musab al-Zarqawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTref1-11"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhic victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory"},{"link_name":"Coalition Provisional Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Interim Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government"},{"link_name":"air attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi#Zarqawi's_death"},{"link_name":"Operation Arrowhead Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arrowhead_Ripper"}],"sub_title":"The Battle of Baqubah","text":"The first Battle of Baqubah (not to be confused with Operation Arrowhead Ripper in 2007) was some of the fiercest fighting that the brigade encountered during its deployment. The battle began at approximately 5:30 am 24 June 2004 local time as insurgents from the group Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad (aka Al-Qaeda in Iraq) attempted to ambush 3rd Platoon, Company A, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry (Mechanized) with small arms, heavy machine guns, IEDs and RPG fire. The platoon was able to break through the ambush and attempted to turn the battle around with a counterattack. As the battle wore on, however, battle damage to all three of the platoon's M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles forced the counterattack to halt and once again the advantage lay with the insurgents.[10][11]At around 6:00 am reinforcements from Company A, including company commander Captain Christopher Cash, left the unit's forward operating base and were also ambushed almost immediately. In the process Captain Cash was killed. The Bradley in which Captain Cash was killed as well as one other returned to base, leaving only three Bradleys from 1st Platoon to reinforce 3rd Platoon.[12] As the reinforcements advanced on 3rd Platoon, an RPG struck one of the Bradleys, hitting SPC Daniel Desens and wounding several others. The platoon sergeant, SFC Chad Stephens, moved under fire without body armor or a weapon from his Bradley to SPC Desens' to retrieve the wounded Specialist. As SPC Desens was treated by the platoon medic, SPC Ralph Isabella, the platoon regrouped and continued its march towards 3rd Platoon. As they advanced once again towards 3rd Platoon, SFC Stephens's Bradley was also hit by an RPG, severely wounding his gunner and wounding several others including SFC Stephens.[10]After SFC Stephens's platoon reached its objective, SPC Desens and six other wounded personnel were evacuated via helicopter and the platoon carried on the fight until 3:00 am the next morning. SPC Desens later died of his wounds. SFC Stephens would ultimately receive a Silver Star for his actions.[10]As the well coordinated attack raged on for another eight hours, insurgents were able to overrun two Iraqi police stations as rocket and mortar attacks racked FOB Warhorse, the unit's forward operating base. Ultimately, Coalition forces were able to root out enemy hiding spots and strong points with UAVs as attack aircraft bombed them. In the end two soldiers from the 30th Brigade were killed and six wounded. While the actual enemy death toll varies, Coalition forces estimated at least 60 insurgents were killed in the attack. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi claimed responsibility for the attack although some experts question if Al-Qaeda in Iraq was actually capable of planning and carrying out such an organized attack, despite the fact that Al-Qaeda in Iraq flags were seen being raised by insurgents over the two captured police stations.[11]Zarqawi claimed victory over the Americans in the battle, although it may have been a Pyrrhic victory as the insurgent death toll was much higher than the Coalition one and the attack neither forced the Americans from the city nor stopped the planned transfer of authority for the city from the Coalition Provisional Authority to the Iraqi Interim Government at the end of the month. Zarqawi was killed in an air attack two years later outside of Baqubah and a year after that Operation Arrowhead Ripper succeeded in forcing a large part of the remaining insurgent forces out of the city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightsville_Beach,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"120th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Winterville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOD1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOD1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charleston, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Baladruz, Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baladruz,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tikrit, Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"By the end of the deployment the brigade had lost five soldiers killed in action:Specialist Jocelyn L. Carrasquillo: 28, from Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, assigned to HHC, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SPC Carrasquillo was killed by an improvised explosive device on 13 March 2004.[13]\nCaptain Christopher S. Cash: 36, from Winterville, North Carolina, Commander of A Company 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. CPT Cash was killed on 24 June 2004 in the Battle of Baqubah.[14][15]\nSpecialist Daniel Alan Desens Jr.: 20, from Jacksonville, North Carolina, also of A Company, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SPC Desens was also killed in the Battle of Baqubah on 24 June 2004.[15][16]\nSergeant DeForest L. Talbert: 24, of Charleston, West Virginia, assigned to C Company, 1st Battalion, 150th Armor. SGT Talbert died 27 July 2004 in Baladruz, Iraq, when an improvised explosive device detonated near his vehicle.[17]\nStaff Sergeant Michael S. Voss: 35, from Aberdeen, North Carolina, assigned to HHC, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. SSG Voss was killed on 8 October 2004 in Tikrit, Iraq when his convoy was attacked with an improvised explosive device and small arms fire.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigade Unit of Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"119th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&T-4"},{"link_name":"150th Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"30th Special Troops Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=30th_Special_Troops_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"30th Corps Support Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_Support_Group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"annual training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_training"},{"link_name":"Camp Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Shelby"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bradley Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Post-deployment and redeployment","text":"In early 2005, as the brigade returned from Iraq, 30th Infantry Brigade transformed into the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team as part of the Army's new Brigade Unit of Action concept. With the transformation, the brigade disbanded the 119th Infantry Regiment whose lineage in the North Carolina National Guard can be traced back to before the American Civil War.[4] The brigade then gained the 1st Squadron (RSTA), 150th Cavalry Regiment (WV ARNG) as the brigade's reconnaissance element. The 1–150th Cavalry had previously deployed with the brigade to Iraq as 1–150th Armor. The brigade also gained the 30th Special Troops Battalion, formed from the 30th Corps Support Group.In October 2007, the brigade was alerted for deployment once again, to include both the North Carolina and West Virginia Army National Guard assets.[19] In preparation for the upcoming deployment, the brigade attended a 23-day annual training period at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in May 2008.[20] The primary purpose of the training exercise was to complete Bradley Fighting Vehicle new equipment training for the scouts on fighting vehicle crews. The crews conducted gunnery through Bradley table VIII, while wheeled scouts performed gunnery with M2 .50 caliber machine guns. Other training included warrior task battle drill and individual weapons qualifications.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30_HBCT_Deployment.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1st Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Doura Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doura_Market&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"252nd Armor Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252nd_Armor_Regiment"},{"link_name":"suicide vest improvised explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide_vest_improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rashid,_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Tehachapi, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehachapi,_California"},{"link_name":"Mount Airy, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Joplin, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"10th CSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_CSH"},{"link_name":"IBN Sina Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBN_Sina_Hospital"},{"link_name":"113th Field Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"M982 Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M982_Excalibur"},{"link_name":"FOB Mahmudiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FOB_Mahmudiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"Mahmudiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Havelock, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Operation Iraqi Freedom VII","text":"The 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team prepares for a deployment.In early 2009, 30th HBCT began mobilizing in Camp Shelby, Mississippi to conduct pre-deployment validation training.[citation needed] With training complete, the brigade returned to North Carolina for one last time before the deployment to hold a deployment ceremony on 14 April and to allow soldiers to say goodbye to their families.[21] By the end of April 2009, the brigade arrived in Iraq and began the process of taking over for 2nd HBCT, 1st Armored Division in a process known as \"relief in place.\"[22] Shortly thereafter, the brigade began conducting patrols south of the Baghdad area as part of Multinational Division – Baghdad.[23]On 21 May, less than a month after arriving in Iraq, the brigade began to take its first casualties. While making their way to a meeting with local officials in the Doura Market, three soldiers from 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor Regiment's civil-military liaison team were killed by a suicide vest improvised explosive device (SVIED) in the Al Rashid district in the southwestern part of Baghdad along with multiple civilians. Major Jason George, 38, from Tehachapi, California was an Army Reservist and served as the battalion's civil-military officer. 1st Lieutenant Leevi Barnard, 28, from Mount Airy, North Carolina was a North Carolina Guardsman and served as Major George's assistant. Sergeant Paul Brooks, 34, from Joplin, Missouri was a Missouri Guardsman who had volunteered for the deployment and served as the team's medic.[24] Alpha Co. also of the 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor was in the market area at the same time that morning when the attack occurred. Their swift response to the incident resulted in the timely treatment and ground evacuation of the remaining coalition casualties to the 10th CSH IBN Sina Hospital and their efforts undoubtedly saved many lives that day.On the same day, soldiers from A Battery, 1st Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment successfully fired the M982 Excalibur precision guided artillery round from FOB Mahmudiyah. This marked the first time that a National Guard unit had used the new precision guided munition in Iraq.[25]A little over a month later the brigade suffered four more casualties, this time from A Company, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry. They were killed when their HMMWV was struck by an IED on 29 June in the Mahmudiyah area, south of Baghdad. Sergeant 1st Class Edward Kramer, 39 and a father of two, was from Wilmington, North Carolina and was on his second deployment to Iraq with the battalion. Sergeant Roger Adams Jr., 36, from Jacksonville, North Carolina had recently joined the National Guard and had previously served in the Marine Corps. Adams was also a father of four. Sergeant Juan Baldeosingh, 30, from Havelock, North Carolina was a father of three and had been in the National Guard for a little over a year. He had previously served in the Marine Corps. Sergeant Robert Bittaker, 39, from Jacksonville, North Carolina was a father of two and had served two prior deployments with the battalion, one of which was with the brigade's deployment to Bosnia in 2000. This attack resulted in the single largest loss of life for the brigade since the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom.[26] SGT Baldeosingh would later be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He would be the second North Carolina Guardsman to be buried at the cemetery since WWII.[27] SGT Juan C. Baldeosingh is listed in the Arlington National Cemetery database as being laid to rest in Section 60, Grave 8847.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bliss, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Camp Buehring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Buehring"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"4th Infantry Division (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Operation Spartan Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spartan_Shield"},{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"},{"link_name":"CENTCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTCOM"}],"sub_title":"Operation Spartan Shield","text":"In 2019, the 30th ABCT mobilized from Fort Bliss, Texas and deployed to Camp Buehring, Kuwait, replacing the 4th Infantry Division (United States) in command of Operation Spartan Shield. From here, many units of the brigade went on to support Operation Spartan Shield and Operation Inherent Resolve in countries around the CENTCOM area of responsibility.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"}],"sub_title":"Shoulder Sleeve Insignia","text":"Description: The letters \"O H\" blue upon a red background, the \"O\" forming the elliptical outline of the device long axis to be 2+1⁄2 inches (6.4 cm) and short axis 1+5⁄8 inches (4.1 cm). The letter \"H\" within the \"O\". The letters \"XXX\" on the bar of the \"H\". The insignia to be worn with long axis vertical.[28]Symbolism: The letters \"O H\" are the initials of \"Old Hickory\" and the \"XXX\" is the Roman notation for the number of the organization.[28]Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved on 23 October 1918 for the 30th Division. It was redesignated for the 30th Infantry Brigade on 20 February 1974. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 2004, with description updated, for the 30th Brigade Combat Team, North Carolina Army National Guard.[28]","title":"Insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-28"}],"sub_title":"Distinctive Unit Insignia","text":"Description: A gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄4 inches (3.2 cm) high overall consisting of a representation of a hornet's nest in blue enamel charged at top with five gold fleurs-de-lis and in base with a gold five-pointed star, all enclosed by a continuous scarlet enamel scroll inscribed with the words \"OLD HICKORY\" at top and \"BRIGADE\" below and crossing at center overall from lower right to upper left a gold branch of laurel beneath a gold sword with point at upper right and hilt at lower left the blade divided in half lengthwise with green enamel above and red enamel below, both ends of sword and laurel branch protruding outside the scroll.[28]Symbolism: The hornet's nest, adapted from the crest of the North Carolina ARNG, is a reference to the unit's home area. The fleurs-de-lis represent the unit's participation in five campaigns in Europe during World War II, while the sword with blade in the colors of the Belgium Fourragére refers to that award received for service in Belgium and the Ardennes. The laurel branch and the star denote awards of the French Croix de Guerre with Palm and with Star for service in France during World War II; the scarlet scroll alludes to the Meritorious Unit Commendation.[28]Background: The distinctive unit insignia was authorized for the noncolor bearing units of the 30th Infantry Brigade on 11 June 1974. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 2004, with the description updated, for the 30th Brigade Combat Team, North Carolina Army National Guard.[28]","title":"Insignia"}]

[{"image_text":"Organization 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/30th_Armored_Brigade_Combat_Team_-_Organization_2023.png/300px-30th_Armored_Brigade_Combat_Team_-_Organization_2023.png"},{"image_text":"The 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team prepares for a deployment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/30_HBCT_Deployment.jpg/220px-30_HBCT_Deployment.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Special Designation Listing\". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","url_text":"\"Special Designation Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010028/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pages - 30th ABCT\". nc.ng.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nc.ng.mil/ncnationalguard/Pages/30ABCT.aspx","url_text":"\"Pages - 30th ABCT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Units\". www.wv.ng.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wv.ng.mil/wvunits/","url_text":"\"Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team maintenance Soldiers recognized\". www.army.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/235566/top_30th_armored_brigade_combat_team_maintenance_soldiers_recognized","url_text":"\"Top 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team maintenance Soldiers recognized\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, John. B (1999). Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades. Government Printing Office. p. 646. ISBN 978-0-16-049992-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tGAarOMP5VMC&pg=PA646","url_text":"Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049992-0","url_text":"978-0-16-049992-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive of Stories regarding Frederico Merida\". Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130704092019/http://www.dotandcalm.com/calm-archive/index/t-2927.html","url_text":"\"Archive of Stories regarding Frederico Merida\""},{"url":"http://www.dotandcalm.com/calm-archive/index/t-2927.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Barbara (11 November 2007). \"Haunted by Iraq, a sergeant struggles\". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071228215836/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/staff/barbara_barrett/story/21239.html","url_text":"\"Haunted by Iraq, a sergeant struggles\""},{"url":"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/staff/barbara_barrett/story/21239.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tyson, Ann Scott (21 July 2004). \"Inside one day's fierce battle in Iraq\". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0721/p01s03-woiq.html","url_text":"\"Inside one day's fierce battle in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Petrovic, Kara (June–July 2006). \"'Outside the Wire' Citizen-Soldiers in Combat in Iraq\". VFW Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100617184717/http://www.vfw.org/index.cfm?fa=news.magDtl&dtl=1&mid=3157","url_text":"\"'Outside the Wire' Citizen-Soldiers in Combat in Iraq\""},{"url":"http://www.vfw.org/index.cfm?fa=news.magDtl&dtl=1&mid=3157","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DefenseLink News Release: DoD Identifies Army Casualty\". Defenselink.mil. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7134","url_text":"\"DefenseLink News Release: DoD Identifies Army Casualty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091201005228/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7134","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Military Times, Honor the fallen: Army Capt. Christopher S. Cash\". Militarycity.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090903035436/http%3A//www.militarycity.com/valor/263036.html","url_text":"\"Military Times, Honor the fallen: Army Capt. Christopher S. Cash\""},{"url":"http://www.militarycity.com/valor/263036.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\" (Press release). Department of Defense. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7497","url_text":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honor the fallen: Army Spc. Daniel A. Desens\". Military Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarytimes.com/valor/soldier/263039/","url_text":"\"Honor the fallen: Army Spc. Daniel A. Desens\""}]},{"reference":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\" (Press release). Department of Defense. 29 July 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7587","url_text":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\""}]},{"reference":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\" (Press release). Department of Defensel. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7822","url_text":"\"DoD Identifies Army Casualty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091201004107/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=7822","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Michelle (19 October 2007). \"Guard names brigades tapped for deployments\". Army Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/10/Army_guard_deploy_071029w/","url_text":"\"Guard names brigades tapped for deployments\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Guard Unit Trains in Mississippi\". 1270 WMPM News Blog. 1270 WMPM. 2 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://1270wmpm.blogspot.com/search?q=30th+Brigade","url_text":"\"National Guard Unit Trains in Mississippi\""}]},{"reference":"Clifton, Matthew (14 April 2009). \"Strength of Army families praised as \"Old Hickory\" departs for Iraq\". U.S. Army. Retrieved 20 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/04/14/19659-strength-of-army-families-praised-as-old-hickory-departs-for-iraq/","url_text":"\"Strength of Army families praised as \"Old Hickory\" departs for Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relief in place begins between Iron Brigade and Old Hickory\". Army.mil. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/05/09/20874-relief-in-place-begins-between-iron-brigade--and-old-hickory/","url_text":"\"Relief in place begins between Iron Brigade and Old Hickory\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.C. Guardsmen make first Iraq patrol\". Army.mil. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/06/19/23075-nc-guardsmen-make-first-iraq-patrol/","url_text":"\"N.C. Guardsmen make first Iraq patrol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Soldiers honored for service, lives\". Army.mil. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/06/19/23094-three-Soldiers-honored-for-service-lives/","url_text":"\"Three Soldiers honored for service, lives\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Robert (29 May 2009). \"Old Hickory Guardsmen Fire New Artillery Round in Iraq\". Department of Defense. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvidshub.net/?script=news/news_show.php&id=34255","url_text":"\"Old Hickory Guardsmen Fire New Artillery Round in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Mary (12 July 2009). \"Four 120th CAB Soldiers honored for their service\". U.S. Army. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/07/12/24279-four-120th-CAB-Soldiers-honored-for-their-service/","url_text":"\"Four 120th CAB Soldiers honored for their service\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Julie (4 August 2009). \"NC National Guardsman buried today in Arlington National Cemetery\". WFAE. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wfae.org/post/nc-national-guardsman-buried-today-arlington-national-cemetery","url_text":"\"NC National Guardsman buried today in Arlington National Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"30th Infantry Brigade\". The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120929201238/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=3650","url_text":"\"30th Infantry Brigade\""},{"url":"http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=3650","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"30th Brigade Combat Team to Deploy to Iraq\". WRAL.com. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1985801/","url_text":"\"30th Brigade Combat Team to Deploy to Iraq\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613221835/http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1985801/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_de_l%27Aviation_Civile

École nationale de l'aviation civile

["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Aviation-safety university in Paris","1.3 First partners","1.4 Transition","1.5 Public administrative institution","1.6 New missions","1.7 International dimension","1.8 Directors","2 Administration","2.1 Budget","2.2 ENAC Foundation","3 Campuses","4 Aircraft and simulators","5 Teaching and research","5.1 Programs","5.2 Continuing education","5.3 International partners","5.4 Research","6 Rankings","7 Notable people","7.1 Alumni","7.2 Faculty","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°33′55″N 1°28′52″E / 43.56528°N 1.48111°E / 43.56528; 1.48111University of civil aviation École nationale de l'aviation civileOther nameENACMottoLa référence aéronautiqueMotto in EnglishThe aeronautical standardTypeGrande écoleEstablished1949 (1949)Academic affiliations3AF, Aerospace Valley, CDEFI, CESAER, CGE, CTI, Elles Bougent, Erasmus, EUR-ACE, France AEROTECH, GEA, IAAPS, ICAO, ISSAT, PEGASUS, Toulouse Tech, University of ToulouseGeneral DirectorOlivier ChansouAdministrative staff910Students3,000 (in 2017)Doctoral students80LocationBiscarrosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse, France43°33′55″N 1°28′52″E / 43.56528°N 1.48111°E / 43.56528; 1.48111CampusBiscarrosse - Parentis Airport, Carcassonne Airport, Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport, Grenoble-Isère Airport, Melun Villaroche Aerodrome, Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport, Muret - Lherm Aerodrome, Saint-Yan Airport and ToulouseColoursBlue and grey   Websitewww.enac.fr École nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) (National School of Civil Aviation) is one of 205 colleges (as of September 2018) accredited to award engineering degrees in France. ENAC is designated as a grande école by the Conférence des Grandes écoles (CGE), a non-profit organisation which certifies and monitors grandes écoles (including engineering colleges). ENAC was founded on 28 August 1949 to provide initial and continuing education in the field of civil aviation. The school is an établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel (a public scientific, cultural or professional establishment), and operates under the oversight of the Ministry of Ecological Transition. Affiliated with the University of Toulouse and Aerospace Valley, it is one of the five founders of France AEROTECH. ENAC offers 30 engineering and technical programs in civil aviation and aeronautics. Programs include aerospace engineering, aircraft maintenance, commercial airline piloting, air traffic control, and flight instructor. The college also offers three Master of Science programs and 12 Advanced Master programs for students with relevant experience. History Origins Max Hymans was secretary general of civil and commercial aviation between 1945 and 1948. In 1945, immediately after World War II, the French air-transport industry experienced rapid growth. To ensure safety and compliance with regulations, demand for qualified staff was high; there was a need to harmonise communications among sectors of the aviation industry. ENAC was founded to address this issue. Among its founders was Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation. During the postwar years, there was a lack of unity in the civil-aviation industry due to the hasty recruitment of large numbers of people from different backgrounds. To standardize personnel, a number of training centers were created. Airfield commanders were trained in Orly, and navigation staff were trained in Le Bourget. Wireless operators and radiotelegraph technicians were also trained in Orly by the Department of Telecommunications and Signaling. Technical managers were primarily trained in engineering schools, including Arts et Métiers and the National School of Meteorology (École nationale de la météorologie). Designers were trained by the École spéciale des travaux aéronautiques, and aircrew were trained by other public or private institutions. ENAC's mission was to coordinate the training of aviation personnel. In Decree No. 49-970 (7 June 1948), the rules of French public administration were codified. The regulations applying to civil-aviation officials were overhauled, affecting the technical staff in particular. Several new groups of civil servants were established: air traffic engineers, air navigation operation engineers, aerial telecommunication civil engineers, air traffic controllers, telecommunication controllers and air navigation agents. The creation of these groups was followed by a ministerial decision on 12 August 1948 which paved the way for the first recruitment by competitive examination, which was held in October 1948. On 14 April 1948, the International Civil Aviation Organization established requirements for aircrew licensing, including a minimum number of flight hours for each category of pilot. Before adopting the name ENAC, the school was called a "service of education and internships" (service des écoles et des stages) and was funded by the general secretariat for civil and commercial aviation. This contrasted with the tradition of French civil-service personnel being trained in grandes écoles. Jules Moch, the Minister of Works, Transport and Tourism, unsuccessfully proposed the name "École nationale de l'aviation marchande". Aviation-safety university in Paris Jules Moch in 1957 ENAC was created on 28 August 1949 (Decree 49–1205) in Paris at the initiative of Secretary General of Civil Aviation Max Hymans and Jules Moch to train professionals in civil aeronautics and coordinate all air-transport stakeholders, including aircrew, technicians, and civil servants. The university is in Orly, south of Paris; ENAC's buildings at Orly were an examination center until the early 1990s. René Lemaire considers ENAC "a university of aviation safety". Aviation safety is synonymous with ENAC, since it was the rationale for the training of technicians and airmen at a single school. As noted in a report of the inspection générale de l'aviation civile, "It was in the minds of the creators of the university to develop between the aircrew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport." However, it is doubtful that the report's "community of ideas" could be only expressed by courses at the same university. Other factors were different lengths of training; air navigation civil engineers in the telecommunications branch study for 30 months at the university; operations students are trained in 27 months; air-navigation engineers in two years, and air traffic controllers in nine months. A consistent education was provided to students in different cycles, integrating programs. First partners ENAC's F-HCTA at Le Touquet. The aircraft is based at Muret-Lherm On 13 October 1959, the first major partner of the university was recognised; this enabled the recruitment of pilots with no previous flight experience. The previous year, the university held training sessions on an experimental basis and was responsible for teaching theory for the airline transport pilot licence. Flight training was provided at the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique (SEFA) center at Saint-Yan Airport (opened in 1949) until students received a commercial pilot licence; advanced training was provided at the Air France school. ENAC also provided theoretical training for pilots of a number of airlines, and the question of cost arose. The expensive training, not paid by France, was eventually borne by private airlines. ENAC buildings and aircraft at Saint-Yan Airport To give its students a thorough understanding of the air-transport environment, ENAC sought to cooperate with the École nationale de la météorologie; a 29 May 1950 report noted the influence of meteorology on air traffic control and advocated meteorological training for air-traffic controllers. Close links also traditionally existed between civil aviation and the Air Force. After World War II, as civil aviation was developing, members of the armed forces participated in its expansion. Pilots, radio operators, navigators and mechanics came from the military to the airlines, and ENAC sought to convert military aircrews. On 9 June 1951, a memorandum specifying the school's responsibilities in the training of military pilots for civil aviation was signed. The university was the general contractor of operations, and provided theoretical training. In accordance with a of 31 March 1951 decree, the Service de l'aviation légère et sportive (SALS) provided free flight training for pilot candidates coming from the army. From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses increased from six to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800. ENAC benefited from the postwar development of aviation, and a number of students came from foreign countries or (in particular) overseas territories which later became independent. During the early 1960s, the university began to accept its first students from foreign civil-aviation authorities. Along with enrollment growth, courses were created to keep pace with new ratings. The navigation-instructor rating was introduced in 1956, and corresponding training began. Courses were sometimes introduced to meet a need, such as a speaking-technique course for instructors that year. The first civilian engineering students were also admitted in 1956. In 1958, the airline-pilot theoretical training course began. Students took an annual trip from ENAC Orly, and were received (in full uniform) by local authorities on their arrival. Transition The university underwent significant changes between 1960 and 1975. It moved to Toulouse in 1968, where the main campus is still located. In 1970, the status of the university was changed from a department of the DGAC to a public institution. The school was originally located on the outskirts of Paris-Orly Airport, France's largest. Its location offered easy access to planes for navigation flights, promotional trips and other activities; leaders of nearby airlines, aircraft manufacturers and other aviation-related businesses could come to the university for lectures and conferences. Students and air-traffic controllers in the Nantes Atlantique Airport control tower However, the rapid growth of traffic at Paris-Orly before the construction of Charles de Gaulle Airport brought new challenges. Requirements for ENAC's aircraft became more stringent, and Aéroports de Paris became increasingly reluctant to renew the university's lease. During the early 1960s, the future of the Orly facilities was uncertain. Earlier, in the mid-1950s, the possibility of moving ENAC to a new location was considered. Potential locations were cities near Paris airports; between 1954 and 1957, Thiais, Rungis, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Les Mureaux and Le Bourget were considered. Regional decentralization became a priority, even before the publication of Jean-François Gravier's Paris et le désert français (Paris and the French Desert). Plans to keep ENAC near Paris seemed increasingly doubtful, and more-distant locations began to be considered. Within a 150-kilometre-mile (93 mi) radius of the capital, cities under consideration included Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres and Orléans. A 20 May 1959 report listed the disadvantages of a location too distant from Paris, however, such as the difficulty of transporting personnel, the possible extension of courses, and increased operating costs. René Lemaire proposed moving the school to Toulouse in a 14 June 1960 report. The city's aeronautical infrastructure and long history as a university town made it an attractive location: the (University of Toulouse, founded in 1229, is one of France's oldest universities. École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques (ENSICA) settled in Toulouse in 1961, and École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (SUPAERO) was going to move from Paris to the city. ENAC's transfer to Toulouse was approved by Prime Minister Michel Debré on 15 June 1961 and confirmed by his successor, Georges Pompidou, in a 23 July 1963 letter. Building construction on the Rangueil campus began in April 1966, and was completed on 19 August 1968. The academic year began on 16 September of that year. Five hundred students were expected, including 325 who were beginning their training. The new students consisted of 15 air-navigation engineering students drawn largely from École Polytechnique, 70 engineering students in air navigation from classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles, 60 airline-pilot students, 100 air-traffic controller students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial-pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students. Public administrative institution Plaque commemorating the 1969 opening of the Toulouse campus The Commission permanente began to examine the university's ambiguous legal status, a problem since it was founded. ENAC was closely monitored by its supervisory authority. Inspection reports (published once every two years or less) were frequently critical of the school, with those published in the mid-1950s beginning to question its existence. The confidential 12 March 1952 Brancourt Controller said that the university had "a lack of curriculum", "there is ... tension with the training center of Air France", and "ENAC is a mistake". These difficulties were largely due to incompatibility between ENAC and the civil-aviation industry, which required it to provide courses for students and trainees who were not necessarily officials of the Direction générale de l'aviation civile (DGAC, its supervisory authority) and to use a varied teaching staff. The university budget also presented a challenges after other types of income, such as non-public resources, were reduced (particularly between 1958 and 1964). In 1962, ENAC considered raising tuition, course prices and fees for non-DGAC students. The school's status required a complex approval process, however, and a status of public administrative institution seemed more appropriate. The decision was made in the 13 April 1970 Decree No. 70-347, which took effect on 1 January 1971. ENAC established a board of directors, with René Lemaire its first president. New missions ENAC Toulouse entrance In 1975, the number of non-civil-service engineering students began to increase. ENAC is becoming important in training civilian aerospace personnel; its primary purpose had been to train civil servants. Civilian students are not new; the first were admitted in 1956. ENAC's engineering program, focused on electronics and information technology, has made the university a de facto engineering grande école. Industry-oriented university research appeared in 1984, in accordance with the higher-education law which mandates that "engineering education  has a research activity, basic or applied", organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computers and aviation economics. The university instructs future engineers in research methods; deductive reasoning, long favored by teachers in the classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles and grandes écoles, has been inferior to the inductive reasoning characteristic of engineering research. The growing interest in research includes air navigation. Mastère spécialisé programs emerged during the mid-1980s for the industrial GIFAS (Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales), training foreign executives in a relatively-short time in addition to French students and professionals. Continuing education diversified at the same time in five main areas: air-traffic control, electronics, computers, aeronautics and languages. International dimension The university's international dimension grew significantly during the 1990s, but was hampered by new training requirements for air-traffic controllers. ENAC participated in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic Control Harmonization and Integration Program), and offered student-mobility programs through the Erasmus and Socrates programmes. The university began to welcome a growing number of foreign students, and formed close ties with foreign universities such as the Berlin Institute of Technology and the Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany and the University of Tampere in Finland. At that time, ENAC created the Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique (GEA France) with the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE) and École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique (ENSMA). The three grandes écoles of this network, in partnership with the DGAC and French companies such as EADS, Airbus, Thales, Eurocopter, and Safran), founded the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation (Chinese-European Aviation Engineering Institute) in Tianjin in 2007, with master's and mastère spécialisé programs for Chinese students. During the 2000s, courses in English and activities focused on air navigation were developed. In 2009, the university and its alumni association organized the first aeronautical literary festival in Toulouse. ENAC became an ICAO center for training in aviation security in December 2010. The university established new teaching facilities: the CAUTRA air traffic control simulator, the AERSIM aerodrome control simulator, an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the CFM 56-5B engine for the A321, and a telecom-network laboratory. ENAC became Europe's largest aviation university on 1 January 2011, when it merged with SEFA. In 2013, the university and DGAC introduced the groupement d'intérêt économique DSNA Services (later France Aviation Civile Services). Directors See also: Category:Directors of the École nationale de l'aviation civile The current director of the university is Olivier Chansou, who succeeded former SEFA director Marc Houalla. Chansou, the school's eighth director, was elected on 27 November 2017. ENAC directors Name Term Occupation Guy du Merle (1908–1993) 1948–1951 Aerospace engineer, test pilot, writer Gilbert Manuel (1913–2010) 1951–1967 Telecommunications engineer Louis Pailhas (born 1926) 1967–1982 Aerospace engineer André Sarreméjean 1982–1990 Aerospace engineer Alain Soucheleau 1990–1999 Aerospace engineer Gérard Rozenknop (born 1950) 1999–2008 Aerospace engineer Marc Houalla (born 1961) 2008–2017 Aerospace engineer, manager Olivier Chansou (born 1965) 2017–present Aerospace engineer Administration The university is managed by an elected president, who oversees three councils; training and research, flight training, and international relations and development. Budget ENAC had a 2011 budget of €126 million, a 61-percent increase over the 2010 budget. This was due to the school's merger with SEFA, and included a €102 million EU subsidy. ENAC Foundation After several months of consideration, the ENAC Foundation was established in September 2011. It aims to guide the training and research council in reforming the school's engineering program and fostering corporate partnerships. The foundation consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès and Aéroconseil. Campuses BiscarrosseCarcassonneCastelnaudaryGrenobleMelunMontpellierMuretChâteau-Arnoux-Saint-AubanSaint-YanToulouseclass=notpageimage| ENAC campuses Hélène Boucher Building at ENAC Toulouse ENAC has 10 campuses; the main campus is in Rangueil, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Toulouse. The other campuses are: A gliding center at Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport A maintenance center for the ENAC fleet at Castelnaudary – Villeneuve Airport Carcassonne Airport (airline-pilot and aerobatics studies) Alpes–Isère Airport (VFR and flight instructor training) Biscarrosse – Parentis Airport (VFR flight and air traffic controller training) Saint-Yan Airport (IFR and multi-engine pilot training) Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport (airline-pilot and air-traffic controller training) Muret – Lherm Aerodrome (airline-pilot and air-traffic controller training) Melun Villaroche Aerodrome (DGAC staff training) The main campus can provide student accommodation. It has a cafeteria, library, computer rooms, a fitness room, a rugby field, five tennis courts, beach volleyball, and a driving range. Aircraft and simulators ENAC has a fleet of 130 aircraft: Mudry CAP 10s for aerobatics Socata TB-10s and TB-20s, Diamond DA 40s, Diamond DA 42s, and Beechcraft Baron 58s for basic and instrument training Beechcraft Super King Airs and ATR 42s for calibration The Toulouse campus has a number of fixed and full flight simulators (Robin DR400, Socata TB-20, Airbus A320 and Airbus A340). The air navigation department has control-tower simulators (at 120 or 360 degrees), a ground-controlled approach and an area control center simulator. Teaching and research Programs Each university program has its own recruitment process, primarily by competitive examination. ENAC has four bachelor's degree programs to train airline pilots and civil-aviation technicians. The school provides theoretical training for airline-pilot students (EPL) in eight months at its Toulouse campus; sixteen months of practical training is provided at the Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan and Muret campuses. Since 1992, graduates of this training have been represented by the alumni association AGEPAC. The university has proposed preparation for the airline transport pilot licence which would enable high-school students from low-income families to become airline pilots after receiving their baccalauréat. Students can then prepare for commercial pilot licence or aeronautical operations technician training. The technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA) certification can lead to the civil-service technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (TSEEAC) or Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant positions. The university has seven master's-degree programs to train students for the aerospace industry and the DGAC. DGAC air-traffic controller and air traffic safety electronics personnel (IESSA) training is provided by the university. The Ingénieur ENAC (IENAC) course trains aerospace engineers in three sectors: electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S), and aeronautical engineering] (T). Ten percent of its students are civil-service engineering students, who become ingénieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (civil-aviation operations engineers) after graduation. ENAC is a specialized university for École Polytechnique graduates. Since the 16 April 2002 merger of the corps des ingénieurs de l'aviation civile (IAC) (civil-aviation engineering department) and its geography and meteorology branches into the Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests, the training of DGAC managers has changed. Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests officials are trained at the École des ponts ParisTech; about 300 course hours are organized in cooperation with ENAC for students desiring to join the DGAC. The university created a master's-degree program in International Air Transport Opération Management (IATOM) in 2007, in 2011 a master's-degree program (supported by the European Commission) in satellite navigation, and a master's-degree program in air traffic management (in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 2012. The master's-degree program in human–computer interaction (IHM) is in cooperation with Paul Sabatier University. ENAC provides Mastère spécialisé programs in airport management, air-transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication, navigation and surveillance and satellite applications for aviation (CNSSAA), aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (ASAA, in partnership with the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace and the École de l'Air), air-ground collaborative systems engineering (AGCSE), aviation and air traffic management (AATM) and aerospace project management (APM, in partnership with the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace and the École de l'air). Alumni of the three master's programs (the Ingénieur ENAC program, Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests officials, and the Mastère spécialisé programs) were represented by IngENAC, an association founded in 1987 in Toulouse which was a member of the Conseil national des ingénieurs et scientifiques de France. On 16 March 2012, IngENAC decided to represent all the alumni of the university and changed its name to ENAC Alumni. Continuing education Hosting over 7,500 students in more than 600 courses annually, with revenue of €15 million, ENAC is Europe's largest organization for aeronautical continuing education. Courses are in air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, and aircraft control (flight instructor), for French and foreign businesses and CGAC personnel. International partners An ENAC Socata TB-20 at Airexpo at Muret – Lherm Aerodrome, 28 May 2011 IENAC students can study at the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace and the École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique as part of the groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, at the INPT, and at Audencia Business School. As part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third-year engineering students has been proposed with Centrale Lyon, Centrale Nantes, ENSEIRB-MATMECA and Arts et Métiers ParisTech. Students abroad have access to the Erasmus Programme and Pegasus. Eight percents of students in the 2011 Ingénieur ENAC course were foreign students; forty-six percent of all students were foreign students in 2010. The university has agreements with Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington and École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile, and trains the staff of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar. ENAC is a founder of the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation in Tianjin. The university provides mastère spécialisé programs at the Civil Aviation University of China for Chinese students in airport management, aviation-safety management (airworthiness), aviation-safety management (flight operations) and aviation-safety management (aeronautical maintenance, the latter two in partnership with the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace). In December 2011, the university signed an agreement with the École des ponts ParisTech and the Mohammed VI International Academy of Civil Aviation to introduce an MBA program in aviation management for aerospace middle management in March 2012 in Casablanca. Research Main entrance, inner court, ENAC Toulouse ENAC conducts research in accordance with the 1984 law on higher education which mandates that "la formation des ingénieurs ... comporte une activité de recherche, fondamentale ou appliquée" ("engineer training ... contains a research activity, pure or applied"). Research was originally organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computers, and aviation economics. In mid-2009, research teams were in the following laboratories: automatique – recherche opérationnelle (LARA) (automation – operational research), économie – d'économétrie de l'aérien (LÉÉA) (economy – air econometrics), étude – d'optimisation des architectures des réseaux de télécommunications (LÉOPART) (optimization of telecommunications network architecture), électromagnétisme pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LÉTA) (electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications), informatique interactive (LII) (interactive computing), mathématiques appliquées (LMA) (applied mathematics), optimisation du trafic aérien (LOTA) (air-traffic optimization), and traitement du signal pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LTST) (signal processing for aeronautical telecommunications). Since 2005, ENAC has had a team specializing in UAVs which maintains and develops Paparazzi, an open-source system for automatic control of UAVs. Infrastructure includes a planetarium and an air-traffic control simulator. ENAC is a founding member of the European Academy for Aviation Safety (EAFAS). During the 2005 Paris Air Show, the university announced a partnership with ONERA in the fields of air traffic management, aviation safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and aviation economics. At the end of 2011, ENAC established a research organization consisting of six programs (UAVs and air-traffic control, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air-ground communications and sustainable development) in four laboratories: applied mathematics – optimization – optimal control – control engineering operations research (MAIAA); signal processing – satellite positioning system – electromagnetism – networks (TELECOM); architecture – modeling – engineering of interactive systems (LII), and economics – air transport econometrics (LEEA). Rankings National ranking (ranked for its Master of Sciences in Engineering) Name Year Rank DAUR Rankings 2022 27 ea Notable people Alumni See also: Category:École nationale de l'aviation civile alumni Faculty Mélanie Astles, French aerobatics champion In popular culture Yann Gozlan's film, Black Box, released in 2021, features as the main character an aeronautical engineer who graduated from ENAC and works for the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. See also Direction générale de l'aviation civile ENAC Alumni References ^ (in French)Liens Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ GEA – Groupement des Grandes Ecoles Aéronautiques et Spatiales Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)ENAC Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile Archived 5 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Avis n° 2011/04-03 relatif à l'habilitation de l'Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) à délivrer un titre d'ingénieur diplômé" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011. ^ (in French)La formation Ingénieur ENAC reçoit le label EUR-ACE ^ "Elargissement du réseau FRANCE AEROTECH et signature d'une charte de gouvernance" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012. ^ "IAAPS || International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools". Iaaps.info. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011. ^ (in French)Décret numéro 2007-651 du 30 avril 2007 portant statut de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile ^ (in French)France Aérotech, un nouveau réseau pour l’aéronautique et le spatial ^ "ENAC Graduate Engineer". calameo.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ "Le Iatom, unique au monde". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 13 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 14 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 15 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 18 ^ Speech on 3 March 1951. ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 25 ^ René LEMAIRE, 1952 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 28 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 32 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 33 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 34 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 35 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 36 ^ (in French)Book 50 ans d'Énac p.45 ^ "Plaquette de présentation de l'ENAC". ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 55 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 56 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 57 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 58 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 59 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 61 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 62 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 63 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 79 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 81 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 87 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 88 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 89 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 91 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 101 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 102 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 125 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 127 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 130 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 129 ^ a b (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 131 ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 133 ^ (in French)Le réseau GEA France Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)L'aéronautique forme des cadets en Chine et en Libye ^ (in French)SAFRAN, PARTENAIRE DES UNIVERSITÉS CHINOISES ^ (in French)Les formations en partenariat Archived 14 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)Mastères spécialisés Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 146 ^ (in French)Le livre prend son envol au salon de l'ENAC ^ (in French)Le Centre de formation à la sûreté de l'ENAC agréé par l'OACI Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Énac, p. 143 ^ "La France dispose de la plus grande école d'aviation européenne" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012. ^ ""DSNA Services" devient "France Aviation Civile Services"" (in French). Retrieved 30 August 2019. ^ (in French)Marc Houalla le pilote du changement ^ (in French)Marc HOUALLA ^ (in French)Décret du 27 novembre 2017 portant nomination du directeur de l'Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) – M. CHANSOU (Olivier) ^ Annuaire INGENAC 2010, p. 9 ^ (in French)Construction des avions: par Guy Du Merle,... Préface de Paul Dumanois,... ^ "La lettre d'information mensuelle de l'École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile" (PDF) (in French). ^ (in French)Annuaire Archived 30 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)PAILHAS Louis ^ (in French)Monsieur Louis PAILHAS ^ "L' ÉNAC à ORLY" (PDF) (in French). ^ (in French)L'Énac fête ses cinquante ans ^ (in French)Gérard ROZENKNOP ^ (in French)Gérard ROZENKNOP ^ (in French)Marc Houalla le pilote du changement ^ (in French)Marc Houalla : un nouveau pilote pour l'École de l'aviation civile ^ (in French)Organigramme général Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)Avis présenté au nom de la commission du développement durable et de l'aménagement du territoire sur la loi de finances pour 2011 (n° 2824), tome IV, écologie, développement et améngament durables : transports aériens ^ (in French) Enac : L'école cherche à se doter d'une fondation ^ (in French) Newsletter ENAC – n°97 / Septembre 2011 ^ (in French) Travaux. Rangueil : l'Enac rénove son campus ^ a b (in French)Enac / SEFA : La fusion opérationnelle pour le 1er janvier 2011 ^ (in French)Les cadets Air France dans la nature Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) De la voltige de haut niveau ^ (in French) Formation FI ^ (in French) L'École nationale d'aviation civile ouvre ses portes ^ (in French) SEFA 60 Ans au Sommet ^ (in French) Les 60 ans de Saint Yan ^ (in French) L'AEROPORT DE SAINT YAN ^ (in French) Montpellier, entre ciel et mer ^ (in French) Muret ^ (in French) Melun-Villaroche – L'aérodrome restera occupé toute la semaine ^ (in French) École Nationale de l’Aviation Civile ENAC – Toulouse ^ (in French) La France dispose de la plus grande école d'aviation européenne Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)Tout est bon dans le Salon ^ (in French) Un simulateur de vol à prix discount ^ (in French) Lettre mensuelle DSNA numéro 29 – avril 2010 Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)L'ENAC met en réseau ses simulateurs de vol et de contrôle pour répondre aux besoins de formation et de recherche des entreprises aéronautiques Archived 17 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Calendrier des recrutements ÉNAC 2012 Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Page d'accueil ^ (in French)Plaquette de présentation de la formation ingénieur ÉNAC ^ (in French)Décret n°2002-523 du 16 avril 2002 portant statut particulier du corps des ingénieurs des ponts et chaussées. ^ (in French)Création du Master GNSS Archived 1 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)Les formations ingénieur ENAC ^ (in French)Nouveau MASTER Global Navigation Satellite System, (GNSS) Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Master of Science in Air Traffic Management Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)Master IHM ^ (in French) ENAC Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile ^ SM-ASAA ^ (in French) La Conférence des Grandes Écoles accrédite le nouveau Mastère Spécialisé AVIATION & AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT de l’ENAC Archived 15 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Mastère Spécialisé : Aerospace Project Management Mastère Spécialisé : Aerospace Project Management Archived 21 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ SM-APM ^ (in French) Page d'accueil ^ Assemblée générale d'ENAC Alumni ^ (in French) Master IT parcours SIGL Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Enac : Partenariat avec l'Ecole de Commerce de Nantes ^ (in French)Élargissement du réseau FRANCE AEROTECH et signature d’une charte de gouvernance Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b (in French)Page des échanges internationaux ^ (in French) ÉNAC Toulouse dans le palmarès l'Étudiant 2012 ^ (in French) OBJECTIF n° 2 : Faire de l’ENAC une école de référence dans le domaine du transport aérien en France et à l’étranger Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Plaquette de présentation de l'ÉNAC ^ (in French)L'ÉNAC dans le monde ^ Students graduate from Airbus aviation program ^ (in French)UN NOUVEL EXECUTIVE MBA POUR L’AVIATION ^ (in French)L'AIAC lance un Executive MBA in Aviation Management ^ (in French) 50 ans d'Enac, p. 125 ^ (in French) Laboratoire de recherche opérationnelle et automatique Archived 14 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Laboratoire d'économie et d'économétrie de l'aérien Archived 17 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French) Présentation (succincte) du LEOPART ^ (in French)Développement d'algorithmes de planification tactique de trajectoires avion. ^ (in French) Laboratoire d'Électromagnétisme pour les Télécommunications Aéronautiques (LETA) ^ (in French) Le laboratoire d'informatique interactive ^ (in French) Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal pour les Télécommunications Aéronautiques (LTST) ^ (in French)Page d'accueil ^ (in French) Page principale ^ (in French) Partenariat stratégique ÉNAC-ONÉRA dans le domaine de la recherche Archived 25 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in French)L’ENAC et l’ONERA mettent leurs compétences en commun afin de promouvoir une recherche d’excellence et apporter des solutions à des clients français et étrangers ^ (in French) Newsletter ENAC – n°98 / Novembre 2011 ^ "2022 French Graduate Schools of Engineering ranking". daur-rankings.com. ^ Cinq éléments (techniques) du film Boîte Noire évalués à l'aune de la réalité Bibliography Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, June 2005, 782 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques » Sandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare – Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité » Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », September 2010 GIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to École nationale de l'aviation civile. ENAC official website ENAC Foundation ENAC Alumni Links to related articles vteConférence des Grandes écolesEngineering grandes écoles Agrocampus Ouest Agro ParisTech Bordeaux Sciences Agro AgroSup Dijon Arts et Métiers ParisTech Chimie ParisTech CNAM CPE Lyon CY Tech EBI École centrale Lille Lyon Marseille Nantes Paris ECAM ECAM Lyon ECAM Rennes ECE Paris École des ponts ParisTech École de l'air École navale ECPM EFREI EI Cesi EIGSI EIVP École des mines Alès Albi-Carmaux Douai Nancy Nantes Mines ParisTech Saint-Étienne ENAC ENGEES ENIB ENIM ENISE ENITIAA ENSAE ParisTech ENSAI ENSAIA ENSAIT ENSC Lille Montpellier Mulhouse Rennes ENSCBP Bordeaux ENSEA ENSEIRB-MATMECA ENSEM ENSG-Géologie ENSG-Géomatique ENSGSI ENSIC ENSICAEN ENSIIE ENSISA ENSSAT ENSTA ParisTech ENSTIB ENTPE École Polytechnique EPITA EPF EPMI ESA ESAIP ESB ESCOM ESEO ESIEA ESIEE Amiens ESIEE Engineering ESIGELEC ESITC Caen ESME-Sudria ESPCI ParisTech ESTACA ESTIA ESTP Grenoble INP ENSE3 ENSIMAG ENSGI PAGORA PHELMA ESISAR HEI ICAM IFP School INP Toulouse ENSEEIHT ENSIACET ENIT ENM ENSAT EIP INSA CVL Hauts-de-France Lyon Rennes Rouen Strasbourg Toulouse Institut d'optique IPSA ISA ISAE ISAT ISARA Lyon ISEN Brest Lille Toulon ISEP ISIMA ISMANS ITECH Lyon SupAgro Polyméca ENSCI ENSTA Bretagne ENSMA ENSMM Supméca Polytech Group Annecy-Chambéry Angers Clermont-Ferrand Grenoble Lille Lyon Marseille Montpellier Nancy Nantes Nice Orléans Paris-Saclay Sorbonne Tours SIGMA Clermont Institut Mines-Télécom Bretagne Évry Lille Paris ESILV Télécom Physique Strasbourg Unilasalle UTBM UTC UTT VetAgro Sup Business schools Audencia BSB EDC Paris EDHEC Emlyon Business School EMLV EM Normandie EM Strasbourg ESC Bretagne Brest La Rochelle BS ESC Clermont ESC Pau ESC Rennes ESCEM ESCP Business School ESDES ESSCA ESSEC European Business School Paris Grenoble ESC Troyes HEC Paris ICD ICN Graduate IESEG INSEAD INSEEC IPAG ISC Paris ISG KEDGE Montpellier NEOMA PSB Skema Telecom Toulouse Others CELSA Paris CFJ Paris EHESP ENA 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Technology Grenoble Alpes University INSA de Lyon IP Paris IST ITU KIT KPI KTH KU Leuven Leibniz University Hannover Lund NOVA NTNU Paris-Saclay ParisTech POLITO Polytechnic University of Milan Porto PUB PUT RWTH Aachen Sapienza University of Rome Sheffield Southampton Strathclyde STU Stuttgart Surrey Technion TU Berlin TU Braunschweig TU Darmstadt TU Delft TU Dresden TU Warsaw TU Wien Twente UCLouvain UPC UPM UPV UCD vteÉtablissement public à caractère administratifMinistry of Armed Forces Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace ENSTA ParisTech École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne École Polytechnique Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service Établissement de communication et de production audiovisuelle de la Défense Établissement public d'insertion de la défense Musée de l'Armée Musée national de la Marine Musée de l'Air Académie de Marine Etablissement public national des fonds de prévoyance militaire et de l'aéronautique National Office for Veterans and Victims of War Ministry of the Interior Right of Asylum in France Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité Ministry of Labour, Employmentand Economic Inclusion Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail Ministry of Economy and Finance Mines ParisTech École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne École des Mines de Douai École des mines d'Alès École des mines de Nantes École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux Ministry of Higher Education,Research and Innovation Groupe Concours Polytechniques 3 of the 4 Groupe des écoles nationales d’ingénieurs École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes 7 of the 9 Institut d'études politiques École Nationale Supérieure de l'Électronique et de ses Applications École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise École nationale supérieure de la nature et du paysage École nationale supérieure des arts et techniques du théâtre École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière Côte d'Azur Observatory Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés Ministry of National Education,Youth and Sports Centre international d'études pédagogiques National Centre for Distance Education Ward of the Nation Ministry of Agriculture and Food Établissement national des produits de l'agriculture et de la mer Agence de services et de paiement Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation Inventaire Forestier National Ministry of Ecological Transition Agence nationale de l'habitat Agence de l'eau École des Ponts ParisTech École nationale de l'aviation civile Institut Géographique National Météo-France French Office for Biodiversity Ministry of Europe andForeign Affairs Agency for French Teaching Abroad Ministry of Culture Bibliothèque nationale de France Bibliothèque publique d'information Centre des monuments nationaux Centre Georges Pompidou Centre national des arts plastiques National Center of Cinematography and the moving image Centre national du livre Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration CNSAD Conservatoire de Paris Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon École du Louvre Écoles nationales supérieure d'architecture École nationale supérieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise École nationale supérieure de la photographie École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts Établissement public des musées d'Orsay et de l'Orangerie - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture Institut national du patrimoine Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives Palace of Fontainebleau Guimet Museum Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Musée du Louvre Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée Picasso Musée Rodin Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles Ministry of Solidarityand Health École nationale supérieure de sécurité sociale Ministry of Territorial Development Institut national des études territoriales Not classified IAE Paris Institut des hautes études de défense nationale French Academy of Technologies Agence centrale des organismes de sécurité sociale Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail Agence Nationale de la Recherche AD Isère Drac Romanche Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications National Computer Center for Higher Education Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés Centre national des œuvres universitaires et scolaires Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie Centre de ressources, d'expertise et de performance sportives Chamber of Commerce and Industry Service départemental d'incendie et de secours Île-de-France Mobilités Association syndicale autorisée vteFrance AEROTECH Centrale Lyon Centrale Nantes ÉNAC ENSAM ENSEIRB-MATMECA vteHigher education in BordeauxPRES University of Bordeaux Universities Bordeaux 1 Bordeaux 2 Bordeaux 3 Bordeaux 4 Engineering grandes écoles Bordeaux Sciences Agro Arts et Métiers ParisTech IPB ENSC ENSCBP ENSEIRB-MATMECA ENSEGID ENSTBB ESME-Sudria Business schools BEM Management School INSEEC ISEG Others École nationale de l'aviation civile École nationale de la magistrature École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux EPITECH E-Artsup Sciences Po vteInternational Association of Aviation Personnel SchoolsBelgium Ben-air flight academy Sabena Flight Academy Croatia Faculty of transport and traffic sciences Croatia aviation training center Finland Finnish aviation academy France Airbus training division École de pilotage amaury de la grange École nationale de l'aviation civile ESMA aviation academy Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz Germany Haeusl'air IKON Gmbh Lufthansa flight training Verband deutscher Verkehrsfliegerschulen Morocco École nationale des pilotes de ligne Netherlands EPST KLM flight academy CAE Global Academy Amsterdam Nationale luchtvaart school Stella aviation academy Spain Asociación de escuelas de formación aeronáutica Flight training Europe Sweden European flight training academy Scandinavian aviation academy Switzerland Swiss aviation training Turkey ER-AH aviation commerce United Kingdom London Metropolitan University Oxford Aviation Academy European University Association Networks of European universities European Society for Engineering Education European Federation of National Engineering Associations vteToulouse TechEngineering grandes écolesENAC • ENIT • ENM • ENSGTI • ENSTIMAC • EIP • ICAM Toulouse • INP-ENSAT • INP-ENSEEIHT • INP-ENSIACET • INSA Toulouse • ISAEVeterinary schoolsENVTArchitecture schoolsENSA ToulouseAgronomy schoolsÉcole nationale de formation agronomique European Society for Engineering Education European Federation of National Engineering Associations vteUniversité fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées Grandes écoles National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INPT) École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse) École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, d'Électrotechnique, d'Informatique, d'Hydraulique et des Télécommunications (ENSEEIHT) École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques (ENSIACET) École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes (ENIT) École nationale de la météorologie (ENM) École d'ingénieurs de Purpan (EI Purpan) École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENV Toulouse) Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse) Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE) École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux (ENSTIMAC) École nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse) École nationale de formation agronomique Toulouse Business School (TBS) Institut catholique d'arts et métiers (ICAM Toulouse) Universities Toulouse 1 University Capitole University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès Paul Sabatier University Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research See also the original University of Toulouse which existed from 1229 to 1793 and from 1896 to 1969 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France"},{"link_name":"grande école","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole"},{"link_name":"Conférence des Grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"civil aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Ecological Transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Ecological_Transition_(France)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Valley"},{"link_name":"France AEROTECH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_AEROTECH"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"civil aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"aerospace engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"aircraft maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician"},{"link_name":"air traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controller"},{"link_name":"flight instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instructor"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Advanced Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"University of civil aviationÉcole nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) (National School of Civil Aviation) is one of 205 colleges (as of September 2018) accredited to award engineering degrees in France. ENAC is designated as a grande école by the Conférence des Grandes écoles (CGE), a non-profit organisation which certifies and monitors grandes écoles (including engineering colleges). ENAC was founded on 28 August 1949 to provide initial and continuing education in the field of civil aviation. The school is an établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel (a public scientific, cultural or professional establishment), and operates under the oversight of the Ministry of Ecological Transition.[8] Affiliated with the University of Toulouse and Aerospace Valley, it is one of the five founders of France AEROTECH.[9]ENAC offers 30 engineering and technical programs in civil aviation and aeronautics.[10] Programs include aerospace engineering, aircraft maintenance, commercial airline piloting, air traffic control, and flight instructor. The college also offers three Master of Science programs and 12 Advanced Master programs for students with relevant experience.[11]","title":"École nationale de l'aviation civile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max-Hymans-dans-son-bureau.JPG"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Max Hymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hymans"},{"link_name":"secretary general of civil and commercial aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation_(France)"},{"link_name":"Orly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orly"},{"link_name":"Le Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourget"},{"link_name":"Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"radiotelegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy"},{"link_name":"Arts et Métiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech"},{"link_name":"École nationale de la météorologie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie"},{"link_name":"aircrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"International Civil Aviation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jules Moch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Moch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_18-15"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Max Hymans was secretary general of civil and commercial aviation between 1945 and 1948.In 1945, immediately after World War II, the French air-transport industry experienced rapid growth. To ensure safety and compliance with regulations, demand for qualified staff was high; there was a need to harmonise communications among sectors of the aviation industry. ENAC was founded to address this issue.[12] Among its founders was Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation.During the postwar years, there was a lack of unity in the civil-aviation industry due to the hasty recruitment of large numbers of people from different backgrounds. To standardize personnel, a number of training centers were created. Airfield commanders were trained in Orly, and navigation staff were trained in Le Bourget. Wireless operators and radiotelegraph technicians were also trained in Orly by the Department of Telecommunications and Signaling. Technical managers were primarily trained in engineering schools, including Arts et Métiers and the National School of Meteorology (École nationale de la météorologie). Designers were trained by the École spéciale des travaux aéronautiques, and aircrew were trained by other public or private institutions.[13] ENAC's mission was to coordinate the training of aviation personnel.In Decree No. 49-970 (7 June 1948), the rules of French public administration were codified. The regulations applying to civil-aviation officials were overhauled, affecting the technical staff in particular. Several new groups of civil servants were established: air traffic engineers, air navigation operation engineers, aerial telecommunication civil engineers, air traffic controllers, telecommunication controllers and air navigation agents. The creation of these groups was followed by a ministerial decision on 12 August 1948 which paved the way for the first recruitment by competitive examination, which was held in October 1948. On 14 April 1948, the International Civil Aviation Organization established requirements for aircrew licensing, including a minimum number of flight hours for each category of pilot.[14]Before adopting the name ENAC, the school was called a \"service of education and internships\" (service des écoles et des stages) and was funded by the general secretariat for civil and commercial aviation. This contrasted with the tradition of French civil-service personnel being trained in grandes écoles. Jules Moch, the Minister of Works, Transport and Tourism, unsuccessfully proposed the name \"École nationale de l'aviation marchande\".[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jules_Moch_-_%D0%96%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA_(1957).jpg"},{"link_name":"Max Hymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hymans"},{"link_name":"Jules Moch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Moch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_18-15"},{"link_name":"aircrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aviation safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_safety"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_25-17"},{"link_name":"air navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation"},{"link_name":"air traffic controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controller"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_25-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Aviation-safety university in Paris","text":"Jules Moch in 1957ENAC was created on 28 August 1949 (Decree 49–1205) in Paris at the initiative of Secretary General of Civil Aviation Max Hymans and Jules Moch[15] to train professionals in civil aeronautics and coordinate all air-transport stakeholders, including aircrew, technicians, and civil servants. The university is in Orly, south of Paris; ENAC's buildings at Orly were an examination center until the early 1990s. René Lemaire considers ENAC \"a university of aviation safety\".[16] Aviation safety is synonymous with ENAC, since it was the rationale for the training of technicians and airmen at a single school.As noted in a report of the inspection générale de l'aviation civile, \"It was in the minds of the creators of the university to develop between the aircrew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport.\" However, it is doubtful that the report's \"community of ideas\" could be only expressed by courses at the same university. Other factors were different lengths of training;[17] air navigation civil engineers in the telecommunications branch study for 30 months at the university; operations students are trained in 27 months; air-navigation engineers in two years, and air traffic controllers in nine months.[17] A consistent education was provided to students in different cycles, integrating programs.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-HCTA.jpg"},{"link_name":"airline transport pilot licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_transport_pilot_licence"},{"link_name":"Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27exploitation_de_la_formation_a%C3%A9ronautique"},{"link_name":"Saint-Yan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yan_Airport"},{"link_name":"commercial pilot licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_pilot_licence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_28-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_28-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerodrome-saintyan.JPG"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"air traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_32-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_32-20"},{"link_name":"general contractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_35-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instructor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_35-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"First partners","text":"ENAC's F-HCTA at Le Touquet. The aircraft is based at Muret-LhermOn 13 October 1959, the first major partner of the university was recognised; this enabled the recruitment of pilots with no previous flight experience. The previous year, the university held training sessions on an experimental basis and was responsible for teaching theory for the airline transport pilot licence. Flight training was provided at the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique (SEFA) center at Saint-Yan Airport (opened in 1949) until students received a commercial pilot licence; advanced training was provided at the Air France school. ENAC also provided theoretical training for pilots of a number of airlines, and the question of cost arose.[19] The expensive training, not paid by France, was eventually borne by private airlines.[19]ENAC buildings and aircraft at Saint-Yan AirportTo give its students a thorough understanding of the air-transport environment, ENAC sought to cooperate with the École nationale de la météorologie; a 29 May 1950 report noted the influence of meteorology on air traffic control and advocated meteorological training for air-traffic controllers.[20] Close links also traditionally existed between civil aviation and the Air Force. After World War II, as civil aviation was developing, members of the armed forces participated in its expansion. Pilots, radio operators, navigators and mechanics came from the military to the airlines, and ENAC sought to convert military aircrews.[20] On 9 June 1951, a memorandum specifying the school's responsibilities in the training of military pilots for civil aviation was signed. The university was the general contractor of operations, and provided theoretical training. In accordance with a of 31 March 1951 decree, the Service de l'aviation légère et sportive (SALS) provided free flight training for pilot candidates coming from the army.[21]From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses increased from six to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800.[22] ENAC benefited from the postwar development of aviation, and a number of students came from foreign countries or (in particular) overseas territories which later became independent.[23] During the early 1960s, the university began to accept its first students from foreign civil-aviation authorities.[24] Along with enrollment growth, courses were created to keep pace with new ratings. The navigation-instructor rating was introduced in 1956, and corresponding training began. Courses were sometimes introduced to meet a need, such as a speaking-technique course for instructors that year. The first civilian engineering students were also admitted in 1956. In 1958, the airline-pilot theoretical training course began.[23] Students took an annual trip from ENAC Orly, and were received (in full uniform) by local authorities on their arrival.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"DGAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation_(France)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_55-27"},{"link_name":"Paris-Orly Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Orly_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICNA_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nantes Atlantique Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes_Atlantique_Airport"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Aéroports de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9roports_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_55-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Thiais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiais"},{"link_name":"Rungis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungis"},{"link_name":"Issy-les-Moulineaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux"},{"link_name":"Les Mureaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mureaux"},{"link_name":"Le Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourget"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Gravier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gravier"},{"link_name":"Melun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"},{"link_name":"Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"},{"link_name":"Coulommiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulommiers,_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"Étampes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tampes"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Évreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vreux"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"University of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_constructions_a%C3%A9ronautiques"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Michel Debré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rangueil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangueil"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_pr%C3%A9paratoire_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"flight dispatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dispatcher"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Transition","text":"The university underwent significant changes between 1960 and 1975. It moved to Toulouse in 1968,[26] where the main campus is still located. In 1970, the status of the university was changed from a department of the DGAC to a public institution.[27]The school was originally located on the outskirts of Paris-Orly Airport, France's largest. Its location offered easy access to planes for navigation flights, promotional trips and other activities; leaders of nearby airlines, aircraft manufacturers and other aviation-related businesses could come to the university for lectures and conferences.Students and air-traffic controllers in the Nantes Atlantique Airport control towerHowever, the rapid growth of traffic at Paris-Orly before the construction of Charles de Gaulle Airport brought new challenges. Requirements for ENAC's aircraft became more stringent, and Aéroports de Paris became increasingly reluctant to renew the university's lease.[27] During the early 1960s, the future of the Orly facilities was uncertain.[28]Earlier, in the mid-1950s, the possibility of moving ENAC to a new location was considered. Potential locations were cities near Paris airports; between 1954 and 1957, Thiais, Rungis, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Les Mureaux and Le Bourget were considered.[29] Regional decentralization became a priority, even before the publication of Jean-François Gravier's Paris et le désert français (Paris and the French Desert). Plans to keep ENAC near Paris seemed increasingly doubtful, and more-distant locations began to be considered. Within a 150-kilometre-mile (93 mi) radius of the capital, cities under consideration included Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres and Orléans. A 20 May 1959 report listed the disadvantages of a location too distant from Paris, however, such as the difficulty of transporting personnel, the possible extension of courses, and increased operating costs.[30]René Lemaire proposed moving the school to Toulouse in a 14 June 1960 report.[31] The city's aeronautical infrastructure and long history as a university town made it an attractive location: the (University of Toulouse, founded in 1229, is one of France's oldest universities. École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques (ENSICA) settled in Toulouse in 1961, and École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (SUPAERO)[32] was going to move from Paris to the city. ENAC's transfer to Toulouse was approved by Prime Minister Michel Debré on 15 June 1961[33] and confirmed by his successor, Georges Pompidou, in a 23 July 1963 letter.[34]Building construction on the Rangueil campus began in April 1966,[35] and was completed on 19 August 1968. The academic year began on 16 September of that year. Five hundred students were expected, including 325 who were beginning their training. The new students consisted of 15 air-navigation engineering students drawn largely from École Polytechnique, 70 engineering students in air navigation from classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles, 60 airline-pilot students, 100 air-traffic controller students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial-pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_inaugurale_du_campus_de_l%27ENAC_%C3%A0_Toulouse_en_1969.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Direction générale de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation_(France)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"public administrative institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Public administrative institution","text":"Plaque commemorating the 1969 opening of the Toulouse campusThe Commission permanente began to examine the university's ambiguous legal status, a problem since it was founded. ENAC was closely monitored by its supervisory authority. Inspection reports (published once every two years or less)[37] were frequently critical of the school, with those published in the mid-1950s beginning to question its existence. The confidential 12 March 1952 Brancourt Controller said that the university had \"a lack of curriculum\", \"there is ... tension with the training center of Air France\", and \"ENAC is a mistake\".[full citation needed]These difficulties were largely due to incompatibility between ENAC and the civil-aviation industry, which required it to provide courses for students and trainees who were not necessarily officials of the Direction générale de l'aviation civile (DGAC, its supervisory authority) and to use a varied teaching staff.[38] The university budget also presented a challenges after other types of income, such as non-public resources, were reduced (particularly between 1958 and 1964). In 1962, ENAC considered raising tuition, course prices and fees for non-DGAC students. The school's status required a complex approval process, however, and a status of public administrative institution seemed more appropriate.[39] The decision was made in the 13 April 1970 Decree No. 70-347, which took effect on 1 January 1971. ENAC established a board of directors, with René Lemaire its first president.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99ENAC_Toulouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"basic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"applied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_125-43"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"deductive reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"inductive reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_125-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Mastère spécialisé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"GIFAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIFAS"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_131-47"}],"sub_title":"New missions","text":"ENAC Toulouse entranceIn 1975, the number of non-civil-service engineering students began to increase. ENAC is becoming important in training civilian aerospace personnel; its primary purpose had been to train civil servants. Civilian students are not new; the first were admitted in 1956.[41][42] ENAC's engineering program, focused on electronics and information technology, has made the university a de facto engineering grande école.Industry-oriented university research appeared in 1984, in accordance with the higher-education law which mandates that \"engineering education [...] has a research activity, basic or applied\",[43] organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computers and aviation economics. The university instructs future engineers in research methods; deductive reasoning, long favored by teachers in the classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles and grandes écoles, has been inferior to the inductive reasoning characteristic of engineering research.[43] The growing interest in research includes air navigation.[44]Mastère spécialisé programs emerged during the mid-1980s for the industrial GIFAS (Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales),[45] training foreign executives in a relatively-short time in addition to French students and professionals. Continuing education diversified at the same time[46] in five main areas: air-traffic control, electronics, computers, aeronautics and languages.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programme"},{"link_name":"Socrates programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_programme"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50_ans_d'%C3%89nac_p_131-47"},{"link_name":"Berlin Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"University of Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_des_%C3%A9coles_d%27a%C3%A9ronautique"},{"link_name":"Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"EADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"Thales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter"},{"link_name":"Safran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safran"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"aeronautical literary festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_literary_festival"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"aviation security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_security"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"air traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"flight management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_management_system"},{"link_name":"CFM 56-5B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFM-56"},{"link_name":"A321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"SEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27exploitation_de_la_formation_a%C3%A9ronautique"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"groupement d'intérêt économique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_%C3%A9conomique"},{"link_name":"France Aviation Civile Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Aviation_Civile_Services"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"International dimension","text":"The university's international dimension grew significantly during the 1990s, but was hampered by new training requirements for air-traffic controllers. ENAC participated in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic Control Harmonization and Integration Program),[48] and offered student-mobility programs through the Erasmus and Socrates programmes. The university began to welcome a growing number of foreign students,[47] and formed close ties with foreign universities such as the Berlin Institute of Technology and the Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany and the University of Tampere in Finland. At that time, ENAC created the Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique (GEA France) with the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE) and École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique (ENSMA).[49][50] The three grandes écoles of this network, in partnership with the DGAC and French companies such as EADS, Airbus, Thales, Eurocopter, and Safran[51]),[52] founded the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation (Chinese-European Aviation Engineering Institute) in Tianjin in 2007, with master's and mastère spécialisé programs for Chinese students.[53] During the 2000s, courses in English and activities focused on air navigation were developed.[54] In 2009, the university and its alumni association organized the first aeronautical literary festival in Toulouse.[55] ENAC became an ICAO center for training in aviation security in December 2010.[56]The university established new teaching facilities: the CAUTRA air traffic control simulator, the AERSIM aerodrome control simulator, an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the CFM 56-5B engine for the A321, and a telecom-network laboratory.[57] ENAC became Europe's largest aviation university on 1 January 2011, when it merged with SEFA.[58] In 2013, the university and DGAC introduced the groupement d'intérêt économique DSNA Services (later France Aviation Civile Services).[59]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Directors of the École nationale de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Directors_of_the_%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile"},{"link_name":"Olivier Chansou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Chansou"},{"link_name":"SEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27exploitation_de_la_formation_a%C3%A9ronautique"},{"link_name":"Marc Houalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Houalla"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marc_Houalla_sur_site_EducPros-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Directors","text":"See also: Category:Directors of the École nationale de l'aviation civileThe current director of the university is Olivier Chansou, who succeeded former SEFA director Marc Houalla.[60][61] Chansou, the school's eighth director, was elected on 27 November 2017.[62]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"flight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"}],"text":"The university is managed by an elected president,[75] who oversees three councils; training and research, flight training, and international relations and development.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"SEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27exploitation_de_la_formation_a%C3%A9ronautique"}],"sub_title":"Budget","text":"ENAC had a 2011 budget of €126 million, a 61-percent increase over the 2010 budget.[76] This was due to the school's merger with SEFA, and included a €102 million EU subsidy.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"ENAC Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENAC_Foundation"},{"link_name":"human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Collins"},{"link_name":"Thalès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"ENAC Foundation","text":"After several months of consideration,[77] the ENAC Foundation was established in September 2011. It aims to guide the training and research council in reforming the school's engineering program and fostering corporate partnerships. The foundation consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès and Aéroconseil.[78]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscarrosse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnaudary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Arnoux-Saint-Auban"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENAC_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hélène Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Rangueil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangueil"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"gliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding"},{"link_name":"Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Arnoux-Saint-Auban_Airport"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusion_ENAC/SEFA-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Castelnaudary – Villeneuve Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnaudary_%E2%80%93_Villeneuve_Airport"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusion_ENAC/SEFA-80"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne_Airport"},{"link_name":"aerobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Alpes–Isère Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes%E2%80%93Is%C3%A8re_Airport"},{"link_name":"VFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"flight instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instructor"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Biscarrosse – Parentis Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscarrosse_%E2%80%93_Parentis_Airport"},{"link_name":"air traffic controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controller"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Saint-Yan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yan_Airport"},{"link_name":"IFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier%E2%80%93M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_Airport"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Muret – Lherm Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muret_%E2%80%93_Lherm_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Melun Villaroche Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun_Villaroche_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball"},{"link_name":"driving range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_range"}],"text":"BiscarrosseCarcassonneCastelnaudaryGrenobleMelunMontpellierMuretChâteau-Arnoux-Saint-AubanSaint-YanToulouseclass=notpageimage| ENAC campusesHélène Boucher Building at ENAC ToulouseENAC has 10 campuses; the main campus is in Rangueil, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Toulouse.[79] The other campuses are:A gliding center at Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport[80][81]\nA maintenance center for the ENAC fleet at Castelnaudary – Villeneuve Airport[80]\nCarcassonne Airport (airline-pilot and aerobatics studies)[82]\nAlpes–Isère Airport (VFR and flight instructor training)[83]\nBiscarrosse – Parentis Airport (VFR flight and air traffic controller training)[84]\nSaint-Yan Airport (IFR and multi-engine pilot training)[85][86][87]\nMontpellier–Méditerranée Airport (airline-pilot and air-traffic controller training)[88]\nMuret – Lherm Aerodrome (airline-pilot and air-traffic controller training)[89]\nMelun Villaroche Aerodrome (DGAC staff training)[90]The main campus can provide student accommodation.[91] It has a cafeteria, library, computer rooms, a fitness room, a rugby field, five tennis courts, beach volleyball, and a driving range.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Mudry CAP 10s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudry_CAP_10"},{"link_name":"aerobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics"},{"link_name":"Socata TB-10s and TB-20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCATA_TB_family"},{"link_name":"Diamond DA 40s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_DA40_Diamond_Star"},{"link_name":"Diamond DA 42s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_DA42_Twin_Star"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Baron 58s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Super King Airs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air"},{"link_name":"ATR 42s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_42"},{"link_name":"calibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration"},{"link_name":"flight simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Robin DR400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_DR400"},{"link_name":"Socata TB-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socata_TB-20"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Airbus A340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340"},{"link_name":"air navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"ground-controlled approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-controlled_approach"},{"link_name":"area control center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_control_center"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"ENAC has a fleet of 130 aircraft:[92][93]Mudry CAP 10s for aerobatics\nSocata TB-10s and TB-20s, Diamond DA 40s, Diamond DA 42s, and Beechcraft Baron 58s for basic and instrument training\nBeechcraft Super King Airs and ATR 42s for calibrationThe Toulouse campus has a number of fixed and full flight simulators[94] (Robin DR400, Socata TB-20, Airbus A320 and Airbus A340). The air navigation department has control-tower simulators[95] (at 120 or 360 degrees), a ground-controlled approach and an area control center simulator.[96]","title":"Aircraft and simulators"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teaching and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"Saint-Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yan"},{"link_name":"Muret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muret"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"airline transport pilot licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_transport_pilot_licence"},{"link_name":"baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"commercial pilot licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_pilot_licence"},{"link_name":"aeronautical operations technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_operations_technician"},{"link_name":"technicien supérieur de l'aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicien_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27aviation"},{"link_name":"technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicien_sup%C3%A9rieur_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_l%27exploitation_de_l%27aviation_civile"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technician_in_Aviation_non_civil_servant"},{"link_name":"air traffic safety electronics personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_safety_electronics_personnel"},{"link_name":"aerospace engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineer"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"ingénieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_l%27exploitation_de_l%27aviation_civile"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Bridges,_Waters_and_Forests"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"École des ponts ParisTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"satellite navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"air traffic management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_management"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"human–computer interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction"},{"link_name":"Paul Sabatier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Mastère spécialisé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Toulouse Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School"},{"link_name":"communication, navigation and surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication,_navigation_and_surveillance"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"airworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airworthiness"},{"link_name":"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27A%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27Espace"},{"link_name":"École de l'Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27Air"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"air traffic management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_management"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"École de l'air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27air"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Conseil national des ingénieurs et scientifiques de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieurs_et_scientifiques_de_France"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"ENAC Alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENAC_Alumni"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Programs","text":"Each university program has its own recruitment process, primarily by competitive examination.[97] ENAC has four bachelor's degree programs to train airline pilots and civil-aviation technicians. The school provides theoretical training for airline-pilot students (EPL) in eight months at its Toulouse campus; sixteen months of practical training is provided at the Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan and Muret campuses. Since 1992, graduates of this training have been represented by the alumni association AGEPAC.[98] The university has proposed preparation for the airline transport pilot licence which would enable high-school students from low-income families to become airline pilots after receiving their baccalauréat. Students can then prepare for commercial pilot licence or aeronautical operations technician training. The technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA) certification can lead to the civil-service technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (TSEEAC) or Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant positions. The university has seven master's-degree programs to train students for the aerospace industry and the DGAC.DGAC air-traffic controller and air traffic safety electronics personnel (IESSA) training is provided by the university. The Ingénieur ENAC (IENAC) course trains aerospace engineers in three sectors: electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S), and aeronautical engineering] (T). Ten percent of its students[99] are civil-service engineering students, who become ingénieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (civil-aviation operations engineers) after graduation. ENAC is a specialized university for École Polytechnique graduates.Since the 16 April 2002 merger of the corps des ingénieurs de l'aviation civile (IAC) (civil-aviation engineering department) and its geography and meteorology branches into the Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests,[100] the training of DGAC managers has changed. Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests officials are trained at the École des ponts ParisTech; about 300 course hours are organized in cooperation with ENAC for students desiring to join the DGAC. The university created a master's-degree program in International Air Transport Opération Management (IATOM) in 2007, in 2011 a master's-degree program (supported by the European Commission)[101][102] in satellite navigation,[103] and a master's-degree program in air traffic management (in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 2012.[104] The master's-degree program in human–computer interaction (IHM) is in cooperation with Paul Sabatier University.[105]ENAC provides Mastère spécialisé programs[106] in airport management, air-transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication, navigation and surveillance and satellite applications for aviation (CNSSAA), aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (ASAA, in partnership with the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace and the École de l'Air),[107] air-ground collaborative systems engineering (AGCSE), aviation and air traffic management[108] (AATM) and aerospace project management (APM, in partnership with the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace[109] and the École de l'air).[110]Alumni of the three master's programs (the Ingénieur ENAC program, Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests officials, and the Mastère spécialisé programs) were represented by IngENAC, an association founded in 1987 in Toulouse which was a member of the Conseil national des ingénieurs et scientifiques de France.[111] On 16 March 2012, IngENAC decided to represent all the alumni of the university and changed its name to ENAC Alumni.[112]","title":"Teaching and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"flight instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instructor"}],"sub_title":"Continuing education","text":"Hosting over 7,500 students in more than 600 courses annually, with revenue of €15 million, ENAC is Europe's largest organization for aeronautical continuing education. Courses are in air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, and aircraft control (flight instructor), for French and foreign businesses and CGAC personnel.","title":"Teaching and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TB-20_SEFA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Airexpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airexpo"},{"link_name":"Muret – Lherm Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muret_%E2%80%93_Lherm_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique"},{"link_name":"INPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Audencia Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audencia_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"France AEROTECH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_AEROTECH"},{"link_name":"Centrale Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Centrale Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes"},{"link_name":"ENSEIRB-MATMECA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications,_math%C3%A9matique_et_m%C3%A9canique_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Arts et Métiers ParisTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programme"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-116"},{"link_name":"Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_of_a_European_Group_of_Aeronautics_and_Space_Universities"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-116"},{"link_name":"Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University"},{"link_name":"Florida Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_africaine_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_et_de_l%27aviation_civile"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_University_of_China"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"airworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airworthiness"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"École des ponts ParisTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech"},{"link_name":"Mohammed VI International Academy of Civil Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_International_Academy_of_Civil_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"middle management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_management"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"International partners","text":"An ENAC Socata TB-20 at Airexpo at Muret – Lherm Aerodrome, 28 May 2011IENAC students can study at the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace and the École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique as part of the groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, at the INPT,[113] and at Audencia Business School.[114] As part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third-year engineering students has been proposed with Centrale Lyon, Centrale Nantes, ENSEIRB-MATMECA and Arts et Métiers ParisTech.[115]Students abroad have access to the Erasmus Programme[116] and Pegasus. Eight percents of students in the 2011 Ingénieur ENAC course were foreign students;[117] forty-six percent of all students were foreign students in 2010.[118]The university has agreements[116] with Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington and École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile, and trains the staff of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar. ENAC is a founder of the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation in Tianjin. The university provides mastère spécialisé programs at the Civil Aviation University of China[119][120] for Chinese students in airport management, aviation-safety management (airworthiness), aviation-safety management (flight operations) and aviation-safety management (aeronautical maintenance, the latter two in partnership with the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace).[121] In December 2011, the university signed an agreement with the École des ponts ParisTech and the Mohammed VI International Academy of Civil Aviation to introduce[122] an MBA program in aviation management for aerospace middle management in March 2012 in Casablanca.[123]","title":"Teaching and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enac3.JPG"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Paparazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi_Project"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"ONERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"air traffic management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_management"},{"link_name":"aviation safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_safety"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"control engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering"},{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"Main entrance, inner court, ENAC ToulouseENAC conducts research in accordance with the 1984 law on higher education which mandates that \"la formation des ingénieurs ... comporte une activité de recherche, fondamentale ou appliquée\" (\"engineer training ... contains a research activity, pure or applied\").[124] Research was originally organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computers, and aviation economics. In mid-2009, research teams were in the following laboratories: automatique – recherche opérationnelle (LARA) (automation – operational research),[125] économie – d'économétrie de l'aérien (LÉÉA) (economy – air econometrics),[126] étude – d'optimisation des architectures des réseaux de télécommunications (LÉOPART) (optimization of telecommunications network architecture),[127][128] électromagnétisme pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LÉTA) (electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications),[129] informatique interactive (LII) (interactive computing),[130] mathématiques appliquées (LMA) (applied mathematics), optimisation du trafic aérien (LOTA) (air-traffic optimization), and traitement du signal pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LTST) (signal processing for aeronautical telecommunications).[131]Since 2005, ENAC has had a team specializing in UAVs which maintains and develops Paparazzi, an open-source system for automatic control of UAVs.[132] Infrastructure includes a planetarium and an air-traffic control simulator. ENAC is a founding member of the European Academy for Aviation Safety (EAFAS).[133]\nDuring the 2005 Paris Air Show, the university announced a partnership with ONERA[134] in the fields of air traffic management, aviation safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and aviation economics.[135] At the end of 2011, ENAC established a research organization consisting of six programs (UAVs and air-traffic control, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air-ground communications and sustainable development) in four laboratories: applied mathematics – optimization – optimal control – control engineering operations research (MAIAA); signal processing – satellite positioning system – electromagnetism – networks (TELECOM); architecture – modeling – engineering of interactive systems (LII), and economics – air transport econometrics (LEEA).[136]","title":"Teaching and research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"National ranking (ranked for its Master of Sciences in Engineering)","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:École nationale de l'aviation civile alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile_alumni"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"See also: Category:École nationale de l'aviation civile alumni","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mélanie Astles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Astles"}],"sub_title":"Faculty","text":"Mélanie Astles, French aerobatics champion","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yann Gozlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Gozlan"},{"link_name":"Black Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Box_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"text":"Yann Gozlan's film, Black Box, released in 2021, features as the main character an aeronautical engineer who graduated from ENAC and works for the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety.[138]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7491-0415-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7491-0415-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7491-0415-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7491-0415-7"},{"link_name":"GIFAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_des_industries_fran%C3%A7aises_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_spatiales"},{"link_name":"GIFAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_des_industries_fran%C3%A7aises_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_spatiales"}],"text":"Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999\nAcadémie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, June 2005, 782 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques »\nSandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare – Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité »\n[PDF] Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », September 2010\nGIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Max Hymans was secretary general of civil and commercial aviation between 1945 and 1948.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Max-Hymans-dans-son-bureau.JPG/220px-Max-Hymans-dans-son-bureau.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jules Moch in 1957","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Jules_Moch_-_%D0%96%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA_%281957%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"ENAC's F-HCTA at Le Touquet. The aircraft is based at Muret-Lherm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/F-HCTA.jpg/300px-F-HCTA.jpg"},{"image_text":"ENAC buildings and aircraft at Saint-Yan Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Aerodrome-saintyan.JPG/300px-Aerodrome-saintyan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Students and air-traffic controllers in the Nantes Atlantique Airport control tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ICNA_Tower.jpg/220px-ICNA_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque commemorating the 1969 opening of the Toulouse campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Plaque_inaugurale_du_campus_de_l%27ENAC_%C3%A0_Toulouse_en_1969.jpg/220px-Plaque_inaugurale_du_campus_de_l%27ENAC_%C3%A0_Toulouse_en_1969.jpg"},{"image_text":"ENAC Toulouse entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Entr%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99ENAC_Toulouse.jpg/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99ENAC_Toulouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hélène Boucher Building at ENAC Toulouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ENAC_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher.jpg/260px-ENAC_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ENAC Socata TB-20 at Airexpo at Muret – Lherm Aerodrome, 28 May 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/TB-20_SEFA.JPG/220px-TB-20_SEFA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Main entrance, inner court, ENAC Toulouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Enac3.JPG/220px-Enac3.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Direction générale de l'aviation civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_l%27aviation_civile"},{"title":"ENAC Alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENAC_Alumni"}]

[{"reference":"\"Avis n° 2011/04-03 relatif à l'habilitation de l'Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) à délivrer un titre d'ingénieur diplômé\" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112114023/http://www.cti-commission.fr/IMG/pdf/enac_toulouse_avis_201104.pdf","url_text":"\"Avis n° 2011/04-03 relatif à l'habilitation de l'Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) à délivrer un titre d'ingénieur diplômé\""},{"url":"http://www.cti-commission.fr/IMG/pdf/enac_toulouse_avis_201104.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elargissement du réseau FRANCE AEROTECH et signature d'une charte de gouvernance\" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415042937/http://www.enac.fr/fr/system/files/CPelargissementFRANCEAEROTECHdoc.pdf","url_text":"\"Elargissement du réseau FRANCE AEROTECH et signature d'une charte de gouvernance\""},{"url":"http://www.enac.fr/fr/system/files/CPelargissementFRANCEAEROTECHdoc.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IAAPS || International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools\". Iaaps.info. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110921155402/http://www.iaaps.info/memberlist/","url_text":"\"IAAPS || International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools\""},{"url":"http://www.iaaps.info/memberlist/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ENAC Graduate Engineer\". calameo.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.calameo.com/read/004546123c0c9f181d246","url_text":"\"ENAC Graduate Engineer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Iatom, unique au monde\". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 24 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2014/01/22/le-iatom-unique-au-monde_4351930_1473685.html","url_text":"\"Le Iatom, unique au monde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plaquette de présentation de l'ENAC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issuu.com/enac/docs/presentation_enac","url_text":"\"Plaquette de présentation de l'ENAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"La France dispose de la plus grande école d'aviation européenne\" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120625205418/http://www.enac.fr/fr/system/files/2011-01-18-enac.pdf","url_text":"\"La France dispose de la plus grande école d'aviation européenne\""},{"url":"http://www.enac.fr/fr/system/files/2011-01-18-enac.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"DSNA Services\" devient \"France Aviation Civile Services\"\" (in French). Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsnaservices.com/fr/2019/06/13/dsna-services-devient-france-aviation-civile-services/","url_text":"\"\"DSNA Services\" devient \"France Aviation Civile Services\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"La lettre d'information mensuelle de l'École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile\" (PDF) (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cge-news.com/contenus/180/cms_pc/fichier/169/101122153310_lettre_-enac.pdf","url_text":"\"La lettre d'information mensuelle de l'École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile\""}]},{"reference":"\"L' ÉNAC à ORLY\" (PDF) (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.controleur-du-trafic-aerien.com/multimedia/tome1-enac-v3.pdf","url_text":"\"L' ÉNAC à ORLY\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 French Graduate Schools of Engineering ranking\". daur-rankings.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daur-rankings.com/en/rankings/engineering_school/2022","url_text":"\"2022 French Graduate Schools of Engineering ranking\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portus_Adurni

Portus Adurni

["1 Identification","2 Roman fort","3 History","4 Anglo-Saxon high-status residence","5 Later history","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°50′17″N 1°06′54″W / 50.83806°N 1.11500°W / 50.83806; -1.11500Roman fort Photograph of Portchester Castle in June 1938 by Major George Allen (1891–1940). The square perimeter walls survive from the Roman period. Part of a series on theMilitary of ancient Rome 753 BC – AD 476 Structural history Army Unit types and ranks Decorations and punishments Legions Auxilia Generals Navy Fleets Admirals Campaign history Wars and battles Technological history Military engineering Castra Siege engines Triumphal arches Roads Political history  Strategy and tactics Infantry tactics Frontiers and fortifications Limes Walls Limes Britannicus Antonine Wall Hadrian's Wall Saxon Shore Limes Germanicus Alb Limes Lauter Valley Limes Lower Germanic Limes Main Limes Neckar-Odenwald Limes Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes Wetterau Limes Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes Norican Limes Claustra Alpium Iuliarum Pannonian Limes Limes Alutanus Limes Moesiae Trajan's Wall Anastasian Wall Limes Sarmatiae Limes Arabicus Limes Tripolitanus Limes Mauretaniae Ancient Rome portalvte Portus Adurni was a Roman fort in the Roman province of Britannia situated at the north end of Portsmouth Harbour. It was part of the Saxon Shore, and is the best-preserved Roman fort north of the Alps. Around an eighth of the fort has been excavated. It was later converted into a medieval castle known as Portchester Castle. Identification The name Portus Adurni appears only in the list of Saxon Shore forts in the 5th-century Notitia Dignitatum, and the name is usually identified with Portchester, although it has occasionally been identified with the Roman fort at Walton Castle, Suffolk (which has now been washed away by the sea). Portus Adurni may be identical with the Ardaoneon listed in the Ravenna Cosmography, and Rivet and Smith derive both names from the British "ardu-" meaning "height". This derivation fits Portchester (which lies beneath Portsdown Hill) better than a flat location such as Walton Castle. Roman fort View from the later medieval castle towards the walls and bastions of the Roman fort, including the Saxon gate and Norman priory church The fort was built during the 3rd century as part of the so-called Saxon Shore forts to protect the southern coastline of Britain, possibly from Saxon raiders. It occupies a commanding position at the head of Portsmouth Harbour. The fort is square, enclosing an area of 9 acres (36,000 m2) with outer walls 20 feet (6 m) high, 10 feet (3 m) thick, 210 yards (200 m) long and constructed of coursed flint bonded with limestone slabs. Square-shaped forts became widely used during the 3rd century, being highly practical and defensible. Portus Adurni has towers all along the walls, as well as towers that angle out at the corners. Historians feel this paramount concern for defensibility may reflect the seriousness of the Saxon raids during this time, or the defensive pressures of the Carausian Revolt (see below). The gates of Portus Adurni are of particular interest: they are indented inwards, so as to trap the enemy in an area exposed to walls on three sides; this technique became widely used from the Augustinian age to the fall of the Empire. Unusually for a building of this period, most of the walls and bastions are complete. It has lost only four of its bastions. The walls themselves have been quarried to provide stone for later additions, but from the outside at least they appear much as they did when they were first erected. The walls were built in sections, by groups of gangs, which explains the different textures as you walk along the outer perimeter. History The fort's walls survive close to their full height. The Saxon Shore forts, including Portus Adurni, were built during the mid to late 3rd century amid increased instability in north-eastern Gaul and the Rhineland, eventually leading to the Roman evacuation of that area. The forts were intended to maintain control over the region, and monitor shipping and trade, as well as defending against raids from across the English Channel. These forts became defensive holding points for the rebel Carausius, who in 285 was given the task of solving the Saxon piracy problem in the English Channel. When Carausius was charged with keeping the pirates' booty for himself, he retreated to Britain and proclaimed himself Emperor. The revolt went on for almost 10 years while other Roman generals tried and failed to dislodge him, until he was eventually murdered by Allectus, one of his aides, in 293, and Britain was finally taken back by 296. We do not know who built Portus Adurni. While some of the Saxon Shore forts were built under previous commanders and emperors, some were built by Carausius during his revolt. Evidence suggests that Portus Adurni was built during the time of Carausius. Many of the coins uncovered at the site were minted by Carausius as emperor during his revolt. Anglo-Saxon high-status residence Even after the departure of the Roman Army Portus Adurni's location and strong walls made it attractive as a fortress. The fort became an Anglo-Saxon high-status residence with great hall and tower. Later the Roman gateways were rebuilt as well. Portchester is listed as one of thirty-three fortified burhs in the Burghal Hidage, believed to date from the reign of Edward the Elder, who reigned from 899 to 924 AD. Later history Main article: Portchester Castle The circuit walls of the fort became the outer bailey wall of a Norman castle and later medieval palace. It was used as a gaol during the Napoleonic Wars. Its exceptional condition can therefore be attributed to the fact that, despite short periods of abandonment and longer periods of neglect, the fort was occupied for almost sixteen centuries. The site is owned by the Southwick Estate but managed by English Heritage, and is open to visitors throughout the year. References Notes ^ Goodall 2008, p. 3 ^ Pearson 2002, p. 146 ^ a b Group 6: southern Hampshire/northern Wiltshire - Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography ^ a b c A. Rivet, C. Smith, (1979-1982), The Place-names of Roman Britain,, page 442. Batsford Ltd. London. Bibliography Bunson, Matthew. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. 1994. Bushe-Fox, J. P. Some Notes on Roman Coast Defences.The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 22(1932): 60–72. Goodall, John (2008) , Portchester Castle, London: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-007-8 Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth. Carausius, Marcus Aurelius. The Oxford classical dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth. Saxon Shore. The Oxford classical dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Munby, J. T. (1990). Portchester Castle. London: English Heritage. Petrikovits, Harold. Fortifications in the North-Western Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries A.D. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 61 (1971): 178–218. Pearson, Andrew (2002). The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1949-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portus Adurni. Portchester Castle Roman Britain Guide to the Roman fort of Portus Adurni (Portchester). A Guide to Portchester Castle Times, prices and visitor information (as of 2006. See English Heritage website linked above for current information). vteSaxon Shore Branodunum Gariannonum Burgh Castle Caister Walton Castle Othona Regulbium Rutupiae Portus Lemanis Portus Dubris Anderitum Portus Adurni 50°50′17″N 1°06′54″W / 50.83806°N 1.11500°W / 50.83806; -1.11500

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Portchester_Castle,_1938.jpg"},{"link_name":"Major George Allen (1891–1940)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._G._Allen"},{"link_name":"Roman fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Saxon Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Portchester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portchester_Castle"}],"text":"Roman fortPhotograph of Portchester Castle in June 1938 by Major George Allen (1891–1940). The square perimeter walls survive from the Roman period.Portus Adurni was a Roman fort in the Roman province of Britannia situated at the north end of Portsmouth Harbour. It was part of the Saxon Shore, and is the best-preserved Roman fort north of the Alps.[1] Around an eighth of the fort has been excavated.[2]It was later converted into a medieval castle known as Portchester Castle.","title":"Portus Adurni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxon Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ravenna-3"},{"link_name":"Walton Castle, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Castle,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rivetandsmith-4"},{"link_name":"Ravenna Cosmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ravenna-3"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rivetandsmith-4"},{"link_name":"Portsdown Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsdown_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rivetandsmith-4"}],"text":"The name Portus Adurni appears only in the list of Saxon Shore forts in the 5th-century Notitia Dignitatum, and the name is usually identified with Portchester,[3] although it has occasionally been identified with the Roman fort at Walton Castle, Suffolk (which has now been washed away by the sea).[4] Portus Adurni may be identical with the Ardaoneon listed in the Ravenna Cosmography,[3] and Rivet and Smith derive both names from the British \"ardu-\" meaning \"height\".[4] This derivation fits Portchester (which lies beneath Portsdown Hill) better than a flat location such as Walton Castle.[4]","title":"Identification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portchester_Castle_outer_bailey_from_the_keep,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Saxon Shore forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore_forts"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_people"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Carausian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausian_Revolt"}],"text":"View from the later medieval castle towards the walls and bastions of the Roman fort, including the Saxon gate and Norman priory churchThe fort was built during the 3rd century as part of the so-called Saxon Shore forts to protect the southern coastline of Britain, possibly from Saxon raiders. It occupies a commanding position at the head of Portsmouth Harbour. The fort is square, enclosing an area of 9 acres (36,000 m2) with outer walls 20 feet (6 m) high, 10 feet (3 m) thick, 210 yards (200 m) long and constructed of coursed flint bonded with limestone slabs. Square-shaped forts became widely used during the 3rd century, being highly practical and defensible. Portus Adurni has towers all along the walls, as well as towers that angle out at the corners. Historians feel this paramount concern for defensibility may reflect the seriousness of the Saxon raids during this time, or the defensive pressures of the Carausian Revolt (see below). The gates of Portus Adurni are of particular interest: they are indented inwards, so as to trap the enemy in an area exposed to walls on three sides; this technique became widely used from the Augustinian age to the fall of the Empire.Unusually for a building of this period, most of the walls and bastions are complete. It has lost only four of its bastions. The walls themselves have been quarried to provide stone for later additions, but from the outside at least they appear much as they did when they were first erected. The walls were built in sections, by groups of gangs, which explains the different textures as you walk along the outer perimeter.","title":"Roman fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portchester_castle_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Carausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius"},{"link_name":"Allectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allectus"}],"text":"The fort's walls survive close to their full height.The Saxon Shore forts, including Portus Adurni, were built during the mid to late 3rd century amid increased instability in north-eastern Gaul and the Rhineland, eventually leading to the Roman evacuation of that area. The forts were intended to maintain control over the region, and monitor shipping and trade, as well as defending against raids from across the English Channel. These forts became defensive holding points for the rebel Carausius, who in 285 was given the task of solving the Saxon piracy problem in the English Channel. When Carausius was charged with keeping the pirates' booty for himself, he retreated to Britain and proclaimed himself Emperor. The revolt went on for almost 10 years while other Roman generals tried and failed to dislodge him, until he was eventually murdered by Allectus, one of his aides, in 293, and Britain was finally taken back by 296. We do not know who built Portus Adurni. While some of the Saxon Shore forts were built under previous commanders and emperors, some were built by Carausius during his revolt. Evidence suggests that Portus Adurni was built during the time of Carausius. Many of the coins uncovered at the site were minted by Carausius as emperor during his revolt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Army"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"burhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burh"},{"link_name":"Burghal Hidage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghal_Hidage"},{"link_name":"Edward the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder"}],"text":"Even after the departure of the Roman Army Portus Adurni's location and strong walls made it attractive as a fortress. The fort became an Anglo-Saxon high-status residence with great hall and tower. Later the Roman gateways were rebuilt as well. Portchester is listed as one of thirty-three fortified burhs in the Burghal Hidage, believed to date from the reign of Edward the Elder, who reigned from 899 to 924 AD.","title":"Anglo-Saxon high-status residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"}],"text":"The circuit walls of the fort became the outer bailey wall of a Norman castle and later medieval palace. It was used as a gaol during the Napoleonic Wars. Its exceptional condition can therefore be attributed to the fact that, despite short periods of abandonment and longer periods of neglect, the fort was occupied for almost sixteen centuries. The site is owned by the Southwick Estate but managed by English Heritage, and is open to visitors throughout the year.","title":"Later history"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongwe

Pongwe Pogwe

["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Cultural beliefs","3 References"]

Coordinates: 5°07′30″S 38°58′26″E / 5.125°S 38.974°E / -5.125; 38.974 This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pongwe Pogwe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Tanga, TanzaniaPongwe PogweVillageCoordinates: 5°07′30″S 38°58′26″E / 5.125°S 38.974°E / -5.125; 38.974Country TanzaniaRegionTangaDistrictHandeniWardKang'ataTime zoneUTC+3 (EAT)ClimateAw Pongwe Pogwe is a Tanzanian village belonging to the ward of Kang'ata, Handeni District in the northern Region of Tanga. The local demonym is "Wapongwe" ("Samwepongwe" for men and "Mnamweponge" for women). Geography In Pongwe Pogwe there is a natural spring water place called Kwekibaya. Kwekibaya is the only source of water for thousands of people and animals. History Cultural beliefs It is believed that if a person not belonging to Wapongwe cleans the water source (the place where water is actually coming out to the surface), Kwekibaya dries out. If this happens, it is only a Wapongwe family member, in Wagongwe tradition, who can please the natural spring to give out water again. Because of the importance of Kwekibaya, there is a chain of family leaders among the Wapongwe who guide the community in managing the Kibaya in particular and general resources such as deforestation issues (which forest is a reserved one). The last leader of wapongwe is Mkulago (1942-2006). Mkulago died on 28 April 2006 and laid to rest on 30 April 2006 in the Mtonga forest. References

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Taiwan

List of power stations in Taiwan

["1 Non-renewable","1.1 Coal","1.2 Diesel","1.3 Fuel oil","1.4 Mixed","1.5 Natural gas","1.6 Nuclear","2 Renewable","2.1 Hydroelectric","2.2 Geothermal","3 Former power plants","4 Figures","4.1 Nuclear power plants","4.2 Coal-fired power plants","4.3 Diesel power plants","4.4 Gas-fired power plants","4.5 Hydro power plants","4.6 Oil-fired power plants","4.7 Mixed power plants","4.8 Former power plants","5 See also","6 References"]

BeiganDongyinHsintaHsiahsingTaichungTalinXijuNanpuLinkouTunghsiaoZhushanHsieh-hoShen'aoTatanJinshanKuoshengMaanshanLungmenHopingMailiaoKuokuangHai-FuChiahuiHsintaoHsingyuanHsingnengSun BaChienshanTashanLanyuTachiashiMingtanZengwenWantaMinghu LanyangShihmenCholanTungpuBihaiTechiQingshanKukuanTienlunMa'anGueishanQimeiQingshuiclass=notpageimage| Location of power stations in Taiwan, Nuclear, Coal/Oil/Gas, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Former Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This page is a list of power stations in the Republic of China (Taiwan) that are publicly or privately owned. Non-renewable power stations are those that run on coal, fuel oils, nuclear power, and natural gas, while renewable power stations run on fuel sources such as biomass, geothermal heat, moving water, solar rays, tides, waves and the wind. By the end of 2011, Taiwan had installed 41,401 MW of generating capacity across all types of power station. Among the lists of largest power stations, Taichung Power Plant is the fourth largest coal-fired power station in the world. Non-renewable Coal Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Hoping Power Plant 和平電廠 Xiulin, Hualien 24°18′24″N 121°45′50″E / 24.30667°N 121.76389°E / 24.30667; 121.76389 (Hoping Power Plant) 1,320 Hsinta Power Plant 興達發電廠 Yong'an and Qieding, Kaohsiung 22°51′26″N 120°11′49″E / 22.85722°N 120.19694°E / 22.85722; 120.19694 (Hsinta Power Plant) 4,326 Linkou Power Plant 林口發電廠 Linkou, New Taipei 25°7′15″N 121°17′54″E / 25.12083°N 121.29833°E / 25.12083; 121.29833 (Linkou Power Plant) 0 Retrofitted Mailiao Power Plant 麥寮電廠 Mailiao, Yunlin 23°48′N 120°11′E / 23.800°N 120.183°E / 23.800; 120.183 (Mailiao Power Plant) 4,200 Taichung Power Plant 台中發電廠 Longjing, Taichung 24°12′46″N 120°28′52″E / 24.21278°N 120.48111°E / 24.21278; 120.48111 (Taichung Power Plant) 5,824 Diesel Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Beigan Power Plant 東引發電廠 Beigan, Lienchiang 26°13′10″N 119°59′4″E / 26.21944°N 119.98444°E / 26.21944; 119.98444 (Beigan Power Plant) Chienshan Power Plant 尖山發電廠 Huxi, Penghu 23°33′47″N 119°39′40″E / 23.56306°N 119.66111°E / 23.56306; 119.66111 (Chienshan Power Plant) 140 Dongyin Power Plant 東引發電廠 Dongyin, Lienchiang 26°22′7.0″N 120°29′50.9″E / 26.368611°N 120.497472°E / 26.368611; 120.497472 (Dongyin Power Plant) Hsiahsing Power Plant 夏興發電廠 Jinhu, Kinmen 24°26′26″N 118°23′56″E / 24.44056°N 118.39889°E / 24.44056; 118.39889 (Hsiahsing Power Plant) 20 Lanyu Power Plant 蘭嶼發電廠 Orchid Island, Taitung 22°1′33.4″N 121°32′23.9″E / 22.025944°N 121.539972°E / 22.025944; 121.539972 (Lanyu Power Plant) 6.5 Qimei Power Plant 七美發電廠 Cimei, Penghu 23°12′29″N 119°25′43″E / 23.20806°N 119.42861°E / 23.20806; 119.42861 (Qimei Power Plant) 4 Tashan Power Plant 塔山發電廠 Jincheng, Kinmen 24°24′53.26″N 118°17′17.05″E / 24.4147944°N 118.2880694°E / 24.4147944; 118.2880694 (Tashan Power Plant) 91 Xiju Power Plant 西莒發電廠 Juguang, Lienchiang 25°58′25.4″N 119°56′07.8″E / 25.973722°N 119.935500°E / 25.973722; 119.935500 (Xiju Power Plant) Zhushan Power Plant 珠山發電廠 Nangan, Lienchiang 26°9′13.74″N 119°56′21.28″E / 26.1538167°N 119.9392444°E / 26.1538167; 119.9392444 (Zhushan Power Plant) 15.4 Fuel oil Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Hsieh-ho Power Plant 協和發電廠 Zhongshan, Keelung 25°9′26.38″N 121°44′21.57″E / 25.1573278°N 121.7393250°E / 25.1573278; 121.7393250 (Hsieh-ho Power Plant) 2,000 Mixed Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Talin Power Plant 大林發電廠 Siaogang, Kaohsiung 22°32′10″N 120°20′7.9″E / 22.53611°N 120.335528°E / 22.53611; 120.335528 (Talin Power Plant) 2,400 Natural gas Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Changsheng Power Plant 長生發電廠 Luzhu, Taoyuan 25°6′59″N 121°15′30″E / 25.11639°N 121.25833°E / 25.11639; 121.25833 (Chiahui Power Plant) 900 Chiahui Power Plant 嘉惠電廠 Minxiong, Chiayi 23°32′02″N 120°28′31″E / 23.53389°N 120.47528°E / 23.53389; 120.47528 (Chiahui Power Plant) 535 Hsingneng Power Plant 星能電廠 Lukang, Changhua 24°7′38″N 120°26′01″E / 24.12722°N 120.43361°E / 24.12722; 120.43361 (Hsingneng Power Plant) 490 Hsingyuan Power Plant 星元電廠 Lukang, Changhua 24°4′47″N 120°24′45″E / 24.07972°N 120.41250°E / 24.07972; 120.41250 (Hsingyuan Power Plant) 490 Hsintao Power Plant 新桃電廠 Guanxi, Hsinchu 22°36′3″N 120°18′2″E / 22.60083°N 120.30056°E / 22.60083; 120.30056 (Hsintao Power Plant) 600 Kuokuang Power Plant 國光發電廠 Guishan, Taoyuan 25°2′33″N 121°20′31″E / 25.04250°N 121.34194°E / 25.04250; 121.34194 (Kuokuang Power Plant) 480 Nanpu Power Plant 南部發電廠 Cianjhen, Kaohsiung 22°36′3″N 120°18′2″E / 22.60083°N 120.30056°E / 22.60083; 120.30056 (Nanpu Power Plant) 1,118 Sun Ba Power Plant 森霸電廠 Shanshang, Tainan 23°04′56″N 120°21′26″E / 23.08222°N 120.35722°E / 23.08222; 120.35722 (Sun Ba Power Plant) 980 Tatan Power Plant 大潭發電廠 Guanyin, Taoyuan 25°1′34″N 121°2′50″E / 25.02611°N 121.04722°E / 25.02611; 121.04722 (Tatan Power Plant) 4,384 Tunghsiao Power Plant 通霄發電廠 Tongxiao, Miaoli 24°29′23.7″N 120°40′16″E / 24.489917°N 120.67111°E / 24.489917; 120.67111 (Tunghsiao Power Plant) 1,815 Nuclear Main article: Nuclear power in Taiwan Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant 國聖核能發電廠 (核二) Wanli, New Taipei 25°12′10″N 121°39′45″E / 25.20278°N 121.66250°E / 25.20278; 121.66250 (Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant) 985 Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant 馬鞍山核能發電廠 (核三) Hengchun, Pingtung 21°57′30″N 120°45′5″E / 21.95833°N 120.75139°E / 21.95833; 120.75139 (Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant) 1,780 Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant 龍門核能發電廠 (核四) Gongliao, New Taipei 25°2′19″N 121°55′27″E / 25.03861°N 121.92417°E / 25.03861; 121.92417 (Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant) 2,700 Construction Halted Renewable Hydroelectric Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Bihai Power Plant 碧海發電廠 Xiulin, Hualien 24°20′09″N 121°40′36″E / 24.33583°N 121.67667°E / 24.33583; 121.67667 (Bihai Power Plant) 61.2 Cholan Power Plant 卓蘭電廠 Zhuolan, Miaoli 80 Minhu Pumped Storage Hydro Power Station 大觀發電廠 Shuili, Nantou 23°51′16″N 120°52′13″E / 23.85444°N 120.87028°E / 23.85444; 120.87028 (Minhu Pumped Storage Hydro Power Station) 1,008 Techi Power Plant 德基發電廠 Dongshi, Heping, and Houli, Taichung 24°15′19″N 121°10′03″E / 24.25528°N 121.16750°E / 24.25528; 121.16750 (Techi Dam) 234 Gueishan Power Plant 桂山發電廠 Wulai, New Taipei 24°54′33″N 121°34′48″E / 24.90917°N 121.58000°E / 24.90917; 121.58000 (Feitsui Dam) 111 Kaoping Power Plant 高屏發電廠 Meinong, Kaohsiung 7 Kukuan Power Plant 谷關發電廠 Heping, Taichung 24°14′00.91″N 121°04′34.09″E / 24.2335861°N 121.0761361°E / 24.2335861; 121.0761361 (Kukuan Dam) 180 Lanyang Power Plant 蘭陽發電廠 Sanxing, Yilan 24°39′16.5″N 121°36′59″E / 24.654583°N 121.61639°E / 24.654583; 121.61639 (Lanyang Power Plant) 26 Maan Power Plant 馬鞍發電廠 Heping, Taichung 24°11′03″N 120°54′50″E / 24.18417°N 120.91389°E / 24.18417; 120.91389 (Ma'an Dam) 133 Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant 明潭發電廠 Shuili, Nantou 23°50′11″N 120°52′04″E / 23.83639°N 120.86778°E / 23.83639; 120.86778 (Mingtan Dam) 1,602 Qingshan Power Plant 青山發電廠 Heping, Taichung 24°15′11.5″N 121°09′37″E / 24.253194°N 121.16028°E / 24.253194; 121.16028 (Qingshan Dam) 360 Shihmen Power Plant 石門發電廠 Longtan, Taoyuan 24°48′38″N 121°14′39″E / 24.81056°N 121.24417°E / 24.81056; 121.24417 (Shimen Dam) 130 Tienlun Power Plant 天輪發電廠 Heping, Taichung 24°12′38.44″N 121°00′56.9″E / 24.2106778°N 121.015806°E / 24.2106778; 121.015806 (Tienlun Dam) 195 Zengwen Power Plant 曾文發電廠 Dapu, Chiayi 23°14′53″N 120°32′11″E / 23.24806°N 120.53639°E / 23.24806; 120.53639 (Zengwun Dam) 50 Tungpu Power Plant 東部發電廠 Hualien County 183 Wanta Power Plant 萬大發電廠 Ren'ai, Nantou 23°58′34″N 121°08′08″E / 23.97611°N 121.13556°E / 23.97611; 121.13556 (Wanta Power Plant) 36 Geothermal Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Qingshui Geothermal Power Plant 清水地熱發電廠 Datong, Yilan 24°36′44.3″N 121°38′13.1″E / 24.612306°N 121.636972°E / 24.612306; 121.636972 (Qingshui Geothermal Power Plant) 4.2 Former power plants Station Chinese Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Notes Beipu Power Plant 北部發電廠 Zhongzheng, Keelung Rebuilt into the National Museum of Marine Science and Technology Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant 金山核能發電廠 (核一) Shimen, New Taipei 25°17′09″N 121°35′10″E / 25.28583°N 121.58611°E / 25.28583; 121.58611 (Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant) 1,208 Shen'ao Power Plant 深澳發電廠 Ruifang, New Taipei 25°07′38.4″N 121°48′53.9″E / 25.127333°N 121.814972°E / 25.127333; 121.814972 (Shen'ao Power Plant) 160 Decommissioned, under reconstruction Figures Nuclear power plants Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant Longmen Nuclear Power Plant Coal-fired power plants Hoping Power Plant Hsinta Power Plant Linkou Power Plant Taichung Power Plant Diesel power plants Chienshan Power Plant Tashan Power Plant Gas-fired power plants Changsheng Power Plant Chiahui Power Plant Hsingneng Power Plant Hsingyuan Power Plant Hsintao Power Plant Kuokuang Power Plant Nanpu Power Plant Sun Ba Power Plant Tatan Power Plant Tunghsiao Power Plant Hydro power plants Gueishan Power Plant Junghua Power Plant Ma'an Power Plant Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant Mingte Power Plant Shihmen Power Plant Tachia River Power Plant Teichi Power Plant Zengwen Power Plant Oil-fired power plants Hsieh-ho Power Plant Mixed power plants Talin Power Plant Former power plants Beipu Power Plant Shen'ao Power Plant See also Energy portalTaiwan portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power plants in Taiwan. Energy in Taiwan Taiwan Power Company Electricity sector in Taiwan List of largest power stations in the world References ^ http://www.taipower.com.tw/TaipowerWeb//upload/files/4/2012e-all.pdf ^ "Ho-Ping Power Station". CLP Group. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Hsing-ta Coal Power Plant". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 7 March 2014. ^ "Linkou (Lin-Kou) Coal Power Station Taiwan - GEO". Globalenergyobservatory.org. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Taipower says power demand exceeds supply - Taipei Times". 12 September 2014. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-05-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Taichung Coal Power Station". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 7 March 2014. ^ "我在蘭嶼天氣晴day2 - 05.發電廠.jpg @ JaysanLin的相簿 :: 痞客邦 PIXNET ::". Jaysanlin.pixnet.net. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "5.6.C1.台電公司蘭嶼電廠". Bedrock.ccl.ttct.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2013-08-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Proctor, Darrell (10 August 2021). "New GE Gas-Fired Plant Part of Taiwan's Energy Transition". POWER. Retrieved 18 August 2021. ^ "Taiwan power company-Taipower Events". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-06-03. ^ "錯誤畫面 - 台灣電力股份有限公司". ^ "Taiwan permanently closes Kuosheng 1". Nuclear Engineering International. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant Taiwan - GEO". Globalenergyobservatory.org. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Maanshan NPP". Nuctrans.org. Archived from the original on 2005-02-21. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Taiwan power companyConstruction Project". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "He Ping Adventure". Librarywork.taiwanschoolnet.org. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ "Taipower's current hydroelectricity development". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2013-03-03. ^ "Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant Taiwan - GEO". Globalenergyobservatory.org. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-07. vteList of power stations in TaiwanNorthern TaiwanHydro Gueishan Shihmen Fossil fuel Hsieh-ho Linkou Tatan Kuokuang＊ Hsintao＊ Shen-Ao Nuclear Jinshan (defunct) Kuosheng Lungmen (unfinished) Central TaiwanHydro Mingtan Minhu Pumped Dajia River（Techi Qingshan Kukuan Tienlun Houli Maan) Wanta Cholan Mingjian＊ Fossil fuel Taichung Tunghsiao Hsingyuan＊ Hsingneng＊ Mailiao＊ Southern TaiwanHydro Zengwen Kaoping Sun Ba Wushantou＊ Fossil fuel Hsinta Talin Nanpu Chiahui＊ NuclearMaanshanEastern TaiwanHydro Tungpu Bihai Power Plant Lanyang Fossil fuel Hoping＊ Geothermal Qingshui＊ Outlying IslandFossil fuel Chienshan Wangan Qimei Jibei Green Island Lanyu Kinmen and LienchiangFossil fuel Beigan Nangan Zhushan Xiju Dongyin Tashan Hsiahsing ※Note:The power plants without"＊", were operated by Taiwan Power Company. vteLists of power stationsBy regionAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cabo Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Kosovo Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela By typeNon-renewable Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Oil shale Renewable Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectric conventional pumped-storage run-of-the-river tide Solar photovoltaic Solar thermal Wave Wind - Onshore Wind - Offshore Largest power stations Largest hydroelectric stations Least carbon-efficient stations

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station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world#Coal"}],"text":"BeiganDongyinHsintaHsiahsingTaichungTalinXijuNanpuLinkouTunghsiaoZhushanHsieh-hoShen'aoTatanJinshanKuoshengMaanshanLungmenHopingMailiaoKuokuangHai-FuChiahuiHsintaoHsingyuanHsingnengSun BaChienshanTashanLanyuTachiashiMingtanZengwenWantaMinghu LanyangShihmenCholanTungpuBihaiTechiQingshanKukuanTienlunMa'anGueishanQimeiQingshuiclass=notpageimage| Location of power stations in Taiwan, Nuclear, Coal/Oil/Gas, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, FormerMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)This page is a list of power stations in the Republic of China (Taiwan) that are publicly or privately owned. Non-renewable power stations are those that run on coal, fuel oils, nuclear power, and natural gas, while renewable power stations run on fuel sources such as biomass, geothermal heat, moving water, solar rays, tides, waves and the wind. By the end of 2011, Taiwan had installed 41,401 MW of generating capacity across all types of power station.[1]Among the lists of largest power stations, Taichung Power Plant is the fourth largest coal-fired power station in the world.","title":"List of power stations in Taiwan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coal","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Diesel","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fuel oil","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Natural gas","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nuclear","title":"Non-renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hydroelectric","title":"Renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geothermal","title":"Renewable"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former power plants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chin-shan_Nuclear_Power_Plant-canal_and_containment_building-P1020609.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinshan_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TaiwanNPP2_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuosheng_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NP3_in_Taiwan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanshan_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longmen Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear power plants","text":"Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKuosheng Nuclear Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaanshan Nuclear Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLongmen Nuclear Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Hoping Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoping_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%88%88%E9%81%94%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Hsinta Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinta_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9E%97%E5%8F%A3%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Linkou Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkou_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taichung_Thermal_Power_Plant.JPG"},{"link_name":"Taichung Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Coal-fired power plants","text":"Hoping Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHsinta Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLinkou Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaichung Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B0%96%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Chienshan Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chienshan_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinmen_-_Shuitou_Harbor_-_DSCF9374.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tashan Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashan_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Diesel power plants","text":"Chienshan Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTashan Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%96%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0_20120115.png"},{"link_name":"Changsheng Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsheng_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%98%89%E6%83%A0%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Chiahui Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiahui_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Hsingneng Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsingneng_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%9F%E5%85%83%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Hsingyuan Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsingyuan_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E6%A1%83%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Hsintao Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsintao_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Kuokuang Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuokuang_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Nanpu Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanpu_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%A3%AE%E9%9C%B8%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Sun Ba Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ba_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%BD%AD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Tatan Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatan_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%80%9A%E9%9C%84%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Tunghsiao Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunghsiao_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Gas-fired power plants","text":"Changsheng Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChiahui Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHsingneng Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHsingyuan Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHsintao Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKuokuang Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNanpu Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSun Ba Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTatan Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTunghsiao Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GueiShanPowerPlant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gueishan Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feitsui_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_JungHua_Dam.JPG"},{"link_name":"Junghua Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junghua_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC%E9%9E%8D%E5%A3%A9.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ma'an Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27an_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_Power_Ccopany_Mingtan_Power_Station.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingtan_Pumped_Storage_Hydro_Power_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_De_reservoir_Spillway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mingte Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingte_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shihmen_Reservoir_(0275).JPG"},{"link_name":"Shihmen Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihmen_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B2%E6%BA%AA%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%E5%A4%A9%E8%BC%AA%E5%88%86%E5%BB%A0.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tachia River Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachia_River_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%884%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%BA%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%AB%E5%A3%A9%E9%A0%82.JPG"},{"link_name":"Teichi Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techi_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zengwun_Dam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zengwen Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengwen_Dam"}],"sub_title":"Hydro power plants","text":"Gueishan Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJunghua Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMa'an Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMingte Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShihmen Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTachia River Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTeichi Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZengwen Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huohao_Mountain_in_Zhongshan_District,_Keelung_20120526.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hsieh-ho Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsieh-ho_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Oil-fired power plants","text":"Hsieh-ho Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Talin Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Mixed power plants","text":"Talin Power Plant","title":"Figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Marine_Science_and_Technology_0001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beipu Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beipu_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B7%B1%E6%BE%B3%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0.png"},{"link_name":"Shen'ao Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen%27ao_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Former power plants","text":"Beipu Power Plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShen'ao Power Plant","title":"Figures"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Ho-Ping Power Station\". CLP Group. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307070410/https://www.clpgroup.com/ouroperations/assetsandservices/powergeneraton/coalfiredpowerplants/Pages/hopingpowerstation.aspx","url_text":"\"Ho-Ping Power Station\""},{"url":"https://www.clpgroup.com/ouroperations/assetsandservices/powergeneraton/coalfiredpowerplants/Pages/hopingpowerstation.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hsing-ta Coal Power Plant\". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 7 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=43929","url_text":"\"Hsing-ta Coal Power Plant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Linkou (Lin-Kou) Coal Power Station Taiwan - GEO\". Globalenergyobservatory.org. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=4050","url_text":"\"Linkou (Lin-Kou) Coal Power Station Taiwan - GEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taipower says power demand exceeds supply - Taipei Times\". 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/09/12/2003599569","url_text":"\"Taipower says power demand exceeds supply - Taipei Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301223653/http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/case-mailiaofpp.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/Case-MailiaoFPP.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Coal Power Station\". Global Energy Observatory. 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Retrieved 2013-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001829/http://info.taipower.com.tw/TaipowerWeb//upload/files/32/d391.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://info.taipower.com.tw/TaipowerWeb//upload/files/32/d391.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Proctor, Darrell (10 August 2021). \"New GE Gas-Fired Plant Part of Taiwan's Energy Transition\". POWER. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powermag.com/new-ge-gas-fired-plant-part-of-taiwans-energy-transition/","url_text":"\"New GE Gas-Fired Plant Part of Taiwan's Energy Transition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_hotspots

Recombination hotspot

["1 Meiotic recombination","2 Genomic rearrangements","3 Initiation sites","4 Transcription associated recombination","5 Viral recombination hotspots","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]

Recombination hotspots are regions in a genome that exhibit elevated rates of recombination relative to a neutral expectation. The recombination rate within hotspots can be hundreds of times that of the surrounding region. Recombination hotspots result from higher DNA break formation in these regions, and apply to both mitotic and meiotic cells. This appellation can refer to recombination events resulting from the uneven distribution of programmed meiotic double-strand breaks. Meiotic recombination Meiotic recombination through crossing over is thought to be a mechanism by which a cell promotes correct segregation of homologous chromosomes and the repair of DNA damages. Crossing over requires a DNA double-stranded break followed by strand invasion of the homolog and subsequent repair. Initiation sites for recombination are usually identified by mapping crossing over events through pedigree analysis or through analysis of linkage disequilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium has identified more than 30,000 hotspots within the human genome. In humans, the average number of crossover recombination events per hotspot is one crossover per 1,300 meioses, and the most extreme hotspot has a crossover frequency of one per 110 meioses. Genomic rearrangements Recombination can also occur due to errors in DNA replication that lead to genomic rearrangements. These events are often associated with pathology. However, genomic rearrangement is also thought to be a driving force in evolutionary development as it gives rise to novel gene combinations. Recombination hotspots may arise from the interaction of the following selective forces: the benefit of driving genetic diversity through genomic rearrangement coupled with selection acting to maintain favorable gene combinations. Initiation sites DNA contains "fragile sites" within the sequence that are more prone to recombination. These fragile sites are associated with the following trinucleotide repeats: CGG-CCG, GAG-CTG, GAA-TTC, and GCN-NGC. These fragile sites are conserved in mammals and in yeast, suggesting that the instability is caused by something inherent to the molecular structure of DNA and is associated with DNA-repeat instability. These fragile sites are thought to form hairpin structures on the lagging strand during replication from single-stranded DNA base-pairing with itself in the trinucleotide repeat region. These hairpin structures cause DNA breaks that lead to a higher frequency of recombination at these sites. Recombination hotspots are also thought to arise due to higher-order chromosome structure that make some areas of the chromosome more accessible to recombination than others. A double stranded-break initiation site was identified in mice and yeast, located at a common chromatin feature: the trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3). Recombination hotspots do not seem to be solely caused by DNA sequence arrangements or chromosome structure. Alternatively, initiation sites of recombination hotspots can be coded for in the genome. Through the comparison of recombination between different mouse strains, locus Dsbc1 was identified as a locus that contributes to the specification of initiation sites in the genome in at least two recombination hotspot locations. Additional crossing over mapping located the Dsbc1 locus to the 12.2 to 16.7-Mb region of mouse chromosome 17, which contains the PRDM9 gene. The PRDM9 gene encodes a histone methyltransferase in the Dsbc1 region, providing evidence of a non-random, genetic basis for recombination initiation sites in mice. Rapid evolution of the PRDM9 gene explains the observation that human and chimpanzees share few recombination hotspots, despite a high level of sequence identity. Transcription associated recombination Homologous recombination in functional regions of DNA is strongly stimulated by transcription, as observed in a range of different organisms. Transcription associated recombination appears to be due, at least in part, to the ability of transcription to open the DNA structure and enhance accessibility of DNA to exogenous chemicals and internal metabolites that cause recombinogenic DNA damages. These findings suggest that transcription-associated recombination may contribute significantly to recombination hotspot formation. Viral recombination hotspots Homologous recombination is very frequent in RNA viruses. Recombination frequently occurs among very similar viruses, where crossover sites may occur anywhere across the genome, but after selection pressure these sites tend to localize in certain regions/hotspots. For example, in Enteroviruses, recombination hotspots have been identified at the 5'UTR-capsid region junction, and at the beginning of the P2 region. These two hotspots flank the P1 region that encodes for the capsid. In coronaviruses, the Spike genomic region is a recombination hotspot. See also Chi site Evolution Genetic recombination References ^ Jeffreys AJ, Kauppi L, Neumann R (October 2001). "Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex". Nat. Genet. 29 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1038/ng1001-217. PMID 11586303. S2CID 23026001. ^ Székvölgyi, Lóránt; Ohta, Kunihiro; Nicolas, Alain (2015-05-01). "Initiation of meiotic homologous recombination: flexibility, impact of histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (5): a016527. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016527. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4448624. PMID 25934010. ^ a b c d e Baudat, F.; et al. (2010). "Prdm9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans and Mice". Science. 327 (5967): 836–40. doi:10.1126/science.1183439. PMC 4295902. PMID 20044539. ^ Myers S, Spencer CC, Auton A, et al. (August 2006). "The distribution and causes of meiotic recombination in the human genome". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34 (Pt 4): 526–30. doi:10.1042/BST0340526. PMID 16856851. ^ a b c d e Aguilera, A.; Gomez-Gonzalez, B. (2008). "Genome Instability: A Mechanistic View of Its Causes and Consequences". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (3): 204–17. doi:10.1038/nrg2268. PMID 18227811. S2CID 14024154. ^ a b Lichten, M.; Goldman, A. S. H. (1995). "Meiotic Recombination Hotspots". Annual Review of Genetics. 29: 423–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.29.1.423. PMID 8825482. ^ Auton, Adam; Fledel-Alon, Adi; Pfeifer, Susanne; Venn, Oliver; Ségurel, Laure (2012). "A fine-scale chimpanzee genetic map from population sequencing". Science. 336 (6078): 193–198. doi:10.1126/science.1216872. PMC 3532813. PMID 22422862. ^ Grimm C, Schaer P, Munz P, Kohli J (1991). "The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mitotic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1): 289–98. doi:10.1128/mcb.11.1.289. PMC 359619. PMID 1986226. ^ Nickoloff JA (1992). "Transcription enhances intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (12): 5311–8. doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5311. PMC 360468. PMID 1333040. ^ a b García-Rubio M, Huertas P, González-Barrera S, Aguilera A (2003). "Recombinogenic effects of DNA-damaging agents are synergistically increased by transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into transcription-associated recombination". Genetics. 165 (2): 457–66. doi:10.1093/genetics/165.2.457. PMC 1462770. PMID 14573461. ^ Gaillard H, Aguilera A (2016). "Transcription as a Threat to Genome Integrity". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 85: 291–317. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014908. hdl:11441/78271. PMID 27023844. ^ Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Holmes, Edward C. (August 2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–626. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 3324781. PMID 21725337. ^ Banner, L. R.; Lai, M. M. (November 1991). "Random nature of coronavirus RNA recombination in the absence of selection pressure". Virology. 185 (1): 441–445. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90795-d. ISSN 0042-6822. PMC 7131166. PMID 1656597. ^ a b Nikolaidis, Marios; Mimouli, Kalliopi; Kyriakopoulou, Zaharoula; Tsimpidis, Michail; Tsakogiannis, Dimitris; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Amoutzias, Grigoris D. (January 2019). "Large-scale genomic analysis reveals recurrent patterns of intertypic recombination in human enteroviruses". Virology. 526: 72–80. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.006. PMID 30366300. S2CID 53115712. ^ Nikolaidis, Marios; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Van de Peer, Yves; Oliver, Stephen G; Amoutzias, Grigorios D (2021-10-12). Hepp, Crystal (ed.). "The neighborhood of the Spike gene is a hotspot for modular intertypic homologous and non-homologous recombination in Coronavirus genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39: msab292. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab292. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 8549283. PMID 34638137. ^ Yang, Yiyan; Yan, Wei; Hall, A Brantley; Jiang, Xiaofang (2021-04-13). Rasmus, Nielsen (ed.). "Characterizing Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in Coronaviruses and Their Role in Recombination". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (4): 1241–1248. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa281. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 7665640. PMID 33146390. Further reading Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes "Despite 99% DNA similarity between humans and our nearest relative, chimpanzees, the locations of DNA swapping between chr</ref> omosomes, known as recombination hotspots, are almost entirely different. The surprising finding is reported in a paper published in Science by Oxford University statisticians and US and Dutch geneticists." What's so hot about recombination hotspots? A primer on recombination hotspots by Jody Hey in PLoS Biology

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recombination hotspot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baudat-3"},{"link_name":"linkage disequilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baudat-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Meiotic recombination through crossing over is thought to be a mechanism by which a cell promotes correct segregation of homologous chromosomes and the repair of DNA damages. Crossing over requires a DNA double-stranded break followed by strand invasion of the homolog and subsequent repair.[3] Initiation sites for recombination are usually identified by mapping crossing over events through pedigree analysis or through analysis of linkage disequilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium has identified more than 30,000 hotspots within the human genome.[3] In humans, the average number of crossover recombination events per hotspot is one crossover per 1,300 meioses, and the most extreme hotspot has a crossover frequency of one per 110 meioses.[4]","title":"Meiotic recombination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lichten-6"}],"text":"Recombination can also occur due to errors in DNA replication that lead to genomic rearrangements. These events are often associated with pathology. However, genomic rearrangement is also thought to be a driving force in evolutionary development as it gives rise to novel gene combinations.[5] \nRecombination hotspots may arise from the interaction of the following selective forces: the benefit of driving genetic diversity through genomic rearrangement coupled with selection acting to maintain favorable gene combinations.[6]","title":"Genomic rearrangements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trinucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aguilera-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lichten-6"},{"link_name":"H3K4me3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K4me3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baudat-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baudat-3"},{"link_name":"PRDM9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRDM9"},{"link_name":"histone methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baudat-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"DNA contains \"fragile sites\" within the sequence that are more prone to recombination. These fragile sites are associated with the following trinucleotide repeats: CGG-CCG, GAG-CTG, GAA-TTC, and GCN-NGC.[5] These fragile sites are conserved in mammals and in yeast, suggesting that the instability is caused by something inherent to the molecular structure of DNA and is associated with DNA-repeat instability.[5] These fragile sites are thought to form hairpin structures on the lagging strand during replication from single-stranded DNA base-pairing with itself in the trinucleotide repeat region.[5] These hairpin structures cause DNA breaks that lead to a higher frequency of recombination at these sites.[5]Recombination hotspots are also thought to arise due to higher-order chromosome structure that make some areas of the chromosome more accessible to recombination than others.[6] A double stranded-break initiation site was identified in mice and yeast, located at a common chromatin feature: the trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3).[3]Recombination hotspots do not seem to be solely caused by DNA sequence arrangements or chromosome structure. Alternatively, initiation sites of recombination hotspots can be coded for in the genome. Through the comparison of recombination between different mouse strains, locus Dsbc1 was identified as a locus that contributes to the specification of initiation sites in the genome in at least two recombination hotspot locations.[3] Additional crossing over mapping located the Dsbc1 locus to the 12.2 to 16.7-Mb region of mouse chromosome 17, which contains the PRDM9 gene. The PRDM9 gene encodes a histone methyltransferase in the Dsbc1 region, providing evidence of a non-random, genetic basis for recombination initiation sites in mice.[3] Rapid evolution of the PRDM9 gene explains the observation that human and chimpanzees share few recombination hotspots, despite a high level of sequence identity.[7]","title":"Initiation sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1986226-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1333040-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14573461-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27023844-11"},{"link_name":"DNA damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14573461-10"}],"text":"Homologous recombination in functional regions of DNA is strongly stimulated by transcription, as observed in a range of different organisms.[8][9][10][11] Transcription associated recombination appears to be due, at least in part, to the ability of transcription to open the DNA structure and enhance accessibility of DNA to exogenous chemicals and internal metabolites that cause recombinogenic DNA damages.[10] These findings suggest that transcription-associated recombination may contribute significantly to recombination hotspot formation.","title":"Transcription associated recombination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Homologous recombination is very frequent in RNA viruses.[12] Recombination frequently occurs among very similar viruses, where crossover sites may occur anywhere across the genome, but after selection pressure these sites tend to localize in certain regions/hotspots.[13] For example, in Enteroviruses, recombination hotspots have been identified at the 5'UTR-capsid region junction, and at the beginning of the P2 region.[14] These two hotspots flank the P1 region that encodes for the capsid.[14] In coronaviruses, the Spike genomic region is a recombination hotspot.[15][16]","title":"Viral recombination hotspots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.broadinstitute.org/news/282"},{"link_name":"What's so hot about recombination hotspots?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020190"},{"link_name":"Jody Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Hey"}],"text":"Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes \"Despite 99% DNA similarity between humans and our nearest relative, chimpanzees, the locations of DNA swapping between chr</ref> omosomes, known as recombination hotspots, are almost entirely different. The surprising finding is reported in a paper published [in 2005] in Science by Oxford University statisticians and US and Dutch geneticists.\"\nWhat's so hot about recombination hotspots? A primer on recombination hotspots by Jody Hey in PLoS Biology","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Chi site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_site"},{"title":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"title":"Genetic recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination"}]

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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (5): a016527. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016527. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4448624. PMID 25934010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4448624","url_text":"\"Initiation of meiotic homologous recombination: flexibility, impact of histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a016527","url_text":"10.1101/cshperspect.a016527"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1943-0264","url_text":"1943-0264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4448624","url_text":"4448624"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25934010","url_text":"25934010"}]},{"reference":"Baudat, F.; et al. (2010). \"Prdm9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans and Mice\". Science. 327 (5967): 836–40. doi:10.1126/science.1183439. PMC 4295902. PMID 20044539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295902","url_text":"\"Prdm9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans and Mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1183439","url_text":"10.1126/science.1183439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295902","url_text":"4295902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20044539","url_text":"20044539"}]},{"reference":"Myers S, Spencer CC, Auton A, et al. (August 2006). \"The distribution and causes of meiotic recombination in the human genome\". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34 (Pt 4): 526–30. doi:10.1042/BST0340526. PMID 16856851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0340526","url_text":"10.1042/BST0340526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16856851","url_text":"16856851"}]},{"reference":"Aguilera, A.; Gomez-Gonzalez, B. (2008). \"Genome Instability: A Mechanistic View of Its Causes and Consequences\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (3): 204–17. doi:10.1038/nrg2268. PMID 18227811. S2CID 14024154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2268","url_text":"10.1038/nrg2268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227811","url_text":"18227811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14024154","url_text":"14024154"}]},{"reference":"Lichten, M.; Goldman, A. S. H. (1995). \"Meiotic Recombination Hotspots\". Annual Review of Genetics. 29: 423–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.29.1.423. PMID 8825482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.29.1.423","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.genet.29.1.423"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8825482","url_text":"8825482"}]},{"reference":"Auton, Adam; Fledel-Alon, Adi; Pfeifer, Susanne; Venn, Oliver; Ségurel, Laure (2012). \"A fine-scale chimpanzee genetic map from population sequencing\". Science. 336 (6078): 193–198. doi:10.1126/science.1216872. PMC 3532813. PMID 22422862.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532813","url_text":"\"A fine-scale chimpanzee genetic map from population sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1216872","url_text":"10.1126/science.1216872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532813","url_text":"3532813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22422862","url_text":"22422862"}]},{"reference":"Grimm C, Schaer P, Munz P, Kohli J (1991). \"The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mitotic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1): 289–98. doi:10.1128/mcb.11.1.289. PMC 359619. PMID 1986226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC359619","url_text":"\"The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mitotic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.11.1.289","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.11.1.289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC359619","url_text":"359619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1986226","url_text":"1986226"}]},{"reference":"Nickoloff JA (1992). \"Transcription enhances intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mammalian cells\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (12): 5311–8. doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5311. PMC 360468. PMID 1333040.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC360468","url_text":"\"Transcription enhances intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mammalian cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.12.12.5311","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.12.12.5311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC360468","url_text":"360468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1333040","url_text":"1333040"}]},{"reference":"García-Rubio M, Huertas P, González-Barrera S, Aguilera A (2003). \"Recombinogenic effects of DNA-damaging agents are synergistically increased by transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into transcription-associated recombination\". Genetics. 165 (2): 457–66. doi:10.1093/genetics/165.2.457. PMC 1462770. PMID 14573461.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462770","url_text":"\"Recombinogenic effects of DNA-damaging agents are synergistically increased by transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into transcription-associated recombination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F165.2.457","url_text":"10.1093/genetics/165.2.457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462770","url_text":"1462770"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14573461","url_text":"14573461"}]},{"reference":"Gaillard H, Aguilera A (2016). \"Transcription as a Threat to Genome Integrity\". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 85: 291–317. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014908. hdl:11441/78271. PMID 27023844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-060815-014908","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11441%2F78271","url_text":"11441/78271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27023844","url_text":"27023844"}]},{"reference":"Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Holmes, Edward C. (August 2011). \"Why do RNA viruses recombine?\". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–626. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 3324781. PMID 21725337.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324781","url_text":"\"Why do RNA viruses recombine?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2614","url_text":"10.1038/nrmicro2614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1740-1526","url_text":"1740-1526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324781","url_text":"3324781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21725337","url_text":"21725337"}]},{"reference":"Banner, L. R.; Lai, M. M. (November 1991). \"Random nature of coronavirus RNA recombination in the absence of selection pressure\". Virology. 185 (1): 441–445. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90795-d. ISSN 0042-6822. PMC 7131166. PMID 1656597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7131166","url_text":"\"Random nature of coronavirus RNA recombination in the absence of selection pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6822%2891%2990795-d","url_text":"10.1016/0042-6822(91)90795-d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6822","url_text":"0042-6822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7131166","url_text":"7131166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1656597","url_text":"1656597"}]},{"reference":"Nikolaidis, Marios; Mimouli, Kalliopi; Kyriakopoulou, Zaharoula; Tsimpidis, Michail; Tsakogiannis, Dimitris; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Amoutzias, Grigoris D. (January 2019). \"Large-scale genomic analysis reveals recurrent patterns of intertypic recombination in human enteroviruses\". Virology. 526: 72–80. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.006. PMID 30366300. S2CID 53115712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2018.10.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30366300","url_text":"30366300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53115712","url_text":"53115712"}]},{"reference":"Nikolaidis, Marios; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Van de Peer, Yves; Oliver, Stephen G; Amoutzias, Grigorios D (2021-10-12). Hepp, Crystal (ed.). \"The neighborhood of the Spike gene is a hotspot for modular intertypic homologous and non-homologous recombination in Coronavirus genomes\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39: msab292. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab292. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 8549283. PMID 34638137.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msab292/6382323","url_text":"\"The neighborhood of the Spike gene is a hotspot for modular intertypic homologous and non-homologous recombination in Coronavirus genomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsab292","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msab292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038","url_text":"0737-4038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8549283","url_text":"8549283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34638137","url_text":"34638137"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Yiyan; Yan, Wei; Hall, A Brantley; Jiang, Xiaofang (2021-04-13). Rasmus, Nielsen (ed.). \"Characterizing Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in Coronaviruses and Their Role in Recombination\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (4): 1241–1248. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa281. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 7665640. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Health_and_Human_Services_Commission

Texas Health and Human Services Commission

["1 Benefits and services provided","2 Oversight of regulatory functions","3 More information","4 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Texas Health and Human Services Commission" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Brown-Heatly Building houses the commission's headquarters in Austin; it is partly named for the late State Representative William S. Heatly of Paducah in Cottle County. The Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) is an agency within the Texas Health and Human Services System. In September 2016, Texas began transforming how it delivers health and human services to qualified Texans, with a goal of making the Health and Human Services System more efficient and effective. Sept. 1, 2017, marked another major milestone in this transformation. The new accountable, restructured system: Makes it easier for people to find out about the services or benefits for which they may qualify. Better integrates programs by removing bureaucratic silos and grouping similar programs and services together. Creates clear lines of accountability within the organization. Includes well-defined and objective performance metrics for all organizational areas. Texas Health and Human Services now consists of 2 agencies: the Texas Health and Human Services Commission and the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS). HHS is headquartered in Austin, TX. Benefits and services provided Medicaid for families and children Long-term care for people who are older or have disabilities SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) food benefits and TANF (Temporary Assistance For Needy Families) cash assistance for families Behavior health services Services to help keep people who are older or who have disabilities in their homes or communities Services for women and people with special health needs Oversight of regulatory functions Licensing and credentialing of long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes and assisted living Licensing child care providers Managing the day-to-day operations of state supported living centers and state hospitals More information Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Many of the direct client services that were performed by DSHS, such as services for women and children, and people with special health care needs, were transferred to HHSC in September 2016. DSHS now focuses on providing these functions: Vital statistics, such as birth and death records Compiling and disseminating health data on more than 25 topics Chronic and infectious disease prevention and laboratory testing Licensing and regulating facilities on topics from asbestos to mobile food establishments to youth camps Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services (DADS) The 84th Texas Legislature, 2015, abolished this agency effective Sept. 1, 2017. DADS services were transferred to HHSC. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) House Bill 5, 85th Regular Legislative Session, 2017, established DFPS as an agency independent of Texas Health and Human Services effective Sept. 1, 2017. To comply with previous legislation, on Sept. 1, 2017, HHSC assumed responsibility for the child care licensing function previously managed by DFPS. External links Texas Health and Human Services Texas Health Data Texas Health and Human Services Commission recipient profile on USAspending.gov vte Texas state agenciesExecutive Dept. of Agriculture Alcoholic Beverage Commission Animal Health Commission Dept. of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services Attorney General School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Brazos River Authority State Cemetery Comptroller of Public Accounts Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner School for the Deaf Board of Dental Examiners Commission on Environmental Quality Education Agency Employees Retirement System Ethics Commission Facilities Commission Dept. of Family and Protective Services Film Commission Forest Service Office of the Governor Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority Health and Human Services Commission Dept. of State Health Services Higher Education Coordinating Board Historical Commission Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs Dept. of Information Resources Dept. of Insurance Commission on Jail Standards General Land Office Library and Archives Commission Dept. of Licensing and Regulation Lottery Commission Lower Colorado River Authority Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Parks and Wildlife Preservation Board Space Commission Dept. of Public Safety Railroad Commission Real Estate Commission Residential Construction Commission Soil and Water Conservation Board Teacher Retirement System Texas A&M University System Dept. of Transportation Trinity River Authority University of Houston System University of North Texas System University of Texas System Texas State University System Texas Tech University System Workforce Commission Juvenile Justice Department Legislative House of Representatives Senate Judicial Courts of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Dept. of Criminal Justice State Bar Supreme Court Office of Court Administration/Texas Judicial Council Office of Capital and Forensic Writs State Prosecuting Attorney State Law Library State Commission on Judicial Conduct Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Pimblett

Paddy Pimblett

["1 Early life","2 Mixed martial arts career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Ultimate Fighting Championship","3 Personal life","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 Mixed martial arts record","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

English mixed martial artist (born 1995) Paddy PimblettPimblett in 2021BornPatrick Pimblett (1995-01-03) 3 January 1995 (age 29)Liverpool, EnglandNicknameThe BaddyHeight5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight155 lb (70 kg; 11 st 1 lb)DivisionBantamweight (2012–2013)Featherweight (2014–2017)Lightweight (2018–present)Reach73 in (185 cm)TeamNext Generation MMA LiverpoolRankSecond degree black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Paul RimmerYears active2012–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal24Wins21By knockout6By submission9By decision6Losses3By submission1By decision2 Spouse Laura Gregory ​(m. 2023)​Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog Patrick Pimblett (born 3 January 1995) is an English professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Lightweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional since 2012, Pimblett is a former Cage Warriors Featherweight Champion. Early life Paddy Pimblett was born on 3 January 1995 and grew up in Huyton, Merseyside. He attended St Margaret Mary's Primary school and Cardinal Heenan Catholic High school. Influenced by the fight between Rich Franklin and Vitor Belfort at UFC 103, he started training in mixed martial arts at the age of 15, joining Next Generation MMA and deciding he would compete in the sport for a living shortly after. Mixed martial arts career Early career Pimblett made his debut in 2012, aged 17, racking up a 3–0 record before signing with Cage Warriors a year later. In 2016, he claimed the Cage Warriors featherweight championship, beating Johnny Frachey at the Echo Arena in Liverpool, and defended it once against Julian Erosa, winning a highly controversial unanimous decision. In April 2017, Pimblett lost it against Nad Narimani and moved up to lightweight. After a win, he challenged for the Cage Warriors lightweight championship, losing by unanimous decision to Søren Bak. After two more wins in the organisation, Pimblett signed a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Pimblett had previously declined two UFC deals, getting better financial offers from Cage Warriors. Ultimate Fighting Championship Pimblett made his promotional debut against Luigi Vendramini on 4 September 2021, at UFC Fight Night 191. Pimblett won the bout via knockout in the first round. This fight earned him a Performance of the night bonus. In October 2021, Pimblett signed an endorsement deal with Barstool Sports worth over $1,000,000. Pimblett faced Rodrigo Vargas on 19 March 2022 at UFC Fight Night 204. He won the fight via submission in round one. With this win, he received his second consecutive Performance of the Night award. Paddy would later reveal he made $12,000 to show and $12,000 to win. Pimblett next faced Jordan Leavitt on 23 July 2022 at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Aspinall. He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the second round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. Pimblett faced Jared Gordon on 10 December 2022 at UFC 282. He won the bout via unanimous decision. The decision was met with controversy, as many media outlets, fighters, and fans expressed their belief that Gordon had won the fight. 23 out of 24 media sources scored the fight in favour of Gordon. Pimblett faced Tony Ferguson on 16 December 2023 at UFC 296. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Pimblett is scheduled to face Bobby Green on 27 July 2024 at UFC 304. Personal life Pimblett married his longtime girlfriend Laura Gregory on 28 May 2023 at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire. In November of the same year, the couple announced they were expecting twins. Pimblett is a close friend of fellow mixed martial artist Molly McCann. Pimblett describes himself as a socialist and an opponent of the Conservative Party. He supports the Liverpool-wide boycott of The Sun newspaper. He is a supporter of Liverpool and has expressed a desire to fight at the team's home stadium of Anfield. Pimblett has said that his trademark floppy hair and lack of tattoos allows children to identify with him in a way that would not be possible for them to do if he was "a big hard fella with lots of tattoos". Championships and accomplishments Ultimate Fighting Championship Performance of the Night (Three times) vs. Luigi Vendramini, Rodrigo Vargas and Jordan Leavitt Cage Warriors Fighting Championship CWFC Featherweight Championship (one time, former) One successful title defence Full Contact Contender FCC Featherweight Championship. (one time, former) One successful title defence World MMA Awards 2022 Breakthrough Fighter of the Year Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 24 matches 21 wins 3 losses By knockout 6 0 By submission 9 1 By decision 6 2 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 21–3 Tony Ferguson Decision (unanimous) UFC 296 16 December 2023 3 5:00 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win 20–3 Jared Gordon Decision (unanimous) UFC 282 10 December 2022 3 5:00 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win 19–3 Jordan Leavitt Submission (rear-naked choke) UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Aspinall 23 July 2022 2 2:46 London, England Performance of the Night. Win 18–3 Rodrigo Vargas Submission (rear-naked choke) UFC Fight Night: Volkov vs. Aspinall 19 March 2022 1 3:50 London, England Performance of the Night. Win 17–3 Luigi Vendramini KO (punches) UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till 4 September 2021 1 4:25 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Performance of the Night. Win 16–3 Davide Martinez Submission (rear-naked choke) Cage Warriors 122 20 March 2021 1 1:37 London, England Win 15–3 Decky Dalton TKO (punches) Cage Warriors 113 20 March 2020 1 2:51 Manchester, England Loss 14–3 Søren Bak Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors 96 1 September 2018 5 5:00 Liverpool, England For the vacant Cage Warriors Lightweight Championship. Win 14–2 Alexis Savvidis Submission (flying triangle choke) Cage Warriors 90 24 February 2018 2 0:53 Liverpool, England Lightweight debut. Loss 13–2 Nad Narimani Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors 82 1 April 2017 5 5:00 Liverpool, England Lost the Cage Warriors Featherweight Championship. Win 13–1 Julian Erosa Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors: Unplugged 1 12 November 2016 5 5:00 London, England Defended the Cage Warriors Featherweight Championship. Win 12–1 Johnny Frachey TKO (punches) Cage Warriors 78 10 September 2016 1 1:35 Liverpool, England Won the vacant Cage Warriors Featherweight Championship. Win 11–1 Teddy Violet Submission (rear-naked choke) Cage Warriors 77 8 July 2016 2 2:28 London, England Catchweight (152 lb) bout. Win 10–1 Ashleigh Grimshaw Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors 75 15 April 2016 3 5:00 London, England Win 9–1 Miguel Haro Submission (rear-naked choke) Full Contact Contender 13 20 June 2015 1 4:46 Manchester, England Defended the FCC Featherweight Championship. Win 8–1 Kevin Petshi Submission (rear-naked choke) Full Contact Contender 12 28 March 2015 2 1:56 Manchester, England Won the vacant FCC Featherweight Championship. Win 7–1 Stephen Martin TKO (doctor stoppage) Cage Warriors 73 1 November 2014 1 5:00 Newcastle, England Featherweight debut. Win 6–1 Conrad Hayes Submission (triangle armbar) Cage Warriors 68 3 May 2014 1 3:17 Liverpool, England Catchweight (141.7 lb) bout; Pimblett missed weight. Win 5–1 Martin Sheridan Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors 65 1 March 2014 3 5:00 Dublin, Ireland Catchweight (136.8 lb) bout; Pimblett missed weight. Loss 4–1 Cameron Else Technical Submission (anaconda choke) Cage Warriors 60 5 October 2013 1 0:35 London, England Win 4–0 Florian Calin Decision (unanimous) Cage Warriors 56 6 July 2013 3 5:00 London, England Win 3–0 Jack Drabble TKO (punches) OMMAC 17 1 June 2013 1 0:21 London, England Win 2–0 Dougie Scott Submission (flying triangle choke) Cage Contender: Fight Stars 1 December 2012 1 2:09 Liverpool, England Win 1–0 Nathan Thompson TKO (submission to strikes) OMMAC 15 16 October 2012 1 1:51 Liverpool, England Bantamweight debut. See also List of current UFC fighters List of male mixed martial artists Notes References ^ "tapology". ^ a b "Stats | UFC". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Damon Martin (16 December 2023). "UFC 296 results: Paddy Pimblett scores early damage but ultimately grinds out Tony Ferguson for decision win". MMAFighting.com. ^ "Paddy Pimblett | UFC". UFC.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ "Paddy Pimblett ("The Baddy") | MMA Fighter Page". Tapology. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Simmons, Chauncey. "Watch: Paddy Pimblett is promoted to first degree black belt". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ Staff, Cage Warriors (13 September 2016). "Cage Warriors 78: Fishgold retains and Pimblett crowned on home soil". Cage Warriors. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Paddy". ^ a b c d McRae, Donald (19 March 2022). "Fighting for Liverpool: Paddy the Baddy and Meatball Molly's UFC takeover". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ Only, Fighters (9 September 2016). "Is the world ready for Paddy The Baddy?". Fighters Only. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Nathan Thompson vs. Paddy Pimblett, OMMAC 15 | MMA Bout". Tapology. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett". Liverpool Echo. ^ Fernanda Prates (12 November 2016). "JCage Warriors: Unplugged results: Paddy Pimblett retains title, vomits on canvas". mmajunkie. ^ Lee, Alexander K. (17 March 2022). "Retro Robbery Review: Paddy Pimblett vs. Julian Erosa at Cage Warriors: Unplugged". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 9 May 2022. ^ "Cage Warriors 82 results: Nad Narimani upsets Paddy Pimblett to take featherweight title". MMA Junkie. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2019. ^ Rimmer, Joe (12 September 2016). "Watch stunning KO from Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Paddy Pimblett eyes UFC call, praises safety measures after Cage Warriors 113 win". MMA Junkie. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022. ^ Staff, Cage Warriors (21 March 2020). "Cage Warriors 113 recap and results". Cage Warriors. Retrieved 19 March 2022. ^ Simon, Zane (9 July 2021). "Former CWFC champ Paddy Pimblett gets UFC debut in September". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Dawson, Alan. "Popular prizefighter Paddy Pimblett signed a UFC deal and immediately called himself the signing of the decade". Insider. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Paddy Pimblett tackade nej till UFC - ångrar ingenting". MMA & UFC NYHETER - SVERIGE (in Swedish). 1 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ Heck, Mike (9 July 2021). "Paddy Pimblett to make UFC debut against Luigi Vendramini in September". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "UFC Vegas 36 video: Paddy Pimblett stages comeback to deliver brutal knockout of Luigi Vendramini". mmafighting.com. 4 September 2021. ^ a b "UFC Fight Night 191 bonuses: Tom Aspinall's first-round finish, Paddy Pimblett's debut TKO among extra $50k earners". MMA Junkie. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021. ^ Fox, Robbie. "Paddy "The Baddy" Pimblett Signs Massive Seven-Figure Deal With Barstool Sports". www.barstoolsports.com. Retrieved 5 July 2022. ^ "Pimblett tegen Vargas tijdens UFC London". Eurosport (in Dutch). 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022. ^ Gibbons, Justin (19 March 2022). "UFC London: The O2 Arena Erupts to Paddy Pimblett's First Round Submission". Cageside Press. Retrieved 19 March 2022. ^ a b "UFC Fight Night 204 bonuses: Nine fighters go home with $50,000". MMA Junkie. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ Newswire, MMA Fighting (22 March 2022). "Paddy Pimblett reveals he made $12,000 to show and $12,000 to win at UFC London". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ Staff (27 May 2022). "Paddy Pimblett returns at UFC London vs. Jordan Leavitt". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 27 May 2022. ^ Anderson, Jay (23 July 2022). "UFC London: Paddy Pimblett First to Finish Jordan Leavitt, Locks Up Rear-Naked Choke". Cageside Press. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ a b Dan Hiergesell (23 July 2022). "UFC London bonuses: Paddy Pimblett, Molly McCann lead $50K winners". MMA Mania. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "UFC announces Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon for UFC 282 in December". MMA Junkie. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022. ^ "UFC 282 results, highlights: Paddy Pimblett outlasts Jared Gordon for decision in grappling-heavy battle". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Dewar, Val (11 December 2022). "UFC 282: Paddy Pimblett Defeats Jared Gordon in Controversial Decision". Cageside Press. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Martin, Damon (11 December 2022). "UFC 282 results: Paddy Pimblett wins controversial decision over Jared Gordon to remain undefeated in UFC". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Harkness, Ryan (11 December 2022). "ROBBERY! Twitter reacts to Paddy Pimblett's controversial win at UFC 282". MMAmania.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon". MMA Junkie. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Newswire, MMA Fighting (11 December 2022). "Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon UFC 282 official scorecard". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Paddy Pimblett def. Jared Gordon :: UFC 282 :: MMA Decisions". mmadecisions.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Anderson, Jay (22 September 2023). "Paddy Pimblett vs. Tony Ferguson, Stephen Thompson vs. Shavkat Rakhmonov Set for UFC 296". Cageside Press. Retrieved 23 September 2023. ^ Anderson, Jay (16 December 2023). "UFC 296: Strong Start Sees Paddy Pimblett Drop Tony Ferguson, Hang On for Decision Win". Cageside Press. Retrieved 16 December 2023. ^ "UFC 304 official with Leon Edwards vs. Belal Muhammad headliner and more in Manchester". MMA Junkie. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Newswire, MMA Fighting (5 June 2023). "UFC lightweight Paddy Pimblett announces marriage to longtime girlfriend". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Payne, Johny (30 May 2023). "Watch: UFC star Paddy Pimblett gets married to Laura Gregory in aesthetic ceremony". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Lally, Kate (8 December 2023). "Paddy 'the baddy' Pimblett announces gender of unborn twins". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Kirkham, Jenny (24 February 2017). "Cage fighter Paddy 'the Baddy' Pimblett tells Scousers to Shun the S*n". Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ MMA Fighting Newswire (9 December 2022). "2022 World MMA Awards Results". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 17 December 2022. ^ Sherdog.com. "Paddy". Sherdog. Retrieved 5 March 2022. External links Professional MMA record for Paddy Pimblett from Sherdog Paddy Pimblett at UFC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cage Warriors Featherweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_Warriors#Cage_Warriors_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Patrick Pimblett (born 3 January 1995) is an English professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Lightweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).[5][6] A professional since 2012, Pimblett is a former Cage Warriors Featherweight Champion.[7]","title":"Paddy Pimblett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Huyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyton"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-9"},{"link_name":"Rich Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Vitor Belfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitor_Belfort"},{"link_name":"UFC 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_103"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Paddy Pimblett was born on 3 January 1995[8] and grew up in Huyton, Merseyside. He attended St Margaret Mary's Primary school and Cardinal Heenan Catholic High school.[9] Influenced by the fight between Rich Franklin and Vitor Belfort at UFC 103, he started training in mixed martial arts at the age of 15, joining Next Generation MMA and deciding he would compete in the sport for a living shortly after.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cage Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cage Warriors featherweight championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_Warriors#Cage_Warriors_Featherweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Echo Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Arena"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Julian Erosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Erosa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nad Narimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad_Narimani"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmajunkie.com-15"},{"link_name":"lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cage Warriors lightweight championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_Warriors#Cage_Warriors_Lightweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Pimblett made his debut in 2012, aged 17, racking up a 3–0 record before signing with Cage Warriors a year later.[11] In 2016, he claimed the Cage Warriors featherweight championship, beating Johnny Frachey at the Echo Arena in Liverpool,[12] and defended it once against Julian Erosa, winning a highly controversial unanimous decision.[13][14] In April 2017, Pimblett lost it against Nad Narimani[15] and moved up to lightweight.[16] After a win, he challenged for the Cage Warriors lightweight championship, losing by unanimous decision to Søren Bak.[17][18] After two more wins in the organisation, Pimblett signed a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship.[19][20] Pimblett had previously declined two UFC deals, getting better financial offers from Cage Warriors.[21]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luigi Vendramini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Vendramini"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_191"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Performance of the night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFN191-24"},{"link_name":"Barstool Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstool_Sports"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazula_Vargas"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 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Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFN208-32"},{"link_name":"Jared Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Gordon"},{"link_name":"UFC 282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_282"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Tony Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"UFC 296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_296"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bobby Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Green"},{"link_name":"UFC 304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_304"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"Pimblett made his promotional debut against Luigi Vendramini on 4 September 2021, at UFC Fight Night 191.[22] Pimblett won the bout via knockout in the first round.[23] This fight earned him a Performance of the night bonus.[24] In October 2021, Pimblett signed an endorsement deal with Barstool Sports worth over $1,000,000.[25]Pimblett faced Rodrigo Vargas on 19 March 2022 at UFC Fight Night 204.[26] He won the fight via submission in round one.[27] With this win, he received his second consecutive Performance of the Night award.[28] Paddy would later reveal he made $12,000 to show and $12,000 to win.[29]Pimblett next faced Jordan Leavitt on 23 July 2022 at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Aspinall.[30] He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the second round.[31] This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.[32]Pimblett faced Jared Gordon on 10 December 2022 at UFC 282.[33] He won the bout via unanimous decision.[34] The decision was met with controversy, as many media outlets, fighters, and fans expressed their belief that Gordon had won the fight.[35][36][37][38][39][40] 23 out of 24 media sources scored the fight in favour of Gordon.[41]Pimblett faced Tony Ferguson on 16 December 2023 at UFC 296.[42] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[43]Pimblett is scheduled to face Bobby Green on 27 July 2024 at UFC 304.[44]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peckforton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckforton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Molly McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_McCann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-9"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-9"},{"link_name":"boycott of The Sun newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-9"}],"text":"Pimblett married his longtime girlfriend Laura Gregory on 28 May 2023 at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire.[45][46] In November of the same year, the couple announced they were expecting twins.[47]Pimblett is a close friend of fellow mixed martial artist Molly McCann.[9]Pimblett describes himself as a socialist and an opponent of the Conservative Party.[9] He supports the Liverpool-wide boycott of The Sun newspaper.[48]He is a supporter of Liverpool and has expressed a desire to fight at the team's home stadium of Anfield.[9]Pimblett has said that his trademark floppy hair and lack of tattoos allows children to identify with him in a way that would not be possible for them to do if he was \"a big hard fella with lots of tattoos\".","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Performance of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"Luigi Vendramini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Vendramini"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazula_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Jordan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFN191-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFN204-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFN208-32"},{"link_name":"Cage Warriors Fighting 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(one time, former)\nOne successful title defence\nWorld MMA Awards\n2022 Breakthrough Fighter of the Year[49]","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"[50]","title":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of current UFC fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_UFC_fighters"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"}]

[{"reference":"\"tapology\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/36807-paddy-pimblett","url_text":"\"tapology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stats | UFC\". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/7826923b47f8d72a","url_text":"\"Stats | UFC\""}]},{"reference":"Damon Martin (16 December 2023). \"UFC 296 results: Paddy Pimblett scores early damage but ultimately grinds out Tony Ferguson for decision win\". MMAFighting.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/12/16/24004592/ufc-296-results-paddy-pimblett-scores-early-damage-ultimately-grinds-out-tony-ferguson-decision-win","url_text":"\"UFC 296 results: Paddy Pimblett scores early damage but ultimately grinds out Tony Ferguson for decision win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy Pimblett | UFC\". UFC.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/paddy-pimblett","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett | UFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy Pimblett (\"The Baddy\") | MMA Fighter Page\". Tapology. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/36807-paddy-pimblett","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett (\"The Baddy\") | MMA Fighter Page\""}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Chauncey. \"Watch: Paddy Pimblett is promoted to first degree black belt\". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-watch-paddy-pimblett-promoted-first-degree-black-belt","url_text":"\"Watch: Paddy Pimblett is promoted to first degree black belt\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Cage Warriors (13 September 2016). \"Cage Warriors 78: Fishgold retains and Pimblett crowned on home soil\". Cage Warriors. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagewarriors.com/cage-warriors-78-fishgold-retains-and-pimblett-crowned-on-home-soil/","url_text":"\"Cage Warriors 78: Fishgold retains and Pimblett crowned on home soil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Paddy-Pimblett-84902","url_text":"\"Paddy\""}]},{"reference":"McRae, Donald (19 March 2022). \"Fighting for Liverpool: Paddy the Baddy and Meatball Molly's UFC takeover\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/mar/19/fighting-for-liverpool-paddy-the-baddy-and-meatball-mollys-ufc-takeover","url_text":"\"Fighting for Liverpool: Paddy the Baddy and Meatball Molly's UFC takeover\""}]},{"reference":"Only, Fighters (9 September 2016). \"Is the world ready for Paddy The Baddy?\". Fighters Only. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightersonlymag.com/interviews/is-the-world-ready-for-paddy-the-baddy/","url_text":"\"Is the world ready for Paddy The Baddy?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Thompson vs. Paddy Pimblett, OMMAC 15 | MMA Bout\". Tapology. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/74976-ommac-15-paddy-the-baddie-pimblett-vs-nathan-chicken-thompson","url_text":"\"Nathan Thompson vs. Paddy Pimblett, OMMAC 15 | MMA Bout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett\". Liverpool Echo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/all-about/paddy-pimblett","url_text":"\"Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett\""}]},{"reference":"Fernanda Prates (12 November 2016). \"JCage Warriors: Unplugged results: Paddy Pimblett retains title, vomits on canvas\". mmajunkie.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2016/11/cage-warriors-unplugged-results-paddy-pimblett-retains-title-vomits-on-canvas","url_text":"\"JCage Warriors: Unplugged results: Paddy Pimblett retains title, vomits on canvas\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Alexander K. (17 March 2022). \"Retro Robbery Review: Paddy Pimblett vs. Julian Erosa at Cage Warriors: Unplugged\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 9 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/3/17/22982551/retro-robbery-review-paddy-pimblett-vs-julian-erosa-at-cage-warriors-unplugged","url_text":"\"Retro Robbery Review: Paddy Pimblett vs. Julian Erosa at Cage Warriors: Unplugged\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cage Warriors 82 results: Nad Narimani upsets Paddy Pimblett to take featherweight title\". MMA Junkie. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.com/2017/04/cage-warriors-82-results-nad-narimani-upsets-paddy-pimblett-to-take-featherweight-title","url_text":"\"Cage Warriors 82 results: Nad Narimani upsets Paddy Pimblett to take featherweight title\""}]},{"reference":"Rimmer, Joe (12 September 2016). \"Watch stunning KO from Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/watch-knockout-won-paddy-the-11874398","url_text":"\"Watch stunning KO from Paddy 'The Baddy' Pimblett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy Pimblett eyes UFC call, praises safety measures after Cage Warriors 113 win\". MMA Junkie. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/paddy-pimblett-ufc-cage-warriors-113-win-safety-coronavirus","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett eyes UFC call, praises safety measures after Cage Warriors 113 win\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Cage Warriors (21 March 2020). \"Cage Warriors 113 recap and results\". Cage Warriors. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagewarriors.com/cage-warriors-113-recap-and-results/","url_text":"\"Cage Warriors 113 recap and results\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Zane (9 July 2021). \"Former CWFC champ Paddy Pimblett gets UFC debut in September\". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2021/7/9/22570606/former-cage-warriors-champ-paddy-pimblett-ufc-debut-luigi-vendramini-mma-news","url_text":"\"Former CWFC champ Paddy Pimblett gets UFC debut in September\""}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Alan. \"Popular prizefighter Paddy Pimblett signed a UFC deal and immediately called himself the signing of the decade\". Insider. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/paddy-the-baddy-pimblett-the-ufc-signing-of-the-decade-2021-3","url_text":"\"Popular prizefighter Paddy Pimblett signed a UFC deal and immediately called himself the signing of the decade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy Pimblett tackade nej till UFC - ångrar ingenting\". MMA & UFC NYHETER - SVERIGE (in Swedish). 1 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kimura.se/paddy-pimblett-nej-till-ufc/","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett tackade nej till UFC - ångrar ingenting\""}]},{"reference":"Heck, Mike (9 July 2021). \"Paddy Pimblett to make UFC debut against Luigi Vendramini in September\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/9/22570545/paddy-pimblett-to-make-ufc-debut-against-luigi-vendramini-in-september","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett to make UFC debut against Luigi Vendramini in September\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Vegas 36 video: Paddy Pimblett stages comeback to deliver brutal knockout of Luigi Vendramini\". mmafighting.com. 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/9/4/22657408/ufc-vegas-36-video-paddy-pimblett-stages-comeback-to-deliver-brutal-knockout-over-luigi-vendramini","url_text":"\"UFC Vegas 36 video: Paddy Pimblett stages comeback to deliver brutal knockout of Luigi Vendramini\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Fight Night 191 bonuses: Tom Aspinall's first-round finish, Paddy Pimblett's debut TKO among extra $50k earners\". MMA Junkie. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-191-bonuses-tom-aspinalls-first-round-finish-paddy-pimbletts-debut-tko-among-extra-50k-earners","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 191 bonuses: Tom Aspinall's first-round finish, Paddy Pimblett's debut TKO among extra $50k earners\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Robbie. \"Paddy \"The Baddy\" Pimblett Signs Massive Seven-Figure Deal With Barstool Sports\". www.barstoolsports.com. Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barstoolsports.com/blog/3387870/paddy-the-baddy-pimblett-signs-massive-seven-figure-deal-with-barstool-sports","url_text":"\"Paddy \"The Baddy\" Pimblett Signs Massive Seven-Figure Deal With Barstool Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pimblett tegen Vargas tijdens UFC London\". Eurosport (in Dutch). 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/pimblett-tegen-vargas-tijdens-ufc-london_sto8725920/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Pimblett tegen Vargas tijdens UFC London\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Justin (19 March 2022). \"UFC London: The O2 Arena Erupts to Paddy Pimblett's First Round Submission\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/19/ufc-london-o2-arena-erupts-paddy-pimbletts-first-round-submission/","url_text":"\"UFC London: The O2 Arena Erupts to Paddy Pimblett's First Round Submission\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Fight Night 204 bonuses: Nine fighters go home with $50,000\". MMA Junkie. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-204-london-bonuses-nine-fighters-50000-knockouts-submissions-paddy-pimblett-molly-mccann","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 204 bonuses: Nine fighters go home with $50,000\""}]},{"reference":"Newswire, MMA Fighting (22 March 2022). \"Paddy Pimblett reveals he made $12,000 to show and $12,000 to win at UFC London\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/3/22/22992026/paddy-pimblett-reveals-he-made-12000-to-show-and-12000-to-win-at-ufc-london","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett reveals he made $12,000 to show and $12,000 to win at UFC London\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (27 May 2022). \"Paddy Pimblett returns at UFC London vs. Jordan Leavitt\". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/05/ufc-london-paddy-pimblett-vs-jordan-leavitt-uk-england-liverpool-mma-fight-booking-announcement","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett returns at UFC London vs. Jordan Leavitt\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (23 July 2022). \"UFC London: Paddy Pimblett First to Finish Jordan Leavitt, Locks Up Rear-Naked Choke\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/23/ufc-london-paddy-pimblett-vs-jordan-leavitt/","url_text":"\"UFC London: Paddy Pimblett First to Finish Jordan Leavitt, Locks Up Rear-Naked Choke\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Hiergesell (23 July 2022). \"UFC London bonuses: Paddy Pimblett, Molly McCann lead $50K winners\". MMA Mania. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmamania.com/2022/7/23/23275391/ufc-london-official-bonus-winners-results-espn-blaydes-aspinall-pimblett-mccan-pearce-krylov","url_text":"\"UFC London bonuses: Paddy Pimblett, Molly McCann lead $50K winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC announces Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon for UFC 282 in December\". MMA Junkie. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/10/ufc-282-paddy-pimblett-meets-jared-gordon-december-lightweight","url_text":"\"UFC announces Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon for UFC 282 in December\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC 282 results, highlights: Paddy Pimblett outlasts Jared Gordon for decision in grappling-heavy battle\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mma/news/ufc-282-results-highlights-paddy-pimblett-outlasts-jared-gordon-for-decision-in-grappling-heavy-battle/","url_text":"\"UFC 282 results, highlights: Paddy Pimblett outlasts Jared Gordon for decision in grappling-heavy battle\""}]},{"reference":"Dewar, Val (11 December 2022). \"UFC 282: Paddy Pimblett Defeats Jared Gordon in Controversial Decision\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/12/11/ufc-282-paddy-pimblett-defeats-jared-gordon-by-close-decision/","url_text":"\"UFC 282: Paddy Pimblett Defeats Jared Gordon in Controversial Decision\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Damon (11 December 2022). \"UFC 282 results: Paddy Pimblett wins controversial decision over Jared Gordon to remain undefeated in UFC\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/12/11/23503690/ufc-282-results-paddy-pimblett-wins-controversial-decision-over-jared-gordon-remain-undefeated-ufc","url_text":"\"UFC 282 results: Paddy Pimblett wins controversial decision over Jared Gordon to remain undefeated in UFC\""}]},{"reference":"Harkness, Ryan (11 December 2022). \"ROBBERY! Twitter reacts to Paddy Pimblett's controversial win at UFC 282\". MMAmania.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmamania.com/2022/12/11/23503718/robbery-fans-and-fighters-react-to-paddy-pimbletts-controversial-win-at-ufc-282","url_text":"\"ROBBERY! Twitter reacts to Paddy Pimblett's controversial win at UFC 282\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\". MMA Junkie. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/12/ufc-282-scorecards-paddy-pimbletts-controversial-win-jared-gordon","url_text":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/ufc-282-scorecards-paddy-pimblett-062725761.html","url_text":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\""}]},{"reference":"Newswire, MMA Fighting (11 December 2022). \"Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon UFC 282 official scorecard\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/12/11/23503728/paddy-pimblett-vs-jared-gordon-ufc-282-official-scorecard","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon UFC 282 official scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy Pimblett def. Jared Gordon :: UFC 282 :: MMA Decisions\". mmadecisions.com. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmadecisions.com/decision/13677/Paddy-Pimblett-vs-Jared-Gordon","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett def. Jared Gordon :: UFC 282 :: MMA Decisions\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (22 September 2023). \"Paddy Pimblett vs. Tony Ferguson, Stephen Thompson vs. Shavkat Rakhmonov Set for UFC 296\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/09/22/paddy-pimblett-tony-ferguson-stephen-thompson-shavkat-rakhmonov-ufc-296/","url_text":"\"Paddy Pimblett vs. Tony Ferguson, Stephen Thompson vs. Shavkat Rakhmonov Set for UFC 296\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (16 December 2023). \"UFC 296: Strong Start Sees Paddy Pimblett Drop Tony Ferguson, Hang On for Decision Win\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/12/16/ufc-296-strong-start-sees-paddy-pimblett-drop-tony-ferguson-hang-on-for-decision-win/","url_text":"\"UFC 296: Strong Start Sees Paddy Pimblett Drop Tony Ferguson, Hang On for Decision Win\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC 304 official with Leon Edwards vs. Belal Muhammad headliner and more in Manchester\". MMA Junkie. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2024/05/ufc-304-manchester-england-edwards-muhammad-heavyweight","url_text":"\"UFC 304 official with Leon Edwards vs. Belal Muhammad headliner and more in Manchester\""}]},{"reference":"Newswire, MMA Fighting (5 June 2023). \"UFC lightweight Paddy Pimblett announces marriage to longtime girlfriend\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/6/5/23749355/ufc-lightweight-paddy-pimblett-announces-marriage-to-longtime-girlfriend","url_text":"\"UFC lightweight Paddy Pimblett announces marriage to longtime girlfriend\""}]},{"reference":"Payne, Johny (30 May 2023). \"Watch: UFC star Paddy Pimblett gets married to Laura Gregory in aesthetic ceremony\". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-watch-ufc-star-paddy-pimblett-gets-married-laura-gregory-aesthetic-ceremony","url_text":"\"Watch: UFC star Paddy Pimblett gets married to Laura Gregory in aesthetic ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Lally, Kate (8 December 2023). \"Paddy 'the baddy' Pimblett announces gender of unborn twins\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/paddy-the-baddy-pimblett-reveals-28259332","url_text":"\"Paddy 'the baddy' Pimblett announces gender of unborn twins\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkham, Jenny (24 February 2017). \"Cage fighter Paddy 'the Baddy' Pimblett tells Scousers to Shun the S*n\". Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/cage-fighter-paddy-the-baddy-12655308","url_text":"\"Cage fighter Paddy 'the Baddy' Pimblett tells Scousers to Shun the S*n\""}]},{"reference":"MMA Fighting Newswire (9 December 2022). \"2022 World MMA Awards Results\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/12/8/23499496/2022-world-mma-awards-results","url_text":"\"2022 World MMA Awards Results\""}]},{"reference":"Sherdog.com. \"Paddy\". Sherdog. Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Paddy-Pimblett-84902","url_text":"\"Paddy\""}]}]

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Twitter reacts to Paddy Pimblett's controversial win at UFC 282\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/12/ufc-282-scorecards-paddy-pimbletts-controversial-win-jared-gordon","external_links_name":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/ufc-282-scorecards-paddy-pimblett-062725761.html","external_links_name":"\"Here are the UFC 282 scorecards for Paddy Pimblett's controversial win over Jared Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/12/11/23503728/paddy-pimblett-vs-jared-gordon-ufc-282-official-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"Paddy Pimblett vs. Jared Gordon UFC 282 official scorecard\""},{"Link":"http://mmadecisions.com/decision/13677/Paddy-Pimblett-vs-Jared-Gordon","external_links_name":"\"Paddy Pimblett def. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_National_Park

Madhav National Park

["1 Geography","2 History","3 Sights and facilities","3.1 George Castle","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 25°28′N 77°45′E / 25.467°N 77.750°E / 25.467; 77.750National park in India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Madhav National Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Madhav National ParkIUCN category II (national park)LocationMadhya Pradesh, IndiaNearest cityShivpuri around 9km awayCoordinates25°28′N 77°45′E / 25.467°N 77.750°E / 25.467; 77.750Area354 km2 (137 sq mi)Visitorsaround 500 people (in every year) Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameSakhya SagarDesignated7 January 2022Reference no.2483 Madhav National Park is situated in Shivpuri District of Gwalior division in northwest Madhya Pradesh, India. Two national highways pass through the park, the Agra to Bombay former National Highway 3 and the Jhansi to Shivpuri National Highway 27 (formerly N.H.25). The park was first noticed in 1956, at 167 km2, as Shivpuri National Park. In 1958, it was renamed Madhav National Park after Madho Rao Scindia, the Maharaja of Gwalior belonging to the Scindia dynasty of the Marathas, and was finalized the following year. Sakhya Sagar, a man-made reservoir within the park, has been designated as a Ramsar site since 2022. Geography There are several small ponds in this national park, but the largest body of water is Sankhya Sagar, a reservoir, constructed for Madho Rao Scindia when it was still his hunting grounds. He also had constructed a second smaller reservoir by damming Manihar River, Madhav Sagar, known as Madhav Lake. A third reservoir was not included in the park. Located in the ecoregion of Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests, this national park has a varied terrain of forested hills and flat grasslands around the reservoir and is thus rich in biodiversity. The average rainfall is 816 mm. History Shivpuri town in the state of Madhya Pradesh was formerly the summer capital and a much larger park was the former hunting preserve of the Scindia maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior. After the independence of India, the area suffered degradation. Agriculture and mining encroached on the former hunting grounds. Although the park was noticed in 1956, at 167 km2, as Shivpuri National Park and became the renamed Madhav National Park in 1959, degradation continued. The last of the resident wild tigers were seen in Madhav National Park around late 1970. In 1982 a plan to add a new part of the park along the Sindh River was proposed. This expansion area included a corridor joining it to the original 167 km2, which when completed would bring the park to 354 km2. (See map below in external links.) As late as the 1990s there was little effort to improve the conditions in the park. Illegal mining and questionable mining permits led to significant degradation in the park, so that in the 1990s conservationists took the matter the Supreme Court of India and by 1998 received an injunction terminating mining in the area. Sights and facilities On the shores of Sakhya Sagar lake which edges the forests, is a boat club, from where the park visitors can see a number of migratory birds especially in winter, when many migratory waterfowls visit the area. A viewing lodge constructed by the Maharaja called the Shooting Box, is situated above the Sakhya Sagar lake. In the older days one could shoot wildlife, both with a gun and camera from here. Visitors could sit under cover and watch a tiger at a kill. All around the lake (at suitable points), the Maharaja constructed boat landing areas, picnic shelters, watch towers, hides, etc. and a network of well laid out metalled roads. George Castle At the highest elevation in Madhav National Park, 484.0 m (1,587.9 ft), is the George Castle (Bankhade Kothi). In 1911, the local Scindia ruler Madho Rao Scindia built the castle in his hunting park for an overnight stay by King George V of the United Kingdom. George V had intended to go tiger shooting there during his visit to India. However, the king shot a tiger before getting there, and did not stop at George Castle afterall. Although in some disrepair, it is a "turreted English-style castle, with Belgian glass windows and Italian tile flooring." See also Wildlife of India Notes and references ^ a b "Sakhya Sagar". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (1998). "Madhav National Park". National Parks of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement. New Delhi: APH Publishing. pp. 148–166. ISBN 978-81-7024-950-4. ^ Google maps ^ "Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 29 January 2017. ^ a b Roy, P. S.; Ravan, Shirish A. (1996). "Biomass estimation using satellite remote sensing data—An investigation on possible approaches for natural forest". Journal of Biosciences. 21 (4): 535–561. doi:10.1007/BF02703218. ^ Shrivastava, Priyanka Pawar; et al. (July 2017). "District Tourism Master Plan for Shivpuri Draft Report". Bhopal: Design and Planning Consultants (DPC). p. 43. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. ^ "George Castle". Shivpuri District of Madhya Pradesh. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. ^ Sengar, Resham (28 August 2018). "The charms of Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. ^ "The Cycle of Life". The Times of India. 16 February 2003. Archived from the original on 21 March 2003. External links Madhav National Park (Map). Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. vteNational parks of India Protected areas of India Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Andaman andNicobar Islands Campbell Bay Galathea Mahatma Gandhi Middle Button Island Mt. Harriet Island North Button Island Rani Jhansi Saddle Peak South Button Island Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara Papikonda Arunachal Pradesh Mouling Namdapha Assam Dibru-Saikhowa Dehing Patkai Kaziranga Manas Nameri Orang Raimona Bihar Valmiki Chhattisgarh Indravati Kanger Valley Goa Mollem Gujarat Blackbuck Gir National Park Gulf of Kutch Vansda Haryana Kalesar Sultanpur Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan Pin Valley Khirganga Jammu & Kashmir Dachigam Salim Ali National Park Kishtwar Overa-Aru Hirpora Hokersar Ladakh Hemis Jharkhand Betla Karnataka Kali Tiger Reserve Bandipur Bannerghatta Kundremukh Nagarhole Kerala Anamudi Shola Eravikulam Mathikettan Shola Pampadam Shola Periyar Silent Valley Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh Fossil Kanha Tiger Reserve Kuno Madhav Panna Pench National Park Sanjay Satpura Tiger Reserve Van Vihar Maharashtra Chandoli Gilbert Hill Gugamal Karnala Navegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve Manipur Keibul Lamjao Shirui Meghalaya Balpakram Nokrek Mizoram Murlen Phawngpui Nagaland Intangki Odisha Bhitarkanika Simlipal Rajasthan Mukundara Hills Desert Keoladeo Ranthambhore Sariska Sikkim Khangchendzonga Tamil Nadu Guindy Gulf of Mannar Anamalai Mudumalai Mukurthi Palani Hills Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Mrugavani Tripura Clouded Leopard Rajbari Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa Uttarakhand Jim Corbett Gangotri Govind Pashu Vihar Nanda Devi Rajaji Valley of Flowers West Bengal Buxa Gorumara Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Jaldapara Category vteRamsar sites in IndiaAndhra Pradesh Kolleru Lake Assam Deepor Beel Bihar Kanwar Lake Goa Nanda Lake Gujarat Khijadiya Nalsarovar Thol Lake Wadhvana Wetland Haryana Sultanpur National Park Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Himachal Pradesh Chandra Taal Pong Dam Lake Renuka Lake Jammu and Kashmir Hokera Wetland Hygam Wetland Shallbugh Wetland Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Wular Lake Karnataka Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Kerala Ashtamudi Wetland Sasthamkotta Lake Vembanad-Kol Wetland Ladakh Tsomoriri Tso Kar Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Wetland Sakhya Sagar Sirpur Lake Yashwant Sagar Maharashtra Nandur Madhameshwar Lonar Lake Thane Creek Manipur Loktak Lake Mizoram Pala Wetland Odisha Anshupa Lake Bhitarkanika Mangroves Chilika Lake Hirakud Reservoir Satkosia Gorge Tampara Lake Punjab Beas Conservation Reserve Harike Wetland Kanjli Wetland Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Ropar Wetland Rajasthan Keoladeo National Park Sambhar Lake Tamil Nadu Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Karikili Bird Sanctuary Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest Pichavaram Mangrove Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Vellode Bird Sanctuary Vembannur Wetland Complex Tripura Rudrasagar Lake Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Haiderpur Wetland Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary Saman Bird Sanctuary Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sarsai Nawar Jheel Sur Sarovar Upper Ganga River UttarakhandAsan BarrageWest Bengal East Kolkata Wetlands Sundarban Wetland

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In 1958, it was renamed Madhav National Park after Madho Rao Scindia, the Maharaja of Gwalior belonging to the Scindia dynasty of the Marathas, and was finalized the following year.[2] Sakhya Sagar, a man-made reservoir within the park, has been designated as a Ramsar site since 2022.[1]","title":"Madhav National Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khathiar-Gir_dry_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF,_SA:_NI-4"},{"link_name":"forested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslands"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-5"}],"text":"There are several small ponds in this national park, but the largest body of water is Sankhya Sagar, a reservoir,[3] constructed for Madho Rao Scindia when it was still his hunting grounds.[2] He also had constructed a second smaller reservoir by damming Manihar River, Madhav Sagar, known as Madhav Lake.[2] A third reservoir was not included in the park.[2]Located in the ecoregion of Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests,[4] this national park has a varied terrain of forested hills and flat grasslands around the reservoir and is thus rich in biodiversity. The average rainfall is 816 mm.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scindia maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinde#Scindia_maharajas_of_Ujjain_and_Gwalior"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-5"},{"link_name":"Sindh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiwari-2"},{"link_name":"Illegal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_mining"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Shivpuri town in the state of Madhya Pradesh was formerly the summer capital and a much larger park was the former hunting preserve of the Scindia maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior.After the independence of India, the area suffered degradation.[2] Agriculture and mining encroached on the former hunting grounds. Although the park was noticed in 1956, at 167 km2, as Shivpuri National Park and became the renamed Madhav National Park in 1959, degradation continued.[2][5] The last of the resident wild tigers were seen in Madhav National Park around late 1970. In 1982 a plan to add a new part of the park along the Sindh River was proposed. This expansion area included a corridor joining it to the original 167 km2,[2] which when completed would bring the park to 354 km2. (See map below in external links.)As late as the 1990s there was little effort to improve the conditions in the park. Illegal mining and questionable mining permits led to significant degradation in the park, so that in the 1990s conservationists took the matter the Supreme Court of India and by 1998 received an injunction terminating mining in the area.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On the shores of Sakhya Sagar lake which edges the forests, is a boat club, from where the park visitors can see a number of migratory birds especially in winter, when many migratory waterfowls visit the area. A viewing lodge constructed by the Maharaja called the Shooting Box, is situated above the Sakhya Sagar lake. In the older days one could shoot wildlife, both with a gun and camera from here. Visitors could sit under cover and watch a tiger at a kill. All around the lake (at suitable points), the Maharaja constructed boat landing areas, picnic shelters, watch towers, hides, etc. and a network of well laid out metalled roads.[citation needed]","title":"Sights and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scindia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scindia"},{"link_name":"Madho Rao Scindia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madho_Rao_Scindia"},{"link_name":"George V of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"tiger shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_hunting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"George Castle","text":"At the highest elevation in Madhav National Park, 484.0 m (1,587.9 ft), is the George Castle (Bankhade Kothi). In 1911, the local Scindia ruler Madho Rao Scindia built the castle in his hunting park for an overnight stay by King George V of the United Kingdom. George V had intended to go tiger shooting there during his visit to India. However, the king shot a tiger before getting there, and did not stop at George Castle afterall.[7][8] Although in some disrepair, it is a \"turreted English-style castle, with Belgian glass windows and Italian tile flooring.\"[9]","title":"Sights and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RSIS_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RSIS_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sakhya Sagar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2483"},{"link_name":"Ramsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tiwari_2-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7024-950-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-950-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Google maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/maps/place/25%C2%B028'00.0%22N+77%C2%B045'00.0%22E/@25.3969754,77.7187696,6755m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d25.466667!4d77.75?hl=en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WWF,_SA:_NI_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0206"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roy_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roy_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Biomass estimation using satellite remote sensing data—An investigation on possible approaches for natural forest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/225623869_Biomass_estimation_using_satellite_remote_sensing_data-An_investigation_on_possible_approaches_for_natural_forest"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF02703218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02703218"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"District Tourism Master Plan for Shivpuri Draft Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//docplayer.net/79213896-District-tourism-master-plan-for-shivpuri-draft-report-july-client-district-tourism-promotion-council-dtpc-shivpuri.html"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200527030555/https://docplayer.net/79213896-District-tourism-master-plan-for-shivpuri-draft-report-july-client-district-tourism-promotion-council-dtpc-shivpuri.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"George Castle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//shivpuri.nic.in/en/tourist-place/george-castle/"},{"link_name":"Shivpuri District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivpuri_District"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200525225821/https://shivpuri.nic.in/en/tourist-place/george-castle/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The charms of Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-charms-of-shivpuri-in-madhya-pradesh/as65579178.cms"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180828224156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-charms-of-shivpuri-in-madhya-pradesh/as65579178.cms"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Cycle of Life\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030321132053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?artid=37573125"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?artid=37573125"}],"text":"^ a b \"Sakhya Sagar\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 7 August 2022.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (1998). \"Madhav National Park\". National Parks of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement. New Delhi: APH Publishing. pp. 148–166. ISBN 978-81-7024-950-4.\n\n^ Google maps\n\n^ \"Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 29 January 2017.\n\n^ a b Roy, P. S.; Ravan, Shirish A. (1996). \"Biomass estimation using satellite remote sensing data—An investigation on possible approaches for natural forest\". Journal of Biosciences. 21 (4): 535–561. doi:10.1007/BF02703218.\n\n^ Shrivastava, Priyanka Pawar; et al. (July 2017). \"District Tourism Master Plan for Shivpuri Draft Report\". Bhopal: Design and Planning Consultants (DPC). p. 43. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020.\n\n^ \"George Castle\". Shivpuri District of Madhya Pradesh. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.\n\n^ Sengar, Resham (28 August 2018). \"The charms of Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018.\n\n^ \"The Cycle of Life\". The Times of India. 16 February 2003. Archived from the original on 21 March 2003.","title":"Notes and references"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_genus

Todd class

["1 History","2 Definition","3 Properties of the Todd class","4 Computations of the Todd class","5 Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]

In mathematics, the Todd class is a certain construction now considered a part of the theory in algebraic topology of characteristic classes. The Todd class of a vector bundle can be defined by means of the theory of Chern classes, and is encountered where Chern classes exist — most notably in differential topology, the theory of complex manifolds and algebraic geometry. In rough terms, a Todd class acts like a reciprocal of a Chern class, or stands in relation to it as a conormal bundle does to a normal bundle. The Todd class plays a fundamental role in generalising the classical Riemann–Roch theorem to higher dimensions, in the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem and the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem. History It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined. The geometric idea involved is sometimes called the Todd-Eger class. The general definition in higher dimensions is due to Friedrich Hirzebruch. Definition To define the Todd class td ⁡ ( E ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (E)} where E {\displaystyle E} is a complex vector bundle on a topological space X {\displaystyle X} , it is usually possible to limit the definition to the case of a Whitney sum of line bundles, by means of a general device of characteristic class theory, the use of Chern roots (aka, the splitting principle). For the definition, let Q ( x ) = x 1 − e − x = 1 + x 2 + ∑ i = 1 ∞ B 2 i ( 2 i ) ! x 2 i = 1 + x 2 + x 2 12 − x 4 720 + ⋯ {\displaystyle Q(x)={\frac {x}{1-e^{-x}}}=1+{\dfrac {x}{2}}+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {B_{2i}}{(2i)!}}x^{2i}=1+{\dfrac {x}{2}}+{\dfrac {x^{2}}{12}}-{\dfrac {x^{4}}{720}}+\cdots } be the formal power series with the property that the coefficient of x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} in Q ( x ) n + 1 {\displaystyle Q(x)^{n+1}} is 1, where B i {\displaystyle B_{i}} denotes the i {\displaystyle i} -th Bernoulli number. Consider the coefficient of x j {\displaystyle x^{j}} in the product ∏ i = 1 m Q ( β i x )   {\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{m}Q(\beta _{i}x)\ } for any m > j {\displaystyle m>j} . This is symmetric in the β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} s and homogeneous of weight j {\displaystyle j} : so can be expressed as a polynomial td j ⁡ ( p 1 , … , p j ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} _{j}(p_{1},\ldots ,p_{j})} in the elementary symmetric functions p {\displaystyle p} of the β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} s. Then td j {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} _{j}} defines the Todd polynomials: they form a multiplicative sequence with Q {\displaystyle Q} as characteristic power series. If E {\displaystyle E} has the α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}} as its Chern roots, then the Todd class td ⁡ ( E ) = ∏ Q ( α i ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (E)=\prod Q(\alpha _{i})} which is to be computed in the cohomology ring of X {\displaystyle X} (or in its completion if one wants to consider infinite-dimensional manifolds). The Todd class can be given explicitly as a formal power series in the Chern classes as follows: td ⁡ ( E ) = 1 + c 1 2 + c 1 2 + c 2 12 + c 1 c 2 24 + − c 1 4 + 4 c 1 2 c 2 + c 1 c 3 + 3 c 2 2 − c 4 720 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (E)=1+{\frac {c_{1}}{2}}+{\frac {c_{1}^{2}+c_{2}}{12}}+{\frac {c_{1}c_{2}}{24}}+{\frac {-c_{1}^{4}+4c_{1}^{2}c_{2}+c_{1}c_{3}+3c_{2}^{2}-c_{4}}{720}}+\cdots } where the cohomology classes c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} are the Chern classes of E {\displaystyle E} , and lie in the cohomology group H 2 i ( X ) {\displaystyle H^{2i}(X)} . If X {\displaystyle X} is finite-dimensional then most terms vanish and td ⁡ ( E ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (E)} is a polynomial in the Chern classes. Properties of the Todd class The Todd class is multiplicative: td ⁡ ( E ⊕ F ) = td ⁡ ( E ) ⋅ td ⁡ ( F ) . {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (E\oplus F)=\operatorname {td} (E)\cdot \operatorname {td} (F).} Let ξ ∈ H 2 ( C P n ) {\displaystyle \xi \in H^{2}({\mathbb {C} }P^{n})} be the fundamental class of the hyperplane section. From multiplicativity and the Euler exact sequence for the tangent bundle of C P n {\displaystyle {\mathbb {C} }P^{n}} 0 → O → O ( 1 ) n + 1 → T C P n → 0 , {\displaystyle 0\to {\mathcal {O}}\to {\mathcal {O}}(1)^{n+1}\to T{\mathbb {C} }P^{n}\to 0,} one obtains td ⁡ ( T C P n ) = ( ξ 1 − e − ξ ) n + 1 . {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (T{\mathbb {C} }P^{n})=\left({\dfrac {\xi }{1-e^{-\xi }}}\right)^{n+1}.} Computations of the Todd class For any algebraic curve C {\displaystyle C} the Todd class is just td ⁡ ( C ) = 1 + c 1 ( T C ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {td} (C)=1+c_{1}(T_{C})} . Since C {\displaystyle C} is projective, it can be embedded into some P n {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{n}} and we can find c 1 ( T C ) {\displaystyle c_{1}(T_{C})} using the normal sequence 0 → T C → T P n | C → N C / P n → 0 {\displaystyle 0\to T_{C}\to T_{\mathbb {P} }^{n}|_{C}\to N_{C/\mathbb {P} ^{n}}\to 0} and properties of chern classes. For example, if we have a degree d {\displaystyle d} plane curve in P 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{2}} , we find the total chern class is c ( T C ) = c ( T P 2 | C ) c ( N C / P 2 ) = 1 + 3 [ H ] 1 + d [ H ] = ( 1 + 3 [ H ] ) ( 1 − d [ H ] ) = 1 + ( 3 − d ) [ H ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c(T_{C})&={\frac {c(T_{\mathbb {P} ^{2}}|_{C})}{c(N_{C/\mathbb {P} ^{2}})}}\\&={\frac {1+3}{1+d}}\\&=(1+3)(1-d)\\&=1+(3-d)\end{aligned}}} where [ H ] {\displaystyle } is the hyperplane class in P 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{2}} restricted to C {\displaystyle C} . Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula Main article: Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem For any coherent sheaf F on a smooth compact complex manifold M, one has χ ( F ) = ∫ M ch ⁡ ( F ) ∧ td ⁡ ( T M ) , {\displaystyle \chi (F)=\int _{M}\operatorname {ch} (F)\wedge \operatorname {td} (TM),} where χ ( F ) {\displaystyle \chi (F)} is its holomorphic Euler characteristic, χ ( F ) := ∑ i = 0 dim C M ( − 1 ) i dim C H i ( M , F ) , {\displaystyle \chi (F):=\sum _{i=0}^{{\text{dim}}_{\mathbb {C} }M}(-1)^{i}{\text{dim}}_{\mathbb {C} }H^{i}(M,F),} and ch ⁡ ( F ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {ch} (F)} its Chern character. See also Genus of a multiplicative sequence Notes ^ Intersection Theory Class 18, by Ravi Vakil References Todd, J. A. (1937), "The Arithmetical Invariants of Algebraic Loci", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 43 (1): 190–225, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-43.3.190, Zbl 0017.18504 Friedrich Hirzebruch, Topological methods in algebraic geometry, Springer (1978) M.I. Voitsekhovskii (2001) , "Todd class", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann–Roch theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirzebruch%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem"},{"link_name":"Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem"}],"text":"The Todd class plays a fundamental role in generalising the classical Riemann–Roch theorem to higher dimensions, in the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem and the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem.","title":"Todd class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. A. Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hirzebruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch"}],"text":"It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined. The geometric idea involved is sometimes called the Todd-Eger class. The general definition in higher dimensions is due to Friedrich Hirzebruch.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topological space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"Whitney sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_sum"},{"link_name":"line bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_bundle"},{"link_name":"Chern roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern_roots"},{"link_name":"splitting principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_principle"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number"},{"link_name":"elementary symmetric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_symmetric_function"},{"link_name":"multiplicative sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_sequence"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"Chern roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern_roots"},{"link_name":"cohomology ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_ring"}],"text":"To define the Todd class \n \n \n \n td\n ⁡\n (\n E\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (E)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is a complex vector bundle on a topological space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, it is usually possible to limit the definition to the case of a Whitney sum of line bundles, by means of a general device of characteristic class theory, the use of Chern roots (aka, the splitting principle). For the definition, letQ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n x\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n i\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n x\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 12\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n 720\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q(x)={\\frac {x}{1-e^{-x}}}=1+{\\dfrac {x}{2}}+\\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {B_{2i}}{(2i)!}}x^{2i}=1+{\\dfrac {x}{2}}+{\\dfrac {x^{2}}{12}}-{\\dfrac {x^{4}}{720}}+\\cdots }be the formal power series with the property that the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}}\n \n in \n \n \n \n Q\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q(x)^{n+1}}\n \n is 1, where \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{i}}\n \n denotes the \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n-th Bernoulli number. Consider the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{j}}\n \n in the product∏\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n Q\n (\n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n x\n )\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{i=1}^{m}Q(\\beta _{i}x)\\ }for any \n \n \n \n m\n >\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m>j}\n \n. This is symmetric in the \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{i}}\n \ns and homogeneous of weight \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n: so can be expressed as a polynomial \n \n \n \n \n td\n \n j\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n p\n \n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} _{j}(p_{1},\\ldots ,p_{j})}\n \n in the elementary symmetric functions \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n of the \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{i}}\n \ns. Then \n \n \n \n \n td\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} _{j}}\n \n defines the Todd polynomials: they form a multiplicative sequence with \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n as characteristic power series.If \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n has the \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{i}}\n \n as its Chern roots, then the Todd classtd\n ⁡\n (\n E\n )\n =\n ∏\n Q\n (\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (E)=\\prod Q(\\alpha _{i})}which is to be computed in the cohomology ring of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n (or in its completion if one wants to consider infinite-dimensional manifolds).The Todd class can be given explicitly as a formal power series in the Chern classes as follows:td\n ⁡\n (\n E\n )\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 12\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 24\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 4\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n c\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 4\n \n \n \n 720\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (E)=1+{\\frac {c_{1}}{2}}+{\\frac {c_{1}^{2}+c_{2}}{12}}+{\\frac {c_{1}c_{2}}{24}}+{\\frac {-c_{1}^{4}+4c_{1}^{2}c_{2}+c_{1}c_{3}+3c_{2}^{2}-c_{4}}{720}}+\\cdots }where the cohomology classes \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{i}}\n \n are the Chern classes of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n, and lie in the cohomology group \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{2i}(X)}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is finite-dimensional then most terms vanish and \n \n \n \n td\n ⁡\n (\n E\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (E)}\n \n is a polynomial in the Chern classes.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Todd class is multiplicative:td\n ⁡\n (\n E\n ⊕\n F\n )\n =\n td\n ⁡\n (\n E\n )\n ⋅\n td\n ⁡\n (\n F\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (E\\oplus F)=\\operatorname {td} (E)\\cdot \\operatorname {td} (F).}Let \n \n \n \n ξ\n ∈\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n C\n \n \n \n P\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi \\in H^{2}({\\mathbb {C} }P^{n})}\n \n be the fundamental class of the hyperplane section.\nFrom multiplicativity and the Euler exact sequence for the tangent bundle of \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n P\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbb {C} }P^{n}}0\n →\n \n \n O\n \n \n →\n \n \n O\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n →\n T\n \n \n C\n \n \n \n P\n \n n\n \n \n →\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\to {\\mathcal {O}}\\to {\\mathcal {O}}(1)^{n+1}\\to T{\\mathbb {C} }P^{n}\\to 0,}one obtains\n[1]td\n ⁡\n (\n T\n \n \n C\n \n \n \n P\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ξ\n \n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n −\n ξ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (T{\\mathbb {C} }P^{n})=\\left({\\dfrac {\\xi }{1-e^{-\\xi }}}\\right)^{n+1}.}","title":"Properties of the Todd class"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For any algebraic curve \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n the Todd class is just \n \n \n \n td\n ⁡\n (\n C\n )\n =\n 1\n +\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n C\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {td} (C)=1+c_{1}(T_{C})}\n \n. Since \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is projective, it can be embedded into some \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} ^{n}}\n \n and we can find \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n C\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{1}(T_{C})}\n \n using the normal sequence0\n →\n \n T\n \n C\n \n \n →\n \n T\n \n \n P\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n C\n \n \n →\n \n N\n \n C\n \n /\n \n \n \n P\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\to T_{C}\\to T_{\\mathbb {P} }^{n}|_{C}\\to N_{C/\\mathbb {P} ^{n}}\\to 0}and properties of chern classes. For example, if we have a degree \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n plane curve in \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} ^{2}}\n \n, we find the total chern class isc\n (\n \n T\n \n C\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n c\n (\n \n T\n \n \n \n P\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n C\n \n \n )\n \n \n c\n (\n \n N\n \n C\n \n /\n \n \n \n P\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n +\n 3\n [\n H\n ]\n \n \n 1\n +\n d\n [\n H\n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n +\n 3\n [\n H\n ]\n )\n (\n 1\n −\n d\n [\n H\n ]\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n (\n 3\n −\n d\n )\n [\n H\n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}c(T_{C})&={\\frac {c(T_{\\mathbb {P} ^{2}}|_{C})}{c(N_{C/\\mathbb {P} ^{2}})}}\\\\&={\\frac {1+3[H]}{1+d[H]}}\\\\&=(1+3[H])(1-d[H])\\\\&=1+(3-d)[H]\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n [\n H\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [H]}\n \n is the hyperplane class in \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} ^{2}}\n \n restricted to \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n.","title":"Computations of the Todd class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coherent sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_sheaf"},{"link_name":"complex manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_manifold"},{"link_name":"holomorphic Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"Chern character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern_character"}],"text":"For any coherent sheaf F on a smooth \ncompact complex manifold M, one hasχ\n (\n F\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n ch\n ⁡\n (\n F\n )\n ∧\n td\n ⁡\n (\n T\n M\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (F)=\\int _{M}\\operatorname {ch} (F)\\wedge \\operatorname {td} (TM),}where \n \n \n \n χ\n (\n F\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (F)}\n \n is its holomorphic Euler characteristic,χ\n (\n F\n )\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n dim\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n dim\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n F\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (F):=\\sum _{i=0}^{{\\text{dim}}_{\\mathbb {C} }M}(-1)^{i}{\\text{dim}}_{\\mathbb {C} }H^{i}(M,F),}and \n \n \n \n ch\n ⁡\n (\n F\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {ch} (F)}\n \n its Chern character.","title":"Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Intersection Theory Class 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//math.stanford.edu/~vakil/245/245class18.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ravi Vakil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Vakil"}],"text":"^ Intersection Theory Class 18, by Ravi Vakil","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Genus of a multiplicative sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_of_a_multiplicative_sequence"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Free_or_Die_(2006_film)

Live Free or Die (2006 film)

["1 Plot","2 Filming & Production","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American filmLive Free or DieLive Free or Die one sheetDirected byGregg KavetAndy RobinWritten byGregg KavetAndy RobinStarringAaron StanfordPaul SchneiderEbon Moss-BachrachJudah FriedlanderMichael RapaportKevin DunnZooey DeschanelRunning time89 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Live Free or Die is an American 2006 black comedy film starring Aaron Stanford, Paul Schneider, Zooey Deschanel, Michael Rapaport, Judah Friedlander, Kevin Dunn, and Ebon Moss-Bachrach. It was written and directed by former Seinfeld writers Gregg Kavet and Andy Robin. The film was shot in 2004. Plot A clueless, aspiring criminal named John "Rugged" Rudgate spends his days forging rebate coupons and selling speakers out the back of his van. One day, Rugged runs into an old acquaintance, the dim-witted Jeff Lagrand, who recently returned home to help his cynical sister run the storage facility that they inherited from their father. When Rugged tries to force his way into the Lagrand family business, things go terribly wrong—and the situation gets even more complicated when an emotionally unstable cop begins investigating. Filming & Production Most of the film was shot in 2004. Reception The film-review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 40% approval rating. Film critic Frank Lovece of Film Journal International praised Aaron Stanford as "the young Steve Buscemi" and wrote that despite the film's "lack of visual click, Live Free or Die manages to be poignant without even being maudlin" and that "none of the movie's flaws negate its many remarkable little performances and casually insightful script.' See also "Live Free or Die," the state motto of New Hampshire References ^ "Live Free or Die Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-14. ^ Frank Lovece. "Film Journal International: Live Free or Die". Retrieved 2008-07-14. External links Live Free or Die at IMDb This film article about a 2000s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_Academy_MediaCityUK

Oasis Academy MediaCityUK

["1 History","1.1 Hope Hall and Hope High","1.2 Transfer to Oasis","1.3 At MediaCityUK site","1.4 Former headteachers and principals","1.4.1 Hope Hall and Hope High School","1.4.2 Oasis Academy MediaCityUK","2 Description","2.1 Curriculum","2.2 Lesson structure","3 Exam results and school performance","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°28′31″N 2°17′02″W / 53.4754°N 2.2838°W / 53.4754; -2.2838 Academy in Salford, Greater Manchester, EnglandOasis Academy MediaCityUKAddressKing William StreetSalford QuaysSalford, Greater Manchester, M50 3UQEnglandCoordinates53°28′31″N 2°17′02″W / 53.4754°N 2.2838°W / 53.4754; -2.2838InformationTypeAcademyTrustOasis Community LearningSpecialistsArts (Media) ICT Business and EnterpriseDepartment for Education URN135661 TablesOfstedReportsPrincipalPaul McEvoy (since September 2021)GenderCoeducationalAge11 to 16Enrolment877 (as of September 2021)Capacity1150 Websitewww.oasisacademymediacityuk.org Oasis Academy MediaCityUK (formerly Hope Hall then Hope High School) is a co-educational secondary school for 11-16 year olds in Salford Quays, Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The school is an academy run by Oasis Community Learning, a multi-academy trust. The buildings date from 2012. It has had a turbulent history but is now classed by Ofsted as a "Good" school. History Hope Hall and Hope High The present-day academy has its origins in Hope Hall Secondary Modern School which opened in 1958 on Prestwood Road/Eccles Old Road in Pendleton. It was named after Hope Hall, a manor house on the site, demolished in 1956 by the City of Salford Education Committee to make way for the school. The architects, J. C. Prestwich & Sons, had already been appointed in 1939, but building was postponed by the Second World War. In 1954, the Education Committee decided to resume their plans due to a shortage of school capacity in West Salford. The first phase of building was completed in 1958, with extensions in 1964-1965 doubling the school's area. The school was later renamed Hope High School. In 2001, Windsor High was closed and its pupils transferred to Hope and Buile Hill high schools, resulting in an expansion of the school. Transfer to Oasis Plans began in 2006 under the Building Schools for the Future programme to replace Hope High with an Oasis Trust sponsored academy with sixth form provision and to relocate the school to Salford Quays. Some reasons given by Salford City Council for closing the school in Pendleton were a decline in demand and the high density of schools in the area. When it became an academy in September 2008 it was renamed Oasis Academy MediaCityUK. The name reflected the planned location of the school in MediaCityUK, chosen in anticipation of the BBC's relocation there. The closure of the school and transfer to Oasis was brought forward to 2008, despite objections from the National Union of Teachers and NASUWT, though the school initially remained on the same site. The academy opened a sixth form centre with a planned capacity of 250, which had 40 students in 2009, and was no longer operational as of 2012. Ahead of the move, the academy also made 14 teachers involuntarily redundant in 2011. Unionised teachers called for a meeting with management to address concerns about transparency for affected staff and educational standards for students who would lose teachers part way through the academic year. Staff walked out when management refused to revisit their handling of the redundancies, closing the school for a day. Students rioted in support of their teachers. At MediaCityUK site In September 2012, the academy moved to its £25 million (equivalent to £38.5 million in 2023) new-build site at Salford Quays. After a full inspection in 2014, Ofsted deemed the school "inadequate" in all areas and it was put into special measures. Fiona O’Sullivan was appointed principal in November 2014, and expelled nine students, recruited a new leadership team, and brought in six extra teachers in a turnaround bid. Weekly staff training was put in place and assistance was accepted from St Patrick's Roman Catholic High School in Eccles. Former headteachers and principals This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2024) Hope Hall and Hope High School Victor Innes Tomlinson, 1958 - 1972 Valerie Ivison, at least 1978 - 1985 Alan Hewitt, 1991 - 2004 Nick Joseph, until closure in 2008 Oasis Academy MediaCityUK Dave Terry, 2008 - April 2010 Patrick Ottley-O'Connor, 2013 (for 3 weeks) Patrick Rice, October 2013 - April 2014 Fiona O'Sullivan, May 2014 - October 2018 Marie Dillon, October 2018 - September 2021 Description Oasis Academy MediaCityUK is part of the Oasis Community Learning group, an evangelical Christian charity. As of 2019, the trust said it had guided forty schools out of special measures, though 10 of out the 52 Oasis academies were still classified as failing. The trust's founder Reverend Steve Chalke said "Turning round a school is sometimes a quick fix, it really, truly is. And sometimes it’s a really long, hard, hard job". Oasis has a long term strategy for enhancing the performance of its schools. Firstly it has devised a standard curriculum, that each school can safely adopt knowing it will deliver the National Curriculum. Secondly it has invested in staff training so they are focused on improving the outcomes for the students, and thirdly, through its Horizons scheme it is providing each member of staff and student with a tablet. Curriculum As an academy, Oasis Academy MediaCity is not required to follow the National Curriculum. At Key Stage 3 all the core National Curriculum subjects are however taught. This includes a transition period to secondary education, building on knowledge and skills from primary school, giving all pupils equal access to wider, more challenging programmes of study needed to gain qualifications at Key Stage 4. At Key Stage 4 the focus is on the English Baccalaureate (EBACC), and there are daily Maths, English and Science lessons, plus some "options" subjects. Spanish is the Modern Language taught. Lesson structure Lessons follow a three-part structure: Do Now: Preparation for the lesson and self-assessment of previous work I do - We do - You do: I do: an overview of the main concepts of the lesson We do: an explanation of how to apply these concepts, with examples You do: students work independently to apply the concepts to a task Plenary: Recap and tidy away lesson materials Exam results and school performance In 2018, Oasis Academy MediaCityUK announced a 60% pass rate of pupils gaining grades 4–9 in English & Maths combined. 74% achieved grade 4–9 in English and 67% achieved grade 4–9 in Maths. In its most recent Ofsted inspection in June 2016, the school was rated "Good". 80% of the staff had changed and systems were in place, students felt that the school was safe and calmer. References ^ a b "Leadership_Update_-_OA_MCUK.pdf" (PDF). Oasis Community Learning. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2024.) ^ "Inspection of a good school: Oasis Academy MediaCityUK". ofsted.gov.uk. Ofsted. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Provider details". reports.ofsted.gov.uk. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "CITY OF SALFORD. HOPE HALL SECONDARY MODERN MIXED SCHOOL". The Guardian. 4 November 1957. p. 4. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "CITY OF SALFORD EDUCATION COMMITTEE. DEMOLITION OF HOPE HALL ECCLES OLD ROAD, PENDLETON". Manchester Evening News. 7 September 1955. p. 6. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ Walker, J.S.F.; Tindall, A.S. (1985). Country Houses of Greater Manchester. Manchester, UK: GMAU Publications (Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit - The University of Manchester). p. 144. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ Strategic Director for Environment and Community safety. "Salford City Council's Local List of Heritage Assets". salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council. p. 21. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "CITY OF SALFORD. HOPE HALL SECONDARY MODERN SCHOOL". The Guardian. 10 December 1955. p. 11. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Secondary School, Hope Hall, Eccles Old Road, Salford - Building | Architects of Greater Manchester". www.manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "CITY WARNED OF HALF-TIME EDUCATION". The Guardian. 12 February 1954. p. 12. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Strategic Business Case" (PDF). salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council; Partnerships for Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ a b "Sparks fly at MediaCity academy as cuts take hold | Tes Magazine". www.tes.com. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ "Education and Leisure Directorate Service Plan 2001/02 Progress Report". Salford City Council. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ "SECONDARY SCHOOL REVIEW – FUTURE USES OF WINDSOR HIGH SCHOOL AND LITTLE HULTON COMMUNITY SCHOOL SITES". Salford City Council. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Inspiring schools | Transforming secondary education IN Salford Information for community groups - a new academy at Salford Quays" (PDF). salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council. November 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Oasis Academy Salford is praised in the Manchester Evening News". Oasis Trust. 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Salford Education Vision" (PDF). salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ "Hope High School - GOV.UK". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ "Hope High and Oasis Community Learning Consultation". salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ "CABINET 22nd January, 2008". salford.gov.uk. Salford City Council. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ "Academies initiative: monitoring inspection to Oasis Academy Mediacityuk". ofsted.gov.uk. Ofsted. 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Inspection report: Oasis Academy MediaCity UK, 27–28 September 2012". ofsted.gov.uk. Ofsted. Retrieved 10 April 2024. ^ a b Ward, Helen (25 November 2011). "Sparks fly at MediaCity academy as cuts take hold". Tes. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Oasis: The Evangelical Christians opening a children's prison – Corporate Watch". corporatewatch.org. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ a b Keeling, Neal (21 July 2014). "Oasis Academy in Salford put in special measures for poor teaching, weak leadership and bullying". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ a b "Ofsted Full Inspection 2014". ofsted.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2021. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright. ^ Keeling, Neal (19 November 2014). "Head vows to turn round Salford's worst school". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ "Aug 08, 1996, page 10 - Salford City Reporter at Newspapers.com". Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "The Guardian from London, Greater London, England". Newspapers.com. 6 July 1978. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ Ashworth, John (1985). "Iii. Tomorrow's Universities: Ivory Towers, Frontier Posts or Service Stations?". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 133 (5347): 464–479. ISSN 0035-9114. JSTOR 41373984. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Hope High School - GOV.UK". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ Wainwright, Martin (10 September 2008). "Salford head sees hope turn into certainty". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Head leaves months after winning top award". Manchester Evening News. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ Keeling, Neal (21 April 2014). "Second head to quit flagship academy in nine months". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Tougher inspections prompt a quarter of headteachers to leave academies in 2014". The Independent. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ a b Dillon, Marie. "Oct_New_principal_letter.pdf" (PDF). oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Oasis Academy MediaCityUK. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Oasis Community Learning, registered charity no. 1109288". Charity Commission for England and Wales. ^ a b "Oasis leader on his vision for country's first secure school". Schools Week. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "Oasis Horizons". www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Oasis Community Learning. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ "Types of school: Academies". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ a b "Our Curriculum -". www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Lesson Structure Poster:How we teach" (PDF). www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Compare oasis-academy-mediacityuk". www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Ofsted Section 5 Report 2016". ofsted.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2021. External links The school website vteSchools in SalfordSecondary schools The Albion Academy Aldridge UTC@MediaCityUK All Hallows RC High School Beis Yaakov High School Buile Hill Academy Co-op Academy Swinton Co-op Academy Walkden Ellesmere Park High School Irlam and Cadishead Academy The Lowry Academy Moorside High School Oasis Academy MediaCityUK St Ambrose Barlow RC High School St Patrick's RC High School Salford City Academy Independent schools Bridgewater School Further education colleges Salford City College Defunct schools Broughton High School Joseph Eastham High School St George's RC High School Salford Grammar School Worsley Wardley Grammar School vteOasis AcademiesAll-through Don Valley Hadley Shirley Park Secondary Arena Brightstowe, Bristol Brislington, Bristol Coulsdon Enfield Immingham Isle of Sheppey John Williams Leesbrook Lister Park Lord's Hill Mayfield MediaCityUK Oldham Shirley Park Sholing, Southampton Silvertown South Bank Wintringham Free schools Leesbrook Silvertown South Bank Authority control databases ISNI

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It has had a turbulent history but is now classed by Ofsted as a \"Good\" school.","title":"Oasis Academy MediaCityUK"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secondary Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Modern"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"J. C. Prestwich & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caldwell_Prestwich"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Buile Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buile_Hill_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hope-gov-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Hope Hall and Hope High","text":"The present-day academy has its origins in Hope Hall Secondary Modern School which opened in 1958 on Prestwood Road/Eccles Old Road in Pendleton.[4] It was named after Hope Hall, a manor house on the site, demolished in 1956 by the City of Salford Education Committee to make way for the school.[5][6][7] The architects, J. C. Prestwich & Sons, had already been appointed in 1939, but building was postponed by the Second World War.[8][9] In 1954, the Education Committee decided to resume their plans due to a shortage of school capacity in West Salford.[10] The first phase of building was completed in 1958, with extensions in 1964-1965 doubling the school's area.[11]The school was later renamed Hope High School. In 2001, Windsor High was closed and its pupils transferred to Hope and Buile Hill high schools, resulting in an expansion of the school.[12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Building Schools for the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Schools_for_the_Future"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Salford City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hope-gov-12"},{"link_name":"MediaCityUK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaCityUK"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"National Union of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"NASUWT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASUWT"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"walked out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walked_out"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TES-2011-23"}],"sub_title":"Transfer to Oasis","text":"Plans began in 2006 under the Building Schools for the Future programme to replace Hope High with an Oasis Trust sponsored academy with sixth form provision and to relocate the school to Salford Quays.[15][16] Some reasons given by Salford City Council for closing the school in Pendleton were a decline in demand and the high density of schools in the area.[17]When it became an academy in September 2008 it was renamed Oasis Academy MediaCityUK.[18][12] The name reflected the planned location of the school in MediaCityUK, chosen in anticipation of the BBC's relocation there. The closure of the school and transfer to Oasis was brought forward to 2008, despite objections from the National Union of Teachers and NASUWT, though the school initially remained on the same site.[19][20]The academy opened a sixth form centre with a planned capacity of 250, which had 40 students in 2009, and was no longer operational as of 2012.[21][22]Ahead of the move, the academy also made 14 teachers involuntarily redundant in 2011. Unionised teachers called for a meeting with management to address concerns about transparency for affected staff and educational standards for students who would lose teachers part way through the academic year. Staff walked out when management refused to revisit their handling of the redundancies, closing the school for a day. Students rioted in support of their teachers.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford Quays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Quays"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TES-2011-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw-24"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"special measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_measures"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEN_measures-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted_2014-26"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Roman Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Roman_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFN-New-27"}],"sub_title":"At MediaCityUK site","text":"In September 2012, the academy moved to its £25 million (equivalent to £38.5 million in 2023) new-build site at Salford Quays.[23][24] After a full inspection in 2014, Ofsted deemed the school \"inadequate\" in all areas and it was put into special measures.[25][26] Fiona O’Sullivan was appointed principal in November 2014, and expelled nine students, recruited a new leadership team, and brought in six extra teachers in a turnaround bid. Weekly staff training was put in place and assistance was accepted from St Patrick's Roman Catholic High School in Eccles.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former headteachers and principals","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Former headteachers and principals - Hope Hall and Hope High School","text":"Victor Innes Tomlinson, 1958[citation needed] - 1972[28]\nValerie Ivison, at least 1978 - 1985[29][30]\nAlan Hewitt, 1991 - 2004[citation needed]\nNick Joseph, until closure in 2008[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEN_measures-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted_2014-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letter-2018-osullivan-dillon-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letter-2018-osullivan-dillon-36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letter-2021-dillon-mcevoy-1"}],"sub_title":"Former headteachers and principals - Oasis Academy MediaCityUK","text":"Dave Terry, 2008 - April 2010[32][33]\nPatrick Ottley-O'Connor, 2013 (for 3 weeks)[25][26]\nPatrick Rice, October 2013 - April 2014[34]\nFiona O'Sullivan, May 2014 - October 2018[35][36]\nMarie Dillon, October 2018 - September 2021[36][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vision-38"},{"link_name":"Steve Chalke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chalke"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vision-38"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Horizons scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_Charitable_Trust#Oasis_Horizons"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horizons-39"}],"text":"Oasis Academy MediaCityUK is part of the Oasis Community Learning group, an evangelical Christian charity.[37] As of 2019, the trust said it had guided forty schools out of special measures, though 10 of out the 52 Oasis academies were still classified as failing.[38] The trust's founder Reverend Steve Chalke said \"Turning round a school is sometimes a quick fix, it really, truly is. And sometimes it’s a really long, hard, hard job\".[38]Oasis has a long term strategy for enhancing the performance of its schools.[citation needed] Firstly it has devised a standard curriculum, that each school can safely adopt knowing it will deliver the National Curriculum.[citation needed] Secondly it has invested in staff training so they are focused on improving the outcomes for the students,[citation needed] and thirdly, through its Horizons scheme it is providing each member of staff and student with a tablet.[39]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Key Stage 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_3"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Curriculum-41"},{"link_name":"Key Stage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_4"},{"link_name":"English Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Curriculum-41"}],"sub_title":"Curriculum","text":"As an academy, Oasis Academy MediaCity is not required to follow the National Curriculum.[40] At Key Stage 3 all the core National Curriculum subjects are however taught. This includes a transition period to secondary education, building on knowledge and skills from primary school,[41] giving all pupils equal access to wider, more challenging programmes of study needed to gain qualifications at Key Stage 4. At Key Stage 4 the focus is on the English Baccalaureate (EBACC), and there are daily Maths, English and Science lessons, plus some \"options\" subjects. Spanish is the Modern Language taught.[41]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_we_teach-42"}],"sub_title":"Lesson structure","text":"Lessons follow a three-part structure:Do Now: Preparation for the lesson and self-assessment of previous work\nI do - We do - You do:\nI do: an overview of the main concepts of the lesson\nWe do: an explanation of how to apply these concepts, with examples\nYou do: students work independently to apply the concepts to a task\nPlenary: Recap and tidy away lesson materials[42]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Result-43"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted_Report_2016-44"}],"text":"In 2018, Oasis Academy MediaCityUK announced a 60% pass rate of pupils gaining grades 4–9 in English & Maths combined. 74% achieved grade 4–9 in English and 67% achieved grade 4–9 in Maths.\n[43]In its most recent Ofsted inspection in June 2016, the school was rated \"Good\".[44] 80% of the staff had changed and systems were in place, students felt that the school was safe and calmer.","title":"Exam results and school performance"}]

[]

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Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=1109288&subId=0","url_text":"\"Oasis Community Learning, registered charity no. 1109288\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Oasis leader on his vision for country's first secure school\". Schools Week. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://schoolsweek.co.uk/oasis-founder-steve-chalke-england-first-secure-school-will-look/","url_text":"\"Oasis leader on his vision for country's first secure school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oasis Horizons\". www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Oasis Community Learning. Retrieved 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org/about-us/oasis-horizons","url_text":"\"Oasis Horizons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_Community_Learning","url_text":"Oasis Community Learning"}]},{"reference":"\"Types of school: Academies\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/academies","url_text":"\"Types of school: Academies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Curriculum -\". www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org/curriculum/our-curriculum","url_text":"\"Our Curriculum -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesson Structure Poster:How we teach\" (PDF). www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oasisacademymediacityuk.org/uploaded/MediaCityUK/Curriculum/How_we_Teach/19-17216_OASIS_Media_City_Teacher_A3_poster_v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Lesson Structure Poster:How we teach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compare oasis-academy-mediacityuk\". www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/135661/oasis-academy-mediacityuk/secondary","url_text":"\"Compare oasis-academy-mediacityuk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofsted Section 5 Report 2016\". ofsted.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.ofsted.gov.uk/v1/file/2579751","url_text":"\"Ofsted Section 5 Report 2016\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Surer

Marc Surer

["1 Racing career","2 Formula One all-time ranking","3 Personal life","4 Racing record","4.1 Career summary","4.2 Complete European Formula Two Championship results","4.3 Complete Formula One World Championship results","4.4 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results","5 Sources","6 References"]

Swiss racing driver (born 1951) Marc SurerSurer at the 1982 Dutch Grand PrixBorn (1951-09-18) 18 September 1951 (age 72)Arisdorf, SwitzerlandFormula One World Championship careerNationality SwissActive years1979–1986TeamsEnsign, ATS, Theodore, Arrows, BrabhamEntries88 (82 starts)Championships0Wins0Podiums0Career points17Fastest laps1First entry1979 Italian Grand PrixLast entry1986 Belgian Grand Prix Marc Surer (born 18 September 1951) is a former racing driver from Switzerland currently working as TV commentator and racing school instructor. He participated in 88 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1979. He scored a total of 17 championship points. Racing career Surer started his career in karting in 1972. Due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974, where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976, he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch, who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978, he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the following year in a works March-BMW. Surer driving for Arrows at the 1984 British Grand Prix. Surer's debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled. He broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980 and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th-place finish at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix, also setting the fastest lap of the race. He later drove for Theodore before establishing himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMW's support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season due to serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities. In 1994 and 1995, Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock, won the German Super Touring Car Championship. In 1996, Surer began working as a television commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport (Germany) (formerly known as DF1 and Premiere) next to the lead commentator Jacques Schulz. After Schulz's withdrawal prior to the 2013 season, he has remained commentator alongside Sascha Roos. Formula One all-time ranking In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modeling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Surer was ranked the 17th best Formula One driver of all time. Personal life Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, and then to Christina Surer between 1997 and 2000. On 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias. Racing record Career summary This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2021) Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 1975 Formula Vee ? 0 ? ? ? 24 6th 1976 European Formula Three KWS Autotechnik Team 7 0 0 0 1 13 5th German Formula Three 5 0 1 0 3 77 2nd Italian Formula Three ? 0 0 0 0 0 NC Challenge de Formule Renault Europe ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 1977 Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft BMW Junior Team 8 1 1 1 4 82 5th European Formula Two Hohmann Auto Technik 7 0 0 0 0 5 13th March Racing 1 0 0 0 0 1978 European Formula Two Polifac BMW Junior Team 12 0 1 1 9 48 2nd Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft BMW Schweiz 1 0 0 0 1 12 21st Japanese Formula Two 1 1 0 ? 1 0 NC World Sportscar Championship Artos Francy Sauber PP AG 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 24 Hours of Le Mans 1 0 0 0 0 N/A NC 1979 European Formula Two Polifac BMW Junior Team 12 2 2 1 6 38 1st BMW M1 Procar Championship BMW Schweiz 5 0 1 0 0 23 11th Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft 2 0 0 0 0 2 43rd Formula One Team Ensign 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1980 Formula One Team ATS 9 0 0 0 0 0 NC BMW M1 Procar Championship Sauber Motorsport 6 0 2 1 2 37 8th 1981 Formula One Theodore Racing Team 7 0 0 0 0 4 16th Ensign Racing 6 0 0 1 0 World Sportscar Championship Würth-Lubrifilm Team Sauber 6 0 0 0 0 26.5 89th European Formula Two Marcus Hotz Racing 2 0 0 1 0 0 NC 24 Hours of Le Mans Würth-Lubrifilm Team Sauber 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF IMSA GT Championship ? ? ? ? ? 12 36th 1982 Formula One Arrows Racing Team 12 0 0 0 0 3 21st World Sportscar Championship Ford Germany w/ Zakspeed 3 0 1 0 0 8 55th 24 Hours of Le Mans 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 1983 Formula One Arrows Racing Team 15 0 0 0 0 4 15th 1984 Formula One Barclay Nordica Arrows BMW 15 0 0 0 0 1 20th World Sportscar Championship Porsche Kremer Racing 1 0 0 0 0 8 53rd 1985 Formula One Motor Racing Developments Ltd. 12 0 0 0 0 5 13th World Sportscar Championship Porsche Kremer Racing 6 1 0 0 2 45 9th 1986 Formula One Barclay Arrows BMW 5 0 0 0 0 0 NC European Touring Car Championship Juma Team 1 0 0 0 0 10 ? 2005 Porsche Supercup Porsche AG 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC† 2010 Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC† 2012 Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC† † As Surer was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points. Complete European Formula Two Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pos. Pts 1976 Hohmann Racing Chevron B35 BMW HOC THR VAL SAL PAU HOC ROU MUG PER EST NOG HOCDNQ NC 0 1977 Hohmann Auto Technik March 762 BMW SIL9 THR7 HOCRet NÜR VAL7 PAU MUG5 ROURet NOG7 PER MIS EST 13th 5 March Engineering March 772P DON4 1978 Polifac BMW Junior Team March 782 BMW THR2 HOC2 NÜR4 PAU3 MUG2 VAL9 ROU3 DON3 NOG2 PERRet MIS2 HOC2 2nd 51 1979 Polifac BMW Junior Team March 792 BMW SILDNS HOCRet THR9 NÜR1 VAL1 MUGRet PAU3 HOC5 ZAN3 PERRet MIS3 DON2 1st 38 1981 Marcus Hotz Racing March 812 BMW SIL HOCRet THR12 NÜR VAL MUG PAU PER SPA DON MIS MAN NC 0 Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) (races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 WDC Points 1979 Team Ensign Ensign N179 Cosworth V8 ARG BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITADNQ CANDNQ USARet NC 0 1980 Team ATS ATS D3 Cosworth V8 ARGRet BRA7 NC 0 ATS D4 RSADNS USW BEL MON FRARet GBRRet GER12 AUT12 NED10 ITARet CANDNQ USA8 1981 Ensign Racing Ensign N180B Cosworth V8 USWRet BRA4 ARGRet SMR9 BEL11 MON6 ESP 16th 4 Theodore Racing Team Theodore TY01 FRA12 GBR11 GER14 AUTRet NED8 ITADNQ CAN9 CPLRet 1982 Arrows Racing Team Arrows A4 Cosworth V8 RSA BRA USW SMR BEL7 MON9 DET8 CAN5 NED10 GBRRet FRA13 GER6 AUTRet ITARet 21st 3 Arrows A5 SUI15 CPL7 1983 Arrows Racing Team Arrows A6 Cosworth V8 BRA6 USW5 FRA10 SMR6 MONRet BEL11 DET11 CANRet GBR17 GER7 AUTRet NED8 ITA10 EURRet RSA8 15th 4 1984 Barclay Nordica Arrows BMW Arrows A6 Cosworth V8 BRA7 RSA9 BEL8 FRARet MONDNQ CANRet DETRet 20th 1 Arrows A7 BMWStr-4 t/c SMRRet DALRet GBR11 GERRet AUT6 NEDRet ITARet EURRet PORRet 1985 Motor Racing Developments Ltd. Brabham BT54 BMWStr-4 t/c BRA POR SMR MON CAN15 DET8 FRA8 GBR6 GERRet AUT6 NED10 ITA4 BEL8 EURRet RSARet AUSRet 13th 5 1986 Barclay Arrows BMW Arrows A8 BMWStr-4 t/c BRARet ESPRet SMR9 MON9 BEL9 CAN DET FRA GBR GER HUN AUT ITA POR MEX AUS NC 0 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. ClassPos. 1978 Artos Francy Sauber PP AG Eugen Straehl Harry Blumer Sauber C 5 S2.0 257 NC NC 1981 Würth-Lubrifilm Team Sauber David Deacon Dieter Quester BMW M1 Gr.5 207 DNF DNF 1982 Ford Germany Zakspeed Klaus Ludwig Manfred Winkelhock Ford C100 C 67 DNF DNF Sources Profile at www.grandprix.com References ^ Hanlon, Mike (2016-05-12). "The Top 50 F1 drivers of all time, regardless of what they were driving". New Atlas. Retrieved 2017-12-23. ^ http://marcsurer.com/news/2011/verheiratet.html Sporting positions Preceded byBruno Giacomelli European Formula TwoChampion 1979 Succeeded byBrian Henton vteSpa 24 Hours winnersFive-time Eric van de Poele Four-time Jean-Michel Martin Thierry Tassin Three-time Michael Bartels Pierre Dieudonné Marc Duez Philipp Eng Hans Heyer Attilio Marinoni Dieter Quester Roberto Ravaglia Two-time Andrea Bertolini Christophe Bouchut Frédéric Bouvy Alexander Burgstaller Luigi Chinetti Romain Dumas Fabrizio Gollin Jules Gounon Armin Hahne Altfrid Heger Mike Hezemans Eddy Joosen Helmut Kelleners Philippe Martin Kurt Mollekens Win Percy René Rast Timo Scheider Bernd Schneider Francesco Severi Steve Soper Laurens Vanthoor Tom Walkinshaw Markus Winkelhock Jean Xhenceval One-time Uwe Alzen Jean-Claude Andruet Claude Ballot-Lena Earl Bamber Maurice Becquet Anthony Beltoise Jean-Philippe Belloc Robert Benoist Gerhard Berger Jörg Bergmeister Tom Blomqvist André Boillot Sébastien Bourdais David Brabham Gianfranco Brancatelli Antonio Brivio Lilian Bryner Maximilian Buhk Nicolas Caerels Enzo Calderari Luca Cappellari Nick Catsburg Johnny Cecotto Guy Chasseuil Louis Chiron Michael Christensen Emmanuel Collard Robert Crevits Alain Cudini Christian Danner Hughes de Fierlandt Didier Defourny Jean-Denis Délétraz Nico Demuth Didier de Radiguès Jean Desvignes Jean-Marie Detrin Mattias Ekström Kévin Estre Marcel Fässler Giuseppe Farina Christian Fittipaldi Greg Franchi Jean-Pierre Gaban Pietro Ghersi Fabien Giroix Dieter Glemser Maximilian Götz Gustave Gosselin Christopher Haase Hubert Hahne Naoki Hattori Mike Hawthorn Éric Hélary Wolf Henzler Toine Hezemans St. John Horsfall Günther Huber Jacky Ickx Pascal Ickx Boris Ivanowski Jean-Pierre Jarier Leslie Johnson Dimitri Jorjadze Daniel Juncadella Willi Kauhsen Peter Kox Erwin Kremer Christian Krognes Anthony Kumpen André Lagache Gérard Langlois van Ophem Côme Ledogar René Léonard Marc Lieb Richard Lietz Jean Lucas Lucas Luhr Norbert Mahé Raffaele Marciello Maxime Martin Jochen Mass Jos Menten Jörg Müller Nicklas Nielsen Markus Östreich Anders Olofsson Stéphane Ortelli Markus Palttala Alain Peltier Andrea Piccini Alessandro Pier Guidi Teddy Pilette Carlo Pintacuda Martin Ragginger Louis Rigal Stéphane Sarrazin Robert Sénéchal Eugenio Siena Alexander Sims Àlex Soler-Roig Raymond Sommer Gordon Spice Henri Springuel Frank Stippler Hans-Joachim Stuck Marc Surer Nick Tandy David Terrien Didier Theys Noël van Assche Charles van Stalle Vincent Vosse Joachim Winkelhock Marco Wittmann Nick Yelloly Goffredo Zehender

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He scored a total of 17 championship points.","title":"Marc Surer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955 Le Mans disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jochen Neerpasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Neerpasch"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cheever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cheever"},{"link_name":"Manfred Winkelhock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Winkelhock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrows_driven_by_Marc_Surer_-_1984_British_Grand_Prix_(10242068723).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International"},{"link_name":"1984 British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"South African Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATS_(wheels)"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(racing_team)"},{"link_name":"1981 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Racing"},{"link_name":"Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"Ford RS200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_RS200"},{"link_name":"Michel Wyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Wyder"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cecotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cecotto"},{"link_name":"Jo Winkelhock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Winkelhock"},{"link_name":"Sky Sport (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sport_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Schulz"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Sascha Roos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sascha_Roos&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Surer started his career in karting in 1972. Due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974, where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976, he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch, who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978, he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the following year in a works March-BMW.Surer driving for Arrows at the 1984 British Grand Prix.Surer's debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled. He broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980 and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th-place finish at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix, also setting the fastest lap of the race. He later drove for Theodore before establishing himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMW's support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season due to serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities. In 1994 and 1995, Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock, won the German Super Touring Car Championship.In 1996, Surer began working as a television commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport (Germany) (formerly known as DF1 and Premiere) next to the lead commentator Jacques Schulz. After Schulz's withdrawal prior to the 2013 season, he has remained commentator alongside Sascha Roos.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modeling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Surer was ranked the 17th best Formula One driver of all time.[1]","title":"Formula One all-time ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Playmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Playmate"},{"link_name":"Jolanda Egger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolanda_Egger"},{"link_name":"Christina Surer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Surer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, and then to Christina Surer between 1997 and 2000. On 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career summary","text":"† As Surer was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points.","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete European Formula Two Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"}],"sub_title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results","text":"(key) (races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Profile at www.grandprix.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-surmar.html"}],"text":"Profile at www.grandprix.com","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Surer driving for Arrows at the 1984 British Grand Prix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arrows_driven_by_Marc_Surer_-_1984_British_Grand_Prix_%2810242068723%29.jpg/220px-Arrows_driven_by_Marc_Surer_-_1984_British_Grand_Prix_%2810242068723%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Hanlon, Mike (2016-05-12). \"The Top 50 F1 drivers of all time, regardless of what they were driving\". New Atlas. Retrieved 2017-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://newatlas.com/go/43147/","url_text":"\"The Top 50 F1 drivers of all time, regardless of what they were driving\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Surer&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-surmar.html","external_links_name":"Profile at www.grandprix.com"},{"Link":"https://newatlas.com/go/43147/","external_links_name":"\"The Top 50 F1 drivers of all time, regardless of what they were driving\""},{"Link":"http://marcsurer.com/news/2011/verheiratet.html","external_links_name":"http://marcsurer.com/news/2011/verheiratet.html"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_point

Real point

["1 Context","2 Real subspace","3 See also","4 References"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Real point" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) In geometry, a real point is a point in the complex projective plane with homogeneous coordinates (x,y,z) for which there exists a nonzero complex number λ such that λx, λy, and λz are all real numbers. This definition can be widened to a complex projective space of arbitrary finite dimension as follows: ( u 1 , u 2 , … , u n ) {\displaystyle (u_{1},u_{2},\ldots ,u_{n})} are the homogeneous coordinates of a real point if there exists a nonzero complex number λ such that the coordinates of ( λ u 1 , λ u 2 , … , λ u n ) {\displaystyle (\lambda u_{1},\lambda u_{2},\ldots ,\lambda u_{n})} are all real. A point which is not real is called an imaginary point. Context Geometries that are specializations of real projective geometry, such as Euclidean geometry, elliptic geometry or conformal geometry may be complexified, thus embedding the points of the geometry in a complex projective space, but retaining the identity of the original real space as special. Lines, planes etc. are expanded to the lines, etc. of the complex projective space. As with the inclusion of points at infinity and complexification of real polynomials, this allows some theorems to be stated more simply without exceptions and for a more regular algebraic analysis of the geometry. Viewed in terms of homogeneous coordinates, a real vector space of homogeneous coordinates of the original geometry is complexified. A point of the original geometric space is defined by an equivalence class of homogeneous vectors of the form λu, where λ is an nonzero complex value and u is a real vector. A point of this form (and hence belongs to the original real space) is called a real point, whereas a point that has been added through the complexification and thus does not have this form is called an imaginary point. Real subspace A subspace of a projective space is real if it is spanned by real points. Every imaginary point belongs to exactly one real line, the line through the point and its complex conjugate. See also Rational point References ^ a b Pottmann, Helmut; Wallner, Johannes (2009), Computational Line Geometry, Mathematics and visualization, Springer, pp. 54–55, ISBN 9783642040184. This geometry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Rational point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_point"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schongau_station

Schongau station

["1 Services","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 47°48′44.3″N 10°54′9.0″E / 47.812306°N 10.902500°E / 47.812306; 10.902500SchongauThe station in 2014General informationLocationBahnhofstraße 17Schongau, BavariaGermanyCoordinates47°48′44.3″N 10°54′9.0″E / 47.812306°N 10.902500°E / 47.812306; 10.902500Owned byDB NetzOperated byDB Station&ServiceLine(s) Landsberg am Lech–Schongau line Schongau–Peißenberg line Distance28.7 km (17.8 mi) from Landsberg (Lech)Platforms1 island platformTracks2Train operatorsBayerische RegiobahnConnections Regionalverkehr Oberbayern  busesOther informationStation code5661DS100 codeMSGUIBNR8005418Category5Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened16 November 1886; 137 years ago (1886-11-16)Services Preceding station Following station Peiting Nordtowards Augsburg-Oberhausen RB 67 Terminus Location Schongau station is a railway station in the town of Schongau, in the district of Weilheim-Schongau in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located at the junction of the Landsberg am Lech–Schongau and Schongau–Peißenberg lines of Deutsche Bahn. Services As of the December 2021 timetable change, the following services stop at Schongau: RB: hourly service to Weilheim (Oberbay); some trains continue from Weilheim to Augsburg-Oberhausen. References ^ a b Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (in German) (Updated ed.). Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2020. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-3-89494-149-9. ^ "Liniennetz- und Haltestellenpläne" (in German). Regio Bus Bayern. February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "Weilheim - Peißenberg - Schongau RB 67" (PDF). Kursbuch der Deutschen Bahn 2022 (in German). 25 November 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2022. External links Media related to Bahnhof Schongau at Wikimedia Commons Schongau layout (in German) Schongau station – Deutsche Bahn

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxee_Box

Boxee Box

["1 See also","2 References"]

Linux-based set-top device by D-Link Boxee BoxBoxee Box and remoteDeveloperBoxeeManufacturerD-LinkTypeset top boxRelease dateNovember 10, 2010 (2010-11-10)Introductory priceUS$ 199DiscontinuedOctober 16, 2012 (2012-10-16)Operating systemLinuxCPUIntel CE4100 SoCMemory1 GB RAMStorage1 GB NAND flash memoryDisplay1080pGraphicsPowerVR SGX535SoundDolby Digital 5.1, DTSController inputD-Link Boxee Box Remote DSM-22Connectivity Wi-Fi (802.11b/g/n) 2.4GHz only 10/100 Ethernet HDMI S/PDIF 2 × USB RCA connector SD card slot Online servicesBoxee Boxee Box by D-Link (officially "D-Link Boxee Box DSM-380") is a Linux-based set-top device and media extender that first began shipping in 33 countries worldwide on 10 November 2010. Designed to easily bring Internet television and other video to the television via Boxee's software, it comes pre-installed with Boxee media center software. The hardware is based on the Intel CE4110 system-on-a-chip platform (that has a 1.2 GHz Intel Atom CPU with a PowerVR SGX535 integrated graphics processor), 1 GB of RAM, and 1 GB of NAND Flash Memory. The DM-380 features an HDMI port (version 1.3), optical digital audio (S/PDIF) out, an RCA connector for analog stereo audio, two USB ports, an SD card slot, wired 100BASE-TX Ethernet, and built-in 2.4 GHz 802.11n WiFi. The Live TV dongle, which started shipping in February 2012, enables users to watch digital OTA or Clear QAM cable television channels with EPG. The Boxee Box also ships with a small two-sided RF remote control with four-way D-pad navigation and a full QWERTY keypad as standard. This remote was also being sold separately with a USB receiver as "D-Link Boxee Box Remote DSM-22" that can be used with Boxee installed on a computer (so that one can use this remote without owning D-Link's Boxee Box). The look of both the case and remote prototypes for the Boxee Box was designed by San Francisco–based Astro Studios, the designer of the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Zune. On 16 October 2012, the Boxee team announced intention to discontinue distribution. See also Boxee D-Link Comparison of digital media players FuboTV References ^ This Morning’s 4 Biggest Stories in Tech and Mobile ^ Live from the Boxee Box launch event! ^ Boxee Box: The Inside Story, Swapping Tegra 2 for Intel CE4100 ^ Boxee Box gets the requisite teardown; would you look at that heat sink! ^ Foresman, Chris (2010-09-13). "Boxee Box goes Intel, gets priced for preorder". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2010-09-13. ^ Boxee Box ditches NVIDIA's Tegra 2 for Intel CE4100, pre-orders start today at $199 ^ Pre-Order the Boxee Box Today, Now With Intel Atom Guts ^ Pre-order a Boxee Box Now, Australia & Europe We’re Coming, and Intel Goes Inside Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ The Boxee Box by D-Link Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Boxee Remote Control Pricing Leak: $39.99, Coming Soon Archived October 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Fast Co. interviews Astro Studios on the design of the Boxee ^ Boxee Designers Explain Out-of-the-Box Thinking (Exclusive) ^ "Boxee Blog » Boxee Box Past, Present, and Future". Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012-10-16. vteHome theater PC software, devices, and related articlesWindows Beyond TV DVBViewer DVB Dream JRiver Media Center MediaPortal NextPVR (formerly GB-PVR) ShowShifter Windows Media Center macOS Front Row Linux GeeXboX LibreELEC LinuxMCE MythTV Mythbuntu OpenELEC Tvheadend Video Disk Recorder Cross-platform Emby Jellyfin Kodi (formerly XBMC) Plex SageTV Serviio Universal Media Server Set-top boxes /digital media players Amazon Fire TV Android TV Apple TV Boxee Box Chromecast Dreambox Google TV Hauppauge MediaMVP HP MediaSmart Connect Kaleidescape Mediaroom MySDATV Netgear Digital Entertainer ReplayTV Roku TiVo Unibox WD TV Windows Media Center Extender Related hardware ATI Theater Cards DBox2 Dreambox EyeTV Hauppauge Computer Works WinTV PVR Cards HDHomeRun Mac Mini Monsoon HAVA Quiet PC Slingbox Touchscreen remote control VBox Home TV Gateway Comparison of USB tv tuner sticks Related articles 10-foot user interface Comparison of audio player software Comparison of video player software Comparison of streaming media systems Digital Living Network Alliance Home cinema Hybrid IPTV Media server Smart TV Streaming television Video player

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The hardware is based on the Intel CE4110 system-on-a-chip platform (that has a 1.2 GHz Intel Atom CPU with a PowerVR SGX535 integrated graphics processor), 1 GB of RAM, and 1 GB of NAND Flash Memory.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The DM-380 features an HDMI port (version 1.3), optical digital audio (S/PDIF) out, an RCA connector for analog stereo audio, two USB ports, an SD card slot, wired 100BASE-TX Ethernet, and built-in 2.4 GHz 802.11n WiFi. The Live TV dongle, which started shipping in February 2012, enables users to watch digital OTA or Clear QAM cable television channels with EPG.The Boxee Box also ships with a small two-sided RF remote control with four-way D-pad navigation and a full QWERTY keypad as standard. This remote was also being sold separately with a USB receiver as \"D-Link Boxee Box Remote DSM-22\" that can be used with Boxee installed on a computer (so that one can use this remote without owning D-Link's Boxee Box).[9][10] The look of both the case and remote prototypes for the Boxee Box was designed by San Francisco–based Astro Studios, the designer of the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Zune.[11][12]On 16 October 2012, the Boxee team announced intention to discontinue distribution.[13]","title":"Boxee Box"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re

Henry Labouchère

["1 Early life","2 Early diplomatic and political career","3 Theatre producer, journalist and writer","4 Return to Parliament","5 Retirement","6 Sources","7 Further reading","8 Works (examples)","9 Notes and references","10 External links"]

British politician, writer, publisher and theatre owner For his uncle, see Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton. Henry LabouchèreMember of Parliamentfor MiddlesexIn office15 April 1867 – 21 November 1868Preceded byRobert Culling HanburySucceeded byGeorge HamiltonMember of Parliamentfor NorthamptonIn office27 April 1880 – 12 January 1906Succeeded byHerbert Paul Personal detailsPolitical partyLiberalAlma materTrinity College, CambridgeOccupationwriter, publisher and theatre ownerKnown forLabouchere Amendment criminalising male homosexual activity Henry Du Pré Labouchère (9 November 1831 – 15 January 1912) was an English politician, writer, publisher and theatre owner in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. He is now most remembered for the Labouchère Amendment, which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity in the United Kingdom. Labouchère, who came from a wealthy Huguenot banking family, was a junior member of the British diplomatic service before briefly serving in Parliament in 1865–68. He lived with the actress Henrietta Hodson from 1868, and they married in 1887. He made a name for himself as a journalist and theatre producer, first buying a stake in The Daily News and in 1876 founding the magazine Truth, which he bankrolled during an extensive series of libel suits. In 1880, he returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Northampton, and became a key figure in the radical Home Rule wing of the party. He was a controversial figure, and opposition from Queen Victoria as well as from senior Liberals ensured that he was never given a ministerial position. He became increasingly unpopular because of his opposition to the Second Boer War, and resigned from politics in 1906, when he left Britain and retired to Italy. Early life Caricature of Labouchère by Ape in Vanity Fair, 1874 Labouchère was born in London to a family of Huguenot extraction, the eldest of three sons and six daughters of John Peter Labouchère (d. 1863) and Mary Louisa née Du Pré (1799–1863). John, who settled at Broome Hall, was a partner in the banking house of Thomas Hope, and then in Deacon's; his uncle, also called Henry Labouchère (d. 1869), entered politics and served in Parliament from 1826 to 1859, when he was made a peer as Baron Taunton. Despite disapproving of Labouchère, his uncle helped the young man's early career and left him a sizeable inheritance when he died leaving no male heir. His grandfather Pierre (Peter) César Labouchère was also a partner in Hope's, and married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. His mother Mary was from an English nabob family, the daughter of James Du Pré MP, a nephew of Lord Caledon, and his wife Madeline Maxwell, a niece of the Duchess of Gordon. Labouchère was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where, he later said, he "diligently attended the racecourse at Newmarket", losing £6,000 in gambling in two years. He was accused of cheating in an examination, and his degree was withheld. Leaving Cambridge, he was sent to South America to look after family business interests there; however, he ended up working in a circus troupe in Mexico and lived for several months in an Ojibwe camp near Minneapolis. Early diplomatic and political career While he was in the US, Labouchère (without his prior knowledge) was found a place in the British diplomatic service by his family. Between 1854 and 1864, he served as a minor diplomat in Washington, Munich, Stockholm, Frankfurt, Saint Petersburg, Dresden, and Constantinople. He was, however, not known for his diplomatic demeanour, and acted impudently on occasion. He went too far when he wrote to the Foreign Secretary to refuse a posting offered to him, "I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lordship's despatch, informing me of my promotion as Second Secretary to Her Majesty's Legation at Buenos Ayres. I beg to state that, if residing at Baden-Baden I can fulfil those duties, I shall be pleased to accept the appointment." He was politely told that there was no further use for his services. The year after his dismissal, Labouchère was elected at the 1865 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for Windsor, as a Liberal. However, that election was overturned on petition, and in April 1867 he was elected at a by-election as an MP for Middlesex. At the 1868 election he lost the seat by 110 votes. He did not return to the House of Commons for 12 years. Theatre producer, journalist and writer In 1867, Labouchère and his partners engaged the architect C. J. Phipps and the artists Albert Moore and Telbin to remodel the large St. Martins Hall to create Queen's Theatre, Long Acre. A new company of players was formed, including Charles Wyndham, Henry Irving, J. L. Toole, Ellen Terry, and Henrietta Hodson. By 1868, Hodson and Labouchère were living together out of wedlock, as they could not marry until her first husband died in 1887. Labouchère bought out his partners and used the theatre to promote Hodson's talents; the theatre made a loss, Hodson retired, and the theatre closed in 1879. The couple finally married in 1887. They had one child together, Mary Dorothea (Dora) Labouchère (1884–1944). Third verse of "When a gentleman supposes" from His Excellency by W. S. Gilbert. During the break in his Parliamentary career, Labouchère gained renown as a journalist, editor, and publisher, sending witty dispatches from Paris during the Siege of Paris in 1870–1871, noting the eating of zoo elephants, donkeys, cats and rats when food supplies ran low. This series of articles helped restore the circulation of the Daily News, in which he had bought a stake in 1868. His unflinching style gained a large audience for first his reporting, and later his personal weekly journal, Truth (started in 1876), which was often sued for libel. With his inherited wealth, he could afford to defend such suits. Labouchère's claims to being impartial were ridiculed by his critics, including W. S. Gilbert (who had been an object of Labouchère's theatrical criticism) in Gilbert's comic opera His Excellency (see illustration at right). In 1877, Gilbert had engaged in a public feud with Labouchère's lover Henrietta Hodson. Labouchère was a vehement opponent of feminism; he campaigned in Truth against the suffrage movement, ridiculing and belittling women who sought the right to vote. He was also a virulent anti-semite, opposed to Jewish participation in British life, using Truth to campaign against "Hebrew barons" and their supposedly excessive influence, "Jewish exclusivity" and "Jewish cowardice". One of the victims of his attacks was Edward Levy-Lawson, proprietor of The Daily Telegraph. In 1879 there was a much-reported court case following a fracas on the doorstep of the Beefsteak Club between Labouchère and Levy-Lawson. The committee of the club expelled Labouchère, who successfully sought a court ruling that they had no right to do so. Return to Parliament 1881 Punch cartoon Labouchère returned to Parliament in the 1880 election, when he and Charles Bradlaugh, both Liberals, won the two seats for Northampton. (Bradlaugh's then-controversial atheism led Labouchère, a closet agnostic, to refer sardonically to himself as "the Christian member for Northampton".) In 1884, Labouchère unsuccessfully proposed legislation to extend the existing laws against cruelty to animals. In 1885, Labouchère, whose libertarian stances did not preclude a fierce homophobia, drafted the Labouchère Amendment as a last-minute addition to a Parliamentary Bill that had nothing to do with homosexuality. His amendment outlawed "gross indecency"; sodomy was already a crime, but Labouchère's Amendment now criminalised any sexual activity between men. Ten years later the Labouchère Amendment allowed for the prosecution of Oscar Wilde, who was given the maximum sentence of two years' imprisonment with hard labour. Labouchère expressed regret that Wilde's sentence was so short, and would have preferred the seven-year term he had originally proposed in the Amendment. 1892 cartoon of Labouchère as a hungry tramp; Gladstone eyes him from within the parliamentary bakery. During the 1880s, the Liberal Party faced a split between a Radical wing (led by Joseph Chamberlain) and a Whig wing (led by the Marquess of Hartington), with its party leader, William Ewart Gladstone straddling the middle. Labouchère was a firm and vocal Radical, who tried to create a governing coalition between the Radicals and the Irish Nationalists that would exclude or marginalise the Whigs. This plan was wrecked in 1886, when, after Gladstone came out for Home Rule, a large contingent of both Radicals and Whigs chose to leave the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Unionist Party allied with the Conservatives. Between 1886 and 1892, a Conservative government was in power, and Labouchère worked tirelessly to remove them from office. When the government was turned out in 1892, and Gladstone was called to form an administration, Labouchère expected to be rewarded with a cabinet post. Queen Victoria refused to allow Gladstone to offer either Labouchère or Charles Dilke an office, however, as she had a strong personal dislike of them – "she would never allow such horrid men to enter the Govt". Her dislike stemmed from his editorship of Truth, which she felt had insulted the Royal Family. According to the historian Vernon Bogdanor, this was the last time a British monarch vetoed a prime minister's appointment of a cabinet minister. However, Gladstone may have been happy to drop Labouchère given his lack of political support. Likewise, the new foreign secretary, Lord Rosebery, a personal enemy of Labouchère, declined to offer him the ambassadorship to Washington for which Labouchère had asked. "Empire Makers and Breakers": scene at the South Africa Committee 1897. Left to right: Richard Webster, Labouchère, Cecil Rhodes, William Harcourt, Joseph Chamberlain Through the 1890s, Labouchère was a critic of both Liberal and Conservative Imperial policies; he demanded an enquiry into Rhodesian policy in 1893–94, and in 1895 sat on the commission enquiring into the Jameson Raid. However, his position became gradually alienated from his party and from public opinion, as he strongly opposed the South African War and argued for peace. His reputation was also tarnished by a series of financial scandals: in 1897, he was accused in the press of share-rigging, using Truth to disparage companies, advising shareholders to dispose of their shares and, when the share prices fell as a result, buying them himself at a low price. He failed to reply to the accusations, and his reputation suffered. A later pamphlet by Henry Hess of The Critic, in 1905, revealed further financial misdealings. Retirement When the Liberal party took power in December 1905, Labouchère was not offered any political office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the new prime minister. He was disappointed in this – he had been a strong supporter of Campbell-Bannerman – and retired from Parliament the following month, choosing not to stand at the 1906 general election. His only political reward from the new government was a privy councillorship. He retired to Florence, where he died seven years later, leaving a fortune of half a million pounds sterling to his daughter Dora, who was by then married to Carlo, Marchese di Rudini. Sources Beckett, Francis (2000). Clement Attlee. Politico's Publishing Limited. p. 199. ISBN 1-902301-70-6. Bogdanor, Vernon (1997). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829334-8. Jenkins, Roy (1998). The Chancellors. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73057-7. Sherson, Erroll (1925). London's Lost Theatres of the Nineteenth Century. London: Bodley Head. OCLC 51413815. Thorold, Algar (1913). The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 400277. Further reading Russell, George W. E. (1916). Portraits of the Seventies. London: Fisher Unwin. OCLC 221085405. "Henry Du Pre Labouchere". The Twickenham Museum. Works (examples) Diary of the besieged resident in Paris, Hurst and Blackett, London 1871 The Brown Man's Burden, a parody by Labouchère of Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"; Truth and Literary Digest (Feb. 1899) Notes and references Notes ^ The family name is variously given as Labouchère or Labouchere; both he and other members of his family used both forms during his lifetime. ^ Labouchère remained an avid gambler and is credited with devising the Labouchere system, a betting strategy for organising play at roulette and other games of chance. ^ The Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 1885 was introduced to outlaw sex between men and underage girls. ^ Labouchère's contemporary Frank Harris wrote that Labouchère proposed the amendment to make the law seem "ridiculous" and so discredit it in its entirety; some historians agree, citing Labouchère's habitual obstructionism and other attempts to sink this bill by the same means. Others write that Labouchère's role in the Cleveland Street scandal makes it plain that he was strongly in favour of using the criminal law to control male sexuality, despite his own irregular private life. ^ Francis Beckett (quoting from the diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles) claims otherwise, suggesting that George VI vetoed the appointment of Hugh Dalton as foreign secretary by Clement Attlee in 1945. Roy Jenkins, however, notes that Attlee ignored the king's advice, which was given on 26 July 1945, and offered the foreign secretaryship to Dalton the following day, later changing his mind after receiving representations from Herbert Morrison and senior civil servants. ^ £500,000 in 1912 equates to around £62,530,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sidebotham, Herbert; Matthew, H. C. G. (2009) . "Labouchere, Henry Du Pré (1831–1912)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34367. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Thorold, p. 16 ^ "Labouchere, Henry Dupré (LBCR850HD)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Thorold, p. 22 ^ Holmes, Luke. "The Labouchere System – Analysis & Review", Roulettesites.org., accessed 17 June 2021 ^ Thorold, p. 26 ^ Thorold, p. 65 ^ "No. 22991". The London Gazette. 14 July 1865. p. 3529. ^ "No. 23242". The London Gazette. 16 April 1867. p. 2310. ^ "Election Intelligence", The Times, 27 November 1868, p. 5 ^ Sherson, p. 201 ^ Labby and Dora, Labouchere.co.uk, accessed 1 April 2008 ^ London Facts and Gossip, The New York Times, 17 January 1883, accessed 1 April 2008 ^ Feature on Hodson in Footlights Notes Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Henry Du Pre Labouchere", The Twickenham Museum, accessed 3 March 2014 ^ Thorold, pp. 125–140 ^ The Times, 31 December 1957, p. 6 ^ Vorder Bruegge, Andrew (Winthrop University). "W. S. Gilbert: Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy" Archived 10 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Paper presented at the Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference in October 2002, accessed 26 March 2008 ^ a b c Hirshfield, Claire. "Labouchere, Truth and the Uses of Antisemitism", Victorian Periodicals Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall, 1993), pp. 134–142 ^ "High Court of Justice, Nov. 28, Chancery Division", The Times, 29 November 1879, p. 4 ^ "Cruelty to Animals Acts Extension Bill" Archived 3 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Hansard, 7 February 1884 ^ Text of the 1885 Act, accessed 7 March 2012 ^ Kaplan, Morris B. (2005). Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times. Cornell University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780801436789. ^ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2003). Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II. Psychology Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780415159838. ^ Cohen, Ed (1993). Talk on the Wilde side: toward a genealogy of a discourse on male sexualities. Psychology Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780415902304. ^ Ponsonby, Arthur, ed. (1943). Henry Ponsonby: His Life From His Letters. p. 215. ^ a b c Bogdanor, p. 34 ^ Beckett, p. 199 ^ Jenkins, pp. 447–448 ^ "The stock-jobbing of Henry Labouchere", LSE Selected Pamphlets, 1897, accessed 28 May 2011 (subscription required) ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ "Review of The Life of Henry Labouchere by Algar Thorold". The Athenaeum (4486): 409–411. 18 October 1913. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Henry Labouchère. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Labouchère. Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Henry Labouchère Works by Henry Labouchere at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry Labouchère at Internet Archive "Labouchere, Henry DuPré" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byRichard VyseWilliam Vansittart Member of Parliament for Windsor 1865 – 1866 With: Sir Henry Hoare, Bt Succeeded byCharles EdwardsRoger Eykyn Preceded byRobert Culling HanburyGeorge Byng Member of Parliament for Middlesex 1867 – 1868 With: George Byng Succeeded byLord George HamiltonGeorge Byng Preceded byPickering PhippsCharles Merewether Member of Parliament for Northampton 1880 – 1906 With: Charles Bradlaugh 1880–1891Moses Manfield 1891–1895Charles Drucker 1895–1900John Greenwood Shipman from 1900 Succeeded byHerbert PaulJohn Greenwood Shipman Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Edwardian eras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"Labouchère Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Hodson"},{"link_name":"The Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_(British_periodical)"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"}],"text":"For his uncle, see Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton.Henry Du Pré Labouchère (9 November 1831 – 15 January 1912) was an English politician, writer, publisher and theatre owner in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. He is now most remembered for the Labouchère Amendment, which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity in the United Kingdom.Labouchère, who came from a wealthy Huguenot banking family, was a junior member of the British diplomatic service before briefly serving in Parliament in 1865–68. He lived with the actress Henrietta Hodson from 1868, and they married in 1887. He made a name for himself as a journalist and theatre producer, first buying a stake in The Daily News and in 1876 founding the magazine Truth, which he bankrolled during an extensive series of libel suits.In 1880, he returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Northampton, and became a key figure in the radical Home Rule wing of the party. He was a controversial figure, and opposition from Queen Victoria as well as from senior Liberals ensured that he was never given a ministerial position. He became increasingly unpopular because of his opposition to the Second Boer War, and resigned from politics in 1906, when he left Britain and retired to Italy.","title":"Henry Labouchère"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re_Vanity_Fair_1874-11-07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pellegrini_(caricaturist)"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Broome Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome_Hall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(banker,_born_1769)"},{"link_name":"Deacon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Deacon%27s_Bank"},{"link_name":"Henry Labouchère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Baring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Baring,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"nabob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabob"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Du Pré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Du_Pr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lord Caledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Caledon"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Gordon,_Duchess_of_Gordon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"circus troupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_troupe"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"}],"text":"Caricature of Labouchère by Ape in Vanity Fair, 1874Labouchère was born in London to a family of Huguenot extraction,[n 1] the eldest of three sons and six daughters[1] of John Peter Labouchère (d. 1863) and Mary Louisa née Du Pré (1799–1863). John, who settled at Broome Hall,[citation needed] was a partner in the banking house of Thomas Hope, and then in Deacon's; his uncle, also called Henry Labouchère (d. 1869), entered politics and served in Parliament from 1826 to 1859, when he was made a peer as Baron Taunton. Despite disapproving of Labouchère, his uncle helped the young man's early career and left him a sizeable inheritance when he died leaving no male heir.[1] His grandfather Pierre (Peter) César Labouchère was also a partner in Hope's, and married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. His mother Mary was from an English nabob family,[2] the daughter of James Du Pré MP, a nephew of Lord Caledon, and his wife Madeline Maxwell, a niece of the Duchess of Gordon.[citation needed]Labouchère was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge,[3] where, he later said, he \"diligently attended the racecourse at Newmarket\", losing £6,000 in gambling in two years.[4][n 2] He was accused of cheating in an examination, and his degree was withheld.[6] Leaving Cambridge, he was sent to South America to look after family business interests there; however, he ended up working in a circus troupe in Mexico and lived for several months in an Ojibwe camp near Minneapolis.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1865 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1868 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"}],"text":"While he was in the US, Labouchère (without his prior knowledge) was found a place in the British diplomatic service by his family. Between 1854 and 1864, he served as a minor diplomat in Washington, Munich, Stockholm, Frankfurt, Saint Petersburg, Dresden, and Constantinople. He was, however, not known for his diplomatic demeanour, and acted impudently on occasion.[1] He went too far when he wrote to the Foreign Secretary to refuse a posting offered to him, \"I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lordship's despatch, informing me of my promotion as Second Secretary to Her Majesty's Legation at Buenos Ayres. I beg to state that, if residing at Baden-Baden I can fulfil those duties, I shall be pleased to accept the appointment.\" He was politely told that there was no further use for his services.[7]The year after his dismissal, Labouchère was elected at the 1865 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for Windsor,[8] as a Liberal. However, that election was overturned on petition,[1] and in April 1867 he was elected at a by-election as an MP for Middlesex.[9] At the 1868 election he lost the seat by 110 votes.[10] He did not return to the House of Commons for 12 years.[1]","title":"Early diplomatic and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. J. Phipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Phipps"},{"link_name":"Albert Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Moore"},{"link_name":"Queen's Theatre, Long Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Theatre,_Long_Acre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Charles Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wyndham_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Henry Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Irving"},{"link_name":"J. L. Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence_Toole"},{"link_name":"Ellen Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Hodson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTLondonFacts-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tmuseum-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:His_Excellency_-_Labouchere.png"},{"link_name":"His Excellency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Excellency_(opera)"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Siege of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"zoo elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux_(elephants)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_(British_periodical)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"comic opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_opera"},{"link_name":"His Excellency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Excellency_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vpr-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vpr-21"},{"link_name":"Edward Levy-Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Levy-Lawson,_1st_Baron_Burnham"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vpr-21"},{"link_name":"Beefsteak Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefsteak_Club"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times1879-22"}],"text":"In 1867, Labouchère and his partners engaged the architect C. J. Phipps and the artists Albert Moore and Telbin to remodel the large St. Martins Hall to create Queen's Theatre, Long Acre.[11] A new company of players was formed, including Charles Wyndham, Henry Irving, J. L. Toole, Ellen Terry, and Henrietta Hodson. By 1868, Hodson and Labouchère were living together out of wedlock,[12] as they could not marry until her first husband died in 1887.[13] Labouchère bought out his partners and used the theatre to promote Hodson's talents;[14] the theatre made a loss, Hodson retired, and the theatre closed in 1879. The couple finally married in 1887.[15] They had one child together, Mary Dorothea (Dora) Labouchère (1884–1944).[1]Third verse of \"When a gentleman supposes\" from His Excellency by W. S. Gilbert.During the break in his Parliamentary career, Labouchère gained renown as a journalist, editor, and publisher, sending witty dispatches from Paris during the Siege of Paris in 1870–1871, noting the eating of zoo elephants, donkeys, cats and rats when food supplies ran low.[16] This series of articles helped restore the circulation of the Daily News, in which he had bought a stake in 1868. His unflinching style gained a large audience for first his reporting, and later his personal weekly journal, Truth (started in 1876), which was often sued for libel.[17] With his inherited wealth, he could afford to defend such suits.[1] Labouchère's claims to being impartial were ridiculed by his critics, including W. S. Gilbert (who had been an object of Labouchère's theatrical criticism) in Gilbert's comic opera His Excellency (see illustration at right). In 1877, Gilbert had engaged in a public feud with Labouchère's lover Henrietta Hodson.[18]Labouchère was a vehement opponent of feminism; he campaigned in Truth against the suffrage movement, ridiculing and belittling women who sought the right to vote.[19] He was also a virulent anti-semite, opposed to Jewish participation in British life, using Truth to campaign against \"Hebrew barons\" and their supposedly excessive influence, \"Jewish exclusivity\" and \"Jewish cowardice\".[19] One of the victims of his attacks was Edward Levy-Lawson, proprietor of The Daily Telegraph.[19] In 1879 there was a much-reported court case following a fracas on the doorstep of the Beefsteak Club between Labouchère and Levy-Lawson. The committee of the club expelled Labouchère, who successfully sought a court ruling that they had no right to do so.[20]","title":"Theatre producer, journalist and writer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punch_-_Henry_Labouchere.png"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"1880 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Charles Bradlaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Labouchère Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"sodomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Labouchere_and_Gladstone.png"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Hartington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"Irish Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Nationalists"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"Liberal Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Charles Dilke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dilke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanor34-31"},{"link_name":"Vernon Bogdanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanor34-31"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanor34-31"},{"link_name":"Lord Rosebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Philip_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webster,_1st_Viscount_Alverstone"},{"link_name":"Cecil Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"William Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Jameson Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Raid"},{"link_name":"South African War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"}],"text":"1881 Punch cartoonLabouchère returned to Parliament in the 1880 election, when he and Charles Bradlaugh, both Liberals, won the two seats for Northampton. (Bradlaugh's then-controversial atheism led Labouchère, a closet agnostic, to refer sardonically to himself as \"the Christian member for Northampton\".)[1]In 1884, Labouchère unsuccessfully proposed legislation to extend the existing laws against cruelty to animals.[21] In 1885, Labouchère, whose libertarian stances did not preclude a fierce homophobia,[1] drafted the Labouchère Amendment as a last-minute addition to a Parliamentary Bill that had nothing to do with homosexuality.[n 3] His amendment outlawed \"gross indecency\"; sodomy was already a crime, but Labouchère's Amendment now criminalised any sexual activity between men.[n 4] Ten years later the Labouchère Amendment allowed for the prosecution of Oscar Wilde, who was given the maximum sentence of two years' imprisonment with hard labour.[1] Labouchère expressed regret that Wilde's sentence was so short, and would have preferred the seven-year term he had originally proposed in the Amendment.[1]1892 cartoon of Labouchère as a hungry tramp; Gladstone eyes him from within the parliamentary bakery.During the 1880s, the Liberal Party faced a split between a Radical wing (led by Joseph Chamberlain) and a Whig wing (led by the Marquess of Hartington), with its party leader, William Ewart Gladstone straddling the middle. Labouchère was a firm and vocal Radical, who tried to create a governing coalition between the Radicals and the Irish Nationalists that would exclude or marginalise the Whigs. This plan was wrecked in 1886, when, after Gladstone came out for Home Rule, a large contingent of both Radicals and Whigs chose to leave the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Unionist Party allied with the Conservatives.[1]Between 1886 and 1892, a Conservative government was in power, and Labouchère worked tirelessly to remove them from office. When the government was turned out in 1892, and Gladstone was called to form an administration, Labouchère expected to be rewarded with a cabinet post.[1] Queen Victoria refused to allow Gladstone to offer either Labouchère or Charles Dilke an office, however, as she had a strong personal dislike of them – \"she would never allow such horrid men to enter the Govt\".[26] Her dislike stemmed from his editorship of Truth, which she felt had insulted the Royal Family.[27] According to the historian Vernon Bogdanor, this was the last time a British monarch vetoed a prime minister's appointment of a cabinet minister.[27][n 5] However, Gladstone may have been happy to drop Labouchère given his lack of political support.[27] Likewise, the new foreign secretary, Lord Rosebery, a personal enemy of Labouchère, declined to offer him the ambassadorship to Washington for which Labouchère had asked.[1]\"Empire Makers and Breakers\": scene at the South Africa Committee 1897. Left to right: Richard Webster, Labouchère, Cecil Rhodes, William Harcourt, Joseph ChamberlainThrough the 1890s, Labouchère was a critic of both Liberal and Conservative Imperial policies; he demanded an enquiry into Rhodesian policy in 1893–94, and in 1895 sat on the commission enquiring into the Jameson Raid. However, his position became gradually alienated from his party and from public opinion, as he strongly opposed the South African War and argued for peace.[1] His reputation was also tarnished by a series of financial scandals: in 1897, he was accused in the press of share-rigging, using Truth to disparage companies, advising shareholders to dispose of their shares and, when the share prices fell as a result, buying them himself at a low price. He failed to reply to the accusations, and his reputation suffered.[30] A later pamphlet by Henry Hess of The Critic, in 1905, revealed further financial misdealings.[1]","title":"Return to Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal party took power in December 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_government,_1905%E2%80%931915"},{"link_name":"Henry Campbell-Bannerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman"},{"link_name":"1906 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"privy councillorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"}],"text":"When the Liberal party took power in December 1905, Labouchère was not offered any political office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the new prime minister. He was disappointed in this – he had been a strong supporter of Campbell-Bannerman – and retired from Parliament the following month, choosing not to stand at the 1906 general election. His only political reward from the new government was a privy councillorship.[1]He retired to Florence, where he died seven years later, leaving a fortune of half a million pounds sterling[n 6] to his daughter Dora, who was by then married to Carlo, Marchese di Rudini.[1]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beckett, Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Clement Attlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-902301-70-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902301-70-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-829334-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829334-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-73057-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"51413815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51413815"},{"link_name":"The Life of Henry Labouchere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeofhenrylabou00thor"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"400277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/400277"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Beckett, Francis (2000). Clement Attlee. Politico's Publishing Limited. p. 199. ISBN 1-902301-70-6.\nBogdanor, Vernon (1997). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829334-8.\nJenkins, Roy (1998). The Chancellors. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73057-7.\nSherson, Erroll (1925). London's Lost Theatres of the Nineteenth Century. London: Bodley Head. OCLC 51413815.\nThorold, Algar (1913). The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 400277.[32]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell, George W. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._E._Russell"},{"link_name":"Portraits of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000107598"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"221085405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/221085405"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Du Pre Labouchere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=77"}],"text":"Russell, George W. E. (1916). Portraits of the Seventies. London: Fisher Unwin. OCLC 221085405.\n\"Henry Du Pre Labouchere\". The Twickenham Museum.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diary of the besieged resident in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008687838"},{"link_name":"The Brown Man's Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swans.com/library/art8/xxx074.html"},{"link_name":"The White Man's Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden"}],"text":"Diary of the besieged resident in Paris, Hurst and Blackett, London 1871\nThe Brown Man's Burden, a parody by Labouchère of Rudyard Kipling's \"The White Man's Burden\"; Truth and Literary Digest (Feb. 1899)","title":"Works (examples)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Labouchere system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labouchere_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Frank Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Harris"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Street scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Street_scandal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Francis Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Sir Alan Lascelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lascelles"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Clement Attlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Roy Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Herbert Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-36"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_2-18"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34367"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Labouchere, Henry Dupré (LBCR850HD)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=LBCR850HD&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Labouchere System – Analysis & Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.roulettesites.org/strategies/labouchere"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"No. 22991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22991/page/3529"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"No. 23242\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23242/page/2310"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Labby and Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.labouchere.co.uk/linkpages/labbyanddora.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYTLondonFacts_15-0"},{"link_name":"London Facts and Gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/01/17/106245396.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Feature on Hodson in Footlights Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gabrielleray.150m.com/ArchiveTextH/HenriettaHodson.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707060227/http://www.gabrielleray.150m.com/ArchiveTextH/HenriettaHodson.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tmuseum_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Du Pre Labouchere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Winthrop University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_University"},{"link_name":"\"W. S. Gilbert: Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//faculty.winthrop.edu/vorderbruegg/winthropweb/vitaindex/gilbert.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110510212618/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/vorderbruegg/winthropweb/vitaindex/gilbert.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vpr_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vpr_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vpr_21-2"},{"link_name":"\"Labouchere, Truth and the Uses of Antisemitism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20082684"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times1879_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Cruelty to Animals Acts Extension Bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1885/aug/06/consideration#S3V0300P0_18850806_HOC_209"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211003015237/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1885/aug/06/consideration#S3V0300P0_18850806_HOC_209"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Text of the 1885 Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swarb.co.uk/acts/1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sodomonthamessex00kapl"},{"link_name":"175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sodomonthamessex00kapl/page/175"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780801436789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801436789"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zLWTqBmifh0C&pg=PA298"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415159838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415159838"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Talk on the Wilde side: toward a genealogy of a discourse on male sexualities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_CZb6HwCPMcC&pg=PA92"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415902304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415902304"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Henry Ponsonby: His Life From His Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211236/page/n257/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bogdanor34_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bogdanor34_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bogdanor34_31-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"The stock-jobbing of Henry Labouchere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/60216993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inflation-UK_36-0"},{"link_name":"Retail Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/"},{"link_name":"MeasuringWorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Review of The Life of Henry Labouchere by Algar Thorold\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c109524956;view=1up;seq=427"}],"text":"Notes^ The family name is variously given as Labouchère or Labouchere; both he and other members of his family used both forms during his lifetime.\n\n^ Labouchère remained an avid gambler and is credited with devising the Labouchere system, a betting strategy for organising play at roulette and other games of chance.[5]\n\n^ The Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 1885 was introduced to outlaw sex between men and underage girls.[22]\n\n^ Labouchère's contemporary Frank Harris wrote that Labouchère proposed the amendment to make the law seem \"ridiculous\" and so discredit it in its entirety; some historians agree, citing Labouchère's habitual obstructionism and other attempts to sink this bill by the same means. Others write that Labouchère's role in the Cleveland Street scandal makes it plain that he was strongly in favour of using the criminal law to control male sexuality, despite his own irregular private life.[23][24][25]\n\n^ Francis Beckett (quoting from the diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles) claims otherwise, suggesting that George VI vetoed the appointment of Hugh Dalton as foreign secretary by Clement Attlee in 1945.[28] Roy Jenkins, however, notes that Attlee ignored the king's advice, which was given on 26 July 1945, and offered the foreign secretaryship to Dalton the following day, later changing his mind after receiving representations from Herbert Morrison and senior civil servants.[29]\n\n^ £500,000 in 1912 equates to around £62,530,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[31]References^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sidebotham, Herbert; Matthew, H. C. G. (2009) [2004]. \"Labouchere, Henry Du Pré (1831–1912)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34367. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Thorold, p. 16\n\n^ \"Labouchere, Henry Dupré (LBCR850HD)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ Thorold, p. 22\n\n^ Holmes, Luke. \"The Labouchere System – Analysis & Review\", Roulettesites.org., accessed 17 June 2021\n\n^ Thorold, p. 26\n\n^ Thorold, p. 65\n\n^ \"No. 22991\". The London Gazette. 14 July 1865. p. 3529.\n\n^ \"No. 23242\". The London Gazette. 16 April 1867. p. 2310.\n\n^ \"Election Intelligence\", The Times, 27 November 1868, p. 5\n\n^ Sherson, p. 201\n\n^ Labby and Dora, Labouchere.co.uk, accessed 1 April 2008\n\n^ London Facts and Gossip, The New York Times, 17 January 1883, accessed 1 April 2008\n\n^ Feature on Hodson in Footlights Notes Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Henry Du Pre Labouchere\", The Twickenham Museum, accessed 3 March 2014\n\n^ Thorold, pp. 125–140\n\n^ The Times, 31 December 1957, p. 6\n\n^ Vorder Bruegge, Andrew (Winthrop University). \"W. S. Gilbert: Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy\" Archived 10 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Paper presented at the Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference in October 2002, accessed 26 March 2008\n\n^ a b c Hirshfield, Claire. \"Labouchere, Truth and the Uses of Antisemitism\", Victorian Periodicals Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall, 1993), pp. 134–142\n\n^ \"High Court of Justice, Nov. 28, Chancery Division\", The Times, 29 November 1879, p. 4\n\n^ \"Cruelty to Animals Acts Extension Bill\" Archived 3 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Hansard, 7 February 1884\n\n^ Text of the 1885 Act, accessed 7 March 2012\n\n^ Kaplan, Morris B. (2005). Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times. Cornell University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780801436789.\n\n^ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2003). Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II. Psychology Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780415159838.\n\n^ Cohen, Ed (1993). Talk on the Wilde side: toward a genealogy of a discourse on male sexualities. Psychology Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780415902304.\n\n^ Ponsonby, Arthur, ed. (1943). Henry Ponsonby: His Life From His Letters. p. 215.\n\n^ a b c Bogdanor, p. 34\n\n^ Beckett, p. 199\n\n^ Jenkins, pp. 447–448\n\n^ \"The stock-jobbing of Henry Labouchere\", LSE Selected Pamphlets, 1897, accessed 28 May 2011 (subscription required)\n\n^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Review of The Life of Henry Labouchere by Algar Thorold\". The Athenaeum (4486): 409–411. 18 October 1913.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[{"image_text":"Caricature of Labouchère by Ape in Vanity Fair, 1874","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re_Vanity_Fair_1874-11-07.jpg/170px-Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re_Vanity_Fair_1874-11-07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Third verse of \"When a gentleman supposes\" from His Excellency by W. S. Gilbert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/His_Excellency_-_Labouchere.png/270px-His_Excellency_-_Labouchere.png"},{"image_text":"1881 Punch cartoon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Punch_-_Henry_Labouchere.png/170px-Punch_-_Henry_Labouchere.png"},{"image_text":"1892 cartoon of Labouchère as a hungry tramp; Gladstone eyes him from within the parliamentary bakery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labouchere_and_Gladstone.png/170px-Labouchere_and_Gladstone.png"},{"image_text":"\"Empire Makers and Breakers\": scene at the South Africa Committee 1897. Left to right: Richard Webster, Labouchère, Cecil Rhodes, William Harcourt, Joseph Chamberlain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg/220px-South_Africa_Committee_Vanity_Fair_1897-11-25.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Beckett, Francis (2000). Clement Attlee. Politico's Publishing Limited. p. 199. ISBN 1-902301-70-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beckett","url_text":"Beckett, Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee","url_text":"Clement Attlee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902301-70-6","url_text":"1-902301-70-6"}]},{"reference":"Bogdanor, Vernon (1997). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829334-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829334-8","url_text":"0-19-829334-8"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Roy (1998). The Chancellors. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73057-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7","url_text":"0-333-73057-7"}]},{"reference":"Sherson, Erroll (1925). London's Lost Theatres of the Nineteenth Century. London: Bodley Head. OCLC 51413815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51413815","url_text":"51413815"}]},{"reference":"Thorold, Algar (1913). The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 400277.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrylabou00thor","url_text":"The Life of Henry Labouchere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/400277","url_text":"400277"}]},{"reference":"Russell, George W. E. (1916). Portraits of the Seventies. London: Fisher Unwin. 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A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=LBCR850HD&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Labouchere, Henry Dupré (LBCR850HD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22991\". The London Gazette. 14 July 1865. p. 3529.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22991/page/3529","url_text":"\"No. 22991\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23242\". The London Gazette. 16 April 1867. p. 2310.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23242/page/2310","url_text":"\"No. 23242\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Morris B. (2005). Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times. Cornell University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780801436789.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sodomonthamessex00kapl","url_text":"Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sodomonthamessex00kapl/page/175","url_text":"175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801436789","url_text":"9780801436789"}]},{"reference":"Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2003). Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II. Psychology Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780415159838.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zLWTqBmifh0C&pg=PA298","url_text":"Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415159838","url_text":"9780415159838"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Ed (1993). Talk on the Wilde side: toward a genealogy of a discourse on male sexualities. Psychology Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780415902304.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_CZb6HwCPMcC&pg=PA92","url_text":"Talk on the Wilde side: toward a genealogy of a discourse on male sexualities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415902304","url_text":"9780415902304"}]},{"reference":"Ponsonby, Arthur, ed. (1943). Henry Ponsonby: His Life From His Letters. p. 215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211236/page/n257/mode/2up","url_text":"Henry Ponsonby: His Life From His Letters"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taweethapisek_School

Taweethapisek School

["1 History","2 Buildings","2.1 Bidyalabh Pruethidhada Building","2.2 Surachai Ronnarong Building","2.3 Prabparapak Building","2.4 Thep Sittinayok Building","2.5 General Suchinda Kraprayoon Hall Building","2.6 100th Taweethapisek anniversary by General Suchinda Kraprayoon Building","3 Sacred places","4 School Symbol","5 Directors","6 Alumni","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°44′43″N 100°28′58″E / 13.745253°N 100.482700°E / 13.745253; 100.482700This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Taweethapisek School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Public high school in Bangkok Yai District, Bangkok, ThailandTaweethapisek SchoolโรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศกAddress505/5 Soi Itsaraphap 42, Itsaraphap Rd.Bangkok Yai District, Bangkok, 10600ThailandCoordinates13°44′43″N 100°28′58″E / 13.745253°N 100.482700°E / 13.745253; 100.482700InformationFormer nameWat Arun Ratchawararam SchoolTypePublic high schoolMottoThai: ลูกทวีธา มีศักดิ์ศรี มีน้ำใจ มีคุณธรรม(Thaweetha children have dignity, are thoughtful, and have virtue)EstablishedJuly 19, 1895; 128 years ago (1895-07-19)FounderKing ChulalongkornSister schoolTaweethapisek Bangkhunthian SchoolPrathomtaweethapisek SchoolSchool districtSecondary Educational Service Area Office 1School code1010720080DirectorPrachuap IntharachotTeaching staff120 (2018)Grades7–12GenderMaleAge range12–19Enrollment2,563 (2018)LanguageThaiEnglishGermanFrenchChineseJapaneseClassrooms82Area5 AcresColour(s)Green and White   SongTaweethapisek MarchAffiliation(+66)4650072Websitehttp://www.taweethapisek.ac.th/ Taweethapisek School (Thai: โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก) is located in Bangkok Yai District, Bangkok, Thailand, in the Thonburi area. The school was founded by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) on 19 July 1895. It has facilities such as basketball and table-tennis as well as a 400-metre running track around the football field. As of 2013 there are about 3,000 students. Most of the students are Thai and mostly Buddhist, while other students follow other religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. History King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) Field and Gym View from Pittayarabpreuttidtada Building (Building 1) Taweethapisek School was established on July 19, 1895 by King Rama V. To celebrate this special occasion, King Rama V wanted to establish a school in honor of his grandfather, King Rama II. He donated 2,000,000 baht and persuaded the royal members to donate to build the school at Wat Arun Ratchawararam, the royal temple of King Rama II. King Rama V named the school "Taweethapisek". In Thai, Tawee means twice or double and pisek means coronation. When the school started, there were 162 students and 6 teachers. The first school building was 4 stories high and the first director was Khun Uparakansilapaset. In 1951, the school started to move some students to study at a new location at Wat Nakklang because the school building at Wat Arun was too small for the increasing number of students. In 1960, the school building at Wat Nakklang was finished, and all the students in grades 7–12 were moved that year. Buildings Bidyalabh Pruethidhada Building The oldest building; 14 classrooms Surachai Ronnarong Building 15 classrooms, 3 computer rooms, and a library named "Arthon Sangkhawattana" Prabparapak Building Art rooms and a gym Thep Sittinayok Building Science operation room, Pet-Dok-Kaw room (Audiovisual Education), and Green room (Eco energy prototype classroom) General Suchinda Kraprayoon Hall Building Foreign language classroom and General Suchinda Kraprayoon Hall 100th Taweethapisek anniversary by General Suchinda Kraprayoon Building Taweethapisek Museum Sacred places The King Rama V Monument was brought to school on 19 June 1999 from the fine arts department. Phra Buddha Taweethapisek Mahamongkol Statue Father Surachai Ronarong Statue, honoring a famous soldier who protected Bangkok from attack by Burma during the reign of King Rama I. School Symbol On the coronation day of King Rama V, Taweethapisek coins were given to the royal members and bureaucrats who came to join the Taweethapisek ceremony. Thus, the school uses the coin as the school symbol. In the school symbol, there are coats of arms of King Rama II, King Rama V, and other insignias that represent them. Directors Years in office Name 1898–1907 Khun Upakarnsilapaset 1907–1911 Mr. Prom 1911 Phra Banjedwichachan 1911–1916 Khun Darunwitworaset 1916–1949 Khun Wisitdarunkan 1949–1965 Mr. Worasit Inthapat 1965–1974 Mr. Rewat Cheunsamran 1974–1979 Mr. Samreong Nilpradit 1979–1984 Mr. Jongkol Methakal 1984–1988 Mr. Suchat Chaimano 1988–1989 Mr. Samran Rattanawith 1989–1995 Mr. Kanok Chanprajorn 1995–1998 Mr. Prasan Utamangkhabowon 1998–2001 Mr. Suthon Julamok 2001–2004 Mr. Suwat Onjaikla 2004–2008 Mrs. Sukanya Phuphanthaphak 2008–2010 Mrs. Sumonmat Wuttisangatham 2010–2013 Mr. Somkiat Charoenchim 2014 Mr. Chaianant Kaendee 2015–2016 Mr. Chaiyasit Donthuam 2017–2019 Mr. Narong Khongsomprach 2019–Current Mr. Prachuap Intharachote Alumni Following are some notable alumni: Professor Sanya Dharmasakti, 12th Prime Minister of Thailand General Suchinda Kraprayoon, 19th Prime Minister of Thailand Air Chief Marshal Chalermkiat Wattanangkun, 5th Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Air Force Admiral Kawee Singha, 26th Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy Police General Seripisut Temiyavet, 5th Commissioner-General, Royal Thai Police General Preecha Rojanasen, National Assembly of Thailand member Naowarat Pongpaiboon, S.E.A. Write Award-winning poet and national artist Niwat Kongpien, writer and art critic Puchong Yothapitak, actor, Thai pop singer and television host Touch Na Takuatung, Thai pop singer and actor Samapol Piyapongsiri, D.J. and actor Ong-Art Singlumpong, film director Atichart Chumnanon, actor Rangsan Viwatchaichok, Thailand national football team player Rangsiman Rome, politician and activist References ^ "โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก | Taweethapisek School". ^ http://www.oocities.org/taweetha/pokun.html ^ "ตราสัญลักษณ์โรงเรียน". www.taweethapisek.ac.th. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. ^ "ทำเนียบผู้บริหาร | โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก". www.taweethapisek.ac.th. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. ^ "โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก | Taweethapisek School". External links โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก (official website)

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Most of the students are Thai and mostly Buddhist, while other students follow other religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.","title":"Taweethapisek School"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Chulalongkorn_as_Field_Marshal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scenery_in_Taweethapsiek_School,Thailand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taweethapisek_School_view_from_building_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Rama V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rama_V"},{"link_name":"King Rama II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rama_II"},{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baht"},{"link_name":"Wat Arun Ratchawararam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Wat Nakklang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Nakklang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Wat Arun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Arun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-School-221-1"}],"text":"King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)Field and GymView from Pittayarabpreuttidtada Building (Building 1)Taweethapisek School was established on July 19, 1895 by King Rama V. To celebrate this special occasion, King Rama V wanted to establish a school in honor of his grandfather, King Rama II. He donated 2,000,000 baht and persuaded the royal members to donate to build the school at Wat Arun Ratchawararam, the royal temple of King Rama II.King Rama V named the school \"Taweethapisek\". In Thai, Tawee means twice or double and pisek means coronation. When the school started, there were 162 students and 6 teachers. The first school building was 4 stories high and the first director was Khun Uparakansilapaset.In 1951, the school started to move some students to study at a new location at Wat Nakklang[clarification needed] because the school building at Wat Arun was too small for the increasing number of students. In 1960, the school building at Wat Nakklang was finished, and all the students in grades 7–12 were moved that year.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bidyalabh Pruethidhada Building","text":"The oldest building; 14 classrooms","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Surachai Ronnarong Building","text":"15 classrooms, 3 computer rooms, and a library named \"Arthon Sangkhawattana\"","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prabparapak Building","text":"Art rooms and a gym","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thep Sittinayok Building","text":"Science operation room, Pet-Dok-Kaw room (Audiovisual Education), and Green room (Eco energy prototype classroom)","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suchinda Kraprayoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon"}],"sub_title":"General Suchinda Kraprayoon Hall Building","text":"Foreign language classroom and General Suchinda Kraprayoon Hall","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"100th Taweethapisek anniversary by General Suchinda Kraprayoon Building","text":"[clarification needed]Taweethapisek Museum","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oocities-2"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"}],"text":"The King Rama V Monument was brought to school on 19 June 1999 from the fine arts department.[clarification needed]\nPhra Buddha Taweethapisek Mahamongkol Statue\nFather Surachai Ronarong Statue,[2] honoring a famous soldier who protected Bangkok from attack by Burma during the reign of King Rama I.","title":"Sacred places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-School-258-3"}],"text":"On the coronation day of King Rama V, Taweethapisek coins were given to the royal members and bureaucrats who came to join the Taweethapisek ceremony. Thus, the school uses the coin as the school symbol. In the school symbol, there are coats of arms of King Rama II, King Rama V, and other insignias that represent them.[3]","title":"School Symbol"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-School-260-5"},{"link_name":"Sanya Dharmasakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya_Dharmasakti"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Suchinda Kraprayoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy"},{"link_name":"Seripisut Temiyavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seripisut_Temiyavet"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"S.E.A. Write Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.E.A._Write_Award"},{"link_name":"Thai pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_pop"},{"link_name":"Touch Na Takuatung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_Na_Takuatung"},{"link_name":"Ong-Art Singlumpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong-Art_Singlumpong"},{"link_name":"Rangsan Viwatchaichok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangsan_Viwatchaichok"},{"link_name":"Thailand national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rangsiman Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangsiman_Rome"}],"text":"Following are some notable alumni:[5]Professor Sanya Dharmasakti, 12th Prime Minister of Thailand\nGeneral Suchinda Kraprayoon, 19th Prime Minister of Thailand\nAir Chief Marshal Chalermkiat Wattanangkun, 5th Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Air Force\nAdmiral Kawee Singha, 26th Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy\nPolice General Seripisut Temiyavet, 5th Commissioner-General, Royal Thai Police\nGeneral Preecha Rojanasen, National Assembly of Thailand member\nNaowarat Pongpaiboon, S.E.A. Write Award-winning poet and national artist\nNiwat Kongpien, writer and art critic\nPuchong Yothapitak, actor, Thai pop singer and television host\nTouch Na Takuatung, Thai pop singer and actor\nSamapol Piyapongsiri, D.J. and actor\nOng-Art Singlumpong, film director\nAtichart Chumnanon, actor\nRangsan Viwatchaichok, Thailand national football team player\nRangsiman Rome, politician and activist","title":"Alumni"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Mitchell_Hodgson

Frederick Mitchell Hodgson

["1 Early years","2 Gold Coast","3 Later career","4 Sources","5 Further reading","6 References","7 External links"]

British colonial administrator (1851–1925) Sir Frederick Mitchell HodgsonKCMGGovernor of the Gold Coast Frederick Mitchell Hodgeson pictured in Kumasi (1900)Governor of Gold CoastIn office29 May 1898 – 29 August 1900MonarchVictoriaPreceded byWilliam Edward MaxwellSucceeded byMatthew NathanGovernor of BarbadosIn officeNovember 1900 – 1904Preceded byJames Shaw HaySucceeded byGilbert Thomas CarterGovernor of British GuianaIn office26 September 1904 – 5 July 1912MonarchsEdward VIIGeorge VPreceded byJames Alexander SwettenhamSucceeded byWalter Egerton Personal detailsBorn1851 (1851)Died6 August 1925(1925-08-06) (aged 73–74)NationalityBritish Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, KCMG (1851 – 6 August 1925) was a British colonial administrator who was Governor of the Gold Coast (1898–1900), Barbados (1900–04) and British Guiana (1904–11). Early years Hodgson was the son of the Reverend Octavius Arthur Hodgson, Rector of East Stoke, Dorset, England. He joined the General Post Office, and worked in the Savings Bank department between 1868 and 1869. He was Postmaster General of British Guiana from 1884 to 1888. Gold Coast Hodgson was appointed Colonial Secretary of Gold Coast from 1888 to 1898. In 1892 he raised the Gold Coast Rifle Volunteers, and was Major commanding this force. Hodgson was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gold Coast from 1898 to 1900. He was appointed KCMG on 3 June 1899. The 1896 British expedition against the Ashanti led by Sir Francis Scott had entered Kumasi and forced King Prempeh to submit, with all his treasures being seized except the Golden Stool of Ashanti, which had been hidden. The Golden Stool was said to be an immense throne of solid gold. The other treasures were taken to London, where they were greatly admired for their artistic workmanship. When the Asante demanded more political autonomy and the return of Prempeh, who had been banished, Hodgson justified British rule on the grounds that autonomy would lead to a return to the traffic in slaves. In 1899 Hodgson sent his private secretary, Captain Armitage, on a secret expedition to find the Golden Stool. The expedition succeeded only in arousing the suspicions of the Asante. Hodgson summoned the Asante chiefs to an assembly at Kumasi held on 28 March 1900. He asked them: "What must I do to the man, whoever he is, who has failed to give to the Queen, who is the paramount power in the country, the stool to which she is entitled? Where is the Golden Stool? Why am I not sitting on the Golden Stool at this moment? I am the representative of the paramount power in this country; why have you relegated me to this chair? Why did you not take the opportunity of my coming to Kumasi to bring the Golden Stool and give it to me to sit upon?" The chiefs listened in silence, then went home to prepare for war. Hodgson found himself besieged in the fort at Kumasi. The fort was impregnable to Asante weapons, and defended by machine guns and artillery in the fort's turrets. On 15 May a force of 170 African soldiers and three British officers reached the fort after marching 238 miles from the north, bringing food and ammunition. A relief expedition was dispatched from the coast, but moved slowly. The Asante constructed massive barricades of logs, dirt and stones across the roads, strong enough to be impervious to artillery fire, with fortified and entrenched flanks. After help had finally arrived, Hodgson managed to break out and reached Cape Coast Castle by July 1900, leaving a small garrison behind. Some people died in the escape. His wife, Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, née Young, who was the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote The Siege of Kumassi an account of the siege and of the subsequent march to the coast. Sir Frederick was appointed Governor of Barbados, succeeded by Major Matthew Nathan. On 26 September 1901 the Ashanti kingdom was formally annexed by Britain. Queen Yaa Asantewaa's forces were defeated on 30 September and she was captured soon after. Future British administrators were more tactful than Hodgson, and eventually Prempeh was restored to his throne and sat again on the Golden Stool. Later career Hodgson was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Barbados from late 1900 to 1904 . He was Governor of British Guiana from 1904 to 1911. In August 1904 Hodgson had to deal with an incident in which the Venezuelan authorities had arrested some miners who they claimed had strayed across the border from Guiana. The men were released, but Hodgson made it clear that his government would not in future assist miners who violated Venezuelan laws. In 1905, Hodgson intervened with sugar plantation owners in Guiana, persuading them to reverse wage increases. He was concerned that such increases would cause "trouble" throughout the colonial sugar industry. At the end of November 1905 dock workers in Georgetown went on strike for higher wages, and began rioting and looting stores. On 1 December, Hodgson met with members of the Georgetown City Council who had agreed to represent the strikers. He addressed a large crowd, promising to investigate their grievances if they would disperse. The rioters refused, and over the next three days disturbances continued. Two warships arrived on 4 December with a contingent of soldiers who restored calm. In the aftermath several hundred people were arrested and charged, with some being flogged and others spending time in jail. No wage increase was granted. Hodgson caused some controversy in April 1908 when he invited Sir Joseph Godfrey, the District Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge, Surgeon General, and a leading member of the Executive Council, to lay the foundation stone of the new Carnegie Library building in Georgetown. The Roman Catholics strongly objected, but the governor went ahead. On 23 December 1911 Hodgson was appointed an officer of the new masonic lodge called the Royal Colonial Institute. In June 1910 Hodgson ordered that the small island of Kyk-Over-Al, at the junction of the Mazaruni and Cuyuni Rivers, be cleared of its overgrowth. This revealed the remains of a Dutch fort from the late 16th century, including stone ramparts and brick pavements and relics such as bottles and clay pipes. The modern relevance was that it established the British claim to the island as successors to the Dutch. Hodgson died in London, aged 73, in 1925. Sources Adams, Iestyn (2005). Brothers across the ocean: British foreign policy and the origins of the Anglo-American 'special relationship' 1900-1905. I. B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-708-4. Beharry, Inderjeet (November 2005). "Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780–2004". Proceedings of the Heritage Lodge. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-11. Desai, Gaurav Gajanan (2001). Subject to colonialism: African self-fashioning and the colonial library. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2641-8. Edgerton, Robert B. (2002). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-3638-6. "Fort Kyk Over Al". Guyana Chronicle. May 5, 2002. Ishmael, Odeen (2005). "The 1905 Riots". The Guyana Story (From Earliest Times to Independence). Retrieved 2011-09-11. Knight, Ian (1989). Queen Victoria's Enemies: Northern Africa. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-937-0. Latimer, Elizabeth (1900). The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-4510-1456-2. Lewis, Gordon K. (2004). The Growth of the Modern West Indies. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 976-637-171-7. Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. "New Freemasonry Lodge". Evening Post. LXXXII (151). 23 December 1911. Ramseyer, Friedrich August; Kühne, Johannes; Weitbrecht, Mary; Gundert, Hermann; Christlieb, Theodor (1875). Four Years in Ashantee. J. Nisbet & Co. p. 321. Sanderson, Edgar (2001). Great Britain in Africa: The History of Colonial Expansion. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931541-31-0. Further reading Hodgson (Lady), Mary Alice Young (1901). The Siege of Kumassi. C. A. Pearson. References ^ a b "No. 27245". The London Gazette. 9 November 1900. p. 6854. ^ a b "death Announcements (H-L) from the London Times RootsChat.com, quoting The Times: "On the 6th Aug., at 21, Rosary-gardens, South Kensington, Frederic Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., V.D., late Governor British Guiana, aged 73. Funeral at Brookwood Cemetery to-morrow (Saturday)...." ^ Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute. Royal Empire Society (Great Britain). 1887. p. 58. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ Shaw, William Arthur, The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time to the Present Day of the Knights of All the Orders of Chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Knights Bachelors, "St. Michael and St. George - 1899, June 3. Frederick Mitchell Hidgson, governor and commander-on-chief of the Gold Coast colony", p. 389. ^ Ramseyer et al 1895, pp. 321. ^ ARHIN Brempong, "The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance", Le Griot, Vol. VIII, 2000. ^ Desai 2001, p. 82. ^ Edgerton 2002, pp. 198. ^ Edgerton 2002, p. 203. ^ a b Latimer 1900, p. 453. ^ Edgerton 2002, p. 196. ^ Morgan 1903, p. 160. ^ Sanderson 2001, pp. 181–82. ^ Knight 1989, p. 18. ^ Adams 2005, p. 73. ^ Lewis 2004, p. 101. ^ Ishmael 2005. ^ Inderjeet Beharry, "Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780 – 2004" Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, paper presented to Heritage Lodge at the Annual Banquet, Scarborough Masonic Temple, January 29, 2005. ^ Beharry 2005. ^ New Freemasonry Lodge, p. 3. ^ Fort Kyk Over Al. External links "Great Britain's War on the Gold Coast - Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, Governor of the Gold Coast Colony and His Wife", Toledo Blade, 26 July 1900.] vteGovernors of BarbadosBarbados (1627–1833) H. Powell W. Deane C. Wolferstone J. Powell R. Wheatley* W. Tufton Henry Hawley Richard Peers* William Hawley* Henry Huncks Philip Bell Francis Willoughby George Ayscue Daniel Searle* Thomas Modyford* Humphrey Walrond* Francis Willoughby Henry Willoughby* William Willoughby* Samuel Barwick* Henry Hawley* William Willoughby Christopher Codrington* Peter Colleton* Jonathan Atkins* John Witham* Richard Dutton Edwyn Stede* James Kendall Francis Russell Francis Bond* Ralph Grey John Farmer* Bevil Granville Mitford Crow George Lillington* Robert Lowther William Sharpe* John Frere* Samuel Cox* Henry Worsley Thomas Catesby Paget James Dotin* Walter Chetwynd Emanuel Howe James Dotin* Orlando Bridgeman Humphrey Howarth Thomas Gage Robert Byng James Dotin* Thomas Robinson Henry Grenville Charles Pinfold Samuel Rous* William Spry Samuel Rous* Edward Hay* John Dotin* James Cunninghame John Dotin* David Parry William Bishop* George Poyntz Ricketts William Bishop* Francis Mackenzie John Spooner* George Beckwith James Leith John Foster Alleyne* Stapleton Cotton John Skeete* Samuel Hinds* Henry Warde James Frederick Lyon Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885) Lionel Smith Evan MacGregor Charles Henry Darling Charles Grey William Reid William Colebrooke Francis Hincks James Walker Rawson W. Rawson Sanford Freeling* John Hennessy George Strahan D. J. Gamble* William Robinson Barbados (1885–1966) Charles Lees Walter Sendall James Hay Frederick Hodgson Gilbert Carter Leslie Probyn Charles O'Brien William Robertson Harry Newlands Mark Young Eubule Waddington Henry Bushe Hilary Blood Alfred Savage Robert Arundell John Stow Related Government House * Served as Acting Governor of Barbados.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-2"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana"}],"text":"Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, KCMG (1851 – 6 August 1925[2]) was a British colonial administrator who was Governor of the Gold Coast (1898–1900), Barbados (1900–04) and British Guiana (1904–11).","title":"Frederick Mitchell Hodgson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Stoke, Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stoke,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hodgson was the son of the Reverend Octavius Arthur Hodgson, Rector of East Stoke, Dorset, England.\nHe joined the General Post Office, and worked in the Savings Bank department between 1868 and 1869.\nHe was Postmaster General of British Guiana from 1884 to 1888.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonial Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_secretary_(British_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Cunningham_Scott"},{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"King Prempeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempeh_I"},{"link_name":"Golden Stool of Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Stool_of_Ashanti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamseyer_et_al_1895321-5"},{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai200182-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton2002198-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton2002203-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatimer1900453-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton2002196-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatimer1900453-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1903160-12"},{"link_name":"Matthew Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Nathan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2001181%E2%80%9382-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight198918-14"}],"text":"Hodgson was appointed Colonial Secretary of Gold Coast from 1888 to 1898.\nIn 1892 he raised the Gold Coast Rifle Volunteers, and was Major commanding this force.\nHodgson was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gold Coast from 1898 to 1900.\nHe was appointed KCMG on 3 June 1899.[4]The 1896 British expedition against the Ashanti led by Sir Francis Scott had entered Kumasi and forced King Prempeh to submit, with all his treasures being seized except the Golden Stool of Ashanti, which had been hidden. The Golden Stool was said to be an immense throne of solid gold.\nThe other treasures were taken to London, where they were greatly admired for their artistic workmanship.[5]\nWhen the Asante demanded more political autonomy and the return of Prempeh, who had been banished, Hodgson justified British rule on the grounds that autonomy would lead to a return to the traffic in slaves.In 1899 Hodgson sent his private secretary, Captain Armitage, on a secret expedition to find the Golden Stool.\nThe expedition succeeded only in arousing the suspicions of the Asante.\nHodgson summoned the Asante chiefs to an assembly at Kumasi held on 28 March 1900.[6]\nHe asked them: \"What must I do to the man, whoever he is, who has failed to give to the Queen, who is the paramount power in the country, the stool to which she is entitled? Where is the Golden Stool? Why am I not sitting on the Golden Stool at this moment? I am the representative of the paramount power in this country; why have you relegated me to this chair? Why did you not take the opportunity of my coming to Kumasi to bring the Golden Stool and give it to me to sit upon?\" The chiefs listened in silence, then went home to prepare for war.[7]Hodgson found himself besieged in the fort at Kumasi.\nThe fort was impregnable to Asante weapons, and defended by machine guns and artillery in the fort's turrets.[8]\nOn 15 May a force of 170 African soldiers and three British officers reached the fort after marching 238 miles from the north, bringing food and ammunition.[9]\nA relief expedition was dispatched from the coast, but moved slowly.[10]\nThe Asante constructed massive barricades of logs, dirt and stones across the roads, strong enough to be impervious to artillery fire, with fortified and entrenched flanks.[11]\nAfter help had finally arrived, Hodgson managed to break out and reached Cape Coast Castle by July 1900, leaving a small garrison behind. Some people died in the escape.[10]\nHis wife, Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, née Young, who was the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote The Siege of Kumassi an account of the siege and of the subsequent march to the coast.[12]Sir Frederick was appointed Governor of Barbados, succeeded by Major Matthew Nathan.\nOn 26 September 1901 the Ashanti kingdom was formally annexed by Britain.[13]\nQueen Yaa Asantewaa's forces were defeated on 30 September and she was captured soon after.\nFuture British administrators were more tactful than Hodgson, and eventually Prempeh was restored to his throne and sat again on the Golden Stool.[14]","title":"Gold Coast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200573-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004101-16"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshmael2005-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeharry2005-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Freemasonry_Lodge3-20"},{"link_name":"Kyk-Over-Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyk-Over-Al"},{"link_name":"Mazaruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaruni_River"},{"link_name":"Cuyuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuni_River"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFort_Kyk_Over_Al-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-2"}],"text":"Hodgson was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Barbados from late 1900[1] to 1904 . He was Governor of British Guiana from 1904 to 1911.[citation needed]\nIn August 1904 Hodgson had to deal with an incident in which the Venezuelan authorities had arrested some miners who they claimed had strayed across the border from Guiana. The men were released, but Hodgson made it clear that his government would not in future assist miners who violated Venezuelan laws.[15]In 1905, Hodgson intervened with sugar plantation owners in Guiana, persuading them to reverse wage increases.\nHe was concerned that such increases would cause \"trouble\" throughout the colonial sugar industry.[16]\nAt the end of November 1905 dock workers in Georgetown went on strike for higher wages, and began rioting and looting stores. On 1 December, Hodgson met with members of the Georgetown City Council who had agreed to represent the strikers.\nHe addressed a large crowd, promising to investigate their grievances if they would disperse. The rioters refused, and over the next three days disturbances continued. Two warships arrived on 4 December with a contingent of soldiers who restored calm.\nIn the aftermath several hundred people were arrested and charged, with some being flogged and others spending time in jail.\nNo wage increase was granted.[17]Hodgson caused some controversy in April 1908 when he invited Sir Joseph Godfrey, the District Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge, Surgeon General, and a leading member of the Executive Council, to lay the foundation stone of the new Carnegie Library building in Georgetown.[18] The Roman Catholics strongly objected, but the governor went ahead.[19]\nOn 23 December 1911 Hodgson was appointed an officer of the new masonic lodge called the Royal Colonial Institute.[20]In June 1910 Hodgson ordered that the small island of Kyk-Over-Al, at the junction of the Mazaruni and Cuyuni Rivers, be cleared of its overgrowth. This revealed the remains of a Dutch fort from the late 16th century, including stone ramparts and brick pavements and relics such as bottles and clay pipes. The modern relevance was that it established the British claim to the island as successors to the Dutch.[21]Hodgson died in London, aged 73, in 1925.[2]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brothers across the ocean: British foreign policy and the origins of the Anglo-American 'special relationship' 1900-1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cGbftw6pyikC&pg=PA73"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85043-708-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-708-4"},{"link_name":"\"Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780–2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120402100544/http://heritagelodge730.ca/1GuyanaFreemasonry.htm#"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//heritagelodge730.ca/1GuyanaFreemasonry.htm"},{"link_name":"Subject to colonialism: African self-fashioning and the colonial library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dyPXuWaJWD0C&pg=PA82"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8223-2641-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2641-8"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Tkm5UZJz8z0C&pg=PA196"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-3638-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-3638-6"},{"link_name":"\"Fort Kyk Over Al\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.landofsixpeoples.com/news02/nc205059.htm"},{"link_name":"The Guyana Story (From Earliest Times to Independence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter91.html'"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria's Enemies: Northern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3M20fgpFR94C&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85045-937-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-937-0"},{"link_name":"The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kmDF_QyZWEcC&pg=PA453"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4510-1456-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4510-1456-2"},{"link_name":"The Growth of the Modern West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=usGdGlstbKEC&pg=PA101"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"976-637-171-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-637-171-7"},{"link_name":"Morgan, Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft"},{"link_name":"\"New Freemasonry Lodge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19111223.2.19"},{"link_name":"Four Years in Ashantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fouryearsinasha01chrigoog"},{"link_name":"321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fouryearsinasha01chrigoog/page/n351"},{"link_name":"Sanderson, Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"Great Britain in Africa: The History of Colonial Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FMsNAG-gresC&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-931541-31-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931541-31-0"}],"text":"Adams, Iestyn (2005). Brothers across the ocean: British foreign policy and the origins of the Anglo-American 'special relationship' 1900-1905. I. B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-708-4.\nBeharry, Inderjeet (November 2005). \"Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780–2004\". Proceedings of the Heritage Lodge. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-11.\nDesai, Gaurav Gajanan (2001). Subject to colonialism: African self-fashioning and the colonial library. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2641-8.\nEdgerton, Robert B. (2002). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-3638-6.\n\"Fort Kyk Over Al\". Guyana Chronicle. May 5, 2002.\nIshmael, Odeen (2005). \"The 1905 Riots\". The Guyana Story (From Earliest Times to Independence). Retrieved 2011-09-11.[dead link]\nKnight, Ian (1989). Queen Victoria's Enemies: Northern Africa. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-937-0.\nLatimer, Elizabeth (1900). The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-4510-1456-2.\nLewis, Gordon K. (2004). The Growth of the Modern West Indies. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 976-637-171-7.\nMorgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs.\n\"New Freemasonry Lodge\". Evening Post. LXXXII (151). 23 December 1911.\nRamseyer, Friedrich August; Kühne, Johannes; Weitbrecht, Mary; Gundert, Hermann; Christlieb, Theodor (1875). Four Years in Ashantee. J. Nisbet & Co. p. 321.\nSanderson, Edgar (2001). Great Britain in Africa: The History of Colonial Expansion. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931541-31-0.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hodgson (Lady), Mary Alice Young (1901). The Siege of Kumassi. C. A. Pearson.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"Adams, Iestyn (2005). Brothers across the ocean: British foreign policy and the origins of the Anglo-American 'special relationship' 1900-1905. I. B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-708-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cGbftw6pyikC&pg=PA73","url_text":"Brothers across the ocean: British foreign policy and the origins of the Anglo-American 'special relationship' 1900-1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-708-4","url_text":"1-85043-708-4"}]},{"reference":"Beharry, Inderjeet (November 2005). \"Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780–2004\". Proceedings of the Heritage Lodge. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402100544/http://heritagelodge730.ca/1GuyanaFreemasonry.htm#","url_text":"\"Short History of the development of English Freemasonry in Guyana 1780–2004\""},{"url":"http://heritagelodge730.ca/1GuyanaFreemasonry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Desai, Gaurav Gajanan (2001). Subject to colonialism: African self-fashioning and the colonial library. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2641-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dyPXuWaJWD0C&pg=PA82","url_text":"Subject to colonialism: African self-fashioning and the colonial library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2641-8","url_text":"0-8223-2641-8"}]},{"reference":"Edgerton, Robert B. (2002). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-3638-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tkm5UZJz8z0C&pg=PA196","url_text":"The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-3638-6","url_text":"0-7432-3638-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Kyk Over Al\". Guyana Chronicle. May 5, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news02/nc205059.htm","url_text":"\"Fort Kyk Over Al\""}]},{"reference":"Ishmael, Odeen (2005). \"The 1905 Riots\". The Guyana Story (From Earliest Times to Independence). Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter91.html'","url_text":"The Guyana Story (From Earliest Times to Independence)"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Ian (1989). Queen Victoria's Enemies: Northern Africa. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-937-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3M20fgpFR94C&pg=PA18","url_text":"Queen Victoria's Enemies: Northern Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-937-0","url_text":"0-85045-937-0"}]},{"reference":"Latimer, Elizabeth (1900). The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-4510-1456-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kmDF_QyZWEcC&pg=PA453","url_text":"The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4510-1456-2","url_text":"1-4510-1456-2"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Gordon K. (2004). The Growth of the Modern West Indies. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 976-637-171-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usGdGlstbKEC&pg=PA101","url_text":"The Growth of the Modern West Indies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-637-171-7","url_text":"976-637-171-7"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Morgan","url_text":"Morgan, Henry James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft","url_text":"Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"New Freemasonry Lodge\". Evening Post. LXXXII (151). 23 December 1911.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19111223.2.19","url_text":"\"New Freemasonry Lodge\""}]},{"reference":"Ramseyer, Friedrich August; Kühne, Johannes; Weitbrecht, Mary; Gundert, Hermann; Christlieb, Theodor (1875). Four Years in Ashantee. J. Nisbet & Co. p. 321.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fouryearsinasha01chrigoog","url_text":"Four Years in Ashantee"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fouryearsinasha01chrigoog/page/n351","url_text":"321"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Edgar (2001). Great Britain in Africa: The History of Colonial Expansion. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931541-31-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Sanderson","url_text":"Sanderson, Edgar"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FMsNAG-gresC&pg=PA181","url_text":"Great Britain in Africa: The History of Colonial Expansion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931541-31-0","url_text":"1-931541-31-0"}]},{"reference":"Hodgson (Lady), Mary Alice Young (1901). The Siege of Kumassi. C. A. Pearson.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27245\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1900. p. 6854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27245/page/6854","url_text":"\"No. 27245\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute. Royal Empire Society (Great Britain). 1887. p. 58. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BrdNAQAAMAAJ&q=Frederick+Mitchell+Hodgson&pg=PR58","url_text":"Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC5A1

Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1

["1 Structure","2 Function","3 Transport mechanism","4 History","4.1 Cloning","5 Clinical significance","6 Tissue distribution","7 See also","8 Interactions","9 References","10 Further reading"]

SLC5A1IdentifiersAliasesSLC5A1, D22S675, NAGT, SGLT1, solute carrier family 5 member 1External IDsOMIM: 182380; MGI: 107678; HomoloGene: 55456; GeneCards: SLC5A1; OMA:SLC5A1 - orthologsGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5|5 B1Start33,261,563 bpEnd33,320,214 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed injejunal mucosaduodenumleft ventriclegallbladderright ventriclepancreatic ductal cellskin of abdomenislet of Langerhansminor salivary glandsrectumTop expressed induodenumileumintestinal villusepithelium of small intestinejejunumIleal epitheliumleft colonPaneth cellright kidneycrypt of lieberkuhn of small intestineMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function transporter activity protein binding symporter activity glucose:sodium symporter activity transmembrane transporter activity Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane cell-cell junction plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane brush border membrane apical plasma membrane extracellular exosome Biological process glucose transmembrane transport sodium ion transport ion transport carbohydrate transport transmembrane transport intestinal D-glucose absorption intestinal hexose absorption transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez652320537Ensembln/aENSMUSG00000011034UniProtP13866Q8C3K6RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000343NM_001256314NM_019810RefSeq (protein)NP_000334NP_001243243NP_062784Location (UCSC)n/aChr 5: 33.26 – 33.32 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) also known as solute carrier family 5 member 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLC5A1 gene which encodes the production of the SGLT1 protein to line the absorptive cells in the small intestine and the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules of the nephron for the purpose of glucose uptake into cells. Recently, it has been seen to have functions that can be considered as promising therapeutic target to treat diabetes and obesity. Through the use of the sodium glucose cotransporter 1 protein, cells are able to obtain glucose which is further utilized to make and store energy for the cell. Structure The sodium glucose cotransporter 1 is classified as an integral membrane protein that is made up of 14 alpha-helices constructed from the folding of 482-718 amino acid residues with both the N and C-terminal residing upon the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. It is hypothesized that the protein contains protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, which serve to regulate the proteins conformational shape through phosphorylation of amino acids with ATP. Function Glucose transporters are integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of glucose and structurally related substances across cellular membranes. Two families of glucose transporter have been identified: the facilitated diffusion glucose transporter family (GLUT family), also known as uniporters, and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter family (SGLT family), also known as cotransporters or symporters. The SLC5A1 gene encodes the sodium glucose cotransporter protein that is involved in the facilitated transport of glucose and galactose into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The role of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 is to absorb D-glucose and D-galactose from the brush-border membrane of the small intestines, while also exchanging sodium ions and glucose from the tubule of the nephron. The SGLT1 protein is able to uptake glucose through cellular membranes through coupling the energy generated from cotransporting 2 sodium ions with glucose through a symport mechanism. This protein does not use ATP as energy source. Transport mechanism The sodium glucose cotransporter is original arranged with an outward-facing conformation with open receptors in preparation for 2 sodium ions and glucose to simultaneously bind. Once bound, the protein receptor will change conformation to an occluded conformation, which prevents the dissociation of the sodium ions and glucose. The protein will then change conformations once more to an inward-facing conformation in which allows sodium and glucose to dissociate. The protein then returns to the outward-facing conformation state, ready to bind more sodium ions and glucose. History Cloning Co-transport proteins of mammalian cell membranes had eluded efforts of purification with classical biochemical methods until the late 1980s. These proteins had proven difficult to isolate because they contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic sequences and exist in membranes only in very low abundance (<0.2% of membrane proteins). The rabbit form of SGLT1 was the first mammalian co-transport protein ever to be cloned and sequenced, and this was reported in 1987. To circumvent the difficulties with traditional isolation methods, a novel expression cloning technique was used. Size-fractionation of large amounts of rabbit intestinal mRNA with preparative gel electrophoresis were then sequentially injected into Xenopus oocytes to ultimately find the RNA species that induced the expression of sodium-glucose cotransport. Clinical significance SLC5A1 is medically relevant because of its role in the absorption of glucose and sodium, however, mutations in the gene can cause medical implications. A missense mutation in the SLC5A1 gene of exon 1 can cause problems creating the SGLT1 protein, leading to a very rare glucose-galactose malabsorption disease. This is because the mutation destroys the transport function. Glucose-galactose malabsorption occurs when the lining of the intestinal cells cannot take in glucose and galactose which prevents the use of those molecules in catabolism and anabolism. The disease has symptoms that consist of watery and/or acidic diarrhea which is the result of water retention in the intestinal lumen and osmotic loss created by non-absorbed glucose, galactose and sodium. Patients must stick to a diet devoid of these two sugars, or life-threatening diarrhea will occur. In humans without this genetic disorder, SLGT1 is key to the operation of oral rehydration therapy. By adding sodium and glucose to water, the co-transporter is allowed to transport all three, helping to speed up water absorption. Tissue distribution The SLC5A1 cotransporter is mainly expressed in the lumen of the small intestine, kidney, parotid glands, submandibular glands and in the heart. See also Solute carrier family SGLT Family SGLT2 Interactions SLC5A1 has been shown to interact with PAWR. References ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000011034 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b c d Turk E, Martín MG, Wright EM (May 1994). "Structure of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (21): 15204–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36592-4. PMID 8195156. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SLC5A1 solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1". ^ a b c d e Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Martin KC (April 2016). Molecular cell biology (Eighth ed.). New York. ISBN 9781464183393. OCLC 949909675.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Durgvanshi, Shantanu; Verma, Manish; Ghosh, Shampa (June 2023). "Investigation of SLC6A9 and SLC5A1 as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes using in silico characterization, 3D structure prediction and molecular docking analysis". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 19 (S1). doi:10.1002/alz.064229. ISSN 1552-5260. ^ a b Wright EM, Hirsch JR, Loo DD, Zampighi GA (January 1997). "Regulation of Na+/glucose cotransporters". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 2): 287–93. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.2.287. PMID 9050236. ^ Avendaño C, Menéndez JC (2008). "Drugs That Inhibit Signalling Pathways for Tumor Cell Growth and Proliferation". Medicinal Chemistry of Anticancer Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 251–305. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52824-7.00009-3. ISBN 9780444528247. ^ Wright EM, Loo DD, Panayotova-Heiermann M, Lostao MP, Hirayama BH, Mackenzie B, et al. (November 1994). "'Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 196: 197–212. doi:10.1242/jeb.196.1.197. PMID 7823022. ^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. S2CID 41985805. ^ Gorboulev, V.; Schurmann, A.; Vallon, V.; Kipp, H.; Jaschke, A.; Klessen, D.; Friedrich, A.; Scherneck, S.; Rieg, T.; Cunard, R.; Veyhl-Wichmann, M. (2012-01-01). "Na+-D-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion". Diabetes. 61 (1): 187–196. doi:10.2337/db11-1029. ISSN 0012-1797. PMC 3237647. PMID 22124465. ^ Hamilton KL, Butt AG (December 2013). "Glucose transport into everted sacs of the small intestine of mice". Advances in Physiology Education. 37 (4): 415–26. doi:10.1152/advan.00017.2013. PMID 24292921. S2CID 8525585. ^ a b Poulsen, Søren Brandt; Fenton, Robert A.; Rieg, Timo (March 2017). "Sodium-glucose cotransport". Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 24 (5): 463–469. doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000152. ISSN 1473-6543. PMC 5364028. PMID 26125647. ^ a b Hediger MA, Coady MJ, Ikeda TS, Wright EM (1987). "Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter". Nature. 330 (6146): 379–81. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..379H. doi:10.1038/330379a0. PMID 2446136. S2CID 4319002. ^ Wright EM, Turk E, Martin MG (2002). "Molecular basis for glucose-galactose malabsorption". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 36 (2–3): 115–21. doi:10.1385/CBB:36:2-3:115. PMID 12139397. S2CID 25248625. ^ "Glucose galactose malabsorption". Genes and Disease . National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 1998. ^ Guyton, A.C.; Hall, J.E. (19 July 2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology: Enhanced E-book. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. ^ Sabino-Silva R, Mori RC, David-Silva A, Okamoto MM, Freitas HS, Machado UF (November 2010). "The Na(+)/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 43 (11): 1019–26. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2010007500115. PMID 21049241. ^ Xie J, Guo Q (July 2004). "Par-4 inhibits choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and reducing its incorporation on the plasma membrane". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (27): 28266–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401495200. PMID 15090548. Further reading Anderson NL, Anderson NG (November 2002). "The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects" (PDF). Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1 (11): 845–67. doi:10.1074/mcp.R200007-MCP200. PMID 12488461. Turk E, Zabel B, Mundlos S, Dyer J, Wright EM (March 1991). "Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter". Nature. 350 (6316): 354–6. Bibcode:1991Natur.350..354T. doi:10.1038/350354a0. PMID 2008213. S2CID 4361495. Hediger MA, Turk E, Wright EM (August 1989). "Homology of the human intestinal Na+/glucose and Escherichia coli Na+/proline cotransporters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (15): 5748–52. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.5748H. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.15.5748. PMC 297707. PMID 2490366. Delézay O, Baghdiguian S, Fantini J (May 1995). "The development of Na(+)-dependent glucose transport during differentiation of an intestinal epithelial cell clone is regulated by protein kinase C". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (21): 12536–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.21.12536. PMID 7759499. Turk E, Klisak I, Bacallao R, Sparkes RS, Wright EM (September 1993). "Assignment of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 to chromosome 22q13.1". Genomics. 17 (3): 752–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1399. PMID 8244393. Martín MG, Turk E, Lostao MP, Kerner C, Wright EM (February 1996). "Defects in Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) trafficking and function cause glucose-galactose malabsorption". Nature Genetics. 12 (2): 216–20. doi:10.1038/ng0296-216. PMID 8563765. S2CID 2372635. Turk E, Kerner CJ, Lostao MP, Wright EM (January 1996). "Membrane topology of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (4): 1925–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.4.1925. PMID 8567640. Lam JT, Martín MG, Turk E, Hirayama BA, Bosshard NU, Steinmann B, Wright EM (February 1999). "Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1453 (2): 297–303. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00109-4. PMID 10036327. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, et al. (December 1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–95. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208. Obermeier S, Hüselweh B, Tinel H, Kinne RH, Kunz C (October 2000). "Expression of glucose transporters in lactating human mammary gland epithelial cells". European Journal of Nutrition. 39 (5): 194–200. doi:10.1007/s003940070011. PMID 11131365. S2CID 22976632. Kasahara M, Maeda M, Hayashi S, Mori Y, Abe T (May 2001). "A missense mutation in the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 in a patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: normal trafficking but inactivation of the mutant protein". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1536 (2–3): 141–7. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00043-6. PMID 11406349. Roll P, Massacrier A, Pereira S, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Cau P, Szepetowski P (February 2002). "New human sodium/glucose cotransporter gene (KST1): identification, characterization, and mutation analysis in ICCA (infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis) and BFIC (benign familial infantile convulsions) families". Gene. 285 (1–2): 141–8. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00416-X. PMID 12039040. Ikari A, Nakano M, Kawano K, Suketa Y (September 2002). "Up-regulation of sodium-dependent glucose transporter by interaction with heat shock protein 70". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (36): 33338–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200310200. PMID 12082088. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)By groupSLC1–10(1): high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter SLC1A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2): facilitative GLUT transporter SLC2A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (3): heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC3A1 2 (4): bicarbonate transporter SLC4A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (5): sodium glucose cotransporter SLC5A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (6): sodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters SLC6A1 SLC6A2 SLC6A3 SLC6A4 SLC6A5 SLC6A6 SLC6A7 SLC6A8 SLC6A9 SLC6A10 SLC6A11 SLC6A12 SLC6A13 SLC6A14 SLC6A15 SLC6A16 SLC6A17 SLC6A18 SLC6A19 SLC6A20 (7): cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated SLC7A1 SLC7A2 SLC7A3 SLC7A4 glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC7A5 SLC7A6 SLC7A7 SLC7A8 SLC7A9 SLC7A10 SLC7A11 SLC7A13 SLC7A14 (8): Na+/Ca2+ exchanger SLC8A1 SLC8A2 SLC8A3 (9): Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9A1 SLC9A2 SLC9A3 SLC9A4 SLC9A5 SLC9A6 SLC9A7 SLC9A8 SLC9A9 SLC9A10 SLC9A11 (10): sodium bile salt cotransport SLC10A1 SLC10A2 SLC10A3 SLC10A4 SLC10A5 SLC10A6 SLC10A7 10A1 10A2 10A3 10A7 SLC11–20(11): proton coupled metal ion transporter SLC11A1 SLC11A211A3 (12): electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter SLC12A1 SLC12A2 SLC12A3 SLC12A4 SLC12A5 SLC12A6 SLC12A7 SLC12A8 SLC12A9 (13): human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter SLC13A1 SLC13A2 SLC13A3 SLC13A4 SLC13A5 (14): urea transporter SLC14A1 SLC14A2 (15): proton oligopeptide cotransporter SLC15A1 SLC15A2 SLC15A3 SLC15A4 (16): monocarboxylate transporter SLC16A1 SLC16A2 SLC16A3 SLC16A4 SLC16A5 SLC16A6 SLC16A7 SLC16A8 SLC16A9 SLC16A10 SLC16A11 SLC16A12 SLC16A13 SLC16A14 (17): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC17A1 SLC17A2 SLC17A3 SLC17A4 SLC17A5 SLC17A6 SLC17A7 SLC17A8 SLC17A9 (18): vesicular monoamine transporter SLC18A1 SLC18A2 SLC18A3 (19): folate/thiamine transporter SLC19A1 SLC19A2 SLC19A3 (20): type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC20A1 SLC20A2 SLC21–30(21): Organic anion-transporting polypeptide SLCO1A2 SLCO1B1 SLCO1B3 SLCO1B4 SLCO1C1 SLCO2A1 SLCO2B1 SLCO3A1 SLCO4A1 SLCO4C1 SLCO5A1(SLCO6A1) (22): organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter SLC22A1 SLC22A2 SLC22A3 SLC22A4 SLC22A5 SLC22A6 SLC22A7 SLC22A8 SLC22A9 SLC22A10 SLC22A11 SLC22A12 SLC22A13 SLC22A14 SLC22A15 SLC22A16 SLC22A17 SLC22A18 SLC22A19 SLC22A20 (23): Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter SLC23A1 SLC23A2 SLC23A3 SLC23A4 (24): Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger SLC24A1 SLC24A2 SLC24A3 SLC24A4 SLC24A5 SLC24A6 (25): mitochondrial carrier SLC25A1 SLC25A2 SLC25A3 SLC25A4 SLC25A5 SLC25A6 SLC25A7 SLC25A8 SLC25A9 SLC25A10 SLC25A11 SLC25A12 SLC25A13 SLC25A14 SLC25A15 SLC25A16 SLC25A17 SLC25A18 SLC25A19 SLC25A20 SLC25A21 SLC25A22 SLC25A23 SLC25A24 SLC25A25 SLC25A26 SLC25A27 SLC25A28 SLC25A29 SLC25A30 SLC25A31 SLC25A32 SLC25A33 SLC25A34 SLC25A35 SLC25A36 SLC25A37 SLC25A38 SLC25A39 SLC25A40 SLC25A41 SLC25A42 SLC25A43 SLC25A44 SLC25A45 SLC25A46 (26): multifunctional anion exchanger SLC26A1 SLC26A2 SLC26A3 SLC26A4 SLC26A5 SLC26A6 SLC26A7 SLC26A8 SLC26A9 SLC26A10 SLC26A11 (27): fatty acid transport proteins SLC27A1 SLC27A2 SLC27A3 SLC27A4 SLC27A5 SLC27A6 (28): Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1 SLC28A2 SLC28A3 (29): facilitative nucleoside transporter SLC29A1 SLC29A2 SLC29A3 SLC29A4 (30): zinc efflux SLC30A1 SLC30A2 SLC30A3 SLC30A4 SLC30A5 SLC30A6 SLC30A7 SLC30A8 SLC30A9 SLC30A10 SLC31–40(31): copper transporter SLC31A1 (32): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC32A1 (33): Acetyl-CoA transporter SLC33A1 (34): type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC34A1 SLC34A2 SLC34A3 (35): nucleoside-sugar transporter SLC35A1 SLC35A2 SLC35A3 SLC35A4 SLC35A5 SLC35B1 SLC35B2 SLC35B3 SLC35B4 SLC35C1 SLC35C2 SLC35D1 SLC35D2 SLC35D3 SLC35E1 SLC35E2 SLC35E3 SLC35E4 (36): proton-coupled amino-acid transporter SLC36A1 SLC36A2 SLC36A3 SLC36A436A2 (37): sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 SLC37A2 SLC37A3 SLC37A4 (38): System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter SLC38A1 SLC38A2 SLC38A3 SLC38A4 SLC38A5 SLC38A6 SLC38A10 (39): metal ion transporter SLC39A1 SLC39A2 SLC39A3 SLC39A4 SLC39A5 SLC39A6 SLC39A7 SLC39A8 SLC39A9 SLC39A10 SLC39A11 SLC39A12 SLC39A13 SLC39A14 (40): basolateral iron transporter SLC40A1 SLC41–48(41): Magnesium transporter E SLC41A1 SLC41A2 SLC41A3 (42): Ammonia transporter RhAG RhBG RhCG (43): Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter SLC43A1 SLC43A2 SLC43A3 (44): Choline-like transporter SLC44A1 SLC44A2 SLC44A3 SLC44A4 SLC44A5 (45): Putative sugar transporter SLC45A1 SLC45A2 SLC54A3 SLC45A4 (46): Folate transporter SLC46A1 SLC46A2 (47): multidrug and toxin extrusion SLC47A1 SLC47A2 (48): Heme transporter SLCO1–4 O1A2 O1B1 O1B3 O2B1 O431 O4A1 Ion pumpsSymporter, Cotransporter Na+/K+,Cl− Na+/Pi3 Na+/Cl− Na+/glucose Na+/I− Cl−/K+ 4 5 Antiporter (exchanger) Na+/H+ Na+/Ca2+ Na+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3) Cl−-formate Cl−-oxalate see also solute carrier disorders vteSodium-glucose transporter modulatorsSGLT1Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 1 Inhibitors: Phloretin Phlorizin T-1095 T-1095A SGLT2Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 2 Inhibitors: Atigliflozin Bexagliflozin Canagliflozin Dapagliflozin Empagliflozin Enavogliflozin Ertugliflozin Henagliflozin Ipragliflozin Janagliflozin Licogliflozin Luseogliflozin Mizagliflozin Phloretin Phlorizin Remogliflozin Sergliflozin T-1095 T-1095A Tofogliflozin Velagliflozin Antisense oligonucleotides: ISIS-388626 SGLT1Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 1 & SGLT2Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 2 Inhibitors: Sotagliflozin See also: Receptor/signaling modulators

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integral membrane protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"alpha-helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-helices"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminal"},{"link_name":"C-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"protein kinase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"protein kinase C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_C"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The sodium glucose cotransporter 1 is classified as an integral membrane protein that is made up of 14 alpha-helices constructed from the folding of 482-718 amino acid residues with both the N and C-terminal residing upon the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.[8] It is hypothesized that the protein contains protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, which serve to regulate the proteins conformational shape through phosphorylation of amino acids with ATP.[8][9]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glucose transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter"},{"link_name":"membrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"cellular membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"facilitated diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_diffusion"},{"link_name":"uniporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniporter"},{"link_name":"SGLT family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins"},{"link_name":"cotransporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotransporter"},{"link_name":"symporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symporter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7823022-10"},{"link_name":"galactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"prokaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"brush-border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_border"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24292921-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"}],"text":"Glucose transporters are integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of glucose and structurally related substances across cellular membranes. Two families of glucose transporter have been identified: the facilitated diffusion glucose transporter family (GLUT family), also known as uniporters, and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter family (SGLT family), also known as cotransporters or symporters.[10] The SLC5A1 gene encodes the sodium glucose cotransporter protein that is involved in the facilitated transport of glucose and galactose into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.[5] The role of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 is to absorb D-glucose and D-galactose from the brush-border membrane of the small intestines,[11][12] while also exchanging sodium ions and glucose from the tubule of the nephron.[13] The SGLT1 protein is able to uptake glucose through cellular membranes through coupling the energy generated from cotransporting 2 sodium ions with glucose through a symport mechanism.[14] This protein does not use ATP as energy source.[14]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"The sodium glucose cotransporter is original arranged with an outward-facing conformation with open receptors in preparation for 2 sodium ions and glucose to simultaneously bind.[6] Once bound, the protein receptor will change conformation to an occluded conformation, which prevents the dissociation of the sodium ions and glucose.[6] The protein will then change conformations once more to an inward-facing conformation in which allows sodium and glucose to dissociate.[6] The protein then returns to the outward-facing conformation state, ready to bind more sodium ions and glucose.[6]","title":"Transport mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hediger_1987-15"},{"link_name":"expression cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_cloning"},{"link_name":"gel electrophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis_of_nucleic_acids"},{"link_name":"Xenopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hediger_1987-15"}],"sub_title":"Cloning","text":"Co-transport proteins of mammalian cell membranes had eluded efforts of purification with classical biochemical methods until the late 1980s. These proteins had proven difficult to isolate because they contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic sequences and exist in membranes only in very low abundance (<0.2% of membrane proteins). The rabbit form of SGLT1 was the first mammalian co-transport protein ever to be cloned and sequenced, and this was reported in 1987.[15] To circumvent the difficulties with traditional isolation methods, a novel expression cloning technique was used. Size-fractionation of large amounts of rabbit intestinal mRNA with preparative gel electrophoresis were then sequentially injected into Xenopus oocytes to ultimately find the RNA species that induced the expression of sodium-glucose cotransport.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"missense mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mutation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8195156-4"},{"link_name":"glucose-galactose malabsorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-galactose_malabsorption"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8195156-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8195156-4"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12139397-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"oral rehydration therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"SLC5A1 is medically relevant because of its role in the absorption of glucose and sodium, however, mutations in the gene can cause medical implications. A missense mutation[4] in the SLC5A1 gene of exon 1 can cause problems creating the SGLT1 protein, leading to a very rare glucose-galactose malabsorption disease.[4] This is because the mutation destroys the transport function.[4] Glucose-galactose malabsorption occurs when the lining of the intestinal cells cannot take in glucose and galactose which prevents the use of those molecules in catabolism and anabolism. The disease has symptoms that consist of watery and/or acidic diarrhea which is the result of water retention in the intestinal lumen and osmotic loss created by non-absorbed glucose, galactose and sodium.[16] Patients must stick to a diet devoid of these two sugars, or life-threatening diarrhea will occur.[17]In humans without this genetic disorder, SLGT1 is key to the operation of oral rehydration therapy. By adding sodium and glucose to water, the co-transporter is allowed to transport all three, helping to speed up water absorption.[18]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21049241-19"}],"text":"The SLC5A1 cotransporter is mainly expressed in the lumen of the small intestine, kidney, parotid glands, submandibular glands and in the heart.[19]","title":"Tissue distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"PAWR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAWR"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15090548-20"}],"text":"SLC5A1 has been shown to interact with PAWR.[20]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mcponline.org/content/2/1/50.full.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/mcp.R200007-MCP200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.R200007-MCP200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12488461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12488461"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1991Natur.350..354T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.350..354T"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/350354a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F350354a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2008213"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4361495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4361495"},{"link_name":"\"Homology of the human intestinal Na+/glucose and Escherichia coli Na+/proline cotransporters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297707"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1989PNAS...86.5748H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.5748H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.86.15.5748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.86.15.5748"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"297707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297707"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2490366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2490366"},{"link_name":"\"The development of Na(+)-dependent glucose transport during 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topology of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.4.1925"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.271.4.1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.4.1925"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8567640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8567640"},{"link_name":"\"Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking 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missense mutation in the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 in a patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: normal trafficking but inactivation of the mutant 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(exchanger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/H+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter"},{"link_name":"Na+/Ca2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Na+/(Ca2+-K+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-dependent_sodium-calcium_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3"},{"link_name":"Cl−-formate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl-formate_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Cl−-oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl-oxalate_exchanger"},{"link_name":"solute carrier disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Solute_carrier_disorders"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sodium-glucose_transporter_modulators"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sodium-glucose_transporter_modulators"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium-glucose_transporter_modulators"},{"link_name":"Sodium-glucose transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transporter"},{"link_name":"modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_modulator"},{"link_name":"SGLT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transporter_1"},{"link_name":"Phloretin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloretin"},{"link_name":"Phlorizin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlorizin"},{"link_name":"T-1095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-1095&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-1095A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-1095A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SGLT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transporter_2"},{"link_name":"Atigliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atigliflozin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bexagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Canagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Dapagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Empagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Enavogliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enavogliflozin"},{"link_name":"Ertugliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertugliflozin"},{"link_name":"Henagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Ipragliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipragliflozin"},{"link_name":"Janagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Licogliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licogliflozin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luseogliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luseogliflozin"},{"link_name":"Mizagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizagliflozin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phloretin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloretin"},{"link_name":"Phlorizin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlorizin"},{"link_name":"Remogliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remogliflozin"},{"link_name":"Sergliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergliflozin"},{"link_name":"T-1095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-1095&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-1095A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-1095A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tofogliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofogliflozin"},{"link_name":"Velagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velagliflozin"},{"link_name":"ISIS-388626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISIS-388626&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SGLT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transporter_1"},{"link_name":"SGLT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transporter_2"},{"link_name":"Sotagliflozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotagliflozin"},{"link_name":"Receptor/signaling modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators"}],"text":"Anderson NL, Anderson NG (November 2002). \"The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects\" (PDF). Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1 (11): 845–67. doi:10.1074/mcp.R200007-MCP200. PMID 12488461.\nTurk E, Zabel B, Mundlos S, Dyer J, Wright EM (March 1991). \"Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter\". Nature. 350 (6316): 354–6. Bibcode:1991Natur.350..354T. doi:10.1038/350354a0. PMID 2008213. S2CID 4361495.\nHediger MA, Turk E, Wright EM (August 1989). \"Homology of the human intestinal Na+/glucose and Escherichia coli Na+/proline cotransporters\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (15): 5748–52. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.5748H. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.15.5748. PMC 297707. PMID 2490366.\nDelézay O, Baghdiguian S, Fantini J (May 1995). \"The development of Na(+)-dependent glucose transport during differentiation of an intestinal epithelial cell clone is regulated by protein kinase C\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (21): 12536–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.21.12536. PMID 7759499.\nTurk E, Klisak I, Bacallao R, Sparkes RS, Wright EM (September 1993). \"Assignment of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 to chromosome 22q13.1\". Genomics. 17 (3): 752–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1399. PMID 8244393.\nMartín MG, Turk E, Lostao MP, Kerner C, Wright EM (February 1996). \"Defects in Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) trafficking and function cause glucose-galactose malabsorption\". Nature Genetics. 12 (2): 216–20. doi:10.1038/ng0296-216. PMID 8563765. S2CID 2372635.\nTurk E, Kerner CJ, Lostao MP, Wright EM (January 1996). \"Membrane topology of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (4): 1925–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.4.1925. PMID 8567640.\nLam JT, Martín MG, Turk E, Hirayama BA, Bosshard NU, Steinmann B, Wright EM (February 1999). \"Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1453 (2): 297–303. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00109-4. PMID 10036327.\nDunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, et al. (December 1999). \"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22\". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–95. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.\nObermeier S, Hüselweh B, Tinel H, Kinne RH, Kunz C (October 2000). \"Expression of glucose transporters in lactating human mammary gland epithelial cells\". European Journal of Nutrition. 39 (5): 194–200. doi:10.1007/s003940070011. PMID 11131365. S2CID 22976632.\nKasahara M, Maeda M, Hayashi S, Mori Y, Abe T (May 2001). \"A missense mutation in the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 in a patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: normal trafficking but inactivation of the mutant protein\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1536 (2–3): 141–7. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00043-6. PMID 11406349.\nRoll P, Massacrier A, Pereira S, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Cau P, Szepetowski P (February 2002). \"New human sodium/glucose cotransporter gene (KST1): identification, characterization, and mutation analysis in ICCA (infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis) and BFIC (benign familial infantile convulsions) families\". Gene. 285 (1–2): 141–8. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00416-X. PMID 12039040.\nIkari A, Nakano M, Kawano K, Suketa Y (September 2002). \"Up-regulation of sodium-dependent glucose transporter by interaction with heat shock protein 70\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (36): 33338–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200310200. PMID 12082088.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)By groupSLC1–10(1):\nhigh affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter\nSLC1A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n(2):\nfacilitative GLUT transporter\nSLC2A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n(3):\nheavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters\nSLC3A1\n2\n(4):\nbicarbonate transporter\nSLC4A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n(5):\nsodium glucose cotransporter\nSLC5A1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n(6):\nsodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters\nSLC6A1\nSLC6A2\nSLC6A3\nSLC6A4\nSLC6A5\nSLC6A6\nSLC6A7\nSLC6A8\nSLC6A9\nSLC6A10\nSLC6A11\nSLC6A12\nSLC6A13\nSLC6A14\nSLC6A15\nSLC6A16\nSLC6A17\nSLC6A18\nSLC6A19\nSLC6A20\n(7):\ncationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated\nSLC7A1\nSLC7A2\nSLC7A3\nSLC7A4\nglycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters\nSLC7A5\nSLC7A6\nSLC7A7\nSLC7A8\nSLC7A9\nSLC7A10\nSLC7A11\nSLC7A13\nSLC7A14\n(8):\nNa+/Ca2+ exchanger\nSLC8A1\nSLC8A2\nSLC8A3\n(9):\nNa+/H+ exchanger\nSLC9A1\nSLC9A2\nSLC9A3\nSLC9A4\nSLC9A5\nSLC9A6\nSLC9A7\nSLC9A8\nSLC9A9\nSLC9A10\nSLC9A11\n(10):\nsodium bile salt cotransport\nSLC10A1\nSLC10A2\nSLC10A3\nSLC10A4\nSLC10A5\nSLC10A6\nSLC10A7\n10A1\n10A2\n10A3\n10A7\nSLC11–20(11):\nproton coupled metal ion transporter\nSLC11A1\nSLC11A211A3\n(12):\nelectroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter\nSLC12A1\nSLC12A2\nSLC12A3\nSLC12A4\nSLC12A5\nSLC12A6\nSLC12A7\nSLC12A8\nSLC12A9\n(13):\nhuman Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter\nSLC13A1\nSLC13A2\nSLC13A3\nSLC13A4\nSLC13A5\n(14):\nurea transporter\nSLC14A1\nSLC14A2\n(15):\nproton oligopeptide cotransporter\nSLC15A1\nSLC15A2\nSLC15A3\nSLC15A4\n(16):\nmonocarboxylate transporter\nSLC16A1\nSLC16A2\nSLC16A3\nSLC16A4\nSLC16A5\nSLC16A6\nSLC16A7\nSLC16A8\nSLC16A9\nSLC16A10\nSLC16A11\nSLC16A12\nSLC16A13\nSLC16A14\n(17):\nVesicular glutamate transporter 1\nSLC17A1\nSLC17A2\nSLC17A3\nSLC17A4\nSLC17A5\nSLC17A6\nSLC17A7\nSLC17A8\nSLC17A9\n(18):\nvesicular monoamine transporter\nSLC18A1\nSLC18A2\nSLC18A3\n(19):\nfolate/thiamine transporter\nSLC19A1\nSLC19A2\nSLC19A3\n(20):\ntype III Na+-phosphate cotransporter\nSLC20A1\nSLC20A2\nSLC21–30(21):\nOrganic anion-transporting polypeptide\nSLCO1A2\nSLCO1B1\nSLCO1B3\nSLCO1B4\nSLCO1C1\n\nSLCO2A1\nSLCO2B1\n\nSLCO3A1\n\nSLCO4A1\nSLCO4C1\n\nSLCO5A1(SLCO6A1)\n(22):\norganic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter\nSLC22A1\nSLC22A2\nSLC22A3\nSLC22A4\nSLC22A5\nSLC22A6\nSLC22A7\nSLC22A8\nSLC22A9\nSLC22A10\nSLC22A11\nSLC22A12\nSLC22A13\nSLC22A14\nSLC22A15\nSLC22A16\nSLC22A17\nSLC22A18\nSLC22A19\nSLC22A20\n(23):\nNa+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter\nSLC23A1\nSLC23A2\nSLC23A3\nSLC23A4\n(24):\nNa+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger\nSLC24A1\nSLC24A2\nSLC24A3\nSLC24A4\nSLC24A5\nSLC24A6\n(25):\nmitochondrial carrier\nSLC25A1\nSLC25A2\nSLC25A3\nSLC25A4\nSLC25A5\nSLC25A6\nSLC25A7\nSLC25A8\nSLC25A9\nSLC25A10\nSLC25A11\nSLC25A12\nSLC25A13\nSLC25A14\nSLC25A15\nSLC25A16\nSLC25A17\nSLC25A18\nSLC25A19\nSLC25A20\nSLC25A21\nSLC25A22\nSLC25A23\nSLC25A24\nSLC25A25\nSLC25A26\nSLC25A27\nSLC25A28\nSLC25A29\nSLC25A30\nSLC25A31\nSLC25A32\nSLC25A33\nSLC25A34\nSLC25A35\nSLC25A36\nSLC25A37\nSLC25A38\nSLC25A39\nSLC25A40\nSLC25A41\nSLC25A42\nSLC25A43\nSLC25A44\nSLC25A45\nSLC25A46\n(26):\nmultifunctional anion exchanger\nSLC26A1\nSLC26A2\nSLC26A3\nSLC26A4\nSLC26A5\nSLC26A6\nSLC26A7\nSLC26A8\nSLC26A9\nSLC26A10\nSLC26A11\n(27):\nfatty acid transport proteins\nSLC27A1\nSLC27A2\nSLC27A3\nSLC27A4\nSLC27A5\nSLC27A6\n(28):\nNa+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1\nSLC28A2\nSLC28A3\n(29):\nfacilitative nucleoside transporter\nSLC29A1\nSLC29A2\nSLC29A3\nSLC29A4\n(30):\nzinc efflux\nSLC30A1\nSLC30A2\nSLC30A3\nSLC30A4\nSLC30A5\nSLC30A6\nSLC30A7\nSLC30A8\nSLC30A9\nSLC30A10\nSLC31–40(31):\ncopper transporter\nSLC31A1\n(32):\nVesicular glutamate transporter 1\nSLC32A1\n(33):\nAcetyl-CoA transporter\nSLC33A1\n(34):\ntype II Na+-phosphate cotransporter\nSLC34A1\nSLC34A2\nSLC34A3\n(35):\nnucleoside-sugar transporter\nSLC35A1\nSLC35A2\nSLC35A3\nSLC35A4\nSLC35A5\n\nSLC35B1\nSLC35B2\nSLC35B3\nSLC35B4\n\nSLC35C1\nSLC35C2\n\nSLC35D1\nSLC35D2\nSLC35D3\n\nSLC35E1\nSLC35E2\nSLC35E3\nSLC35E4\n(36):\nproton-coupled amino-acid transporter\nSLC36A1\nSLC36A2\nSLC36A3\nSLC36A436A2\n(37):\nsugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger\nSLC37A1\nSLC37A2\nSLC37A3\nSLC37A4\n(38):\nSystem A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter\nSLC38A1\nSLC38A2\nSLC38A3\nSLC38A4\nSLC38A5\nSLC38A6\nSLC38A10\n(39):\nmetal ion transporter\nSLC39A1\nSLC39A2\nSLC39A3\nSLC39A4\nSLC39A5\nSLC39A6\nSLC39A7\nSLC39A8\nSLC39A9\nSLC39A10\nSLC39A11\nSLC39A12\nSLC39A13\nSLC39A14\n(40):\nbasolateral iron transporter\nSLC40A1\nSLC41–48(41):\nMagnesium transporter E\nSLC41A1\nSLC41A2\nSLC41A3\n(42):\nAmmonia transporter\nRhAG\nRhBG\nRhCG\n(43):\nNa+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter\nSLC43A1\nSLC43A2\nSLC43A3\n(44):\nCholine-like transporter\nSLC44A1\nSLC44A2\nSLC44A3\nSLC44A4\nSLC44A5\n(45):\nPutative sugar transporter\nSLC45A1\nSLC45A2\nSLC54A3\nSLC45A4\n(46):\nFolate transporter\nSLC46A1\nSLC46A2\n(47):\nmultidrug and toxin extrusion\nSLC47A1\nSLC47A2\n(48):\nHeme transporter\nSLCO1–4\nO1A2\nO1B1\nO1B3\nO2B1\nO431\nO4A1\nIon pumpsSymporter, Cotransporter\nNa+/K+,Cl−\nNa+/Pi3\nNa+/Cl−\nNa+/glucose\nNa+/I−\nCl−/K+\n4\n5\nAntiporter (exchanger)\nNa+/H+\nNa+/Ca2+\nNa+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3)\nCl−-formate\nCl−-oxalate\nsee also solute carrier disordersvteSodium-glucose transporter modulatorsSGLT1Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 1\nInhibitors: Phloretin\nPhlorizin\nT-1095\nT-1095A\nSGLT2Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 2\nInhibitors: Atigliflozin\nBexagliflozin\nCanagliflozin\nDapagliflozin\nEmpagliflozin\nEnavogliflozin\nErtugliflozin\nHenagliflozin\nIpragliflozin\nJanagliflozin\nLicogliflozin\nLuseogliflozin\nMizagliflozin\nPhloretin\nPhlorizin\nRemogliflozin\nSergliflozin\nT-1095\nT-1095A\nTofogliflozin\nVelagliflozin\nAntisense oligonucleotides: ISIS-388626\nSGLT1Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 1 & SGLT2Tooltip Sodium-glucose transporter 2\nInhibitors: Sotagliflozin\nSee also: Receptor/signaling modulators","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Solute carrier family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute_carrier_family"},{"title":"SGLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGLT"},{"title":"SGLT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGLT2"}]

[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6523","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=20537","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Turk E, Martín MG, Wright EM (May 1994). \"Structure of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (21): 15204–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36592-4. PMID 8195156.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2936592-4","url_text":"\"Structure of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2936592-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36592-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195156","url_text":"8195156"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC5A1 solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6523","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC5A1 solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1\""}]},{"reference":"Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Martin KC (April 2016). Molecular cell biology (Eighth ed.). New York. ISBN 9781464183393. OCLC 949909675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464183393","url_text":"9781464183393"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949909675","url_text":"949909675"}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Durgvanshi, Shantanu; Verma, Manish; Ghosh, Shampa (June 2023). \"Investigation of SLC6A9 and SLC5A1 as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes using in silico characterization, 3D structure prediction and molecular docking analysis\". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 19 (S1). doi:10.1002/alz.064229. ISSN 1552-5260.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Falz.064229","url_text":"\"Investigation of SLC6A9 and SLC5A1 as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes using in silico characterization, 3D structure prediction and molecular docking analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Falz.064229","url_text":"10.1002/alz.064229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-5260","url_text":"1552-5260"}]},{"reference":"Wright EM, Hirsch JR, Loo DD, Zampighi GA (January 1997). \"Regulation of Na+/glucose cotransporters\". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 2): 287–93. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.2.287. PMID 9050236.","urls":[{"url":"https://jeb.biologists.org/content/200/2/287","url_text":"\"Regulation of Na+/glucose cotransporters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.200.2.287","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.200.2.287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9050236","url_text":"9050236"}]},{"reference":"Avendaño C, Menéndez JC (2008). \"Drugs That Inhibit Signalling Pathways for Tumor Cell Growth and Proliferation\". Medicinal Chemistry of Anticancer Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 251–305. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52824-7.00009-3. ISBN 9780444528247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-52824-7.00009-3","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-444-52824-7.00009-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444528247","url_text":"9780444528247"}]},{"reference":"Wright EM, Loo DD, Panayotova-Heiermann M, Lostao MP, Hirayama BH, Mackenzie B, et al. (November 1994). \"'Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes\" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 196: 197–212. doi:10.1242/jeb.196.1.197. PMID 7823022.","urls":[{"url":"http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/196/1/197.full.pdf","url_text":"\"'Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.196.1.197","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.196.1.197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7823022","url_text":"7823022"}]},{"reference":"Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). \"The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5\". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. 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PMID 22124465.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237647","url_text":"\"Na+-D-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdb11-1029","url_text":"10.2337/db11-1029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-1797","url_text":"0012-1797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237647","url_text":"3237647"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22124465","url_text":"22124465"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton KL, Butt AG (December 2013). \"Glucose transport into everted sacs of the small intestine of mice\". 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data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/6523/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005215","external_links_name":"transporter activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015293","external_links_name":"symporter activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005412","external_links_name":"glucose:sodium symporter activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0022857","external_links_name":"transmembrane transporter activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021","external_links_name":"integral component of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Zoology_Museum

Istanbul Zoology Museum

["1 History","2 Exhibits","3 Admission","4 References","5 Bibliography"]

Coordinates: 41°00′48″N 28°57′49″E / 41.013333°N 28.963611°E / 41.013333; 28.963611Istanbul Zoology Museumİstanbul Üniversitesi Zooloji MüzesiLocation of Istanbul Zoology MuseumEstablished1933LocationIstanbul University's Vezneciler Campus, Fatih, IstanbulCoordinates41°00′48″N 28°57′49″E / 41.013333°N 28.963611°E / 41.013333; 28.963611TypeNatural historyCollection sizeInsecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia and Invertebrate speciesVisitorsca. 3,000 annuallyOwnerIstanbul University's Faculty of Science, Dept. of Biology Istanbul Zoology Museum, more precisely Zoology Museum of Istanbul University (Turkish: İstanbul Üniversitesi Zooloji Müzesi) is a natural history museum, located in Istanbul University's Vezneciler Campus at Fatih, Istanbul featuring animal collections. It was founded in 1933 and rearranged in 1989. The museum is owned and maintained by the Department of Biology at Faculty of Science. History The museum was established by the Swiss scientist, Prof. Dr. André Naville, who was appointed head of the Biology Department at Istanbul University right after the reformation of the universities in 1933. Zoological objects donated from Germany were placed in a small hall situated in the Zoology Department of the university. After the sudden death of Naville in 1937, German hydrologist and zoologist Curt Kosswig took over the department. During his 15-year-long scientific research on the fauna of Anatolia, he collected examples of mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, fish and various invertebrates, which he brought in the museum contributing to its enrichment. In 1957, the top floors of the building were demolished, in which the museum was also situated. The collections of the museum were moved to a site in the Kuyucu Murad Pasha Madrassah, where they were stored for many years. In 1973, with the completion of a new building, the museum items were relocated to the new site. The museum items were cleaned and repaired after a long period of negligence by Dinçer Gülen and his team between 1987 and 1989. Finally, the museum reopened in 1989 in the form as it is today. Exhibits The museum, covering an area of 120 m2 (1,300 sq ft), consists of two sections for exhibitions and collections. The exhibition section is open to the public, while the collections section is for scientific use only. In the collections section, around 1,500 Insecta, 35 Pisces, 45 Amphibia, 32 Reptilia, 143 Aves (most of them coming from Yıldız Palace), 170 Mammalia and 193 Invertebrate species are on display. Among them are rare items of Hatteria punctatus (Sphenodon punctatus), a reptile endemic to New Zealand, and extinct Panthera pardus tulliana (Anatolian leopard) the most important exhibits. In the museum, there are also specimens of exotic fauna from other continents such as Alaskan moose (Alces alces), brown bear (Ursus arctos), spiny ant eater (Echidna), kangaroo, hippopotamus, crocodile and skeleton of tapir as well as elephant skulls. In addition, pictures, furs and skeletons of various mammals, birds, arthropods and other species of Turkey are displayed in the museum. Further examples and curiosities hosted in the museum are such as a lion given to President Celal Bayar (in office 1950-1960) during his official visit to Pakistan, a 9.5 kg (21 lb) weighing vulture with a wingspan of 2.70 m (8 ft 10 in), which was shot at Edirnekapı, Istanbul in 1945 and a six-legged lamb. Admission Visiting of the museum is by appointment only. It is open on Mondays and Wednesdays. The visitors, around 3,000 annually, are mostly pupils and students. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Zoological Museum of Istanbul University (ZMIU)". Istanbul University-Faculty of Science. Retrieved 2013-03-26. ^ a b c d e f g h i "İlk Zooloji Müzesi ziyaretçilerini bekliyor". Radikal (in Turkish). 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-26. ^ a b c d e f Karaoğlu, Yusuf. "İÜ Zooloji Müzesi'ni gezdiniz mi?". İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi. Retrieved 2013-03-26. Bibliography İshakoğlu-Kadıoğlu, Sevtap (1998). İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi tarihçesi: (1900-1946) (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 342. ISBN 9789754045017. vteMuseums in IstanbulArchaeology and history museums Istanbul Archaeology Museums Museum of the Ancient Orient Great Palace Mosaic Museum Castles Anadoluhisarı Rumelihisarı Yedikule Fortress Culture and art museums Ara Güler Museum Doğançay Museum Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum İstanbul Modern İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum Pera Museum Rezan Has Museum SantralIstanbul Sakıp Sabancı Museum Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum Sadberk Hanım Museum Elgiz Museum Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art Museum of World Costumes Madame Tussauds Istanbul Historic house museums Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul Aşiyan Museum Atatürk Museum Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion İsmet İnönü House Museum Literary museums Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum Orhan Kemal Literature Museum Piyer Loti Museum Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum Military museums Aviation Museum Military Museum Naval Museum Palaces and pavilions Aynalıkavak Pavilion Beylerbeyi Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Ihlamur Pavilion Küçüksu Pavilion Maslak Pavilion Tiled Kiosk Topkapı Palace Yıldız Palace Religious museums Chora Church Galata Mevlevi House Museum  Hagia Sophia Jewish Museum of Turkey Pammakaristos Church Science and technology museums Camera Museum Hasanpaşa Gasworks Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam Kandilli Earthquake Museum Kandilli Earthquake Museum Rahmi M. Koç Museum SantralIstanbul Energy Museum Postal Museum Railway Museum Istanbul Zoology Museum ITU Science Center Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin Miscellaneous The Museum of Innocence Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum Fenerbahçe Museum Galatasaray Museum İstanbul Toy Museum Istanbul UFO Museum İşbank Museum MSA Gastronomy Museum Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances Museum of the Princes' Islands TGC Press Media Museum Women's Museum İstanbul

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The museum is owned and maintained by the Department of Biology at Faculty of Science.[1][2]","title":"Istanbul Zoology Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"},{"link_name":"Curt Kosswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Kosswig"},{"link_name":"fauna of Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"},{"link_name":"Kuyucu Murad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyucu_Murad_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Madrassah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"}],"text":"The museum was established by the Swiss scientist, Prof. Dr. André Naville, who was appointed head of the Biology Department at Istanbul University right after the reformation of the universities in 1933. Zoological objects donated from Germany were placed in a small hall situated in the Zoology Department of the university.[1][2][3]After the sudden death of Naville in 1937, German hydrologist and zoologist Curt Kosswig took over the department. During his 15-year-long scientific research on the fauna of Anatolia, he collected examples of mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, fish and various invertebrates, which he brought in the museum contributing to its enrichment.[1][2][3]In 1957, the top floors of the building were demolished, in which the museum was also situated. The collections of the museum were moved to a site in the Kuyucu Murad Pasha Madrassah, where they were stored for many years. In 1973, with the completion of a new building, the museum items were relocated to the new site.[1][2][3]The museum items were cleaned and repaired after a long period of negligence by Dinçer Gülen and his team between 1987 and 1989. Finally, the museum reopened in 1989 in the form as it is today.[1][2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"Insecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta"},{"link_name":"Pisces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Amphibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia"},{"link_name":"Reptilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia"},{"link_name":"Aves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves"},{"link_name":"Yıldız Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace"},{"link_name":"Mammalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia"},{"link_name":"Invertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"Hatteria punctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteria"},{"link_name":"Sphenodon punctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon_punctatus"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Panthera pardus tulliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"Alces alces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces"},{"link_name":"Ursus arctos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_arctos"},{"link_name":"Echidna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna"},{"link_name":"kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"tapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iu-1"},{"link_name":"Celal Bayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celal_Bayar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Edirnekapı, Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"}],"text":"The museum, covering an area of 120 m2 (1,300 sq ft),[1] consists of two sections for exhibitions and collections. The exhibition section is open to the public, while the collections section is for scientific use only.[2]In the collections section, around 1,500 Insecta, 35 Pisces, 45 Amphibia, 32 Reptilia, 143 Aves (most of them coming from Yıldız Palace), 170 Mammalia and 193 Invertebrate species are on display. Among them are rare items of Hatteria punctatus (Sphenodon punctatus), a reptile endemic to New Zealand, and extinct Panthera pardus tulliana (Anatolian leopard) the most important exhibits.[1][2]In the museum, there are also specimens of exotic fauna from other continents such as Alaskan moose (Alces alces), brown bear (Ursus arctos), spiny ant eater (Echidna), kangaroo, hippopotamus, crocodile and skeleton of tapir as well as elephant skulls.[2]In addition, pictures, furs and skeletons of various mammals, birds, arthropods and other species of Turkey are displayed in the museum.[1]Further examples and curiosities hosted in the museum are such as a lion given to President Celal Bayar (in office 1950-1960) during his official visit to Pakistan, a 9.5 kg (21 lb) weighing vulture with a wingspan of 2.70 m (8 ft 10 in), which was shot at Edirnekapı, Istanbul in 1945 and a six-legged lamb.[3]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iuif-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-2"}],"text":"Visiting of the museum is by appointment only. It is open on Mondays and Wednesdays.[3] The visitors, around 3,000 annually, are mostly pupils and students.[2]","title":"Admission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi tarihçesi: (1900-1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9628XwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789754045017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754045017"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Archaeology Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Ancient Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ancient_Orient"},{"link_name":"Great Palace Mosaic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum"},{"link_name":"Anadoluhisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Rumelihisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yedikule Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Ara Güler Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_G%C3%BCler_Museum"},{"link_name":"Doğançay Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Contemporary_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Modern"},{"link_name":"İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pera Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rezan Has Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezan_Has_Museum"},{"link_name":"SantralIstanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SantralIstanbul"},{"link_name":"Sakıp Sabancı Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum"},{"link_name":"Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sadberk Hanım Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum"},{"link_name":"Elgiz Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgiz_Museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of World Costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_World_Costumes"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Aşiyan Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan_Museum"},{"link_name":"Atatürk Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum,_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Marine_Mansion"},{"link_name":"İsmet İnönü House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rahmi_G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar_Museum"},{"link_name":"Orhan Kemal Literature Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Literature_Museum"},{"link_name":"Piyer Loti Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyer_Loti_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sait_Faik_Abas%C4%B1yan%C4%B1k_Museum"},{"link_name":"Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Military_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"Aynalıkavak Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynal%C4%B1kavak_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Beylerbeyi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace"},{"link_name":"Dolmabahçe Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ihlamur Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlamur_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Küçüksu Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Maslak Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslak_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Tiled Kiosk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiled_Kiosk"},{"link_name":"Topkapı Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace"},{"link_name":"Yıldız Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace"},{"link_name":"Chora Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church"},{"link_name":"Galata Mevlevi House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galata_Mevlevi_House_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Mevlevihanesi"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Pammakaristos Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church"},{"link_name":"Camera Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Museum,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Hasanpaşa Gasworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanpa%C5%9Fa_Gasworks"},{"link_name":"Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Kandilli Earthquake Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kandilli Earthquake Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rahmi M. Koç Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum"},{"link_name":"SantralIstanbul Energy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silahtara%C4%9Fa_Power_Station#SantralIstanbul_Energy_Museum"},{"link_name":"Postal Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Postal_Museum"},{"link_name":"Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Zoology Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ITU Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_%C4%B0hsan_Ketin"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Innocence_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y_Psychiatric_Hospital#Museum"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K.#Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Museum"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_Museum"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Toy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Toy_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul UFO Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_UFO_Museum"},{"link_name":"İşbank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fbank_Museum"},{"link_name":"MSA Gastronomy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutfak_Sanatlari_Akademisi#Museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Illumination_and_Heating_Appliances"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Princes' Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Princes%27_Islands"},{"link_name":"TGC Press Media Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGC_Press_Media_Museum"},{"link_name":"Women's Museum İstanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Museum_%C4%B0stanbul"}],"text":"İshakoğlu-Kadıoğlu, Sevtap (1998). İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi tarihçesi: (1900-1946) (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 342. ISBN 9789754045017.vteMuseums in IstanbulArchaeology and history museums\nIstanbul Archaeology Museums\nMuseum of the Ancient Orient\nGreat Palace Mosaic Museum\nCastles\nAnadoluhisarı\nRumelihisarı\nYedikule Fortress\nCulture and art museums\nAra Güler Museum\nDoğançay Museum\nIstanbul Contemporary Art Museum\nİstanbul Modern\nİstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum\nPera Museum\nRezan Has Museum\nSantralIstanbul\nSakıp Sabancı Museum\nTurkish and Islamic Arts Museum\nSadberk Hanım Museum\nElgiz Museum\nMuseum of Turkish Calligraphy Art\nMuseum of World Costumes\nMadame Tussauds Istanbul\nHistoric house museums\nAdam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul\nAşiyan Museum\nAtatürk Museum\nFlorya Atatürk Marine Mansion\nİsmet İnönü House Museum\nLiterary museums\nAhmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library\nHüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum\nOrhan Kemal Literature Museum\nPiyer Loti Museum\nSait Faik Abasıyanık Museum\nMilitary museums\nAviation Museum\nMilitary Museum\nNaval Museum\nPalaces and pavilions\nAynalıkavak Pavilion\nBeylerbeyi Palace\nDolmabahçe Palace\nIhlamur Pavilion\nKüçüksu Pavilion\nMaslak Pavilion\nTiled Kiosk\nTopkapı Palace\nYıldız Palace\nReligious museums\nChora Church\nGalata Mevlevi House Museum [tr]\nHagia Sophia\nJewish Museum of Turkey\nPammakaristos Church\nScience and technology museums\nCamera Museum\nHasanpaşa Gasworks\nMuseum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam\nKandilli Earthquake Museum\nKandilli Earthquake Museum\nRahmi M. Koç Museum\nSantralIstanbul Energy Museum\nPostal Museum\nRailway Museum\nIstanbul Zoology Museum\nITU Science Center\nNatural History Museum of İhsan Ketin\nMiscellaneous\nThe Museum of Innocence\nBakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum\nFenerbahçe Museum\nGalatasaray Museum\nİstanbul Toy Museum\nIstanbul UFO Museum\nİşbank Museum\nMSA Gastronomy Museum\nMuseum of Illumination and Heating Appliances\nMuseum of the Princes' Islands\nTGC Press Media Museum\nWomen's Museum İstanbul","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelton_Knaggs

Skelton Knaggs

["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]

English actor (1911–1955) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Skelton Knaggs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Skelton KnaggsKnaggs in Terror by Night (1946)BornSkelton Barnaby Knaggs(1911-06-27)27 June 1911Hillsborough, Yorkshire, EnglandDied30 April 1955(1955-04-30) (aged 43)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeHollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1936–1955SpouseThelma Crawshaw (1949–1955) Skelton Barnaby Knaggs (27 June 1911 – 30 April 1955) was an English stage actor who also appeared in films, especially in horror films. Biography Knaggs was born in the Hillsborough district of Sheffield, England. Knaggs moved to London where he trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and subsequently became a Shakespearean actor. In addition to appearing on stage in Shakespeare's Cymbeline, Knaggs appeared in a few British films, including an uncredited role as a German orderly in Michael Powell's The Spy in Black. Skelton Knaggs in Blackbeard the Pirate (1952) At some point he moved to Los Angeles, California, and found work as a character actor in Hollywood. Diminutive and distinctive-looking, with a strongly featured pock-marked face and charismatically voiced with an English Midlands provincial accent, he was cast in sinister roles, often in horror films. These ranged from uncredited bit parts to prominent roles in the Sherlock Holmes thriller Terror by Night, the all-star monster rally House of Dracula and three Val Lewton productions including The Ghost Ship. In the last, a voice-over narrative by Knaggs is heard, representing the thoughts of his character, a mute seaman. Back in London, he married Thelma Crawshaw in 1949, then returned to Hollywood. The last film in which he appeared was Fritz Lang's period adventure based on J. Meade Falkner's novel Moonfleet. Death An alcoholic, Knaggs died of cirrhosis of the liver in Los Angeles in 1955 at the age of 43. His body was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. Filmography As Finn the Mute in The Ghost Ship (1943) Year Title Role Notes 1936 Everything Is Thunder Young Man with Lantern Film debut, Uncredited Rembrandt Minor Role Uncredited 1937 The High Command Fazerack 1938 South Riding Reg. Aythorne 1939 The Spy in Black German Sailor Looking for Capt. Hardt Uncredited Torture Ship Jesse Bixel 1940 Diamond Frontier Morgan 1943 Thumbs Up Shooting Gallery Concessionaire Uncredited Headin' for God's Country Jeff Thank Your Lucky Stars Villager in Pub Uncredited The Ghost Ship Finn - the Mute Uncredited 1944 The Lodger Man with Cart Uncredited The Scarlet Claw Villager in Pub Uncredited The Invisible Man's Revenge Alf Perry - a Cabman Uncredited None But the Lonely Heart Lou 'Slush' Atley Uncredited 1945 The Picture of Dorian Gray Blue Gate Fields Waiter Uncredited Isle of the Dead Andrew Robbins Uncredited House of Dracula Steinmuhl 1946 Terror by Night Sands Just Before Dawn Louie Uncredited Bedlam Varney Uncredited Night and Day Newspaper Vendor Uncredited A Scandal in Paris Cousin Pierre Dick Tracy vs. Cueball Rudolph 1947 Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome X-Ray Forever Amber Blueskin Uncredited 1948 The Paleface Pete 1949 Master Minds Hugo 1951 Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere Retner Serial 1952 Million Dollar Mermaid Cheering Man on Tower Bridge Uncredited Blackbeard the Pirate Gilly 1953 Botany Bay Newgate Prisoner Drawing on Cell Wall Uncredited Rogue's March Fish 1954 Casanova's Big Night Little Man Uncredited General Electric Theater Man on Crutches 1 episode 1955 Son of Sinbad Sidewalk Spectator Uncredited TV Reader's Digest Gibson 1 episode Moonfleet Jacob Final film References ^ Crowther, Bosley (25 December 1943). "THE SCREEN; A Chilly Christmas". The New York Times. ^ "THE SCREEN". The New York Times. 9 February 1946. ^ Crowther, Bosley (22 December 1945). "THE SCREEN; 'It Happened at Inn,' French Picture of Humor and Violence, Has Splendid Cast--Horror Film Opens". The New York Times. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skelton Knaggs. Skelton Knaggs at IMDb Skelton Knaggs at Find a Grave Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyBeans

EasyBeans

["1 See also","2 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "EasyBeans" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)EasyBeansDeveloper(s)OW2 ConsortiumStable release1.1.0 / September 10, 2009 (2009-09-10) Written inJavaOperating systemCross-platformTypeEnterprise JavaBeanLicenseGNU Lesser General Public LicenseWebsitewww.easybeans.net EasyBeans is an open-source Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) container hosted by the OW2 Consortium. The License used by EasyBeans is the LGPL. EasyBeans is the EJB 3.0 container of the JOnAS application server. EasyBeans is integrated in the JOnAS application server Java EE 5 certified application server. EasyBeans main goal is to ease the development of Enterprise JavaBeans. It uses some new architecture design like the bytecode injection (with ASM ObjectWeb tool), IoC, POJO and can be embedded in OSGi bundles or other frameworks (Spring, Eclipse plugins, etc.). It aims to provide an EJB 3.0 container as specified in the Java Platform Enterprise Edition (Java EE) in its fifth version. It means that Session beans (Stateless or Stateful), Message Driven Beans (MDB) are available on EasyBeans. Open JPA is only the persistence API for EJB 3.0, at the same level as Hibernate. EasyBeans will be a full EJB container, which could use Hibernate, Speedo, or Open JPA for its persistence. See also JOnAS application server Hibernate OpenEJB External links The EasyBeans developer site The EasyBeans site JSR 220 (EJB 3.0) JSR 181 (Web Services Metadata for the Java Platform) vteJakarta Persistence DataNucleus EclipseLink Hibernate ObjectDB OpenJPA TopLink This programming-tool-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%27s_Roadhouse

Willie's Roadhouse

["1 Core artists","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Radio stationWillie's RoadhouseBroadcast areaUnited StatesCanadaFrequencySirius XM Radio 61Dish Network 6061ProgrammingFormatHonky-Tonk CountryOwnershipOwnerSirius XM RadioWillie NelsonHistoryFirst air date2001 as Hank's PlaceJuly 10, 2006 as Willie's PlaceMay 4, 2011 as Willie's RoadhouseTechnical informationClassSatellite Radio StationLinksWebsiteWillie's Roadhouse Willie's Roadhouse (formerly Willie's Place) is a channel on the Sirius XM Radio that specializes in playing traditional country music, as well as some older country hit songs. It is available on channel 61 (previously 59) and Dish Network 6061 (previously 6059), until No Shoes Radio took Willie's Roadhouse's former spot. Until July 10, 2006, this channel was called "Hank's Place", named for Hank Williams. When this was announced, XM did not explain why the name was changed. Since then, however, Willie Nelson's face has appeared in print advertising for XM, meaning that he has signed an endorsement deal, like those earlier signed by Bob Dylan and Snoop Dogg, as well as many other celebrity figures in all walks of life (e.g. Oprah Winfrey and Dale Earnhardt Jr.). It has since been announced that Nelson has taken over part ownership of the channel. A program featuring cowboy poetry airs on Sunday nights. On May 4, 2011, the channel was merged with The Roadhouse to make Willie's Roadhouse. As part of the merger, and in conjunction with the end of the Nashville! channel, the Grand Ole Opry moved its broadcasts to Willie's Roadhouse. In 2018, it was announced that country artist Jeannie Seely would host a segment of the show on Sunday afternoons. "I’m so glad Jeannie Seely is on the Roadhouse. She is a good friend and will do a great job," commented Nelson. In February of 2018, the channel attracted controversy in Canada by broadcasting the song "Squaws Along the Yukon" by Hank Thompson. The Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ruled that SiriusXM had breached Canadian broadcast standards by playing a song with discriminatory, degrading, and derogatory references to Indigenous women. Core artists Merle Haggard Kenny Rogers Willie Nelson George Jones Conway Twitty Johnny Cash Charley Pride Loretta Lynn Ronnie Milsap Dolly Parton Waylon Jennings Patsy Cline Tammy Wynette See also Willie's Place – A former truck stop named after Willie Nelson References ^ Hollabaugh, Lorie (24 May 2018). "Jeannie Seely Joins Willie's Roadhouse Family On SiriusXM". Music Row. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ "SiriusXM re the song "Squaws Along the Yukon" by Hank Thompson on the channel Willie's Roadhouse". Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. February 21, 2018. External links Willie's Roadhouse vteWillie Nelson Albums Singles Songs Filmography Awards Studio albums1960s ...And Then I Wrote Here's Willie Nelson Country Willie: His Own Songs Country Favorites – Willie Nelson Style Make Way for Willie Nelson The Party's Over Texas in My Soul Good Times My Own Peculiar Way 1970s Both Sides Now Laying My Burdens Down Willie Nelson and Family Yesterday's Wine The Words Don't Fit the Picture The Willie Way Shotgun Willie Phases and Stages Red Headed Stranger The Sound in Your Mind The Troublemaker To Lefty from Willie Waylon & Willie Stardust One for the Road Sings Kristofferson Pretty Paper The Electric Horseman 1980s San Antonio Rose Honeysuckle Rose Family Bible Somewhere Over the Rainbow Always On My Mind In the Jailhouse Now WWII Pancho & Lefty Tougher Than Leather Take It to the Limit Without a Song Angel Eyes City of New Orleans Music from Songwriter Me & Paul Partners The Promiseland Island in the Sea Seashores of Old Mexico What a Wonderful World A Horse Called Music 1990s Born for Trouble The IRS Tapes: Who'll Buy My Memories? Clean Shirt Across the Borderline Moonlight Becomes You Six Hours at Pedernales Healing Hands of Time Just One Love Augusta Spirit How Great Thou Art Teatro Night and Day 2000s Tales Out of Luck (Me and the Drummer) Milk Cow Blues Rainbow Connection The Great Divide Nacogdoches It Always Will Be Countryman You Don't Know Me: The Songs of Cindy Walker Songbird Last of the Breed Moment of Forever Willie and the Wheel American Classic 2010s Country Music Remember Me, Vol. 1 Heroes Let's Face the Music and Dance To All the Girls... Band of Brothers December Day Django and Jimmie Summertime: Willie Nelson Sings Gershwin For the Good Times: A Tribute to Ray Price God's Problem Child Willie Nelson and the Boys Last Man Standing My Way Ride Me Back Home 2020s First Rose of Spring That's Life The Willie Nelson Family A Beautiful Time I Don't Know a Thing About Love Bluegrass The Border Live albums Country Music Concert Willie Nelson Live Willie and Family Live VH1 Storytellers: Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson All of Me – Live in Concert Willie Nelson & Friends – Stars & Guitars Live and in' Live at Billy Bob's Texas Outlaws and Angels Songs for Tsunami Relief: Austin to South Asia Two Men with the Blues Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Compilations Columbus Stockade Blues Country Winners The Best of Willie Nelson Spotlight on Willie Nelson Country Willie What Can You Do to Me Now The Longhorn Jamboree Presents: Willie Nelson & His Friends Willie – Before His Time Face of a Fighter There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight Sweet Memories Always Willie Nelson: His Very Best Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be) The Minstrel Man The Best of Willie Nelson 20 of the Best Collector's Series Half Nelson Love Songs Yours Always The Hungry Years Any Old Arms Won't Do Super Hits Super Hits, Volume 2 Revolutions of Time...The Journey 1975/1993 Willie Standard Time 16 Biggest Hits Good Ol' Country Singin' All the Songs I've Loved Before: 40 Unforgettable Songs Crazy: The Demo Sessions The Essential Willie Nelson Songs 16 Biggest Hits, Volume II One Hell of a Ride Playlist: The Very Best of Willie Nelson Legend: The Best of Willie Nelson Naked Willie Lost Highway Books Willie: An Autobiography The Facts of Life: And Other Dirty Jokes Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road It's a Long Story: My Life Pretty Paper Related articles Trigger The Family Farm Aid Fourth of July Picnic Willie Nelson statue BioWillie Willie's Reserve Willie's Place Willie's Roadhouse Luck Films Pedernales Country Club The Highwaymen Outlaw country Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award The Western Express Bobbie Nelson Shirley Collie Nelson National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Come and Toke It Wanted! The Outlaws Category vteJeannie SeelyDiscographyStudio albums The Seely Style (1966) Thanks, Hank! (1967) I'll Love You More (1968) Little Things (1968) Jeannie Seely (1969) Jack Greene, Jeannie Seely (with Jack Greene) (1970) Please Be My New Love (1970) Two for the Show (with Jack Greene) (1972) Can I Sleep in Your Arms/Lucky Ladies (1973) Greatest Hits (1981) Jeannie Seely (1990) Number One Christmas (1994) Been There...Sung That! (1999) Life's Highway (2003) Vintage Country: Old But Treasured (2011) Written in Song (2017) An American Classic (2020) Compialtion albums Greatest Hits on Monument (1993) Songs "Don't Touch Me" "It's Only Love" "A Wanderin' Man" "I'll Love You More (Than You Need)" "Wish I Didn't Have to Miss You" (with Jack Greene) "Much Oblige" (with Jack Greene) "Pride" "What in the World Has Gone Wrong with Our Love" (with Jack Greene) "Can I Sleep in Your Arms" "Lucky Ladies" Related music articles "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)" (1964) Honeysuckle Rose (1980) "Trashy Women" (1993) Related people and acts Jack Greene Hank Cochran Dottie West See also Grand Ole Opry List of Grand Ole Opry Members Willie's Roadhouse vteSirius XM music channelsChannels Hits 1 1st Wave The 10s Spot '40s Junction '50s Gold '60s Gold '70s on 7 '80s on 8 '90s on 9 Alt Nation B.B. King's Bluesville The Beatles Channel The Blend Bluegrass Junction BPM The Bridge Caliente Chill Classic Rewind Classic Vinyl The Coffee House Deep Tracks Diplo's Revolution E Street Radio Elvis Radio Escape Faction Punk Fly The Grateful Dead Channel The Groove Hair Nation Heart & Soul The Heat The Highway Hip-Hop Nation Jam On The Joint Kids Place Live Kidz Bop Radio Kirk Franklin's Praise Liquid Metal Lithium LL Cool J's Rock the Bells Radio Love Met Opera Octane On Broadway Outlaw Country Ozzy's Boneyard Pearl Jam Radio Pitbull's Globalization Radio Pop2K PopRocks Prime Country The Pulse Radio Margaritaville Real Jazz Road Trip Radio Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Shade 45 Siriusly Sinatra SiriusXMU Soul Town SoulCycle Radio Spa The Spectrum Studio 54 Radio Symphony Hall Turbo Underground Garage Utopia Velvet Viva Watercolors Willie's Roadhouse Y2Kountry Sirius XM Canada Influence Franco The Verge Internet radio Aguila Caricia Cinemagic Krishna Das Yoga Radio The Loft Pops Rumbón Tom Petty's Buried Treasure The Village Former channels XM Satellite Radio channel history BackSpin Bande à part BBC Radio 1 CBC Music Country CBC Radio 3 Ici Musique KIIS-FM MIX Radio Disney WHTZ

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Weed

Ella Weed

["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"]

American educator Ella WeedBookplate of the Ella Weed Memorial Library at Barnard CollegeBorn(1853-01-27)January 27, 1853Newburgh, New York, United StatesDiedJanuary 10, 1894(1894-01-10) (aged 40)New York, New York, United StatesAlma materVassar CollegeKnown forFounding Trustee of Barnard College Ella Weed (27 January 1853 – 10 January 1894) was an American educator, "the guiding spirit in the first four years" of Barnard College. Life After graduating from Vassar College, Ella Weed became principal of Miss Brown's School for Girls in New York. Annie Nathan Meyer interested her in the effort to establish Barnard College. Weed attracted financial support for the venture, and became the paid chairman of the Academic Committee. Works A Foolish Virgin: a novel, 1883. A satirical novel about a Vassar graduate who tries to hide her intelligence and education. Pearls Strung by Ella Weed, 1898. A posthumously-published anthology of selections from Weed's favorite authors. References ^ a b Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Alma mater: design and experience in the women's colleges from their nineteenth-century beginnings to the 1930s, Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1993, pp. 135-7 ^ a b James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson, eds. (1974), "Weed, Ella", Famous American Women: a biographical dictionary, Harvard University Press, pp. 556–7 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ella Weed. This article about an American educator is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvanam

Peruvanam

["1 Boundaries","2 History","3 Namputhiri settlers","4 Peruvanam Temple","5 Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)","6 Gramam administration in the medieval times","7 People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature","8 Peruvanam Ward!","9 Additional reading","10 References"]

Coordinates: 10°26′15″N 76°12′43″E / 10.4374°N 76.2120°E / 10.4374; 76.2120 Neighbourhood in Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaPeruvanamNeighbourhoodPeruvanamPeruvanam, Thrissur, KeralaCoordinates: 10°26′15″N 76°12′43″E / 10.4374°N 76.2120°E / 10.4374; 76.2120Country IndiaState KeralaDistrictThrissurElevation41.37 m (135.73 ft)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, English • SpeechMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN680561Telephone code+91487*******LSThrissurVSNattika Peruvanam (Peruvanam Gramam) is a historical area of Brahmin settlement in central Kerala. In Kerala Sanskrit literature, the name "Peruvanam" is often Sanskritized as Puruvana meaning the forest where a sage named Puru lived and meditated. The name "Perumanam" is also used instead of Peruvanam. Boundaries OozhamAkamalaEdathiruthyKuthiranPeruvanam Mahadeva Templeclass=notpageimage| The four Sastha temples bounding Peruvanam Gramam According to legends, Peruvanam was one of the 64 villages (Gramam-s) created by the mythological character Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu, in the land reclaimed by him from the sea in the south-west coast of the Indian peninsula and donated to the Brahmins he had brought from other parts of India. As many as 32 of these Gramams are situated in the area between Gokarna in Karnataka and Chandragiri River (also known as Payasvini or Perumpuzha river) in Kasaragod district in Kerala. The remaining 32 Gramams are located in the region between Chandragiri River river and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. This region overlaps most areas of present-day Kerala state. Peruvanam Gramam is nearly in the middle of the region in Kerala where the 32 Gramams lying to the south of the Chandragiri river are located. The area referred to as Peruvanam has no clearly defined geographical boundaries. The area in Kerala bounded in the north by Bharathapuzha river and in the south by Periyar river is sometimes considered as the geographical extent of the traditional Peruvanam Gramam. There are other accounts about the boundaries of the Gramam. In these accounts, the Gramam is bounded in the east by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at Kuthiran in the mountainous terrain in the eastern part of Thrissur district, in the north by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at Akamala near Wadakkanchery, in the west by the Ayyappan Kavu Temple at Edathiruthy near Thriprayar and in the south by the Sastha Temple at Oozham near Kodungallur. History The antiquity of the Peruvanam Gramam has been attested by several historical documents. The earliest historical reference to Peruvanam occurs in a Peruvanam Granthavari. This document refers to the year of starting of the Peruvanam Pooram as 583 CE. The year is indicated in the Kalidina of the starting of the Pooram which itself is encoded as "Ayathu Shivalokam Nah" in the famous Katapayadi system. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as Kalidina 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 Meenam 27. As indication of antiquity, six Vattezhuthu and Malayalam inscriptions have been found in the temple. An 11th century inscription from Thiruvattoor in North Kerala refers to seven persons originally belonging to Peruvanam Gramam. A document dated 1169 CE containing a reference to a Brahmin from this Graman has been recovered from Kilimanoor. Peruvanam Kottam, the abode of the Lord of Peruvanam, figures along with nearby Oorakam in the Thrikkakkara inscription of Ko Indu Kothai Varman of tenth century CE. Namputhiri settlers Presently, as many as 133 Namputhiri Illam-s or Mana-s (a mana or illam is a patrilineal clan of Naṃpūtiri-s or Malayali Brahmins all of whose members share the name of the Mana as the common family name; the word is also used to denote the house of a Naṃpūtiri or Malayali Brahmin), whose members live scattered across different parts of central Kerala, have been identified as descendants of the original settler families of the Peruvanam village. A few of the original settler Illam-s have become extinct. There is a sharp division among these families with regard to the rituals and customs they practice. Of the 133 Mana-s, the members of as many as 79 Mana-s are followers of the Yajurveda and associated rituals and the members of the remaining Mana-s pursue Rigveda and associated rituals. The members of Peruvanam Gramam along with the members of Sukapuram Gramam (another Brahmin settlement legendarily created by Parashurama) enjoy a higher social ranking in certain matters. For example, the qualifications for the appointment of the Melsanthi (Chief Priest) of the great Sri Krishna Temple at Guruvayur stipulate that the candidate should be from Peruvanam or Sukapuram Gramams with Agnihotram and Bhattavrthi. This modern-day stipulation is proof enough that the myth and legend of the Peruvanam Gramam is a living tradition that influences and interferes in the life and times of contemporary Kerala society in a very concrete way. Peruvanam Temple Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple One very important fact about Brahmin settlements in Kerala was that they were centered around temples and the temple was synonymous with the settlement and vice-versa. Peruvanam Gramam was no exception to this general rule and it got its name from the ancient Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple located nearly at the center of the geographical area of the Gramam. This temple, where God Shiva is worshiped, is now situated in Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district in Kerala. There are several iconographic, archtectural and other specialties in this temple. The temple has two srikovil-s (sanctum sanctora). In one of these, the idol is in the form twin linga-s installed on the same pedestal which, according to one tradition, are assumed to represent Siva and Parvathi as Ardhanareesvara and which, according to another tradition, represent Sankara (Siva) and Narayana (Vishnu). The presiding deity of this sanctum sanctorum is locally referred to as Erattayappan ("Twin God"). The second srikovil is situated in the first floor of a three-storey structure, a tri-tala-vimana, adjacent to the other srikovil. The deity here is also Siva locally referred to as Madathilappan which may be loosely translated as the "God in the Tree House". Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram) A view of Peruvanam Pooram A old view of Peruvanam Pooram Peruvanam Poooram, even though it is now known and celebrated as only a local temple festival sans the glory and fame of a mega-pooram like the Thrissur Pooram, was in the olden days a mega spectacle and the grand festival of Peruvanam Gramam. It was not just a temple Pooram with only one day's festivities, it was a festival, the Spring festival (Vasanthotsavam) lasting 28 days with the participation of all people in Peruvanam Gramam. Tradition has it that the festival used to commence with Koțiyēt on Utram nakṣatram in the Kuṃbhaṃ month with a Valiya Viḷakk (present-day Peruvanam Pooram) in Perumanam Mahadeva Temple on Pūyaṁ nakṣatram and Ārāțț (present-day Arattupuzha Pooram) on Pūraṃ nakṣatram. The 28 days commencing from Utram nakṣatram in the Kuṃbhaṃ month is even now observed as the festival season (Utsavakkālaṃ) in Perumanam Gramam with the performance of special rituals in temples. All the nooks and corners of Peruvanam Gramam, represented by the presiding deities of the local village temples, used to be participants of the festival. The number of such participating deities used be as high as 108. That the festival was a Gramam-wide affair is corroborated by another legend which asserts all residents of Peruvanam Gramam are mandatorily obliged to attend the Ārāțț and that if a resident of the Gramam was not found attending the Ārāțț, he could definitely be deemed to be dead and his post-death rituals should be carried out immediately! According to a Peruvanam Granthavari, the year of starting of the Peruvanam Pooram was 583 CE. As already indicated earlier, the year is indicated by the words "āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ" which is an encoding of a number in the Katapayadi system. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as Kalidina 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 Meenam 27. The full verse runs as follows: āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ kalāviti vilokanāt cintayā satbhirāraṃbhī devapūramahotsavaḥ "With the thoughts that every be happy and contented, on Kali day āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ (13,45,610), commenced the Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam." Thus, as per this document, the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam has a history of more than fourteen centuries. Historical records chronicling the rise and decline of the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam are scanty. One event that dealt the near death blow to the Utsavam was the starting of the Thrissur Pooram in the year 1796 under the direction and control of Sakthan Thampuran, the then ruler of the erstwhile Cochin Kingdom. Royal patronage and support, and the fact it was being held in the middle of a town, added more glamor and prestige to Thrissur Pooram leading to a decline in importance to Peruvanam Pooram. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, with the support and encouragement of the State government, the Pruvanam and Arattupuzha Pooram-s witnessed a resurgence and now they are organised with much grandeur and huge popular participation. Gramam administration in the medieval times There are no written records regarding how the affairs of Peruvanam Gramam were managed during various historical periods. For that matter, there are no such records regarding any of the remaining 63 Gramams that are supposed to have been created by Parashurama. However, from bits and pieces of information collected together from various sources like inscriptions on temple walls, few copper plate records and allusions in literary works historians have attempted to present a coherent account how a Gramam might have been administered in medieval times. The situation of Peruvanam Gramam was unlikely to different from this general pattern. The activities in a Gramam, a Brahmin settlement, revolved around the temple. The Gramam property, whose collateral ownership was vested with the temples, was virtually the property of the Brahmins. The property of the temples, called Devasvam, and other temple affiars were looked after jointly by the Brahmin population of the Gramam. The Brahmin population of the Gramam constituted the "General Body" of the Gramam Administration. This was called Uralar a term even now used to denote the administrators/trustees of privately owned ancient temples in Kerala. Meetings of the General Body are convened to deliberate on very important matters affecting the administration. However, a group of Uralar-s, called Paratai (a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word Parishad), used to function like an executive committee and look after the day-to-day affairs of the temple. The exact nature of the constitution of this committee is not known. Kinship affiliation, property qualification, educational achievements and adherence to moral codes seem to have been the eligibity for being members of this committee. Although these bodies were largely autonomous, there was nominal control over them from above and at times of exigency, the control was exercised. The decisions of these bodies are followed strictly and those who violate the rules are punished severely. Punishments included ex-communication and confiscatio of all properties. The functions of the bodies include management of the properties belonging to the temple, proper utilisation of the income accrued from the properties, settlement of disputes among Uralar-s and between Urala-s and tenants and collection of revenue and its remittance to the royal treasury. People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature Peruvanam Gramam was a fertile ground for the pursuit of intellectual and literary activities. This is evidenced by the popularity and spread of the large number of literary, astronomical, astrological and other creative works composed by persons who have identified themselves as belonging to this Gramam. One can see several references to such works in the classic multi-volume history of Kerala literature written by late Ulloor S. Paramevara Ayyar. The following is a necessarily incomplete compilation of such references. Pattathu Vasudeva Bhattathiri (9th century CE) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol I, pp.113-124), believed to be a contemporary of Kulasekhara Alvar: Yudhiṣṭhiravijayaṃ, Tripuradahanaṃ, Śourīkatha, Vāsudevavijayaṃ, Gajendramokṣaṃ, Naḷodayaṃ Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri (1494-1570) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II, pp.269-272): Gaṇitasāra (astronomy), Candragaṇitakrama (astronomy), Ayanacalanādigaṇitakrama (astronomy), Jāatakakrama (horoscopy), Praśnamāla with Bhāṣā (astrological query), Ceriya Kāaladīpakaṃ (short Kāaladīpakaṃ), Valiya Kāaladīpakaṃ (long Kāaladīpakaṃ), Jātakasāra in Sanskrit (astrology), Jātakasāra in Malayalam (astrology), Commentaries on Pañjabodha, Laghubhāskarīya, Muhūrtapadavī (all called Bālasaṅkaraṃ), Pañjabodhārthadarpaṇa Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri (son of Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II pp.293-301 and Vol. II, pp.417-431): Books - Dārikavadham, Vyavahāramāla, Pārvathīstuti, Rāja Ratnāvalīyaṃ, Rāsakrīdā Kāvyaṃ, Mahiṣamangalaṃ Bhāņaṃ, Uttararāmāyaṇa Caṃpu, Uparāga Kriyākramaṃ, Smārta Prāyaśchitta Vimarśanaṃ. Caṃpu-s - Naishadham, Rajarathnāvalīyaṃ, Kotiyavirahaṃ, Bāṇayudhhaṃ. Brāhmaṇi songs - Rāsakrīda, Thirunṛttaṃ, Dārikavadhaṃ, Viṣṇumāyācritaṃ, Pārvatistuti, Satīsvayaṃvaraṃ. Kirangattu Jayanthan Namputhirippad (c.1650 CE) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.210-213): Ṣoḍaśakriyākārikā, Āśoucakeraļī. Arur Madhavan Atithiri (1765 - 1838) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.482-484): Uttaranaişadhaṃ, Subhadrāharaṇaṃ. Kallur Neelakanthan Namputhirippad (1726 - 1835) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.543-547): Bālivijayaṃ, Madhukaiṭabhavadhaṃ, Svāhāsvayaṃvaraṃ, Sumukhīsvayaṃvaraṃ (all Āttakatha-s), Ajāmiḷmokșaṃ (Kaikoṭṭikkaḷppāṭṭ). Peruvanam Ward! In contemporary times, a small geographical area in a Grama Panchayath in Thrissur district has been named after the legendary sprawling Peruvanam Gramam! Ward 9 of Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district is now known as Peruvanam. Additional reading A meticulously detailed account of the architecture, rituals, history and legends of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple is available at Peruvanam Shiva temple. References ^ a b N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. pp. 101–103. Retrieved 6 December 2023. (This is a souvenir published by the Organizing Committee for the renovation of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple. The reference is to an article in Malayalam in the Souvenir, titled "Peruvanam Gramam", authored by Kotungallur Kunhikuttan Thampuran.) ^ A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar (1926). "A Further Note on the Author of the Nalodaya". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 16: 135. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Temples of Thrissur". www.keralawindow.net. www1.maplemedia.org. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Peruvanam Granthavari". archive.org. Internet Archive. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ P. Narayanan (1997). "Towards secularization of temple management: The Perumanam temple". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 253–257. Retrieved 9 December 2023. ^ C. Achyutha Menon (1911). The Cochin State Manual. Ernakulam: Cochin Govt Press. p. 50. Retrieved 9 December 2023. ^ "Brahman Settlements in Kerala". www.namboothiri.com. Namboothiri Websites Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ a b c Kesavan Veluthat (1978). Brahmin Dettlements in Kerala: Historical Studies. Calicut University: Sandhya Publications. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 7 December 2023. ^ "Discover Peruvanam: History". devamela.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ a b c "Peruvanam Shiva Temple". www.ola.in. Ola Multimedia. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ T A Gopinatha Rao (1992). Travancore Archaeological Series - Vol. III Part II. Department of Cultural Publications, Govt. of Kerala. p. 173. ^ a b "Peruvanam Graamam (Graamam No. 10)". www.namboothiri.com. Namboothiri Websites Calicut. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. p. 12. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Guruvayur Devaswam Notification" (PDF). guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in. Guruvayur Devaswam. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ a b N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. pp. 75–79. Retrieved 6 December 2023. (Article titled Pūraṃ authored by P. K. Aryan Namputhiri.) vteKerala topicsHistory Sangam period Edakkal Caves Ariyannur Umbrellas Kudakkallu Parambu Chovvanur burial cave Chera Zamorin of Calicut Venad Swaroopam Kingdom of Cannanore Kerala school Battle of Kulachal Arakkal kingdom Lakshadweep Anglo-Mysore Wars Battle of Quilon Vaikom Satyagraham Perumpadapu Swaroopam Malabar Migration GovernmentPolitics Agencies Chief Ministers Governors Legislative Assembly Panchayat elections Saptakakshi Munnani Aikya Munnani Left Democratic Front United Democratic Front Politicians Incidents 1988 Perumon tragedy 2001 Kadalundi Train derailment 2016 Paravur temple fire 2018 Kerala floods Geography Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Ashtamudi Lake Kavvayi Backwaters Backwaters Districts Eravikulam National Park Flora and fauna Malabar Coast Marayoor Nelliampathi Mountains Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Nilgiri Hills Palakkad Gap Protected areas Sasthamcotta Lake Vembanad Lake DemographicsEconomyReligion Malayalis Namboothiris Ambalavasis Samanthas Nairs Mappilas Thiyyas Saint Thomas Christians Kerala Iyers Ezhavas Cochin Jews Jainism in Kerala Pulayar Dravidians Adivasis Scheduled Tribes Kerala model Tourism Education colleges and universities Culture Arts Architecture Cuisine Kalarippayattu Literature Sarpam Thullal Triumvirate poets Vallam kali Dance / Drama / Cinema Kathakali Kolkali Koodiyattam Mohiniyattam Margamkali Ottamthullal Theyyam Cinema of Kerala Festivals Vishu Onam Pooram Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Christmas Languages Malayalam Malayalam calendar Arabi Malayalam Suriyani Malayalam Judeo-Malayalam Irula language Music Chenda (Thayambaka) Kolkali Panchari melam Panchavadyam Sopanam Organisations/Agencies Nair Service Society Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam Samastha Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present) Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen Syro-Malabar Church Tourism Alappuzha Athirappilly Falls Beaches in Kerala Bekal Chembra Peak Kerala Backwaters Kollam Places of Interest in Malappuram Tourist attractions in Kannur Islands of Kollam Tourist attractions of Palakkad Kovalam Tourism in Kasaragod Munnar Muzhappilangad Beach Peruvanam List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode Estuaries of Paravur Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram Vallam kali Wayanad India portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thampu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaPeruvanam (Peruvanam Gramam) is a historical area of Brahmin settlement in central Kerala.[1] In Kerala Sanskrit literature, the name \"Peruvanam\" is often Sanskritized as Puruvana meaning the forest where a sage named Puru lived and meditated.[2][3][4] The name \"Perumanam\" is also used instead of Peruvanam.[5][6]","title":"Peruvanam"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Chandragiri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragiri_River"},{"link_name":"Kasaragod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NambuGramam-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veluthat-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ola-10"},{"link_name":"Kuthiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuthiran"},{"link_name":"Akamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamala_Machad_Mountain_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Wadakkanchery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadakkanchery"},{"link_name":"Edathiruthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edathiruthy"},{"link_name":"Thriprayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriprayar"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thampu-1"}],"text":"OozhamAkamalaEdathiruthyKuthiranPeruvanam Mahadeva Templeclass=notpageimage| The four Sastha temples bounding Peruvanam GramamAccording to legends, Peruvanam was one of the 64 villages (Gramam-s) created by the mythological character Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu, in the land reclaimed by him from the sea in the south-west coast of the Indian peninsula and donated to the Brahmins he had brought from other parts of India. As many as 32 of these Gramams are situated in the area between Gokarna in Karnataka and Chandragiri River (also known as Payasvini or Perumpuzha river) in Kasaragod district in Kerala. The remaining 32 Gramams are located in the region between Chandragiri River river and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. This region overlaps most areas of present-day Kerala state.[7][8] Peruvanam Gramam is nearly in the middle of the region in Kerala where the 32 Gramams lying to the south of the Chandragiri river are located.The area referred to as Peruvanam has no clearly defined geographical boundaries. The area in Kerala bounded in the north by Bharathapuzha river and in the south by Periyar river is sometimes considered as the geographical extent of the traditional Peruvanam Gramam.[9][10] There are other accounts about the boundaries of the Gramam. In these accounts, the Gramam is bounded in the east by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at Kuthiran in the mountainous terrain in the eastern part of Thrissur district, in the north by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at Akamala near Wadakkanchery, in the west by the Ayyappan Kavu Temple at Edathiruthy near Thriprayar and in the south by the Sastha Temple at Oozham near Kodungallur.[1]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peruvanam Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram"},{"link_name":"Katapayadi system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapayadi_system"},{"link_name":"Meenam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_calendar"},{"link_name":"Vattezhuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattezhuthu"},{"link_name":"Thiruvattoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvattoor"},{"link_name":"Kilimanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanoor"},{"link_name":"Thrikkakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrikkakkara"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namb-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ola-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The antiquity of the Peruvanam Gramam has been attested by several historical documents. The earliest historical reference to Peruvanam occurs in a Peruvanam Granthavari. This document refers to the year of starting of the Peruvanam Pooram as 583 CE. The year is indicated in the Kalidina of the starting of the Pooram which itself is encoded as \"Ayathu Shivalokam Nah\" in the famous Katapayadi system. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as Kalidina 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 Meenam 27. As indication of antiquity, six Vattezhuthu and Malayalam inscriptions have been found in the temple. An 11th century inscription from Thiruvattoor in North Kerala refers to seven persons originally belonging to Peruvanam Gramam. A document dated 1169 CE containing a reference to a Brahmin from this Graman has been recovered from Kilimanoor. Peruvanam Kottam, the abode of the Lord of Peruvanam, figures along with nearby Oorakam in the Thrikkakkara inscription of Ko Indu Kothai Varman of tenth century CE.[11][12][10][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illam"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namb-12"},{"link_name":"Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda"},{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"Sri Krishna Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple"},{"link_name":"Guruvayur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruvayur"},{"link_name":"Sukapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukapuram"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Presently, as many as 133 Namputhiri Illam-s or Mana-s (a mana or illam is a patrilineal clan of Naṃpūtiri-s or Malayali Brahmins all of whose members share the name of the Mana as the common family name; the word is also used to denote the house of a Naṃpūtiri or Malayali Brahmin), whose members live scattered across different parts of central Kerala, have been identified as descendants of the original settler families of the Peruvanam village. A few of the original settler Illam-s have become extinct.[12] There is a sharp division among these families with regard to the rituals and customs they practice. Of the 133 Mana-s, the members of as many as 79 Mana-s are followers of the Yajurveda and associated rituals and the members of the remaining Mana-s pursue Rigveda and associated rituals.The members of Peruvanam Gramam along with the members of Sukapuram Gramam (another Brahmin settlement legendarily created by Parashurama) enjoy a higher social ranking in certain matters. For example, the qualifications for the appointment of the Melsanthi (Chief Priest) of the great Sri Krishna Temple at Guruvayur stipulate that the candidate should be from Peruvanam or Sukapuram Gramams with Agnihotram and Bhattavrthi.[14] This modern-day stipulation is proof enough that the myth and legend of the Peruvanam Gramam is a living tradition that influences and interferes in the life and times of contemporary Kerala society in a very concrete way.","title":"Namputhiri settlers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple"},{"link_name":"Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvanam_Mahadeva_Temple"},{"link_name":"Cherpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherpu"},{"link_name":"Gramapanchayath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramapanchayath"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur_district"},{"link_name":"linga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ola-10"}],"text":"Peruvanam Mahadeva TempleOne very important fact about Brahmin settlements in Kerala was that they were centered around temples and the temple was synonymous with the settlement and vice-versa. Peruvanam Gramam was no exception to this general rule and it got its name from the ancient Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple located nearly at the center of the geographical area of the Gramam. This temple, where God Shiva is worshiped, is now situated in Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district in Kerala.There are several iconographic, archtectural and other specialties in this temple. The temple has two srikovil-s (sanctum sanctora). In one of these, the idol is in the form twin linga-s installed on the same pedestal which, according to one tradition, are assumed to represent Siva and Parvathi as Ardhanareesvara and which, according to another tradition, represent Sankara (Siva) and Narayana (Vishnu). The presiding deity of this sanctum sanctorum is locally referred to as Erattayappan (\"Twin God\"). The second srikovil is situated in the first floor of a three-storey structure, a tri-tala-vimana, adjacent to the other srikovil. The deity here is also Siva locally referred to as Madathilappan which may be loosely translated as the \"God in the Tree House\".[10]","title":"Peruvanam Temple"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PeruvanamPooram.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thrissur Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram"},{"link_name":"Peruvanam Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram"},{"link_name":"Arattupuzha Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aryan-15"},{"link_name":"Peruvanam Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram"},{"link_name":"Katapayadi system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapayadi_system"},{"link_name":"Meenam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_calendar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aryan-15"},{"link_name":"Thrissur Pooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram"},{"link_name":"Sakthan Thampuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakthan_Thampuran"},{"link_name":"Cochin Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Kingdom"}],"text":"A view of Peruvanam PooramA old view of Peruvanam PooramPeruvanam Poooram, even though it is now known and celebrated as only a local temple festival sans the glory and fame of a mega-pooram like the Thrissur Pooram, was in the olden days a mega spectacle and the grand festival of Peruvanam Gramam. It was not just a temple Pooram with only one day's festivities, it was a festival, the Spring festival (Vasanthotsavam) lasting 28 days with the participation of all people in Peruvanam Gramam. Tradition has it that the festival used to commence with Koțiyēt on Utram nakṣatram in the Kuṃbhaṃ month with a Valiya Viḷakk (present-day Peruvanam Pooram) in Perumanam Mahadeva Temple on Pūyaṁ nakṣatram and Ārāțț (present-day Arattupuzha Pooram) on Pūraṃ nakṣatram. The 28 days commencing from Utram nakṣatram in the Kuṃbhaṃ month is even now observed as the festival season (Utsavakkālaṃ) in Perumanam Gramam with the performance of special rituals in temples. All the nooks and corners of Peruvanam Gramam, represented by the presiding deities of the local village temples, used to be participants of the festival. The number of such participating deities used be as high as 108. That the festival was a Gramam-wide affair is corroborated by another legend which asserts all residents of Peruvanam Gramam are mandatorily obliged to attend the Ārāțț and that if a resident of the Gramam was not found attending the Ārāțț, he could definitely be deemed to be dead and his post-death rituals should be carried out immediately![15]According to a Peruvanam Granthavari, the year of starting of the Peruvanam Pooram was 583 CE. As already indicated earlier, the year is indicated by the words \"āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ\" which is an encoding of a number in the Katapayadi system. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as Kalidina 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 Meenam 27.\nThe full verse runs as follows:[15]āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ kalāviti vilokanāt\ncintayā satbhirāraṃbhī devapūramahotsavaḥ\"With the thoughts that every be happy and contented, on Kali day āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ (13,45,610), commenced the Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam.\"Thus, as per this document, the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam has a history of more than fourteen centuries. Historical records chronicling the rise and decline of the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam are scanty. One event that dealt the near death blow to the Utsavam was the starting of the Thrissur Pooram in the year 1796 under the direction and control of Sakthan Thampuran, the then ruler of the erstwhile Cochin Kingdom. Royal patronage and support, and the fact it was being held in the middle of a town, added more glamor and prestige to Thrissur Pooram leading to a decline in importance to Peruvanam Pooram. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, with the support and encouragement of the State government, the Pruvanam and Arattupuzha Pooram-s witnessed a resurgence and now they are organised with much grandeur and huge popular participation.","title":"Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veluthat-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veluthat-8"}],"text":"There are no written records regarding how the affairs of Peruvanam Gramam were managed during various historical periods. For that matter, there are no such records regarding any of the remaining 63 Gramams that are supposed to have been created by Parashurama. However, from bits and pieces of information collected together from various sources like inscriptions on temple walls, few copper plate records and allusions in literary works historians have attempted to present a coherent account how a Gramam might have been administered in medieval times. The situation of Peruvanam Gramam was unlikely to different from this general pattern.[8]The activities in a Gramam, a Brahmin settlement, revolved around the temple. The Gramam property, whose collateral ownership was vested with the temples, was virtually the property of the Brahmins. The property of the temples, called Devasvam, and other temple affiars were looked after jointly by the Brahmin population of the Gramam. The Brahmin population of the Gramam constituted the \"General Body\" of the Gramam Administration. This was called Uralar a term even now used to denote the administrators/trustees of privately owned ancient temples in Kerala. Meetings of the General Body are convened to deliberate on very important matters affecting the administration. However, a group of Uralar-s, called Paratai (a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word Parishad), used to function like an executive committee and look after the day-to-day affairs of the temple. The exact nature of the constitution of this committee is not known. Kinship affiliation, property qualification, educational achievements and adherence to moral codes seem to have been the eligibity for being members of this committee. Although these bodies were largely autonomous, there was nominal control over them from above and at times of exigency, the control was exercised. The decisions of these bodies are followed strictly and those who violate the rules are punished severely. Punishments included ex-communication and confiscatio of all properties. The functions of the bodies include management of the properties belonging to the temple, proper utilisation of the income accrued from the properties, settlement of disputes among Uralar-s and between Urala-s and tenants and collection of revenue and its remittance to the royal treasury.[8]","title":"Gramam administration in the medieval times"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol I, pp.113-124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku/page/112/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Kulasekhara Alvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar"},{"link_name":"Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhama%E1%B9%85gala%E1%B9%83_%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan_Na%E1%B9%83p%C5%ABtiri"},{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II, pp.269-272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/268/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhamangalam_Narayanan_Namboodiri"},{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II pp.293-301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Vol. II, pp.417-431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/416/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.210-213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/209/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.482-484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/481/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.543-547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/543/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Āttakatha-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aattakatha_(performance)"}],"text":"Peruvanam Gramam was a fertile ground for the pursuit of intellectual and literary activities. This is evidenced by the popularity and spread of the large number of literary, astronomical, astrological and other creative works composed by persons who have identified themselves as belonging to this Gramam. One can see several references to such works in the classic multi-volume history of Kerala literature written by late Ulloor S. Paramevara Ayyar. The following is a necessarily incomplete compilation of such references.Pattathu Vasudeva Bhattathiri (9th century CE) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol I, pp.113-124), believed to be a contemporary of Kulasekhara Alvar: Yudhiṣṭhiravijayaṃ, Tripuradahanaṃ, Śourīkatha, Vāsudevavijayaṃ, Gajendramokṣaṃ, Naḷodayaṃ\nMazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri (1494-1570) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II, pp.269-272): Gaṇitasāra (astronomy), Candragaṇitakrama (astronomy), Ayanacalanādigaṇitakrama (astronomy), Jāatakakrama (horoscopy), Praśnamāla with Bhāṣā (astrological query), Ceriya Kāaladīpakaṃ (short Kāaladīpakaṃ), Valiya Kāaladīpakaṃ (long Kāaladīpakaṃ), Jātakasāra in Sanskrit (astrology), Jātakasāra in Malayalam (astrology), Commentaries on Pañjabodha, Laghubhāskarīya, Muhūrtapadavī (all called Bālasaṅkaraṃ), Pañjabodhārthadarpaṇa\nMazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri (son of Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II pp.293-301 and Vol. II, pp.417-431): Books - Dārikavadham, Vyavahāramāla, Pārvathīstuti, Rāja Ratnāvalīyaṃ, Rāsakrīdā Kāvyaṃ, Mahiṣamangalaṃ Bhāņaṃ, Uttararāmāyaṇa Caṃpu, Uparāga Kriyākramaṃ, Smārta Prāyaśchitta Vimarśanaṃ. Caṃpu-s - Naishadham, Rajarathnāvalīyaṃ, Kotiyavirahaṃ, Bāṇayudhhaṃ. Brāhmaṇi songs - Rāsakrīda, Thirunṛttaṃ, Dārikavadhaṃ, Viṣṇumāyācritaṃ, Pārvatistuti, Satīsvayaṃvaraṃ.\nKirangattu Jayanthan Namputhirippad (c.1650 CE) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.210-213): Ṣoḍaśakriyākārikā, Āśoucakeraļī.\nArur Madhavan Atithiri (1765 - 1838) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.482-484): Uttaranaişadhaṃ, Subhadrāharaṇaṃ.\nKallur Neelakanthan Namputhirippad (1726 - 1835) (Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.543-547): Bālivijayaṃ, Madhukaiṭabhavadhaṃ, Svāhāsvayaṃvaraṃ, Sumukhīsvayaṃvaraṃ (all Āttakatha-s), Ajāmiḷmokșaṃ (Kaikoṭṭikkaḷppāṭṭ).","title":"People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In contemporary times, a small geographical area in a Grama Panchayath in Thrissur district has been named after the legendary sprawling Peruvanam Gramam! Ward 9 of Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district is now known as Peruvanam.","title":"Peruvanam Ward!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peruvanam Shiva temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html"}],"text":"A meticulously detailed account of the architecture, rituals, history and legends of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple is available at Peruvanam Shiva temple.","title":"Additional reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG/250px-Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG"},{"image_text":"A view of Peruvanam Pooram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PeruvanamPooram.JPG/250px-PeruvanamPooram.JPG"},{"image_text":"A old view of Peruvanam Pooram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg/250px-Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. pp. 101–103. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam"}]},{"reference":"A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar (1926). \"A Further Note on the Author of the Nalodaya\". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 16: 135. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367511/page/n123/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"A Further Note on the Author of the Nalodaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temples of Thrissur\". www.keralawindow.net. www1.maplemedia.org. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keralawindow.net/Templestrissur.htm#mah","url_text":"\"Temples of Thrissur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peruvanam Granthavari\". archive.org. Internet Archive. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-grandhavari","url_text":"\"Peruvanam Granthavari\""}]},{"reference":"P. Narayanan (1997). \"Towards secularization of temple management: The Perumanam temple\". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 253–257. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143913","url_text":"\"Towards secularization of temple management: The Perumanam temple\""}]},{"reference":"C. Achyutha Menon (1911). The Cochin State Manual. Ernakulam: Cochin Govt Press. p. 50. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143913","url_text":"The Cochin State Manual"}]},{"reference":"\"Brahman Settlements in Kerala\". www.namboothiri.com. Namboothiri Websites Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/settlement.htm#villagelist","url_text":"\"Brahman Settlements in Kerala\""}]},{"reference":"Kesavan Veluthat (1978). Brahmin Dettlements in Kerala: Historical Studies. Calicut University: Sandhya Publications. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 7 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM9luMy/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Brahmin Dettlements in Kerala: Historical Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Peruvanam: History\". devamela.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://devamela.org/history","url_text":"\"Discover Peruvanam: History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peruvanam Shiva Temple\". www.ola.in. Ola Multimedia. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html","url_text":"\"Peruvanam Shiva Temple\""}]},{"reference":"T A Gopinatha Rao (1992). Travancore Archaeological Series - Vol. III Part II. Department of Cultural Publications, Govt. of Kerala. p. 173.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Peruvanam Graamam (Graamam No. 10)\". www.namboothiri.com. Namboothiri Websites Calicut. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/peruvanam-graamam.htm","url_text":"\"Peruvanam Graamam (Graamam No. 10)\""}]},{"reference":"N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. p. 12. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam"}]},{"reference":"\"Guruvayur Devaswam Notification\" (PDF). guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in. Guruvayur Devaswam. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/News_Pdf/_News_19072023103823096melsanthi.pdf","url_text":"\"Guruvayur Devaswam Notification\""}]},{"reference":"N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. pp. 75–79. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dorman

Peter Dorman

["1 Career","2 References"]

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Peter Dorman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Peter FitzGerald Dorman (born 1948) is an epigrapher, philologist, and Egyptologist. Recently a professor of history and archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), he served as the 15th President of the university from 2008 to 2015. He spent most of his career as a professor and chair in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) of the University of Chicago, and was director of Chicago House in Luxor, the Epigraphic Survey field project of the Oriental Institute. He is presently a professor emeritus of the University of Chicago. Career Dorman is known for his work as a historiographer, epigrapher and philologist, and is a leader in the study of the ancient Near East. He is the author and editor of several major books and many articles on the study of ancient Egypt and is probably best known for his historical work on the reign of Hatshepsut and the Amarna period. His most recent monograph, Faces in Clay: Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus of Ceramic Sculpture from Ancient Egypt (2002), examines artisanal craftsmanship in light of material culture, iconography, and religious texts. He and Betsy M. Bryan of The Johns Hopkins University have co-edited a series of volumes on the Theban area: Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes (2007); Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes (2011); Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut (2014) with José Galán of the National Spanish Research Council, Madrid; and Mural Decoration in the Theban New Kingdom Necropolis (2023). Dorman has also rejected the theory of a coregency between Akhenaten and his father, Amenhotep III in two article.s From 2002 to 2008, Dorman chaired the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. Prior to that, he spent nine years (1988–1997) leading the epigraphic efforts at Chicago House in Luxor, Egypt. From 1977 to 1988, he worked in curatorial positions in the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. On March 21, 2008, the Board of Trustees selected Peter F. Dorman to be the 15th president of the American University of Beirut (effective July 1, 2008), succeeding John Waterbury, who was president from 1998 to 2008. Born in Beirut to a family associated with Lebanon for many generations, Dorman is the great-great grandson of the founder of AUB, Reverend Daniel Bliss. During his presidency, he led the university in a major expansion of its medical center, invigorated interdisciplinary research across the institution, initiated the university’s most ambitious fundraising campaign, championed the reinstatement of faculty tenure, greatly enhanced the level of financial assistance provided to students, and saw AUB's rankings rise from unranked status in the 500s of the QS World Rankings (2007) to 249 (2014). Since 2019, Dorman has been a member of the board of trustees at The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM), an American-style degree-granting institution in Aix-en-Provence, France, which includes IAU College, a study abroad institute for undergraduates. References ^ a b c "Biography of Peter F. Dorman, AUB's 15th President". Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2011-04-01. ^ Dorman, Peter (2005). "The Early Reign of Thutmose III: An Unorthodox Mantle of Coregency". Thutmose III: A New Biography: 39–68. ^ Dorman, Peter (2001). "Hatshepsut: Wicked Stepmother or Joan of Arc?". Oriental Institute News and Notes: 1–6. ^ Dorman, Peter (1988). The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology. London: Kegan Paul, Ltd. ^ Dorman, Peter (2009). "The Long Coregency Revisited: Architectural and Iconographic Conundra in the Tomb of Kheruef". Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Honor of William J. Murnane: 65–82. ^ Dorman, Peter (2010). "Review of Michela Schiff-Giorgini, Soleb volumes III, IV, and V". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 69: 127–32. doi:10.1086/654969. ^ Dorman, Peter (2002). Faces in Clay: Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus of Ceramic Sculpture from Ancient Egypt. Mainz: von Zabern. ^ Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes: Occasional Papers of the Theban Workshop. Chicago: Oriental Institute. 2007. ^ Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes: Occasional Papers of the Theban Workshop. Chicago: Oriental Institute. 2011. ^ Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut: Occasional Papers of the Theban Workshop. Chicago: Oriental Institute. 2014. ^ Mural Decoration in the Theban New Kingdom Necropolis: Occasional Papers of the Theban Workshop. Chicago: Institute of the Study for Ancient Cultures. 2023. ^ Peter Dorman, "The Long Coregency Revisited: Architectural and Iconographic Conundra in the Tomb of Kheruef in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane," Brill (2009); and idem, "Review of Michela Schiff Giorgini, in collaboration with Clément Robichon and Jean Leclant, prepared and edited by Nathalie Beaux, Soleb III, Soleb IV, and Soleb V.  Cairo:  Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1998-2003," in Journal of Near Eastern Studies 69 (2010), 127-32. ^ "Division of the Humanities at the University of Chicago". Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epigrapher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrapher"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"Egyptologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologist"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Oriental Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute"}],"text":"Peter FitzGerald Dorman (born 1948) is an epigrapher, philologist, and Egyptologist. Recently a professor of history and archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), he served as the 15th President of the university from 2008 to 2015.[1] He spent most of his career as a professor and chair in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) of the University of Chicago, and was director of Chicago House in Luxor, the Epigraphic Survey field project of the Oriental Institute. He is presently a professor emeritus of the University of Chicago.","title":"Peter Dorman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Amarna period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_period"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Betsy M. Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago-13"},{"link_name":"Luxor, Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"John Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waterbury"},{"link_name":"Reverend Daniel Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"IAU College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_College"}],"text":"Dorman is known for his work as a historiographer, epigrapher and philologist, and is a leader in the study of the ancient Near East. He is the author and editor of several major books and many articles on the study of ancient Egypt and is probably best known for his historical work on the reign of Hatshepsut[2][3][4] and the Amarna period.[5][6] His most recent monograph, Faces in Clay: Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus of Ceramic Sculpture from Ancient Egypt (2002),[7] examines artisanal craftsmanship in light of material culture, iconography, and religious texts. He and Betsy M. Bryan of The Johns Hopkins University have co-edited a series of volumes on the Theban area: Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes (2007);[8] Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes (2011);[9] Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut (2014)[10] with José Galán of the National Spanish Research Council, Madrid; and Mural Decoration in the Theban New Kingdom Necropolis (2023).[11] Dorman has also rejected the theory of a coregency between Akhenaten and his father, Amenhotep III in two article.s[12]From 2002 to 2008, Dorman chaired the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago.[13] Prior to that, he spent nine years (1988–1997) leading the epigraphic efforts at Chicago House in Luxor, Egypt.[1] From 1977 to 1988, he worked in curatorial positions in the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.On March 21, 2008, the Board of Trustees selected Peter F. Dorman to be the 15th president of the American University of Beirut (effective July 1, 2008),[1] succeeding John Waterbury, who was president from 1998 to 2008. Born in Beirut to a family associated with Lebanon for many generations, Dorman is the great-great grandson of the founder of AUB, Reverend Daniel Bliss. During his presidency, he led the university in a major expansion of its medical center, invigorated interdisciplinary research across the institution, initiated the university’s most ambitious fundraising campaign, championed the reinstatement of faculty tenure, greatly enhanced the level of financial assistance provided to students, and saw AUB's rankings rise from unranked status in the 500s of the QS World Rankings (2007) to 249 (2014). Since 2019, Dorman has been a member of the board of trustees at The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM), an American-style degree-granting institution in Aix-en-Provence, France, which includes IAU College, a study abroad institute for undergraduates.","title":"Career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young_(footballer_born_1944)

Neil Young (footballer, born 1944)

["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 Bibliography"]

English footballer For the former AFC Bournemouth player, see Neil Young (footballer, born 1973). Neil Young Personal informationFull name Neil James YoungDate of birth (1944-02-17)17 February 1944Place of birth Fallowfield, Manchester, EnglandDate of death 3 February 2011(2011-02-03) (aged 66)Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s) Inside-forwardWingerYouth career1959–1961 Manchester CitySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1961–1972 Manchester City 334 (86)1972–1974 Preston North End 68 (18)1974–1975 Rochdale 13 (4)Total 415 (108)International career England Youth *Club domestic league appearances and goals Neil James Young (17 February 1944 – 3 February 2011) was an English footballer who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League playing as a striker for Manchester City, Preston North End and Rochdale. In total, Young scored 86 goals from 334 League games for Manchester City, scored the only goal in the 1969 FA Cup Final, and scored as City won the 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup Final. Transferred to Preston North End for £48,000 during the 1971–72 season, he made 68 League appearances and scored 18 goals for the Deepdale club before finishing his senior career with Rochdale, where he spent the 1974–75 season. Career Young played at Maine Road for eleven years. Young was born in Fallowfield, Manchester, where he lived with his parents and older brother Chris. His house was half a mile from Manchester City's Maine Road ground, which was visible from the bedroom window. As a schoolboy he played for Manchester Boys, facing opponents who were two years older. After catching the eye of scout Harry Godwin, Young signed for Manchester City as an apprentice in 1959, turning down the opportunity to join Manchester United. Around this time he was capped by England at youth level. He turned professional in July 1960, and made his first team debut in November 1961, in a 2–1 defeat against Aston Villa at Villa Park. After breaking into the team for the first time, Young played every match in the remainder of the 1961–62 season. He scored his first goal for the club on 23 December 1961, in a 3–0 home win against Ipswich Town. He finished his first season with 11 goals in 26 appearances. Young's first full season was not a successful one for Manchester City; the team struggled to find form throughout. A four match unbeaten run in April, in which Young scored a winning goal against Bolton Wanderers, gave hope, but on the final day of the season Manchester City were relegated to the Second Division. For the following two seasons Young continued to be a regular first team player, though he missed the first two months of the 1964–65 season. Manchester City did not come close to promotion, and their 11th-place finish in 1965 was at that point the lowest in the club's history. Manager George Poyser departed in April 1965, and in July 1965 his replacement, Joe Mercer, joined the club, along with coach Malcolm Allison. Young missed the start of the 1965–66 season with an illness that resulted in a tonsillectomy. He marked his return to the team with two goals against Coventry City. Up until this point in his career, Young had usually played on the left wing. However, encouraged by Mercer and Allison to shoot more frequently, his position began to vary. Against Leyton Orient, Young was deployed as an inside forward, and scored a hat-trick. He also played inside-forward in an FA Cup tie against Leicester City, and scored the winning goal against a team from the division above. By January, Manchester City were top of the Second Division. The club only lost one match in the remainder of the season, and won the Second Division Championship by a five-point margin. Young finished as the club's highest goalscorer, with 17 goals. Manchester City returned to the First Division for the 1966–67 season, and Young remained a key player. Before Manchester City's game against Leeds United, Leeds manager Don Revie, known for his meticulous scouting of opposition teams, identified Young as a particular threat in a Grandstand interview. Operating mainly on the wing, Young scored less frequently than in the previous season, with 7 goals in 45 appearances. Manchester City finished the 1966–67 season in mid-table, and continued in a similar vein at the start of the 1967–68 season, failing to win in their first three matches. A tactical switch saw Young and Mike Summerbee moved inside, and Young scored two goals in City's first win of the season, 4–2 against Southampton. Four more wins followed immediately, including a 2–0 win against Newcastle United in which Young scored a goal and missed a penalty. Young remained at inside-forward for the rest of the season. Following the arrival of striker Francis Lee and a long unbeaten run, Manchester City entered the New Year as potential title contenders. In mid-March, a 5–1 win against Fulham in which Young scored two goals took Manchester City top of the table. The lead changed hands several times in the following six weeks, but as the teams entered the final round of fixtures, Manchester City travelled to Newcastle knowing a win would guarantee the championship. Young scored twice and had another disallowed as Manchester City won 4–3 to win the title, the first major honour of Young's career. Young also finished the season as the club's highest goalscorer with 20 goals. The following season, Manchester City did not challenge for the title. However, they found more success in the FA Cup. Young played in every round as the club reached the 1969 FA Cup Final. The opponents in the final were Leicester City. As Leicester were struggling against relegation Manchester City were strong favourites. However, the game was a close affair. Midway through the first half, Mike Summerbee crossed the ball from the right, and Young hit a left foot shot past Peter Shilton into the roof of the net. The match finished 1–0, Young's goal winning the Cup for Manchester City. Cup success continued in 1969–70. The club reached and won the League Cup Final, though Young, who had played in all but one of the preceding rounds, was left out of the team for the final. A second final followed a month later, this time in European competition in the form of the European Cup Winners' Cup. City faced Polish club Górnik Zabrze in the final, held at Prater Stadium in Vienna. Young scored the opening goal, from a rebound after a save by Hubert Kostka. Shortly before half-time Young was fouled in the penalty area by Kostka, and Francis Lee scored the resulting penalty. City won the match 2–1 to become the first English team to win a European and domestic trophy within the same season. In late 1970, Young's brother, Chris died aged 31, an event which affected Young deeply. His performances for Manchester City suffered as a result. He played approximately half the matches in the 1970–71 season, scoring only two goals. In the following season, he featured only rarely, and made his last appearance for the club on 16 October 1971, as a substitute against Leeds United. In total, Young scored 86 goals from 334 league games for Manchester City. He was transferred to Second Division club Preston North End for £48,000 during the 1971–72 season. He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Birmingham City. He made 68 league appearances and scored 18 goals for the Deepdale club, but left after the club were relegated in the 1973–74 season. He finished his senior career with Rochdale, where he spent the 1974–75 season. Young, widely regarded as one of Manchester City's most important players of the modern era, though not as celebrated nationally as teammates Colin Bell, Francis Lee and Mike Summerbee, was inducted into the Manchester City Hall of Fame in 2008. Personal life Young married his first wife, Margaret, when he was 19. The couple had a son and two daughters, and divorced in 1982. He also had a daughter with his second wife, Susan. Young married his third wife, Carmen, in 2003, having lived with her since 1989. After retiring from football Young had many different jobs, including removals, managing a sports shop, delivering milk, working in a supermarket, and selling insurance. In his spare time he maintained his fitness by playing badminton, and after winning local tournaments, played the sport for Cheshire. During much of this period he struggled financially, to the point where he had to sell the family home and move in with his mother. Deeply depressed at this point in his life, he attempted suicide. From the mid-1990s Young coached school football teams in the area around his Cheshire home. Young was diagnosed with terminal cancer in late 2010. Following a supporter campaign, Manchester City dedicated their FA Cup tie at Leicester on 9 January 2011 to Young. Supporters wore red and black (the colours City wore in the 1969 final against Leicester), with proceeds from specially made scarves being split between Young and Wythenshawe Hospital. He died on 3 February 2011, just two weeks shy of his 67th birthday. Career statistics Source: Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Manchester City 1961–62 First Division 24 10 2 1 0 0 26 11 1962–63 First Division 31 5 1 0 6 1 32 6 1963–64 Second Division 37 5 1 0 5 1 43 6 1964–65 Second Division 31 8 1 0 1 1 33 9 1965–66 Second Division 35 14 7 3 2 0 49 17 1966–67 First Division 38 4 5 2 2 1 45 7 1967–68 First Division 40 19 4 1 4 1 48 21 1968–69 First Division 40 14 7 2 2 0 49 16 1969–70 First Division 29 6 2 1 5 1 36 8 1970–71 First Division 24 1 3 0 1 0 28 1 1971–72 First Division 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Total 334 86 33 10 28 6 395 102 Preston North End 1972–73 Second Division 1973–74 Second Division Rochdale 1974–75 Fourth Division 13 4 13 4 Career total 347 90 33 10 28 6 408 106 Honours Manchester City Football League First Division: 1967–68 Football League Second Division: 1965–66 FA Cup: 1968–69 FA Charity Shield: 1968–69 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70 References ^ "Player statistics". Mcfcstats. Retrieved 27 January 2011. ^ a b "Neil Young". Mcivta. Retrieved 27 January 2011. ^ a b c Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 214. ^ a b Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 15. ^ a b Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, p.10. ^ a b Penney, The Maine Road Encyclopedia, p. 217. ^ a b c Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, p.11. ^ a b Bailey, Chris (5 March 2008). "Legends enter Hall of Fame". Manchester Evening News. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 37. ^ James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, p. 168. ^ a b c James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, pp. 390–1. ^ Ward, The Manchester City Story, p. 54. ^ Ward, The Manchester City Story, p. 55. ^ a b Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, pp. 18–9. ^ Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, p. 17. ^ Ward, The Manchester City Story, p. 57. ^ James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, pp. 398–9. ^ Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, p. 18. ^ Penney, Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years, p. 35. ^ James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, pp. 400–1. ^ Tossell, Big Mal, p. 137. ^ Goldstone & Saffer, Manchester City Champions 1967/68, p. 26. ^ Tossell, Big Mal, p. 149. ^ James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, p. 126. ^ Geoffrey Green (28 April 1969). "Manchester City's sights set high". The Times. p. 6. ^ Odgen, Mark (7 January 2011). "Roberto Mancini to lead red-and-black scarf tribute to Manchester City FA Cup hero Neil Young". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ^ Ward, The Manchester City Story, p. 65. ^ a b Ward, The Manchester City Story, p. 66. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, c. 7. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 139. ^ James, Manchester City – The Complete Record, p. 410. ^ Penney, The Maine Road Encyclopedia, p. 218. ^ a b Hayes, The Who's Who of Preston North End, p. 256. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 157. ^ a b Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 158. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 181. ^ a b c d Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 159. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 160. ^ a b Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 162. ^ Young, Catch a Falling Star, p. 186. ^ "City red and black scarf tribute to Neil Young". Manchester City F.C. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011. ^ "Scarf tribute to ill Manchester City legend Neil Young". Manchester Evening News. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011. ^ "Neil Young 1944–2011". Manchester City F.C. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011. ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6. Bibliography Goldstone, Phil; Saffer, David (2005). Manchester City Champions 1967/68. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3611-2. Hayes, Dean (2006). The Who's Who of Preston North End. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-516-3. James, Gary (2006). Manchester City – The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-512-0. Penney, Ian (1995). The Maine Road Encyclopedia. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-710-1. Penney, Ian (2008). Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 978-1-85983-608-8. Tossell, David (2008). Big Mal: The High Life and hard Times of Malcolm Allison, Football Legend. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-84596-478-8. Ward, Andrew (1984). The Manchester City Story. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 0-907969-05-4. Young, Neil; Friend, Dante (2004). Catch a Falling Star: the autobiography of Neil Young. Manchester: Empire. ISBN 1-901746-43-7. vteManchester City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2004 Bell Book Brook Clarke Corrigan Doherty Johnson Lake Lee Meredith Paul Quinn Summerbee Swift Trautmann 2005 Allison Barnes Cowan Mercer Oakes 2006 1956 FA Cup Final XI Doyle Goater Hart Toseland 2008 Tilson Williams Young 2009 Rösler

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Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lee_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Mike Summerbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Summerbee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-8"}],"text":"Young played at Maine Road for eleven years.Young was born in Fallowfield, Manchester, where he lived with his parents and older brother Chris.[4] His house was half a mile from Manchester City's Maine Road ground, which was visible from the bedroom window.[5] As a schoolboy he played for Manchester Boys,[6] facing opponents who were two years older.[7] After catching the eye of scout Harry Godwin,[7] Young signed for Manchester City as an apprentice in 1959,[8] turning down the opportunity to join Manchester United.[7] Around this time he was capped by England at youth level.[9] He turned professional in July 1960,[10] and made his first team debut in November 1961, in a 2–1 defeat against Aston Villa at Villa Park.[6] After breaking into the team for the first time, Young played every match in the remainder of the 1961–62 season.[11] He scored his first goal for the club on 23 December 1961, in a 3–0 home win against Ipswich Town.[11] He finished his first season with 11 goals in 26 appearances.[11]Young's first full season was not a successful one for Manchester City; the team struggled to find form throughout. A four match unbeaten run in April, in which Young scored a winning goal against Bolton Wanderers,[12] gave hope, but on the final day of the season Manchester City were relegated to the Second Division.[13] For the following two seasons Young continued to be a regular first team player, though he missed the first two months of the 1964–65 season. Manchester City did not come close to promotion, and their 11th-place finish in 1965 was at that point the lowest in the club's history. Manager George Poyser departed in April 1965, and in July 1965 his replacement, Joe Mercer, joined the club, along with coach Malcolm Allison.[5]Young missed the start of the 1965–66 season with an illness that resulted in a tonsillectomy.[14] He marked his return to the team with two goals against Coventry City.[14] Up until this point in his career, Young had usually played on the left wing. However, encouraged by Mercer and Allison to shoot more frequently,[15] his position began to vary. Against Leyton Orient, Young was deployed as an inside forward, and scored a hat-trick.[16] He also played inside-forward in an FA Cup tie against Leicester City, and scored the winning goal against a team from the division above. By January, Manchester City were top of the Second Division. The club only lost one match in the remainder of the season, and won the Second Division Championship by a five-point margin.[17] Young finished as the club's highest goalscorer, with 17 goals.[18]Manchester City returned to the First Division for the 1966–67 season, and Young remained a key player. Before Manchester City's game against Leeds United, Leeds manager Don Revie, known for his meticulous scouting of opposition teams, identified Young as a particular threat in a Grandstand interview.[19] Operating mainly on the wing, Young scored less frequently than in the previous season, with 7 goals in 45 appearances.[20]Manchester City finished the 1966–67 season in mid-table, and continued in a similar vein at the start of the 1967–68 season, failing to win in their first three matches. A tactical switch saw Young and Mike Summerbee moved inside, and Young scored two goals in City's first win of the season, 4–2 against Southampton.[21] Four more wins followed immediately, including a 2–0 win against Newcastle United in which Young scored a goal and missed a penalty.[22] Young remained at inside-forward for the rest of the season. Following the arrival of striker Francis Lee and a long unbeaten run, Manchester City entered the New Year as potential title contenders. In mid-March, a 5–1 win against Fulham in which Young scored two goals took Manchester City top of the table.[23] The lead changed hands several times in the following six weeks, but as the teams entered the final round of fixtures, Manchester City travelled to Newcastle knowing a win would guarantee the championship. Young scored twice and had another disallowed as Manchester City won 4–3 to win the title,[24] the first major honour of Young's career. Young also finished the season as the club's highest goalscorer with 20 goals.The following season, Manchester City did not challenge for the title. However, they found more success in the FA Cup. Young played in every round as the club reached the 1969 FA Cup Final. The opponents in the final were Leicester City. As Leicester were struggling against relegation Manchester City were strong favourites. However, the game was a close affair. Midway through the first half, Mike Summerbee crossed the ball from the right, and Young hit a left foot shot past Peter Shilton into the roof of the net.[25] The match finished 1–0, Young's goal winning the Cup for Manchester City.[26]Cup success continued in 1969–70. The club reached and won the League Cup Final, though Young, who had played in all but one of the preceding rounds, was left out of the team for the final.[27] A second final followed a month later, this time in European competition in the form of the European Cup Winners' Cup. City faced Polish club Górnik Zabrze in the final, held at Prater Stadium in Vienna. Young scored the opening goal, from a rebound after a save by Hubert Kostka.[28] Shortly before half-time Young was fouled in the penalty area by Kostka, and Francis Lee scored the resulting penalty.[28] City won the match 2–1 to become the first English team to win a European and domestic trophy within the same season.In late 1970, Young's brother, Chris died aged 31, an event which affected Young deeply.[29] His performances for Manchester City suffered as a result. He played approximately half the matches in the 1970–71 season, scoring only two goals.[30] In the following season, he featured only rarely, and made his last appearance for the club on 16 October 1971, as a substitute against Leeds United.[31]In total, Young scored 86 goals from 334 league games for Manchester City.[3] He was transferred to Second Division club Preston North End for £48,000 during the 1971–72 season.[32] He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Birmingham City.[33] He made 68 league appearances and scored 18 goals for the Deepdale club, but left after the club were relegated in the 1973–74 season.[33] He finished his senior career with Rochdale, where he spent the 1974–75 season.[3]Young, widely regarded as one of Manchester City's most important players of the modern era, though not as celebrated nationally as teammates Colin Bell, Francis Lee and Mike Summerbee, was inducted into the Manchester City Hall of Fame in 2008.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young,_p._15-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young158-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young158-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young159-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young159-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young159-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young159-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young162-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young162-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Wythenshawe Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wythenshawe_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Young married his first wife, Margaret, when he was 19.[4] The couple had a son and two daughters, and divorced in 1982.[34] He also had a daughter with his second wife, Susan.[35] Young married his third wife, Carmen, in 2003,[36] having lived with her since 1989.After retiring from football Young had many different jobs, including removals,[35] managing a sports shop,[37] delivering milk,[37] working in a supermarket,[37] and selling insurance.[38] In his spare time he maintained his fitness by playing badminton, and after winning local tournaments, played the sport for Cheshire.[37] During much of this period he struggled financially, to the point where he had to sell the family home and move in with his mother.[39] Deeply depressed at this point in his life, he attempted suicide.[39] From the mid-1990s Young coached school football teams in the area around his Cheshire home.[40]Young was diagnosed with terminal cancer in late 2010. Following a supporter campaign, Manchester City dedicated their FA Cup tie at Leicester on 9 January 2011 to Young. Supporters wore red and black (the colours City wore in the 1969 final against Leicester),[41] with proceeds from specially made scarves being split between Young and Wythenshawe Hospital.[42] He died on 3 February 2011, just two weeks shy of his 67th birthday.[43]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-2"}],"text":"Source:[2]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Football_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"}],"text":"Manchester CityFootball League First Division: 1967–68\nFootball League Second Division: 1965–66\nFA Cup: 1968–69[44]\nFA Charity Shield: 1968–69\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7524-3611-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3611-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85983-516-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-516-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85983-512-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-512-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85158-710-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-710-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85983-608-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-608-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84596-478-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-478-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-907969-05-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907969-05-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-901746-43-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901746-43-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Manchester_City_F.C._Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Manchester_City_F.C._Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_City_F.C._Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Manchester City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_City_F.C._players"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Bell_(footballer,_born_1946)"},{"link_name":"Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Book"},{"link_name":"Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Brook"},{"link_name":"Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Clarke_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Corrigan"},{"link_name":"Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doherty_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Johnson_(footballer,_born_1901)"},{"link_name":"Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lee_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Meredith"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Paul"},{"link_name":"Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Summerbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Summerbee"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Swift"},{"link_name":"Trautmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Trautmann"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Allison"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Barnes_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cowan"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Oakes"},{"link_name":"1956 FA Cup Final XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Doyle_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Goater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Goater"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hart_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Toseland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Toseland"},{"link_name":"Tilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tilson"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Williams_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rösler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_R%C3%B6sler"}],"text":"Goldstone, Phil; Saffer, David (2005). Manchester City Champions 1967/68. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3611-2.\nHayes, Dean (2006). The Who's Who of Preston North End. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-516-3.\nJames, Gary (2006). Manchester City – The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-512-0.\nPenney, Ian (1995). The Maine Road Encyclopedia. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-710-1.\nPenney, Ian (2008). Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 978-1-85983-608-8.\nTossell, David (2008). Big Mal: The High Life and hard Times of Malcolm Allison, Football Legend. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-84596-478-8.\nWard, Andrew (1984). The Manchester City Story. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 0-907969-05-4.\nYoung, Neil; Friend, Dante (2004). Catch a Falling Star: the autobiography of Neil Young. Manchester: Empire. ISBN 1-901746-43-7.vteManchester City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2004\nBell\nBook\nBrook\nClarke\nCorrigan\nDoherty\nJohnson\nLake\nLee\nMeredith\nPaul\nQuinn\nSummerbee\nSwift\nTrautmann\n2005\nAllison\nBarnes\nCowan\nMercer\nOakes\n2006\n1956 FA Cup Final XI\nDoyle\nGoater\nHart\nToseland\n2008\nTilson\nWilliams\nYoung\n2009\nRösler","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Young played at Maine Road for eleven years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Main_Stand%2C_Maine_Road%2C_1985.jpg/220px-Main_Stand%2C_Maine_Road%2C_1985.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Player statistics\". Mcfcstats. Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcfcstats.com/","url_text":"\"Player statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neil Young\". Mcivta. Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcivta.com/players/old/young-neil.html","url_text":"\"Neil Young\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Chris (5 March 2008). \"Legends enter Hall of Fame\". Manchester Evening News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Green (28 April 1969). \"Manchester City's sights set high\". The Times. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Odgen, Mark (7 January 2011). \"Roberto Mancini to lead red-and-black scarf tribute to Manchester City FA Cup hero Neil Young\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8246770/Roberto-Mancini-to-lead-red-and-black-scarf-tribute-to-Manchester-City-FA-Cup-hero-Neil-Young.html","url_text":"\"Roberto Mancini to lead red-and-black scarf tribute to Manchester City FA Cup hero Neil Young\""}]},{"reference":"\"City red and black scarf tribute to Neil Young\". Manchester City F.C. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Club-news/2010/December/Red-and-black-for-Leicester","url_text":"\"City red and black scarf tribute to Neil Young\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scarf tribute to ill Manchester City legend Neil Young\". Manchester Evening News. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/1404000_scarf_tribute_to_ill_manchester_city_legend_neil_young","url_text":"\"Scarf tribute to ill Manchester City legend Neil Young\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neil Young 1944–2011\". Manchester City F.C. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcfc.co.uk/News/Club-news/2011/February/Neil-Young-passes-away","url_text":"\"Neil Young 1944–2011\""}]},{"reference":"Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0354_09018_6","url_text":"0354 09018 6"}]},{"reference":"Goldstone, Phil; Saffer, David (2005). Manchester City Champions 1967/68. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3611-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3611-2","url_text":"0-7524-3611-2"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Dean (2006). The Who's Who of Preston North End. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-516-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-516-3","url_text":"1-85983-516-3"}]},{"reference":"James, Gary (2006). Manchester City – The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-512-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-512-0","url_text":"1-85983-512-0"}]},{"reference":"Penney, Ian (1995). The Maine Road Encyclopedia. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-710-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-710-1","url_text":"1-85158-710-1"}]},{"reference":"Penney, Ian (2008). Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 978-1-85983-608-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-608-8","url_text":"978-1-85983-608-8"}]},{"reference":"Tossell, David (2008). Big Mal: The High Life and hard Times of Malcolm Allison, Football Legend. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-84596-478-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-478-8","url_text":"978-1-84596-478-8"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Andrew (1984). The Manchester City Story. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 0-907969-05-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907969-05-4","url_text":"0-907969-05-4"}]},{"reference":"Young, Neil; Friend, Dante (2004). Catch a Falling Star: the autobiography of Neil Young. Manchester: Empire. ISBN 1-901746-43-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901746-43-7","url_text":"1-901746-43-7"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hutchinson_(footballer_born_1948)

Ian Hutchinson (footballer, born 1948)

["1 Honours","2 References"]

English footballer This article is about the 1960s and 70s footballer. For the 1990s and 2000s player, see Ian Hutchinson (footballer born 1972). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ian Hutchinson" footballer, born 1948 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ian HutchinsonPersonal informationDate of birth (1948-08-04)4 August 1948Place of birth Derby, EnglandDate of death 19 September 2002(2002-09-19) (aged 54)Position(s) StrikerYouth career Burton AlbionSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1966–1968 Burton Albion 49 (19)1968 Cambridge United 1968–1976 Chelsea 119 (44) Cork United 1976-1979 Slinfold 45 (25) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Ian Hutchinson (4 August 1948 – 19 September 2002) was an English footballer who spent most of his career with Chelsea. Hutchinson was born in Derby and started his career with non-league Burton Albion before signing for Cambridge United in February 1968. In July 1968 he joined Chelsea for £5000. Chelsea coach Ron Suart had journeyed to Cambridge to watch a goalkeeper, but instead recommended Hutchinson to manager Dave Sexton. Hutchinson was a striker noted for his impressive heading ability and for taking long throw-ins. On his debut against Ipswich Town, he sent in a series of long throws which reached the opposite side of the penalty area, confusing both the opposing defenders and the crowd and one of which an Ipswich defender inadvertently put into his own net. At Chelsea he proved to be the perfect foil for the more technically gifted Peter Osgood after a sparkling debut partnership in which both players scored in a 3–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday. During the 1969-70 season they scored 53 goals between them. That season turned out to be Hutchinson's most successful, as he scored an impressive 16 goals in 26 league appearances. Hutchinson is most notable for his part in Chelsea winning the FA Cup that same season. In the final against Leeds United, he was often in the thick of the action. In the first match at Wembley his headed flick-on teed up Peter Houseman for Chelsea's first equaliser and he was later floored by a challenge from Leeds' Norman Hunter. Leeds took the lead with six minutes to go, but two minutes later Hutchinson, still limping from Hunter's challenge, headed in John Hollins' cross to take the game to a replay. Two weeks later at Old Trafford, with the game tied at 1-1 going into extra time, Hutchinson launched one of his trademark long throw-ins into the Leeds penalty area and it was headed in by David Webb to win the cup for Chelsea. Despite more impressive performances in the following years at Chelsea, the remainder of his career was blighted by injuries, including two broken legs, a broken arm, a broken toe and persistent knee trouble, which kept him out of the side's successful Cup Winners' Cup run the following year and limited him to just 4 appearances in the 1972-73 season. He retired in July 1976 aged 27, having been unable to conquer his injury woes. He made 144 appearances for Chelsea and scored 58 goals. All that remained of his playing days was a brief stint with non-League Dartford FC, during which he often took to the field in immense pain. There followed a spell as Chelsea's commercial manager in the late 1970s and in more recent years Hutchinson worked in corporate hospitality for several clubs. Following his professional retirement, Hutchinson joined Slinfold FC where he played under the village hero Ian Haines. Unfortunately, his injuries remained an issue and he changed position to centre back where he still managed to score 25 goals in 45 games. He died in September 2002 after a long illness. Honours Chelsea FA Cup: 1969–70 References ^ "Category: Ian Hutchinson". ^ CHELSEA : 1946/47 - 2008/09, Newcastle Fans. ^ "From Albert Rovers to Cork City FC". www.corkpastandpresent.ie. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ www.independent.co.uk ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.

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For the 1990s and 2000s player, see Ian Hutchinson (footballer born 1972).Ian Hutchinson (4 August 1948 – 19 September 2002) was an English footballer who spent most of his career with Chelsea.Hutchinson was born in Derby and started his career with non-league Burton Albion before signing for Cambridge United in February 1968. In July 1968 he joined Chelsea for £5000. Chelsea coach Ron Suart had journeyed to Cambridge to watch a goalkeeper, but instead recommended Hutchinson to manager Dave Sexton.Hutchinson was a striker noted for his impressive heading ability and for taking long throw-ins. On his debut against Ipswich Town, he sent in a series of long throws which reached the opposite side of the penalty area, confusing both the opposing defenders and the crowd and one of which an Ipswich defender inadvertently put into his own net. At Chelsea he proved to be the perfect foil for the more technically gifted Peter Osgood after a sparkling debut partnership in which both players scored in a 3–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday. During the 1969-70 season they scored 53 goals between them. That season turned out to be Hutchinson's most successful, as he scored an impressive 16 goals in 26 league appearances.Hutchinson is most notable for his part in Chelsea winning the FA Cup that same season. In the final against Leeds United, he was often in the thick of the action. In the first match at Wembley his headed flick-on teed up Peter Houseman for Chelsea's first equaliser and he was later floored by a challenge from Leeds' Norman Hunter. Leeds took the lead with six minutes to go, but two minutes later Hutchinson, still limping from Hunter's challenge, headed in John Hollins' cross to take the game to a replay. Two weeks later at Old Trafford, with the game tied at 1-1 going into extra time, Hutchinson launched one of his trademark long throw-ins into the Leeds penalty area and it was headed in by David Webb to win the cup for Chelsea.Despite more impressive performances in the following years at Chelsea, the remainder of his career was blighted by injuries, including two broken legs, a broken arm, a broken toe and persistent knee trouble, which kept him out of the side's successful Cup Winners' Cup run the following year and limited him to just 4 appearances in the 1972-73 season. He retired in July 1976 aged 27, having been unable to conquer his injury woes. He made 144 appearances for Chelsea and scored 58 goals.All that remained of his playing days was a brief stint with non-League Dartford FC,[4] during which he often took to the field in immense pain. There followed a spell as Chelsea's commercial manager in the late 1970s and in more recent years Hutchinson worked in corporate hospitality for several clubs.Following his professional retirement, Hutchinson joined Slinfold FC where he played under the village hero Ian Haines. Unfortunately, his injuries remained an issue and he changed position to centre back where he still managed to score 25 goals in 45 games.He died in September 2002 after a long illness.","title":"Ian Hutchinson (footballer, born 1948)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"ChelseaFA Cup: 1969–70[5]","title":"Honours"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_In_Garbage_Out

Garbage in, garbage out

["1 History","2 Uses","3 See also","4 References"]

Phrase used in computer science "GIGO" redirects here. For the protein subunits, see Gi/Go. For the Japanese arcade chain GENDA GiGO, see Sega World. In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is the concept that flawed, biased or poor quality ("garbage") information or input produces a result or output of similar ("garbage") quality. The adage points to the need to improve data quality in, for example, programming. Rubbish in, rubbish out (RIRO) is an alternate wording. The principle applies to all logical argumentation: soundness implies validity, but validity does not imply soundness. History The expression was popular in the early days of computing. The first known use is in a 1957 syndicated newspaper article about US Army mathematicians and their work with early computers, in which an Army Specialist named William D. Mellin explained that computers cannot think for themselves, and that "sloppily programmed" inputs inevitably lead to incorrect outputs. The underlying principle was noted by the inventor of the first programmable computing device design: On two occasions I have been asked, "Pray, Mr. Babbage, if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right answers come out?" ... I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question.— Charles Babbage, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher More recently, the Marine Accident Investigation Branch comes to a similar conclusion: A loading computer is an effective and useful tool for the safe running of a ship. However, its output can only be as accurate as the information entered into it.— MAIB, SAFETY FLYER Hoegh Osaka: Listing, flooding and grounding on 3 January 2015 The term may have been derived from last-in, first-out (LIFO) or first-in, first-out (FIFO). Uses This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Garbage in, garbage out" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This phrase can be used as an explanation for the poor quality of a digitized audio or video file. Although digitizing can be the first step in cleaning up a signal, it does not, by itself, improve the quality. Defects in the original analog signal will be faithfully recorded, but might be identified and removed by a subsequent step by digital signal processing. GIGO is also used to describe failures in human decision-making due to faulty, incomplete, or imprecise data. In audiology, GIGO describes the process that occurs at the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) when auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder is present. This occurs when the neural firing from the cochlea has become unsynchronized, resulting in a static-filled sound being input into the DCN and then passed up the chain to the auditory cortex. The term was applied by Dan Schwartz at the 2012 Worldwide ANSD Conference, St. Petersburg, Florida, on 16 March 2012; and adopted as industry jargon to describe the electrical signal received by the dorsal cochlear nucleus and passed up the auditory chain to the superior olivary complex on the way to the auditory cortex destination. GIGO was the name of a Usenet gateway program to FidoNet, MAUSnet, e.a. See also Look up garbage in, garbage out or GIGO in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Algorithmic bias Computer says no FINO Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder Standard error Undefined behavior Data processing inequality No free lunch theorem References ^ Demming, Anna (June 30, 2019). "Machine learning collaborations accelerate materials discovery". Physics World. Retrieved September 18, 2019. ^ Adair, John (February 3, 2009). The Art of Creative Thinking: How to be Innovative and Develop Great Ideas. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 9780749460082. ^ Fortey, Richard (September 1, 2011). Survivors: The Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind (Text Only). HarperCollins UK. pp. 23, 24. ISBN 9780007441389. ^ "Work With New Electronic 'Brains' Opens Field For Army Math Experts". The Hammond Times. November 10, 1957. p. 65. Retrieved March 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Babbage, Charles (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. Longman and Co. p. 67. OCLC 258982. ^ MAIB (March 17, 2016). "SAFETY FLYER" (PDF). MAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016. ^ Quinion, Michael (November 5, 2005). "Garbage in, garbage out". World Wide Words. Retrieved February 26, 2012. ^ Berlin, Hood, Russell, Morlet et al (2010) Multi-site diagnosis and management of 260 patients with Auditory Neuropathy-Dys-synchrony (Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder) ^ jfesler (January 1, 2001). "GIGO History". gigo.com. Retrieved January 24, 2014.

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For the protein subunits, see Gi/Go. For the Japanese arcade chain GENDA GiGO, see Sega World.In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is the concept that flawed, biased or poor quality (\"garbage\") information or input produces a result or output of similar (\"garbage\") quality. The adage points to the need to improve data quality in, for example, programming. 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The first known use is in a 1957 syndicated newspaper article about US Army mathematicians and their work with early computers,[4] in which an Army Specialist named William D. Mellin explained that computers cannot think for themselves, and that \"sloppily programmed\" inputs inevitably lead to incorrect outputs. The underlying principle was noted by the inventor of the first programmable computing device design:On two occasions I have been asked, \"Pray, Mr. Babbage, if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right answers come out?\" ... I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question.— Charles Babbage, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher[5]More recently, the Marine Accident Investigation Branch comes to a similar conclusion:A loading computer is an effective and useful tool for the safe running of a ship. However, its output can only be as accurate as the information entered into it.— MAIB, SAFETY FLYER Hoegh Osaka: Listing, flooding and grounding on 3 January 2015[6]The term may have been derived from last-in, first-out (LIFO) or first-in, first-out (FIFO).[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digitizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing"},{"link_name":"digital signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"decision-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making"},{"link_name":"audiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology"},{"link_name":"dorsal cochlear nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus"},{"link_name":"auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_neuropathy_spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"dorsal cochlear nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus"},{"link_name":"superior olivary complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex"},{"link_name":"auditory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_cortex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"FidoNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This phrase can be used as an explanation for the poor quality of a digitized audio or video file. Although digitizing can be the first step in cleaning up a signal, it does not, by itself, improve the quality. Defects in the original analog signal will be faithfully recorded, but might be identified and removed by a subsequent step by digital signal processing.GIGO is also used to describe failures in human decision-making due to faulty, incomplete, or imprecise data.In audiology, GIGO describes the process that occurs at the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) when auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder is present. This occurs when the neural firing from the cochlea has become unsynchronized, resulting in a static-filled sound being input into the DCN and then passed up the chain to the auditory cortex.[8] The term was applied by Dan Schwartz at the 2012 Worldwide ANSD Conference, St. Petersburg, Florida, on 16 March 2012; and adopted as industry jargon to describe the electrical signal received by the dorsal cochlear nucleus and passed up the auditory chain to the superior olivary complex on the way to the auditory cortex destination.[citation needed]GIGO was the name of a Usenet gateway program to FidoNet, MAUSnet, e.a.[9]","title":"Uses"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Indiana

New Haven, Indiana

["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Education","6 Economy","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°04′16″N 84°59′27″W / 41.07111°N 84.99083°W / 41.07111; -84.99083 City in Indiana, United StatesCity of New Haven, IndianaCityDowntown New HavenLocation of New Haven in Allen County, Indiana.Coordinates: 41°04′16″N 84°59′27″W / 41.07111°N 84.99083°W / 41.07111; -84.99083CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyAllenTownshipAdams, Jefferson, St. JosephGovernment • MayorSteven McMichael (R)Area • Total11.83 sq mi (30.64 km2) • Land11.83 sq mi (30.63 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2)  0.10%Elevation768 ft (234 m)Population (2020) • Total15,583 • Density1,317.69/sq mi (508.77/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code46774Area code260FIPS code18-52992GNIS feature ID2395199Websitewww.newhavenin.org New Haven is a city in Adams, Jefferson, and St. Joseph townships, Allen County, Indiana, United States. It sits to the east of the city of Fort Wayne, the second largest city in Indiana, and is situated mostly along the southern banks of the Maumee River. The population was 15,843 as of 2022. History St. Louis Catholic Church, located just southeast of New Haven, is on the National Register of Historic Places. New Haven was platted in 1839 by Henry Burgess and was incorporated as a town under Indiana law in 1865. It became incorporated as a city in 1963. Several homes built by the Burgess family remain in New Haven. A Burgess home on Summit Street is the oldest brick structure in Jefferson Township. Henry Burgess' son-in-law, E.W. Green built a large frame Greek Revival house on the hill above what is now Schnelker Park and the former New Haven Elementary School building. Another Burgess structure remains at the corner of Summit and Eben Streets. In the 1850's the Swiss Amish arrived in the region, and what makes them distinct is that they speak an Alsatian German Language. The Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society operates east of New Haven on Edgerton Road. The society has restored Nickel Plate 765 built by the Lima Locomotive Works of Lima, Ohio and restored the Craigville Depot, which are housed at the New Haven site. The French settlement of Besançon, a historic settlement in New Haven, is on the eastern edge of the town along the Lincoln Highway. Saint Louis Catholic Church at Besançon is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Also listed is the Wabash Railroad Depot. New Haven was the home of a weekly newspaper, Allen County Times, until the summer of 2002. The paper served New Haven, Leo-Cedarville, Grabill, Harlan, Woodburn, Hoagland, and Monroeville. Geography According to the 2010 census, New Haven has a total area of 9.875 square miles (25.58 km2), of which 9.87 square miles (25.56 km2) (or 99.95%) is land and 0.005 square miles (0.01 km2) (or 0.05%) is water. New Haven was the westernmost point of prehistoric glacial Lake Maumee which was an extension of Lake Erie. The bed of Lake Maumee then became the Great Black Swamp, which covered an area between New Haven and present-day Toledo, Ohio. The route of the old Lincoln Highway east of New Haven follows the southern lakebank of glacial Lake Maumee, a notable geological feature. Climate Climate data for New Haven, Indiana Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 69(21) 73(23) 90(32) 90(32) 99(37) 106(41) 103(39) 102(39) 100(38) 91(33) 79(26) 71(22) 106(41) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 31(−1) 36(2) 47(8) 60(16) 72(22) 81(27) 84(29) 82(28) 75(24) 63(17) 49(9) 36(2) 60(15) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 16(−9) 19(−7) 29(−2) 38(3) 49(9) 59(15) 63(17) 60(16) 53(12) 42(6) 33(1) 22(−6) 40(5) Record low °F (°C) −24(−31) −19(−28) −10(−23) 7(−14) 27(−3) 36(2) 38(3) 38(3) 29(−2) 19(−7) −1(−18) −18(−28) −24(−31) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.05(52) 1.94(49) 2.86(73) 3.54(90) 3.75(95) 4.04(103) 3.58(91) 3.60(91) 2.81(71) 2.63(67) 2.98(76) 2.77(70) 36.55(928) Source: The Weather Channel. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1870912—1880858−5.9%18901,07925.8%1900950−12.0%19101,0389.3%19201,23719.2%19301,70237.6%19401,87210.0%19502,33624.8%19603,39645.4%19705,34657.4%19806,71425.6%19909,32038.8%200012,40633.1%201014,79419.2%202015,5835.3%Source: US Census Bureau As of the census of 2010, there were 14,794 people, 200 households, and 3,986 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,498.9 inhabitants per square mile (578.7/km2). There were 6,328 housing units at an average density of 641.1 per square mile (247.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.2% White, 3.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races,0.16 MLG, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population. There were 5,839 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. Government New Haven is governed by a mayor-council government. The current mayor is Republican Steven McMichael. Past mayors include Republican Walter Krueck, Republican Herbert Brudi, Republican Terry Werling, Democrat Eugene Taylor, Republican Lynn Shaw, and Democrat-turned-Republican Terry McDonald. Education St. John the Baptist Catholic School in New Haven Almost all of New Haven is in the East Allen County Schools (EACS) public school district. EACS offices are headquartered in New Haven. Most areas are assigned to New Haven Primary School, New Haven Intermediate School, and New Haven Junior High School/New Haven High School. Previously New Haven Middle School had its own building. As of May 25, 2019, New Haven Middle School is being torn down and grades 7 and 8 will be moving to the High School into the recently added Junior High section. The sixth grade will be moved to the new Intermediate building along with grades 3–5. So when the 2019–2020 school year begins, the only New Haven titled schools in function will be New Haven High and Junior High School, New Haven Intermediate, and New Haven Primary. Small portions of the city limits are in the Paul Harding Junior High School feeder pattern, the Woodlan Junior/Senior High School feeder pattern, and the Heritage Junior/Senior High School feeder pattern. Another small part of the city is zoned to Fort Wayne Community Schools (FWCS): Haley Elementary School, Blackhawk Middle School, and Snider High School. Private education is offered through two Catholic schools, Saint John the Baptist Catholic School and Saint Louis Academy, and one Lutheran school, Central Lutheran School. Allen County Public Library serves residents through the New Haven Library Branch. Economy New Haven is surrounded by an abundance of fertile soil, making agriculture the largest visible economic asset. Corporate headquarters of Do It Best hardware stores is located in New Haven, along with Central States Grain, a large soybean and grain processor, has its operational headquarters in New Haven. O'Neal Steel, the nation's sixth largest steel center, operates a New Haven branch. Other major employers include East Allen County Schools, Norfolk Southern, and BFGoodrich (located in nearby Woodburn, Indiana). Notable people Bubbles Hargrave in 1914. Lloy Ball, professional volleyball player, Olympic gold medalist, 2008 Summer Olympics David Doster, former player for MLB Philadelphia Phillies Allan H. Dougall, recipient of the Medal of Honor. Norm Ellenberger, former head coach of the University of New Mexico Lobos and assistant coach to the NBA Chicago Bulls Sharon Rose Gabet – Daytime television actress, late 1970s, 1980s. Bubbles Hargrave, former player for MLB Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds and New York Yankees Pinky Hargrave, former player for MLB Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Boston Braves Mitchell 'Mitch' V. Harper - lawyer, former Indiana legislator and Fort Wayne City Council president Phyllis Pond, Indiana legislator and educator Lorna G. Schofield, Judge of the US Southern District Court of New York References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: New Haven, Indiana ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Griswold, Bert Joseph; Taylor, Mrs. Samuel R. (1917). The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana: A Review of Two Centuries of Occupation of the Region about the Head of the Maumee River. Robert O. Law Company. p. 599. ^ "About New Haven". City of New Haven. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ "Who are the Swiss Amish?". Amish America. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ "Monthly Averages for New Haven, Indiana". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2009. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ "Mayor's Office". New Haven, IN. Retrieved March 11, 2020. ^ Leininger, Kevin (March 7, 2019). "New Haven Mayor Terry McDonald Prepares for His Last Speech and New Challenges". The News-Sentinel. Retrieved March 11, 2020. ^ a b "New Haven City Districts" (PDF). Allen County. 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ a b c "District Boundary Map" (PDF). East Allen County Schools. Retrieved April 3, 2020. - Compare to the city limits of New Haven. ^ Sandleben, Tony (May 10, 2019). "New Haven Middle School to be torn down in EACS transition". WANE. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ a b "High School Map" (PDF). Fort Wayne Community Schools. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ "Elementary Map" (PDF). Fort Wayne Community Schools. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ "Homepage". Allen County Public Library. Retrieved March 4, 2018. ^ "Leading Employers In Allen County". Fort Wayne – Allen County Economic Development Alliance. 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Haven, Indiana. City of New Haven, Indiana website Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine City of New Haven (Newhavenin.org) at the Wayback Machine (archive index) vteMunicipalities and communities of Allen County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: Fort WayneCities Fort Wayne New Haven Woodburn Map of Indiana highlighting Allen CountyTowns Grabill Huntertown Leo-Cedarville Monroeville Zanesville‡ Townships Aboite Adams Cedar Creek Eel River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Madison Marion Maumee Milan Monroe Perry Pleasant Saint Joseph Scipio Springfield Washington Wayne CDPs Arcola Harlan Hessen Cassel Hoagland Lake Everett Maples Othercommunities Aboite Academie Ari‡ Cedar Shores Cuba Dixon‡ Dunfee‡ East Liberty Edgerton Ellisville Five Points Georgetown Hursh Middletown Milan Center Nine Mile Poe Royville Thurman Tillman Townley Yoder Zulu Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Indiana portal United States portal vteFort Wayne–Huntington–Auburn Combined Statistical AreaCounties Adams Allen DeKalb Huntington Noble Steuben Wells Whitley Municipalities with populationover 10,000 in 2010 Auburn Fort Wayne Huntington New Haven Municipalities with population1,000-10,000 in 2010 Albion Andrews Angola Ashley Avilla Berne Bluffton Butler Churubusco Columbia City Decatur Fremont Garrett Geneva Grabill Hamilton Huntertown Kendallville Leo-Cedarville Ligonier Markle Monroeville Ossian Roanoke Rome City South Whitley Warren Waterloo Woodburn Municipalities with populationunder 1,000 in 2010 Altona Clear Lake Corunna Cromwell Hudson Larwill Monroe Mount Etna Orland Poneto Saint Joe Uniondale Vera Cruz Wolcottville Zanesville CDPs Harlan Hoagland Kimmell Tri-Lakes Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Township,_Allen_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Township,_Allen_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_Township,_Allen_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Allen County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Maumee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maumee_River"}],"text":"City in Indiana, United StatesNew Haven is a city in Adams, Jefferson, and St. Joseph townships, Allen County, Indiana, United States. It sits to the east of the city of Fort Wayne, the second largest city in Indiana, and is situated mostly along the southern banks of the Maumee River. The population was 15,843 as of 2022.","title":"New Haven, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Louis%27_Catholic_Church_near_New_Haven.jpg"},{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Swiss Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Amish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alsatian German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Railroad_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Nickel Plate 765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_Plate_765"},{"link_name":"Lima Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"Lima, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Craigville Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigville_Depot"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Besancon,_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Wabash Railroad Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Railroad_Depot"},{"link_name":"Leo-Cedarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo-Cedarville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Grabill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabill,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Woodburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Hoagland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagland,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Monroeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeville,_Indiana"}],"text":"St. Louis Catholic Church, located just southeast of New Haven, is on the National Register of Historic Places.New Haven was platted in 1839[4] by Henry Burgess and was incorporated as a town under Indiana law in 1865. It became incorporated as a city in 1963. Several homes built by the Burgess family remain in New Haven. A Burgess home on Summit Street is the oldest brick structure in Jefferson Township.[5] Henry Burgess' son-in-law, E.W. Green built a large frame Greek Revival house on the hill above what is now Schnelker Park and the former New Haven Elementary School building. Another Burgess structure remains at the corner of Summit and Eben Streets. In the 1850's the Swiss Amish arrived in the region,[6] and what makes them distinct is that they speak an Alsatian German Language.The Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society operates east of New Haven on Edgerton Road. The society has restored Nickel Plate 765 built by the Lima Locomotive Works of Lima, Ohio and restored the Craigville Depot, which are housed at the New Haven site.The French settlement of Besançon, a historic settlement in New Haven, is on the eastern edge of the town along the Lincoln Highway. Saint Louis Catholic Church at Besançon is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Also listed is the Wabash Railroad Depot.New Haven was the home of a weekly newspaper, Allen County Times, until the summer of 2002. The paper served New Haven, Leo-Cedarville, Grabill, Harlan, Woodburn, Hoagland, and Monroeville.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-g001-7"},{"link_name":"Lake Maumee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maumee"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Great Black Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Highway"}],"text":"According to the 2010 census, New Haven has a total area of 9.875 square miles (25.58 km2), of which 9.87 square miles (25.56 km2) (or 99.95%) is land and 0.005 square miles (0.01 km2) (or 0.05%) is water.[7]New Haven was the westernmost point of prehistoric glacial Lake Maumee which was an extension of Lake Erie. The bed of Lake Maumee then became the Great Black Swamp, which covered an area between New Haven and present-day Toledo, Ohio. The route of the old Lincoln Highway east of New Haven follows the southern lakebank of glacial Lake Maumee, a notable geological feature.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"The Weather Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climate-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for New Haven, Indiana\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n69(21)\n\n73(23)\n\n90(32)\n\n90(32)\n\n99(37)\n\n106(41)\n\n103(39)\n\n102(39)\n\n100(38)\n\n91(33)\n\n79(26)\n\n71(22)\n\n106(41)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n31(−1)\n\n36(2)\n\n47(8)\n\n60(16)\n\n72(22)\n\n81(27)\n\n84(29)\n\n82(28)\n\n75(24)\n\n63(17)\n\n49(9)\n\n36(2)\n\n60(15)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n16(−9)\n\n19(−7)\n\n29(−2)\n\n38(3)\n\n49(9)\n\n59(15)\n\n63(17)\n\n60(16)\n\n53(12)\n\n42(6)\n\n33(1)\n\n22(−6)\n\n40(5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n7(−14)\n\n27(−3)\n\n36(2)\n\n38(3)\n\n38(3)\n\n29(−2)\n\n19(−7)\n\n−1(−18)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.05(52)\n\n1.94(49)\n\n2.86(73)\n\n3.54(90)\n\n3.75(95)\n\n4.04(103)\n\n3.58(91)\n\n3.60(91)\n\n2.81(71)\n\n2.63(67)\n\n2.98(76)\n\n2.77(70)\n\n36.55(928)\n\n\nSource: The Weather Channel.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 14,794 people, 200 households, and 3,986 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,498.9 inhabitants per square mile (578.7/km2). There were 6,328 housing units at an average density of 641.1 per square mile (247.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.2% White, 3.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races,0.16 MLG, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.There were 5,839 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.05.The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council_government"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"New Haven is governed by a mayor-council government. The current mayor is Republican Steven McMichael.[10] Past mayors include Republican Walter Krueck, Republican Herbert Brudi, Republican Terry Werling, Democrat Eugene Taylor, Republican Lynn Shaw, and Democrat-turned-Republican Terry McDonald.[11]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_John_the_Baptist_Church_(New_Haven,_Indiana)_-_St._John%27s_Catholic_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Allen County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Allen_County_Schools"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewHavenmap-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACSmap-13"},{"link_name":"New Haven High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_High_School_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACSmap-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Woodlan Junior/Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlan_Junior/Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Heritage Junior/Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Junior/Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACSmap-13"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Community Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Community_Schools"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewHavenmap-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Snider High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snider_High_School"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Allen County Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"St. John the Baptist Catholic School in New HavenAlmost all of New Haven is in the East Allen County Schools (EACS) public school district.[12][13] EACS offices are headquartered in New Haven.Most areas are assigned to New Haven Primary School, New Haven Intermediate School, and New Haven Junior High School/New Haven High School.[13] Previously New Haven Middle School had its own building. As of May 25, 2019, New Haven Middle School is being torn down and grades 7 and 8 will be moving to the High School into the recently added Junior High section. The sixth grade will be moved to the new Intermediate building along with grades 3–5. So when the 2019–2020 school year begins, the only New Haven titled schools in function will be New Haven High and Junior High School, New Haven Intermediate, and New Haven Primary.[14]Small portions of the city limits are in the Paul Harding Junior High School feeder pattern, the Woodlan Junior/Senior High School feeder pattern, and the Heritage Junior/Senior High School feeder pattern.[13] Another small part of the city is zoned to Fort Wayne Community Schools (FWCS):[12] Haley Elementary School,[15] Blackhawk Middle School,[16] and Snider High School.[15]Private education is offered through two Catholic schools, Saint John the Baptist Catholic School and Saint Louis Academy, and one Lutheran school, Central Lutheran School.Allen County Public Library serves residents through the New Haven Library Branch.[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Do It Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_Best"},{"link_name":"O'Neal Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neal_Steel"},{"link_name":"East Allen County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Allen_County_Schools"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"BFGoodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFGoodrich"},{"link_name":"Woodburn, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"New Haven is surrounded by an abundance of fertile soil, making agriculture the largest visible economic asset. Corporate headquarters of Do It Best hardware stores is located in New Haven, along with Central States Grain, a large soybean and grain processor, has its operational headquarters in New Haven. O'Neal Steel, the nation's sixth largest steel center, operates a New Haven branch. Other major employers include East Allen County Schools, Norfolk Southern, and BFGoodrich (located in nearby Woodburn, Indiana).[18]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubbles_Hargrave,_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloy Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloy_Ball"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"David Doster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Doster"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Allan H. Dougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_H._Dougall"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Norm Ellenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Ellenberger"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Sharon Rose Gabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Gabet"},{"link_name":"Bubbles Hargrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbles_Hargrave"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Pinky Hargrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_Hargrave"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Mitchell 'Mitch' V. Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Harper"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Pond"},{"link_name":"Lorna G. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_G._Schofield"}],"text":"Bubbles Hargrave in 1914.Lloy Ball, professional volleyball player, Olympic gold medalist, 2008 Summer Olympics\nDavid Doster, former player for MLB Philadelphia Phillies\nAllan H. Dougall, recipient of the Medal of Honor.\nNorm Ellenberger, former head coach of the University of New Mexico Lobos and assistant coach to the NBA Chicago Bulls\nSharon Rose Gabet – Daytime television actress, late 1970s, 1980s.\nBubbles Hargrave, former player for MLB Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds and New York Yankees\nPinky Hargrave, former player for MLB Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Boston Braves\nMitchell 'Mitch' V. Harper - lawyer, former Indiana legislator and Fort Wayne City Council president\nPhyllis Pond, Indiana legislator and educator\nLorna G. Schofield, Judge of the US Southern District Court of New York","title":"Notable people"}]

[{"image_text":"St. Louis Catholic Church, located just southeast of New Haven, is on the National Register of Historic Places.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St._Louis%27_Catholic_Church_near_New_Haven.jpg/150px-St._Louis%27_Catholic_Church_near_New_Haven.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. John the Baptist Catholic School in New Haven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Saint_John_the_Baptist_Church_%28New_Haven%2C_Indiana%29_-_St._John%27s_Catholic_School.jpg/220px-Saint_John_the_Baptist_Church_%28New_Haven%2C_Indiana%29_-_St._John%27s_Catholic_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bubbles Hargrave in 1914.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bubbles_Hargrave%2C_1914.jpg/150px-Bubbles_Hargrave%2C_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Allen County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Allen_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Allen_County.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Griswold, Bert Joseph; Taylor, Mrs. Samuel R. (1917). The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana: A Review of Two Centuries of Occupation of the Region about the Head of the Maumee River. Robert O. Law Company. p. 599.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory01gris","url_text":"The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana: A Review of Two Centuries of Occupation of the Region about the Head of the Maumee River"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory01gris/page/599","url_text":"599"}]},{"reference":"\"About New Haven\". City of New Haven. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newhaven.in.gov/318/About-New-Haven#:~:text=New%20Haven%20was%20platted%20by,brick%20structure%20in%20Jefferson%20Township.","url_text":"\"About New Haven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are the Swiss Amish?\". Amish America. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://amishamerica.com/who-are-the-swiss-amish/","url_text":"\"Who are the Swiss Amish?\""}]},{"reference":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213061558/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1852992","url_text":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1852992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for New Haven, Indiana\". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522201938/http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/USIN0465","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for New Haven, Indiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"The Weather Channel"},{"url":"http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/USIN0465","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor's Office\". New Haven, IN. Retrieved March 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newhaven.in.gov/287/Mayors-Office","url_text":"\"Mayor's Office\""}]},{"reference":"Leininger, Kevin (March 7, 2019). \"New Haven Mayor Terry McDonald Prepares for His Last Speech and New Challenges\". The News-Sentinel. Retrieved March 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-sentinel.com/news/local-news/2019/03/07/kevin-leininger-new-haven-mayor-terry-mcdonald-prepares-for-his-last-speech-and-new-challenges","url_text":"\"New Haven Mayor Terry McDonald Prepares for His Last Speech and New Challenges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Sentinel","url_text":"The News-Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"New Haven City Districts\" (PDF). Allen County. 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allencounty.us/images/election_board/New_Haven_City_Districts_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"New Haven City Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Boundary Map\" (PDF). East Allen County Schools. Retrieved April 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eacs.k12.in.us/UserFiles/Servers/Server_3123024/File/EastAllenCounty/Transportation/BoundaryMaps/DistrictBoundaryMap.pdf","url_text":"\"District Boundary Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Allen_County_Schools","url_text":"East Allen County Schools"}]},{"reference":"Sandleben, Tony (May 10, 2019). \"New Haven Middle School to be torn down in EACS transition\". WANE. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wane.com/news/local-news/new-haven-middle-school-to-be-torn-down-in-eacs-transition/1992791713/","url_text":"\"New Haven Middle School to be torn down in EACS transition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WANE-TV","url_text":"WANE"}]},{"reference":"\"High School Map\" (PDF). Fort Wayne Community Schools. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fwcs.k12.in.us/images/useruploads/Main/schools/boundaries/highschool-map.pdf","url_text":"\"High School Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Community_Schools","url_text":"Fort Wayne Community Schools"}]},{"reference":"\"Elementary Map\" (PDF). Fort Wayne Community Schools. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fwcs.k12.in.us/images/useruploads/Main/schools/boundaries/elementary-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Elementary Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Community_Schools","url_text":"Fort Wayne Community Schools"}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Allen County Public Library. Retrieved March 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acpl.lib.in.us/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Employers In Allen County\". Fort Wayne – Allen County Economic Development Alliance. 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090209135429/http://theallianceonline.com/top_employers.aspx","url_text":"\"Leading Employers In Allen County\""},{"url":"http://www.theallianceonline.com/top_employers.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_gamma_1

Laminin subunit gamma-1

["1 References","2 Further reading"]

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens LAMC1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1KLO, 1NPE, 1TLE, 4AQTIdentifiersAliasesLAMC1, LAMB2, Laminin, gamma 1, laminin subunit gamma 1External IDsOMIM: 150290 MGI: 99914 HomoloGene: 1724 GeneCards: LAMC1 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)Band1q25.3Start183,023,420 bpEnd183,145,592 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1 G3|1 65.3 cMStart153,094,668 bpEnd153,208,532 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed instromal cell of endometriumvisceral pleuraparietal pleuraAchilles tendonsural nervesaphenous veinplacentagastric mucosaurethrasynovial jointTop expressed inascending aortaaortic valvemolarleft lung lobeatriumyolk sacuterustemporal musclesternocleidomastoid muscletriceps brachii muscleMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function extracellular matrix structural constituent extracellular matrix constituent conferring elasticity Cellular component extracellular matrix extracellular region basement membrane laminin-1 complex extracellular exosome laminin-10 complex laminin-11 complex extracellular space endoplasmic reticulum lumen collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process hemidesmosome assembly substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading endoderm development cell adhesion extracellular matrix organization cell migration positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation extracellular matrix disassembly post-translational protein modification protein-containing complex assembly animal organ morphogenesis tissue development organism system development basement membrane assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez3915226519EnsemblENSG00000135862ENSMUSG00000026478UniProtP11047P02468RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002293NM_010683RefSeq (protein)NP_002284n/aLocation (UCSC)Chr 1: 183.02 – 183.15 MbChr 1: 153.09 – 153.21 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Laminin subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMC1 gene. Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Laminins are composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) and they form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains. Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene. Several isoforms of each chain have been described. Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1. The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo. This gene encodes the gamma chain isoform laminin, gamma 1. The gamma 1 chain, formerly thought to be a beta chain, contains structural domains similar to beta chains, however, lacks the short alpha region separating domains I and II. The structural organization of this gene also suggested that it had diverged considerably from the beta chain genes. Embryos of transgenic mice in which both alleles of the gamma 1 chain gene were inactivated by homologous recombination, lacked basement membranes, indicating that laminin, gamma 1 chain is necessary for laminin heterotrimer assembly. It has been inferred by analogy with the strikingly similar 3' UTR sequence in mouse laminin gamma 1 cDNA, that multiple polyadenylation sites are utilized in human to generate the 2 different sized mRNAs (5.5 and 7.5 kb) seen on Northern analysis. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135862 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026478 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Fukushima Y, Pikkarainen T, Kallunki T, Eddy RL, Byers MG, Haley LL, Henry WM, Tryggvason K, Shows TB (May 1989). "Isolation of a human laminin B2 (LAMB2) cDNA clone and assignment of the gene to chromosome region 1q25----q31". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 48 (3): 137–41. doi:10.1159/000132610. PMID 3234037. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: LAMC1 laminin, gamma 1 (formerly LAMB2)". Further reading Ljubimova JY, Fujita M, Khazenzon NM, et al. (2006). "Changes in laminin isoforms associated with brain tumor invasion and angiogenesis". Front. Biosci. 11 (1): 81–8. doi:10.2741/1781. PMC 3506377. PMID 16146715. Santos CL, Sabbaga J, Brentani R (1992). "Differences in human laminin B2 sequences". DNA Seq. 1 (4): 275–7. doi:10.3109/10425179109020782. PMID 1806043. Kallunki T, Ikonen J, Chow LT, et al. (1991). "Structure of the human laminin B2 chain gene reveals extensive divergence from the laminin B1 chain gene". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1): 221–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52424-8. PMID 1985895. Hunter DD, Shah V, Merlie JP, Sanes JR (1989). "A laminin-like adhesive protein concentrated in the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction". Nature. 338 (6212): 229–34. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..229H. doi:10.1038/338229a0. PMID 2922051. S2CID 4313384. Pikkarainen T, Kallunki T, Tryggvason K (1988). "Human laminin B2 chain. Comparison of the complete amino acid sequence with the B1 chain reveals variability in sequence homology between different structural domains". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (14): 6751–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68707-1. PMID 3360804. Mattei MG, Weil D, Pribula-Conway D, et al. (1988). "cDNA cloning, expression and mapping of human laminin B2 gene to chromosome 1q31". Hum. Genet. 79 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1007/BF00366243. PMID 3402995. S2CID 8075171. Davis JM, Narachi MA, Alton NK, Arakawa T (1987). "Structure of human tumor necrosis factor alpha derived from recombinant DNA". Biochemistry. 26 (5): 1322–6. doi:10.1021/bi00379a018. PMID 3552045. Wewer UM, Gerecke DR, Durkin ME, et al. (1995). "Human beta 2 chain of laminin (formerly S chain): cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, and expression in carcinomas". Genomics. 24 (2): 243–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1612. PMID 7698745. Burgeson RE, Chiquet M, Deutzmann R, et al. (1994). "A new nomenclature for the laminins". Matrix Biol. 14 (3): 209–11. doi:10.1016/0945-053X(94)90184-8. PMID 7921537. Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548. O'Grady P, Thai TC, Saito H (1998). "The laminin-nidogen complex is a ligand for a specific splice isoform of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR". J. Cell Biol. 141 (7): 1675–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1675. PMC 2133008. PMID 9647658. Kohfeldt E, Sasaki T, Göhring W, Timpl R (1998). "Nidogen-2: a new basement membrane protein with diverse binding properties". J. Mol. Biol. 282 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2004. PMID 9733643. Suzuki H, Denisenko ON, Suzuki Y, et al. (1998). "Inducible transcriptional activity of bcn-1 element from laminin gamma1-chain gene promoter in renal and nonrenal cells". Am. J. Physiol. 275 (4 Pt 2): F518–26. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.4.F518. PMID 9755123. S2CID 4380343. Smyth N, Vatansever HS, Murray P, et al. (1999). "Absence of basement membranes after targeting the LAMC1 gene results in embryonic lethality due to failure of endoderm differentiation". J. Cell Biol. 144 (1): 151–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.1.151. PMC 2148127. PMID 9885251. Kikkawa Y, Sanzen N, Fujiwara H, et al. (2000). "Integrin binding specificity of laminin-10/11: laminin-10/11 are recognized by alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins". J. Cell Sci. 113. ( Pt 5) (5): 869–76. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.5.869. PMID 10671376. Champliaud MF, Virtanen I, Tiger CF, et al. (2000). "Posttranslational modifications and beta/gamma chain associations of human laminin alpha1 and laminin alpha5 chains: purification of laminin-3 from placenta". Exp. Cell Res. 259 (2): 326–35. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4980. PMID 10964500. Pedraza C, Geberhiwot T, Ingerpuu S, et al. (2000). "Monocytic cells synthesize, adhere to, and migrate on laminin-8 (alpha 4 beta 1 gamma 1)". J. Immunol. 165 (10): 5831–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5831. PMID 11067943. Parsons SF, Lee G, Spring FA, et al. (2001). "Lutheran blood group glycoprotein and its newly characterized mouse homologue specifically bind alpha5 chain-containing human laminin with high affinity". Blood. 97 (1): 312–20. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.1.312. PMID 11133776. S2CID 10715366. McArthur CP, Wang Y, Heruth D, Gustafson S (2001). "Amplification of extracellular matrix and oncogenes in tat-transfected human salivary gland cell lines with expression of laminin, fibronectin, collagens I, III, IV, c-myc and p53". Arch. Oral Biol. 46 (6): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00014-0. PMID 11311202. vtePDB gallery 1klo: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THREE CONSECUTIVE LAMININ-TYPE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE (LE) MODULES OF LAMININ GAMMA1 CHAIN HARBORING THE NIDOGEN BINDING SITE 1npe: Crystal structure of Nidogen/Laminin Complex 1tle: LE (LAMININ-TYPE EGF-LIKE) MODULE GIII4 IN SOLUTION AT PH 3.5 AND 290 K, NMR, 14 STRUCTURES vteProtein: scleroproteinsExtracellular matrixCollagenFibril forming type I COL1A1 COL1A2 type II (COL2A1) type III type V COL5A1 COL5A2 COL5A3 COL24A1 COL26A1 Other FACIT: type IX COL9A1 COL9A2 COL9A3 type XII (COL12A1) COL14A1 COL16A1 COL19A1 COL20A1 COL21A1 COL22A1 basement membrane: type IV COL4A1 COL4A2 COL4A3 COL4A4 COL4A5 COL4A6 multiplexin: COL15A1 type XVIII COL18A1 Endostatin transmembrane: COL13A1 COL17A1 COL23A1 COL25A1 other: type VI COL6A1 COL6A2 COL6A3 COL6A5 type VII (COL7A1) type VIII COL8A1 COL8A2 type X (COL10A1) type XI COL11A1 COL11A2 COL27A1 COL28A1 Enzymes Prolyl hydroxylase/Lysyl hydroxylase Cartilage associated protein/Leprecan ADAMTS2 Procollagen peptidase Lysyl oxidase Laminin alpha LAMA1 LAMA2 LAMA3 LAMA4 LAMA5 beta LAMB1 LAMB2 LAMB3 LAMB4 gamma LAMC1 LAMC2 LAMC3 Other ALCAM Elastin Tropoelastin Vitronectin FRAS1 FREM2 Decorin FAM20C ECM1 Matrix gla protein Tectorin TECTA TECTB Other Keratin/Cytokeratin Gelatin Reticulin Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein See also diseases

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gla protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_gla_protein"},{"link_name":"Tectorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tectorin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TECTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECTA"},{"link_name":"TECTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECTB"},{"link_name":"Keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"Cytokeratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokeratin"},{"link_name":"Gelatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin"},{"link_name":"Reticulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_fiber"},{"link_name":"Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein"},{"link_name":"diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scleroprotein_disease"}],"text":"Ljubimova JY, Fujita M, Khazenzon NM, et al. 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S2CID 4380343.\nSmyth N, Vatansever HS, Murray P, et al. (1999). \"Absence of basement membranes after targeting the LAMC1 gene results in embryonic lethality due to failure of endoderm differentiation\". J. Cell Biol. 144 (1): 151–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.1.151. PMC 2148127. PMID 9885251.\nKikkawa Y, Sanzen N, Fujiwara H, et al. (2000). \"Integrin binding specificity of laminin-10/11: laminin-10/11 are recognized by alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins\". J. Cell Sci. 113. ( Pt 5) (5): 869–76. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.5.869. PMID 10671376.\nChampliaud MF, Virtanen I, Tiger CF, et al. (2000). \"Posttranslational modifications and beta/gamma chain associations of human laminin alpha1 and laminin alpha5 chains: purification of laminin-3 from placenta\". Exp. Cell Res. 259 (2): 326–35. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4980. PMID 10964500.\nPedraza C, Geberhiwot T, Ingerpuu S, et al. (2000). \"Monocytic cells synthesize, adhere to, and migrate on laminin-8 (alpha 4 beta 1 gamma 1)\". J. Immunol. 165 (10): 5831–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5831. PMID 11067943.\nParsons SF, Lee G, Spring FA, et al. (2001). \"Lutheran blood group glycoprotein and its newly characterized mouse homologue specifically bind alpha5 chain-containing human laminin with high affinity\". Blood. 97 (1): 312–20. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.1.312. PMID 11133776. S2CID 10715366.\nMcArthur CP, Wang Y, Heruth D, Gustafson S (2001). \"Amplification of extracellular matrix and oncogenes in tat-transfected human salivary gland cell lines with expression of laminin, fibronectin, collagens I, III, IV, c-myc and p53\". Arch. Oral Biol. 46 (6): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00014-0. PMID 11311202.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1klo: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THREE CONSECUTIVE LAMININ-TYPE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE (LE) MODULES OF LAMININ GAMMA1 CHAIN HARBORING THE NIDOGEN BINDING SITE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1npe: Crystal structure of Nidogen/Laminin Complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1tle: LE (LAMININ-TYPE EGF-LIKE) MODULE GIII4 IN SOLUTION AT PH 3.5 AND 290 K, NMR, 14 STRUCTURESvteProtein: scleroproteinsExtracellular matrixCollagenFibril forming\ntype I\nCOL1A1\nCOL1A2\ntype II (COL2A1)\ntype III\ntype V\nCOL5A1\nCOL5A2\nCOL5A3\nCOL24A1\nCOL26A1\nOther\nFACIT: type IX\nCOL9A1\nCOL9A2\nCOL9A3\ntype XII (COL12A1)\nCOL14A1\nCOL16A1\nCOL19A1\nCOL20A1\nCOL21A1\nCOL22A1\nbasement membrane: type IV\nCOL4A1\nCOL4A2\nCOL4A3\nCOL4A4\nCOL4A5\nCOL4A6\nmultiplexin: COL15A1\ntype XVIII\nCOL18A1\nEndostatin\ntransmembrane: COL13A1\nCOL17A1\nCOL23A1\nCOL25A1\nother: type VI\nCOL6A1\nCOL6A2\nCOL6A3\nCOL6A5\ntype VII (COL7A1)\ntype VIII\nCOL8A1\nCOL8A2\ntype X (COL10A1)\ntype XI\nCOL11A1\nCOL11A2\nCOL27A1\nCOL28A1\nEnzymes\nProlyl hydroxylase/Lysyl hydroxylase\nCartilage associated protein/Leprecan\nADAMTS2\nProcollagen peptidase\nLysyl oxidase\nLaminin\nalpha\nLAMA1\nLAMA2\nLAMA3\nLAMA4\nLAMA5\nbeta\nLAMB1\nLAMB2\nLAMB3\nLAMB4\ngamma\nLAMC1\nLAMC2\nLAMC3\nOther\nALCAM\nElastin\nTropoelastin\nVitronectin\nFRAS1\nFREM2\nDecorin\nFAM20C\nECM1\nMatrix gla protein\nTectorin\nTECTA\nTECTB\nOther\nKeratin/Cytokeratin\nGelatin\nReticulin\nCartilage oligomeric matrix protein\nSee also\ndiseases","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3915","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=226519","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Fukushima Y, Pikkarainen T, Kallunki T, Eddy RL, Byers MG, Haley LL, Henry WM, Tryggvason K, Shows TB (May 1989). \"Isolation of a human laminin B2 (LAMB2) cDNA clone and assignment of the gene to chromosome region 1q25----q31\". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 48 (3): 137–41. doi:10.1159/000132610. PMID 3234037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000132610","url_text":"10.1159/000132610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3234037","url_text":"3234037"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: LAMC1 laminin, gamma 1 (formerly LAMB2)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3915","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: LAMC1 laminin, gamma 1 (formerly LAMB2)\""}]},{"reference":"Ljubimova JY, Fujita M, Khazenzon NM, et al. (2006). \"Changes in laminin isoforms associated with brain tumor invasion and angiogenesis\". Front. Biosci. 11 (1): 81–8. doi:10.2741/1781. PMC 3506377. PMID 16146715.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506377","url_text":"\"Changes in laminin isoforms associated with brain tumor invasion and angiogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2741%2F1781","url_text":"10.2741/1781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506377","url_text":"3506377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16146715","url_text":"16146715"}]},{"reference":"Santos CL, Sabbaga J, Brentani R (1992). \"Differences in human laminin B2 sequences\". DNA Seq. 1 (4): 275–7. doi:10.3109/10425179109020782. PMID 1806043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10425179109020782","url_text":"10.3109/10425179109020782"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1806043","url_text":"1806043"}]},{"reference":"Kallunki T, Ikonen J, Chow LT, et al. (1991). \"Structure of the human laminin B2 chain gene reveals extensive divergence from the laminin B1 chain gene\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1): 221–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52424-8. PMID 1985895.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2952424-8","url_text":"\"Structure of the human laminin B2 chain gene reveals extensive divergence from the laminin B1 chain gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2952424-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52424-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1985895","url_text":"1985895"}]},{"reference":"Hunter DD, Shah V, Merlie JP, Sanes JR (1989). \"A laminin-like adhesive protein concentrated in the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction\". Nature. 338 (6212): 229–34. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..229H. doi:10.1038/338229a0. PMID 2922051. S2CID 4313384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.338..229H","url_text":"1989Natur.338..229H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F338229a0","url_text":"10.1038/338229a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2922051","url_text":"2922051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4313384","url_text":"4313384"}]},{"reference":"Pikkarainen T, Kallunki T, Tryggvason K (1988). \"Human laminin B2 chain. Comparison of the complete amino acid sequence with the B1 chain reveals variability in sequence homology between different structural domains\". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (14): 6751–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68707-1. PMID 3360804.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2968707-1","url_text":"\"Human laminin B2 chain. Comparison of the complete amino acid sequence with the B1 chain reveals variability in sequence homology between different structural domains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2968707-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68707-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3360804","url_text":"3360804"}]},{"reference":"Mattei MG, Weil D, Pribula-Conway D, et al. (1988). \"cDNA cloning, expression and mapping of human laminin B2 gene to chromosome 1q31\". Hum. Genet. 79 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1007/BF00366243. PMID 3402995. S2CID 8075171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00366243","url_text":"10.1007/BF00366243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3402995","url_text":"3402995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8075171","url_text":"8075171"}]},{"reference":"Davis JM, Narachi MA, Alton NK, Arakawa T (1987). \"Structure of human tumor necrosis factor alpha derived from recombinant DNA\". Biochemistry. 26 (5): 1322–6. doi:10.1021/bi00379a018. PMID 3552045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00379a018","url_text":"10.1021/bi00379a018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3552045","url_text":"3552045"}]},{"reference":"Wewer UM, Gerecke DR, Durkin ME, et al. (1995). \"Human beta 2 chain of laminin (formerly S chain): cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, and expression in carcinomas\". Genomics. 24 (2): 243–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1612. PMID 7698745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1612","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7698745","url_text":"7698745"}]},{"reference":"Burgeson RE, Chiquet M, Deutzmann R, et al. (1994). \"A new nomenclature for the laminins\". Matrix Biol. 14 (3): 209–11. doi:10.1016/0945-053X(94)90184-8. PMID 7921537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0945-053X%2894%2990184-8","url_text":"10.1016/0945-053X(94)90184-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7921537","url_text":"7921537"}]},{"reference":"Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). \"Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery\". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.9.791","url_text":"\"Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.9.791","url_text":"10.1101/gr.6.9.791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8889548","url_text":"8889548"}]},{"reference":"O'Grady P, Thai TC, Saito H (1998). \"The laminin-nidogen complex is a ligand for a specific splice isoform of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR\". J. Cell Biol. 141 (7): 1675–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1675. PMC 2133008. PMID 9647658.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133008","url_text":"\"The laminin-nidogen complex is a ligand for a specific splice isoform of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.141.7.1675","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.141.7.1675"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133008","url_text":"2133008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9647658","url_text":"9647658"}]},{"reference":"Kohfeldt E, Sasaki T, Göhring W, Timpl R (1998). \"Nidogen-2: a new basement membrane protein with diverse binding properties\". J. Mol. Biol. 282 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2004. PMID 9733643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1998.2004","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1998.2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733643","url_text":"9733643"}]},{"reference":"Suzuki H, Denisenko ON, Suzuki Y, et al. (1998). \"Inducible transcriptional activity of bcn-1 element from laminin gamma1-chain gene promoter in renal and nonrenal cells\". Am. J. Physiol. 275 (4 Pt 2): F518–26. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.4.F518. PMID 9755123. S2CID 4380343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajprenal.1998.275.4.F518","url_text":"10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.4.F518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9755123","url_text":"9755123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4380343","url_text":"4380343"}]},{"reference":"Smyth N, Vatansever HS, Murray P, et al. (1999). \"Absence of basement membranes after targeting the LAMC1 gene results in embryonic lethality due to failure of endoderm differentiation\". J. Cell Biol. 144 (1): 151–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.1.151. PMC 2148127. PMID 9885251.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148127","url_text":"\"Absence of basement membranes after targeting the LAMC1 gene results in embryonic lethality due to failure of endoderm differentiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.144.1.151","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.144.1.151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148127","url_text":"2148127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9885251","url_text":"9885251"}]},{"reference":"Kikkawa Y, Sanzen N, Fujiwara H, et al. (2000). \"Integrin binding specificity of laminin-10/11: laminin-10/11 are recognized by alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins\". J. Cell Sci. 113. ( Pt 5) (5): 869–76. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.5.869. PMID 10671376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.113.5.869","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.113.5.869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10671376","url_text":"10671376"}]},{"reference":"Champliaud MF, Virtanen I, Tiger CF, et al. (2000). \"Posttranslational modifications and beta/gamma chain associations of human laminin alpha1 and laminin alpha5 chains: purification of laminin-3 from placenta\". Exp. Cell Res. 259 (2): 326–35. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4980. PMID 10964500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexcr.2000.4980","url_text":"10.1006/excr.2000.4980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10964500","url_text":"10964500"}]},{"reference":"Pedraza C, Geberhiwot T, Ingerpuu S, et al. (2000). \"Monocytic cells synthesize, adhere to, and migrate on laminin-8 (alpha 4 beta 1 gamma 1)\". J. Immunol. 165 (10): 5831–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5831. PMID 11067943.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.165.10.5831","url_text":"\"Monocytic cells synthesize, adhere to, and migrate on laminin-8 (alpha 4 beta 1 gamma 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.165.10.5831","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11067943","url_text":"11067943"}]},{"reference":"Parsons SF, Lee G, Spring FA, et al. (2001). \"Lutheran blood group glycoprotein and its newly characterized mouse homologue specifically bind alpha5 chain-containing human laminin with high affinity\". Blood. 97 (1): 312–20. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.1.312. PMID 11133776. S2CID 10715366.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/content/full/97/1/312","url_text":"\"Lutheran blood group glycoprotein and its newly characterized mouse homologue specifically bind alpha5 chain-containing human laminin with high affinity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V97.1.312","url_text":"10.1182/blood.V97.1.312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11133776","url_text":"11133776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10715366","url_text":"10715366"}]},{"reference":"McArthur CP, Wang Y, Heruth D, Gustafson S (2001). \"Amplification of extracellular matrix and oncogenes in tat-transfected human salivary gland cell lines with expression of laminin, fibronectin, collagens I, III, IV, c-myc and p53\". Arch. Oral Biol. 46 (6): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00014-0. PMID 11311202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-9969%2801%2900014-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00014-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11311202","url_text":"11311202"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Hill_Township,_Muskingum_County,_Ohio

Rich Hill Township, Muskingum County, Ohio

["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°53′7″N 81°44′32″W / 39.88528°N 81.74222°W / 39.88528; -81.74222 Township in Ohio, United StatesRich Hill Township, Muskingum County, OhioTownshipCemetery on Zion Ridge RoadLocation of Rich Hill Township in Muskingum CountyCoordinates: 39°53′7″N 81°44′32″W / 39.88528°N 81.74222°W / 39.88528; -81.74222CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyMuskingumArea • Total36.8 sq mi (95.2 km2) • Land36.3 sq mi (93.9 km2) • Water0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2)Elevation853 ft (260 m)Population (2020) • Total489 • Density13/sq mi (5.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-66600GNIS feature ID1086731 Rich Hill Township is one of the twenty-five townships of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 489 people in the township. Geography Located on the eastern edge of the county, it borders the following townships: Union Township - north Westland Township, Guernsey County - northeast Spencer Township, Guernsey County - east Brookfield Township, Noble County - southeast corner Meigs Township - south Blue Rock Township - southwest corner Salt Creek Township - west No municipalities are located in Rich Hill Township. Name and history Rich Hill Township was established in 1815. It is the only Rich Hill Township statewide. Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Rich Hill township, Muskingum County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 1, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Everhart, F.J. (1882). 1794. History of Muskingum County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of prominent men and pioneers. F.J. Everhart & Co. p. 441. ^ "Detailed map of Ohio" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007. ^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009. External links County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Muskingum County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: ZanesvilleCity Zanesville Map of Ohio highlighting Muskingum CountyVillages Adamsville Dresden Frazeysburg Fultonham Gratiot‡ New Concord Norwich Philo Roseville‡ South Zanesville Townships Adams Blue Rock Brush Creek Cass Clay Falls Harrison Highland Hopewell Jackson Jefferson Licking Madison Meigs Monroe Muskingum Newton Perry Rich Hill Salem Salt Creek Springfield Union Washington Wayne CDPs Duncan Falls East Fultonham Nashport North Zanesville Pleasant Grove Trinway Unincorporatedcommunities Adams Mills Bloomfield Blue Rock Bridgeville Cannelville Chandlersville Coal Hill Cottage Hill Darlington Dillon Falls Ellis Freeland Gaysport Gilbert High Hill Hopewell Ironspot Irville Licking View Marquand Mills Mattingly Settlement Meadow Farm Mount Sterling Moxahala Park Museville Otsego Rix Mills Ruraldale Sonora Spratt Stovertown Sundale White Cottage Young Hickory Zeno Former communities Putnam Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Academy,_UK

Muhammad Iqbal

["1 Biography","1.1 Background","1.2 Early education","1.3 Marriages","1.4 Higher education in Europe","1.5 Academic career","1.6 Legal career","1.7 Final years and death","2 Efforts and influences","2.1 Political","2.2 Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of \"Pakistan\"","2.3 Madani–Iqbal debate","3 Revival of Islamic policy","3.1 Patron of Tolu-e-Islam","4 Literary work","4.1 Persian","4.2 Urdu","4.3 English","4.4 Punjabi","5 Modern reputation","5.1 \"Poet of the East\"","5.2 Iran","5.3 Arab countries","5.4 Turkey","5.5 Western countries","6 Legacy","7 Gallery","8 Bibliography","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","11.1 Online","12 External links"]

Muslim writer and politician (1877–1938) For other people named Muhammad Iqbal, see Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation). AllamaMuhammad Iqbalمحمد اقبالIqbal in 1933Born(1877-11-09)9 November 1877Sialkot, Punjab, British IndiaDied21 April 1938(1938-04-21) (aged 60)Lahore, Punjab Province, British IndiaResting placeMazar-e-Iqbal, LahoreNationalityIndianAlma materScotch Mission College (FA)Government College (BA, MA)University of Cambridge (BA)University of Munich (PhD)OccupationsPhilosopherauthorpoliticianNotable workBang-e-Dara, Tarana-e-Milli, The Secrets of the Self, The Secrets of Selflessness, Message from the East, Persian Psalms, Javid Nama, Sare Jahan se AcchaChildren6InstitutionsJamia Millia Islamia (co-founder)ThesisThe Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)Doctoral advisorFritz HommelLanguageUrduPersianEnglishPunjabiMain interestsUrdu literaturePersian poetryIslamic historyIslamic revivalNotable ideasAllahabad Address (1930) Signature Muhammad Iqbal (9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938) was a South Asian Muslim philosopher, author, and politician. His poetry is considered to be among the greatest of the 20th century, and his vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of British-ruled India is widely regarded as having animated the impulse for the Pakistan Movement. He is commonly referred to by the honourific Allama (Persian: علامه, transl. "learned"). Born and raised in Sialkot, Punjab Iqbal completed his BA and MA at the Government College in Lahore. He taught Arabic at the Oriental College in Lahore from 1899 until 1903, during which time he wrote prolifically. Notable among his Urdu poems from this period are "Parinde ki Faryad" (translated as "A Bird's Prayer"), an early contemplation on animal rights, and "Tarana-e-Hindi" (translated as "Anthem of India"), a patriotic poem—both composed for children. In 1905, he departed from India to pursue further education in Europe, first in England and later in Germany. In England, he earned a second BA at Trinity College, Cambridge, and subsequently qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In Germany, he obtained a PhD in philosophy at the University of Munich, with his thesis focusing on "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia" in 1908. Upon his return to Lahore in 1908, Iqbal established a law practice but primarily focused on producing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion. He is most renowned for his poetic compositions, including "Asrar-e-Khudi," for which he was honored with a British knighthood upon its publication, "Rumuz-e-Bekhudi," and "Bang-e-Dara." His literary works in the Persian language garnered him recognition in Iran, where he is commonly known as Iqbal-e Lahori, meaning "Iqbal of Lahore." Iqbal was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of the Muslim world as a whole, but particularly of the Muslims in the Indian subcontinent; a series of lectures he delivered to this effect were published as The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam in 1930. He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held several positions in the All-India Muslim League. In his Allahabad Address, delivered at the League's annual assembly in 1930, he formulated a political framework for the Muslim-majority regions spanning northwestern India, spurring the League's pursuit of the Two-Nation Theory. In August 1947, nine years after Iqbal's death, the partition of India gave way to the establishment of Pakistan, a newly independent Islamic state in which Iqbal was honoured as the national poet. He is also known in Pakistani society as Hakeem-ul-Ummat (lit. 'The Wise Man of the Ummah') and as Mufakkir-e-Pakistan (lit. 'The Thinker of Pakistan'). The anniversary of his birth (Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal), 9 November, is observed as a public holiday in Pakistan. Biography Background Iqbal's mother, Imam Bibi who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of pathos in a poetic form after her death. Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in a Punjabi-Kashmiri family from Sialkot in the Punjab Province of British India (now in Pakistan). His family traced their ancestry back to the Sapru clan of Kashmiri Pandits who were from a south Kashmiri village in Kulgam and converted to Islam in the 15th century. Iqbal's mother-tongue was Punjabi, and he conversed mostly in Punjabi and Urdu in his daily life. In the 19th century, when the Sikh Empire was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal. Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings. According to scholar Annemarie Schimmel, Iqbal often wrote about his being "a son of Kashmiri-Brahmans but (being) acquainted with the wisdom of Rumi and Tabrizi." Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man. Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi, a Kashmiri from Sambrial, was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot. Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in an elegy: Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place? Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? I will visit thy grave with this complaint: Who will now think of me in midnight prayers? All thy life thy love served me with devotion— When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed. Early education Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the Qur'an. He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, Syed Mir Hassan, the head of the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893. He received an Intermediate level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895. The same year he enrolled at Government College University, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal for his performance in Arabic. In 1899, he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and won first place in philosophy in the University of the Punjab. Marriages Allama Iqbal with his son Javed Iqbal in 1930 Iqbal married four times under different circumstances. His first marriage was in 1895 when he was 18 years old. His bride, Karim Bibi, was the daughter of a Gujrati physician, Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan. Her sister was the mother of director and music composer Khwaja Khurshid Anwar. Their families arranged the marriage, and the couple had two children; a daughter, Miraj Begum (1895–1915), and a son, Aftab Iqbal (1899–1979), who became a barrister. Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901. Iqbal and Karim Bibi separated somewhere between 1910 and 1913. Despite this, he continued to financially support her till his death. Iqbal's second marriage took place on 26 August 1910 with the niece of Hakim Noor-ud-Din. Iqbal's third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum, and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November. They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924. Later, Iqbal married Sardar Begum, and they became the parents of a son, Javed Iqbal (1924–2015), who became Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and a daughter, Muneera Bano (born 1930). One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite Yousuf Salahuddin. Higher education in Europe Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore, to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose. While already acquainted with Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson, Iqbal would discover Rumi slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the Masnavi to his friend Swami Rama Tirtha, who in return would teach him Sanskrit. Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College, University of Cambridge, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. This B.A. degree in London, made him eligible, to practice as an advocate, as it was being practised those days. In the same year he was called to the bar as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 4 November 1907 (Published in 1908 in London). Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal's doctoral thesis was entitled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia. Among his fellow students in Munich was Hans-Hasso von Veltheim who later happened to visit Iqbal the day before Iqbal died. Plaque at Portugal Place, Cambridge, commemorating Allama Iqbal's residence there during his time at Trinity College In 1907, he had a close friendship with the writer Atiya Fyzee in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence. While Iqbal was in Heidelberg in 1907, his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about Goethe's Faust, Heine and Nietzsche. He mastered German in three months. A street in Heidelberg has been named in his memory, "Iqbal Ufer". During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life. Academic career Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal's youth in 1899 Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, at Oriental College and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1907 he went to Germany for PhD In 1908, he returned from Germany and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature. In the same period Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam. In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organization. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. He also closely worked with Ibrahim Hisham during his stay at the Aligarh Muslim University. The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide". Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the Ummah. Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century. Iqbal's Asrar-i-Khudi and Javed Nama were translated into English by R. A. Nicholson and A. J. Arberry, respectively. Legal career Iqbal as a barrister-at-law Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but also a known advocate. He appeared before the Lahore High Court in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgments to his name. Final years and death The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore In 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness. He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at a Jamalpur estate near Pathankot, where there were plans to subsidize studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final years, he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938. It is maintained that he breathed his last listening to a kafi of Bulleh Shah. His tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort, and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan. Efforts and influences Political Further information: Pakistan Movement and Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy Iqbal with Muslim politicians. (L to R): M. Iqbal (third), Syed Zafarul Hasan (sixth) at Aligarh Muslim University. Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from England in 1908, and he was closely associated with Mian Muhammad Shafi. When the All-India Muslim League was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organization of the Punjab Muslim League, Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam. While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and stayed in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus, and was disappointed with the League when, during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah. He was active in the Khilafat Movement, and was among the founding fathers of Jamia Millia Islamia which was established at Aligarh in October 1920. He was also given the offer of being the first vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia by Mahatma Gandhi, which he refused. Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the Muslim League in 1930 and address deliverer In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes. He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah to guarantee Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress and worked with Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League. While in Lahore he was a friend of Abdul Sattar Ranjoor. Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of "Pakistan" Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s. Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress: I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has the right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India. While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India. Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937: A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are. Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticized Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader Sikandar Hyat Khan, whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said: There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now, none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims. Madani–Iqbal debate Main article: Madani–Iqbal debate A famous debate was held between Iqbal and Hussain Ahmed Madani on the question of nationalism in the late 1930s. Madani's position throughout was to insist on the Islamic legitimacy of embracing a culturally plural, secular democracy as the best and the only realistic future for India's Muslims where Iqbal insisted on a religiously defined, homogeneous Muslim society. Madani and Iqbal both appreciated this point and they never advocated the creation of an absolute 'Islamic State'. They differed only in their first step. According to Madani the first step was the freedom of India for which composite nationalism was necessary. According to Iqbal the first step was the creation of a community of Muslims in the Muslim majority land, i.e. a Muslim India within India. Revival of Islamic policy Iqbal with Choudhary Rahmat Ali and other Muslim leaders Iqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the Oxford University Press in 1934 in the book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. The lectures had been delivered at Madras, Hyderabad and Aligarh. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion and as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses. Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture, and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims. Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his presidential address on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India: I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India. In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance", with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim." Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles. Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a theocracy, and criticized the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars (ulema) as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility". The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the third Round Table Conference, he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy for Muslim provinces. He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticized feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory. Patron of Tolu-e-Islam Copy of the first issue of Tolu-e-Islam Iqbal was the first patron of Tolu-e-Islam, a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the All India Muslim League. In 1935, according to his instructions, Syed Nazeer Niazi initiated and edited the journal, named after Iqbal's poem "Tulu'i Islam". Niazi dedicated the first issue of the journal to Iqbal. The journal would play an important role in the Pakistan movement. Later, the journal was continued by Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, who had contributed many articles in its early editions. Literary work Main article: Works of Muhammad Iqbal Persian Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in Persian rather than Urdu. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian. In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the Asrar-i-Khudi اسرارِ خودی (Secrets of the Self) in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work. In Asrar-i-Khudi, Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi", or "Self". Iqbal's use of the term "Khudi" is synonymous with the word "Rooh" used in the Quran for a divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in Adam, for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam. Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realization and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the "Self" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the "Self" to become a vice-regent of God. In his Rumuz-i-Bekhudi رموزِ بیخودی (Hints of Selflessness), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved, he should sacrifice his ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realize the "Self" outside of society. Published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community, Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he supports Islam, Iqbal also recognises the positive aspects of other religions. Rumuz-i-Bekhudi complements the emphasis on the self in Asrar-e-Khudi and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title Asrar-i-Rumuz (Hinting Secrets). It is addressed to the world's Muslims. Iqbal's 1924 publication, the Payam-e-Mashriq پیامِ مشرق (The Message of the East), is closely connected to the West-östlicher Diwan by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion, and civilization by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardor, and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality. In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented Payam-e Mashreq to King Amanullah Khan. In it, he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of Kabul University. The Zabur-e-Ajam زبورِ عجم (Persian Psalms), published in 1927, includes the poems "Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed" ("Garden of New Secrets") and "Bandagi Nama" ("Book of Slavery"). In "Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. "Bandagi Nama" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfill the ideal life. Iqbal's 1932 work, the Javed Nama جاوید نامہ (Book of Javed), is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of Ibn Arabi and Dante's The Divine Comedy, through mystical and exaggerated depictions across time. Iqbal depicts himself as Zinda Rud ("A stream full of life") guided by Rumi, "the master", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore by betraying them for the benefit of the British colonists, and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javed, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the "new generation". Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq پس چہ باید کرد اے اقوامِ شرق includes the poem "Musafir" مسافر ("The Traveller"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. "Musafir" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counselled to learn the "secret of Islam" and to "build up the self" within themselves. His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems: گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است garchi Hindi dar uzūbat shakkar ast طرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است tarz-i guftar-i Dari shirin tar ast Translation: Even though in sweetness Hindi* is sugar – (but) speech method in Dari is sweeter * Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience. Urdu Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1935, by Lady Ottoline Morrell Muhammad Iqbal's The Call of the Marching Bell (بانگِ درا, bang-e-dara), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life. The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the Urdu language patriotic "Saare Jahan se Accha". The second set of poems date from 1905 to 1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of European society, which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the Ummah, to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam. Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, Bal-e-Jibril بالِ جبریل (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the kingdom of the Moors. It consists of ghazals, poems, quatrains and epigrams and carries a strong sense of religious passion. Zarb-i-Kalim ضربِ کلیم (or The Rod of Moses) is another philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal in Urdu, it was published in 1936, two years before his death. In which he described as his political manifesto. It was published with the subtitle "A Declaration of War Against the Present Times. Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism, and injustice of modern civilization, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims. Iqbal's final work was Armughan-e-Hijaz ارمغانِ حجاز (The Gift of Hijaz), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems. Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are: At last, the silent tongue of Hijaz has announced to the ardent ear the tiding That the covenant which had been given to the desert- is going to be renewed vigorously: The lion who had emerged from the desert and had toppled the Roman Empire is As I am told by the angels, about to get up again (from his slumbers.) You the of the West, should know that the world of God is not a shop (of yours). Your imagined pure gold is about to lose its standard value (as fixed by you). Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers. For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting English Iqbal wrote two books, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908) and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930), and many letters in the English language. He also wrote a book on Economics that is now rare. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems. Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the separation of church and state, to students and other participants: I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907. ... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State. Punjabi Iqbal also wrote some poems in Punjabi, such as "Piyaara Jedi" and "Baba Bakri Wala", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javed's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display at the Iqbal Manzil in Sialkot. Iqbal was deeply influenced by Punjabi Sufis. Once a comrade recited a poem by Bulleh Shah and he was "so much touched and overwhelmed...that tears rolled down his cheeks." Modern reputation "Poet of the East" Allama Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933 Iqbal has been referred to as the "Poet of the East" by academics, institutions and the media. The Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University, Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity. Yet it should also be born in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West. Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the subcontinent. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognised as the "Poet of the East". So to conclude, let me cite Annemarie Schimmel in Gabriel's Wing who lauds Iqbal's "unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns" (p. xv), a creative activity which, to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal, endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a "universalist poet" and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses to construct a bridge between the "East" and the "West." The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the "Poet of the East". Iqbal is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan ("The Thinker of Pakistan") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat ("The Sage of the Ummah"). The Pakistan government officially named him Pakistan's "national poet". Iran In Iran, Iqbal is known as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (Persian: اقبال لاهوری) (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's Asrare-i-Khudi and Bal-i-Jibreel are particularly popular in Iran. At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the Iranian Revolution of 1979. During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably Zabur-i-Ajam. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has stated, "We have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. In spite of not having tasted the Persian way of life, never living in the cradle of Persian culture, and never having any direct association with it, he cast with great mastery the most delicate, the most subtle and radically new philosophical themes into the mould of Persian poetry, some of which are unsurpassable yet." By the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. Iranian poet laureate Muhammad Taqi Bahar universalized Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian. In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq, a national hero because of his oil nationalization policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. Ali Shariati, a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers. Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the 1970s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including Ali Shariati, Mehdi Bazargan and Abdulkarim Soroush. His book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam was translated by Mohammad Masud Noruzi. Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry. At the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), Khamenei stated that in its "conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements", Iran was "exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal". Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of "rejuvenation", "awakening" and "power" to the Muslim world. Arab countries Iqbal has an audience in the Arab world, and in Egypt one of his poems has been sung by Umm Kulthum, the most famous modern Egyptian artist, while among his modern admirers there are influential literary figures such as Farouk Shousha. In Saudi Arabia, among the important personalities who were influenced by Iqbal there was Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud, a member of the Saudi royal family and himself a poet. Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, considered the national poet of Turkey for having composed its national anthem, was directly influenced by Iqbal. In 2016, Turkey's Minister for Culture and Tourism Nabi Avcı presented the Dost Award to Walid Iqbal, the grandson of Iqbal, in order to honour Iqbal's "services to Islam", the ceremony being held in Konya, the resting place of Rumi. Western countries Sign for the street Iqbal-Ufer in Heidelberg, Germany, honouring Iqbal Iqbal's views on the Western world have been applauded by Westerners, including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal". Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote: great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination and oppression in all forms, i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism, democracy, peace and friendship among peoples. Others, including Wilfred Cantwell Smith, stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was "anti-intellect", because "capitalism fosters intellect". Freeland Abbott objected to Iqbal's views of the West, saying that they were based on the role of imperialism and that Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science. Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilization. Legacy "ؒ صد سالہ تقریب پیدائش علامہ محمد اقبال" (P, sad, one hundred) (P. sāla/sālha, years) (A taqrīb, anniversary) (P. paidāʼish, birth) of Allamah Muhammad Iqbal (R.A) on the obverse and "حکومتِ پاکستان 1 روپیہ" "Government of Pakistan, 1 Rūpiyah" on the reverse, among commemorative coins issued by the State Bank of Pakistan in 1977 Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Medical College in Lahore, Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in the University of Kashmir, the Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore, Iqbal Hostel in Government College University, Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Hall at Nishtar Medical College in Multan, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town in Karachi, Allama Iqbal Town in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at Aligarh Muslim University, Allama Iqbal Hostel at Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Iqbal Hall at the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in Persian, English and Urdu. In India, his song "Tarana-e-Hind" is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal, an Indian documentary film directed by K.A. Abbas and written by Ali Sardar Jafri was released in 1978. It was produced by Government of India's Films Division. The Government of Madhya Pradesh in India awards the Iqbal Samman, named in honour of the poet, every year at the Bharat Bhavan to Indian writers for their contributions to Urdu literature and poetry. The Pakistani government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in philately and in other hobbies. His son Javed Iqbal served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence. Gallery Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad) Iqbal in London in 1931 At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931 A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931). Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932 Iqbal in 1934 Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933 Iqbal at Shimla in 1930s Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood Iqbal Bibliography Main article: Muhammad Iqbal bibliography Prose book in Urdu Ilm ul Iqtisad (1903) Prose books in English The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908) The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930) Poetic books in Persian Asrar-i-Khudi (1915) Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (1917) Payam-i-Mashriq (1923) Zabur-i-Ajam (1927) Javid Nama (1932) Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (1936) Armughan-e-Hijaz (1938) (in Persian and Urdu) Poetic books in Urdu Bang-i-Dara (1924) Bal-i-Jibril (1935) Zarb-i Kalim (1936) See also Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles References ^ a b Lelyveld, David (2004), "Muhammad Iqbal", in Martin, Richard C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L, Macmillan, p. 356, ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5, Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan. ^ Iqbal, Sir Muhammad; Zakaria, Rafiq (1981), Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa (in English and Urdu), translated by Singh, Khushwant, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-561324-7, "Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam ... the Islam which provided a new light of thought and learning to the world, and of heroic action and glorious deeds. He was devoted to the Prophet (PBUH) and believe his message." (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9) ^ Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2. Quote: "In Persian, ... he published six volumes of mainly long poems between 1915 and 1936, ... more or less complete works on philosophical themes" (p. xiii)" ^ Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held various posts both in the All-India Muslim League and the Punjab Provincial Muslim League. ^ Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2. Quote: "In Urdu, Iqbal is allowed to have been far the greatest poet of this century, and by most critics to be the only equal of Ghalib (1797–1869). ... the Urdu poems, addressed to a real and familiar audience close at hand, have the merit of being direct, spontaneous utterances on tangible subjects. (p. xiii)" ^ McDonough, Sheila D (5 November 2020), Muhammad Iqbal, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 7 February 2021, He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century ^ Anjum, Zafar (13 October 2014), Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician, Random House, pp. 16–, ISBN 978-81-8400-656-8, Responding to this call, he published a collection of Urdu poems, Bal-e-Jibril (The Wings of Gabriel) in 1935 and Zarb-e Kalim (The Stroke of the Rod of Moses) in 1936. Through this, Iqbal achieved the status of the greatest Urdu poet in the twentieth century. ^ Robinson, Francis (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 283–, ISBN 978-0-521-66993-1, In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century. ^ a b Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India. ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-06414-9, Sir Syed Ahmed had brought rationalism and the desire for knowledge and progress to the Indian Muslims; Muhammad Iqbal brought them inspiration and philosophy. Next to the Quran, there is no single influence upon the consciousness of the Pakistani intelligentsia so powerful as Iqbal's poetry. In his own time, it kindled the enthusiasm of Muslim intellectuals for the values of Islam and rallied the Muslim community once again to the banner of their faith. For this reason, Iqbal is looked upon today as the spiritual founder of Pakistan. ^ Platts, John T. (John Thompson) (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., retrieved 6 February 2021 ^ "Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha'". ThePrint. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "No. 32782". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1922. p. 2. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0. A Muslim, an Indian and a Punjabi of Kashmiri ancestry, all at the same time, Iqbal's own individuality and sense of community was shaped in equal measure by these multiple affiliations. ^ Mushtaq, Faraz. "Life of Allama Iqbal". International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA). Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ Khalid Bashir Ahmad, Kashmir: Exposing the Myth behind the Narrative, SAGE Publishing India, 2017, p. 162 ^ Justice Dr. Nasim Hasan Shah, "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions, Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208 ^ Schimmel 1963, p. 37: Iqbal's mother-tongue was Panjabi, and even in his later poetry now and then a Panjabi-inspired expression occurs. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (1 January 1986). Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter. State University of New York Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-88706-196-7. Leg-pulling, innocent naughtiness and hearty laughter were the marks, and religion almost always the subject, of Iqbal's conversation, which was mostly in Punjabi or in an Urdu with a natural Punjabi accent. ^ TNN (30 May 2015), "'Happy that Iqbal is revered here'", The Times of India. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). 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Retrieved 13 September 2016. ^ "Iqbal and the Iranians Iqbal". Nasir Riaz. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ "Iqbal". Khamenei.de. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009. ^ Qureshi, A.Ali. "Love letter to Persia". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ a b Sevea, Iqbal Singh (25 March 2011). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-53639-4. Retrieved 25 October 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Khamenei, Ali; Shariati, Ali; Sharīʻatī, ʻalī (25 March 2011). Iqbal: Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit. ABC International. ISBN 978-1-871031-20-1. Retrieved 25 October 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Pakistani Embassy celebrates poet Muhammad Iqbal's anniversary". Egypt Independent. 11 November 2014. ^ SHAHID, Mohammad Haneef, "IQBAL AND THE SAUDI SCHOLARS", IQBAL REVIEW 29, no. 1: April 1988 (1988): pp. 157-67 ^ Hammond, Andrew (2022). Late Ottoman Origins of Modern Islamic Thought: Turkish and Egyptian Thinkers on the Disruption of Islamic Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ^ "Turkey honours Allama Iqbal for services to Islam". The Express Tribune. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2023. ^ "Luxury edition of works by poet Muhammad Iqbal". University of Heidelberg. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012. ^ a b c d e Review, Iqbal (1985). "American, West European and Soviet Attitudes to Iqbal" (PHP). Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ "Flight operation partially resumed at Pakistan's Lahore airport". Xinhua / CRI News. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ Iqbal, Muhammad (2008). The Secrets of the Self. LULU Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4099-0959-0. ^ Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. 2001. p. 204. ISBN 978-81-263-0671-8. ^ "Dr Mohammad Iqbal (1978)". Indiancine.ma. ^ Organiser. Vol. 51. Bharat Prakashan. 1999. p. 13. ^ Javaid Manzil last residence of Allama Iqbal looking for visitors By M Abid Ayub Archived 26 August 2011 at Wikiwix. Ilmkidunya.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011. Further reading Shafique, Khurram Ali (2014). Iqbal: His Life and Our Times. ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan. ISBN 978-0-9571416-6-7. Ram Nath, Kak (1995). Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences. India: Vitasta. ISBN 81-86588-00-0. Mustansir, Mir (2006), Iqbal, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-84511-094-3 Muhammad, Munawwar (2003). Iqbal-Poet Philosopher of Islam. Iqbal Academy Pakistan. ISBN 969-416-061-8. Sailen, Debnath (January 2010). Secularism: Western and Indian. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. ISBN 978-81-269-1366-4. V.S., Naipaul (1998). Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples. USA: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50118-5. Annemarie, Schimmel (1963), Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill "Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877–1938". DAWN. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017. "Sir Muhammad Iqbal". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 November 2023. Anjum, Zafar (2014). Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician. Random House India. ISBN 9788184006568. Burzine Waghmar, Annemarie Schimmel: Iqbal and Indo-Muslim Studies, Encyclopædia Iranica, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, published online, 16 April 2018. Md Mahmudul Hasan, "Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal"." The Muslim World 110.2 (2020): 195–216. Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal" S.Aydin, Mehmet (2000). "İKBAL, Muhammed – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 22 (Ihvan-i Safa – Iskit). Istanbul. pp. 17–23. ISBN 978-975-389-449-4.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Farrukhabadi, Rehmat (1962). اقبال اور عورت in Urdu. Sukkur: Ajaib Store Publications. Online Muhammad Iqbal: poet and philosopher, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by Sheila D. McDonough, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, J.E. Luebering, Kenneth Pletcher and Grace Young External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Iqbal. Wikiquote has quotations related to Muhammad Iqbal. The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University Works by Muhammad Iqbal at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Allama Iqbal at Internet Archive E-Books of Allama Iqbal on Rekhta vteMuhammad IqbalFamily Javed Iqbal (son) Nasira Iqbal (daughter-in-law) Yousuf Salahuddin (maternal grandson) Waleed Iqbal (paternal grandson) Prose The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam The Development of Metaphysics in Persia Ilm Al-Iqtisad Poetry Asrar-i-Khudi ("The Secrets of the Self") Rumuz-i-Bekhudi ("The Secrets of Selflessness") Payam-i-Mashriq ("Message from the East") Bang-i-Dara ("The Call Of The Marching Bell") Zabur-i-Ajam ("Persian Psalms") Javid Nama Bal-i-Jibril ("Gabriel's Wing") Zarb-i-Kalim ("The Rod of the Moses") Pas Chih Bayad Kard ("What Should Then Be Done O People of the East") Armaghan-i-Hijaz ("Gift from Hijaz") Sare Jahan se Accha Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura Ideas Concept of Khudi Political philosophy Educational philosophy Madani–Iqbal debate Allahabad Address Scholars Annemarie Schimmel Arthur J. Arberry R. A. Nicholson Javid Iqbal Muhammad Munawwar more Related topics Bibliography Iqbal Academy Iqbal Day Iqbal Manzil Iqbal Review Pakistan Movement (Allahabad Address) Tomb Works vteIslamismOutline Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Salafism Salafi jihadism Shia Islamism Concepts Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamic emirate Islamistan Islamization of knowledge Pan-Islamism Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Turkish model Two-nation theory Ummah MovementsSocio-political Deobandi Hizb ut-Tahrir in Britain in Central Asia Islamic Defenders Front Jamaat-e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in Syria Political parties Freedom and Justice Party Green Algeria Alliance Ennahda Hadas Hezbollah Islamic Salvation Front Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Jamiat-e Islami Justice and Construction Party Justice and Development Party (Morocco) National Congress National Iraqi Alliance Malaysian Islamic Party Prosperous Justice Party Al Wefaq Welfare Party Fatah Alliance State of Law Coalition Islamic Action Front United Arab List Related Ansar Allah Taliban Islamic modernism Political leaders Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Hibatullah Akhundzada Muhammad Asad Hassan al-Banna Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Necmettin Erbakan Muammar Gaddafi Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Alija Izetbegović Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Abul A'la Maududi Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani Mullah Omar Yusuf al-Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Omar Bongo Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al-Turabi Malcolm X Ahmed Yassin Zia-ul-Haq Ziaur Rahman Muhammad Rizieq Shihab Salafi movementMovementsScholastic Ahl-i Hadith Madkhalism Sahwa movement Wahhabism Political Al Asalah Authenticity Party Al-Islah Al-Nour Party Islamist Bloc People Party Young Kashgar Party Major figures Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Nasiruddin Albani Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i Safar al-Hawali Rabee al-Madkhali Muhammad Al-Munajjid Zakir Naik Salman al-Ouda Ali al-Tamimi Ibn al-Uthaymeen Related International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism Islamic religious police Petro-Islam Sufi–Salafi relations Militant Islamism/JihadismIdeology Qutbism Salafi jihadism Movements Militant Islamism based in MENA region Egyptian Islamic Jihad Fatah al-Islam Hamas Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant South Asia Taliban Lashkar-e-Taiba Southeast Asia Abu Sayyaf Sub-Saharan Africa Boko Haram al-Shabaab al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in Iraq in North Africa Major figures Hibatullah Akhundzada Anwar al-Awlaki Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Osama bin Laden Akhtar Mansour Mullah Omar Juhayman al-Otaybi Omar Abdel-Rahman Ayman al-Zawahiri Related Islam and violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Jihad Slavery Talibanization Other topicsTexts Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s) Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940) Principles (Asad, 1961) Milestones (Qutb, 1964) Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970) Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970) The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975) Historical events Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization Iranian Revolution Grand Mosque seizure Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Popular Arab and Islamic Congress Algerian Civil War Faith campaign September 11 attacks War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Influences Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Contemporary Islamic philosophy Islamic response to modernity Islamic revival by region Balkans Gaza Strip Sudan United Kingdom Related topics Criticism Political aspects of Islam Political Islam Islam in South Asia North Africa vteIslamic philosophyFields Alchemy Aqidah (theology) 'Aql (intellect) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam (dialectic) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy (physics) Peace Madrasah (education) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism (mysticism) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics psychology Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻIlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century (CE)9th–10th Al-Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri Abu Bakr al-Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al-Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al-Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 11th Al-Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi Nasir Khusraw Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 12th Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Afdal al-Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn-al-Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab’in Ibn Arabi al-Abharī Nasir al-Din Tusi Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi Ibn Taymiyyah 14th–16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al-Qayṣarī Jami 17th–19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa’id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th–present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al-Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al-Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah vtePakistan MovementHistory of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Deobandi Movement Barelvi Movement Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Objectives Resolution Independence Pakistani monarchy Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.Flag of PakistanState emblem of PakistanOrganisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn newspaper Daily Jang newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt newspaper Zamindar newspaper Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Khwaja Salimullah (Nawab Salimullah) Syed Ameer Ali Mohammad Ali Jauhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Hakim Ajmal Khan Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Sadeq Mohammad Khan V Mian Muhammad Shafi Mian Abdul Rashid Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh Mohsin-ul-Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A. K. Fazlul Huq Jamaat Ali Shah G. M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Jafar Khan Jamali Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K. H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Mahmud Husain Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Mohammad Isa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Ashraf Ali Thanwi Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hamid Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Mahmoud Haroon Altaf Husain Adamjee Haji Dawood Muhammad Shafi Deobandi Zafar Ahmad Usmani Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Aslam Khattak Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Sikandar Hayat Khan Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir M. M. Sharif Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Jalaludin Abdur Rahim Z. A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi Jalal Baba of NWFP Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari Amin ul-Hasanat (Pir of Manki Sharif) Syed Wajid Ali Hafeez Jalandhari Jahanara Shahnawaz Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh Fatima Begum Naseer Ahmad Malhi Ahmed Saeed Nagi Niaz Ali Khan Habib Rahimtoola Sharif al Mujahid Fatima Sughra Begum Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi Viqar-un-Nisa Noon Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan: A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan: A Hard Country Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar-e-Pakistan Bab-e-Pakistan Pakistan Monument Mazar-e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal's Tom' Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab-e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March) Youm-e-Dastur (10 April) Youm-e-Takbir (28 May) Youm-e-Azadi (14 August) Youm-e-Difah (6 September) Youm-e-Tasees (24 October) Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November) Youm-e-Viladat (25 December) vteNational symbols of PakistanMain symbols Qaumi Taranah (national anthem) State emblem of Pakistan Flag of Pakistan Unity, Faith, Discipline (motto) Urdu (national language) People Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Father of the Nation) Muhammad Iqbal (National poet) Fatima Jinnah (Mother of the Nation) Other symbols Cedrus deodara (national tree) Chukar partridge (national bird) Jasminum officinale (national flower) Markhor (national animal) Snow leopard (national animal) Structures Faisal Mosque (mosque) Mazar-e-Quaid (mausoleum) Minar-e-Pakistan (monument) Pakistan Monument (monument) vtePersian literatureOld Behistun Inscription Old Persian inscriptions Ganjnameh Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island Middle Ayadgar-i Zariran Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan Dēnkard Book of Jamasp Book of Arda Viraf Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan Cube of Zoroaster Dana-i Menog Khrat Shabuhragan of Mani Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr Bundahishn Menog-i Khrad Jamasp Namag Dadestan-i Denig Anthology of Zadspram Warshtmansr Zand-i Wahman yasn Drakht-i Asurig Shikand-gumanig Vizar Classical800s Muhammad ibn Wasif 900s Rudaki Daqiqi Ferdowsi (Shahnameh) Abu Shakur Balkhi Abu Tahir Khosrovani Shahid Balkhi Bal'ami Rabia Balkhi Abusaeid Abolkheir (967–1049) Avicenna (980–1037) Unsuri Asjadi Kisai Marvazi Ayyuqi 1000s Bābā Tāher Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088) Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (1006–1088) Asadi Tusi Qatran Tabrizi (1009–1072) Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) Masud Sa'd Salman (1046–1121) Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani Ahmad Ghazali Hujwiri Manuchehri Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani (1098–1131) Uthman Mukhtari Abu-al-Faraj Runi Sanai Banu Goshasp Borzu-Nama Afdal al-Din Kashani Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami Mu'izzi Mahsati Ganjavi 1100s Iranshah Suzani Samarqandi Hassan Ghaznavi Faramarz Nama Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155–1191) Adib Sabir Falaki Shirvani Am'aq Najm al-Din Razi Attar (1142–c.1220) Khaqani (1120–1190) Anvari (1126–1189) Faramarz-e Khodadad Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) Kamal al-Din Esfahani Shams Tabrizi (d.1248) 1200s Abu Tahir Tarsusi Awhadi Maraghai Shams al-Din Qays Razi Sultan Walad Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī Afdal al-Din Kashani Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi Mahmud Shabistari (1288–1320s) Abu'l Majd Tabrizi Amir Khusrau (1253–1325) Saadi (Bustan / Golestān) Bahram-e-Pazhdo Pur-Baha Jami Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo Rumi Homam Tabrizi (1238–1314) Nozhat al-Majales Khwaju Kermani Badr Shirvani Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani 1300s Ibn Yamin Shah Ni'matullah Wali Hafez Abu Ali Qalandar Fazlallah Astarabadi Nasimi Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani 1400s Ubayd Zakani Salman Savaji Hatefi Jami Kamal Khujandi Ahli Shirazi (1454–1535) Fuzuli (1483–1556) Ismail I (1487–1524) Baba Faghani 1500s Vahshi Bafqi (1523–1583) Muhtasham Kashani (1500–1588) 'Orfi Shirazi 1600s Taleb Amoli Saib Tabrizi (1607–1670) Asir-e Esfahani (c. 1620–1648) Kalim Kashani Hazin Lāhiji (1692–1766) Saba Kashani Abdul-Qādir Bēdil (1642–1720) Naw'i Khabushani Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani Rasa Salim Tehrani 1700s Hatef Esfahani Azar Bigdeli (1722–1781) Neshat Esfahani Abbas Foroughi Bastami (1798–1857) 1800s Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani (1779–1837) Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat (1800–1871) Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr (1801–1880) Qaani (1808–1854) Mahmud Saba Kashani (1813–1893) ContemporaryPoetry Iran Ahmadreza Ahmadi Mehdi Akhavan-Sales Hormoz Alipour Qeysar Aminpour Mohammad Reza Aslani Aref Qazvini Ahmad NikTalab Aminollah Rezaei Manouchehr Atashi Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani Mohammad-Taqi Bahar Reza Baraheni Simin Behbahani Dehkhoda Hushang Ebtehaj Bijan Elahi Parviz Eslampour Parvin E'tesami Forugh Farrokhzad Hossein Monzavi Hushang Irani Iraj Mirza Bijan Jalali Siavash Kasraie Esmail Khoi Shams Langeroodi Mohammad Mokhtari Nosrat Rahmani Yadollah Royaee Tahereh Saffarzadeh Sohrab Sepehri Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar Ahmad Shamlou Manouchehr Sheybani Nima Yooshij (She'r-e Nimaa'i) Fereydoon Moshiri Armenia Edward Haghverdian Afghanistan Nadia Anjuman Wasef Bakhtari Raziq Faani Khalilullah Khalili Youssof Kohzad Massoud Nawabi Abdul Ali Mustaghni Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni Farzona Iskandar Khatloni Abolqasem Lahouti Gulrukhsor Safieva Loiq Sher-Ali Payrav Sulaymoni Mirzo Tursunzoda Satim Ulugzade Uzbekistan Asad Gulzoda Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Novels Ali Mohammad Afghani Ghazaleh Alizadeh Bozorg Alavi Reza Amirkhani Mahshid Amirshahi Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad Reza Baraheni Simin Daneshvar Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Soudabeh Fazaeli Reza Ghassemi Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer) Houshang Golshiri Aboutorab Khosravi Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei Ahmad Mahmoud Shahriyar Mandanipour Abbas Maroufi Mansour Koushan Iraj Pezeshkzad Short stories Jalal Al-e-Ahmad Shamim Bahar Sadeq Chubak Abolhassan Etessami Javad Mojabi Simin Daneshvar Nader Ebrahimi Ebrahim Golestan Houshang Golshiri Sadegh Hedayat Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh Aboutorab Khosravi Mostafa Mastoor Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi Houshang Moradi Kermani Bijan Najdi Shahrnush Parsipur Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi Bahram Sadeghi Goli Taraqqi Plays Reza Abdoh Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh Mohsen Yalfani Bahram Beyzai Bahman Forsi Amir Reza Koohestani Alireza Koushk Jalali Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi Bijan Mofid Hengameh Mofid Abbas Nalbandian Akbar Radi Pari Saberi Mirza Aqa Tabrizi Mohammad Yaghoubi Screenplays Saeed Aghighi Mohammad Reza Aslani Rakhshan Bani-E'temad Bahram Beyzai Hajir Darioush Pouran Derakhshandeh Asghar Farhadi Bahman Farmanara Farrokh Ghaffari Behrouz Gharibpour Bahman Ghobadi Fereydun Gole Ebrahim Golestan Ali Hatami Abolfazl Jalili Ebrahim Hatamikia Abdolreza Kahani Varuzh Karim-Masihi Samuel Khachikian Abbas Kiarostami Majid Majidi Mohsen Makhmalbaf Dariush Mehrjui Reza Mirkarimi Rasoul Mollagholipour Amir Naderi Jafar Panahi Kambuzia Partovi Fereydoun Rahnema Rasul Sadr Ameli Mohammad Sadri Parviz Shahbazi Sohrab Shahid-Saless Translators Amrollah Abjadian Jaleh Amouzgar Najaf Daryabandari Mohammad Ghazi Lili Golestan Sadegh Hedayat Ramak NikTalab Saleh Hosseini Ahmad Kamyabi Mask Ahmad Shamlou Mohammad Moin Ebrahim Pourdavoud Hamid Samandarian Jalal Sattari Jafar Shahidi Ahmad Tafazzoli Abbas Zaryab Children's literature Samad Behrangi Houshang Moradi Kermani Babak NikTalab Hengameh Mofid Poopak NikTalab Farhad Hasanzadeh Ramak NikTalab Essayists Aydin Aghdashloo Ali Latifiyan Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi Ehsan Yarshater Ahmad Kasravi Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are 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Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia"},{"link_name":"Asrar-e-Khudi,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Self"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rumuz-e-Bekhudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Selflessness"},{"link_name":"Bang-e-Dara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell"},{"link_name":"Persian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Punjab Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Allahabad Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Address"},{"link_name":"Two-Nation Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sevea2012-2-9"},{"link_name":"August 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1947"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah"},{"link_name":"public holiday in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan"}],"text":"Muslim writer and politician (1877–1938)For other people named Muhammad Iqbal, see Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation).Muhammad Iqbal (9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938) was a South Asian Muslim philosopher,[1][2] author,[3] and politician.[4] His poetry is considered to be among the greatest of the 20th century,[5][6][7][8] and his vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of British-ruled India[9] is widely regarded as having animated the impulse for the Pakistan Movement.[1][10] He is commonly referred to by the honourific Allama (Persian: علامه, transl. \"learned\").[11][12]Born and raised in Sialkot, Punjab Iqbal completed his BA and MA at the Government College in Lahore. He taught Arabic at the Oriental College in Lahore from 1899 until 1903, during which time he wrote prolifically. Notable among his Urdu poems from this period are \"Parinde ki Faryad\" (translated as \"A Bird's Prayer\"), an early contemplation on animal rights, and \"Tarana-e-Hindi\" (translated as \"Anthem of India\"), a patriotic poem—both composed for children. In 1905, he departed from India to pursue further education in Europe, first in England and later in Germany. In England, he earned a second BA at Trinity College, Cambridge, and subsequently qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In Germany, he obtained a PhD in philosophy at the University of Munich, with his thesis focusing on \"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia\" in 1908. Upon his return to Lahore in 1908, Iqbal established a law practice but primarily focused on producing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion. He is most renowned for his poetic compositions, including \"Asrar-e-Khudi,\" for which he was honored with a British knighthood upon its publication[13], \"Rumuz-e-Bekhudi,\" and \"Bang-e-Dara.\" His literary works in the Persian language garnered him recognition in Iran, where he is commonly known as Iqbal-e Lahori, meaning \"Iqbal of Lahore.\"Iqbal was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of the Muslim world as a whole, but particularly of the Muslims in the Indian subcontinent; a series of lectures he delivered to this effect were published as The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam in 1930. He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held several positions in the All-India Muslim League. In his Allahabad Address, delivered at the League's annual assembly in 1930, he formulated a political framework for the Muslim-majority regions spanning northwestern India, spurring the League's pursuit of the Two-Nation Theory.[9] In August 1947, nine years after Iqbal's death, the partition of India gave way to the establishment of Pakistan, a newly independent Islamic state in which Iqbal was honoured as the national poet. He is also known in Pakistani society as Hakeem-ul-Ummat (lit. 'The Wise Man of the Ummah') and as Mufakkir-e-Pakistan (lit. 'The Thinker of Pakistan'). The anniversary of his birth (Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal), 9 November, is observed as a public holiday in Pakistan.","title":"Muhammad Iqbal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_of_Iqbal.jpg"},{"link_name":"pathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos"},{"link_name":"Punjabi-Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris_in_Punjab"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sialkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot"},{"link_name":"Punjab Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sapru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapru"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits"},{"link_name":"Kulgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tej Bahadur Sapru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Schimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schimmel35-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustansir_Mir-24"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_people"},{"link_name":"Sambrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambrial"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jai_Narain_Sharma-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Iqbal's mother, Imam Bibi who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of pathos in a poetic form after her death.Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in a Punjabi-Kashmiri family[14] from Sialkot in the Punjab Province of British India (now in Pakistan).[15] His family traced their ancestry back to the Sapru clan of Kashmiri Pandits who were from a south Kashmiri village in Kulgam[16] and converted to Islam in the 15th century.[17] Iqbal's mother-tongue was Punjabi,[18] and he conversed mostly in Punjabi and Urdu in his daily life.[19] In the 19th century, when the Sikh Empire was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal.[20] Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings.[21] According to scholar Annemarie Schimmel, Iqbal often wrote about his being \"a son of Kashmiri-Brahmans but (being) acquainted with the wisdom of Rumi and Tabrizi.\"[22]Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man.[23][24] Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi, a Kashmiri from Sambrial,[25] was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot.[26][27] Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in an elegy:[23]Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place?\nWho would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? \nI will visit thy grave with this complaint:\nWho will now think of me in midnight prayers?\nAll thy life thy love served me with devotion—\n\nWhen I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed.[23]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"},{"link_name":"Syed Mir Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mir_Hassan"},{"link_name":"madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Scotch Mission College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_College"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taneja_and_Taneja-31"},{"link_name":"Government College University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University_(Lahore)"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-30"},{"link_name":"University of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taneja_and_Taneja-31"}],"sub_title":"Early education","text":"Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the Qur'an.[28] He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, Syed Mir Hassan, the head of the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893.[29] He received an Intermediate level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895.[28][30][31] The same year he enrolled at Government College University, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal for his performance in Arabic.[30] In 1899, he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and won first place in philosophy in the University of the Punjab.[28][30][31]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"Javed Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasheeda-32"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Khurshid Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Khurshid_Anwar"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasheeda-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabir-36"},{"link_name":"Hakim Noor-ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Noor-ud-Din"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abida-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasheeda-32"},{"link_name":"Javed Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge,_born_1924)"},{"link_name":"Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasheeda-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabir-36"},{"link_name":"Yousuf Salahuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousuf_Salahuddin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabir-36"}],"sub_title":"Marriages","text":"Allama Iqbal with his son Javed Iqbal in 1930Iqbal married four times under different circumstances.[32]His first marriage was in 1895 when he was 18 years old. His bride, Karim Bibi, was the daughter of a Gujrati physician, Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan. Her sister was the mother of director and music composer Khwaja Khurshid Anwar.[33][34] Their families arranged the marriage, and the couple had two children; a daughter, Miraj Begum (1895–1915), and a son, Aftab Iqbal (1899–1979), who became a barrister.[32][35] Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901.Iqbal and Karim Bibi separated somewhere between 1910 and 1913. Despite this, he continued to financially support her till his death.[36]Iqbal's second marriage took place on 26 August 1910 with the niece of Hakim Noor-ud-Din.[37]\nIqbal's third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum, and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November.[38][30] They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924.[32]\nLater, Iqbal married Sardar Begum, and they became the parents of a son, Javed Iqbal (1924–2015), who became Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and a daughter, Muneera Bano (born 1930).[32][36] One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite Yousuf Salahuddin.[36]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Henri Bergson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Masnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi"},{"link_name":"Swami Rama Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hommel"},{"link_name":"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phdthesis-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mustansir_Mir2-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_Jackson-42"},{"link_name":"Hans-Hasso von Veltheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hasso_von_Veltheim"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atiya Fyzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiya_Fyzee"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust"},{"link_name":"Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"}],"sub_title":"Higher education in Europe","text":"Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore, to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose. While already acquainted with Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson, Iqbal would discover Rumi slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the Masnavi to his friend Swami Rama Tirtha, who in return would teach him Sanskrit.[39] Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College, University of Cambridge, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. This B.A. degree in London, made him eligible, to practice as an advocate, as it was being practised those days. In the same year he was called to the bar as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 4 November 1907 (Published in 1908 in London). Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal's doctoral thesis was entitled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia.[28][40][41][42] Among his fellow students in Munich was Hans-Hasso von Veltheim who later happened to visit Iqbal the day before Iqbal died.[43]Plaque at Portugal Place, Cambridge, commemorating Allama Iqbal's residence there during his time at Trinity CollegeIn 1907, he had a close friendship with the writer Atiya Fyzee in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence.[44] While Iqbal was in Heidelberg in 1907, his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about Goethe's Faust, Heine and Nietzsche.[45] He mastered German in three months.[46] A street in Heidelberg has been named in his memory, \"Iqbal Ufer\". During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life.[28]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_Youth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oriental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_College,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill-47"},{"link_name":"Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-30"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"},{"link_name":"Asrar-i-Khudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi"},{"link_name":"Javed Nama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Nama"},{"link_name":"R. A. Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson"},{"link_name":"A. J. Arberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytimes-50"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal's youth in 1899Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, at Oriental College and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1907 he went to Germany for PhD In 1908, he returned from Germany and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature.[47] In the same period Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam.[30] In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organization. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. He also closely worked with Ibrahim Hisham during his stay at the Aligarh Muslim University.[23][45]The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as \"his guide\".[23] Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the Ummah.[48][23]Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century.[49] Iqbal's Asrar-i-Khudi and Javed Nama were translated into English by R. A. Nicholson and A. J. Arberry, respectively.[49][50]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif"},{"link_name":"Lahore High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Legal career","text":"Iqbal as a barrister-at-lawIqbal was not only a prolific writer but also a known advocate. He appeared before the Lahore High Court in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgments to his name.[51][52][53][54][55][56]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"tomb of Muhammad Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Niaz_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dar ul Islam Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)#Dar_ul_Islam_Movement_and_Trust"},{"link_name":"Pathankot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathankot"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal"},{"link_name":"Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"},{"link_name":"Ali Hujwiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pktoday73-28"},{"link_name":"kafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafi"},{"link_name":"Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"His tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Hazuri Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Badshahi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Lahore Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"}],"sub_title":"Final years and death","text":"The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in LahoreIn 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness.[57] He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at a Jamalpur estate near Pathankot,[58][59] where there were plans to subsidize studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final years, he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938.[48][28] It is maintained that he breathed his last listening to a kafi of Bulleh Shah.[60][61] His tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort, and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Efforts and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbalpolitics.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syed Zafarul Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Zafarul_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University"},{"link_name":"Mian Muhammad Shafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Punjab Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Ali Jouhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brightpk.com-63"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Khilafat Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Movement"},{"link_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia"},{"link_name":"Aligarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Punjab Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"constitutional proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brightpk.com-63"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Abdul Sattar Ranjoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Ranjoor"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-65"}],"sub_title":"Political","text":"Further information: Pakistan Movement and Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophyIqbal with Muslim politicians. (L to R): M. Iqbal (third), Syed Zafarul Hasan (sixth) at Aligarh Muslim University.Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from England in 1908, and he was closely associated with Mian Muhammad Shafi. When the All-India Muslim League was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organization of the Punjab Muslim League, Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam.[62] While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and stayed in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus, and was disappointed with the League when, during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.[63][unreliable source?] He was active in the Khilafat Movement, and was among the founding fathers of Jamia Millia Islamia which was established at Aligarh in October 1920. He was also given the offer of being the first vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia by Mahatma Gandhi, which he refused.[64]Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the Muslim League in 1930 and address delivererIn November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes.[48] He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah to guarantee Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress and worked with Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.[63][unreliable source?] While in Lahore he was a friend of Abdul Sattar Ranjoor.[65]","title":"Efforts and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iqbalandpakmovement-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jalal14-67"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Sikandar Hyat Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan_(Punjabi_politician)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iqbalandpakmovement-66"}],"sub_title":"Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of \"Pakistan\"","text":"Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s.[citation needed] Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress:I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has the right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India.[66]While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India.[67] Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937:A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are.[48]Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticized Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader Sikandar Hyat Khan, whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said:There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now, none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.[66]","title":"Efforts and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hussain Ahmed Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Madani–Iqbal debate","text":"A famous debate was held between Iqbal and Hussain Ahmed Madani on the question of nationalism in the late 1930s. Madani's position throughout was to insist on the Islamic legitimacy of embracing a culturally plural, secular democracy as the best and the only realistic future for India's Muslims where Iqbal insisted on a religiously defined, homogeneous Muslim society. Madani and Iqbal both appreciated this point and they never advocated the creation of an absolute 'Islamic State'. They differed only in their first step. According to Madani the first step was the freedom of India for which composite nationalism was necessary. According to Iqbal the first step was the creation of a community of Muslims in the Muslim majority land, i.e. a Muslim India within India.[68][69]","title":"Efforts and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal-RahmatAli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Choudhary Rahmat Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India"},{"link_name":"Aligarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"B. R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh"},{"link_name":"presidential address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Address"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dec_1930-70"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"North-West Frontier Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)"},{"link_name":"Sind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_province_(1936%E2%80%931955)"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioners_Province)"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dec_1930-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naipaul-71"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"theocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iqbal-2004-1934-131-72"},{"link_name":"Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Iqbal with Choudhary Rahmat Ali and other Muslim leadersIqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the Oxford University Press in 1934 in the book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. The lectures had been delivered at Madras, Hyderabad and Aligarh.[48] These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion and as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.[48] In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses.[citation needed]Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture, and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.[23] He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims.[48]Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his presidential address on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:[48][70]I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India.[48][70]In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with \"legal concepts\" with \"civic significance\", with its \"religious ideals\" considered as inseparable from social order: \"Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim.\"[71] Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles.[citation needed]Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a theocracy, and criticized the \"intellectual attitudes\" of Islamic scholars (ulema) as having \"reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility\".[72]The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the third Round Table Conference, he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy for Muslim provinces.[citation needed]He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticized feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory.[73][74]","title":"Revival of Islamic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TolueIslam1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tolu-e-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"All India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Syed Nazeer Niazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Niazi"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Tulu'i Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu%27i_Islam"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brightpk.com-63"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ahmed Pervez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez"}],"sub_title":"Patron of Tolu-e-Islam","text":"Copy of the first issue of Tolu-e-IslamIqbal was the first patron of Tolu-e-Islam, a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the All India Muslim League. In 1935, according to his instructions, Syed Nazeer Niazi initiated and edited the journal,[75] named after Iqbal's poem \"Tulu'i Islam\". Niazi dedicated the first issue of the journal to Iqbal. The journal would play an important role in the Pakistan movement.[63] Later, the journal was continued[76] by Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, who had contributed many articles in its early editions.","title":"Revival of Islamic policy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Asrar-i-Khudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-23"},{"link_name":"\"Rooh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Rumuz-i-Bekhudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumuz-i-Bekhudi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Payam-e-Mashriq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payam-e-Mashriq"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"King Amanullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kabul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_University"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-45"},{"link_name":"Zabur-e-Ajam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabur-e-Ajam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Javed Nama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Nama"},{"link_name":"Ibn Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"The Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"mystical and exaggerated depictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_realism"},{"link_name":"Zinda Rud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinda_Rud"},{"link_name":"Siraj-ud-Daula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daula"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"British colonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_should_then_be_done_O_people_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Islamic laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"},{"link_name":"Pashtun people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goethezeitportal-81"}],"sub_title":"Persian","text":"Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in Persian rather than Urdu. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian.[48] In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the Asrar-i-Khudi اسرارِ خودی (Secrets of the Self) in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work.[77] In Asrar-i-Khudi, Iqbal explains his philosophy of \"Khudi\", or \"Self\".[48][23] Iqbal's use of the term \"Khudi\" is synonymous with the word \"Rooh\" used in the Quran for a divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in Adam, for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam.[48] Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realization and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the \"Self\" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the \"Self\" to become a vice-regent of God.[48]In his Rumuz-i-Bekhudi رموزِ بیخودی (Hints of Selflessness), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved, he should sacrifice his ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realize the \"Self\" outside of society. Published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community,[48] Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he supports Islam, Iqbal also recognises the positive aspects of other religions. Rumuz-i-Bekhudi complements the emphasis on the self in Asrar-e-Khudi and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title Asrar-i-Rumuz (Hinting Secrets). It is addressed to the world's Muslims.[48]Iqbal's 1924 publication, the Payam-e-Mashriq پیامِ مشرق (The Message of the East), is closely connected to the West-östlicher Diwan by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion, and civilization by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardor, and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality.[48] In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented Payam-e Mashreq to King Amanullah Khan. In it, he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of Kabul University.[45]The Zabur-e-Ajam زبورِ عجم (Persian Psalms), published in 1927, includes the poems \"Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed\" (\"Garden of New Secrets\") and \"Bandagi Nama\" (\"Book of Slavery\"). In \"Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed\", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. \"Bandagi Nama\" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfill the ideal life.[48]Iqbal's 1932 work, the Javed Nama جاوید نامہ (Book of Javed), is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of Ibn Arabi and Dante's The Divine Comedy, through mystical and exaggerated depictions across time. Iqbal depicts himself as Zinda Rud (\"A stream full of life\") guided by Rumi, \"the master\", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore by betraying them for the benefit of the British colonists, and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javed, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the \"new generation\".[78]Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq پس چہ باید کرد اے اقوامِ شرق includes the poem \"Musafir\" مسافر (\"The Traveller\"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. \"Musafir\" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counselled to learn the \"secret of Islam\" and to \"build up the self\" within themselves.[48]His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems:[79]گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است[80]\ngarchi Hindi dar uzūbat shakkar ast\nطرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است\n\ntarz-i guftar-i Dari shirin tar astTranslation: Even though in sweetness Hindi* [archaic name for Urdu, lit. \"language of India\"] is sugar – (but) speech method in Dari [the variety of Persian in Afghanistan] is sweeter *Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience.[81]","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png"},{"link_name":"Lady Ottoline Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Marching Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Saare Jahan se Accha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare_Jahan_se_Accha"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-45"},{"link_name":"European society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_culture"},{"link_name":"Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Bal-e-Jibril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Wing"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel#Islam"},{"link_name":"kingdom of the Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"ghazals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazals"},{"link_name":"quatrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrains"},{"link_name":"epigrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrams"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014134-83"},{"link_name":"Zarb-i-Kalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarb-i-Kalim"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Armughan-e-Hijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_from_Hijaz"},{"link_name":"Hijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijaz"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014286-289-85"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"}],"sub_title":"Urdu","text":"Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1935, by Lady Ottoline MorrellMuhammad Iqbal's The Call of the Marching Bell (بانگِ درا, bang-e-dara), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life.[48] The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the Urdu language patriotic \"Saare Jahan se Accha\".[45] The second set of poems date from 1905 to 1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of European society, which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the Ummah, to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam.[82]Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, Bal-e-Jibril بالِ جبریل (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the kingdom of the Moors. It consists of ghazals, poems, quatrains and epigrams and carries a strong sense of religious passion.[83]Zarb-i-Kalim ضربِ کلیم (or The Rod of Moses) is another philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal in Urdu, it was published in 1936, two years before his death. In which he described as his political manifesto. It was published with the subtitle \"A Declaration of War Against the Present Times. Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism, and injustice of modern civilization, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims.[84]Iqbal's final work was Armughan-e-Hijaz ارمغانِ حجاز (The Gift of Hijaz), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.[85]Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are:[48]At last, the silent tongue of Hijaz has\nannounced to the ardent ear the tiding\nThat the covenant which had been given to the\ndesert-[dwellers] is going to be renewed\nvigorously:\nThe lion who had emerged from the desert and\nhad toppled the Roman Empire is\nAs I am told by the angels, about to get up\nagain (from his slumbers.)\nYou the [dwellers] of the West, should know that\nthe world of God is not a shop (of yours).\nYour imagined pure gold is about to lose its \nstandard value (as fixed by you).\nYour civilization will commit suicide with its\nown daggers.\n\nFor a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting[48]","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia"},{"link_name":"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"}],"sub_title":"English","text":"Iqbal wrote two books, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908) and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930), and many letters in the English language. He also wrote a book on Economics that is now rare. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems.[48]Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the separation of church and state, to students and other participants:[48]I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907. ... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State.[48]","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Manzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Manzil"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Punjabi","text":"Iqbal also wrote some poems in Punjabi, such as \"Piyaara Jedi\" and \"Baba Bakri Wala\", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javed's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display at the Iqbal Manzil in Sialkot.[86]Iqbal was deeply influenced by Punjabi Sufis. Once a comrade recited a poem by Bulleh Shah and he was \"so much touched and overwhelmed...that tears rolled down his cheeks.\"[87]","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_after_the_conferment_of_this_Degree_by_the_University_of_the_Punjab_in_1933.jpg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytimes-50"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taus-Bolstad-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheikh-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jalal-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YAHYA-93"},{"link_name":"Quaid-e-Azam University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orient-95"},{"link_name":"subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-89"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urdu-97"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Schimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orient-95"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urdu-97"},{"link_name":"Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_poets"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"}],"sub_title":"\"Poet of the East\"","text":"Allama Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933Iqbal has been referred to as the \"Poet of the East\" by academics, institutions and the media.[50][88][89][90][91][92][93]The Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University, Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity.[94]Yet it should also be born in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West.[95]Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the subcontinent. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognised as the \"Poet of the East\".[89][96][97]So to conclude, let me cite Annemarie Schimmel in Gabriel's Wing who lauds Iqbal's \"unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns\" (p. xv), a creative activity which, to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal, endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a \"universalist poet\" and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses to construct a bridge between the \"East\" and the \"West.\"[95]The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the \"Poet of the East\".[97] Iqbal is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan (\"The Thinker of Pakistan\") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (\"The Sage of the Ummah\"). The Pakistan government officially named him Pakistan's \"national poet\".[49]","title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran1-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_Friday-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran2-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_Friday-99"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Taqi Bahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Bahar"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Mossadeq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ali Shariati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shariati"},{"link_name":"Mehdi Bazargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan"},{"link_name":"Abdulkarim Soroush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulkarim_Soroush"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_Friday-99"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran3-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran3-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran5-104"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"In Iran, Iqbal is known as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (Persian: اقبال لاهوری) (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's Asrare-i-Khudi and Bal-i-Jibreel are particularly popular in Iran. At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the Iranian Revolution of 1979.[98][99] During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably Zabur-i-Ajam.[100][99]Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has stated, \"We have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. [...] In spite of not having tasted the Persian way of life, never living in the cradle of Persian culture, and never having any direct association with it, he cast with great mastery the most delicate, the most subtle and radically new philosophical themes into the mould of Persian poetry, some of which are unsurpassable yet.\"[101]By the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. Iranian poet laureate Muhammad Taqi Bahar universalized Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian.[102]In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq, a national hero because of his oil nationalization policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. Ali Shariati, a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers.[citation needed]Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the 1970s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including Ali Shariati, Mehdi Bazargan and Abdulkarim Soroush. His book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam was translated by Mohammad Masud Noruzi.[99]Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry.[103] At the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), Khamenei stated that in its \"conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements\", Iran was \"exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal\".[103] Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of \"rejuvenation\", \"awakening\" and \"power\" to the Muslim world.[104]","title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Umm Kulthum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum"},{"link_name":"Farouk Shousha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_Shousha"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud_(1923%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"Saudi royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Arab countries","text":"Iqbal has an audience in the Arab world, and in Egypt one of his poems has been sung by Umm Kulthum, the most famous modern Egyptian artist, while among his modern admirers there are influential literary figures such as Farouk Shousha.[105] In Saudi Arabia, among the important personalities who were influenced by Iqbal there was Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud, a member of the Saudi royal family and himself a poet.[106]","title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Nabi Avcı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Avc%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Walid Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Turkey","text":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy, considered the national poet of Turkey for having composed its national anthem, was directly influenced by Iqbal.[107]In 2016, Turkey's Minister for Culture and Tourism Nabi Avcı presented the Dost Award to Walid Iqbal, the grandson of Iqbal, in order to honour Iqbal's \"services to Islam\", the ceremony being held in Konya, the resting place of Rumi.[108]","title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal-West1-109"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"William O. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-110"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Cantwell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-110"},{"link_name":"Freeland Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeland_Abbott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-110"}],"sub_title":"Western countries","text":"Sign for the street Iqbal-Ufer in Heidelberg, Germany, honouring Iqbal[109]Iqbal's views on the Western world have been applauded by Westerners, including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, who said that Iqbal's beliefs had \"universal appeal\".[110] Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote:[Iqbal is] great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination and oppression in all forms, i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism, democracy, peace and friendship among peoples.[110]Others, including Wilfred Cantwell Smith, stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was \"anti-intellect\", because \"capitalism fosters intellect\".[110] Freeland Abbott objected to Iqbal's views of the West, saying that they were based on the role of imperialism and that Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science.[110] Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilization.[110]","title":"Modern reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png"},{"link_name":"ؒ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_honorifics#Unicode"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Allamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah"},{"link_name":"R.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_honorifics#Applied_to_scholars_and_saints"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Rūpiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupee"},{"link_name":"commemorative coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"State Bank of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Allama Iqbal Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Open_University"},{"link_name":"University of Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Allama Iqbal International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Government College University, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Nishtar Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishtar_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan-e-Iqbal_Town"},{"link_name":"Allama Iqbal Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Town"},{"link_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University"},{"link_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia"},{"link_name":"University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Tarana-e-Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana-e-Hind"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"K.A. Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A._Abbas"},{"link_name":"Ali Sardar Jafri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sardar_Jafri"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Films Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films_Division_of_India"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Government of Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"Urdu literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_literature"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetry"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Academy Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"philately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately"},{"link_name":"Javed Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge,_born_1924)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"text":"\"ؒ صد سالہ تقریب پیدائش علامہ محمد اقبال\" (P, sad, one hundred) (P. sāla/sālha, years) (A taqrīb, anniversary) (P. paidāʼish, birth) of Allamah Muhammad Iqbal (R.A) on the obverse and \"حکومتِ پاکستان 1 روپیہ\" \"Government of Pakistan, 1 Rūpiyah\" on the reverse, among commemorative coins issued by the State Bank of Pakistan in 1977Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Medical College in Lahore, Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in the University of Kashmir, the Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore, Iqbal Hostel in Government College University, Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Hall at Nishtar Medical College in Multan, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town in Karachi, Allama Iqbal Town in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at Aligarh Muslim University, Allama Iqbal Hostel at Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Iqbal Hall at the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.[111] Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in Persian, English and Urdu.In India, his song \"Tarana-e-Hind\" is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony.[112] Dr. Mohammad Iqbal, an Indian documentary film directed by K.A. Abbas and written by Ali Sardar Jafri was released in 1978. It was produced by Government of India's Films Division.[113][114]The Government of Madhya Pradesh in India awards the Iqbal Samman, named in honour of the poet, every year at the Bharat Bhavan to Indian writers for their contributions to Urdu literature and poetry.[115]The Pakistani government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in philately and in other hobbies. His son Javed Iqbal served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence.[116]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_in_1931.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_Conference,_West_Jerusalem,_1931.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal,_London,_1932.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_in_1934.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore,_1933.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shimla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg"}],"text":"Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal in London in 1931\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAt a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal in 1934\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal at Shimla in 1930s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIqbal","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilm ul Iqtisad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_ul_Iqtisad"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Asrar-i-Khudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Rumuz-i-Bekhudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumuz-i-Bekhudi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Payam-i-Mashriq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payam-i-Mashriq"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Zabur-i-Ajam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabur-i-Ajam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Javid Nama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javid_Nama"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_should_then_be_done_O_people_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Armughan-e-Hijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_from_Hijaz"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brightpk.com-63"},{"link_name":"Bang-i-Dara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang-i-Dara"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Bal-i-Jibril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal-i-Jibril"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"},{"link_name":"Zarb-i Kalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rod_of_Moses"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-48"}],"text":"Prose book in UrduIlm ul Iqtisad (1903)[48]Prose books in EnglishThe Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)[49][48]\nThe Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930)[49][48]Poetic books in PersianAsrar-i-Khudi (1915)[48]\nRumuz-i-Bekhudi (1917)[48]\nPayam-i-Mashriq (1923)[48]\nZabur-i-Ajam (1927)[48]\nJavid Nama (1932)[48]\nPas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (1936)[48]\nArmughan-e-Hijaz (1938)[49][48][63] (in Persian and Urdu)Poetic books in UrduBang-i-Dara (1924)[48]\nBal-i-Jibril (1935)[48]\nZarb-i Kalim (1936)[48]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9571416-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9571416-6-7"},{"link_name":"Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.koausa.org/Books/AutumnLeaves"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-86588-00-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86588-00-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84511-094-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3"},{"link_name":"Muhammad, Munawwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Munawwar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"969-416-061-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-416-061-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-269-1366-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1366-4"},{"link_name":"V.S., Naipaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-50118-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50118-5"},{"link_name":"Annemarie, Schimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel"},{"link_name":"Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877–1938\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dawn.com/news/1368130/special-report-the-enduring-vision-of-iqbal-1877-1938"},{"link_name":"\"Sir Muhammad Iqbal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Anjum, Zafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar_Anjum"},{"link_name":"Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788184006568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184006568"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Schimmel: Iqbal and Indo-Muslim Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/schimmel-annmarie-iqbal-indomuslim"},{"link_name":"Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of \"To the Holy Prophet\" and \"SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12335"},{"link_name":"\"İKBAL, Muhammed – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ikbal-muhammed"},{"link_name":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-975-389-449-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-449-4"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Farrukhabadi, Rehmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehmat_Farrukhabadi"}],"text":"Shafique, Khurram Ali (2014). Iqbal: His Life and Our Times. ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan. ISBN 978-0-9571416-6-7.\nRam Nath, Kak (1995). Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences. India: Vitasta. ISBN 81-86588-00-0.\nMustansir, Mir (2006), Iqbal, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-84511-094-3\nMuhammad, Munawwar (2003). Iqbal-Poet Philosopher of Islam. Iqbal Academy Pakistan. ISBN 969-416-061-8.\nSailen, Debnath (January 2010). Secularism: Western and Indian. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. ISBN 978-81-269-1366-4.\nV.S., Naipaul (1998). Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples. USA: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50118-5.\nAnnemarie, Schimmel (1963), Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill\n\"Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877–1938\". DAWN. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.\n\"Sir Muhammad Iqbal\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 November 2023.\nAnjum, Zafar (2014). Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician. Random House India. ISBN 9788184006568.\nBurzine Waghmar, Annemarie Schimmel: Iqbal and Indo-Muslim Studies, Encyclopædia Iranica, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, published online, 16 April 2018.\nMd Mahmudul Hasan, \"Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of \"To the Holy Prophet\" and \"SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal\".\" The Muslim World 110.2 (2020): 195–216. Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of \"To the Holy Prophet\" and \"SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal\"\nS.Aydin, Mehmet (2000). \"İKBAL, Muhammed – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 22 (Ihvan-i Safa – Iskit). Istanbul. pp. 17–23. ISBN 978-975-389-449-4.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nFarrukhabadi, Rehmat (1962). اقبال اور عورت [Iqbal and Women] in Urdu. Sukkur: Ajaib Store Publications.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Iqbal: poet and philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal"}],"sub_title":"Online","text":"Muhammad Iqbal: poet and philosopher, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by Sheila D. McDonough, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, J.E. Luebering, Kenneth Pletcher and Grace Young","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Iqbal's mother, Imam Bibi who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of pathos in a poetic form after her death.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Mother_of_Iqbal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allama Iqbal with his son Javed Iqbal in 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg/220px-Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque at Portugal Place, Cambridge, commemorating Allama Iqbal's residence there during his time at Trinity College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg/220px-Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal's youth in 1899","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Iqbal_Youth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iqbal as a barrister-at-law","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif"},{"image_text":"The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg/220px-Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iqbal with Muslim politicians. (L to R): M. Iqbal (third), Syed Zafarul Hasan (sixth) at Aligarh Muslim University.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Iqbalpolitics.jpg/250px-Iqbalpolitics.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the Muslim League in 1930 and address deliverer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg/220px-Iqbal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iqbal with Choudhary Rahmat Ali and other Muslim leaders","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Iqbal-RahmatAli.jpg/220px-Iqbal-RahmatAli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copy of the first issue of Tolu-e-Islam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TolueIslam1.jpg/220px-TolueIslam1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1935, by Lady Ottoline Morrell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png/220px-Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png"},{"image_text":"Allama Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Muhammad_Iqbal_after_the_conferment_of_this_Degree_by_the_University_of_the_Punjab_in_1933.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign for the street Iqbal-Ufer in Heidelberg, Germany, honouring Iqbal[109]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg/220px-Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"ؒ صد سالہ تقریب پیدائش علامہ محمد اقبال\" (P, sad, one hundred) (P. sāla/sālha, years) (A taqrīb, anniversary) (P. paidāʼish, birth) of Allamah Muhammad Iqbal (R.A) on the obverse and \"حکومتِ پاکستان 1 روپیہ\" \"Government of Pakistan, 1 Rūpiyah\" on the reverse, among commemorative coins issued by the State Bank of Pakistan in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png/220px-Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png"},{"image_text":"The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"State emblem of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Muhammad_Iqbal%E2%80%93related_articles"}]

[{"reference":"Lelyveld, David (2004), \"Muhammad Iqbal\", in Martin, Richard C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L, Macmillan, p. 356, ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5, Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938","url_text":"\"Muhammad Iqbal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5","url_text":"978-0-02-865604-5"}]},{"reference":"Iqbal, Sir Muhammad; Zakaria, Rafiq (1981), Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa (in English and Urdu), translated by Singh, Khushwant, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-561324-7, \"Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam ... the Islam which provided a new light of thought and learning to the world, and of heroic action and glorious deeds. He was devoted to the Prophet (PBUH) and believe his message.\" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Zakaria","url_text":"Zakaria, Rafiq"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561324-7","url_text":"978-0-19-561324-7"}]},{"reference":"Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Kiernan","url_text":"Kiernan, V.G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ","url_text":"Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2","url_text":"978-0-19-906616-2"}]},{"reference":"Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held various posts both in the All-India Muslim League and the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14","url_text":"The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1","url_text":"978-1-107-00886-1"}]},{"reference":"Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Kiernan","url_text":"Kiernan, V.G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ","url_text":"Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2","url_text":"978-0-19-906616-2"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Sheila D (5 November 2020), Muhammad Iqbal, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 7 February 2021, He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal","url_text":"Muhammad Iqbal"}]},{"reference":"Anjum, Zafar (13 October 2014), Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician, Random House, pp. 16–, ISBN 978-81-8400-656-8, Responding to this call, he published a collection of Urdu poems, Bal-e-Jibril (The Wings of Gabriel) in 1935 and Zarb-e Kalim (The Stroke of the Rod of Moses) in 1936. Through this, Iqbal achieved the status of the greatest Urdu poet in the twentieth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16","url_text":"Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-656-8","url_text":"978-81-8400-656-8"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Francis (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 283–, ISBN 978-0-521-66993-1, In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283","url_text":"The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66993-1","url_text":"978-0-521-66993-1"}]},{"reference":"Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14","url_text":"The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1","url_text":"978-1-107-00886-1"}]},{"reference":"Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-06414-9, Sir Syed Ahmed had brought rationalism and the desire for knowledge and progress to the Indian Muslims; Muhammad Iqbal brought them inspiration and philosophy. Next to the Quran, there is no single influence upon the consciousness of the Pakistani intelligentsia so powerful as Iqbal's poetry. In his own time, it kindled the enthusiasm of Muslim intellectuals for the values of Islam and rallied the Muslim community once again to the banner of their faith. For this reason, Iqbal is looked upon today as the spiritual founder of Pakistan.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C","url_text":"Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9","url_text":"978-0-231-06414-9"}]},{"reference":"Platts, John T. (John Thompson) (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., retrieved 6 February 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=allama&matchtype=default","url_text":"A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English"}]},{"reference":"\"Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha'\". ThePrint. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/features/allama-iqbal-pakistans-national-poet-the-man-who-gave-india-saare-jahan-se-achha/147155/","url_text":"\"Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThePrint","url_text":"ThePrint"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32782\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1922. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32782/supplement/2","url_text":"\"No. 32782\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Jalal, Ayesha (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0. A Muslim, an Indian and a Punjabi of Kashmiri ancestry, all at the same time, Iqbal's own individuality and sense of community was shaped in equal measure by these multiple affiliations.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikk4C1gZGEAxUFXfEDHbThAooQ6AF6BAgKEAM","url_text":"Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0","url_text":"978-1-134-59937-0"}]},{"reference":"Mushtaq, Faraz. \"Life of Allama Iqbal\". International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA). Retrieved 28 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal","url_text":"\"Life of Allama Iqbal\""}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Rajmohan (1 January 1986). Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter. State University of New York Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-88706-196-7. Leg-pulling, innocent naughtiness and hearty laughter were the marks, and religion almost always the subject, of Iqbal's conversation, which was mostly in Punjabi or in an Urdu with a natural Punjabi accent.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CorzOY37E0wC&pg=PA72&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4oYiw-pCEAxUhVPEDHXUNASc4ChDoAXoECAUQAw","url_text":"Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-196-7","url_text":"978-0-88706-196-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language","url_text":"Punjabi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu","url_text":"Urdu"}]},{"reference":"Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-139-53639-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16","url_text":"The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53639-4","url_text":"978-1-139-53639-4"}]},{"reference":"Schimmel, Annemarie (1962). Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Brill Archive. pp. 34–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal"}]},{"reference":"Mir, Mustansir (2006). Iqbal. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-094-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3","url_text":"1-84511-094-3"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Jai Narain (2008). Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers, volume 17. Concept Publishing Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7022-684-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sKMK9WY9OOsC","url_text":"Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers, volume 17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-684-0","url_text":"978-81-7022-684-0"}]},{"reference":"Sharif, Imran (21 April 2011). \"Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence\". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/","url_text":"\"Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Today","url_text":"Pakistan Today"}]},{"reference":"Mushtaq, Faraz. \"Time line\". International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA). Retrieved 28 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line","url_text":"\"Time line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iqbal in years\". Archived from the original (PHP) on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120611231356/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm","url_text":"\"Iqbal in years\""},{"url":"http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taneja, V.R; Taneja, S. (2004). Educational thinkers. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 151. ISBN 81-7156-112-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Fp2zaQVVMC&pg=PA151","url_text":"Educational thinkers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-112-8","url_text":"81-7156-112-8"}]},{"reference":"\"New research on Iqbal\". Dawn. 10 November 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1065249","url_text":"\"New research on Iqbal\""}]},{"reference":"Fedele, Roberta (31 July 2013). \"From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal\". Saudi Gazette. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/54660/From-grandfather-to-grandson-The-legacy-of-Mohammed-Iqbal-","url_text":"\"From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Gazette","url_text":"Saudi Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Sabir (4 October 2015). \"Justice Javed Iqbal dies two days before his 91st birthday\". The News. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/65913-justice-javed-iqbal-dies-two-days-before-his-91st-birthday","url_text":"\"Justice Javed Iqbal dies two days before his 91st birthday\""}]},{"reference":"Samiuddin, Abida (2007). Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature (2 Vols. Set). Global Vision Publishing House. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-8220-191-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C","url_text":"Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature (2 Vols. Set)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8220-191-0","url_text":"978-81-8220-191-0"}]},{"reference":"Lansing, East; H-Bahai, Mi. (2001) [1908]. \"The development of metaphysics in persia\" (PDF). London Luzac and Company. Retrieved 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf","url_text":"\"The development of metaphysics in persia\""}]},{"reference":"Mir, Mustansir (1990). Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal. London: c.Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 978-967-5-06267-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Okxr1alsVqIC","url_text":"Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5-06267-4","url_text":"978-967-5-06267-4"}]},{"reference":"Jackso, Roy (2006). Fifty key figures in Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-415-35467-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w6flsOIT5PsC","url_text":"Fifty key figures in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35467-7","url_text":"978-0-415-35467-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Fyzee, Atiya [married name Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin; known as Atiya Begum, and Shahinda] (1877–1967), author, social reformer, and patron of the arts | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/102457. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-102457","url_text":"\"Fyzee, Atiya [married name Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin; known as Atiya Begum, and Shahinda] (1877–1967), author, social reformer, and patron of the arts | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F102457","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/102457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1","url_text":"978-0-19-861411-1"}]},{"reference":"Popp, Stephan (6 May 2010). \"Muhammad Iqbal\". Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326003050/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html","url_text":"\"Muhammad Iqbal\""},{"url":"http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schimmel, Annemarie (1963). Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Brill Archive. p. 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal"}]},{"reference":"\"Allama Iqbal – Biography\". Iqbal Academy. 26 May 2006. Archived from the original (PHP) on 19 November 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church,_Diu

St. Paul's Church, Diu

["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Jesuit architecture","3 Music","4 Congregation","5 Visitor information","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 20°42′54″N 70°59′26″E / 20.7149°N 70.9906°E / 20.7149; 70.9906 Church in Diu, IndiaSt. Paul’s ChurchIgreja de São PauloFaçade of the ChurchLocationDiuCountryIndiaDenominationJesuitHistoryFormer name(s)Cathedral of Our Lady of Immaculate ConceptionStatusActiveFounded1610; 414 years ago (1610)Founder(s)PortugueseDedicationSt. PaulOur Lady of Immaculate ConceptionArchitectureFunctional statusChurchStyleBaroqueSpecificationsCapacity200 peopleMaterialsLimestoneAdministrationProvinceGoa and DamanArchdioceseGoa and DamanDioceseDamanParishSé View of the church with adjoining monastery Interior view towards main altar The St. Paul’s Church (Portuguese: Igreja de São Paulo), is situated on Diu Island, on the west coast of India, a Union Territory of India. Diu came under the control of Portuguese colonists in early 16th century. The St. Paul’s Church, named after St. Paul, the Apostle of Jesus also known as the Apostle to the Gentiles, is still a functioning church and one of the three churches in Diu built by the Portuguese. It is considered one of the best examples of baroque architecture (artistic style) in India. History The church is located at the mouth of the Gulf of Cambay and its construction is dated to 1601 AD. Built in the style of a similar basilica church namely, the Bom Jesus Basilica at Goa, its construction was completed in 1610 AD and dedicated to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception. Architecture The church, built in the Baroque architectural style, exhibits strong similarity but with better workmanship and design than the Bom Jesus Basilica at Goa built in 1605 AD, which was also built by the Portuguese during their colonial rule of the territory. The interior of the church is decorated with intricately carved woodwork that is considered one of the most elaborate in any Portuguese church in India. Its interior has elaborate and impressive design with delicate volutes (spiral scroll-like ornament) and shell. The front elevation or facade is also said to be the most detailed of all Portuguese churches built in India. The altar, which has the image of St. Mary, is carved out of a single piece of Burmese teak and is lined and lit up with 101 candles. Above the altar, there is a "blue-and–white barrel - vaulted nave adorned with priceless old paintings and statues. Jesuit architecture The Church is stated to be an innovative design of Jesuit architecture, typical to India. The unique aspect is the facade, which has intricate decoration vis-a-vis its plain walls. Although the frontal elevation of the church is a replica of the Bom Jesus Basilica, the church dispenses with an additional third storey and also the compartments created by the buttresses, as seen in the Bom Jesus Church. The church has extravagant carved decorations in white stucco, mainly attributed to the craftsmanship of the Indian artisans, which is typical of most churches in Goa. It is inferred that the Indian silversmiths known for their exquisite workmanship have influenced the decor in the facade. This has been attributed to a fact that the Jesuits in India could not find native artists who could recreate the original Jesuit architectural designs. Hence, the religious images made in ivory and the objects made in silver have strong local flavour. Music In Goan churches, which included churches in Diu, "lavish singing with many voices and sung masses were part of the elaborate ceremonies and processions that the Jesuits staged there". The two ceremonies that are held at the Diu church are the Feast of the Eleven Thousand Virgins to mark the commencement of the school year and the other is on 25 January to mark the conversion of St. Paul, which were largely attended when Portuguese ruled the area and also now. Congregation It is the largest and the only functioning church in Diu catering to the small Christian community of about 450 Christians who remain after the Diu territory merged with India after the end of Portuguese colonial rule on 11 December 1961. Visitor information The church is easily accessible from the main land from the village of Ghoghla in the east or from Veraval or Somnath in the west. It is well connected by roads with rest of the country. There are no railway lines within Diu but the nearest railway station is on the metre gauge line at Delvada 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the fort. Diu Airport provides regular air links to Mumbai. The church is located 844 kilometres (524 mi) north west of Mumbai by road. Diu is also approachable from Una, which is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Gujarat border. See also List of Jesuit sites References ^ a b "St. Paul's Church, Diu - India ..." Official Website of Daman and Diu Tourism Department. Retrieved 18 October 2009. ^ Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 1171–72. ISBN 9781904777007. Retrieved 18 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b c "Diu". U.T. Of Daman & Diu Department Of Tourism, Daman. Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ "Time Line". Retrieved 18 October 2009. ^ "Diu Island: Portugal via Mumbai: Things Asian". Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ a b c Nunez, Cesar Guillen (2009). Macao's Church of Saint Paul: A Glimmer of the Baroque in China. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9789622099227. Retrieved 18 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Indian. Ministry of External Affairs (2005). India perspectives, Volume 18. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. p. 32. Retrieved 19 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Dazzling Diu". Rediff.com. Retrieved 19 October 2009. External links Media related to St. Paul's Church, Diu at Wikimedia Commons Singing in St. Paul's Church, Diu, India 20°42′54″N 70°59′26″E / 20.7149°N 70.9906°E / 20.7149; 70.9906

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[{"title":"List of Jesuit sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusturi,_Neam%C8%9B

Brusturi, Neamț

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 47°16′59″N 26°22′59″E / 47.283°N 26.383°E / 47.283; 26.383Commune in Neamț, RomaniaBrusturiCommuneLocation in Neamț CountyBrusturiLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 47°16′59″N 26°22′59″E / 47.283°N 26.383°E / 47.283; 26.383CountryRomaniaCountyNeamțPopulation (2021-12-01)3,686Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.NT Brusturi is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Brusturi, Groși, Poiana and Târzia. Called Brusturi-Drăgănești until 2004, it included four other villages until that year, when these were split off to form Drăgănești Commune. References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteNeamț County, RomaniaCities Piatra Neamț (county seat) Roman Towns Bicaz Roznov Târgu Neamț Communes Agapia Alexandru cel Bun Bahna Bălțătești Bâra Bârgăuani Bicaz-Chei Bicazu Ardelean Bodești Boghicea Borca Borlești Botești Bozieni Brusturi Cândești Ceahlău Cordun Costișa Crăcăoani Dămuc Dobreni Dochia Doljești Drăgănești Dragomirești Dulcești Dumbrava Roșie Farcașa Făurei Gâdinți Gârcina Gherăești Ghindăoani Girov Grințieș Grumăzești Hangu Horia Icușești Ion Creangă Mărgineni Moldoveni Negrești Oniceni Pâncești Pângărați Păstrăveni Petricani Piatra Șoimului Pipirig Podoleni Poiana Teiului Poienari Răucești Războieni Rediu Români Ruginoasa Săbăoani Sagna Săvinești Secuieni Stănița Ștefan cel Mare Tămășeni Tarcău Tașca Tazlău Țibucani Timișești Trifești Tupilați Urecheni Valea Ursului Văleni Vânători-Neamț Zănești This Neamț County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisgah,_Iowa

Pisgah, Iowa

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 References"]

Coordinates: 41°49′47″N 95°55′34″W / 41.82972°N 95.92611°W / 41.82972; -95.92611 City in Iowa, United StatesPisgah, IowaCityPisgahLocation within IowaShow map of IowaPisgahLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°49′47″N 95°55′34″W / 41.82972°N 95.92611°W / 41.82972; -95.92611CountryUnited StatesStateIowaCountyHarrisonTownshipJacksonArea • Total0.50 sq mi (1.30 km2) • Land0.50 sq mi (1.30 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,063 ft (324 m)Population (2020) • Total249 • Density498.00/sq mi (192.12/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code51564Area code712FIPS code19-63075GNIS feature ID2396216 Pisgah is a city in Harrison County, Iowa, United States, along the Soldier River. The community is located in the midst of the Loess Hills. The population was 249 at the time of the 2020 census. History Pisgah was laid out in 1899. The town's name is a biblical one chosen by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), who established a temporary settlement in central Iowa near a hill they christened Mount Pisgah. A post office called Pisgah has been in operation since 1902. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.01 square miles (2.62 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical populationsYearPop.±%1910212—    1920421+98.6%1930400−5.0%1940397−0.7%1950327−17.6%1960343+4.9%1970286−16.6%1980307+7.3%1990268−12.7%2000316+17.9%2010251−20.6%2020249−0.8%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 251 people, 121 households, and 66 families living in the city. The population density was 248.5 inhabitants per square mile (95.9/km2). There were 143 housing units at an average density of 141.6 per square mile (54.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.6% White, 0.8% Native American, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.2%. Of the 121 households 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.5% were non-families. 43.8% of households were one person and 24% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age was 48.2 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.8% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.2% male and 53.8% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 316 people, 143 households, and 84 families living in the city. The population density was 314.4 inhabitants per square mile (121.4/km2). There were 147 housing units at an average density of 146.2 per square mile (56.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.05% White, 0.32% Native American, 0.32% Asian, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.63%. Of the 143 households 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 36.4% of households were one person and 25.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.89. 26.6% of the people are under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 29.1% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males. The median household income was $26,125 and the median family income was $37,292. Males had a median income of $27,250 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,837. About 10.8% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 18.0% of those age 65 or over. Education It is within the West Harrison Community School District. Notable people James Allen, Mormon Battalion organizer Loren Babe, Major League Baseball third baseman References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pisgah, Iowa ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 114. ^ "Harrison County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved March 21, 2015. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "West Harrison Archived 2018-04-27 at the Wayback Machine." Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved on July 16, 2018. vteMetropolitan area of Omaha–Council BluffsPrimary citiesNebraska Omaha Iowa Council Bluffs Cities over 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Bellevue La Vista Papillion Cities of 5,000 to 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Blair Gretna Plattsmouth Ralston Iowa Glenwood Cities of 1,000 to 5,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Arlington Ashland Eagle Louisville Springfield Valley Wahoo Weeping Water Yutan Iowa Avoca Carter Lake Dunlap Logan Malvern Missouri Valley Oakland Woodbine Census-designated placesNebraska Chalco Offutt AFB Cities and villagesof fewer than 1,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Alvo Avoca Bennington Boys Town Cedar Bluffs Cedar Creek Ceresco Colon Elmwood Fort Calhoun Greenwood Herman Ithaca Kennard Leshara Malmo Manley Mead Memphis Morse Bluff Murdock Murray Nehawka Prague South Bend Union Valparaiso Washington Waterloo Weston Iowa Carson Crescent Emerson Hancock Hastings Henderson Little Sioux Macedonia Magnolia McClelland Minden Mineola Modale Mondamin Neola Pacific Junction Persia Pisgah Shelby Silver City Treynor Underwood Walnut CountiesNebraska Cass Douglas Sarpy Saunders Washington Iowa Harrison Mills Pottawattamie vteMunicipalities and communities of Harrison County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: LoganCities Dunlap‡ Little Sioux Logan Magnolia Missouri Valley Modale Mondamin Persia Pisgah Woodbine Map of Iowa highlighting Harrison CountyTownships Allen Boyer Calhoun Cass Cincinnati Clay Douglas Harrison Jackson Jefferson La Grange Lincoln Little Sioux Magnolia Morgan Raglan St. Johns Taylor Union Washington CDPs California Junction River Sioux Otherunincorporatedcommunities Hard Scratch Orson Yorkshire Beebeetown Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Soldier River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_River"},{"link_name":"Loess Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess_Hills"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesPisgah is a city in Harrison County, Iowa, United States, along the Soldier River. The community is located in the midst of the Loess Hills.\nThe population was 249 at the time of the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Pisgah, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Mormons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"Mount Pisgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pisgah_(Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pisgah was laid out in 1899.[4] The town's name is a biblical one chosen by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), who established a temporary settlement in central Iowa near a hill they christened Mount Pisgah. A post office called Pisgah has been in operation since 1902.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-6"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.01 square miles (2.62 km2), all of it land.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"At the 2010 census there were 251 people, 121 households, and 66 families living in the city. The population density was 248.5 inhabitants per square mile (95.9/km2). There were 143 housing units at an average density of 141.6 per square mile (54.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.6% White, 0.8% Native American, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.2%.[8]Of the 121 households 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.5% were non-families. 43.8% of households were one person and 24% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.83.The median age was 48.2 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.8% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"At the 2000 census there were 316 people, 143 households, and 84 families living in the city. The population density was 314.4 inhabitants per square mile (121.4/km2). There were 147 housing units at an average density of 146.2 per square mile (56.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.05% White, 0.32% Native American, 0.32% Asian, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.63%.[9]Of the 143 households 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 36.4% of households were one person and 25.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.89.26.6% of the people are under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 29.1% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.The median household income was $26,125 and the median family income was $37,292. Males had a median income of $27,250 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,837. About 10.8% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 18.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Harrison Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Harrison_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"It is within the West Harrison Community School District.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Allen_(Army_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Mormon Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Loren Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_Babe"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"}],"text":"James Allen, Mormon Battalion organizer\nLoren Babe, Major League Baseball third baseman","title":"Notable people"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline,_South_Carolina

Pauline, South Carolina

["1 Education","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","3 References"]

Coordinates: 34°49′59″N 81°52′20″W / 34.83306°N 81.87222°W / 34.83306; -81.87222 Census-designated place in South Carolina, United StatesPaulineCensus-designated placePaulineLocation within the state of South CarolinaCoordinates: 34°49′59″N 81°52′20″W / 34.83306°N 81.87222°W / 34.83306; -81.87222CountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCountySpartanburgArea • Total1.44 sq mi (3.73 km2) • Land1.43 sq mi (3.70 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation761 ft (232 m)Population (2020) • Total209 • Density146.46/sq mi (56.56/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes29374FIPS code45-54970GNIS feature ID1250040 Pauline is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 209. Until the 1890s, Pauline was known as Stribling. The community took the name "Pauline" when they were to name a post office and the name "Stribling" was already taken; "Pauline" was the first name of the postmaster's daughter at the time. Pauline has a post office with the zip code 29374. The William Dixon Fowler House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Education It is in Spartanburg County School District 6. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020209—U.S. Decennial Census 2020 2020 census Pauline CDP, South Carolina – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race / Ethnicity Pop 2020 % 2020 White alone (NH) 155 74.16% Black or African American alone (NH) 18 8.61% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1 0.48% Asian alone (NH) 0 0.00% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 0.00% Some Other Race alone (NH) 1 0.48% Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 16 7.66% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 18 8.61% Total 209 100.00% Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pauline, South Carolina ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ "Pauline, South Carolina (SC 29374) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders". www.city-data.com. Retrieved September 10, 2018. ^ "Pauline CDP, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2022. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/06/12 through 2/10/12. National Park Service. February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Spartanburg County, SC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau. ^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Pauline CDP, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. vteMunicipalities and communities of Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: SpartanburgCities Chesnee‡ Greer‡ Inman Landrum Spartanburg Wellford Woodruff Map of South Carolina highlighting Spartanburg CountyTowns Campobello Central Pacolet Cowpens Duncan Lyman Pacolet Reidville CDPs Arcadia Arkwright Ben Avon Boiling Springs Camp Croft Clifton Converse Cross Anchor Drayton Enoree Fairforest Fingerville Glendale Glenn Springs Gramling Hilltop Inman Mills Mayo Pauline Roebuck Saxon Southern Shops Startex Valley Falls Whitney Othercommunities Campton Cashville Cherokee Springs Crescent Holly Springs Little Africa Little Chicago Moore New Prospect Pelham Stone Station Switzer Una White Stone Ghost town Brannons Store Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties South Carolina portal United States portal This South Carolina state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Bridge,_Pennsylvania

Centre Bridge, Pennsylvania

["1 Notes"]

Coordinates: 40°24′04″N 74°58′48″W / 40.401°N 74.980°W / 40.401; -74.980Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, US Centre Bridge is an unincorporated community on the Delaware River in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located at the crossroads of River Road (PA 32) and Upper York Road (PA 263), it lies 3 miles (4.8 km) north of New Hope. The spelling of the name of the village is traditional. Centre Bridge was originally called Reading's Ferry, after the proprietor of the original ferry at this point on the Old York Road between Philadelphia and New York. In 1814, a covered wooden toll bridge was built there. In 1923, lightning struck the bridge and the resulting fire destroyed the bridge. The fire was depicted in a famous painting by Edward Willis Redfield, who lived in a farm house just north of the bridge. The current Centre Bridge–Stockton Bridge was completed in 1926. The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal runs along the river between Centre Bridge and the river. For more than two hundred years, there has been an inn at the crossroads. It has burned several times; the last time it burned to the ground, in the early 1960s, the centuries-old stone walls tumbled. This time, it was rebuilt by more modern although less picturesque standards. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centre Bridge, Pennsylvania. Notes ^ "Solebury Township Bucks County Pennsylvania, a Short History of the Township and a Report on Township Officers and Affairs", by John Richardson, Offset Service Company, Philadelphia, 1958. vteMunicipalities and communities of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: DoylestownBoroughs Bristol Chalfont Doylestown Dublin Hulmeville Ivyland Langhorne Langhorne Manor Morrisville New Britain New Hope Newtown Penndel Perkasie Quakertown Richlandtown Riegelsville Sellersville Silverdale Telford‡ Trumbauersville Tullytown Yardley Townships Bedminster Bensalem Bridgeton Bristol Buckingham Doylestown Durham East Rockhill Falls Haycock Hilltown Lower Makefield Lower Southampton Middletown Milford New Britain Newtown Nockamixon Northampton Plumstead Richland Solebury Springfield Tinicum Upper Makefield Upper Southampton Warminster Warrington Warwick West Rockhill Wrightstown CDPs Brittany Farms-The Highlands Churchville Cornwells Heights Croydon Eddington Fairless Hills Feasterville Levittown Milford Square Newtown Grant Plumsteadville Richboro Spinnerstown Trevose Village Shires Warminster Heights Woodbourne Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Almont Amity Andalusia Applebachsville Aquetong Argus Bedminster Brick Tavern Blooming Glen Buckingham Bucksville Carversville Centre Bridge Danboro Dolington Durham Elephant Erwinna Eureka‡ Fallsington Ferndale Finland Forest Grove Fountainville Furlong Gallows Hill Gardenville Geryville‡ Hagersville Harrow Hartsville Highton Hilltown Hinkletown Holicong Holland Hood Jamison Kintnersville Kulps Corner Lahaska Line Lexington‡ Lodi Loux Corner (Hilltown) Lumberville Maple Beach Mechanicsville Mount Pleasant Neshaminy Neshaminy Falls Newville Ottsville Oxford Valley Penns Park Pineville Pipersville Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Revere Rushland Shelly Solebury Southampton Springtown Uhlerstown Unionville‡ Upper Black Eddy Washington Crossing White Horse Wrightstown Wycombe Zionhill Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal 40°24′04″N 74°58′48″W / 40.401°N 74.980°W / 40.401; -74.980

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Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Penndel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penndel,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Perkasie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkasie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Quakertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Richlandtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richlandtown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Riegelsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegelsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sellersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Silverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Telford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Trumbauersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbauersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tullytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullytown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Yardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Bedminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedminster_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bensalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bridgeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Doylestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doylestown_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rockhill_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Haycock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haycock_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hilltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltown_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lower Makefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lower Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Southampton_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Nockamixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nockamixon_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Plumstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Richland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Solebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solebury_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tinicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinicum_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Makefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Southampton_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"West Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rockhill_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wrightstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightstown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Brittany Farms-The Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Farms-The_Highlands,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Churchville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cornwells Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwells_Heights,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fairless Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairless_Hills,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Feasterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasterville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Levittown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Milford Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Square,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Newtown Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Grant,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Plumsteadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumsteadville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Richboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Spinnerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnerstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Trevose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevose,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Village Shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Shires,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warminster Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster_Heights,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Woodbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbourne,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Unincorporatedcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Almont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almont,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Amity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amity,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Applebachsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applebachsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Aquetong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquetong,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bedminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedminster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brick Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Tavern,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blooming Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooming_Glen,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bucksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucksville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Carversville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carversville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Centre Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Danboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dolington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Erwinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwinna,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fallsington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallsington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ferndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Forest Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Grove,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fountainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountainville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlong,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gallows Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows_Hill,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gardenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Geryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geryville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hagersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hartsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Highton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hilltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hinkletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinkletown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Holicong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holicong,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jamison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamison,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kintnersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintnersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kulps Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulps_Corner,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lahaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaska,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Line Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Lexington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Loux Corner (Hilltown)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loux_Corner,_Hilltown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lumberville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Maple Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Beach,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Neshaminy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neshaminy,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Neshaminy Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neshaminy_Falls,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Newville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ottsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Oxford Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Valley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Penns Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penns_Park,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pineville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pipersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Valley,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Point Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revere,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rushland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushland,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Shelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Solebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solebury,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Springtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Uhlerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlerstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Unionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionville,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Black Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Black_Eddy,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Crossing,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"White Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wrightstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Zionhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionhill,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"40°24′04″N 74°58′48″W / 40.401°N 74.980°W / 40.401; -74.980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_Bridge,_Pennsylvania&params=40.401_N_74.98_W_region:US-PA_type:city_scale:5000"}],"text":"^ \"Solebury Township Bucks County Pennsylvania, a Short History of the Township and a Report on Township Officers and Affairs\", by John Richardson, Offset Service Company, Philadelphia, 1958.vteMunicipalities and communities of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: DoylestownBoroughs\nBristol\nChalfont\nDoylestown\nDublin\nHulmeville\nIvyland\nLanghorne\nLanghorne Manor\nMorrisville\nNew Britain\nNew Hope\nNewtown\nPenndel\nPerkasie\nQuakertown\nRichlandtown\nRiegelsville\nSellersville\nSilverdale\nTelford‡\nTrumbauersville\nTullytown\nYardley\nTownships\nBedminster\nBensalem\nBridgeton\nBristol\nBuckingham\nDoylestown\nDurham\nEast Rockhill\nFalls\nHaycock\nHilltown\nLower Makefield\nLower Southampton\nMiddletown\nMilford\nNew Britain\nNewtown\nNockamixon\nNorthampton\nPlumstead\nRichland\nSolebury\nSpringfield\nTinicum\nUpper Makefield\nUpper Southampton\nWarminster\nWarrington\nWarwick\nWest Rockhill\nWrightstown\nCDPs\nBrittany Farms-The Highlands\nChurchville\nCornwells Heights\nCroydon\nEddington\nFairless Hills\nFeasterville\nLevittown\nMilford Square\nNewtown Grant\nPlumsteadville\nRichboro\nSpinnerstown\nTrevose\nVillage Shires\nWarminster Heights\nWoodbourne\nWoodside\nUnincorporatedcommunities\nAlmont\nAmity\nAndalusia\nApplebachsville\nAquetong\nArgus\nBedminster\nBrick Tavern\nBlooming Glen\nBuckingham\nBucksville\nCarversville\nCentre Bridge\nDanboro\nDolington\nDurham\nElephant\nErwinna\nEureka‡\nFallsington\nFerndale\nFinland\nForest Grove\nFountainville\nFurlong\nGallows Hill\nGardenville\nGeryville‡\nHagersville\nHarrow\nHartsville\nHighton\nHilltown\nHinkletown\nHolicong\nHolland\nHood\nJamison\nKintnersville\nKulps Corner\nLahaska\nLine Lexington‡\nLodi\nLoux Corner (Hilltown)\nLumberville\nMaple Beach\nMechanicsville\nMount Pleasant\nNeshaminy\nNeshaminy Falls\nNewville\nOttsville\nOxford Valley\nPenns Park\nPineville\nPipersville\nPleasant Valley\nPoint Pleasant\nRevere\nRushland\nShelly\nSolebury\nSouthampton\nSpringtown\nUhlerstown\nUnionville‡\nUpper Black Eddy\nWashington Crossing\nWhite Horse\nWrightstown\nWycombe\nZionhill\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nPennsylvania portal\nUnited States portal40°24′04″N 74°58′48″W / 40.401°N 74.980°W / 40.401; -74.980","title":"Notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelismos,_Messenia

Evangelismos, Messenia

["1 Other settlements within Evangelismos Community","2 Historical population","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 36°50′N 21°46′E / 36.833°N 21.767°E / 36.833; 21.767Place in GreeceEvangelismos ΕυαγγελισμόςEvangelismosCoordinates: 36°50′N 21°46′E / 36.833°N 21.767°E / 36.833; 21.767CountryGreeceAdministrative regionPeloponneseRegional unitMesseniaMunicipalityPylos-NestorMunicipal unitMethoniPopulation (2011) • Rural259Community • Population408 (2011)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Evangelismos (Greek: Ευαγγελισμός) is a town near the southern coast of Messenia, Greece. It is located 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Pylos and 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Methoni. The town is the main settlement in Evangelismos Community which itself is part of the Methoni municipal unit within the Pylos-Nestor municipality. Nearby villages include Dentroulia and Kamaria. Other settlements within Evangelismos Community Amoulaki Dentroulia Kamaria Kavouriano Palialona Historical population Year Village Community 1991 - 408 2001 287 398 2011 259 408 See also List of settlements in Messenia References ^ a b c "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. vteSubdivisions of the municipality of Pylos-NestorasMunicipal unit of Koroni Akritochori Charakopio Chrysokellaria Falanthi Iamia Kaplani Kompi Koroni Vasilitsi Vounaria Municipal unit of Methoni Evangelismos Finiki Finikounda Kenourgio Chorio Lachanada Methoni Municipal unit of Nestoras Ampelofyto Chora Flesiada Koryfasio Metaxada Myrsinochori Paleo Loutro Romanos Municipal unit of Papaflessas Maniaki Margeli Metamorfosi Papaflessas Vlachopoulo Municipal unit of Pylos Ampelokipi Chomatada Glyfada Iklena Kallithea Kynigos Mesochori Pappoulia Pidasos Pyla Pylos Municipal unit of Chiliochoria Chandrinos Koukounara Kremmydia Mesopotamos Soulinari This Peloponnese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Pylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos"},{"link_name":"Methoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia"},{"link_name":"Pylos-Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos-Nestor"}],"text":"Place in GreeceEvangelismos (Greek: Ευαγγελισμός) is a town near the southern coast of Messenia, Greece. It is located 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Pylos and 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Methoni. The town is the main settlement in Evangelismos Community which itself is part of the Methoni municipal unit within the Pylos-Nestor municipality. Nearby villages include Dentroulia and Kamaria.","title":"Evangelismos, Messenia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Amoulaki\nDentroulia\nKamaria\nKavouriano\nPalialona","title":"Other settlements within Evangelismos Community"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical population"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of settlements in Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Messenia"}]

[{"reference":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","url_text":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Colton,_California

Colton Crossing

["1 History","2 Grade separation and flyover","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 34°03′56″N 117°19′41″W / 34.065565°N 117.328124°W / 34.065565; -117.328124Railway crossing in Colton, California Colton Crossing in 2013 Colton Crossing is a railway crossing situated in Colton, California, directly south of Interstate 10. First built in 1883, it was the site of one of the most intense frog wars in railroad construction history, leading to a personal confrontation between famed lawman Virgil Earp and California Governor Robert Waterman. The crossing was the intersection of the tracks for the Sante Fe (ATSF) and Southern Pacific (SP) railroads. The tracks are now owned by the SP's and the ATSF's successors, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) railroads respectively. The UP tracks run east–west at the crossing while the BNSF tracks run north–south (the BNSF tracks eventually head west to Los Angeles and Long Beach, parallel to the UP tracks). Metrolink trains and Amtrak's Southwest Chief use the BNSF tracks through the crossing while Amtrak's Sunset Limited utilize the UP tracks. The UP tracks come from the east through the Coachella Valley and into the yard in West Colton (onwards to Los Angeles). On the other hand, the BNSF tracks from the indirect west (Los Angeles) and direct south (Riverside and Corona) continue through the crossing and on to the yard in San Bernardino, which then head up north to Cajon Pass and eventually Barstow on the journey to Chicago. History Colton Crossing in 1989 Construction of the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), was repeatedly interrupted by the Santa Fe's rival, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). In one instance, California Southern was set to build a level junction across SP tracks in Colton. California Southern engineer Fred T. Perris ordered the crossing built and acquired the track section for the railroad. When the track was delivered to National City in July 1883, SP officials hired the sheriff there to seize the track section and prevent its installation. The sheriff kept the track under 24-hour guard, but Perris's men were able to retake the track while the sheriff napped, loaded the track on a flatcar and started northward with it toward Colton, where it was to be installed. Perris obtained a court order on August 11, 1883, that would legally allow California Southern to install the new track section. Jacob Nash Victor, a California Southern construction engineer, was the foreman at Colton. In a letter that Victor wrote to Thomas Nickerson, then president of the California Southern, he stated: I thought it advisable to have final order of court printed and each SP employee served. It was also asserted that headquarters at San Francisco had not received the final order. The danger of a riot was so imminent, by legal advice I had the order telegraphed to the Sheriff at SF to serve on the President or Secy. ... In the meantime the Sheriff had organized a posse, with arms and was waiting for order of court to clear the track, on our application.: 133  Perris' crew was ready to install it as soon as SP's Overland Mail passed the point of intersection between the two railroads. However, at that moment an SP locomotive arrived at the scene pulling a single gondola and stopped. The engineer of the SP locomotive then drove the train back and forth slowly at the crossing point in an effort to prevent the California Southern crew from installing the crossing. Southern Pacific had hired the lawman Virgil Earp to guard its tracks in Colton and he rode in the cab. The station and yards at San Bernardino in 1915. A year later, the station was destroyed by fire. The citizens of Colton supported Southern Pacific, but Southern Pacific had bypassed nearby San Bernardino and its residents were upset. They hoped the California Southern line would put their city back on the map. On the morning of September 13, events reached a head in a confrontation that was quickly dubbed the "Battle of the Crossing". Citizens from Colton and San Bernardino gathered on either side of the tracks—San Bernardino residents on the north and the citizens from Colton on the south—with the Southern Pacific locomotive between them. Men on both sides carried picks, shovels, shotguns and revolvers. Virgil Earp stood in the gangway between cab and tender facing the San Bernardino mob, his revolver in hand. It was believed that the gondola held a number of SP men with rifles and other weapons who crouched below the walls of the car so as not to be seen.: 27  Governor of California Robert Waterman ordered San Bernardino County Sheriff J.B. Burkhart to enforce the court order. Burkhart deputized 10 dependable men and personally escorted the governor to the crossing site. Waterman stood between the SP locomotive and the San Bernardino mob and read the court order. The governor said the locomotive must be cleared away at once. He told Virgil Earp that if he made any move with his six-shooter, Burkhart and his deputies were authorized to shoot. The tension between the crowds, lawmen, and governor made a gun fight likely—perhaps bloodier than his Tombstone shootout. Earp realized that further resistance was hopeless and would lead to bloodshed. He holstered his weapon and ordered the engineer to move the locomotive. The track was cleared and the crossing was installed. The first train from San Diego arrived in Colton on August 21, 1882 (before the crossing was installed), and the first train to San Bernardino arrived just over a year later on September 13, 1883. A schematic of the crossing in 1919, at the time served by four railroads: the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad (later Union Pacific), the Southern Pacific, and Pacific Electric. The eastern diamond has since been removed. Grade separation and flyover This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The City of Colton was the site of the Colton Crossing, an at-grade crossing where two primary rail routes serving Southern California intersected. Prior to the completion of the flyover project, the crossing was responsible for significant congestion on the main lines of the Union Pacific (UP) and BNSF railroads, with over 110 trains utilizing the right-angle crossing on a daily basis. In December 2006, the Alameda Corridor Transit Authority (ACTA) presented a feasibility study to analyze alternatives and costs for design and construction of an east–west structure, which would grade separate the BNSF and UP main line tracks at Colton Crossing. In addition, ACTA prepared a report on a proposed north–south flyover to the south of Colton Crossing to reduce train crossing conflicts and hours-long congestion. The report was evaluated by ACTA, UP, BNSF and the San Bernardino Associated Governments (SANBAG). SANBAG conducted community outreach meetings to assist the project team with selecting the final build option. In November 2011, work began on the grade separation project, with the final design being a 2.2-km east–west flyover of the Union Pacific tracks over the north-south BNSF tracks. Work was initially expected to take four years at a projected cost of $202 million. Skanska was the lead contractor on this project. An aerial view of the grade separation. Interstate 10 is visible, running parallel to the flyover immediately to the north. The Colton Crossing flyover project was completed in August 2013, with BNSF and UP each getting two tracks for their traffic. As seen from the image, a singular UP track was kept at grade to be used for emergencies, switching, and access to the West Colton yard (effectively keeping the last Colton Diamond intact). Innovative construction methods, including cellular embankments as well as low bid prices, were responsible for the project coming in eight months ahead of schedule and significantly under budget, with the final cost being $93 million versus the budgeted $202 million. The completion of the project has resulted in greatly reduced congestion, leading to reduced travel times, a 31,000-ton drop in annual greenhouse gas emissions, and $241 million saved in time spent traveling. See also Stockton Diamond References ^ Waters, Leslie L. (1950). Steel Trails to Santa Fe. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. ^ a b "Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp". June 12, 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ a b Duke, Donald; Kistler, Stan (1963). Santa Fe ...Steel Rails Through California. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-009-6. ^ Signor, p 17. ^ a b "Colton Crossing grade separation gets underway". Railway Gazette. November 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2013. ^ a b c ACTA Colton Crossing Feasibility Study ^ ":: COLTON CROSSING - Rail-To-Rail Grade Separation Project ::". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-08-21. SANBAG Colton Crossing web site ^ ^ "Colton Crossing grade separation completed". Railway Gazette. August 29, 2013. vteColtonHistory Agua Mansa Colton Carnegie Library Colton Crossing Colton Liberty Flag Education Colton Joint Unified School District Colton High School Points of interest Arrowhead Regional Medical Center Reche Canyon Slover Mountain 34°03′56″N 117°19′41″W / 34.065565°N 117.328124°W / 34.065565; -117.328124

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colton_Crossing_flyover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"frog wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_war"},{"link_name":"Virgil Earp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Earp"},{"link_name":"Robert Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Waterman_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Sante Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Burlington Northern Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Southwest Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Chief"},{"link_name":"Sunset Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Limited"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Cajon Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Pass"},{"link_name":"Barstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"Railway crossing in Colton, CaliforniaColton Crossing in 2013Colton Crossing is a railway crossing situated in Colton, California, directly south of Interstate 10. First built in 1883, it was the site of one of the most intense frog wars in railroad construction history, leading to a personal confrontation between famed lawman Virgil Earp and California Governor Robert Waterman. The crossing was the intersection of the tracks for the Sante Fe (ATSF) and Southern Pacific (SP) railroads. The tracks are now owned by the SP's and the ATSF's successors, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) railroads respectively. The UP tracks run east–west at the crossing while the BNSF tracks run north–south (the BNSF tracks eventually head west to Los Angeles and Long Beach, parallel to the UP tracks). Metrolink trains and Amtrak's Southwest Chief use the BNSF tracks through the crossing while Amtrak's Sunset Limited utilize the UP tracks. The UP tracks come from the east through the Coachella Valley and into the yard in West Colton (onwards to Los Angeles). On the other hand, the BNSF tracks from the indirect west (Los Angeles) and direct south (Riverside and Corona) continue through the crossing and on to the yard in San Bernardino, which then head up north to Cajon Pass and eventually Barstow on the journey to Chicago.","title":"Colton Crossing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colton_junction.jpg"},{"link_name":"California Southern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Southern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"level junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_junction"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton,_California"},{"link_name":"Fred T. Perris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_T._Perris"},{"link_name":"National City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_City,_California"},{"link_name":"flatcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatcar"},{"link_name":"Jacob Nash Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Nash_Victor"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nickerson_(ATSF)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"gondola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Virgil Earp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Earp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Bernardino_station,_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D&K27-3"},{"link_name":"Governor of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Robert Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Waterman_(governor)"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County_Sheriff%27s_Department"},{"link_name":"Tombstone shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-2"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D&K27-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Report_on_railroad_grade_crossing_elimination_and_passenger_and_freight_terminals_in_Los_Angeles_(1920)_(14760718062).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Report_on_railroad_grade_crossing_elimination_and_passenger_and_freight_terminals_in_Los_Angeles_(1920)_(14760718062).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Report_on_railroad_grade_crossing_elimination_and_passenger_and_freight_terminals_in_Los_Angeles_(1920)_(14760718062).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric"}],"text":"Colton Crossing in 1989Construction of the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), was repeatedly interrupted by the Santa Fe's rival, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). In one instance, California Southern was set to build a level junction across SP tracks in Colton. California Southern engineer Fred T. Perris ordered the crossing built and acquired the track section for the railroad. When the track was delivered to National City in July 1883, SP officials hired the sheriff there to seize the track section and prevent its installation. The sheriff kept the track under 24-hour guard, but Perris's men were able to retake the track while the sheriff napped, loaded the track on a flatcar and started northward with it toward Colton, where it was to be installed.Perris obtained a court order on August 11, 1883, that would legally allow California Southern to install the new track section.Jacob Nash Victor, a California Southern construction engineer, was the foreman at Colton. In a letter that Victor wrote to Thomas Nickerson, then president of the California Southern, he stated:I thought it advisable to have final order of court printed and each SP employee served. It was also asserted that headquarters at San Francisco had not received the final order. The danger of a riot was so imminent, by legal advice I had the order telegraphed to the Sheriff at SF to serve on the President or Secy. ... In the meantime the Sheriff [in Colton] had organized a posse, with arms and was waiting for order of court to clear the track, on our application.[1]: 133Perris' crew was ready to install it as soon as SP's Overland Mail passed the point of intersection between the two railroads. However, at that moment an SP locomotive arrived at the scene pulling a single gondola and stopped. The engineer of the SP locomotive then drove the train back and forth slowly at the crossing point in an effort to prevent the California Southern crew from installing the crossing. Southern Pacific had hired the lawman Virgil Earp to guard its tracks in Colton and he rode in the cab.The station and yards at San Bernardino in 1915. A year later, the station was destroyed by fire.The citizens of Colton supported Southern Pacific, but Southern Pacific had bypassed nearby San Bernardino and its residents were upset. They hoped the California Southern line would put their city back on the map. On the morning of September 13, events reached a head in a confrontation that was quickly dubbed the \"Battle of the Crossing\". Citizens from Colton and San Bernardino gathered on either side of the tracks—San Bernardino residents on the north and the citizens from Colton on the south—with the Southern Pacific locomotive between them. Men on both sides carried picks, shovels, shotguns and revolvers. Virgil Earp stood in the gangway between cab and tender facing the San Bernardino mob, his revolver in hand.[2] It was believed that the gondola held a number of SP men with rifles and other weapons who crouched below the walls of the car so as not to be seen.[3]: 27Governor of California Robert Waterman ordered San Bernardino County Sheriff J.B. Burkhart to enforce the court order. Burkhart deputized 10 dependable men and personally escorted the governor to the crossing site. Waterman stood between the SP locomotive and the San Bernardino mob and read the court order. The governor said the locomotive must be cleared away at once. He told Virgil Earp that if he made any move with his six-shooter, Burkhart and his deputies were authorized to shoot. The tension between the crowds, lawmen, and governor made a gun fight likely—perhaps bloodier than his Tombstone shootout. Earp realized that further resistance was hopeless and would lead to bloodshed. He holstered his weapon and ordered the engineer to move the locomotive.[2]The track was cleared and the crossing was installed. The first train from San Diego arrived in Colton on August 21, 1882 (before the crossing was installed), and the first train to San Bernardino arrived just over a year later on September 13, 1883.[3][4]A schematic of the crossing in 1919, at the time served by four railroads: the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad (later Union Pacific), the Southern Pacific, and Pacific Electric. The eastern diamond has since been removed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG0811-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACTA_study-6"},{"link_name":"Alameda Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACTA_study-6"},{"link_name":"flyover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpass"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Associated Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Associated_Governments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACTA_study-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SANBAG_Colton_Crossing_web_site-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG0811-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma_Carter_December_2011_E-Newsletter-8"},{"link_name":"Skanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colton_Crossing_grade_separation.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The City of Colton was the site of the Colton Crossing, an at-grade crossing where two primary rail routes serving Southern California intersected. Prior to the completion of the flyover project, the crossing was responsible for significant congestion on the main lines of the Union Pacific (UP) and BNSF railroads, with over 110 trains utilizing the right-angle crossing on a daily basis.[5][6]In December 2006, the Alameda Corridor Transit Authority (ACTA) presented a feasibility study to analyze alternatives and costs for design and construction of an east–west structure, which would grade separate the BNSF and UP main line tracks at Colton Crossing.[6] In addition, ACTA prepared a report on a proposed north–south flyover to the south of Colton Crossing to reduce train crossing conflicts and hours-long congestion. The report was evaluated by ACTA, UP, BNSF and the San Bernardino Associated Governments (SANBAG).[6] SANBAG conducted community outreach meetings to assist the project team with selecting the final build option.[7] In November 2011, work began on the grade separation project, with the final design being a 2.2-km east–west flyover of the Union Pacific tracks over the north-south BNSF tracks. Work was initially expected to take four years at a projected cost of $202 million.[5][8] Skanska was the lead contractor on this project.An aerial view of the grade separation. Interstate 10 is visible, running parallel to the flyover immediately to the north.The Colton Crossing flyover project was completed in August 2013, with BNSF and UP each getting two tracks for their traffic. As seen from the image, a singular UP track was kept at grade to be used for emergencies, switching, and access to the West Colton yard (effectively keeping the last Colton Diamond intact). Innovative construction methods, including cellular embankments as well as low bid prices, were responsible for the project coming in eight months ahead of schedule and significantly under budget, with the final cost being $93 million versus the budgeted $202 million. The completion of the project has resulted in greatly reduced congestion, leading to reduced travel times, a 31,000-ton drop in annual greenhouse gas emissions, and $241 million saved in time spent traveling.[9]","title":"Grade separation and flyover"}]

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[{"title":"Stockton Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Diamond"}]

[{"reference":"Waters, Leslie L. (1950). Steel Trails to Santa Fe. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp\". June 12, 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historynet.com/frontier-lawman-virgil-earp.htm","url_text":"\"Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp\""}]},{"reference":"Duke, Donald; Kistler, Stan (1963). Santa Fe ...Steel Rails Through California. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-009-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N3VEAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Santa Fe ...Steel Rails Through California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino,_California","url_text":"San Marino, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Books","url_text":"Golden West Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87095-009-6","url_text":"0-87095-009-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Colton Crossing grade separation gets underway\". Railway Gazette. November 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/colton-crossing-grade-separation-grade-separation-underway.html","url_text":"\"Colton Crossing grade separation gets underway\""}]},{"reference":"\":: COLTON CROSSING - Rail-To-Rail Grade Separation Project ::\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175626/http://www.coltoncrossing.com/","url_text":"\":: COLTON CROSSING - Rail-To-Rail Grade Separation Project ::\""},{"url":"http://www.coltoncrossing.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colton Crossing grade separation completed\". Railway Gazette. August 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/colton-crossing-grade-separation-completed.html","url_text":"\"Colton Crossing grade separation completed\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Capital_Region,_Manitoba

Winnipeg Metropolitan Region

["1 History","2 Membership","2.1 Winnipeg census metropolitan area","3 Demographics","3.1 Population","3.2 Ethnicity","3.3 Language","4 Governance","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 49°53′N 97°08′W / 49.88°N 97.13°W / 49.88; -97.13 Metropolitan area in Manitoba, CanadaWinnipeg Metropolitan RegionMetropolitan areaDowntown Winnipeg in 2016Red areas are part of the Statistics Canada CMA while green areas show other regions included in the wider WMR.Country CanadaProvince ManitobaEstablished1998; 26 years ago (1998)Government • BodyBoard • Co-chairsScott Gillingham and Shelley HartArea • Total7,795.96 km2 (3,010.04 sq mi)Population (2021 Census) • Total834,678 • Extended area39,202 • Extended area density157.9/km2 (409/sq mi) • Combined873,880GDP • Winnipeg CMACA$45.0 billion (2020)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)204, 431Websitewinnipegmetroregion.ca The Winnipeg Metropolitan Region (formerly called the Winnipeg Capital Region and the Manitoba Capital Region) is a metropolitan area in the Canadian province of Manitoba located in the Red River Valley in the southeast portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and 17 surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and towns. Other places in the Region besides Winnipeg with a population over 1,000 are the city of Selkirk; towns of Stonewall and Niverville; and communities of Oakbank, Oak Bluff, Stony Mountain, Teulon, and Lorette. As the most densely-populated and economically-important area of Manitoba, the region accounts for two-thirds of the province's population and 70% of the provincial GDP as of 2021. It also includes the smaller census metropolitan area (CMA) of Winnipeg, with the addition of the Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve. History In the late 1990s, issues such as providing Shoal Lake water to nearby municipalities and allowing exurban housing growth beyond Winnipeg became more important. At the time, Mayor Susan Thompson voiced the idea of a regional planning authority to mediate such issues. In June 1998, former Great West Life President Kevin Kavanagh was appointed by Premier Gary Filmon to chair the Capital Region Review Committee. The panel looked at land-use planning and economic development between the City of Winnipeg and surrounding municipalities. Thompson along with the mayors and reeves of the 14 municipalities adjacent to Winnipeg began to meet on a regular basis starting in October 1998, thus forming the Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. Due to a change of government in September 1999, however, creating a regional planning authority took longer than originally foreseen. The Capital Region was originally defined in 2006, through The Capital Region Partnership Act, to include 16 municipalities. A pro-economic growth planning document was released in November 2018, called Securing Our Future: An Action Plan for Winnipeg's Metropolitan Region. In October 2019, Dentons released a speech and discussion document, For the Benefit of All: Regional Competitiveness and Collaboration in the Winnipeg Metro Region, which sought to reform regional planning. Upon publication, Premier Brian Pallister and Winnipeg Mayor Brian Bowman spoke in favour of creating a new entity to manage development and transportation in the Winnipeg Metro Region. Membership The Winnipeg Metro Region is located in the Red River Valley in the southeast portion of the province of Manitoba, and is bounded to the north by the south basin of Lake Winnipeg. The Region was originally defined in The Capital Region Partnership Act (2006) to include 16 municipalities. Since that time, the Town of Niverville and the Village of Dunnottar have been incorporated into the Winnipeg Metropolitan Region, giving the Region 18 municipalities in total. The Region today comprises the following cities, towns, and RMs: City of Winnipeg City of Selkirk Town of Stonewall Town of Niverville Village of Dunnottar RM of Cartier RM of East St. Paul RM of Headingley RM of Macdonald RM of Ritchot RM of Rockwood RM of Rosser RM of Springfield RM of St. Andrews RM of St. Clements RM of St. François Xavier RM of Taché RM of West St. Paul An aerial view of Winnipeg. However, there are some municipalities that are geographically (entirely or largely) within the Region's territory that are not officially part of the Metro Region. These include the town of Teulon, the village of Garson, and the Indian reserve of Brokenhead Ojibway Nation. Winnipeg census metropolitan area The Winnipeg Metro Region includes the smaller Winnipeg census metropolitan area (CMA), with the addition of the Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve. The included CMA municipalities are: Winnipeg East St. Paul Headingley Ritchot Rosser Springfield St. Clements St. François Xavier Taché West St. Paul Demographics Population The population of the Winnipeg Metro Region is greatly concentrated within the city of Winnipeg itself, which has 86.5% of the Region's population residing in less than 6% of its land area. On the provincial level, the city has 54.9% of the province's population, while the Region's share is 63.5%. Census area 1991 census 1996 census 2001 census 2006 census 2011 census 2016 census 2021 census City of Winnipeg 615,215 618,477 619,544 633,451 663,617 705,244 749,607 Winnipeg CMA 660,450 672,109 676,594 694,668 730,018 778,489 834,678 Winnipeg Metropolitan Region 696,453 705,806 711,455 730,305 771,616 821,537 873,880 Ethnicity Panethnic groups in Metro Winnipeg (2001−2021) Panethnicgroup 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % European 460,240 56.15% 473,360 62.16% 495,445 69.33% 514,715 75.03% 523,405 79.1% Indigenous 102,075 12.45% 92,810 12.19% 78,420 10.97% 68,385 9.97% 55,755 8.43% Southeast Asian 94,700 11.55% 81,875 10.75% 63,740 8.92% 42,275 6.16% 35,125 5.31% South Asian 63,805 7.78% 38,100 5% 23,175 3.24% 15,295 2.23% 12,290 1.86% African 40,920 4.99% 27,375 3.59% 17,840 2.5% 14,475 2.11% 11,440 1.73% East Asian 28,525 3.48% 25,270 3.32% 19,375 2.71% 16,720 2.44% 13,470 2.04% Middle Eastern 10,480 1.28% 7,110 0.93% 4,705 0.66% 4,020 0.59% 1,955 0.3% Latin American 9,160 1.12% 6,825 0.9% 6,560 0.92% 5,475 0.8% 4,550 0.69% Other/Multiracial 10,595 1.29% 8,810 1.16% 5,390 0.75% 4,680 0.68% 3,735 0.56% Total responses 819,715 98.21% 761,540 97.82% 714,635 97.89% 686,040 98.76% 661,725 98.58% Total population 834,678 100% 778,489 100% 730,018 100% 694,668 100% 671,274 100% Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses Language The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. Knowledge of Languages in Metro Winnipeg Language 2021 2011 2001 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % English 805,680 98.29% 711,285 99.53% 655,360 99.04% French 83,365 10.17% 76,765 10.74% 74,460 11.25% Tagalog 64,725 7.9% 45,745 6.4% 23,560 3.56% Punjabi 40,105 4.89% 12,010 1.68% 6,130 0.93% Hindi 23,670 2.89% 6,900 0.97% 3,245 0.49% Spanish 16,550 2.02% 13,475 1.89% 10,655 1.61% German 15,755 1.92% 23,485 3.29% 28,485 4.3% Mandarin 15,240 1.86% 3,590 0.5% 1,490 0.23% Ukrainian 9,720 1.19% 13,490 1.89% 20,865 3.15% Russian 9,615 1.17% 5,495 0.77% 3,100 0.47% Arabic 9,470 1.16% 4,485 0.63% 1,900 0.29% Portuguese 8,605 1.05% 6,595 0.92% 7,965 1.2% Cantonese 8,165 1% 4,365 0.61% 3,025 0.46% Urdu 6,240 0.76% 2,315 0.32% 1,115 0.17% Polish 6,145 0.75% 7,380 1.03% 11,005 1.66% Vietnamese 6,015 0.73% 3,825 0.54% 3,900 0.59% Yoruba 5,350 0.65% — — — — Italian 4,860 0.59% 5,440 0.76% 6,740 1.02% Gujarati 4,280 0.52% 1,310 0.18% 485 0.07% Tigrigna 4,100 0.5% 1,010 0.14% — — Korean 3,900 0.48% 2,660 0.37% 885 0.13% Hebrew 3,690 0.45% 2,575 0.36% 1,625 0.25% Amharic 3,370 0.41% 1,605 0.22% — — Ojibway 3,265 0.4% 2,260 0.32% 3,535 0.53% Ilocano 3,015 0.37% 1,165 0.16% — — Swahili 2,775 0.34% 1,200 0.17% 550 0.08% Bengali 2,660 0.32% 630 0.09% 275 0.04% Serbo-Croatian 2,630 0.32% 2,085 0.29% 3,535 0.53% Plautdietsch 2,190 0.27% — — — — Cree 1,805 0.22% 1,555 0.22% 2,850 0.43% Pampangan(Kapampangan,Pampango) 1,635 0.2% — — — — Somali 1,590 0.19% 735 0.1% — — Dutch 1,565 0.19% 1,935 0.27% 2,980 0.45% IranianPersian 1,525 0.19% — — — — Greek 1,500 0.18% 1,435 0.2% 1,655 0.25% Igbo 1,400 0.17% — — — — Cebuano 1,365 0.17% — — — — Japanese 1,310 0.16% 860 0.12% 975 0.15% Kurdish 1,170 0.14% 265 0.04% 365 0.06% Lao 1,165 0.14% 960 0.13% 1,285 0.19% Sinhala 1,160 0.14% 535 0.07% 425 0.06% Malayalam 1,095 0.13% 310 0.04% 90 0.01% Hungarian 1,035 0.13% 1,140 0.16% 1,680 0.25% Chinese, n.o.s — — 6,430 0.9% 5,650 0.85% Persian — — 1,950 0.27% 810 0.12% TotalResponses 819,715 98.21% 714,635 97.89% 661,725 98.58% TotalPopulation 834,678 100% 730,018 100% 671,274 100% Governance Regional partnership is led by a board of governors. As of 2021, board members include: Scott Gillingham, City of Winnipeg councillor — board co-chair Shelley Hart, RM of East St. Paul mayor — board co-chair John Orlikow, City of Winnipeg councillor Larry Johannson, City of Selkirk mayor Christa Vann Mitchell, RM of Cartier reeve Jim Robson, RM of Headingley councillor Brad Erb, RM of Macdonald reeve Chris Ewen, RM of Ritchot mayor J. Wesley Taplin, RM of Rockwood reeve Fran Smee, RM of Rosser reeve Tiffany Fell, RM of Springfield mayor Joy Sul, RM of St. Andrews mayor Debbie Fiebelkorn, RM of St. Clements mayor Rick van Wyk, RM of St. François Xavier reeve Justin Denis Bohemier, RM of Taché mayor Cheryl Christian, RM of West St. Paul mayor Myron Dyck, Town of Niverville mayor Clive Hinds, Town of Stonewall mayor Rick Gamble, Village of Dunnottar mayor In addition to those located entirely in the City of Winnipeg, the Region falls into several federal electoral districts: Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley Kildonan—St. Paul Portage—Lisgar (northeastern portion) Provencher (northwestern portion) Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (southern portion) See also List of Manitoba regions List of communities in Manitoba Southern Manitoba Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Metro Winnipeg Transit Metro Winnipeg (newspaper) Amalgamation of Winnipeg Regional planning Notes ^ 2001-2016: Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.2021: Statistic includes all persons belonging to the non-indigenous and non-visible minority “White” population group. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. References ^ a b "Governance". ^ "Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region A Regional Growth Strategy and Population Analysis" (PDF). The Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region. 9 May 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ "Resources". Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)". Statistics Canada. ^ a b c d "Winnipeg Metropolitan Region". 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021. ^ a b Municipal Relations. "Welcome to Manitoba's Capital Region". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved 2021-08-13. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census - Census metropolitan area of Winnipeg". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-08-13. ^ a b "2001 Census Data - Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ Santin, Aldo (February 8, 1998). "Mayor eyes mediator in water controversy". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 3. ^ Redekop, Bill (November 9, 1998). "Hearings aim to heal relationship between city, nearby municipalities". Winnipeg Free Press. p. A3. ^ MacKenzie, Glen (October 4, 1998). "Capital region chiefs bury hatchet". Winnipeg Free Press. p. A3. ^ a b "The Capital Region Partnership Act". Government of Manitoba. 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ Securing Our Future: An Action Plan for Winnipeg's Metropolitan Region (PDF). Winnipeg Metro Region. 2018. ^ Murray, Robert W. (2019). For the Benefit of All: Regional Competitiveness and Collaboration in the Winnipeg Metro Region (PDF). Dentons. ^ Kives, Bartley (October 31, 2019). "Province may appoint new planning authority to oversee development in Winnipeg and area". CBC News Manitoba. Retrieved October 31, 2019. ^ "2001 Census Data - The City of Winnipeg" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ "Population of Winnipeg" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Selected trend data for Winnipeg (CMA) for Winnipeg, 1996, 2001 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census Winnipeg , Manitoba and Manitoba ". Statistics Canada. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ "Population estimates, July 1, by census metropolitan area and census agglomeration, 2016 boundaries". Statistics Canada. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region A Regional Growth Strategy and Population Analysis" (PDF). The Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region. 9 May 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ "Resources". Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ "Draft Plan20-50 - Regional Growth and Servicing Plan: WINNIPEG METROPOLITAN REGION" (PDF). Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-21). "Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-04. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Various Non-official Languages Spoken (76), Age Groups (13) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-05-27. ^ "Charleswood--St. James--Assiniboia--Headingley (Manitoba)," Elections Canada. Retrieved 2021-08-12. ^ "Kildonan--St. Paul," Elections Canada. Retrieved 2021-08-12. ^ "Portage--Lisgar (Manitoba)," Elections Canada. Retrieved 2021-08-12. ^ "Provencher (Manitoba)," Elections Canada. Retrieved 2021-08-12. ^ "Selkirk--Interlake--Eastman (Manitoba)," Elections Canada. Retrieved 2021-08-12. External links Government of Manitoba Community profiles: Regional Map Census Divisions Map Municipality Profiles Winnipeg Capital Region Map Places surrounding the City of Winnipeg RockwoodRosserSt. François Xavier St. AndrewsWest St. Paul St. ClementsEast St. Paul CartierHeadingley City of Winnipeg Springfield Macdonald Ritchot Taché vteSubdivisions of ManitobaSubdivisions Regions Census divisions Municipalities Communities Indian reserves Population centres Designated places LGDs Mystery Lake Pinawa Regions Winnipeg Metro Region Central Plains Eastman Interlake Northern Parkland Pembina Valley Westman Red River Valley Cities Brandon Dauphin Flin Flon (part) Morden Portage la Prairie Selkirk Steinbach Thompson Winkler Winnipeg Towns Altona Arborg Beausejour Carberry Carman Churchill Gillam Grand Rapids Lac du Bonnet Leaf Rapids Lynn Lake Melita Minnedosa Morris Neepawa Niverville The Pas Powerview-Pine Falls Snow Lake Ste. Anne Stonewall Swan River Teulon Virden Winnipeg Beach Former towns Birtle Boissevain Deloraine East Selkirk Emerson Erickson Gilbert Plains Gladstone Grandview Gretna Hamiota Hartney MacGregor Manitou Minitonas Oak Lake Pilot Mound Plum Coulee Rapid City Rivers Roblin Rossburn Russell Souris Sainte Rose du Lac Treherne Tuxedo Villages Dunnottar St-Pierre-Jolys Former villages Benito Binscarth Bowsman Cartwright Crystal City Elkhorn Ethelbert Glenboro McCreary Napinka Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes Riverton Somerset St. Claude St. Lazare Waskada Wawanesa Winnipegosis Portal:Canada vteCensus metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size Toronto, ON Montreal, QC Vancouver, BC Ottawa-Gatineau, ON/QC Calgary, AB Edmonton, AB Quebec City, QC Winnipeg, MB Hamilton, ON Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo, ON London, ON Halifax, NS St. Catharines-Niagara, ON Windsor, ON Oshawa, ON Victoria, BC Saskatoon, SK Regina, SK Sherbrooke, QC Kelowna, BC Barrie, ON St. John's, NL Abbotsford, BC Kingston, ON Greater Sudbury, ON Guelph, ON Saguenay, QC Trois-Rivières, QC Moncton, NB Brantford, ON Saint John, NB Peterborough, ON Lethbridge, AB Thunder Bay, ON Nanaimo, BC Kamloops, BC Chilliwack, BC Belleville–Quinte West, ON Fredericton, NB Drummondville, QC Red Deer, AB 49°53′N 97°08′W / 49.88°N 97.13°W / 49.88; -97.13

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_Territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Red River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"rural municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Niverville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niverville,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Oakbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakbank,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Oak Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Bluff"},{"link_name":"Stony Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Mountain,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Teulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teulon,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Lorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorette,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"densely-populated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densely_populated"},{"link_name":"GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnipeg_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"census metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead_4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"text":"Metropolitan area in Manitoba, CanadaThe Winnipeg Metropolitan Region[5] (formerly called the Winnipeg Capital Region and the Manitoba Capital Region)[6] is a metropolitan area in the Canadian province of Manitoba located in the Red River Valley in the southeast portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and 17 surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and towns.[5]Other places in the Region besides Winnipeg with a population over 1,000 are the city of Selkirk; towns of Stonewall and Niverville; and communities of Oakbank, Oak Bluff, Stony Mountain, Teulon, and Lorette. As the most densely-populated and economically-important area of Manitoba, the region accounts for two-thirds of the province's population and 70% of the provincial GDP as of 2021[update].[5]It also includes the smaller census metropolitan area (CMA) of Winnipeg, with the addition of the Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve.[7][8]","title":"Winnipeg Metropolitan Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoal Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal_Lakes_(Manitoba)"},{"link_name":"exurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb"},{"link_name":"Susan Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Thompson"},{"link_name":"planning authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_planning_authority"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Great West Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great-West_Life_Assurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kavanagh"},{"link_name":"Premier Gary Filmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Filmon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"land-use planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"September 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Manitoba_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dentons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentons"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brian Pallister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Pallister"},{"link_name":"Brian Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Bowman_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In the late 1990s, issues such as providing Shoal Lake water to nearby municipalities and allowing exurban housing growth beyond Winnipeg became more important. At the time, Mayor Susan Thompson voiced the idea of a regional planning authority to mediate such issues.[9]In June 1998, former Great West Life President Kevin Kavanagh was appointed by Premier Gary Filmon to chair the Capital Region Review Committee.[10] The panel looked at land-use planning and economic development between the City of Winnipeg and surrounding municipalities. Thompson along with the mayors and reeves of the 14 municipalities adjacent to Winnipeg began to meet on a regular basis starting in October 1998, thus forming the Winnipeg Metropolitan Region.[11] Due to a change of government in September 1999, however, creating a regional planning authority took longer than originally foreseen.The Capital Region was originally defined in 2006, through The Capital Region Partnership Act, to include 16 municipalities.[12]A pro-economic growth planning document was released in November 2018, called Securing Our Future: An Action Plan for Winnipeg's Metropolitan Region.[13]In October 2019, Dentons released a speech and discussion document, For the Benefit of All: Regional Competitiveness and Collaboration in the Winnipeg Metro Region,[14] which sought to reform regional planning. Upon publication, Premier Brian Pallister and Winnipeg Mayor Brian Bowman spoke in favour of creating a new entity to manage development and transportation in the Winnipeg Metro Region.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"City of Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"City of Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Town of Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Town of Niverville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niverville,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Village of Dunnottar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnottar,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"RM of Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Cartier"},{"link_name":"RM of East St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_East_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"RM of Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Headingley"},{"link_name":"RM of Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"RM of Ritchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Ritchot"},{"link_name":"RM of Rockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Rockwood"},{"link_name":"RM of Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Rosser"},{"link_name":"RM of Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Springfield"},{"link_name":"RM of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Andrews"},{"link_name":"RM of St. Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Clements"},{"link_name":"RM of St. François Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier"},{"link_name":"RM of Taché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Tach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"RM of West St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_West_St._Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnipeg_from_Above_second_version.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teulon,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Garson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garson,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Indian reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reserve"},{"link_name":"Brokenhead Ojibway Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead_Ojibway_Nation"}],"text":"The Winnipeg Metro Region is located in the Red River Valley in the southeast portion of the province of Manitoba, and is bounded to the north by the south basin of Lake Winnipeg.[6]The Region was originally defined in The Capital Region Partnership Act (2006) to include 16 municipalities.[12] Since that time, the Town of Niverville and the Village of Dunnottar have been incorporated into the Winnipeg Metropolitan Region, giving the Region 18 municipalities in total.The Region today comprises the following cities, towns, and RMs:[5]City of Winnipeg\nCity of Selkirk\nTown of Stonewall\nTown of Niverville\nVillage of Dunnottar\nRM of Cartier\nRM of East St. Paul\nRM of Headingley\nRM of Macdonald\n\n\n\n\nRM of Ritchot\nRM of Rockwood\nRM of Rosser\nRM of Springfield\nRM of St. Andrews\nRM of St. Clements\nRM of St. François Xavier\nRM of Taché\nRM of West St. PaulAn aerial view of Winnipeg.However, there are some municipalities that are geographically (entirely or largely) within the Region's territory that are not officially part of the Metro Region. These include the town of Teulon, the village of Garson, and the Indian reserve of Brokenhead Ojibway Nation.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead_4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"East St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_East_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Headingley"},{"link_name":"Ritchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchot,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosser,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Springfield"},{"link_name":"St. Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clements,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"St. François Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Taché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach%C3%A9,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"West St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_St._Paul,_Manitoba"}],"sub_title":"Winnipeg census metropolitan area","text":"The Winnipeg Metro Region includes the smaller Winnipeg census metropolitan area (CMA), with the addition of the Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve. The included CMA municipalities are:[7]Winnipeg\nEast St. Paul\nHeadingley\nRitchot\nRosser\n\n\nSpringfield\nSt. Clements\nSt. François Xavier\nTaché\nWest St. Paul","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population","text":"The population of the Winnipeg Metro Region is greatly concentrated within the city of Winnipeg itself, which has 86.5% of the Region's population residing in less than 6% of its land area. On the provincial level, the city has 54.9% of the province's population, while the Region's share is 63.5%.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Governors"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnipeg_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-1"},{"link_name":"City of Winnipeg councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_City_Council"},{"link_name":"RM of East St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_East_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"City of Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"RM of Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Cartier"},{"link_name":"RM of Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"RM of Ritchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Ritchot"},{"link_name":"RM of Rockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Rockwood"},{"link_name":"RM of Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Rosser"},{"link_name":"RM of Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Springfield"},{"link_name":"RM of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Andrews"},{"link_name":"RM of St. Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Clements"},{"link_name":"RM of St. François Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_St._Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier"},{"link_name":"RM of Taché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Tach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"RM of West St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_West_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"Town of Niverville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niverville,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Town of Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Village of Dunnottar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnottar,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleswood%E2%80%94St._James%E2%80%94Assiniboia%E2%80%94Headingley"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kildonan—St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildonan%E2%80%94St._Paul"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Portage—Lisgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage%E2%80%94Lisgar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Provencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencher"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk%E2%80%94Interlake%E2%80%94Eastman"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Regional partnership is led by a board of governors. As of 2021[update], board members include:[1]Scott Gillingham, City of Winnipeg councillor — board co-chair\nShelley Hart, RM of East St. Paul mayor — board co-chair\nJohn Orlikow, City of Winnipeg councillor\nLarry Johannson, City of Selkirk mayor\nChrista Vann Mitchell, RM of Cartier reeve\nJim Robson, RM of Headingley councillor\nBrad Erb, RM of Macdonald reeve\nChris Ewen, RM of Ritchot mayor\nJ. Wesley Taplin, RM of Rockwood reeve\nFran Smee, RM of Rosser reeve\nTiffany Fell, RM of Springfield mayor\nJoy Sul, RM of St. Andrews mayor\nDebbie Fiebelkorn, RM of St. Clements mayor\nRick van Wyk, RM of St. François Xavier reeve\nJustin Denis Bohemier, RM of Taché mayor\nCheryl Christian, RM of West St. Paul mayor\nMyron Dyck, Town of Niverville mayor\nClive Hinds, Town of Stonewall mayor\nRick Gamble, Village of Dunnottar mayorIn addition to those located entirely in the City of Winnipeg, the Region falls into several federal electoral districts:Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley[32]\nKildonan—St. Paul[33]\nPortage—Lisgar (northeastern portion)[34]\nProvencher (northwestern portion)[35]\nSelkirk—Interlake—Eastman (southern portion)[36]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EuroMetro_30-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_31-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_32-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_33-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_34-0"}],"text":"^ 2001-2016: Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.2021: Statistic includes all persons belonging to the non-indigenous and non-visible minority “White” population group.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"An aerial view of Winnipeg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Winnipeg_from_Above_second_version.jpg/400px-Winnipeg_from_Above_second_version.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of Manitoba regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_regions"},{"title":"List of communities in Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Manitoba"},{"title":"Southern Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Manitoba"},{"title":"Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Corporation_of_Greater_Winnipeg"},{"title":"Winnipeg Regional Health Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Regional_Health_Authority"},{"title":"Metro Winnipeg Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Winnipeg_Transit"},{"title":"Metro Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Winnipeg"},{"title":"Amalgamation of Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Winnipeg"},{"title":"Regional planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning"}]

[{"reference":"\"Governance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://winnipegmetroregion.ca/about-us/governance/","url_text":"\"Governance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region A Regional Growth Strategy and Population Analysis\" (PDF). The Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region. 9 May 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://winnipegmetroregion.ca/assets/docs/regional_strategies_and_plans/PMCR_RGS_Context_Reports_Complete.pdf","url_text":"\"Partnership of the Manitoba Capital Region A Regional Growth Strategy and Population Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resources\". Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://census.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=winnipeg&DGUIDlist=2021S0503602&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)\". Statistics Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101","url_text":"\"Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winnipeg Metropolitan Region\". 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://winnipegmetroregion.ca/","url_text":"\"Winnipeg Metropolitan Region\""}]},{"reference":"Municipal Relations. \"Welcome to Manitoba's Capital Region\". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved 2021-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mr/capreg/index.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Manitoba's Capital Region\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). \"Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census - Census metropolitan area of Winnipeg\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=eng&GK=CMA&GC=602&TOPIC=1","url_text":"\"Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census - Census metropolitan area of Winnipeg\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Census Data - Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)\" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipeg.ca/Census/2001/City%20of%20Winnipeg/Winnipeg%20Census%20Metropolitan%20Area%20(CMA)/Winnipeg%20CMA.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 Census Data - Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)\""}]},{"reference":"Santin, Aldo (February 8, 1998). \"Mayor eyes mediator in water controversy\". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Redekop, Bill (November 9, 1998). \"Hearings aim to heal relationship between city, nearby municipalities\". Winnipeg Free Press. p. A3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, Glen (October 4, 1998). \"Capital region chiefs bury hatchet\". Winnipeg Free Press. p. A3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Capital Region Partnership Act\". Government of Manitoba. 2006. 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CBC News Manitoba. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-capital-region-planning-1.5342913","url_text":"\"Province may appoint new planning authority to oversee development in Winnipeg and area\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Census Data - The City of Winnipeg\" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipeg.ca/Census/2001/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 Census Data - The City of Winnipeg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Winnipeg\" (PDF). City of Winnipeg. April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://winnipeg.ca/cao/pdfs/population.pdf","url_text":"\"Population of Winnipeg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected trend data for Winnipeg (CMA) for Winnipeg, 1996, 2001 and 2006 censuses\". Statistics Canada. 22 February 2016. 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Winnipeg Metropolitan Region. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.winnipegmetroregion.ca/dataset/c6956f1a-cec3-49c4-afd0-261457e45e65/resource/c04c392b-5d57-4e27-ae7d-332126606a91/download/plan20-50_draft.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft Plan20-50 - Regional Growth and Servicing Plan: WINNIPEG METROPOLITAN REGION\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-21). \"Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 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Retrieved 2022-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701","url_text":"\"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). \"Various Non-official Languages Spoken (76), Age Groups (13) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55664&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=","url_text":"\"Various Non-official Languages Spoken (76), Age Groups (13) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD1

RD1

["1 Distance measurements","2 References"]

Galaxy in the constellation Triangulum For other uses, see RD1 (disambiguation). RD1 (0140+326 RD1)RD1 as viewed by the W. M. Keck ObservatoryObservation data (J2000 epoch)ConstellationTriangulumRight ascension01h 43m 42.8sDeclination+32° 54′ 00.0″Redshift5.34Distancearound 12.5 billion light-years(light travel distance)~26 billion light-years(present comoving distance)Apparent magnitude (V)26.1Other designations 6C 0140+326 RD1 RD1 or 0140+326 RD1 is a distant galaxy, it once held the title of most distant galaxy known. RD1 was discovered in March 1998, and is at z = 5.34, and was the first object found to exceed redshift 5. It bested the previous recordholders, a pair of galaxies at z=4.92 lensed by the galaxy cluster CL 1358+62 (CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2). It was the most distant object known to mankind for a few months in 1998, until BR1202-0725 LAE was discovered at z = 5.64. Distance measurements The "distance" of a far away galaxy depends on the chosen distance measurement. With a redshift of 5.34, light from this galaxy is estimated to have taken around 12.5 billion years to reach us. But since this galaxy is receding from Earth, the present comoving distance is estimated to be around 26 billion light-years. References ^ a b c arXiv, Dey, Arjun; Spinrad, Hyron; Stern, Daniel; Graham, James R.; Chaffee, Frederic H. (1998). "A Galaxy at z = 5.34". The Astrophysical Journal. 498 (2): L93–L97. arXiv:astro-ph/9803137. Bibcode:1998ApJ...498L..93D. doi:10.1086/311331. (209 KB), 11 March 1998 ^ a b c d Edward L. (Ned) Wright. "Cosmology Calculator I". Astronomy @ UCLA. Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2010-10-22. ^ Astronomy Picture of the Day, A Baby Galaxy Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, March 24, 1998 ^ New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning Archived 2022-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, October 20, 1998 vteConstellation of Triangulum List of stars in Triangulum Triangulum in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Mothallah) β γ δ ε ι Flamsteed 1 5 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 Variable R V X RW XX HR 490 523 HD 9446 13189 Other B324 HAT-P-38 (Horna) LSPM J0207+3331 M33-013406.63 M33 X-7 Romano's Star Var 83 Exoplanets HAT-P-38b (Hiisi) HD 9446 b c HD 13189 b Nebulae 588 595 604 GalaxiesNGC Triangulum Galaxy 608 634 669 670 672 684 688 736 739 740 750 751 769 777 784 804 805 819 855 860 861 890 925 931 940 941 953 959 970 973 1060 Numbered I II Other Arp 166 RD1 Category

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[]

[{"reference":"Dey, Arjun; Spinrad, Hyron; Stern, Daniel; Graham, James R.; Chaffee, Frederic H. (1998). \"A Galaxy at z = 5.34\". The Astrophysical Journal. 498 (2): L93–L97. arXiv:astro-ph/9803137. Bibcode:1998ApJ...498L..93D. doi:10.1086/311331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9803137","url_text":"astro-ph/9803137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...498L..93D","url_text":"1998ApJ...498L..93D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311331","url_text":"10.1086/311331"}]},{"reference":"Edward L. (Ned) Wright. \"Cosmology Calculator I\". Astronomy @ UCLA. Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2010-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html","url_text":"\"Cosmology Calculator I\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929102855/http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_screening

Smoke screen

["1 Technology","1.1 Smoke grenades","1.2 Smoke shell","1.3 Smoke generators","1.4 Naval methods","2 Infrared smokes","3 Chemicals used","3.1 Zinc chloride","3.2 Chlorosulfuric acid","3.3 Titanium tetrachloride","3.4 Phosphorus","3.5 Dyes","3.6 Sulfonic acid","4 Tactics","4.1 History","4.2 Land warfare","4.3 Naval warfare","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Airborne obscurant using gas and particulates For other uses, see Smokescreen (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Smoke screen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Soldiers advancing under the cover of a smoke screen during a training exercise A smoke screen is smoke released to mask the movement or location of military units such as infantry, tanks, aircraft, or ships. Smoke screens are commonly deployed either by a canister (such as a grenade) or generated by a vehicle (such as a tank or a warship). Whereas smoke screens were originally used to hide movement from enemies' line of sight, modern technology means that they are now also available in new forms; they can screen in the infrared as well as visible spectrum of light to prevent detection by infrared sensors or viewers, and they are also available for vehicles in a super-dense form used to block laser beams of enemy laser designators or rangefinders. Technology Smoke grenades Main article: Smoke grenade A French Legionnaire moving through a smoke screen generated using a smoke grenade These are canister-type grenades used as a ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signalling device. The body consists of a steel sheet metal cylinder with a few emission holes on the top and/or bottom to allow smoke release when the smoke composition inside the grenade is ignited. In those that produce colored smoke, the filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored (red, green, yellow or violet) smoke mixture (mostly potassium chlorate, sodium bicarbonate, lactose and a dye). In those that produce screening smoke, the filler usually consists of HC smoke mixture (hexachloroethane/zinc) or TA smoke mixture (terephthalic acid). Another type of smoke grenade is filled with white phosphorus (WP), which is spread by explosive action. The phosphorus catches fire in the presence of air, and burns with a brilliant yellow flame, while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). WP grenades double as incendiary grenades. Smoke shell See also: Shell (projectile) § Smoke Artillery and mortars can also fire smoke generating munitions, and are the main means of generating tactical smokescreens on land. As with grenades, artillery shells are available as both emission type smoke shell, and bursting smoke shell. Mortars nearly always use bursting smoke rounds because of the smaller size of mortar bombs and the greater efficiency of bursting rounds. Smoke generators A British Army Challenger 2 deploying a smoke screen using a smoke generator installed in its rear A JGSDF Toyota Mega Cruiser with a smoke generator installed in its rear compartment Very large or sustained smoke screens are produced by a smoke generator. This machine heats a volatile material (typically oil or an oil based mixture) to evaporate it, then mixes the vapor with cool external air at a controlled rate so it condenses to a mist with a controlled droplet size. Cruder designs simply boiled waste oil over a heater, while more sophisticated ones sprayed a specially formulated oily composition ("fog oil") through nozzles onto a heated plate. Choice of a suitable oil, and careful control of cooling rate, can produce droplet sizes close to the ideal size for Mie scattering of visible light. This produces a very effective obscuration per weight of material used. This screen can then be sustained as long as the generator is supplied with oil, and—especially if a number of generators are used—the screen can build up to a considerable size. One 50 gallon drum of fog oil can obscure 60 miles (97 km) of land in 15 minutes. Whilst producing very large amounts of smoke relatively cheaply, these generators have a number of disadvantages. They are much slower to respond than pyrotechnic sources, and require a valuable piece of equipment to be sited at the point of emission of the smoke. They are also relatively heavy and not readily portable, which is a significant problem if the wind shifts. To overcome this latter problem, they may be used in fixed posts widely dispersed over the battlefield, or else mounted on specially adapted vehicles. An example of the latter is the M56 Coyote generator. Many armoured fighting vehicles can create smoke screens in a similar way, generally by injecting diesel fuel onto the hot exhaust. Naval methods Assault Amphibious Vehicles deploying smoke to cover their landing Warships have sometimes used a simple variation of the smoke generator, by injecting fuel oil directly into the funnel, where it evaporates into a white cloud. An even simpler method that was used in the days of steam-propelled warships was to restrict the supply of air to the boiler. This resulted in incomplete combustion of the coal or oil, which produced a thick black smoke. Because the smoke was black, it absorbed heat from the sun and tended to rise above the water. Therefore, navies turned to various chemicals, such as titanium tetrachloride, that produce a white, low-lying cloud. Infrared smokes The proliferation of thermal imaging FLIR systems on the battlefields necessitates the use of obscurant smokes that are effectively opaque in the infrared part of electromagnetic spectrum. This kind of obscurant smoke is sometimes referred to as "Visual and Infrared Screening Smoke" (VIRSS). To achieve this, the particle size and composition of the smokes has to be adjusted. One of the approaches is using an aerosol of burning red phosphorus particles and aluminium-coated glass fibers; the infrared emissions of such smoke curtains hides the weaker emissions of colder objects behind it, but the effect is only short-lived. Carbon (most often graphite) particles present in the smokes can also serve to absorb the beams of laser designators. Yet another possibility is a water fog sprayed around the vehicle; the presence of large droplets absorbs in infrared band and additionally serves as a countermeasure against radars in 94 GHz band. Other materials used as visible/infrared obscurants are micro-pulverized flakes of brass or graphite, particles of titanium dioxide, or terephthalic acid. Older systems for production of infrared smoke work as generators of aerosol of dust with controlled particle size. Most contemporary vehicle-mounted systems use this approach. However, the aerosol stays airborne only for a short time. The brass particles used in some infrared smoke grenades are typically composed of 70% copper and 30% zinc. They are shaped as irregular flakes with a diameter of about 1.7 μm and thickness of 80–320 nm. Some experimental obscurants work in both infrared and millimeter wave region. They include carbon fibers, metal coated fibers or glass particles, metal microwires, particles of iron and of suitable polymers. Chemicals used Amphibious vehicles deploying smoke grenades Zinc chloride Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of zinc chloride. The most common mixture for generating these is a zinc chloride smoke mixture (HC), consisting of hexachloroethane, grained aluminium and zinc oxide. The smoke consists of zinc chloride, zinc oxychlorides, and hydrochloric acid, which absorb the moisture in the air. The smoke also contains traces of organic chlorinated compounds, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and chlorine. Its toxicity is caused mainly by the content of strongly acidic hydrochloric acid, but also due to thermal effects of reaction of zinc chloride with water. These effects cause lesions of the mucous membranes of the upper airways. Damage of the lower airways can manifest itself later as well, due to fine particles of zinc chloride and traces of phosgene. In high concentrations the smoke can be very dangerous when inhaled. Symptoms include dyspnea, retrosternal pain, hoarseness, stridor, lachrymation, cough, expectoration, and in some cases haemoptysis. Delayed pulmonary edema, cyanosis or bronchopneumonia may develop. The smoke and the spent canisters contain suspected carcinogens. The prognosis for the casualties depends on the degree of the pulmonary damage. All exposed individuals should be kept under observation for 8 hours. Most affected individuals recover within several days, with some symptoms persisting for up to 1–2 weeks. Severe cases can suffer of reduced pulmonary function for some months, the worst cases developing marked dyspnoea and cyanosis leading to death. Respirators are required for people coming into contact with the zinc chloride smoke. Chlorosulfuric acid Chlorosulfuric acid (CSA) is a heavy, strongly acidic liquid. When dispensed in air, it readily absorbs moisture and forms dense white fog of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. In moderate concentrations it is highly irritating to eyes, nose, and skin. When chlorosulfuric acid comes in contact with water, a strong exothermic reaction scatters the corrosive mixture in all directions. CSA is highly corrosive, so careful handling is required. Low concentrations cause prickling sensations on the skin, but high concentrations or prolonged exposure to field concentrations can cause severe irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and mild cough and moderate contact dermatitis can result. Liquid CSA causes acid burns of skin and exposure of eyes can lead to severe eye damage. Affected body parts should be washed with water and then with sodium bicarbonate solution. The burns are then treated like thermal burns. The skin burns heal readily, while cornea burns can result in residual scarring. Respirators are required for any concentrations sufficient to cause any coughing, irritation of the eyes or prickling of the skin. Titanium tetrachloride Titanium tetrachloride (FM) is a colorless, non-flammable, corrosive liquid. In contact with damp air it hydrolyzes readily, resulting in a dense white smoke consisting of droplets of hydrochloric acid and particles of titanium oxychloride. The titanium tetrachloride smoke is an irritant and unpleasant to breathe. It is dispensed from aircraft to create vertical smoke curtains, and during World War II it was a favorite smoke generation agent on warships. Goggles and a respirator should be worn when in contact with the smoke, full protective clothing should be worn when handling liquid FM. In direct contact with skin or eyes, liquid FM causes acid burns. Phosphorus Main article: White phosphorus (weapon) Red phosphorus and white phosphorus (WP) are red or waxy yellow or white substances. White phosphorus is pyrophoric - can be handled safely when under water, but in contact with air it spontaneously ignites. It is used as an incendiary. Both types of phosphorus are used for smoke generation, mostly in artillery shells, bombs, and grenades. White phosphorus smoke is typically very hot and may cause burns on contact. Red phosphorus is less reactive, does not ignite spontaneously, and its smoke does not cause thermal burns - for this reason it is safer to handle, but cannot be used so easily as an incendiary. Aerosol of burning phosphorus particles is an effective obscurant against thermal imaging systems. However, this effect is short-lived. After the phosphorus particles fully burn, the smoke reverts from emission to absorption. While very effective in the visible spectrum, cool phosphorus smoke has only low absorption and scattering in infrared wavelengths. Additives in the smoke that involve this part of the spectrum may be visible to thermal imagers or IR viewers. Dyes Main article: Colored smoke Yellow smoke screens deployed to mark soldiers completing an objective during Exercise Northern Edge 2017 Various signalling purposes require the use of colored smoke. The smoke created is a fine mist of dye particles, generated by burning a mixture of one or more dyes with a low-temperature pyrotechnic composition, usually based on potassium chlorate and lactose (also known as milk sugar). Colored smoke screen is also possible by adding a colored dye into the fog oil mixture. Typical white smoke screen uses titanium dioxide (or other white pigment), but other colors are possible by replacing titanium dioxide with another pigment. When the hot fog oil condenses on contact with air, the pigment particles are suspended along with the oil vapor. Early smoke screen experiments attempted the use of colored pigment, but found that titanium dioxide was the most light scattering particle known and therefore best for use in obscuring troops and naval vessels. Colored smoke became primarily used for signaling rather than obscuring. In today's military, smoke grenades are found to be non-cancer causing, unlike the 1950s AN-M8 model. Sulfonic acid The smoke generator on the Medium Mark B tank used sulfonic acid. Tactics History British and Scottish soldiers disembarking from a landing craft under a smoke screen, 1941 The first documented use of a smoke screen was circa 2000 B.C. in the wars of ancient India, where incendiary devices and toxic fumes caused people to fall asleep. It was later recorded by a Greek historian, Thucydides, who described that the smoke created by the burning of sulphur, wood and pitch was carried by the wind into Plataea (428 B.C.) and later at Delium (423 B.C.) and that at Delium, defenders were driven from the city walls. In 1622, a smoke screen was used at the Battle of Macau by the Dutch. A barrel of damp gunpowder was fired into the wind so that the Dutch could land under the cover of smoke. Later, between 1790 and 1810, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (1775-1860), a Scottish Naval commander and officer in the Royal Navy who fought during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, devised a smoke screen created through the burning of sulphur which would be used in warfare after learning about the same methods used at Delium and Plataea. Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald's grandson, Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald, described in his autobiography how he spoke to Winston Churchill (who once galloped for him when he had a brigade at manœuvres in England) of the importance of using smoke-screens on the battleground, it would in turn be used in both WWI & WW2. Land warfare A smoke screen obstructing the view of the parachute landing at Nadzab, 1943 Smoke screens are usually used by infantry to conceal their movement in areas of enemy fire. They can also be used by armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, to conceal a withdrawal. They have regularly been used since earliest times to disorient or drive off attackers. During the First World War the Germans used a lot of smoke screens (Nebel) to hide Batterie Pommern. A toxic variant of the smokescreen was used and devised by Frank Arthur Brock who used it during the Zeebrugge Raid on 23 April 1918, the British Royal Navy's attempt to neutralize the key Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge. For the crossing of the Dnieper river in October 1943, the Red Army laid a smoke screen 30 kilometres (19 mi) long. At the Anzio beachhead in 1944, US Chemical Corps troops maintained a 25 km (16 mi) "light haze" smokescreen around the harbour throughout daylight hours, for two months. The density of this screen was adjusted to be sufficient to prevent observation by German forward observers in the surrounding hills, yet not inhibit port operations. In the Vietnam War, "Smoke Ships" were introduced as part of a new Air Mobile Concept to protect crew and man on the ground from small arms fire. In 1964 and 1965, the "Smoke Ship" was first employed by the 145th Combat Aviation Battalion using the UH-1B. Naval warfare USS Lexington (CV-2) obscured by a smoke screen, 1929 There are a number of early examples of using incendiary weapons at sea, such as Greek fire, stinkpots, fire ships, and incendiaries on the decks of turtle ships, which also had the effect of creating smoke. The naval smoke screen is often said to have been proposed by Sir Thomas Cochrane in 1812, although Cochrane's proposal was as much an asphyxiant as an obscurant. It is not until the early twentieth century that there is clear evidence of deliberate use of large scale naval smokescreens as a major tactic. During the American Civil War, the first smoke screen was used by the R.E. Lee, running the blockade and escaping the USS Iroquois. The use of smoke screens was common in the naval battles of World War I and World War II. See also Early thermal weapons Military camouflage PT boat Smoke bomb References ^ The Royal Navy at War (DVD). London: Imperial War Museum. 2005. ^ "Smoke" (PDF). Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries. Department of Defense, Washington DC. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ Hayman, Charles (10 February 2014). The Armed Forces of the United Kingdom 2014-2015. Pen and Sword. p. 119. ISBN 9781783463510. Retrieved 14 April 2018 – via Google Books. ^ orsted.nap.edu Archived 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ "sew-lexicon.com". Archived from the original on 2000-01-07. ^ "Infrared smoke (Arno Hahma)". yarchive.net. ^ Foss, Christopher F; McKenzie, Peter (1988). The Vickers Tanks From landships to Challenger. Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 30. ISBN 1-85260-141-8. ^ A History of Chemical warfare by Kim Coleman (2005) (978-1-4039-3459-8) ^ ffoulkes, Charles (1940). "Fire, Smoke and Gas". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 19 (75): 144–148. ISSN 0037-9700. JSTOR 44219889. ^ "OHIO researchers working on obscurants for the modern era". 28 September 2020. ^ Lord Cochrane, Naval Commander, Radical, Inventor (1775-1860), A Study of His Earlier Career, 1775-1818 by John Sugden, July 1981. - https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3466/1/290354.pdf ^ The Kalgoorlie Miner, Thu 11 Sep 1930 (Page 6) ^ My Army Life. Edward Arnold & Company. 1926. ^ "Batterij Pommern (Lange Max) - Koekelare - Moere". www.flickr.com. 18 January 2015. ^ "Rookpotten in de omgeving van batterij 'Pommern' (Lange Max) - Koekelare - Moere". www.flickr.com. 8 May 2016. ^ "Rookpotten in de omgeving van batterij 'Pommern' (Lange Max) - Koekelare - Moere". www.flickr.com. 31 January 2016. ^ "118thAHC". www.118ahc.org. External links The dictionary definition of smokescreen at Wiktionary Media related to Smoke screens at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smokescreen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokescreen_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_National_Guard_(27773978964).jpg"},{"link_name":"training exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"canister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canister"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"laser designators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"rangefinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder"}],"text":"For other uses, see Smokescreen (disambiguation).Soldiers advancing under the cover of a smoke screen during a training exerciseA smoke screen is smoke released to mask the movement or location of military units such as infantry, tanks, aircraft, or ships.Smoke screens are commonly deployed either by a canister (such as a grenade) or generated by a vehicle (such as a tank or a warship).Whereas smoke screens were originally used to hide movement from enemies' line of sight, modern technology means that they are now also available in new forms; they can screen in the infrared as well as visible spectrum of light to prevent detection by infrared sensors or viewers, and they are also available for vehicles in a super-dense form used to block laser beams of enemy laser designators or rangefinders.","title":"Smoke screen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:171029-M-MN519-0191_(37534718814).jpg"},{"link_name":"French Legionnaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenades"},{"link_name":"smoke composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_composition"},{"link_name":"colored smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_smoke"},{"link_name":"potassium chlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chlorate"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"lactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose"},{"link_name":"dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_incendiary"},{"link_name":"incendiary grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_grenade"}],"sub_title":"Smoke grenades","text":"A French Legionnaire moving through a smoke screen generated using a smoke grenadeThese are canister-type grenades used as a ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signalling device. The body consists of a steel sheet metal cylinder with a few emission holes on the top and/or bottom to allow smoke release when the smoke composition inside the grenade is ignited. In those that produce colored smoke, the filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored (red, green, yellow or violet) smoke mixture (mostly potassium chlorate, sodium bicarbonate, lactose and a dye). In those that produce screening smoke, the filler usually consists of HC smoke mixture (hexachloroethane/zinc) or TA smoke mixture (terephthalic acid). Another type of smoke grenade is filled with white phosphorus (WP), which is spread by explosive action. The phosphorus catches fire in the presence of air, and burns with a brilliant yellow flame, while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). WP grenades double as incendiary grenades.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shell (projectile) § Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)#Smoke"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"}],"sub_title":"Smoke shell","text":"See also: Shell (projectile) § SmokeArtillery and mortars can also fire smoke generating munitions, and are the main means of generating tactical smokescreens on land. As with grenades, artillery shells are available as both emission type smoke shell, and bursting smoke shell. Mortars nearly always use bursting smoke rounds because of the smaller size of mortar bombs and the greater efficiency of bursting rounds.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Challenger_2_Tank_MOD_45154622.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Challenger 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JGSDF_Smoke_generator_equipment(High_Mobility_Vehicle,Right_Rear_View)_at_Camp_Shinodayama_April_24,_2016.JPG"},{"link_name":"JGSDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Toyota Mega Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Mega_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Mie scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_theory"},{"link_name":"visible light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light"},{"link_name":"M56 Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M56_Coyote"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"diesel fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"exhaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_system"}],"sub_title":"Smoke generators","text":"A British Army Challenger 2 deploying a smoke screen using a smoke generator installed in its rearA JGSDF Toyota Mega Cruiser with a smoke generator installed in its rear compartmentVery large or sustained smoke screens are produced by a smoke generator. This machine heats a volatile material (typically oil or an oil based mixture) to evaporate it, then mixes the vapor with cool external air at a controlled rate so it condenses to a mist with a controlled droplet size. Cruder designs simply boiled waste oil over a heater, while more sophisticated ones sprayed a specially formulated oily composition (\"fog oil\") through nozzles onto a heated plate. Choice of a suitable oil, and careful control of cooling rate, can produce droplet sizes close to the ideal size for Mie scattering of visible light. This produces a very effective obscuration per weight of material used. This screen can then be sustained as long as the generator is supplied with oil, and—especially if a number of generators are used—the screen can build up to a considerable size. One 50 gallon drum of fog oil can obscure 60 miles (97 km) of land in 15 minutes.Whilst producing very large amounts of smoke relatively cheaply, these generators have a number of disadvantages. They are much slower to respond than pyrotechnic sources, and require a valuable piece of equipment to be sited at the point of emission of the smoke. They are also relatively heavy and not readily portable, which is a significant problem if the wind shifts. To overcome this latter problem, they may be used in fixed posts widely dispersed over the battlefield, or else mounted on specially adapted vehicles. An example of the latter is the M56 Coyote generator.Many armoured fighting vehicles can create smoke screens in a similar way, generally by injecting diesel fuel onto the hot exhaust.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090425-N-4879G-393_A_group_of_multinational_amphibious_assault_vehicles_from_the_amphibious_dock_landing_ship_USS_Ashland_(LSD_48)_deploy_smoke_to_cover_their_landing_during_a_simulated_amphibious_landing_demonstration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Assault Amphibious Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"titanium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Naval methods","text":"Assault Amphibious Vehicles deploying smoke to cover their landingWarships have sometimes used a simple variation of the smoke generator, by injecting fuel oil directly into the funnel, where it evaporates into a white cloud. An even simpler method that was used in the days of steam-propelled warships was to restrict the supply of air to the boiler. This resulted in incomplete combustion of the coal or oil, which produced a thick black smoke. Because the smoke was black, it absorbed heat from the sun and tended to rise above the water. Therefore, navies turned to various chemicals, such as titanium tetrachloride, that produce a white, low-lying cloud.[1][2]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermal imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography"},{"link_name":"FLIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward-looking_infrared"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"red phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"laser designators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"radars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"94 GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_band"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"titanium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"terephthalic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terephthalic_acid"},{"link_name":"aerosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"smoke grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"millimeter wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter_wave"},{"link_name":"carbon fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The proliferation of thermal imaging FLIR systems on the battlefields necessitates the use of obscurant smokes that are effectively opaque in the infrared part of electromagnetic spectrum. This kind of obscurant smoke is sometimes referred to as \"Visual and Infrared Screening Smoke\" (VIRSS).[3] To achieve this, the particle size and composition of the smokes has to be adjusted. One of the approaches is using an aerosol of burning red phosphorus particles and aluminium-coated glass fibers; the infrared emissions of such smoke curtains hides the weaker emissions of colder objects behind it, but the effect is only short-lived. Carbon (most often graphite) particles present in the smokes can also serve to absorb the beams of laser designators. Yet another possibility is a water fog sprayed around the vehicle; the presence of large droplets absorbs in infrared band and additionally serves as a countermeasure against radars in 94 GHz band. Other materials used as visible/infrared obscurants are micro-pulverized flakes of brass or graphite, particles of titanium dioxide, or terephthalic acid.Older systems for production of infrared smoke work as generators of aerosol of dust with controlled particle size. Most contemporary vehicle-mounted systems use this approach. However, the aerosol stays airborne only for a short time.The brass particles used in some infrared smoke grenades are typically composed of 70% copper and 30% zinc. They are shaped as irregular flakes with a diameter of about 1.7 μm and thickness of 80–320 nm.[4]Some experimental obscurants work in both infrared and millimeter wave region. They include carbon fibers, metal coated fibers or glass particles, metal microwires, particles of iron and of suitable polymers.[5]","title":"Infrared smokes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100915-N-4894D-110_Marines_participate_in_the_60th_anniversary_of_teh_Incheon_Landing_Operation.jpg"}],"text":"Amphibious vehicles deploying smoke grenades","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zinc chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_chloride"},{"link_name":"zinc chloride smoke mixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_composition"},{"link_name":"hexachloroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachloroethane"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"zinc oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"phosgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"mucous membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"dyspnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"},{"link_name":"hoarseness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarseness"},{"link_name":"stridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridor"},{"link_name":"lachrymation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachrymation"},{"link_name":"cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"expectoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectoration"},{"link_name":"haemoptysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoptysis"},{"link_name":"pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"cyanosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis"},{"link_name":"bronchopneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopneumonia"},{"link_name":"carcinogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"}],"sub_title":"Zinc chloride","text":"Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of zinc chloride. The most common mixture for generating these is a zinc chloride smoke mixture (HC), consisting of hexachloroethane, grained aluminium and zinc oxide. The smoke consists of zinc chloride, zinc oxychlorides, and hydrochloric acid, which absorb the moisture in the air. The smoke also contains traces of organic chlorinated compounds, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and chlorine.Its toxicity is caused mainly by the content of strongly acidic hydrochloric acid, but also due to thermal effects of reaction of zinc chloride with water. These effects cause lesions of the mucous membranes of the upper airways. Damage of the lower airways can manifest itself later as well, due to fine particles of zinc chloride and traces of phosgene. In high concentrations the smoke can be very dangerous when inhaled. Symptoms include dyspnea, retrosternal pain, hoarseness, stridor, lachrymation, cough, expectoration, and in some cases haemoptysis. Delayed pulmonary edema, cyanosis or bronchopneumonia may develop. The smoke and the spent canisters contain suspected carcinogens.The prognosis for the casualties depends on the degree of the pulmonary damage. All exposed individuals should be kept under observation for 8 hours. Most affected individuals recover within several days, with some symptoms persisting for up to 1–2 weeks. Severe cases can suffer of reduced pulmonary function for some months, the worst cases developing marked dyspnoea and cyanosis leading to death.Respirators are required for people coming into contact with the zinc chloride smoke.","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chlorosulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"acid burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_burn"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"}],"sub_title":"Chlorosulfuric acid","text":"Chlorosulfuric acid (CSA) is a heavy, strongly acidic liquid. When dispensed in air, it readily absorbs moisture and forms dense white fog of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. In moderate concentrations it is highly irritating to eyes, nose, and skin.When chlorosulfuric acid comes in contact with water, a strong exothermic reaction scatters the corrosive mixture in all directions. CSA is highly corrosive, so careful handling is required.Low concentrations cause prickling sensations on the skin, but high concentrations or prolonged exposure to field concentrations can cause severe irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and mild cough and moderate contact dermatitis can result. Liquid CSA causes acid burns of skin and exposure of eyes can lead to severe eye damage.Affected body parts should be washed with water and then with sodium bicarbonate solution. The burns are then treated like thermal burns. The skin burns heal readily, while cornea burns can result in residual scarring.Respirators are required for any concentrations sufficient to cause any coughing, irritation of the eyes or prickling of the skin.","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titanium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"}],"sub_title":"Titanium tetrachloride","text":"Titanium tetrachloride (FM) is a colorless, non-flammable, corrosive liquid. In contact with damp air it hydrolyzes readily, resulting in a dense white smoke consisting of droplets of hydrochloric acid and particles of titanium oxychloride.The titanium tetrachloride smoke is an irritant and unpleasant to breathe.It is dispensed from aircraft to create vertical smoke curtains, and during World War II it was a favorite smoke generation agent on warships.Goggles and a respirator should be worn when in contact with the smoke, full protective clothing should be worn when handling liquid FM. In direct contact with skin or eyes, liquid FM causes acid burns.","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_incendiary"},{"link_name":"pyrophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophoricity"},{"link_name":"incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yarchive.net-6"}],"sub_title":"Phosphorus","text":"Red phosphorus and white phosphorus (WP) are red or waxy yellow or white substances. White phosphorus is pyrophoric - can be handled safely when under water, but in contact with air it spontaneously ignites. It is used as an incendiary. Both types of phosphorus are used for smoke generation, mostly in artillery shells, bombs, and grenades.White phosphorus smoke is typically very hot and may cause burns on contact. Red phosphorus is less reactive, does not ignite spontaneously, and its smoke does not cause thermal burns - for this reason it is safer to handle, but cannot be used so easily as an incendiary.Aerosol of burning phosphorus particles is an effective obscurant against thermal imaging systems. However, this effect is short-lived. After the phosphorus particles fully burn, the smoke reverts from emission to absorption. While very effective in the visible spectrum, cool phosphorus smoke has only low absorption and scattering in infrared wavelengths. Additives in the smoke that involve this part of the spectrum may be visible to thermal imagers or IR viewers.[6]","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_Signal_1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Exercise Northern Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Northern_Edge"},{"link_name":"colored smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_smoke"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnic composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition"},{"link_name":"potassium chlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chlorate"},{"link_name":"lactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Dyes","text":"Yellow smoke screens deployed to mark soldiers completing an objective during Exercise Northern Edge 2017Various signalling purposes require the use of colored smoke. The smoke created is a fine mist of dye particles, generated by burning a mixture of one or more dyes with a low-temperature pyrotechnic composition, usually based on potassium chlorate and lactose (also known as milk sugar).Colored smoke screen is also possible by adding a colored dye into the fog oil mixture. Typical white smoke screen uses titanium dioxide (or other white pigment), but other colors are possible by replacing titanium dioxide with another pigment. When the hot fog oil condenses on contact with air, the pigment particles are suspended along with the oil vapor. Early smoke screen experiments attempted the use of colored pigment, but found that titanium dioxide was the most light scattering particle known and therefore best for use in obscuring troops and naval vessels. Colored smoke became primarily used for signaling rather than obscuring. In today's [when?] military, smoke grenades are found to be non-cancer causing, unlike the 1950s AN-M8 model.","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medium Mark B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_B"},{"link_name":"sulfonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foss30-7"}],"sub_title":"Sulfonic acid","text":"The smoke generator on the Medium Mark B tank used sulfonic acid.[7]","title":"Chemicals used"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troops_coming_ashore_from_a_landing_craft_under_a_smoke_screen_during_Combined_Operations_training_at_Inveraray,_Scotland,_9_October_1941._H14597.jpg"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Battle of Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald"},{"link_name":"Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Cochrane,_12th_Earl_of_Dundonald"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWI"},{"link_name":"WW2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"British and Scottish soldiers disembarking from a landing craft under a smoke screen, 1941The first documented use of a smoke screen was circa 2000 B.C. in the wars of ancient India, where incendiary devices and toxic fumes caused people to fall asleep.[8]It was later recorded by a Greek historian, Thucydides, who described that the smoke created by the burning of sulphur, wood and pitch was carried by the wind into Plataea (428 B.C.) and later at Delium (423 B.C.) and that at Delium, defenders were driven from the city walls.[9]In 1622, a smoke screen was used at the Battle of Macau by the Dutch. A barrel of damp gunpowder was fired into the wind so that the Dutch could land under the cover of smoke.[10]Later, between 1790 and 1810, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (1775-1860), a Scottish Naval commander and officer in the Royal Navy who fought during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, devised a smoke screen created through the burning of sulphur which would be used in warfare after learning about the same methods used at Delium and Plataea.[11][12]Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald's grandson, Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald, described in his autobiography how he spoke to Winston Churchill (who once galloped for him when he had a brigade at manœuvres in England) of the importance of using smoke-screens on the battleground, it would in turn be used in both WWI & WW2.[13]","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Awm_128387_nadzab.jpg"},{"link_name":"landing at Nadzab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Nadzab"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"earliest times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons"},{"link_name":"Batterie Pommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batterie_Pommern"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Frank Arthur Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Arthur_Brock"},{"link_name":"Zeebrugge Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid"},{"link_name":"Zeebrugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge"},{"link_name":"Dnieper river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_river"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Anzio beachhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle"},{"link_name":"145th Combat Aviation Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_Combat_Aviation_Battalion"},{"link_name":"UH-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Land warfare","text":"A smoke screen obstructing the view of the parachute landing at Nadzab, 1943Smoke screens are usually used by infantry to conceal their movement in areas of enemy fire. They can also be used by armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, to conceal a withdrawal. They have regularly been used since earliest times to disorient or drive off attackers.During the First World War the Germans used a lot of smoke screens (Nebel) to hide Batterie Pommern.[14][15][16]A toxic variant of the smokescreen was used and devised by Frank Arthur Brock who used it during the Zeebrugge Raid on 23 April 1918, the British Royal Navy's attempt to neutralize the key Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge.For the crossing of the Dnieper river in October 1943, the Red Army laid a smoke screen 30 kilometres (19 mi) long. At the Anzio beachhead in 1944, US Chemical Corps troops maintained a 25 km (16 mi) \"light haze\" smokescreen around the harbour throughout daylight hours, for two months. The density of this screen was adjusted to be sufficient to prevent observation by German forward observers in the surrounding hills, yet not inhibit port operations.In the Vietnam War, \"Smoke Ships\" were introduced as part of a new Air Mobile Concept to protect crew and man on the ground from small arms fire. In 1964 and 1965, the \"Smoke Ship\" was first employed by the 145th Combat Aviation Battalion using the UH-1B.[17]","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Lexington_(CV-2)_steams_through_smoke_screen_1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Lexington (CV-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)"},{"link_name":"incendiary weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"stinkpots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stink_bomb"},{"link_name":"fire ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_ship"},{"link_name":"turtle ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_ship"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"R.E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"running the blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runner"},{"link_name":"USS Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iroquois_(1859)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Naval warfare","text":"USS Lexington (CV-2) obscured by a smoke screen, 1929There are a number of early examples of using incendiary weapons at sea, such as Greek fire, stinkpots, fire ships, and incendiaries on the decks of turtle ships, which also had the effect of creating smoke. The naval smoke screen is often said to have been proposed by Sir Thomas Cochrane in 1812, although Cochrane's proposal was as much an asphyxiant as an obscurant. It is not until the early twentieth century that there is clear evidence of deliberate use of large scale naval smokescreens as a major tactic.During the American Civil War, the first smoke screen was used by the R.E. Lee, running the blockade and escaping the USS Iroquois.The use of smoke screens was common in the naval battles of World War I and World War II.","title":"Tactics"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_Records

Pitchshifter

["1 History","1.1 Formation and Industrial (1989–1991)","1.2 Submit, Desensitized and Phoenix Festival (1992–1995)","1.3 The Remix War and Infotainment? (1995–1996)","1.4 Spelling change and www.pitchshifter.com (1997–1999)","1.5 Deviant (2000–2001)","1.6 PSI and hiatus (2002–2003)","1.7 Side projects (2003–2006)","1.8 Return and None for All and All for One (2006–2008)","1.9 Hiatus (2009–2018)","1.10 Reunion tour and occasional shows (2018–present)","2 Band members","2.1 Timeline","3 Awards and nominations","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]

British industrial metal band For the audio processor, see Pitch shifter. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pitchshifter" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PitchshifterPitchshifter performing in 2018Background informationAlso known asPitch ShifterOriginNottingham, EnglandGenres Industrial metal industrial rock nu metal drum and bass Years active1989–2003, 2004, 2006–2008, 2010, 2018–presentLabels Peaceville Earache Geffen MCA Sanctuary PSI SpinoffsThis Is MenaceMembersJS ClaydenMark D. ClaydenDan RaynerTim RaynerSimon HutchbyPast membersJohnny A. CarterStuart ToolinJim DaviesMatt GrundyD.J. WaltersMatt GodfreyJason Bowld Pitchshifter (originally Pitch Shifter) are an English industrial rock band from Nottingham, formed in 1989. The band was started by lead guitarist and programmer Johnny A. Carter, and bassist and vocalist Mark Clayden. The band's early material was characterized for its gritty industrial metal sound with downtuned guitars and the use of drum machines, and has been cited as one of the originators of the genre along with Godflesh. With later albums the group's music became increasingly more melodic and strongly influenced by nu metal and drum and bass; particularly evident of their 1998 release www.pitchshifter.com, which has been compared with groups like The Prodigy. Although Pitchshifter has found little mainstream success, the band managed to gain a platinum certification with the release of the Mortal Kombat: Annihilation soundtrack. Since its formation, the band has released six studio albums, three EPs and eight music videos. The band has played in various festivals around the world including Ozzfest, Phoenix Festival and Damnation Festival. History Formation and Industrial (1989–1991) Pitchshifter was formed in 1989 (initially spelled Pitch Shifter) by guitarist and programmer Johnny Carter and bassist Mark Clayden, later joined by Stu Toolin, and then Jon "JS" Clayden (Mark Clayden's brother). During this time, the band played with local bands and soon gained attention of the Peaceville Records. During this time, JS went to live in France to sell paintings. They have cited major influences as Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Metallica, Nine Inch Nails, Led Zeppelin, The Cure, The Doors, The Sex Pistols, The Ramones, and Ministry. During 1990, the band started recording their début album, Industrial, with the main vocalist being Mark Clayden instead of JS, who contributed with backing vocals. The band later went on a small tour with bands like Napalm Death. Submit, Desensitized and Phoenix Festival (1992–1995) The band later joined the British label Earache Records where they released their EP Submit. Later, Stuart Toolin left the band, and the band hired Matt Godfrey to fill his place for some shows. Matt later left the band and they hired drummer D.J. Walters, now being a four-piece band. Later, the band released their second album, Desensitized. The band played at the Phoenix Festival in Long Marston, England, in 1995. The band's manager, armed with a tractor, arranged for an enormous crop circle replica of the band's famous "eye" symbol to appear in the adjoining field to the festival site during the night prior to their performance there. The crowd's enthusiasm for the band when they performed was so high that they rushed the stage, making Pitchshifter's performance the first in the history of the festival to be stopped early. The Remix War and Infotainment? (1995–1996) The band later released the remix album The Remix War, which had appearances from other groups like Biohazard, Therapy? and Gunshot. The band then started working on the third album, Infotainment? and later played at the Dynamo Open Air. The band later left Earache and joined Geffen Records. Spelling change and www.pitchshifter.com (1997–1999) Vocalist JS Clayden in June 2008 During this time, the band changed the spelling of their name from 'Pitch Shifter' to 'Pitchshifter', and recruited former The Prodigy live guitarist Jim Davies, with the band returning to their five-piece form. The band later released their single "Genius", which was later included in Test Drive 5 and the Mortal Kombat: Annihilation soundtrack, which helped the band to gain platinum recognition. In 1998, the band released their fourth album www.pitchshifter.com, which is their best selling album, selling around 60,000 copies in the U.S. The band later played in Ozzfest 1998 and Livid in support of their album. During 1999, they played on Reading Festival and again at Dynamo. Deviant (2000–2001) In 2000, founder Johnny Carter and drummer D.J. Walters left the band, and the band hired guitarist Matt Grundy and drummer Jason Bowld. The band later released their fifth album Deviant, which had appearances from drummer John Stanier and Jello Biafra. The band played in that year's Ozzfest. The cover used a picture of one of Gee Vaucher's Paintings, who did artwork for Crass and Carcass. The painting shows a cross between the Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth II. Due to outrage over the use of a caricature of the Pope, the album was banned in Poland. The band apologized for the artwork and changed it. PSI and hiatus (2002–2003) Live rhythm guitarist Matt Grundy announced his departure from the band in January 2002. The following month, Pitchshifter played their first show of the year at Ministry of Sound (London). This show marked the debut for guitarist Dan Rayner whom, along with his brother Tim, had previously worked with the band in 2001 as an additional programmer for the album PSI. This time serving as the group's touring rhythm guitar player (switching to live lead guitar in 2003). PSI - the sixth studio album was released on May 7, 2002. The band then went to a few more shows until their last show in 2003 when the band went on an "indefinite hiatus". Side projects (2003–2006) Guitarist Dan Rayner in June 2008 During this time, Jim Davies returned to The Prodigy, while Dan went to work on Drawbacks, with his brother Tim Rayner, who later joined Pitchshifter as well. Jon formed the alternative rock group Doheny with former The Cult guitarist Billy Morrison. Mark later left The Blueprint and with Jason, they formed This Is Menace, a supergroup featuring members from various other bands including Carcass, Napalm Death, Sikth, Send More Paramedics, Funeral for a Friend and earthtone9. Doheny later broke up and JS went to form his own label, PSI Records, and in 2003 released the compilation album Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded and the DVD P.S.I.entology. In 2005, This Is Menace released their début album No End in Sight through PSI Records. During this time as well, Jon worked as a teacher at the Los Angeles Recording School teaching Music Business Communications and was a featured member of Pigface during the supergroup's 2003 United II tour of the US. During the tour, he performed vocals on songs including Pigface's "Insect/Suspect" and Pitchshifter's classic "Genius." Return and None for All and All for One (2006–2008) During late 2006, there were rumours that band was going to return, which were later confirmed and the band announced the "Back From the Dead" tour, supported by various bands including Funeral for a Friend. Davies did not return to the band to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by Tim Rayner. The band released the None for All and All for One EP, with some copies given away for free in certain shows. There were some rumours that the band was working on a new album, but the band has denied. In 2008, the band along with Carcass and Cathedral, headlined the Damnation Festival. Hiatus (2009–2018) Drummer Jason Bowld in June 2008 In 2009, the band announced in their official website that they were working on a new album. Frontman JS Clayden stated that "It's been refreshing to get back in the demo studio. We are taking this record in a few places we haven't been before in terms of guitar work. Brian Harrah is writing with me on guitar at The Manor Studios, and Jason is jamming at his place. So far we are having a blast and kicking ass. There are a few new moves in terms of song timing and vocals that have us all jazzed. I guess you'll just have to wait and see what we came up with." In late 2009, guitarist Tim Rayner was diagnosed with b cell lymphoma while on vacation in Australia and underwent treatment. In February 2010, he arrived in the UK and started radiotherapy. The band headlined the Wakefield Rock Festival on 15 May 2010. The band's statement, made on their website in 2011, is "We're excited to be back in the studio. Looking at a 2012 release right now; but we're not under any pressure to finish on someone else's deadline - so we'll do it right and finish on our own schedule." However, no further updates were published, and in July 2015, the official website's domain had been purchased and replaced with a Japanese website unrelated to the band; years later, JS Clayden admitted that "we carried the website for such a long time that it felt like a burden being lifted to let it go". Reunion tour and occasional shows (2018–present) In June 2016, the band tweeted "Looking at some live shows in Feb 2018 in the UK". This was followed by an announcement in April 2018 that the band would reunite for a short tour the following November to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the www.pitchshifter.com album; Simon Hutchby from earthtone9 would be replacing Jason Bowld on drums, as Bowld could not break away his commitments with Bullet for My Valentine. When asked about a longer term reunion, J.S. Clayden emphasized that the current band members live in different cities and countries. Select demo material from the band's would-be seventh album, Sprint Finish, was released on the band's Bandcamp page. In January 2020, the band announced they were releasing a "redux" of Un-United Kingdom, with additional guest vocals, to coincide with the day of Brexit. Jason Bowld and Mark Clayden guested on former guitarist Jim Davies' album Headwars. In July 2020, the band released a re-recorded version of "Everything's Fucked" for the EFKD 2020 EP. Later that year, the band successfully crowdfunded though Kickstarter a retrospective diary book entitled Chasing The Broken White Line, chronicling the band's 1998 world tour; a sequel book, Tokyo or Bust, was announced in 2022. In July 2023, the band re-joined to perform two shows in the UK, one of them as part of the 2000trees festival. Band members Timeline Current members Jon "JS" Clayden – lead vocals, programming (1992–present), backing vocals (1989–1991) Mark D. Clayden – bass (1989–present), lead vocals (1989–1993) Current live members Dan Rayner – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present) Tim Rayner – rhythm guitar (2003–present) Simon Hutchby – drums (2018–present) Former members Jonathan Alan "Johnny" Carter – lead guitar, programming, editing (1989–2000) Stuart E. Toolin – rhythm guitar (1989–1992) Jim Davies – lead guitar, backing vocals (1998–2002) Dave "D.J." Walters – drums (1993–2000) Jason Bowld – drums (2000–2018) Former live members Matt Grundy – rhythm guitar (2000-2002) Matt Godfrey – rhythm guitar (1992) Awards and nominations Kerrang! Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref. 1998 "Genius" Best Video Won 2000 Deviant Best Album Nominated Pitchshifter Best British Live Act Nominated Best British Band Nominated Metal Hammer Readers' Poll Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref. 2000 Pitchshifter Best Overall Band Nominated Best UK Band Nominated Best Live Band Nominated Deviant Best Album Nominated Discography Main article: Pitchshifter discography Industrial (1991) Desensitized (1993) Infotainment? (1996) www.pitchshifter.com (1998) Deviant (2000) PSI (2002) References ^ "Pitchshifter: P.S.I." CMJ New Music Report. 71 (760): 15. 29 April 2002. ISSN 0890-0795. ^ "Pitchshifter @ Astoria 2, London, UK". Rockfreaks.net. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ Reed, Graham (19 July 2002). "P.S.I. on T.O.U.R." Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015. ^ "Pitchshifter Unveils New Label Deal, Album". MTV. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 309/10. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8. ^ a b c "Pitchshifter :: Bio". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 24 April 2010. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By Soundscan". Blabbermouth. 9 March 2002. Archived from the original on 30 October 2002. Retrieved 24 April 2010. ^ a b c ">> Pitchshifter :: Home <<". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 24 April 2010. ^ "+++ dRAWBACKS Official Web Site +++". Drawbacks.net. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010. ^ "Fresh: Wakefield to launch two-day rock festival headlined by InMe and Pitchshifter". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ "Home Page". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Pitchshifter's tour to mark 20 years of their classic album : The Wedgewood Rooms, Southsea". Portsmouth.co.uk. ^ Pitchshifter (2 June 2016). "Looking at some live shows in Feb 2018 in the UK. Does anybody still care!?!?" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Pitchshifter". Facebook.com. ^ "Pitchshifter - A number of you have been asking if Jason..." Facebook.com. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ "Band Spotlight: Pitchshifter". Soundspheremag.com. 29 September 2018. ^ "Pitchshifter To Release 20th Anniversary Edition Of "Un-United Kingdom"". Theprp.com. 1 January 2020. ^ "Jim Davies (Formerly of The Prodigy / Pitchshifter) Announces New Album 'Headwars'; Teases New Single". Originalrock.net. 26 January 2020. ^ "Frank Carter, The Wonder Years, Hundred Reasons and more for 2000trees". Kerrang!. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023. ^ Elliott, Paul (5 September 1998). "Kings For a Day". Kerrang!. No. 715. EMAP. pp. 16–19. ^ Anon. (9 September 2000). "Come In and Burn". Kerrang!. No. 818. EMAP. p. 12. ^ Anon. (February 2001). "Readers' Poll 2000". Metal Hammer. No. 83. UK: Future plc. pp. 72–76. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pitchshifter. Pitchshifter on Bandcamp Pitchshifter at AllMusic vtePitchshifter JS Clayden Mark Clayden Dan Rayner Tim Rayner Simon Hutchby Jim Davies Stuart Toolin Johnny A. Carter "D".J Walters Matt Grundy Matt Godfrey Jason Bowld Studio albums Industrial Desensitized Infotainment? www.pitchshifter.com Deviant PSI EPs Submit What You See Is What You Get Exploitainment Un-UK Deviant Sampler None for All and All for One Singles "Death Industrial" "Deconstruction" "Triad" "Underachiever" "Genius" "Microwaved" "What You See Is What You Get" "Un-UK" "Condescension" "Hidden Agenda" "Keep It Clean" "Dead Battery" "Shutdown" "Eight Days" Remix albums The Remix War Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded Live albums Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded Compilation albums Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded DVD P.S.I.entology Related articles Discography This Is Menace PSI Records Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitch shifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_shifter"},{"link_name":"industrial rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"downtuned guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_tunings#Dropped_tunings"},{"link_name":"drum machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"Godflesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godflesh"},{"link_name":"nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"www.pitchshifter.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.pitchshifter.com"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat: Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat:_Annihilation_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Festival"},{"link_name":"Damnation Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchshifter-6"}],"text":"For the audio processor, see Pitch shifter.Pitchshifter (originally Pitch Shifter) are an English industrial rock band from Nottingham, formed in 1989. The band was started by lead guitarist and programmer Johnny A. Carter, and bassist and vocalist Mark Clayden.[5] The band's early material was characterized for its gritty industrial metal sound with downtuned guitars and the use of drum machines, and has been cited as one of the originators of the genre along with Godflesh. With later albums the group's music became increasingly more melodic and strongly influenced by nu metal and drum and bass; particularly evident of their 1998 release www.pitchshifter.com, which has been compared with groups like The Prodigy.[5]Although Pitchshifter has found little mainstream success, the band managed to gain a platinum certification with the release of the Mortal Kombat: Annihilation soundtrack. Since its formation, the band has released six studio albums, three EPs and eight music videos. The band has played in various festivals around the world including Ozzfest, Phoenix Festival and Damnation Festival.[6]","title":"Pitchshifter"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon \"JS\" Clayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Clayden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"Peaceville Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceville_Records"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"The Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_(album)"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"}],"sub_title":"Formation and Industrial (1989–1991)","text":"Pitchshifter was formed in 1989 (initially spelled Pitch Shifter) by guitarist and programmer Johnny Carter and bassist Mark Clayden, later joined by Stu Toolin, and then Jon \"JS\" Clayden (Mark Clayden's brother).[5] During this time, the band played with local bands and soon gained attention of the Peaceville Records. During this time, JS went to live in France to sell paintings.They have cited major influences as Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Metallica, Nine Inch Nails, Led Zeppelin, The Cure, The Doors, The Sex Pistols, The Ramones, and Ministry.[citation needed]During 1990, the band started recording their début album, Industrial, with the main vocalist being Mark Clayden instead of JS, who contributed with backing vocals. The band later went on a small tour with bands like Napalm Death.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earache Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earache_Records"},{"link_name":"Submit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submit"},{"link_name":"Desensitized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desensitized_(Pitchshifter_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Festival"},{"link_name":"Long Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Marston,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"crop circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchshifter-6"}],"sub_title":"Submit, Desensitized and Phoenix Festival (1992–1995)","text":"The band later joined the British label Earache Records where they released their EP Submit. Later, Stuart Toolin left the band, and the band hired Matt Godfrey to fill his place for some shows. Matt later left the band and they hired drummer D.J. Walters, now being a four-piece band. Later, the band released their second album, Desensitized.[5]The band played at the Phoenix Festival in Long Marston, England, in 1995. The band's manager, armed with a tractor, arranged for an enormous crop circle replica of the band's famous \"eye\" symbol to appear in the adjoining field to the festival site during the night prior to their performance there. The crowd's enthusiasm for the band when they performed was so high that they rushed the stage, making Pitchshifter's performance the first in the history of the festival to be stopped early.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Remix War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remix_War"},{"link_name":"Biohazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohazard_(band)"},{"link_name":"Therapy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy%3F"},{"link_name":"Gunshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshot_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"Infotainment?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotainment%3F"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"}],"sub_title":"The Remix War and Infotainment? (1995–1996)","text":"The band later released the remix album The Remix War, which had appearances from other groups like Biohazard, Therapy? and Gunshot.[5] The band then started working on the third album, Infotainment? and later played at the Dynamo Open Air. The band later left Earache and joined Geffen Records.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JS_Clayden_live.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"Jim Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davies_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(Pitchshifter_song)"},{"link_name":"Test Drive 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Drive_5"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat: Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat:_Annihilation_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchshifter-6"},{"link_name":"www.pitchshifter.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.pitchshifter.com"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Livid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livid_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Reading Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Spelling change and www.pitchshifter.com (1997–1999)","text":"Vocalist JS Clayden in June 2008During this time, the band changed the spelling of their name from 'Pitch Shifter' to 'Pitchshifter', and recruited former The Prodigy live guitarist Jim Davies, with the band returning to their five-piece form.[5] The band later released their single \"Genius\", which was later included in Test Drive 5 and the Mortal Kombat: Annihilation soundtrack, which helped the band to gain platinum recognition.[6]In 1998, the band released their fourth album www.pitchshifter.com,[5] which is their best selling album, selling around 60,000 copies in the U.S.[7] The band later played in Ozzfest 1998 and Livid in support of their album. During 1999, they played on Reading Festival and again at Dynamo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deviant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_(Pitchshifter_album)"},{"link_name":"John Stanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanier_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Jello Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jello_Biafra"},{"link_name":"Gee Vaucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee_Vaucher"},{"link_name":"Crass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crass"},{"link_name":"Carcass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Deviant (2000–2001)","text":"In 2000, founder Johnny Carter and drummer D.J. Walters left the band, and the band hired guitarist Matt Grundy and drummer Jason Bowld. The band later released their fifth album Deviant, which had appearances from drummer John Stanier and Jello Biafra. The band played in that year's Ozzfest. The cover used a picture of one of Gee Vaucher's Paintings, who did artwork for Crass and Carcass. The painting shows a cross between the Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth II. Due to outrage over the use of a caricature of the Pope, the album was banned in Poland. The band apologized for the artwork and changed it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"PSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_(album)"},{"link_name":"PSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_(album)"}],"sub_title":"PSI and hiatus (2002–2003)","text":"Live rhythm guitarist Matt Grundy announced his departure from the band in January 2002. The following month, Pitchshifter played their first show of the year at Ministry of Sound (London). This show marked the debut for guitarist Dan Rayner whom, along with his brother Tim, had previously worked with the band in 2001 as an additional programmer for the album PSI. This time serving as the group's touring rhythm guitar player (switching to live lead guitar in 2003). PSI - the sixth studio album was released on May 7, 2002. The band then went to a few more shows until their last show in 2003 when the band went on an \"indefinite hiatus\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Rayner_live.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"The Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cult"},{"link_name":"Billy Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Morrison"},{"link_name":"This Is Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Menace"},{"link_name":"Carcass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass_(band)"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"},{"link_name":"Sikth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikth"},{"link_name":"Send More Paramedics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_More_Paramedics"},{"link_name":"Funeral for a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"earthtone9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthtone9"},{"link_name":"Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootlegged,_Distorted,_Remixed_and_Uploaded"},{"link_name":"P.S.I.entology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.S.I.entology"},{"link_name":"This Is Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Menace"},{"link_name":"No End in Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_End_in_Sight"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Recording School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Recording_School"},{"link_name":"Pigface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigface"}],"sub_title":"Side projects (2003–2006)","text":"Guitarist Dan Rayner in June 2008During this time, Jim Davies returned to The Prodigy, while Dan went to work on Drawbacks, with his brother Tim Rayner, who later joined Pitchshifter as well. Jon formed the alternative rock group Doheny with former The Cult guitarist Billy Morrison. Mark later left The Blueprint and with Jason, they formed This Is Menace, a supergroup featuring members from various other bands including Carcass, Napalm Death, Sikth, Send More Paramedics, Funeral for a Friend and earthtone9.Doheny later broke up and JS went to form his own label, PSI Records, and in 2003 released the compilation album Bootlegged, Distorted, Remixed and Uploaded and the DVD P.S.I.entology. In 2005, This Is Menace released their début album No End in Sight through PSI Records.During this time as well, Jon worked as a teacher at the Los Angeles Recording School teaching Music Business Communications and was a featured member of Pigface during the supergroup's 2003 United II tour of the US. During the tour, he performed vocals on songs including Pigface's \"Insect/Suspect\" and Pitchshifter's classic \"Genius.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funeral for a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"None for All and All for One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None_for_All_and_All_for_One"},{"link_name":"Carcass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_(band)"},{"link_name":"Damnation Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Return and None for All and All for One (2006–2008)","text":"During late 2006, there were rumours that band was going to return, which were later confirmed and the band announced the \"Back From the Dead\" tour, supported by various bands including Funeral for a Friend. Davies did not return to the band to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by Tim Rayner. The band released the None for All and All for One EP, with some copies given away for free in certain shows. There were some rumours that the band was working on a new album, but the band has denied.In 2008, the band along with Carcass and Cathedral, headlined the Damnation Festival.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jason_Bowld_live.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jason Bowld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bowld"},{"link_name":"Professional Murder Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Murder_Music"},{"link_name":"Tura Satana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tura_Satana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-8"},{"link_name":"b cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-8"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Hiatus (2009–2018)","text":"Drummer Jason Bowld in June 2008In 2009, the band announced in their official website that they were working on a new album. Frontman JS Clayden stated that \"It's been refreshing to get back in the demo studio. We are taking this record in a few places we haven't been before in terms of guitar work. Brian Harrah [Professional Murder Music and Tura Satana] is writing with me on guitar at The Manor Studios, and Jason is jamming at his place. So far we are having a blast and kicking ass. There are a few new moves in terms of song timing and vocals that have us all jazzed. I guess you'll just have to wait and see what we came up with.\"[8] In late 2009, guitarist Tim Rayner was diagnosed with b cell lymphoma while on vacation in Australia and underwent treatment.[8] In February 2010, he arrived in the UK and started radiotherapy.[9] The band headlined the Wakefield Rock Festival on 15 May 2010.[8][10]The band's statement, made on their website in 2011, is \"We're excited to be back in the studio. Looking at a 2012 release right now; but we're not under any pressure to finish on someone else's deadline - so we'll do it right and finish on our own schedule.\"[11] However, no further updates were published, and in July 2015, the official website's domain had been purchased and replaced with a Japanese website unrelated to the band; years later, JS Clayden admitted that \"we carried the website for such a long time that it felt like a burden being lifted to let it go\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"www.pitchshifter.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.pitchshifter.com"},{"link_name":"earthtone9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthtone9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bullet for My Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_for_My_Valentine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"Un-United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Headwars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"2000trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000trees"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Reunion tour and occasional shows (2018–present)","text":"In June 2016, the band tweeted \"Looking at some live shows in Feb 2018 in the UK\".[13] This was followed by an announcement in April 2018 that the band would reunite for a short tour the following November to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the www.pitchshifter.com album; Simon Hutchby from earthtone9 would be replacing Jason Bowld on drums,[14] as Bowld could not break away his commitments with Bullet for My Valentine.[15] When asked about a longer term reunion, J.S. Clayden emphasized that the current band members live in different cities and countries.[16] Select demo material from the band's would-be seventh album, Sprint Finish, was released on the band's Bandcamp page.In January 2020, the band announced they were releasing a \"redux\" of Un-United Kingdom, with additional guest vocals, to coincide with the day of Brexit.[17] Jason Bowld and Mark Clayden guested on former guitarist Jim Davies' album Headwars.[18]In July 2020, the band released a re-recorded version of \"Everything's Fucked\" for the EFKD 2020 EP. Later that year, the band successfully crowdfunded though Kickstarter a retrospective diary book entitled Chasing The Broken White Line, chronicling the band's 1998 world tour; a sequel book, Tokyo or Bust, was announced in 2022.In July 2023, the band re-joined to perform two shows in the UK, one of them as part of the 2000trees festival.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon \"JS\" Clayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Clayden"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Jim Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davies_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jason Bowld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bowld"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"Current members\nJon \"JS\" Clayden – lead vocals, programming (1992–present), backing vocals (1989–1991)\nMark D. Clayden – bass (1989–present), lead vocals (1989–1993)\nCurrent live members\nDan Rayner – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present)\nTim Rayner – rhythm guitar (2003–present)\nSimon Hutchby – drums (2018–present)\n\n\n\n\nFormer members\nJonathan Alan \"Johnny\" Carter – lead guitar, programming, editing (1989–2000)\nStuart E. Toolin – rhythm guitar (1989–1992)\nJim Davies – lead guitar, backing vocals (1998–2002)\nDave \"D.J.\" Walters – drums (1993–2000)\nJason Bowld – drums (2000–2018)\nFormer live members\nMatt Grundy – rhythm guitar (2000-2002)\nMatt Godfrey – rhythm guitar (1992)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_(album)"},{"link_name":"Desensitized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desensitized_(Pitchshifter_album)"},{"link_name":"Infotainment?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotainment%3F"},{"link_name":"www.pitchshifter.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.pitchshifter.com"},{"link_name":"Deviant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_(Pitchshifter_album)"},{"link_name":"PSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_(album)"}],"text":"Industrial (1991)\nDesensitized (1993)\nInfotainment? (1996)\nwww.pitchshifter.com (1998)\nDeviant (2000)\nPSI (2002)","title":"Discography"}]

[{"image_text":"Vocalist JS Clayden in June 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JS_Clayden_live.JPG/170px-JS_Clayden_live.JPG"},{"image_text":"Guitarist Dan Rayner in June 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dan_Rayner_live.JPG/170px-Dan_Rayner_live.JPG"},{"image_text":"Drummer Jason Bowld in June 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jason_Bowld_live.JPG/250px-Jason_Bowld_live.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter: P.S.I.\" CMJ New Music Report. 71 (760): 15. 29 April 2002. ISSN 0890-0795.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pB9ptdYiMrMC&pg=PA11-IA3","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter: P.S.I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Report","url_text":"CMJ New Music Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0890-0795","url_text":"0890-0795"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter @ Astoria 2, London, UK\". Rockfreaks.net. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockfreaks.net/gigs/131","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter @ Astoria 2, London, UK\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, Graham (19 July 2002). \"P.S.I. on T.O.U.R.\" Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220332/http://drownedinsound.com/news/4368-p-s-i-on-t-o-u-r","url_text":"\"P.S.I. on T.O.U.R.\""},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/news/4368-p-s-i-on-t-o-u-r","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter Unveils New Label Deal, Album\". MTV. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/news/awldqd/pitchshifter-unveils-new-label-deal-album","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter Unveils New Label Deal, Album\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 309/10. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0427-8","url_text":"0-7535-0427-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter :: Bio\". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 24 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchshifter.com/v4/bio.html","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter :: Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By Soundscan\". Blabbermouth. 9 March 2002. Archived from the original on 30 October 2002. Retrieved 24 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021030123911/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=2000","url_text":"\"Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By Soundscan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth","url_text":"Blabbermouth"},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=2000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\">> Pitchshifter :: Home <<\". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 24 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchshifter.com/v4/news.php","url_text":"\">> Pitchshifter :: Home <<\""}]},{"reference":"\"+++ dRAWBACKS Official Web Site +++\". Drawbacks.net. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230155057/http://www.drawbacks.net/web2/thehome.html","url_text":"\"+++ dRAWBACKS Official Web Site +++\""},{"url":"http://www.drawbacks.net/web2/thehome.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh: Wakefield to launch two-day rock festival headlined by InMe and Pitchshifter\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music/fresh-wakefield-launch-two-day-rock-5002465","url_text":"\"Fresh: Wakefield to launch two-day rock festival headlined by InMe and Pitchshifter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page\". Pitchshifter.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchshifter.com/v5/home.html","url_text":"\"Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter's tour to mark 20 years of their classic album : The Wedgewood Rooms, Southsea\". Portsmouth.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/gigs-and-music/pitchshifter-s-tour-to-mark-20-years-of-their-classic-www-pitchshifter-com-album-hits-the-wedgewood-rooms-southsea-1-8699889","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter's tour to mark 20 years of their classic album : The Wedgewood Rooms, Southsea\""}]},{"reference":"Pitchshifter [@Pitchshifter] (2 June 2016). \"Looking at some live shows in Feb 2018 in the UK. Does anybody still care!?!?\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Pitchshifter/status/738209815906779137","url_text":"\"Looking at some live shows in Feb 2018 in the UK. Does anybody still care!?!?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter\". Facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/208968999150488/photos/a.1611066525607388.1073741828.208968999150488/1660450374002336/?type=3","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter - A number of you have been asking if Jason...\" Facebook.com. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/208968999150488/posts/a-number-of-you-have-been-asking-if-jason-bowld-will-be-drumming-on-the-upcoming/1660450374002336/","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter - A number of you have been asking if Jason...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Band Spotlight: Pitchshifter\". Soundspheremag.com. 29 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundspheremag.com/spotlight/band/band-spotlight-pitchshifter/","url_text":"\"Band Spotlight: Pitchshifter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchshifter To Release 20th Anniversary Edition Of \"Un-United Kingdom\"\". Theprp.com. 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theprp.com/2020/01/01/news/pitchshifter-to-release-20th-anniversary-edition-of-un-united-kingdom/","url_text":"\"Pitchshifter To Release 20th Anniversary Edition Of \"Un-United Kingdom\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Davies (Formerly of The Prodigy / Pitchshifter) Announces New Album 'Headwars'; Teases New Single\". Originalrock.net. 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://originalrock.net/2020/01/26/jim-davies-formerly-of-the-prodigy-pitchshifter-announces-new-album-headwars-teases-new-single/","url_text":"\"Jim Davies (Formerly of The Prodigy / Pitchshifter) Announces New Album 'Headwars'; Teases New Single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Carter, The Wonder Years, Hundred Reasons and more for 2000trees\". Kerrang!. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/frank-carter-the-wonder-years-hundred-reasons-and-more-for-2000trees/","url_text":"\"Frank Carter, The Wonder Years, Hundred Reasons and more for 2000trees\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Paul (5 September 1998). \"Kings For a Day\". Kerrang!. No. 715. EMAP. pp. 16–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMAP","url_text":"EMAP"}]},{"reference":"Anon. (9 September 2000). \"Come In and Burn\". Kerrang!. No. 818. EMAP. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMAP","url_text":"EMAP"}]},{"reference":"Anon. (February 2001). \"Readers' Poll 2000\". Metal Hammer. No. 83. UK: Future plc. pp. 72–76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Irish_League_Cup

1997–98 Irish League Cup

["1 First round","2 Second round","3 Quarter-finals","4 Semi-finals","5 Final","6 References"]

Football tournament season 1997–98 Irish League CupWilkinson Sword League CupTournament detailsCountry Northern IrelandTeams32Defending championsCrusadersFinal positionsChampionsLinfield (4th win)Runner-upGlentoranTournament statisticsMatches played31Goals scored120 (3.87 per match)← 1996–971998–99 → The 1997–98 Irish League Cup (known as the Wilkinson Sword League Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 12th edition of the Irish League Cup, Northern Ireland's secondary football knock-out cup competition. It concluded on 9 September 1997 with the final. Crusaders were the defending champions after their first League Cup win last season; a 1–0 victory over Glentoran in the previous final. This season they went out in the quarter-finals to eventual winners Linfield, who lifted their fourth League Cup with a 1–0 victory over arch-rivals Glentoran in the final, condemning the Glens to their second successive League Cup final defeat. This was the last competition to feature clubs from the Irish League B Division. From the following season onwards, the competition would only be open to senior clubs in the top two divisions. First round Team 1  Score  Team 2 Ards 7–2 Brantwood Ballyclare Comrades 1–2 RUC Carrick Rangers 1–1 (4–5 p) Banbridge Town Chimney Corner 1–0 Cliftonville Cookstown United 0–5 Larne1 Crusaders 3–0 Armagh City Dundela 1–4 Ballymena United Dungannon Swifts 1–0 Distillery Glenavon 2–0 Harland & Wolff Welders Glentoran 5–1 Tobermore United Limavady United 0–2 Bangor Linfield 7–1 Ballinamallard United Loughgall 0–1 Portadown Moyola Park 0–3 Coleraine Newry Town 3–1 Ballymoney United Omagh Town 1–6 Institute 1 Larne were disqualified for fielding an ineligible player. Cookstown United were reinstated. Second round Team 1  Score  Team 2 Bangor 0–3 Portadown Coleraine 3–5 Crusaders Glenavon 2-1 Ards Glentoran 9–2 Dungannon Swifts Institute 5–1 Banbridge Town Linfield 3–0 Cookstown United Newry Town 1–1 (4–5 p) Ballymena United RUC 1–2 Chimney Corner Quarter-finals Team 1  Score  Team 2 Chimney Corner 1–2 Portadown Crusaders 0–1 Linfield Glenavon 6–1 Ballymena United Glentoran 3–2 Institute Semi-finals Team 1  Score  Team 2 Glentoran 1–0 Glenavon Portadown 1–2 Linfield Final 9 September 1997 Linfield1 – 0Glentoran Spiers 45' Report Windsor Park, Belfast References ^ "Northern Ireland - List of League Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. RSSSF. Retrieved 24 December 2012. ^ "Northern Ireland 1997/98". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. RSSSF. Retrieved 24 December 2012. vteNorthern Ireland Football League CupSeasons 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte1997–98 in Northern Irish footballDomestic leagues Irish League Premier Division Irish League First Division Domestic cups Irish Cup Irish League Cup Gold Cup Floodlit Cup County Antrim Shield Irish News Cup European competitions UEFA Champions League UEFA Cup UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Intertoto Cup Related to national team 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (Group 9) vte1997–98 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia '97 '98 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '97 '98 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia, Republika Srpska) Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '97 '98 Finland '97 '98 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '97 '98 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '97 '98 Latvia '97 '98 Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '97 '98 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia '97 '98 San Marino Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '97 '98 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '97 '98 Finland '97 '98 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '97 '98 Israel Italy Latvia '97 '98 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '97 '98 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia League cups England Finland '97 '98 France Germany Iceland '97 '98 Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, knockout stage, Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Intertoto Cup Super Cup vte Association football in Northern IrelandIrish Football Association - Northern Ireland Women's Football AssociationNational teams Northern Ireland (history) B U-23 U-21 U-19 U-18 Schools U-17 U-16 Schools Juniors Women's Women's U-19 Women's U-17 Irish League XI LeaguesMen NIFL Premiership NIFL Championship NIFL Premier Intermediate League Ballymena & Provincial Football League Mid-Ulster Football League Northern Amateur Football League NIFL Premiership Development League Women Women's Premiership Championship 1 Championship 2 Domestic cupsMen Irish Cup NI Football League Cup Scottish Challenge Cup NIFL Charity Shield County Antrim Shield Mid-Ulster Cup North West Senior Cup Irish Intermediate Cup Steel & Sons Cup Bob Radcliffe Cup Craig Memorial Cup Women IFA Women's Challenge Cup NIFL Women's Premiership League Cup All-Island Cup Defunct leagues Irish Intermediate League IFA Interim Intermediate League Northern Ireland Intermediate League Defunct cups Gold Cup Ulster Cup City Cup Floodlit Cup Carlsberg Cup Top Four Cup Belfast Charity Cup Alhambra Cup Fermanagh & Western Intermediate Cup McElroy Cup Setanta Sports Cup Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup North-South Cup Blaxnit Cup Texaco Cup Tyler Cup Irish News Cup Champions Cup George Wilson Cup Awards Ulster Footballer of the Year Northern Ireland Football Writers' Association Player of the Year Sunday football in Northern Ireland List of clubs List of grounds Records

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienkiewicze

Sienkiewicze

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 53°8′N 23°3′E / 53.133°N 23.050°E / 53.133; 23.050Village in Podlaskie Voivodeship, PolandSienkiewiczeVillageSienkiewiczeCoordinates: 53°8′N 23°3′E / 53.133°N 23.050°E / 53.133; 23.050Country PolandVoivodeshipPodlaskieCountyBiałystokGminaChoroszcz Sienkiewicze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Choroszcz and 9 km (6 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina ChoroszczTown and seat Choroszcz Villages Babino Barszczewo Czaplino Dzikie Dzikie-Kolonia Gajowniki Gajowniki-Kolonia Izbiszcze Jeroniki Klepacze Kolonia Czaplino Konowały Kościuki Krupniki Kruszewo Łyski Mińce Ogrodniki Barszczewskie Oliszki Pańki Porosły Porosły-Kolonia Rogówek Rogowo Rogowo-Kolonia Rogowo-Majątek Ruszczany Sienkiewicze Sikorszczyzna Śliwno Turczyn Zaczerlany Zaczerlany-Kolonia Złotoria Złotoria-Kolonia Złotoria-Podlesie Żółtki Żółtki-Kolonia This Białystok County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahsiyet

Şahsiyet

["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]

Crime drama TV series ŞahsiyetGenreCrime drama, mysteryWritten byHakan GündayDirected byOnur SaylakStarringHaluk Bilginer Cansu Dere Hüseyin Avni Danyal Metin Akdülger Şebnem Bozoklu Necip Memili Müjde ArTheme music composerSertaç Özgümüş Güntaç ÖzdemirCountry of originTurkeyOriginal languageTurkishNo. of episodes22ProductionProducerKerem Catay & Pelin distasProduction locationsIstanbulGölyazıCinematographyFeza ÇaldıranRunning time52-96 minutesProduction companyAy YapımOriginal releaseNetworkpuhutv Show tv (2018) GAIN (2023)Release17 March 2018 (2018-03-17) –7 January 2024 (2024-01-07) Şahsiyet (transl. Persona) is a 2018 Turkish crime drama miniseries written by Hakan Günday and directed by Onur Saylak. The first season of the series premiered on 17 March 2018 and was broadcast by puhutv. The second season started on 13 November 2023 and was broadcast by Turkish digital video and tv network GAİN. Plot summary Agâh Beyoğlu is a 65-year-old retired court clerk whose spouse died some time ago. Agâh lives alone in an old Ottoman building bearing the name of his deceased spouse, Mebrure, in Beyoğlu. One day, his beloved cat Münir Bey dies, since Agâh forgets to feed him. After the incident, he goes to a doctor to figure out the reasons of his memory impairment and there he is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Agâh can't accept the fact that he has Alzheimer's disease and becomes depressed. One day, when Agâh meets his friends at an invitation, he discerns some advantages of his disease and makes a decision which is a turning point. Nevra Elmas is a young and idealistic police-officer working in Istanbul Police Headquarters. She is the only female personnel in the Homicide Department but due to her gender, she experiences mobbing by her male co-workers, especially by misogynist Firuz. Her workmates believe that she does not deserve her position in the department and that her assignment is purely and simply due to benevolent sexism. A serial-killer wearing a cat costume shows up in Istanbul. There is a common ground between the victims, Nevra Elmas, and Agâh Beyoğlu: Kambura, a small and conservative district near to Istanbul. Cast Actor name Character's name Haluk Bilginer Agâh Beyoğlu Cansu Dere Nevra Elmas Metin Akdülger Ateş Arbay Şebnem Bozoklu Zuhal Beyoğlu Hüseyin Avni Danyal Cemil Havran Necip Memili Tolga Şenay Gürler Nükhet Ayhan Kavas Gürkan Önder Selen Mümtaz Ibrahim Selim Sefa Fırat Topkorur Firuz Recep Usta Deva Rabia Soytürk Süveyda Alptekin Ertürk Selim Müjde Ar Nesrin Yusufcan Sancaklı Polis Hümeyra Feza Yurtgil Volkan Uygun Vural Avni Yalçın Mehmet Yurtgil Okan Avcı Tufan Cengiz Samsun Rüstem Ömer Çobanoğlu Bedir Can İlhan Afşin Bekir Hakan Uyanık Başkomiser Ali Seçkiner Alıcı Naim Türedi Erkan Ayan Sadi Turhan Kaya Yüksel Naz Karaca Reyhan Reception Writing for Vatan, Oya Doğan criticized the length of the first episode, adding that it "was too long 85 percent of the first episode was telling who Agah Beyoğlu was". In her article, she mentions that the series initially followed the typical rules set out for web series but later became more like a television series. Sabah writer Ayşe Özyılmazel praised the production quality of the series and described it as "perhaps the best series in the history of Turkish series". In 2020, Şahsiyet was on the IMDb's list of the best serials of all time, ranked 41st. Awards and nominations Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result References 2018 EN Awards Best Internet TV series of 2018 Şahsiyet Won 2019 SXSW Film Design Awards Excellence in Title Design Ethem Cem & Enes Özenbaş Nominated International Emmy Award Best Performance by an Actor Haluk Bilginer Won References ^ "Şahsiyet dizisinin müzikleri listeleri zorluyor". Haberlercom. 31 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. ^ "Kambura nerede? Şahsiyet dizisindeki Kambura gerçekte neresi?". NTV. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ Haluk Bilginer'e Uluslararası Emmy ödülü ^ https://www.gain.tv/t/VPAA4SmX/sahsiyet ^ https://www.haberturk.com/sahsiyet-dizisi-2-sezon-tarihi-aciklandi-sahsiyet-yeni-sezon-ne-zaman-baslayacak-nerede-yayinlanacak-3633734-magazin ^ Doğan, Oya (19 March 2018). "Şahsiyet her hafta 3 bölüm yayınlansın". Vatan. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ Özyılmazel, Ayşe (21 March 2018). "'Şahsiyet' Bir senaryo sıkıntısı daha". Sabah. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ "IMDb Top 250 TV - IMDb". imdb.com. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. ^ ""Şahsiyet" dünyada en iyi 40 dizi arasına girdi". hurriyet.com. 2018. ^ "Şahsiyet 2018'in en iyi internet dizisi seçildi" (in Turkish). ntv.com.tr. 2019. ^ "The 2019 SXSW Film Festival Lineup". sxsw.com. 2019-03-18. Retrieved 2021-01-26. ^ "2019 INTERNATIONAL EMMY® WINNERS ANNOUNCED AT GALA IN NEW YORK". iemmys.tv. 2019. External links Puhu TV official broadcaster Şahsiyet at IMDb

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_polyester

Polyester

["1 Types","1.1 Natural","1.2 Synthetic","1.3 Aliphatic vs. aromatic polymers","2 Uses and applications","3 Production","3.1 Basics","3.2 Polyester processing","4 Synthesis","4.1 Alcoholic transesterification","4.2 Acylation","4.3 Acetate method (esterification)","4.4 Ring-opening polymerization","4.5 Other methods","4.6 Thermodynamics of polycondensation reactions","5 History","6 Biodegradation and environmental concerns","6.1 Cross-linking","6.2 Pollution of freshwater and seawater habitats","7 Safety","7.1 Fertility","8 Recycling","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]

Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links For the 1981 motion picture, see Polyester (film).Ester group (blue) which defines polyesters. Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional group in every repeat unit of their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally occurring chemicals, such as in plants and insects, as well as synthetics such as polybutyrate. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not. Synthetic polyesters are used extensively in clothing. Polyester fibers are sometimes spun together with natural fibers to produce a cloth with blended properties. Cotton-polyester blends can be strong, wrinkle- and tear-resistant, and reduce shrinking. Synthetic fibers using polyester have high water, wind, and environmental resistance compared to plant-derived fibers. They are less fire-resistant and can melt when ignited. Liquid crystalline polyesters are among the first industrially used liquid crystal polymers. They are used for their mechanical properties and heat-resistance. These traits are also important in their application as an abradable seal in jet engines. Types A polyester shirt Close-up of a polyester shirt SEM picture of a bend in a high-surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section A drop of water on a water resistant polyester Polyesters are one of the most economically important classes of polymers, driven especially by PET, which is counted among the commodity plastics; in 2019 around 30.5 million metric tons were produced worldwide. There is a great variety of structures and properties in the polyester family, based on the varying nature of the R group (see first figure with blue ester group). Natural Polyesters occurring in nature include the cutin component of plant cuticles, which consists of omega hydroxy acids and their derivatives, interlinked via ester bonds, forming polyester polymers of indeterminate size. Polyesters are also produced by bees in the genus Colletes, which secrete a cellophane-like polyester lining for their underground brood cells earning them the nickname "polyester bees". Synthetic The family of synthetic polyesters comprises Linear aliphatic high molecular weight polyesters (Mn >10,000) are low-melting (m. p. 40 – 80 °C) semicrystalline polymers and exhibit relatively poor mechanical properties. Their inherent degradability, resulting from their hydrolytic instability, makes them suitable for applications where a possible environmental impact is a concern, e.g. packaging, disposable items or agricultural mulch films⁠ or in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Aliphatic linear low-molar-mass (Mn < 10,000) hydroxy-terminated polyesters are used as macromonomers for the production of polyurethanes. hyperbranched polyesters are used as rheology modifiers in thermoplastics or as crosslinkers in coatings due to their particularly low viscosity, good solubility and high functionality Aliphatic–aromatic polyesters, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(hexamethylene terephthalate)(PHT), poly(propylene terephthalate) (PTT, Sorona), etc. are high-melting semicrystalline materials (m. p. 160–280 °C) that and have benefited from engineering thermoplastics, fibers and films. Wholly aromatic linear copolyesters present superior mechanical properties and heat resistance and are used in a number of high-performance applications. Unsaturated polyesters are produced from multifunctional alcohols and unsaturated dibasic acids and are cross-linked thereafter; they are used as matrices in composite materials. Alkyd resins are made from polyfunctional alcohols and fatty acids and are used widely in the coating and composite industries as they can be cross-linked in the presence of oxygen. Also rubber-like polyesters exist, called thermoplastic polyester elastomers (ester TPEs). Unsaturated polyesters (UPR) are thermosetting resins. They are used in the liquid state as casting materials, in sheet molding compounds, as fiberglass laminating resins and in non-metallic auto-body fillers. They are also used as the thermoset polymer matrix in pre-pregs. Fiberglass-reinforced unsaturated polyesters find wide application in bodies of yachts and as body parts of cars. Depending on the chemical structure, polyester can be a thermoplastic or thermoset. There are also polyester resins cured by hardeners; however, the most common polyesters are thermoplastics. The OH group is reacted with an Isocyanate functional compound in a 2 component system producing coatings which may optionally be pigmented. Polyesters as thermoplastics may change shape after the application of heat. While combustible at high temperatures, polyesters tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and minimal shrinkage in comparison with other industrial fibers. Increasing the aromatic parts of polyesters increases their glass transition temperature, melting temperature, thermostability, chemical stability, and solvent resistance. Polyesters can also be telechelic oligomers like the polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and the polyethylene adipate diol (PEA). They are then used as prepolymers. Aliphatic vs. aromatic polymers Thermally stable polymers, which generally have a high proportion of aromatic structures, are also called high-performance plastics. This application-oriented classification compares such polymers with engineering plastics and commodity plastics. The continuous service temperature of high-performance plastics is generally stated as being higher than 150 °C, whereas engineering plastics (such as polyamide or polycarbonate) are often defined as thermoplastics that retain their properties above 100 °C.⁠ Commodity plastics (such as polyethylene or polypropylene) have in this respect even greater limitations, but they are manufactured in great amounts at low cost. Poly(ester imides) contain an aromatic imide group in the repeat unit, the imide-based polymers have a high proportion of aromatic structures in the main chain and belong to the class of thermally stable polymers. Such polymers contain structures that impart high melting temperatures, resistance to oxidative degradation and stability to radiation and chemical reagents. Among the thermally stable polymers with commercial relevance are polyimides, polysulfones, polyetherketones, and polybenzimidazoles. Of these, polyimides are most widely applied. The polymers' structures result also in poor processing characteristics, in particular a high melting point and low solubility. The named properties are in particular based on a high percentage of aromatic carbons in the polymer backbone which produces a certain stiffness.⁠ Approaches for an improvement of processability include the incorporation of flexible spacers into the backbone, the attachment of stable pendent groups or the incorporation of non-symmetrical structures.⁠ Flexible spacers include, for example, ether or hexafluoroisopropylidene, carbonyl or aliphatic groups like isopropylidene; these groups allow bond rotation between aromatic rings. Less symmetrical structures, for example based on meta- or ortho-linked monomers introduce structural disorder and thereby decrease the crystallinity. The generally poor processability of aromatic polymers (for example, a high melting point and a low solubility) also limits the available options for synthesis and may require strong electron-donating co-solvents like HFIP or TFA for analysis (e. g. 1H NMR spectroscopy) which themselves can introduce further practical limitations. Uses and applications Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets, upholstered furniture and computer mouse mats. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in car tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters, stuffed animals and characters, and upholstery padding. Polyester fabrics are highly stain-resistant since polyester is a hydrophobic material, making it hard to absorb liquids. The only class of dyes which can be used to alter the color of polyester fabric are what are known as disperse dyes. Polyesters are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin, sails (Dacron), canoes, liquid crystal displays, holograms, filters, dielectric film for capacitors, film insulation for wire and insulating tapes. Polyesters are widely used as a finish on high-quality wood products such as guitars, pianos, and vehicle/yacht interiors. Thixotropic properties of spray-applicable polyesters make them ideal for use on open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill wood grain, with a high-build film thickness per coat. It can be used for fashionable dresses, but it is most admired for its ability to resist wrinkling and shrinking while washing the product. Its toughness makes it a frequent choice for children's wear. Polyester is often blended with other fibres like cotton to get the desirable properties of both materials. Cured polyesters can be sanded and polished to a high-gloss, durable finish. Production This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Basics This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023) Polyethylene terephthalate, the polyester with the greatest market share, is a synthetic polymer made of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) or its dimethyl ester dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and monoethylene glycol (MEG). With 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it ranges third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%) and is counted as commodity plastic. There are several reasons for the importance of polyethylene terephthalate: The relatively easy accessible raw materials PTA or DMT and MEG The very well understood and described simple chemical process of its synthesis The low toxicity level of all raw materials and side products during production and processing The possibility to produce PET in a closed loop at low emissions to the environment The outstanding mechanical and chemical properties The recyclability The wide variety of intermediate and final products. In the following table, the estimated world polyester production is shown. Main applications are textile polyester, bottle polyester resin, film polyester mainly for packaging and specialty polyesters for engineering plastics. World polyester production by year Product type 2002 (million tonnes/year) 2008 (million tonnes/year) Textile-PET 20 39 Resin, bottle/A-PET 9 16 Film-PET 1.2 1.5 Special polyester 1 2.5 Total 31.2 59 Polyester processing After the first stage of polymer production in the melt phase, the product stream divides into two different application areas which are mainly textile applications and packaging applications. In the following table, the main applications of textile and packaging of polyester are listed. Textile and packaging polyester application list (melt or pellet) Textile Packaging Staple fiber (PSF) Bottles for CSD, water, beer, juice, detergents, etc. Filaments POY, DTY, FDY A-PET film Technical yarn and tire cord Thermoforming Non-woven and spunbond biaxial-oriented film (BO-PET) Mono-filament Strapping Abbreviations: PSF Polyester-staple fiber POY Partially oriented yarn DTY Drawn textured yarn FDY Fully drawn yarn CSD Carbonated soft drink A-PET Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate film BO-PET Biaxial-oriented polyethylene terephthalate film A comparable small market segment (much less than 1 million tonnes/year) of polyester is used to produce engineering plastics and masterbatch. In order to produce the polyester melt with a high efficiency, high-output processing steps like staple fiber (50–300 tonnes/day per spinning line) or POY /FDY (up to 600 tonnes/day split into about 10 spinning machines) are meanwhile more and more vertically integrated direct processes. This means the polymer melt is directly converted into the textile fibers or filaments without the common step of pelletizing. We are talking about full vertical integration when polyester is produced at one site starting from crude oil or distillation products in the chain oil → benzene → PX → PTA → PET melt → fiber/filament or bottle-grade resin. Such integrated processes are meanwhile established in more or less interrupted processes at one production site. Eastman Chemicals were the first to introduce the idea of closing the chain from PX to PET resin with their so-called INTEGREX process. The capacity of such vertically integrated production sites is >1000 tonnes/day and can easily reach 2500 tonnes/day. Besides the above-mentioned large processing units to produce staple fiber or yarns, there are ten thousands of small and very small processing plants, so that one can estimate that polyester is processed and recycled in more than 10 000 plants around the globe. This is without counting all the companies involved in the supply industry, beginning with engineering and processing machines and ending with special additives, stabilizers and colors. This is a gigantic industry complex and it is still growing by 4–8% per year, depending on the world region. Synthesis Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation reaction. The general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is: (n+1) R(OH)2 + n R'(COOH)2 → HOnROH + 2n H2O. Polyesters can be obtained by a wide range of reactions of which the most important are the reaction of acids and alcohols, alcoholysis and or acidolysis of low-molecular weight esters or the alcoholysis of acyl chlorides. The following figure gives an overview over such typical polycondensation reactions for polyester production. Furthermore, polyesters are accessible via ring-opening polymerization. Azeotrope esterification is a classical method for condensation. The water formed by the reaction of alcohol and a carboxylic acid is continually removed by azeotropic distillation. When melting points of the monomers are sufficiently low, a polyester can be formed via direct esterification while removing the reaction water via vacuum. Direct bulk polyesterification at high temperatures (150 – 290 °C) is well-suited and used on the industrial scale for the production of aliphatic, unsaturated, and aromatic–aliphatic polyesters. Monomers containing phenolic or tertiary hydroxyl groups exhibit a low reactivity with carboxylic acids and cannot be polymerized via direct acid alcohol-based polyesterification.⁠ In the case of PET production, however, the direct process has several advantages, in particular a higher reaction rate, a higher attainable molecular weight, the release of water instead of methanol and lower storage costs of the acid when compared to the ester due to the lower weight. Alcoholic transesterification Main article: Transesterification Transesterification: An alcohol-terminated oligomer and an ester-terminated oligomer condense to form an ester linkage, with loss of an alcohol. R and R' are the two oligomer chains, R'' is a sacrificial unit such as a methyl group (methanol is the byproduct of the esterification reaction). The term "transesterification" is typically used to describe hydroxy–ester, carboxy–ester, and ester–ester exchange reactions. The hydroxy–ester exchange reaction possesses the highest rate of reaction and is used for the production of numerous aromatic–aliphatic and wholly aromatic polyesters. The transesterification based synthesis is particularly useful for when high melting and poorly soluble dicarboxylic acids are used. In addition, alcohols as condensation product are more volatile and thereby easier to remove than water. The high-temperature melt synthesis between bisphenol diacetates and aromatic dicarboxylic acids or in reverse between bisphenols and aromatic dicarboxylic acid diphenyl esters (carried out at 220 to 320 °C upon the release of acetic acid) is, besides the acyl chloride based synthesis, the preferred route to wholly aromatic polyesters. Acylation In acylation, the acid begins as an acyl chloride, and thus the polycondensation proceeds with emission of hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of water. The reaction between diacyl chlorides and alcohols or phenolic compounds has been widely applied to polyester synthesis and has been subject of numerous reviews and book chapters.⁠ The reaction is carried out at lower temperatures than the equilibrium methods; possible types are the high-temperature solution condensation, amine catalysed and interfacial reactions. In addition, the use of activating agents is counted as non-equilibrium method. The equilibrium constants for the acyl chloride-based condensation yielding yielding arylates and polyarylates are very high indeed and are reported to be 4.3 × 103 and 4.7 × 103, respectively. This reaction is thus often referred to as a 'non-equilibrium' polyesterification. Even though the acyl chloride based synthesis is also subject of reports in the patent literature, it is unlikely that the reaction is utilized on the production scale. The method is limited by the acid dichlorides' high cost, its sensitivity to hydrolysis and the occurrence of side reactions. The high temperature reaction (100 to > 300 °C) of an diacyl chloride with an dialcohol yields the polyester and hydrogen chloride. Under these relatively high temperatures the reaction proceeds rapidly without a catalyst: The conversion of the reaction can be followed by titration of the evolved hydrogen chloride. A wide variety of solvents has been described including chlorinated benzenes (e.g. dichlorobenzene), chlorinated naphthalenes or diphenyls, as well as non-chlorinated aromatics like terphenyls, benzophenones or dibenzylbenzenes. The reaction was also applied successfully to the preparation of highly crystalline and poorly soluble polymers which require high temperatures to be kept in solution (at least until a sufficiently high molecular weight was achieved). In an interfacial acyl chloride-based reaction, the alcohol (generally in fact a phenol) is dissolved in the form of an alkoxide in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the acyl chloride in an organic solvent immiscible with water such as dichloromethane, chlorobenzene or hexane, the reaction occurs at the interface under high-speed agitation near room temperature. The procedure is used for the production of polyarylates (polyesters based on bisphenols), polyamides, polycarbonates, poly(thiocarbonate)s, and others. Since the molecular weight of the product obtained by a high-temperature synthesis can be seriously limited by side reactions, this problem is circumvented by the mild temperatures of interfacial polycondensation. The procedure is applied to the commercial production of bisphenol-A-based polyarylates like Unitika's U-Polymer. Water could be in some cases replaced by an immiscible organic solvent (e. g. in the adiponitrile/carbon tetrachloride system). The procedure is of little use in the production of polyesters based on aliphatic diols which have higher pKa values than phenols and therefore do not form alcoholate ions in aqueous solutions. The base catalysed reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol may also be carried out in one phase using tertiary amines (e. g. triethylamine, Et3N) or pyridine as acid acceptors: While acyl chloride-based polyesterifications proceed only very slowly at room temperature without a catalyst, the amine accelerates the reaction in several possible ways, although the mechanism is not fully understood. However, it is known that tertiary amines can cause side-reactions such as the formation of ketenes and ketene dimers.⁠ Silyl method In this variant of the HCl method, the carboxylic acid chloride is converted with the trimethyl silyl ether of the alcohol component and production of trimethyl silyl chloride is obtained Acetate method (esterification) Silyl acetate method Ring-opening polymerization Aliphatic polyesters can be assembled from lactones under very mild conditions, catalyzed anionically, cationically, metallorganically or enzyme-based. A number of catalytic methods for the copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides have also recently been shown to provide a wide array of functionalized polyesters, both saturated and unsaturated. Ring-opening polymerization of lactones and lactides is also applied on the industrial scale. Other methods Numerous other reactions have been reported for the synthesis of selected polyesters, but are limited to laboratory-scale syntheses using specific conditions, for example using dicarboxylic acid salts and dialkyl halides or reactions between bisketenes and diols. Instead of acyl chlorides, so-called activating agents can be used, such as 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or trifluoroacetic anhydride. The polycondensation proceeds via the in situ conversion of the carboxylic acid into a more reactive intermediate while the activating agents are consumed. The reaction proceeds, for example, via an intermediate N-acylimidazole which reacts with catalytically acting sodium alkoxide: The use of activating agents for the production of high-melting aromatic polyesters and polyamides under mild conditions has been subject of intensive academic research since the 1980s, but the reactions have not gained commercial acceptance as similar results can be achieved with cheaper reactants. Thermodynamics of polycondensation reactions Polyesterifications are grouped by some authors into two main categories: a) equilibrium polyesterifications (mainly alcohol-acid reaction, alcohol–ester and acid–ester interchange reactions, carried out in bulk at high temperatures), and b) non-equilibrium polyesterifications, using highly reactive monomers (for example acid chlorides or activated carboxylic acids, mostly carried out at lower temperatures in solution). The acid-alcohol based polyesterification is one example of an equilibrium reaction. The ratio between the polymer-forming ester group (-C(O)O-) and the condensation product water (H2O) against the acid-based (-C(O)OH) and alcohol-based (-OH) monomers is described by the equilibrium constant KC. K C = [ . . . − C ( O ) O − . . . ] [ H 2 O ] [ − C ( O ) OH ] [ − OH ] {\displaystyle K_{C}={\frac {}{}}} The equilibrium constant of the acid-alcohol based polyesterification is typically KC ≤ 10, what is not high enough to obtain high-molecular weight polymers (DPn ≥ 100), as the number average degree of polymerization (DPn) can be calculated from the equilibrium constant KC. D P n   =   K C 2 + 1 {\displaystyle DP_{n}~=~{\sqrt{K_{C}}}+1} In equilibrium reactions, it is therefore necessary to remove the condensation product continuously and efficiently from the reaction medium in order to drive the equilibrium towards polymer. The condensation product is therefore removed at reduced pressure and high temperatures (150–320 °C, depending on the monomers) to prevent the back reaction. With the progress of the reaction, the concentration of active chain ends is decreasing and the viscosity of the melt or solution increasing. For an increase of the reaction rate, the reaction is carried out at high end group concentration (preferably in the bulk), promoted by the elevated temperatures. Equilibrium constants of magnitude KC ≥ 104 are achieved when using reactive reactants (acid chlorides or acid anhydrides) or activating agents like 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole. Using these reactants, molecular weights required for technical applications can be achieved even without active removal of the condensation product. History In 1926, United States–based DuPont began research on large molecules and synthetic fibers. This early research, headed by Wallace Carothers, centered on what became nylon, which was one of the first synthetic fibers. Carothers was working for DuPont at the time. Carothers' research was incomplete and had not advanced to investigating the polyester formed from mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. In 1928 polyester was patented in Britain by the International General Electric company. Carothers' project was revived by British scientists Whinfield and Dickson, who patented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or PETE in 1941. Polyethylene terephthalate forms the basis for synthetic fibers like Dacron, Terylene and polyester. In 1946, DuPont bought all legal rights from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Biodegradation and environmental concerns Main article: Biodegradation The Futuro houses were made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic; polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methyl methacrylate). One house was found to be degrading by cyanobacteria and Archaea. Cross-linking Unsaturated polyesters are thermosetting polymers. They are generally copolymers prepared by polymerizing one or more diols with saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic acid, fumaric acid, etc.) or their anhydrides. The double bond of unsaturated polyesters reacts with a vinyl monomer, usually styrene, resulting in a 3-D cross-linked structure. This structure acts as a thermoset. The exothermic cross-linking reaction is initiated through a catalyst, usually an organic peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide or benzoyl peroxide. Pollution of freshwater and seawater habitats A team at Plymouth University in the UK spent 12 months analysing what happened when a number of synthetic materials were washed at different temperatures in domestic washing machines, using different combinations of detergents, to quantify the microfibres shed. They found that an average washing load of 6 kg could release an estimated 137,951 fibres from polyester-cotton blend fabric, 496,030 fibres from polyester and 728,789 from acrylic. Those fibers add to the general microplastics pollution. Safety Fertility Ahmed Shafik was a sexologist who won a Ig Nobel Prize on his research regarding how polyester can affect the fertility of rats, dogs, and men. Bisphenol A which is a endocrine disrupting chemical may be used in the synthesis of polyester. Recycling Recycling of polymers has become very important as the production and use of plastic is continuously rising. Global plastic waste may almost triple by 2060 if this continues. Plastics can be recycled by various means like mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, etc. Among the recyclable polymers, polyester PET is one of the most recycled plastics. The ester bond present in polyesters is susceptible to hydrolysis (acidic or basic conditions), methanolysis and glycolysis which makes this class of polymers suitable for chemical recycling. Enzymatic/biological recycling of PET can be carried out using different enzymes like PETase, cutinase, esterase, lipase, etc. PETase has been also reported for enzymatic degradation of other synthetic polyesters (PBT, PHT, Akestra™, etc.) which contains similar aromatic ester bond as that of PET. See also Epoxy Glycerine phthalate Microfiber Oligoester Polyamide Rayon Viscose References ^ a b c d e Köpnick H, Schmidt M, Brügging W, Rüter J, Kaminsky W (June 2000). "Polyesters". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. ^ Mendelson C (17 May 2005). Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743272865. ^ "Thermal Spray Abradable Coatings". www.gordonengland.co.uk. 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PMID 15584698. ^ "How polyester is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, structure, steps, product, History". www.madehow.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018. ^ Loasby G (1951). "The Development of the Synthetic Fibres". Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings. 42 (8): P411–P441. doi:10.1080/19447015108663852. ^ Cappitelli F, Principi P, Sorlini C (August 2006). "Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: can biotechnology help?". Trends in Biotechnology. 24 (8): 350–4. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001. PMID 16782219. ^ Rinaldi A (November 2006). "Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage". EMBO Reports. 7 (11): 1075–9. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844. PMC 1679785. PMID 17077862. ^ O'Connor MC (27 October 2014). "Inside the lonely fight against the biggest environmental problem you've never heard of". The Guardian. ^ Williams A (27 September 2016). "Washing clothes releases thousands of microplastic particles into environment, study shows". Plymouth University. Retrieved 9 October 2016. ^ Napper IE, Thompson RC (November 2016). "Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 112 (1–2): 39–45. Bibcode:2016MarPB.112...39N. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025. hdl:10026.1/8163. PMID 27686821. ^ Shafik, Ahmed (1993). "Effect of Different Types of Textiles on Sexual Activity". European Urology. 24 (3). Elsevier BV: 375–380. doi:10.1159/000474332. ISSN 0302-2838. PMID 8262106. ^ Shafik, Ahmed (1993). "Effect of different types of textile fabric on spermatogenesis: an experimental study". Urological Research. 21 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 367–370. doi:10.1007/bf00296839. ISSN 0300-5623. PMID 8279095. S2CID 22096865. ^ Shafik, Ahmed (1992). "Contraceptive efficacy of polyester-induced azoospermia in normal men". Contraception. 45 (5). Elsevier BV: 439–451. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90157-o. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 1623716. ^ D'Angelo, Stefania; Meccariello, Rosaria (1 March 2021). "Microplastics: A Threat for Male Fertility". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (5). MDPI AG: 2392. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052392. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7967748. PMID 33804513. ^ "Global plastic waste set to almost triple by 2060, says OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ "How to keep a sustainable PET recycling industry in Europe - EPBP - European PET Bottle Platform". www.epbp.org. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ "Which Plastic Can Be Recycled?". Plastics For Change. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ Ghosal, Krishanu; Nayak, Chinmaya (21 February 2022). "Recent advances in chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste into value added products for sustainable coating solutions – hope vs. hype". Materials Advances. 3 (4): 1974–1992. doi:10.1039/D1MA01112J. ISSN 2633-5409. S2CID 245886607. ^ Ghosal, Krishanu; Nayak, Chinmaya (2022). "Recent advances in chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste into value added products for sustainable coating solutions – hope vs . hype". Materials Advances. 3 (4): 1974–1992. doi:10.1039/D1MA01112J. ISSN 2633-5409. S2CID 245886607. ^ Wagner-Egea, Paula; Tosi, Virginia; Wang, Ping; Grey, Carl; Zhang, Baozhong; Linares-Pastén, Javier A. (January 2021). "Assessment of IsPETase-Assisted Depolymerization of Terephthalate Aromatic Polyesters and the Effect of the Thioredoxin Fusion Domain". Applied Sciences. 11 (18): 8315. doi:10.3390/app11188315. ISSN 2076-3417. Further reading Textiles, by Sara Kadolph and Anna Langford. 8th Edition, 1998. Spinning Machines https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles) External links Lipase catalyzed polyesterification: Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of End-Functionalized Polymers in a Microreactor vtePlasticsChemical types Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) Polyacrylic acid (PAA) Polyamide (PA) Polybutylene (PB) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Polycarbonate (PC) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polyester (PEs) Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) Polyimide (PI) Polylactic acid (PLA) Polyoxymethylene (POM) Polyphenyl ether (PPE) Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polysulfone (PES) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Polyurethane (PU) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) Tritan copolyester Mechanical types Thermoplastic Thermosetting polymer Fibre-reinforced plastic Corrugated plastic Polymeric foam High-performance plastics Additives Polymer additive Colorants Plasticizer Polymer stabilizers Biodegradable additives Filler (materials) Plastics processing Injection moulding Plastic extrusion Blow molding Thermoforming Compression molding Calendering Transfer molding Laminating Fiberglass molding Pultrusion Plastic welding Filament winding Solvent bonding Vacuum forming Rotational molding ProductsPlastics industry segments Commodity plastics Construction Engineering plastics Geosynthetics High-performance plastics Nurdle Category:Plastics applications Plasticulture (Agriculture) Specific goods Blister pack Chairs Packaging film Bottles Bags Cutlery Shopping bags Foam food containers Environment and healthvteHealth issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs)Plasticizers: Phthalates DIBP DBP BBP (BBzP) DIHP DEHP (DOP) DIDP DINP Miscellaneous plasticizers Organophosphates Adipates (DEHA DOA) Monomers Bisphenol A (BPA, in Polycarbonates) Vinyl chloride (in PVC) Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs PBDEs PCBs Organotins PFCs Perfluorooctanoic acid Health issues Teratogen Carcinogen Endocrine disruptor Diabetes Obesity Polymer fume fever Pollution Plastic pollution Rubber pollution Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Dioxins List of environmental health hazards Regulations California Proposition 65 European REACH regulation Japan Toxic Substances Law Toxic Substances Control Act Waste Plastic pollution Garbage patch Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Dioxins List of environmental health hazards Plastic recycling Biodegradable plastic Identification codes vteFibersNaturalPlant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Bashō Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Lotus silk Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos SyntheticRegenerated Artificial silk Milk fiber Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Mineral Glass Carbon Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene UHMWPE Spandex Vectran Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Category Commons vteFabricTypesWoven Abacá cloth (Medriñaque) Aertex Armazine Almerían silk Barathea Barkcloth Batiste Bedford cord Bengaline Beta cloth Bombazine Brilliantine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap Byrd Cloth C change Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Capilene Cedar bark textile Challis Char cloth Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Chintz Cloqué Cloth of gold Cordura Corduroy Cotton duck Coutil Crêpe Cretonne Denim Dimity Donegal tweed Dornix Dowlas Drill Drugget Eolienne Flannel Foulard Fustian Gabardine Gauze Gazar Georgette Ghalamkar Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Grosgrain Habutai Haircloth Harris tweed Herringbone Himroo Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kerseymere Khādī Khaki drill Kijōka-bashōfu Kente cloth Lamé Lawn Linsey-woolsey Loden Longcloth Mackinaw Madapollam Madras Moleskin Muslin Nainsook Nankeen Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Paduasoy Percale Perpetuana Pongee Poplin Rakematiz Rayadillo Rep Ripstop Russell cord Saga Nishiki Samite Sateen Satin Saye Scarlet Seerhand muslin Seersucker Sendal Serge Scrim Shot silk Stuff Taffeta Tais Tartan Ticking Toile Tucuyo Tweed Twill Ultrasuede Vegetable flannel Ventile Vinyl coated polyester Viyella Voile Wadmal Waffle Wigan Whipcord Zephyr Zorbeez Figured woven Brocade Camlet Damask Lampas Songket Rinzu Pile woven Baize Chenille Corduroy Crimplene Fustian Mockado Moquette Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasaï Velvet Velveteen Zibeline Nonwoven Felt Cedar bark Knitted Boiled wool Coolmax Machine knitting Milliskin Jersey Velour Netted Bobbinet Carbon fibers Lace Mesh Needlerun net Ninon Tulle Technical Ballistic nylon Ban-Lon Conductive textile Darlexx E-textiles Gannex Gore-Tex Lenticular fabric Silnylon Spandex Stub-tex SympaTex Windstopper Patterns Argyle Bizarre silk Check Chiné Herringbone Houndstooth Kelsch Paisley Pinstripes Polka dot Shweshwe Tartan or plaid Tattersall Textile fibers Abacá (Manila hemp) Acrylic Alpaca Angora Bashō Cashmere Coir Cotton Eisengarn Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfiber Olefin Pashmina Polyester Piña Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool Finishing andprinting Androsia Batik Beetling Bingata Bògòlanfini Burnout Calendering Decatising Devoré Finishing Fulling Heatsetting Indienne Kasuri Katazome Mercerization Moire Nap Parchmentising Rogan printing Rōketsuzome Roller printing Sanforization Tenterhook Textile printing Tsutsugaki Warp printing Waxed cotton Woodblock printing Yūzen Fabric mills Carlo Barbera Cerruti Dormeuil E. Thomas Holland & Sherry Larusmiani Loro Piana Piacenza Reda Scabal Vitale Barberis Canonico Zegna Manufacturingindustry Design Manufacturing Performance Preservation Recycling Terminology Related Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Shrinkage Swatches and strike-offs Synthetic fabric Weaving Yarn vteClothing materials and partsGarment structures Armscye Collar Clerical collar Collar stays Detachable collar Cuff Dart Facing Fly Lapel Gore Hem Lining Placket Pleat Pocket Revers Ruffle Shoulder pad Strap Sleeve Train Waistband Yoke TextilesNatural Cotton Fur Linen Silk Wool Synthetic Artificial leather Elastic Nylon Polyester Rayon Spandex Animal hides / leather Calf Deer Goat Kangaroo Ostrich Seal Sheep Snake Stingray Fasteners Back closure Belt hook Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Shank Hook-and-eye Hook-and-loop Velcro Snap Zipper Seams Neckline Bustline Waistline Hemline Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polyester (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Definition_polyester_ester_group.svg"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material"},{"link_name":"polyethylene terephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"polybutyrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutyrate"},{"link_name":"biodegradable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable"},{"link_name":"cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Synthetic fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber"},{"link_name":"fire-resistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"liquid crystal polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_polymer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester linksFor the 1981 motion picture, see Polyester (film).Ester group (blue) which defines polyesters.Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional group in every repeat unit of their main chain.[1] As a specific material, it most commonly refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally occurring chemicals, such as in plants and insects, as well as synthetics such as polybutyrate. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not. Synthetic polyesters are used extensively in clothing.Polyester fibers are sometimes spun together with natural fibers to produce a cloth with blended properties. Cotton-polyester blends can be strong, wrinkle- and tear-resistant, and reduce shrinking. Synthetic fibers using polyester have high water, wind, and environmental resistance compared to plant-derived fibers. They are less fire-resistant and can melt when ignited.[2]Liquid crystalline polyesters are among the first industrially used liquid crystal polymers. They are used for their mechanical properties and heat-resistance. These traits are also important in their application as an abradable seal in jet engines.[3]","title":"Polyester"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyestershirt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_Shirt,_close-up.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEMexample.jpg"},{"link_name":"SEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drop_of_water_on_water-resistant_textile_(100%25_polyester).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A polyester shirtClose-up of a polyester shirtSEM picture of a bend in a high-surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross sectionA drop of water on a water resistant polyesterPolyesters are one of the most economically important classes of polymers, driven especially by PET, which is counted among the commodity plastics; in 2019 around 30.5 million metric tons were produced worldwide.[4] There is a great variety of structures and properties in the polyester family, based on the varying nature of the R group (see first figure with blue ester group).[1]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutin"},{"link_name":"plant cuticles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cuticle"},{"link_name":"omega hydroxy acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_hydroxy_acid"},{"link_name":"ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"Colletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletes"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hef-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Natural","text":"Polyesters occurring in nature include the cutin component of plant cuticles, which consists of omega hydroxy acids and their derivatives, interlinked via ester bonds, forming polyester polymers of indeterminate size. Polyesters are also produced by bees in the genus Colletes, which secrete a cellophane-like polyester lining for their underground brood cells[5] earning them the nickname \"polyester bees\".[6]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park_2012-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"(PTT, Sorona)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorona"},{"link_name":"Unsaturated polyesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_resin#Unsaturated_polyester"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"Unsaturated polyesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_resin"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"sheet molding compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_molding_compound"},{"link_name":"fiberglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass"},{"link_name":"thermoset polymer matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoset_polymer_matrix"},{"link_name":"pre-pregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-preg"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic"},{"link_name":"thermoset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoset"},{"link_name":"polyester resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_resin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Isocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate"},{"link_name":"tenacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacity_(textile_strength)"},{"link_name":"E-modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus"},{"link_name":"shrinkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)"},{"link_name":"glass transition temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature"},{"link_name":"thermostability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostability"},{"link_name":"telechelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telechelic"},{"link_name":"oligomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomer"},{"link_name":"prepolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepolymer"}],"sub_title":"Synthetic","text":"The family of synthetic polyesters comprises[1]Linear aliphatic high molecular weight polyesters (Mn >10,000) are low-melting (m. p. 40 – 80 °C) semicrystalline polymers and exhibit relatively poor mechanical properties. Their inherent degradability, resulting from their hydrolytic instability, makes them suitable for applications where a possible environmental impact is a concern, e.g. packaging, disposable items or agricultural mulch films[7]⁠ or in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.[8]\nAliphatic linear low-molar-mass (Mn < 10,000) hydroxy-terminated polyesters are used as macromonomers for the production of polyurethanes.\nhyperbranched polyesters are used as rheology modifiers in thermoplastics or as crosslinkers in coatings[9] due to their particularly low viscosity, good solubility and high functionality[10]\nAliphatic–aromatic polyesters, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(hexamethylene terephthalate)(PHT), poly(propylene terephthalate) (PTT, Sorona), etc. are high-melting semicrystalline materials (m. p. 160–280 °C) that and have benefited from engineering thermoplastics, fibers and films.\nWholly aromatic linear copolyesters present superior mechanical properties and heat resistance and are used in a number of high-performance applications.\nUnsaturated polyesters are produced from multifunctional alcohols and unsaturated dibasic acids and are cross-linked thereafter; they are used as matrices in composite materials. Alkyd resins are made from polyfunctional alcohols and fatty acids and are used widely in the coating and composite industries as they can be cross-linked in the presence of oxygen. Also rubber-like polyesters exist, called thermoplastic polyester elastomers (ester TPEs). Unsaturated polyesters (UPR) are thermosetting resins. They are used in the liquid state as casting materials, in sheet molding compounds, as fiberglass laminating resins and in non-metallic auto-body fillers. They are also used as the thermoset polymer matrix in pre-pregs. Fiberglass-reinforced unsaturated polyesters find wide application in bodies of yachts and as body parts of cars.Depending on the chemical structure, polyester can be a thermoplastic or thermoset. There are also polyester resins cured by hardeners; however, the most common polyesters are thermoplastics.[11] The OH group is reacted with an Isocyanate functional compound in a 2 component system producing coatings which may optionally be pigmented. Polyesters as thermoplastics may change shape after the application of heat. While combustible at high temperatures, polyesters tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and minimal shrinkage in comparison with other industrial fibers.Increasing the aromatic parts of polyesters increases their glass transition temperature, melting temperature, thermostability, chemical stability, and solvent resistance.Polyesters can also be telechelic oligomers like the polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and the polyethylene adipate diol (PEA). They are then used as prepolymers.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aromatic structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity"},{"link_name":"high-performance plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_plastics"},{"link_name":"engineering plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_plastic"},{"link_name":"commodity plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_plastics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"imides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imide"},{"link_name":"polyimides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimide"},{"link_name":"polysulfones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfone"},{"link_name":"polyetherketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyetherketones"},{"link_name":"polybenzimidazoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybenzimidazoles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"1H NMR spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_NMR_Spectroscopy"}],"sub_title":"Aliphatic vs. aromatic polymers","text":"Thermally stable polymers, which generally have a high proportion of aromatic structures, are also called high-performance plastics. This application-oriented classification compares such polymers with engineering plastics and commodity plastics. The continuous service temperature of high-performance plastics is generally stated as being higher than 150 °C,[12] whereas engineering plastics (such as polyamide or polycarbonate) are often defined as thermoplastics that retain their properties above 100 °C.[13]⁠ Commodity plastics (such as polyethylene or polypropylene) have in this respect even greater limitations, but they are manufactured in great amounts at low cost.Poly(ester imides) contain an aromatic imide group in the repeat unit, the imide-based polymers have a high proportion of aromatic structures in the main chain and belong to the class of thermally stable polymers. Such polymers contain structures that impart high melting temperatures, resistance to oxidative degradation and stability to radiation and chemical reagents. Among the thermally stable polymers with commercial relevance are polyimides, polysulfones, polyetherketones, and polybenzimidazoles. Of these, polyimides are most widely applied.[14] The polymers' structures result also in poor processing characteristics, in particular a high melting point and low solubility. The named properties are in particular based on a high percentage of aromatic carbons in the polymer backbone which produces a certain stiffness.[15]⁠ Approaches for an improvement of processability include the incorporation of flexible spacers into the backbone, the attachment of stable pendent groups or the incorporation of non-symmetrical structures.[14]⁠ Flexible spacers include, for example, ether or hexafluoroisopropylidene, carbonyl or aliphatic groups like isopropylidene; these groups allow bond rotation between aromatic rings. Less symmetrical structures, for example based on meta- or ortho-linked monomers introduce structural disorder and thereby decrease the crystallinity.[4]The generally poor processability of aromatic polymers (for example, a high melting point and a low solubility) also limits the available options for synthesis and may require strong electron-donating co-solvents like HFIP or TFA for analysis (e. g. 1H NMR spectroscopy) which themselves can introduce further practical limitations.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven_fabric"},{"link_name":"knitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitted"},{"link_name":"fabrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrics"},{"link_name":"disperse dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disperse_dye"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aatcc-16"},{"link_name":"tarpaulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpaulin"},{"link_name":"sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sails"},{"link_name":"Dacron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacron"},{"link_name":"liquid crystal displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"holograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologram"},{"link_name":"filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"dielectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"film insulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation"},{"link_name":"wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire"},{"link_name":"insulating tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulating_tape"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"pianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Thixotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thixotropic"}],"text":"Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets, upholstered furniture and computer mouse mats. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in car tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters, stuffed animals and characters, and upholstery padding. Polyester fabrics are highly stain-resistant since polyester is a hydrophobic material, making it hard to absorb liquids. The only class of dyes which can be used to alter the color of polyester fabric are what are known as disperse dyes.[16]Polyesters are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin, sails (Dacron), canoes, liquid crystal displays, holograms, filters, dielectric film for capacitors, film insulation for wire and insulating tapes. Polyesters are widely used as a finish on high-quality wood products such as guitars, pianos, and vehicle/yacht interiors. Thixotropic properties of spray-applicable polyesters make them ideal for use on open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill wood grain, with a high-build film thickness per coat. \nIt can be used for fashionable dresses, but it is most admired for its ability to resist wrinkling and shrinking while washing the product. Its toughness makes it a frequent choice for children's wear. Polyester is often blended with other fibres like cotton to get the desirable properties of both materials.\nCured polyesters can be sanded and polished to a high-gloss, durable finish.","title":"Uses and applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polyethylene terephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"purified terephthalic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purified_terephthalic_acid"},{"link_name":"dimethyl terephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"monoethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"commodity plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_plastics"},{"link_name":"textile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"}],"sub_title":"Basics","text":"Polyethylene terephthalate, the polyester with the greatest market share, is a synthetic polymer made of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) or its dimethyl ester dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and monoethylene glycol (MEG). With 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it ranges third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%) and is counted as commodity plastic.There are several reasons for the importance of polyethylene terephthalate:The relatively easy accessible raw materials PTA or DMT and MEG\nThe very well understood and described simple chemical process of its synthesis\nThe low toxicity level of all raw materials and side products during production and processing\nThe possibility to produce PET in a closed loop at low emissions to the environment\nThe outstanding mechanical and chemical properties\nThe recyclability\nThe wide variety of intermediate and final products.In the following table, the estimated world polyester production is shown. Main applications are textile polyester, bottle polyester resin, film polyester mainly for packaging and specialty polyesters for engineering plastics.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"textile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"masterbatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterbatch"},{"link_name":"pelletizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelletizing"},{"link_name":"vertical integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration"},{"link_name":"distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"}],"sub_title":"Polyester processing","text":"After the first stage of polymer production in the melt phase, the product stream divides into two different application areas which are mainly textile applications and packaging applications. In the following table, the main applications of textile and packaging of polyester are listed.Abbreviations:PSF\nPolyester-staple fiber\nPOY\nPartially oriented yarn\nDTY\nDrawn textured yarn\nFDY\nFully drawn yarn\nCSD\nCarbonated soft drink\nA-PET\nAmorphous polyethylene terephthalate film\nBO-PET\nBiaxial-oriented polyethylene terephthalate filmA comparable small market segment (much less than 1 million tonnes/year) of polyester is used to produce engineering plastics and masterbatch.In order to produce the polyester melt with a high efficiency, high-output processing steps like staple fiber (50–300 tonnes/day per spinning line) or POY /FDY (up to 600 tonnes/day split into about 10 spinning machines) are meanwhile more and more vertically integrated direct processes. This means the polymer melt is directly converted into the textile fibers or filaments without the common step of pelletizing. We are talking about full vertical integration when polyester is produced at one site starting from crude oil or distillation products in the chain oil → benzene → PX → PTA → PET melt → fiber/filament or bottle-grade resin. Such integrated processes are meanwhile established in more or less interrupted processes at one production site. Eastman Chemicals were the first to introduce the idea of closing the chain from PX to PET resin with their so-called INTEGREX process. The capacity of such vertically integrated production sites is >1000 tonnes/day and can easily reach 2500 tonnes/day.Besides the above-mentioned large processing units to produce staple fiber or yarns, there are ten thousands of small and very small processing plants, so that one can estimate that polyester is processed and recycled in more than 10 000 plants around the globe. This is without counting all the companies involved in the supply industry, beginning with engineering and processing machines and ending with special additives, stabilizers and colors. This is a gigantic industry complex and it is still growing by 4–8% per year, depending on the world region.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Overview_polyester_formation_reaction.svg"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"azeotropic distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_formation_via_direct_esterification.svg"},{"link_name":"phenolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenol_group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tertiary hydroxyl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_hydroxyl_groups"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation reaction. The general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is:(n+1) R(OH)2 + n R'(COOH)2 → HO[ROOCR'COO]nROH + 2n H2O.Polyesters can be obtained by a wide range of reactions of which the most important are the reaction of acids and alcohols, alcoholysis and or acidolysis of low-molecular weight esters or the alcoholysis of acyl chlorides. The following figure gives an overview over such typical polycondensation reactions for polyester production. Furthermore, polyesters are accessible via ring-opening polymerization.Azeotrope esterification is a classical method for condensation. The water formed by the reaction of alcohol and a carboxylic acid is continually removed by azeotropic distillation. When melting points of the monomers are sufficiently low, a polyester can be formed via direct esterification while removing the reaction water via vacuum.Direct bulk polyesterification at high temperatures (150 – 290 °C) is well-suited and used on the industrial scale for the production of aliphatic, unsaturated, and aromatic–aliphatic polyesters. Monomers containing phenolic or tertiary hydroxyl groups exhibit a low reactivity with carboxylic acids and cannot be polymerized via direct acid alcohol-based polyesterification.[4]⁠ In the case of PET production, however, the direct process has several advantages, in particular a higher reaction rate, a higher attainable molecular weight, the release of water instead of methanol and lower storage costs of the acid when compared to the ester due to the lower weight.[1]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_group"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"transesterification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Alcoholic transesterification","text":"Transesterification: An alcohol-terminated oligomer and an ester-terminated oligomer condense to form an ester linkage, with loss of an alcohol. R and R' are the two oligomer chains, R'' is a sacrificial unit such as a methyl group (methanol is the byproduct of the esterification reaction).The term \"transesterification\" is typically used to describe hydroxy–ester, carboxy–ester, and ester–ester exchange reactions. The hydroxy–ester exchange reaction possesses the highest rate of reaction and is used for the production of numerous aromatic–aliphatic and wholly aromatic polyesters.[4] The transesterification based synthesis is particularly useful for when high melting and poorly soluble dicarboxylic acids are used. In addition, alcohols as condensation product are more volatile and thereby easier to remove than water.[17]The high-temperature melt synthesis between bisphenol diacetates and aromatic dicarboxylic acids or in reverse between bisphenols and aromatic dicarboxylic acid diphenyl esters (carried out at 220 to 320 °C upon the release of acetic acid) is, besides the acyl chloride based synthesis, the preferred route to wholly aromatic polyesters.[4]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation"},{"link_name":"acyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duda_2005-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25473252-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_formation_via_neat_acyl_chloride.svg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25473252-22"},{"link_name":"sodium hydroxide solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide_solution"},{"link_name":"dichloromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloromethane"},{"link_name":"chlorobenzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobenzene"},{"link_name":"hexane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_formation_via_interfacial_acyl_chloride.svg"},{"link_name":"polyarylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyarylates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"polyamides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamide"},{"link_name":"polycarbonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate"},{"link_name":"poly(thiocarbonate)s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(thiocarbonate)s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"adiponitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponitrile"},{"link_name":"carbon tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"triethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylamine"},{"link_name":"pyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_formation_via_amine_acyl_chloride.svg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"tertiary amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_amines"},{"link_name":"side-reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_reaction"},{"link_name":"ketenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketene"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"trimethyl silyl ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethyl_silyl_ether"}],"sub_title":"Acylation","text":"In acylation, the acid begins as an acyl chloride, and thus the polycondensation proceeds with emission of hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of water.The reaction between diacyl chlorides and alcohols or phenolic compounds has been widely applied to polyester synthesis and has been subject of numerous reviews and book chapters.[4]⁠[18][19][20] The reaction is carried out at lower temperatures than the equilibrium methods; possible types are the high-temperature solution condensation, amine catalysed and interfacial reactions. In addition, the use of activating agents is counted as non-equilibrium method. The equilibrium constants for the acyl chloride-based condensation yielding yielding arylates and polyarylates are very high indeed and are reported to be 4.3 × 103 and 4.7 × 103, respectively. This reaction is thus often referred to as a 'non-equilibrium' polyesterification. Even though the acyl chloride based synthesis is also subject of reports in the patent literature, it is unlikely that the reaction is utilized on the production scale.[21] The method is limited by the acid dichlorides' high cost, its sensitivity to hydrolysis and the occurrence of side reactions.[22]The high temperature reaction (100 to > 300 °C) of an diacyl chloride with an dialcohol yields the polyester and hydrogen chloride. Under these relatively high temperatures the reaction proceeds rapidly without a catalyst:[20]The conversion of the reaction can be followed by titration of the evolved hydrogen chloride. A wide variety of solvents has been described including chlorinated benzenes (e.g. dichlorobenzene), chlorinated naphthalenes or diphenyls, as well as non-chlorinated aromatics like terphenyls, benzophenones or dibenzylbenzenes. The reaction was also applied successfully to the preparation of highly crystalline and poorly soluble polymers which require high temperatures to be kept in solution (at least until a sufficiently high molecular weight was achieved).[22]In an interfacial acyl chloride-based reaction, the alcohol (generally in fact a phenol) is dissolved in the form of an alkoxide in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the acyl chloride in an organic solvent immiscible with water such as dichloromethane, chlorobenzene or hexane, the reaction occurs at the interface under high-speed agitation near room temperature.[20]The procedure is used for the production of polyarylates (polyesters based on bisphenols), polyamides, polycarbonates, poly(thiocarbonate)s, and others. Since the molecular weight of the product obtained by a high-temperature synthesis can be seriously limited by side reactions, this problem is circumvented by the mild temperatures of interfacial polycondensation. The procedure is applied to the commercial production of bisphenol-A-based polyarylates like Unitika's U-Polymer.[4] Water could be in some cases replaced by an immiscible organic solvent (e. g. in the adiponitrile/carbon tetrachloride system).[20] The procedure is of little use in the production of polyesters based on aliphatic diols which have higher pKa values than phenols and therefore do not form alcoholate ions in aqueous solutions.[4] The base catalysed reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol may also be carried out in one phase using tertiary amines (e. g. triethylamine, Et3N) or pyridine as acid acceptors:While acyl chloride-based polyesterifications proceed only very slowly at room temperature without a catalyst, the amine accelerates the reaction in several possible ways, although the mechanism is not fully understood.[20] However, it is known that tertiary amines can cause side-reactions such as the formation of ketenes and ketene dimers.⁠[23]Silyl method\nIn this variant of the HCl method, the carboxylic acid chloride is converted with the trimethyl silyl ether of the alcohol component and production of trimethyl silyl chloride is obtained","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Acetate method (esterification)","text":"Silyl acetate method","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aliphatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic"},{"link_name":"lactones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactone"},{"link_name":"anionically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic"},{"link_name":"cationically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic"},{"link_name":"metallorganically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallorganic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15584698-27"}],"sub_title":"Ring-opening polymerization","text":"Aliphatic polyesters can be assembled from lactones under very mild conditions, catalyzed anionically, cationically, metallorganically or enzyme-based.[24][25] A number of catalytic methods for the copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides have also recently been shown to provide a wide array of functionalized polyesters, both saturated and unsaturated. Ring-opening polymerization of lactones and lactides is also applied on the industrial scale.[26][27]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyldiimidazole"},{"link_name":"dicyclohexylcarbodiimide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide"},{"link_name":"trifluoroacetic anhydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoroacetic_anhydride"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyester_formation_via_reactive_reagent.svg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Other methods","text":"Numerous other reactions have been reported for the synthesis of selected polyesters, but are limited to laboratory-scale syntheses using specific conditions, for example using dicarboxylic acid salts and dialkyl halides or reactions between bisketenes and diols.[4]Instead of acyl chlorides, so-called activating agents can be used, such as 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or trifluoroacetic anhydride. The polycondensation proceeds via the in situ conversion of the carboxylic acid into a more reactive intermediate while the activating agents are consumed. The reaction proceeds, for example, via an intermediate N-acylimidazole which reacts with catalytically acting sodium alkoxide:[4]The use of activating agents for the production of high-melting aromatic polyesters and polyamides under mild conditions has been subject of intensive academic research since the 1980s, but the reactions have not gained commercial acceptance as similar results can be achieved with cheaper reactants.[4]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duda_2005-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duda_2005-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park_2012-8"},{"link_name":"acid chlorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_chlorides"},{"link_name":"acid anhydrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_anhydrides"},{"link_name":"1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyldiimidazole"}],"sub_title":"Thermodynamics of polycondensation reactions","text":"Polyesterifications are grouped by some authors[4][18] into two main categories: a) equilibrium polyesterifications (mainly alcohol-acid reaction, alcohol–ester and acid–ester interchange reactions, carried out in bulk at high temperatures), and b) non-equilibrium polyesterifications, using highly reactive monomers (for example acid chlorides or activated carboxylic acids, mostly carried out at lower temperatures in solution).The acid-alcohol based polyesterification is one example of an equilibrium reaction. The ratio between the polymer-forming ester group (-C(O)O-) and the condensation product water (H2O) against the acid-based (-C(O)OH) and alcohol-based (-OH) monomers is described by the equilibrium constant KC.K\n \n C\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n [\n .\n .\n .\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n (\n O\n )\n \n O\n \n −\n \n \n .\n .\n .\n ]\n [\n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n ]\n \n \n [\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n (\n O\n )\n \n OH\n \n ]\n [\n \n \n −\n \n OH\n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{C}={\\frac {[...{\\ce {-C(O)O -}}...][{\\ce {H2O}}]}{[{\\ce {-C(O)OH}}][{\\ce {-OH}}]}}}The equilibrium constant of the acid-alcohol based polyesterification is typically KC ≤ 10, what is not high enough to obtain high-molecular weight polymers (DPn ≥ 100), as the number average degree of polymerization (DPn) can be calculated from the equilibrium constant KC.[19]D\n \n P\n \n n\n \n \n  \n =\n  \n \n \n \n K\n \n C\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle DP_{n}~=~{\\sqrt[{2}]{K_{C}}}+1}In equilibrium reactions, it is therefore necessary to remove the condensation product continuously and efficiently from the reaction medium in order to drive the equilibrium towards polymer.[19] The condensation product is therefore removed at reduced pressure and high temperatures (150–320 °C, depending on the monomers) to prevent the back reaction.[8] With the progress of the reaction, the concentration of active chain ends is decreasing and the viscosity of the melt or solution increasing. For an increase of the reaction rate, the reaction is carried out at high end group concentration (preferably in the bulk), promoted by the elevated temperatures.Equilibrium constants of magnitude KC ≥ 104 are achieved when using reactive reactants (acid chlorides or acid anhydrides) or activating agents like 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole. Using these reactants, molecular weights required for technical applications can be achieved even without active removal of the condensation product.","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Wallace Carothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Carothers"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Whinfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rex_Whinfield"},{"link_name":"polyethylene terephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"Dacron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In 1926, United States–based DuPont began research on large molecules and synthetic fibers. This early research, headed by Wallace Carothers, centered on what became nylon, which was one of the first synthetic fibers.[28] Carothers was working for DuPont at the time. Carothers' research was incomplete and had not advanced to investigating the polyester formed from mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. In 1928 polyester was patented in Britain by the International General Electric company.[29] Carothers' project was revived by British scientists Whinfield and Dickson, who patented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or PETE in 1941. Polyethylene terephthalate forms the basis for synthetic fibers like Dacron, Terylene and polyester. In 1946, DuPont bought all legal rights from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuro"},{"link_name":"fibreglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglass"},{"link_name":"polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"},{"link_name":"poly(methyl methacrylate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"Archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The Futuro houses were made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic; polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methyl methacrylate). One house was found to be degrading by cyanobacteria and Archaea.[30][31]","title":"Biodegradation and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermosetting polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer"},{"link_name":"copolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer"},{"link_name":"polymerizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizing"},{"link_name":"diols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diol"},{"link_name":"dicarboxylic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"maleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleic_acid"},{"link_name":"fumaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaric_acid"},{"link_name":"anhydrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydride"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_group"},{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"cross-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"organic peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_peroxide"},{"link_name":"methyl ethyl ketone peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"}],"sub_title":"Cross-linking","text":"Unsaturated polyesters are thermosetting polymers. They are generally copolymers prepared by polymerizing one or more diols with saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic acid, fumaric acid, etc.) or their anhydrides. The double bond of unsaturated polyesters reacts with a vinyl monomer, usually styrene, resulting in a 3-D cross-linked structure. This structure acts as a thermoset. The exothermic cross-linking reaction is initiated through a catalyst, usually an organic peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide or benzoyl peroxide.","title":"Biodegradation and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Pollution of freshwater and seawater habitats","text":"A team at Plymouth University in the UK spent 12 months analysing what happened when a number of synthetic materials were washed at different temperatures in domestic washing machines, using different combinations of detergents, to quantify the microfibres shed. They found that an average washing load of 6 kg could release an estimated 137,951 fibres from polyester-cotton blend fabric, 496,030 fibres from polyester and 728,789 from acrylic. Those fibers add to the general microplastics pollution.[32][33][34]","title":"Biodegradation and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmed Shafik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik_(sexologist)"},{"link_name":"Ig Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafik_1993_pp._375%E2%80%93380-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafik_1993_pp._367%E2%80%93370-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafik_1992_pp._439%E2%80%93451-37"},{"link_name":"Bisphenol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A"},{"link_name":"endocrine disrupting chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAngelo_Meccariello_2021_p._2392-38"}],"sub_title":"Fertility","text":"Ahmed Shafik was a sexologist who won a Ig Nobel Prize on his research regarding how polyester can affect the fertility of rats,[35] dogs,[36] and men.[37]Bisphenol A which is a endocrine disrupting chemical may be used in the synthesis of polyester.[38]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recycling of polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling"},{"link_name":"plastic waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_waste"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"methanolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolysis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"PETase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETase"},{"link_name":"cutinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinase"},{"link_name":"esterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterase"},{"link_name":"lipase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Recycling of polymers has become very important as the production and use of plastic is continuously rising. Global plastic waste may almost triple by 2060 if this continues.[39] Plastics can be recycled by various means like mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, etc. Among the recyclable polymers, polyester PET is one of the most recycled plastics.[40][41] The ester bond present in polyesters is susceptible to hydrolysis (acidic or basic conditions), methanolysis and glycolysis which makes this class of polymers suitable for chemical recycling.[42] Enzymatic/biological recycling of PET can be carried out using different enzymes like PETase, cutinase, esterase, lipase, etc.[43] PETase has been also reported for enzymatic degradation of other synthetic polyesters (PBT, PHT, Akestra™, etc.) which contains similar aromatic ester bond as that of PET.[44]","title":"Recycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"}],"text":"Textiles, by Sara Kadolph and Anna Langford. 8th Edition, 1998.\nSpinning Machines https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Ester group (blue) which defines polyesters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Definition_polyester_ester_group.svg/220px-Definition_polyester_ester_group.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A polyester shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Polyestershirt.jpg/220px-Polyestershirt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Close-up of a polyester shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Polyester_Shirt%2C_close-up.jpg/220px-Polyester_Shirt%2C_close-up.jpg"},{"image_text":"SEM picture of a bend in a high-surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SEMexample.jpg/220px-SEMexample.jpg"},{"image_text":"A drop of water on a water resistant polyester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Drop_of_water_on_water-resistant_textile_%28100%25_polyester%29.jpg/220px-Drop_of_water_on_water-resistant_textile_%28100%25_polyester%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Epoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"title":"Glycerine phthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerine_phthalate"},{"title":"Microfiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfiber"},{"title":"Oligoester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoester"},{"title":"Polyamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamide"},{"title":"Rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"title":"Viscose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscose"}]

[{"reference":"Köpnick H, Schmidt M, Brügging W, Rüter J, Kaminsky W (June 2000). \"Polyesters\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mendelson C (17 May 2005). Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743272865.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xfB99Kf38MwC","url_text":"Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743272865","url_text":"9780743272865"}]},{"reference":"\"Thermal Spray Abradable Coatings\". www.gordonengland.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gordonengland.co.uk/abradable.htm","url_text":"\"Thermal Spray Abradable Coatings\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers ME, Long TE (2003). Synthetic Methods in Step-Growth Polymers. Hoboken, New Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hefetz, Abraham; Fales, Henry M.; Batra, Suzanne W. T. (1979). \"Natural Polyesters: Dufour's Gland Macrocyclic Lactones Form Brood Cell Laminesters in Colletes Bees\". Science. 204 (4391): 415–417. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..415H. doi:10.1126/science.204.4391.415. PMID 17758016. S2CID 41342994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.204.4391.415","url_text":"\"Natural Polyesters: Dufour's Gland Macrocyclic Lactones Form Brood Cell Laminesters in Colletes Bees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..415H","url_text":"1979Sci...204..415H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4391.415","url_text":"10.1126/science.204.4391.415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17758016","url_text":"17758016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41342994","url_text":"41342994"}]},{"reference":"Kong X, Qi H, Curtis JM (August 2014). \"Synthesis and characterization of high-molecular weight aliphatic polyesters from monomers derived from renewable resources\". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 131 (15): 40579–40586. doi:10.1002/app.40579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.40579","url_text":"10.1002/app.40579"}]},{"reference":"Park HS, Seo JA, Lee HY, Kim HW, Wall IB, Gong MS, Knowles JC (August 2012). \"Synthesis of elastic biodegradable polyesters of ethylene glycol and butylene glycol from sebacic acid\". Acta Biomaterialia. 8 (8): 2911–8. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.026. PMID 22522011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2012.04.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22522011","url_text":"22522011"}]},{"reference":"Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (January 2016). \"Hyperbranched polymers for coating applications: a review\". Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. 55 (1): 92–117. doi:10.1080/03602559.2015.1021482. S2CID 100936296.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03602559.2015.1021482","url_text":"10.1080/03602559.2015.1021482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:100936296","url_text":"100936296"}]},{"reference":"Testud B, Pintori D, Grau E, Taton D, Cramail H (2017). \"Hyperbranched polyesters by polycondensation of fatty acid-based AB n-type monomers\". Green Chemistry. 19 (1): 259–69. arXiv:1911.07737. doi:10.1039/C6GC02294D. S2CID 102450135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.07737","url_text":"1911.07737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6GC02294D","url_text":"10.1039/C6GC02294D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102450135","url_text":"102450135"}]},{"reference":"Rosato DV, Rosato DV, Rosato MV (2004). Plastic product material and process selection handbook. Elsevier. p. 85. 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(January 2021). \"Assessment of IsPETase-Assisted Depolymerization of Terephthalate Aromatic Polyesters and the Effect of the Thioredoxin Fusion Domain\". Applied Sciences. 11 (18): 8315. doi:10.3390/app11188315. ISSN 2076-3417.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11188315","url_text":"\"Assessment of IsPETase-Assisted Depolymerization of Terephthalate Aromatic Polyesters and the Effect of the Thioredoxin Fusion Domain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11188315","url_text":"10.3390/app11188315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2076-3417","url_text":"2076-3417"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaguey_Air_Base

Ignacio Agramonte International Airport

["1 History","2 Airlines and destinations","3 Camagüey Air Base","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 21°25′13″N 077°50′51″W / 21.42028°N 77.84750°W / 21.42028; -77.84750International airport in Camagüey Province, Cuba Ignacio Agramonte International AirportAeropuerto Internacional Ignacio AgramonteIATA: CMWICAO: MUCMSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorECASALocationCamagüeyElevation AMSL126 m / 413 ftCoordinates21°25′13″N 077°50′51″W / 21.42028°N 77.84750°W / 21.42028; -77.84750Websitecamaguey.airportcuba.netMapMUCMLocation in CubaRunways Direction Length Surface m ft 07/25 3,000 9,843 Asphalt Source: Aerodrome chart Ignacio Agramonte International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Ignacio Agramonte) (IATA: CMW, ICAO: MUCM) is an international airport in central Camagüey Province, Cuba. It serves the city of Camagüey and the resort village of Santa Lucía. History During World War II, the airport was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force from 1942 until 1944. The 25th Bombardment Group 417th Bombardment Squadron flew B-18 Bolo bombers from the airfield, known as Camaguey Air Base, from 13 April 1942 though August 1943. The squadron flew antisubmarine missions over the northern Caribbean. The base was also used for air-sea rescue missions by the 1st Rescue Squadron. From 1 January 1943, the USAAF set up postal operations for Camaguey using Army Post Office, Miami with the address: 2714 APO MIA. The United States Navy also set up to use a non-descript number for postal operations. They used the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic located in New York City with the address: 617 FPO NY. The airport was closed from March to October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Airlines and destinations AirlinesDestinations American Airlines Miami Aruba Airlines Georgetown–Cheddi Jagan, Managua Fly All Ways Paramaribo Nordwind Airlines Seasonal charter: Moscow–Sheremetyevo Sunrise Airways Port-au-Prince Viva Aerobus Cancún, Mérida Camagüey Air Base The airport is an inactive Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces air base: 3685th Regiment 2 General purpose transport squadron - Mil Mi-17 helicopters References  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ Aerodrome chart Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Issued 2 August 2007 ^ "Air Force History Index -- Search". airforcehistoryindex.org. ^ "US Army Air Force Post Offices". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011. ^ "World War II Navy Post Office Numbers". Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011. ^ "Loading..." cubaaldescubierto.com. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. External links Media related to Ignacio Agramonte International Airport at Wikimedia Commons camaguey.airportcuba.net Complete information about Camagüey airport (in English) Portals: Cuba Aviation vteAirports in CubaMajor international Havana Varadero Minor international Camagüey Cayo Coco Cayo Largo del Sur Cienfuegos Holguín Manzanillo Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Domestic Baracoa Guantánamo Nueva Gerona Unscheduled Bayamo Cayo Santa María Ciego de Ávila Florida Havana-Playa Baracoa Kawama Las Tunas Moa Pinar del Río San Nicolás de Bari Sancti Spíritus Santa Lucía Siguanea Trinidad vte USAAF Sixth Air Force in World War IIPreviously: Panama Canal Air Force (1940-1941); Caribbean Air Force (1941-1942)AirfieldsCaribbean Coolidge (Antigua) Dakota (Aruba) Batista (Cuba) Camaguey (Cuba) Hato (Curaçao) Vernam (Jamaica) Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Borinquen (Puerto Rico) Losey (Puerto Rico) Benedict (Saint Croix) Beane (Saint Lucia) Carlsen (Trinidad) Piarco Airport (Trinidad) Waller (Trinidad) Canal Zone Albrook France Howard Panama Aguadulce Anton Calzada Larga Chame David La Chorrera Madden Patilla Point Pocri Río Hato Central and SouthAmerica Belém (Brazil) Atkinson (British Guiana) Zandery (Dutch Guiana) Salinas (Ecuador) Baltra (Galápagos Islands) Guatemala City (Guatemala) Talara (Peru) UnitsCommands VI Bomber Command VI Fighter Command XXVI Fighter Command XXXVI Fighter Command VI Air Force Service Antilles Air Command Wings 6th Fighter 13th Bombardment 19th Composite 24th Composite GroupsFighter 16th Fighter 32d Fighter 36th Fighter 37th Fighter 53d Fighter Bomber 6th Bombardment 9th Bombardment 25th Bombardment 40th Bombardment Reconnaissance 72d Reconnaissance Squadrons 1st Depot Repair 20th Troop Carrier 23d Antisubmarine 91st Reconnaissance United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_Blue_Sox

Davenport Blue Sox

["1 Year-by-year records","2 Notable alumni","3 References"]

Minor league baseball teamDavenport Blue Sox1901–1937(1901–1906, 1909–1916, 1929–1937) Davenport, Iowa Minor league affiliationsPrevious classes Class A (1934–1937) Class B (1933) Class D (1929–1932) Class B (1913–1916) League Western League (1934–1937) Mississippi Valley League (1929–1933) Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League (1913–1916) Major league affiliationsPrevious teamsBrooklyn Dodgers (1936–1937)Minor league titlesLeague titles 3 (1914, 1933, 1936)Team dataPrevious names Davenport Blue Sox (1913–1916, 1929–1937) Davenport Prodigals (1909–1912) Davenport Knickerbockers (1906) Davenport Riversides (1905) Davenport River Rats (1901–1904) Previous parksBlue Sox ParkMunicipal Stadium The Davenport Blue Sox was the name given to three minor league baseball teams based in Davenport, Iowa. The first version of the Blue Sox played in the Class B Three-I League from 1913–1916. The second played in the Class D Mississippi Valley League from 1929–1933, and the third version played in the Western League from 1934–1937. From 1936–1937, the team was a minor league affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers. The Blue Sox played their home games at Municipal Stadium from 1931–1937 and were the foundation for today's tenant, the Quad Cities River Bandits. The 1933 club has been rated as the 58th best minor league baseball team of all time. Year-by-year records Year Record Finish Manager Playoffs 1913 68-66 3rd Daniel O'Leary No playoffs held 1914 83-52 1st Daniel O'Leary League Champs 1915 76-52 1st (t) Daniel O'Leary Lost League Finals 1916 56-77 8th Daniel O'Leary No playoffs held 1929 69-57 3rd Ed Reichle No playoffs held 1930 64-61 3rd Ed Reichle No playoffs held 1931 53-73 6th Ed Reichle / Cletus Dixon No playoffs held 1932 78-47 1st Cletus Dixon Lost League Finals 1933 82-32 1st Cletus Dixon League Champs 1934 70-53 2nd Cletus Dixon Lost League Finals 1935 70-46 1st Cletus Dixon Lost in 1st round 1936 74-52 1st Cletus Dixon League Champs 1937 57-59 3rd John Fitzpatrick No playoffs held Notable alumni Davenport Blue Sox players References ^ Weiss, Bill & Marshall Wright. "1933 Davenport Blue Sox". milb.com. This article is based on the "Davenport Blue Sox" article at Baseball-Reference.com Bullpen. The Bullpen is a wiki, and its content is available under the GNU Free Documentation License. This article about a baseball team in Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine

TR-1700-class submarine

["1 Development","1.1 Possible nuclear propulsion","2 Design","3 Service","4 Boats in class","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Argentine submarine class TR-1700 submarine ARA Santa Cruz (S-41) at Base Naval Mar del Plata. Class overview Builders Thyssen Nordseewerke, Emden, Germany Astillero Domecq Garcia, Argentina Operators Argentine Navy In commission1984–present Planned6 Completed2 Cancelled4 Active0 Laid up1 Lost1 General characteristics TypeSubmarine Displacement 2116 tonnes (Surfaced) 2264 tonnes (Submerged) Length67.30 m (220 ft 10 in) Beam8.36 m (27 ft 5 in) Draught6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) Propulsion 1 shaft (5 blades) 4 × MTU 16V652 MB80 diesel engines 1 × Siemens electric motor 8 × 120-cell banks of VARTA batteries Speed 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) surfaced 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) submerged Range12,000 nmi (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) surfaced Endurance30 days Test depth300 m (980 ft) Complement26 Sensors and processing systems Radars: Thomson-CSF Calypso Sonar Systems: Atlas Elektronik CSU 3/4 Thompson Sintra DUUX-5 Fire-control system: HSA SINBADS Armament 6 × 533 mm (21 in) bow torpedo tubes 22 torpedoes Mines The TR-1700 (Santa Cruz) is a class of diesel-electric patrol submarines built by Thyssen Nordseewerke for the Argentine Navy in the 1980s, with two submarines completed. These ships are amongst the largest submarines built in Germany since World War II and are among the fastest diesel-electric submarines in the world. ARA San Juan was lost on 17 November 2017, leaving ARA Santa Cruz as the only remaining submarine of this class. As of 2020, the refit of Santa Cruz has been reported cancelled leaving the entire class inactive. Development This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016) The original 1977 plan called for six boats, two TR-1700s built in Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke, two in Argentina by Astillero Domecq Garcia, and two smaller TR-1400s also built in Argentina. The final agreement in 1982 was modified to six TR-1700s, with the last four to be built in Argentina. Possible nuclear propulsion The TR-1700s to be built in Argentina were considered for an upgrade to a nuclear submarine. The use of INVAP's CAREM reactor for that purpose is an 'urban myth,' as such design is inadequate for moving platforms. The nuclear submarine project never came to fruition, despite later attempts to revive it. The reasons why INVAP's reactor is inviable stem from a number of reasons. The main reasons are: The reactor was not designed from scratch for moving platforms and relies on the naïve and dangerous concept of "one reactor fits all purposes". The design has not considered the dynamic and operational characteristics of the porting platform. This causes problems in the following areas: Thermal problems due to the large diameter of the pellets (7.6mm), which do not allow sudden power ramps, required in a submarine. Wrong type of control rod mechanisms, not adequate for a rolling and pitching vessel. For example, nut-shell control rods would be more appropriate. The continuous movement of the large liquid free-surface inside the reactor, as experienced in vessels of any type (surface or submerged), leave fuel unexposed and, thus, not refrigerated. Steam generators located inside the reactor vessel (instead of outside) increase the diameter of the vessel and thus its weight, unnecessarily, restricting the operational characteristics of the submarine. Inconvenient coupling of various variables due to auto-pressurization. Lack of land prototype on a moving platform (not static). See figure to the right for a Westinghouse prototype for submarines. Numerical simulations for untested designs are not enough, and are only the first step in a series of validations that have to agree with actual experiments. Before offering a reactor as a proposal, any contractor—at their own expense—should perform experiments on moving platforms (water tanks excited to reproduce ship movements) located on land, and demonstrate that they work and agree with the numerical simulations. The reactor should be identical to the reactor proposed to be fitted in a ship or submarine. Design The TR-1700 submarine was designed by Thyssen and its features include high underwater speed, endurance (for a diesel submarine), and survivability. The boat's four MTU 16V652 MB80 diesel engines, four generators, and Siemens electric motor can propel it at speeds up to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Eight 120-cell banks of VARTA batteries are installed on each boat. They have a diving depth of 300 m (980 ft). Normal endurance of these boats is 30 days with an extended range up to 70 days. These boats are equipped to accept a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV). Armaments include six bow 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes and space for 22 torpedoes. The TR-1700 can launch a variety of weapons via its torpedo tubes, such as the wire-guided SST-4 torpedo and the Mark 37C short antisubmarine torpedo. The automatic torpedo reload system can reload sixteen times and reloading the tubes takes 50 seconds. When it comes to the electronics and systems the TR-1700 has a HSA SINBADS Action Information Organisation and Fire Control System that is combined with a SAGEM plotting table. The radar consists of the Thomson-CSF Calypso and it has a Atlas Elektronik CSU 3/4 and Thomson Sintra DUUX-5 as sonars. Thyssen proposed the TR1700A for the Australian Collins-class submarine program. The proposed design had a reworked pressure hull, was six meters longer, and half a meter wider than the TR-1700s built for Argentina. It lost to the Type 471 from Kockums, an enlarged Västergötland-class submarine. Service The first two submarines were delivered on schedule in 1984–85. The remaining four built in Argentina were suspended due to the Argentinean economic crisis of the 1980s. In 1996 work completely ceased on ARA Santa Fe at 70% (or 52%) completion while ARA Santiago del Estero was only 30% complete. After attempts to complete and sell the boats to Taiwan failed, they were cannibalized, along with the parts for the fifth and sixth units, to support the continued operations of the first two submarines. Santa Cruz received its mid-life modernization at Arsenal de Marinha, Rio de Janeiro Brazil between September 1999 and 2001. The work involved the replacement of the engines, batteries, and sonar. Her sister boat San Juan entered the Astillero Domecq Garcia shipyard to receive her refit in 2007; she completed refit in 2013. In September 2010, it was revealed that the Ministry of Defense was conducting feasibility studies to decide if ARA Santa Fe (S-43) should be completed. The decision should be made sometime after completing the mid-life modernization of ARA San Juan (S-42). The estimated cost of completing Santa Fe was $60 million. On 17 November 2017, the ARA San Juan was reported missing; reports of a fire at the time were denied by the Argentine Navy. A year after that, on 17 November 2018, private company Ocean Infinity (appointed by the Argentine Government) announced that they successfully located the wreck, at 900 metres depth and 500 km from Comodoro Rivadavia. Boats in class TR-1700 class construction data Ship Name Pennant number Builder Completed Status ARA Santa Cruz S-41 Thyssen Nordseewerke 18 October 1984 Inactive; envisaged refit cancelled as of 2020. ARA San Juan S-42 Thyssen Nordseewerke 19 November 1985 Formerly in service with Argentine Navy. Confirmed lost on 23 November 2017; wreck found in Atlantic Ocean on 16 November 2018. Recovery by American team pending naval decision. ARA Santa Fe S-43 Astillero Domecq Garcia Construction suspended - 70% (or 52%) completeBoat could be completed after feasibility studies. Unknown if sub was cannibalized for parts along with the rest of incomplete members of the class. ARA Santiago Del Estero S-44 Astillero Domecq Garcia Construction suspended - 30% complete and eventually cannibalized for spare parts for active subs. (none) S-45 Astillero Domecq Garcia Construction suspended - Little completeComponents cannibalized for spares (none) S-46 Astillero Domecq Garcia SuspendedComponents cannibalized for spares Gallery Argentine Navy ARA San Juan in 2007 Argentine Navy TR-1700 submarines ARA Santa Cruz (S-41) and ARA San Juan (S-42) ARA Santa Cruz in Ushuaia, 2008 See also List of submarine classes in service Dolphin-class submarine Type 209 submarine Type 214 submarine Ula-class submarine Notes Citations ^ a b c Miller (1989), p. 52. ^ a b Darman (2004), p. 8. ^ a b Miller, David (2002). The Illustrated Directory of Submarines. Zenith Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-7603-1345-8. ^ a b "Estiman que la llegada del próximo submarino operativo para Argentina demoraría de cinco a seis años". 8 September 2020. ^ a b "A. Rossi (Argentina): "Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América". 23 December 2020. ^ a b "Santa Cruz class Patrol submarine". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-03. ^ Farley, Robert (20 November 2017). "Everything You Need to Know about Argentina's Submarine Force". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ "Promete Garré que se construirá un submarino nuclear en el país". La Nación. Archived from the original on 2012-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-19. ^ "Versiones Taquigráficas". ^ Watts, Anthony (March 2002). Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2002-2003. Jane's Information Group. p. 629. ISBN 0-7106-2451-4. ^ Miller and Jordan (1987), p. 160. ^ a b c Miller and Jordan (1987), p. 161. ^ a b c d e Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), p. 11. ^ Woolner, Derek (18 September 2001). Procuring Change: How Kockums was Selected for the Collins Class Submarine. Canberra: Department of the Parliamentary Library. p. 34. ^ a b c Wertheim, Eric (2002). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. US Naval Institute Press. p. 1124. ISBN 1-59114-955-X. ^ "The hull of the S-42 ARA San Juan again soldier". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-02-24. ^ El arte de reparar submarinos. p. 12, 3 August 2014 Archived 11 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (2016-05-01) ^ Por primera vez en la historia se construirán en nuestro país submarinos para la Armada Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Argentina estudia construir submarino nuclear en astilleros propios". FuerzasAeronavales website, by Sergio Garcia Pedroche, 28/09/2010 Archived 2016-08-16 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2016-07-16) ^ Goñi, Uki (2017-11-17). "Argentina's navy searches for missing submarine with 44 crew on board". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ La Armada Argentina asegura que, a pesar de la explosión, continuará buscando el submarino San Juan. "diariodenautica.com" Archived 2017-11-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) (accessed 2017-11-23) ^ Ocean Infinity Locates the Missing Argentinian Submarine, ARA San Juan Latest News, Ocean Infinity website Archived 2018-11-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2018-11-17) ^ Congreso Nacional: del submarino ARA Santa Fe, el cual se encuentra al 70% de su construcción Sources Darman, Peter, ed. (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2. Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1. Miller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0-13-589102-7. Further reading Amendolara Bourdette, Ignacio (2005). Guia de los buques de la Armada Argentina 2005–2006 (in Spanish and English). Buenos Aires. ISBN 9874394005. Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Sergio Garcia Pedroche (2010-07-23). "Retomarían Proyecto de Submarino de Propulsión Nuclear". FuerzasAeronavales.com (in Spanish). Fuerzas Aeronavales. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Burzaco, Ricardo (1999). Submarinos de la Armada Argentina 1933–2000 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Eugenio B. ISBN 978-9879676417. External links Santa Cruz-class patrol submarine Submarino de ataque (SSK) classe Santa Cruz / TR-1700 Archived 2009-12-24 at the Portuguese Web Archive Classe TR-1700 Archived 2013-02-21 at archive.today vteTR-1700-class submarines Santa Cruz San Juan Santa Fe Santiago del Estero Argentine Submarine Force vte Current and future ships of the Argentine NavyMajor surface combatants Almirante Brown-class destroyer (4) Espora-class corvette (6) Drummond-class corvette (3) Patrol/Fast attack ships Murature class (1) Gowind class (4) Baradero class (4) Intrépida class (2) POM class (+4 planned) Amphibious Force Hércules Bahía San Blas Submarine Force Type 209 (1) TR-1700 class (1) Avisos Teniente Olivieri Francisco de Gurruchaga Suboficial Castillo Alférez Sobral Multi-purpose auxiliary ships Ciudad de Zárate Ciudad de Rosario Punta Alta Support ships Patagonia Canal Beagle Cabo de Hornos Training ships Libertad Luisito Oceanographic/Survey ships Almirante Irízar Puerto Deseado Comodoro Rivadavia Cormorán Petrel List of ships of the Argentine Navy List of auxiliary ships of the Argentine Navy vteDiesel-electric submarine classes of German origin after World War II Type 201 Type 202 Type 205 Type 206 Type 207 Type 209 Type 210 Type 212 Type 212CD Type 214 Type 216 Type 218SG Subclasses: Chang Bogo Dolphin Gal Heroine Shishumar TR-1700 Tridente

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These ships are amongst the largest submarines built in Germany since World War II and are among the fastest diesel-electric submarines in the world.[3] ARA San Juan was lost on 17 November 2017, leaving ARA Santa Cruz as the only remaining submarine of this class. 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The use of INVAP's CAREM reactor for that purpose is an 'urban myth,' as such design is inadequate for moving platforms.[1] The nuclear submarine project never came to fruition, despite later attempts to revive it.[8]The reasons why INVAP's reactor is inviable stem from a number of reasons.[9] The main reasons are:The reactor was not designed from scratch for moving platforms and relies on the naïve and dangerous concept of \"one reactor fits all purposes\".\nThe design has not considered the dynamic and operational characteristics of the porting platform. This causes problems in the following areas:\nThermal problems due to the large diameter of the pellets (7.6mm), which do not allow sudden power ramps, required in a submarine.\nWrong type of control rod mechanisms, not adequate for a rolling and pitching vessel. For example, nut-shell control rods would be more appropriate.\nThe continuous movement of the large liquid free-surface inside the reactor, as experienced in vessels of any type (surface or submerged), leave fuel unexposed and, thus, not refrigerated.\nSteam generators located inside the reactor vessel (instead of outside) increase the diameter of the vessel and thus its weight, unnecessarily, restricting the operational characteristics of the submarine.\nInconvenient coupling of various variables due to auto-pressurization.\nLack of land prototype on a moving platform (not static). See figure to the right for a Westinghouse prototype for submarines.\nNumerical simulations for untested designs are not enough, and are only the first step in a series of validations that have to agree with actual experiments. Before offering a reactor as a proposal, any contractor—at their own expense—should perform experiments on moving platforms (water tanks excited to reproduce ship movements) located on land, and demonstrate that they work and agree with the numerical simulations. The reactor should be identical to the reactor proposed to be fitted in a ship or submarine.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTU_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janesunderwater-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerJordan160-11"},{"link_name":"VARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARTA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerJordan161-12"},{"link_name":"diving depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_depth_ratings#Test_depth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darman8-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller52-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Submergence_Rescue_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCB11-13"},{"link_name":"SST-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Mark 37C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_37_torpedo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerJordan161-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCB11-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller52-1"},{"link_name":"HSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandse_Signaalapparaten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerJordan161-12"},{"link_name":"Thomson-CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson-CSF"},{"link_name":"Atlas Elektronik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Elektronik"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCB11-13"},{"link_name":"Collins-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woolnerprocuring-14"},{"link_name":"Kockums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kockums"},{"link_name":"Västergötland-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland-class_submarine"}],"text":"The TR-1700 submarine was designed by Thyssen and its features include high underwater speed, endurance (for a diesel submarine), and survivability. The boat's four MTU 16V652\nMB80 diesel engines, four generators, and Siemens electric motor can propel it at speeds up to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph).[10][11] Eight 120-cell banks of VARTA batteries are installed on each boat.[12] They have a diving depth of 300 m (980 ft).[2] Normal endurance of these boats is 30 days[1] with an extended range up to 70 days.[citation needed] These boats are equipped to accept a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV).[citation needed] Armaments include six bow 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes and space for 22 torpedoes.[13] The TR-1700 can launch a variety of weapons via its torpedo tubes, such as the wire-guided SST-4 torpedo and the Mark 37C short antisubmarine torpedo.[12] The automatic torpedo reload system can reload sixteen times and reloading the tubes takes 50 seconds.[13][1]When it comes to the electronics and systems the TR-1700 has a HSA SINBADS Action Information Organisation and Fire Control System that is combined with a SAGEM plotting table.[12] The radar consists of the Thomson-CSF Calypso and it has a Atlas Elektronik CSU 3/4 and Thomson Sintra DUUX-5 as sonars.[13]Thyssen proposed the TR1700A for the Australian Collins-class submarine program.[14] The proposed design had a reworked pressure hull, was six meters longer, and half a meter wider than the TR-1700s built for Argentina. It lost to the Type 471 from Kockums, an enlarged Västergötland-class submarine.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCB11-13"},{"link_name":"Argentinean economic crisis of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina#Stagnation_(1975%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navalinstitute-15"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"cannibalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalization_(parts)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directorysub-3"},{"link_name":"Arsenal de Marinha, Rio de Janeiro Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_de_Marinha_do_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militarytoday-6"},{"link_name":"sister boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"reported missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_ARA_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ocean Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Infinity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The first two submarines were delivered on schedule in 1984–85.[13] The remaining four built in Argentina were suspended due to the Argentinean economic crisis of the 1980s.[citation needed] In 1996 work completely ceased on ARA Santa Fe at 70% (or 52%) completion while ARA Santiago del Estero was only 30% complete.[15] After attempts to complete and sell the boats to Taiwan failed, they were cannibalized, along with the parts for the fifth and sixth units, to support the continued operations of the first two submarines.[3]Santa Cruz received its mid-life modernization at Arsenal de Marinha, Rio de Janeiro Brazil between September 1999 and 2001.[6] The work involved the replacement of the engines, batteries, and sonar. Her sister boat San Juan entered the Astillero Domecq Garcia shipyard to receive her refit in 2007;[16] she completed refit in 2013.[17]In September 2010, it was revealed that the Ministry of Defense was conducting feasibility studies to decide if ARA Santa Fe (S-43) should be completed. The decision should be made sometime after completing the mid-life modernization of ARA San Juan (S-42). The estimated cost of completing Santa Fe was $60 million.[18][19]On 17 November 2017, the ARA San Juan was reported missing; reports of a fire at the time were denied by the Argentine Navy.[20][21]\nA year after that, on 17 November 2018, private company Ocean Infinity (appointed by the Argentine Government) announced that they successfully located the wreck, at 900 metres depth and 500 km from Comodoro Rivadavia.[22]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boats in class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S42ARASanJuan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argentine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubmarinosTR.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARA_Santa_Cruz_S-41_in_Ushuaia_20081205.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ushuaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia"}],"text":"Argentine Navy ARA San Juan in 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArgentine Navy TR-1700 submarines ARA Santa Cruz (S-41) and ARA San Juan (S-42)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tARA Santa Cruz in Ushuaia, 2008","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller52_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller52_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller52_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Darman8_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Darman8_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-directorysub_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-directorysub_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7603-1345-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1345-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nuestromar.org_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nuestromar.org_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Estiman que la llegada del próximo submarino operativo para Argentina demoraría de cinco a seis años\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nuestromar.org/defensa-y-seguridad/estiman-que-la-llegada-del-proximo-submarino-operativo-para-argentina-demoraria-de-cinco-a-seis-anos/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-infodefensa.com_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-infodefensa.com_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"A. Rossi (Argentina): \"Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos\" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.infodefensa.com/latam/2020/12/23/noticia-rossi-argentina-argentina-tiene-tener-fuerza-aerea-aviones-supersonicos.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-militarytoday_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-militarytoday_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Santa Cruz class Patrol submarine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.military-today.com/navy/santa_cruz_class.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081014135941/http://www.military-today.com/navy/santa_cruz_class.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Everything You Need to Know about Argentina's Submarine Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-about-argentinas-submarine-force-23290"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171124074636/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-about-argentinas-submarine-force-23290"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Promete Garré que se construirá un submarino nuclear en el país\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lanacion.com.ar/1271651-promete-garre-que-se-construira-un-submarino-nuclear-en-el-pais"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121226232935/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1271651-promete-garre-que-se-construira-un-submarino-nuclear-en-el-pais"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Versiones Taquigráficas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hcdn.gob.ar/comisiones/permanentes/cdnacional/reuniones/vt/vtcom.html?id=2700"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-janesunderwater_10-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7106-2451-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-2451-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MillerJordan160_11-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MillerJordan161_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MillerJordan161_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MillerJordan161_12-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCB11_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCB11_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCB11_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCB11_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCB11_13-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woolnerprocuring_14-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-navalinstitute_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-navalinstitute_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-navalinstitute_15-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-955-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-955-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"The hull of the S-42 ARA San Juan again soldier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elsnorkel.com/2011/09/el-casco-del-s-42-ara-san-juan.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120426045410/http://www.elsnorkel.com/2011/09/el-casco-del-s-42-ara-san-juan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"El arte de reparar submarinos. p. 12, 3 August 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-252116-2014-08-03.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160511001241/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-252116-2014-08-03.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Por primera vez en la historia se construirán en nuestro país submarinos para la Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elargentino.com/nota-107992-medios-121-Por-primera-vez-en-la-historia-se-construiran-en-nuestro-pais-submarinos-para-la-Armada.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110723093150/http://www.elargentino.com/nota-107992-medios-121-Por-primera-vez-en-la-historia-se-construiran-en-nuestro-pais-submarinos-para-la-Armada.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Argentina estudia construir submarino nuclear en astilleros propios\". FuerzasAeronavales website, by Sergio Garcia Pedroche, 28/09/2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2550"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160816223711/http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2550"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Argentina's navy searches for missing submarine with 44 crew on board\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/17/argentinas-navy-searches-for-missing-submarine-with-at-least-40-on-board"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0261-3077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171117195103/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/17/argentinas-navy-searches-for-missing-submarine-with-at-least-40-on-board"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"La Armada Argentina asegura que, a pesar de la explosión, continuará buscando el submarino San Juan. \"diariodenautica.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diariodenautica.com/la-armada-argentina-confirma-que-hubo-una-explosion-en-el-submarino-ara-san-juan"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171126013136/http://www.diariodenautica.com/la-armada-argentina-confirma-que-hubo-una-explosion-en-el-submarino-ara-san-juan"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Ocean Infinity Locates the Missing Argentinian Submarine, ARA San Juan Latest News, Ocean Infinity website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oceaninfinity.com/locates_ARA_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181118081645/https://oceaninfinity.com/locates_ARA_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Congreso Nacional: del submarino ARA Santa Fe, el cual se encuentra al 70% de su construcción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110616061140/http://www.diputados.gov.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-122/122-1990.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b c Miller (1989), p. 52.\n\n^ a b Darman (2004), p. 8.\n\n^ a b Miller, David (2002). The Illustrated Directory of Submarines. Zenith Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-7603-1345-8.\n\n^ a b \"Estiman que la llegada del próximo submarino operativo para Argentina demoraría de cinco a seis años\". 8 September 2020.\n\n^ a b \"A. Rossi (Argentina): \"Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos\" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América\". 23 December 2020.\n\n^ a b \"Santa Cruz class Patrol submarine\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-03.\n\n^ Farley, Robert (20 November 2017). \"Everything You Need to Know about Argentina's Submarine Force\". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Promete Garré que se construirá un submarino nuclear en el país\". La Nación. Archived from the original on 2012-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-19.\n\n^ \"Versiones Taquigráficas\".\n\n^ Watts, Anthony (March 2002). Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2002-2003. Jane's Information Group. p. 629. ISBN 0-7106-2451-4.\n\n^ Miller and Jordan (1987), p. 160.\n\n^ a b c Miller and Jordan (1987), p. 161.\n\n^ a b c d e Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), p. 11.\n\n^ Woolner, Derek (18 September 2001). Procuring Change: How Kockums was Selected for the Collins Class Submarine. Canberra: Department of the Parliamentary Library. p. 34.\n\n^ a b c Wertheim, Eric (2002). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. US Naval Institute Press. p. 1124. ISBN 1-59114-955-X.\n\n^ \"The hull of the S-42 ARA San Juan again soldier\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-02-24.\n\n^ El arte de reparar submarinos. p. 12, 3 August 2014 Archived 11 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (2016-05-01)\n\n^ Por primera vez en la historia se construirán en nuestro país submarinos para la Armada Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Argentina estudia construir submarino nuclear en astilleros propios\". FuerzasAeronavales website, by Sergio Garcia Pedroche, 28/09/2010 Archived 2016-08-16 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2016-07-16)\n\n^ Goñi, Uki (2017-11-17). \"Argentina's navy searches for missing submarine with 44 crew on board\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-17.\n\n^ La Armada Argentina asegura que, a pesar de la explosión, continuará buscando el submarino San Juan. \"diariodenautica.com\" Archived 2017-11-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) (accessed 2017-11-23)\n\n^ Ocean Infinity Locates the Missing Argentinian Submarine, ARA San Juan Latest News, Ocean Infinity website Archived 2018-11-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2018-11-17)\n\n^ Congreso Nacional: del submarino ARA Santa Fe, el cual se encuentra al 70% de su construcción","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84013-678-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-678-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-132-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-64647-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-64647-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-589102-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-589102-7"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Darman, Peter, ed. (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2.\nGardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.\nMiller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1.\nMiller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0-13-589102-7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guia de los buques de la Armada Argentina 2005–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140913170252/http://www.ipneditores.com.ar/product_info.php?products_id=142"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9874394005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9874394005"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ipneditores.com.ar/product_info.php?products_id=142"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"Retomarían Proyecto de Submarino de Propulsión Nuclear\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160816231047/http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2180"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2180"},{"link_name":"Submarinos de la Armada Argentina 1933–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abebooks.co.uk/SUBMARINOS-ARMADA-ARGENTINA-1933-2000-Burzaco/10651483586/bd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9879676417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9879676417"}],"text":"Amendolara Bourdette, Ignacio (2005). Guia de los buques de la Armada Argentina 2005–2006 (in Spanish and English). Buenos Aires. ISBN 9874394005. Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nSergio Garcia Pedroche (2010-07-23). \"Retomarían Proyecto de Submarino de Propulsión Nuclear\". FuerzasAeronavales.com (in Spanish). Fuerzas Aeronavales. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.\nBurzaco, Ricardo (1999). Submarinos de la Armada Argentina 1933–2000 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Eugenio B. ISBN 978-9879676417.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"List of submarine classes in service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service"},{"title":"Dolphin-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine"},{"title":"Type 209 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_209_submarine"},{"title":"Type 214 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_214_submarine"},{"title":"Ula-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula-class_submarine"}]

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Rossi (Argentina): \"Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos\" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América\". 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2020/12/23/noticia-rossi-argentina-argentina-tiene-tener-fuerza-aerea-aviones-supersonicos.html","url_text":"\"A. Rossi (Argentina): \"Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos\" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Cruz class Patrol submarine\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military-today.com/navy/santa_cruz_class.htm","url_text":"\"Santa Cruz class Patrol submarine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014135941/http://www.military-today.com/navy/santa_cruz_class.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farley, Robert (20 November 2017). \"Everything You Need to Know about Argentina's Submarine Force\". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-about-argentinas-submarine-force-23290","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know about Argentina's Submarine Force\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171124074636/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-about-argentinas-submarine-force-23290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Promete Garré que se construirá un submarino nuclear en el país\". La Nación. Archived from the original on 2012-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1271651-promete-garre-que-se-construira-un-submarino-nuclear-en-el-pais","url_text":"\"Promete Garré que se construirá un submarino nuclear en el país\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121226232935/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1271651-promete-garre-que-se-construira-un-submarino-nuclear-en-el-pais","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Versiones Taquigráficas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hcdn.gob.ar/comisiones/permanentes/cdnacional/reuniones/vt/vtcom.html?id=2700","url_text":"\"Versiones Taquigráficas\""}]},{"reference":"Watts, Anthony (March 2002). Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2002-2003. Jane's Information Group. p. 629. ISBN 0-7106-2451-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-2451-4","url_text":"0-7106-2451-4"}]},{"reference":"Woolner, Derek (18 September 2001). Procuring Change: How Kockums was Selected for the Collins Class Submarine. Canberra: Department of the Parliamentary Library. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wertheim, Eric (2002). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. US Naval Institute Press. p. 1124. ISBN 1-59114-955-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-955-X","url_text":"1-59114-955-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The hull of the S-42 ARA San Juan again soldier\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elsnorkel.com/2011/09/el-casco-del-s-42-ara-san-juan.html","url_text":"\"The hull of the S-42 ARA San Juan again soldier\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045410/http://www.elsnorkel.com/2011/09/el-casco-del-s-42-ara-san-juan.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goñi, Uki (2017-11-17). \"Argentina's navy searches for missing submarine with 44 crew on board\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/17/argentinas-navy-searches-for-missing-submarine-with-at-least-40-on-board","url_text":"\"Argentina's navy searches for missing submarine with 44 crew on board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171117195103/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/17/argentinas-navy-searches-for-missing-submarine-with-at-least-40-on-board","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Darman, Peter, ed. (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-678-2","url_text":"1-84013-678-2"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7","url_text":"1-55750-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-64647-1","url_text":"0-517-64647-1"}]},{"reference":"Miller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. 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Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816231047/http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2180","url_text":"\"Retomarían Proyecto de Submarino de Propulsión Nuclear\""},{"url":"http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?p=2180","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burzaco, Ricardo (1999). Submarinos de la Armada Argentina 1933–2000 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Eugenio B. ISBN 978-9879676417.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abebooks.co.uk/SUBMARINOS-ARMADA-ARGENTINA-1933-2000-Burzaco/10651483586/bd","url_text":"Submarinos de la Armada Argentina 1933–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9879676417","url_text":"978-9879676417"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Demers

Charles Demers

["1 Writing","2 Stand-up comedy and voice acting","3 Political views and activism","4 Personal life","5 Bibliography","5.1 Fiction","5.2 Essays","6 References","7 External links"]

Canadian comedian, political activist, voice actor, and writer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Charles Demers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charles DemersBorn1980 (age 43–44)Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaOther namesCharlie DemersOccupationsComedianpolitical activistvoice actorwriterPolitical partyNew Democratic PartyOneCity VancouverWebsitecharliedemers.com Charles Demers (/dəˈmɛərz/; born 1980), sometimes credited as Charlie Demers, is a Canadian comedian, political activist, voice actor, and writer. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and self-identifies as Québécois based on his family descent. Writing Demers has published four books and two collections of essays. His first essay collection, Vancouver Special, was nominated for a Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize. He has also co-written a further two books of essays. Stand-up comedy and voice acting He frequently performs stand-up comedy at live venues across Canada and on CBC Radio One, where he often appears on the comedy panel show The Debaters. Demers was one of the hosts of the CityNews show The List. Demers has provided voices for several episodes of CBC Radio show and podcast This Is That. He is the voice of Walter from the 2016 Netflix original series Beat Bugs. Demers also voices Night Light in the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic season seven episode "Once Upon a Zeppelin" and provides the voice of former bully Dirk Savage in another Netflix series, The Last Kids on Earth. In 2017, he released the comedy album Fatherland. At the Juno Awards of 2018, the album was nominated for the Juno Award for Comedy Album of the Year. Political views and activism Demers used to be the membership secretary for the Coalition of Progressive Electors. In more recent municipal elections, he has been a supporter of OneCity Vancouver, a progressive civic party of which his wife is a founding member. On 8 October 2018, Demers was the guest on the popular interview based podcast WTF with Marc Maron. Maron mentioned that Demers has opened for him at stand-up comedy shows in Canada. In the Marc Maron podcast Demers talks about his political beliefs and his early affiliation as a teenager with a small Marxist activist group in Vancouver. His commitment to the group was such that he initially decided to forgo going to university and instead get a job in a lighting factory where he hoped to increase the political consciousness of his fellow workers. He admitted however that the aims of the organization were somewhat vague and that the efforts to raise the consciousness of fellow workers were mostly met with bemusement. Nevertheless, Demers retains left-wing political views and hosts the monthly podcast Well Reds A Left Book Podcast. In Maron's interview with Demers, Maron describes himself politically as "a Lefty to a degree" and suggests that Demers is further to the left. Maron notes the struggle in the US Democratic Party between the more leftist section of the party and the centrist section, with the latter considering the Leftists to be in danger of making the party unelectable. Demers responds by stating that "the problem is that the Left and the centre often have to work together but the Left understands the anger that is on the Right and the centre just doesn't understand anger, they think that anger always has to be ugly." Demers lost his mother to cancer when he was ten years old. He describes the trauma of the experience in the Maron podcast but also describes it as "an early political lesson" in the importance of free healthcare that was embedded in him by that experience and by his father's words at the time. Another such lesson in the benefit of living in Canada came with the experience of Demers' mother-in-law who is originally from Hong Kong and moved to Canada from Chicago as a result of Pierre Trudeau's stated policy of multiculturalism. Demers recounts that on his wedding night his mother-in-law demanded that he acknowledge the part that Pierre Trudeau played in bringing Demers and his wife together. Despite these Canadian advantages however Demers suggests "in Canada in general there is a tendency towards smugness" because Canadians believe their country has far fewer problems than the US but that this leads to "people putting off dealing with Canada's very real problems." He goes on to mention environmental issues, inequality and unclean drinking water on indigenous reserves as examples. In March 2019 an article by Demers about the rebranding of the SiriusXM Canada satellite radio station Canada Laughs as Just for Laughs Radio and the station's shelved plan to sideline independently produced Canadian content in favour of audio recordings of sets from the Just for Laughs comedy festival from mostly American comedians was published in the socialist magazine Jacobin. Personal life Demers is married and has a daughter. His experience as a father inspired his co-writing the book The Dad Dialogues. Demers is a practising Anglican. Bibliography Fiction The Prescription Errors (2009) Property Values (2018) Primary Obsessions (2020) Noonday Dark (2022) Essays Vancouver Special (2009) The Horrors: An A to Z of Funny Thoughts on Awful Things (2015) The Dad Dialogues: A Correspondence on Fatherhood (and the Universe) (2016) (Co-written with George Bowering) City on Edge : A Rebellious Century of Vancouver Protests, Riots and Strikes (2017) (Co-written with Kate Bird) References ^ "A Call for the NDP to Withdraw from the Canada–Israel Interparliamentary Group". Canadian Dimension. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ "Ep1 - Home on Deranged". Well Reds: A Left Book Podcast. Spreaker. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ "BC BookWorld chats to Charles Demers". BC Book World. 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2023. ^ "Charles Demers". Douglas & McIntyre. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ "BC Book Prizes". Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2010. ^ "Vancouver Olympics & Positive Thinking" ^ Lederman, Marsha (21 June 2011). "CBC Radio Satirical Show 'This is That' sparks as much outrage as laughs". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ "Comedian Charlie Demers tackles fascism and fatherhood with new album". The Georgia Straight, 4 December 2017. ^ "Arcade Fire and Daniel Caesar lead 2018 Juno Award nominations". CBC Music, 6 February 2018. ^ "Charlie Demers, Membership Secretary". Coalition of Progressive Electors. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Somebody made a parody song about Vancouver's housing affordability crisis". Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcast http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers ^ "Apple Podcasts Preview: Well Reds: A Left Book Podcast". Apple Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 31 Minutes. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 32 minutes. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 19 minutes. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 22 minutes. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 23 minutes. ^ "Charles Demers" 8 October 2018 WTF with Marc Maron Podcasthttp://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-957-charles-demers At 24 minutes. ^ Demers, Charles (12 March 2019). "Class Struggle at the Comedy Club". Jacobin. Retrieved 15 March 2019. ^ Demers, Charles (2 December 2019). "As Old as Mom". Chuckofthesea. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ Demers, Charles (28 December 2020). "Loosing My Religion: Christmas as a Slippery Slope to God". Vancouver: Anglican Diocese of New Westminster. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ Dana Gee, "Vancouver novelist’s shrink who thinks is the star sleuth in Primary Obsessions". Vancouver Sun, September 18, 2020. ^ "66 works of Canadian fiction to watch for in spring 2022". CBC Books, January 11, 2022. ^ "The Horrors - Douglas & McIntyre". www.douglas-mcintyre.com. Retrieved 3 November 2015. External links Official website Charles Demers at IMDb  Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/dəˈmɛərz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Charles Demers (/dəˈmɛərz/;[2] born 1980), sometimes credited as Charlie Demers, is a Canadian comedian, political activist, voice actor, and writer. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and self-identifies as Québécois based on his family descent.[3]","title":"Charles Demers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Evans_Non-Fiction_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Demers has published four books[4] and two collections of essays. His first essay collection, Vancouver Special, was nominated for a Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize.[5] He has also co-written a further two books of essays.","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBC Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"The Debaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Debaters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CityNews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityNews"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"This Is That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_That"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Beat Bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Bugs"},{"link_name":"My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic"},{"link_name":"season seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"The Last Kids on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Kids_on_Earth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Juno Awards of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2018"},{"link_name":"Juno Award for Comedy Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Comedy_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He frequently performs stand-up comedy at live venues across Canada and on CBC Radio One, where he often appears on the comedy panel show The Debaters.[6] Demers was one of the hosts of the CityNews show The List.Demers has provided voices for several episodes of CBC Radio show and podcast This Is That.[7]He is the voice of Walter from the 2016 Netflix original series Beat Bugs. Demers also voices Night Light in the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic season seven episode \"Once Upon a Zeppelin\" and provides the voice of former bully Dirk Savage in another Netflix series, The Last Kids on Earth.In 2017, he released the comedy album Fatherland.[8] At the Juno Awards of 2018, the album was nominated for the Juno Award for Comedy Album of the Year.[9]","title":"Stand-up comedy and voice acting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coalition of Progressive Electors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_Progressive_Electors"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"OneCity Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneCity_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"WTF with Marc Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTF_with_Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pierre Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"multiculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM_Canada"},{"link_name":"Just for Laughs Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Radio"},{"link_name":"Canadian content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_content"},{"link_name":"Just for Laughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs"},{"link_name":"Jacobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Demers used to be the membership secretary for the Coalition of Progressive Electors.[10] In more recent municipal elections, he has been a supporter of OneCity Vancouver, a progressive civic party of which his wife is a founding member.[11]On 8 October 2018, Demers was the guest on the popular interview based podcast WTF with Marc Maron.[12] Maron mentioned that Demers has opened for him at stand-up comedy shows in Canada.In the Marc Maron podcast Demers talks about his political beliefs and his early affiliation as a teenager with a small Marxist activist group in Vancouver. His commitment to the group was such that he initially decided to forgo going to university and instead get a job in a lighting factory where he hoped to increase the political consciousness of his fellow workers. He admitted however that the aims of the organization were somewhat vague and that the efforts to raise the consciousness of fellow workers were mostly met with bemusement. Nevertheless, Demers retains left-wing political views and hosts the monthly podcast Well Reds A Left Book Podcast.[13]In Maron's interview with Demers, Maron describes himself politically as \"a Lefty to a degree\"[14] and suggests that Demers is further to the left. Maron notes the struggle in the US Democratic Party between the more leftist section of the party and the centrist section, with the latter considering the Leftists to be in danger of making the party unelectable. Demers responds by stating that \"the problem is that the Left and the centre often have to work together but the Left understands the anger that is on the Right and the centre just doesn't understand anger, they think that anger always has to be ugly.\"[15]Demers lost his mother to cancer when he was ten years old.[16] He describes the trauma of the experience in the Maron podcast but also describes it as \"an early political lesson\" in the importance of free healthcare that was embedded in him by that experience and by his father's words at the time.[17] Another such lesson in the benefit of living in Canada came with the experience of Demers' mother-in-law who is originally from Hong Kong and moved to Canada from Chicago as a result of Pierre Trudeau's stated policy of multiculturalism. Demers recounts that on his wedding night his mother-in-law demanded that he acknowledge the part that Pierre Trudeau played in bringing Demers and his wife together.[18] Despite these Canadian advantages however Demers suggests \"in Canada in general there is a tendency towards smugness\" because Canadians believe their country has far fewer problems than the US but that this leads to \"people putting off dealing with Canada's very real problems.\"[19] He goes on to mention environmental issues, inequality and unclean drinking water on indigenous reserves as examples.In March 2019 an article by Demers about the rebranding of the SiriusXM Canada satellite radio station Canada Laughs as Just for Laughs Radio and the station's shelved plan to sideline independently produced Canadian content in favour of audio recordings of sets from the Just for Laughs comedy festival from mostly American comedians was published in the socialist magazine Jacobin.[20]","title":"Political views and activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Demers is married and has a daughter. His experience as a father inspired his co-writing the book The Dad Dialogues.Demers is a practising Anglican.[21][22]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"The Prescription Errors (2009)\nProperty Values (2018)\nPrimary Obsessions (2020)[23]\nNoonday Dark (2022)[24]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"George Bowering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bowering"}],"sub_title":"Essays","text":"Vancouver Special (2009)\nThe Horrors: An A to Z of Funny Thoughts on Awful Things (2015)[25]\nThe Dad Dialogues: A Correspondence on Fatherhood (and the Universe) (2016) (Co-written with George Bowering)\nCity on Edge : A Rebellious Century of Vancouver Protests, Riots and Strikes (2017) (Co-written with Kate Bird)","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Venegas

Miguel Venegas

["1 Biography","2 Published works","2.1 List of books by Venegas","3 Further reading","4 References"]

Noticia de la California Miguel Venegas (1680 – 1764) was a Jesuit administrator and historian. He is most known for his book Noticia de la California, a standard geographical, historical, and ethnographic description of Baja California, Mexico—a region he never personally visited. Biography Miguel Venegas was born in Puebla, New Spain. He received an academic degree prior to joining the Jesuit order, which he did in 1700 in Tepotzotlán. Five years later, he was an ordained member and he taught philosophy and moral theology at the Colegio S. Pedro y S. Pablo de México. He suffered from health problems and bodily swellings, which obliged him to retire to the Jesuit ranch of Chicomocelo, where he devoted himself to writing and botany until his death in 1764. As a historian, he was cautious in his investigations, critical in his selection of sources and concerned with discovering the truth. In his major work on California, he cited Georg Marcgraf and Willem Piso's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648), an important compendium on flora and fauna in Brazil, which circulated widely in northern Europe and beyond. Published works Map of Baja California, from the 1766 French edition of Noticia de la California. In the mid-1730s, he was assigned the task of writing an account of Baja California. This seems to have been, at least in part, to counter the setback to the missionaries' efforts and reputation caused by the Pericú revolt on the southernmost part of the peninsula in 1734. The historian was given access to the missionaries' correspondence and reports, and he was able to exchange letters with them to acquire further information, which he did through the use of questionnaires. Venegas' 600-page manuscript, Empresas Apostólicas, was completed in 1739. It was sent to Spain, but it languished there rather than seeing publication because it was too detailed with regard to military matters. Another Jesuit historian, Andrés Marcos Burriel, extensively revised Venegas' manuscript in the 1750s, and it was finally published in 1757 as Noticia de la California in three volumes at Madrid. This work by Venegas and Burriel was subsequently translated into English (1759), Dutch (1761–1762), French (1766–1767), and German (1769–1770), and it became the standard source for information about the early Californias. The original manuscript version was published in a facsimile edition in 1979. Venegas was a prolific writer, also authoring biographical and theological treatises. Among his other works are a manual on how to administer the sacraments, which remained the official ritual for the Mexican branch of the Catholic church (1731), a biography of Juan María de Salvatierra (1754a, 1929) and another biography detailing the life of Juan Bautista Zappa (1754b). Many of these were edited extensively before publication due to Venegas' writing style, which was too lengthy for his fellow Jesuits. List of books by Venegas 1731. Manual de párrocos, para administrar los santos sacramentos, y exercer otras functiones ecclesiásticas conforme al ritual romano. J. D. de Hogal, Mexico. 1754a. El apóstol Mariano representado en la vida del V.P. Juan María de Salvatierra, de la Compañía de Jesús. Doña María de Rivera, Mexico City. 1754b. Vida y virtudes del V.P. Juan Bautista Zappa de la Compañía de Jesús. Pablo Nadal, Barcelona. 1757. Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente. Viuda de M. Fernández, Madrid. Translations of Noticia de la California: 1759. A Natural and Civil History of California. James Rivington and James Fletcher, London. 1761–1762. Natuurlyke en burgerlyke historie van California. Johannes Enschedé, Te Haerlem, Netherlands. 1766–1767. Histoire naturelle et civile de la Californie. Chez Durand, Paris. 1769–1770. Natürliche und bürgerliche Geschichte von Californien. Meyerschen Buchhandlung, Lemgo, Germany. Further reading Mathes, W. Michael. 1979. "Supplement: Historical-Biographical Introduction". In Obras californianas del padre Miguel Venegas, S.J., by Miguel Venegas, vol. 1. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico. Venegas, Miguel. 1929. Juan María de Salvatierra of the Company of Jesus, Missionary in the Province of New Spain, and Apostolic Conqueror of the Californias. Arthur H. Clark, Cleveland, Ohio. Venegas, Miguel. 1979. Obras californianas del padre Miguel Venegas, S.J. 5 vols. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico. References ^ a b O'Neill, C. E.; Domínguez (2001). Diccionario histórico de la Compañia de Jesús: biográfico-temático. Rome: Institutum Historicum. p. 3922. ^ Neil Safier, "Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, in Michiel Van Groesen, The Legacy of Dutch Brazil, New York: Cambridge University Press 2014, p. 171. ^ Mathes, W. M. (1997). "Jesuit Chroniclers and Chronicles of Northwestern New Spain". In Gagliano (ed.). Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, geographers, educators and missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Rome: Istituto Storico. p. 62. ^ Venegas, Miguel (1754). El apóstol Mariano representado en la vida del V.P. Juan María de Salvatierra, de la Compañía de Jesús. Mexico City: Doña María de Rivera. pp. vi. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Vatican Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"}],"text":"Miguel Venegas (1680 – 1764) was a Jesuit administrator and historian. He is most known for his book Noticia de la California, a standard geographical, historical, and ethnographic description of Baja California, Mexico—a region he never personally visited.","title":"Miguel Venegas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Tepotzotlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepotzotl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Georg Marcgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Marcgrave"},{"link_name":"Willem Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Piso"},{"link_name":"Historia Naturalis Brasiliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Miguel Venegas was born in Puebla, New Spain. He received an academic degree prior to joining the Jesuit order, which he did in 1700 in Tepotzotlán. Five years later, he was an ordained member and he taught philosophy and moral theology at the Colegio S. Pedro y S. Pablo de México.[1] He suffered from health problems and bodily swellings, which obliged him to retire to the Jesuit ranch of Chicomocelo, where he devoted himself to writing and botany until his death in 1764.As a historian, he was cautious in his investigations, critical in his selection of sources and concerned with discovering the truth.[1] In his major work on California, he cited Georg Marcgraf and Willem Piso's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648), an important compendium on flora and fauna in Brazil, which circulated widely in northern Europe and beyond.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_Californie_1766.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Pericú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peric%C3%BAes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrés Marcos Burriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Marcos_Burriel"},{"link_name":"Juan María de Salvatierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Salvatierra"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Zappa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Map of Baja California, from the 1766 French edition of Noticia de la California.In the mid-1730s, he was assigned the task of writing an account of Baja California. This seems to have been, at least in part, to counter the setback to the missionaries' efforts and reputation caused by the Pericú revolt on the southernmost part of the peninsula in 1734. The historian was given access to the missionaries' correspondence and reports, and he was able to exchange letters with them to acquire further information, which he did through the use of questionnaires.Venegas' 600-page manuscript, Empresas Apostólicas, was completed in 1739. It was sent to Spain, but it languished there rather than seeing publication because it was too detailed with regard to military matters.[3] Another Jesuit historian, Andrés Marcos Burriel, extensively revised Venegas' manuscript in the 1750s, and it was finally published in 1757 as Noticia de la California in three volumes at Madrid. This work by Venegas and Burriel was subsequently translated into English (1759), Dutch (1761–1762), French (1766–1767), and German (1769–1770), and it became the standard source for information about the early Californias. The original manuscript version was published in a facsimile edition in 1979.Venegas was a prolific writer, also authoring biographical and theological treatises. Among his other works are a manual on how to administer the sacraments, which remained the official ritual for the Mexican branch of the Catholic church (1731), a biography of Juan María de Salvatierra (1754a, 1929) and another biography detailing the life of Juan Bautista Zappa (1754b). Many of these were edited extensively before publication due to Venegas' writing style, which was too lengthy for his fellow Jesuits.[4]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of books by Venegas","text":"1731. Manual de párrocos, para administrar los santos sacramentos, y exercer otras functiones ecclesiásticas conforme al ritual romano. J. D. de Hogal, Mexico.\n1754a. El apóstol Mariano representado en la vida del V.P. Juan María de Salvatierra, de la Compañía de Jesús. Doña María de Rivera, Mexico City.\n1754b. Vida y virtudes del V.P. Juan Bautista Zappa de la Compañía de Jesús. Pablo Nadal, Barcelona.\n1757. Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente. Viuda de M. Fernández, Madrid.Translations of Noticia de la California:1759. A Natural and Civil History of California. James Rivington and James Fletcher, London.\n1761–1762. Natuurlyke en burgerlyke historie van California. Johannes Enschedé, Te Haerlem, Netherlands.\n1766–1767. Histoire naturelle et civile de la Californie. Chez Durand, Paris.\n1769–1770. Natürliche und bürgerliche Geschichte von Californien. Meyerschen Buchhandlung, Lemgo, Germany.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathes, W. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Michael_Mathes"}],"text":"Mathes, W. Michael. 1979. \"Supplement: Historical-Biographical Introduction\". In Obras californianas del padre Miguel Venegas, S.J., by Miguel Venegas, vol. 1. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico.\nVenegas, Miguel. 1929. Juan María de Salvatierra of the Company of Jesus, Missionary in the Province of New Spain, and Apostolic Conqueror of the Californias. Arthur H. Clark, Cleveland, Ohio.\nVenegas, Miguel. 1979. Obras californianas del padre Miguel Venegas, S.J. 5 vols. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Noticia de la California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Noticia_de_la_California.jpg/220px-Noticia_de_la_California.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Baja California, from the 1766 French edition of Noticia de la California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carte_de_la_Californie_1766.jpg/220px-Carte_de_la_Californie_1766.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"O'Neill, C. E.; Domínguez (2001). Diccionario histórico de la Compañia de Jesús: biográfico-temático. Rome: Institutum Historicum. p. 3922.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mathes, W. M. (1997). \"Jesuit Chroniclers and Chronicles of Northwestern New Spain\". In Gagliano (ed.). Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, geographers, educators and missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Rome: Istituto Storico. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Venegas, Miguel (1754). El apóstol Mariano representado en la vida del V.P. Juan María de Salvatierra, de la Compañía de Jesús. Mexico City: Doña María de Rivera. pp. vi.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangmei_opera

Huangmei opera

["1 History","1.1 Mainland China","1.2 Hong Kong","2 Costumes","3 Artistic features","4 Performance","4.1 Role types","4.2 Work","5 Famous People","5.1 Actor","5.2 Writing","5.3 Compose","6 Team","7 Education","8 See also","9 References"]

Form of Chinese opera Huangmei opera performance in Shanghai, featuring two female performers Huangmei Opera or Huangmei tone (黃梅戲 or 黃梅調, pinyin: Huángméixì or Huángméidiào) is a form of Chinese opera originating from ] as a form of rural folk song and dance. It is also referred to as Anhui Opera. It has been in existence for the last 200 years and possibly longer. Huangmei opera is one of the most famous and mainstream opera in China (others are Beijing opera, Yue opera, Ping opera and Yu opera), and is a class of the typical Anhui opera. The original Huangmei opera was sung by women in Huangmei county areas when they were picking tea, and the opera was called the Picking Tea Song. In the late Qing dynasty, the songs were popular in Anhui Huaining County adjacent regions, combined with the local folk art, Anqing dialect with singing and chants, and gradually developed into a newborn's operas. The music is performed with a pitch that hits high and stays high for the duration of the song. It is unique in the sense that it does not sound like the typical rhythmic Chinese opera. In the 1960s Hong Kong counted the style as much as an opera as it was a music genre. Today it is more of a traditional performance art with efforts of revival in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and mostly sung in Mandarin. In 2006, Huangmei Opera was selected for the first batch of China's national intangible cultural heritage. History Informal performance of Huangmei opera Mainland China Huangmei opera was originally named as Wan Opera or Huai Opera. The origins of Huangmei opera are not clear, and there is disagreement among scholars. About the only thing certain is that this style came from the city of Anqing, China. Generally accepted opinion is that the opera is from the greater Anqing area (junction of Anhui and Hubei and Jiangxi Province). It became a part of the operatic genre in the Anqing region of southwestern Anhui province before 18th century. The city of Anqing is the center of the opera and enrich the Huangmei Songs into a real opera. Huangmei opera did not involve the traditional opera gestures which often used the sleeves and step movements. It was also not performed on stage initially but as a kind of roving troupe performance. The Huangmei opera was active in Anhui Province, Hubei Province and Jiangxi Province in the late 19th century. From the Revolution of 1911 to 1949, Huangmei performances gradually became professional, from rural areas to city stages. After Huangmei arrived in Anqing City from the counties of Haining, Susong, Tongcheng, artists developed the opera and borrowed performance styles from other operas. They reformed the traditional chants, reducing the function words to make the drama easy to understand with a lively rhythm. 1952 is a key year for Huangmei opera. It was during this year that the excellent artists Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang and others gave performances in Shanghai for a big opera festival. Audiences from various areas were shocked and appreciated Huangmei opera, attracted by its new singing forms and stories. Huangmei opera became very popular and famous after that. The big success evoked the passion of Huangmei opera artists and they created The Marriage of A Fairy Princess and Female Consort Prince which are classics. Eighteen miles away (十八相送) A huangmei opera song by veteran artist Ivy Ling Po partnering with Jenny Tseng Problems playing this file? See media help. Hong Kong The theme of Huangmei opera began to expand with its initial introduction in Hong Kong via the 1959 film The Kingdom and the Beauty (江山美人). The artform is believed to have come from the massive wave of immigrants from mainland China to Hong Kong in the 1950s. The film that peaked the music genre was 1963's The Love Eterne. The audience was attracted by the rewritten music style which combined both Chinese and Western musical instruments. The tempo was also livelier and faster than the traditional opera. During this period, many Huangmei films were made, evolving into various forms and combinations, which later included wuxia sword fights. Because the genre has such a heavy association with romance films like The Love Eterne, it is sometimes preferred that the singing be done with a male and a female pair. There has only been a handful of big name Huangmei artists in Hong Kong. Betty Loh Ti and Ivy Ling Po, Tsin Ting are some examples. Costumes Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert. Artistic features The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China. Performance Role types There are Xiaosheng, Xiaodan, Chou role, Zhengdan, Laosheng, Laochou and so on in Huangmei Opera. The classification of Huangmei opera is not strict. In the early days, Huangmei Opera was mainly based on "two small plays" (Xiaosheng, Xiaodan) and "three small plays" (Xiaosheng, Xiaodan, Chou role). Work On the basis of its own development, the workmanship of the Huangmei opera draws lessons from some characteristics of the Peking Opera, Kunqu Opera, and Sichuan Opera, and is unique. Famous People Actor Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Huang Zongyi, Zhou Shan, Huang Xinde, Zhang Hui, Wang Ailing, Ma Lan, Han Zaifen, Guan Junhua, Liu Qiuping, Pan Jingli, Xiong Shaoyun, Wu Qiong, Ling Bo, Yuan Mei, Wang Linghua Writing Sang arc Wang Guanya Jin Zhi: His main works include "Ask for Learning Money", "Fighting the Reed Flower", "The Story of Luo Pa", "The Legend of Liu Ming", "Hu Xueyan, a Hui merchant", etc. based on adaptations of traditional plays. Compose Shi Bailin Team Famous Huangmei opera troupes include Anhui Huangmei Theater, Anqing Huangmei Theater, Hubei Huangmei Theater and so on. Taiwan's theater troupes include Wang Youlan Huangmei Diaojuyifang, Yunqingyue Dance Troupe, etc. Education Huangmei Opera is the third Chinese opera genre with undergraduate education. Anqing Normal University has an undergraduate major in Huangmei Opera performance. In addition, there is a professional Huangmei opera school. Anhui Huangmei Opera Art Vocational College is a full-time comprehensive public higher art college approved by the Anhui Provincial People's Government and filed by the Ministry of Education. It was established in April 2011. Its predecessor was Anhui Huangmei Opera School established in 1958. See also Music of Hong Kong References ^ 金芝; 杨庆生 (2008). 黄梅戏 (in Chinese). 中国文联出版社. ISBN 978-7-5059-5780-0. ^ Berry, Michael. (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8 ^ "我国五大戏曲中，黄梅戏占据一席之地，也是非物质文化遗产其一" . 搜狐网. 2022-01-10. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019. ^ "黄梅戏的发展与壮大" . 每日头条. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "戏曲和曲艺" . 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 文化部网站. 2005-06-29. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "{黄梅戏名家」黄梅戏小辞店经典唱段" . 爱艺网. 2023-03-12. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "被誉为"黄梅戏泰斗"" . 新华网. 2008-11-05. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "安庆师范学院开办黄梅戏本科专业" . 搜狐网. 2015-09-17. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "2021安庆有哪些大学" . 瑞文网. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 31 March 2023. vteAnhui articlesCapital: HefeiOverviews History Politics Economy Geography Cities North China Plain Huai River Dabie Mountains Lake Chaohu Yangtze Plain Yangtze River Jiangnan Huangshan Mountains Qiantang River Attractions Mount Huangshan Mount Jiuhua Mount Jingting Mount Qiyun Mount Tianzhu Zuiweng Pavilion Taiji Cave Zhenfeng Pagoda Culture Huangmeixi opera tea Keemun Huangshan Maofeng tea Lu'an Melon Seed tea Taiping houkui Cuisine Li Hongzhang hodge-podge soup Dialects Central Plains Mandarin Lower Yangtze Mandarin Taihu Wu dialects Xuanzhou Wu dialects Huizhou Chinese Gan Chinese Education University of Science and Technology of China Anhui University Anhui Agricultural University Anhui Normal University Category vteChinese opera and Chinese narrative traditionsDramatic theaterNorthern Hebei bangzi Henan opera Huaihai opera Jilin opera Liuqiang Longjiang opera Lü opera Maoqiang Peking opera Ping opera Pu opera Qinqiang Shanxi opera Southern Cantonese opera Gaojia opera Han opera Hakka opera Huai opera Huangmei opera Hui opera Kunqu Liyuan opera Lu opera Min opera Ou opera Puxian opera Shanghai opera Shao opera Sichuan opera Suzhou opera Taiwanese opera Teochew opera Tongzi opera Wu opera Wuxi opera Yangzhou opera Yue opera Religious theater Ritual opera Nuo opera Comedic/Light theater Errentai Glove puppetry Flower-drum opera Tea-picking opera Quyi (narrative) Baiju Errenzhuan Flower Drum Guci Kuaibanshu Naamyam Pingshu Pingtan Shulaibao Tanci Xiangsheng Historical Canjunxi Yuanben Nanxi Zaju Chuanqi Zidishu Revolutionary opera Role types Sheng (Xiaosheng) Dan (Wudan) Jing Chou Costumes Costumes Water sleeves Lingzi Related topics Pear Garden Shengqiang Yunbai Bian lian

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It is also referred to as Anhui Opera.[1] It has been in existence for the last 200 years and possibly longer. Huangmei opera is one of the most famous and mainstream opera in China (others are Beijing opera, Yue opera, Ping opera and Yu opera), and is a class of the typical Anhui opera. The original Huangmei opera was sung by women in Huangmei county areas when they were picking tea, and the opera was called the Picking Tea Song. In the late Qing dynasty, the songs were popular in Anhui Huaining County adjacent regions, combined with the local folk art, Anqing dialect with singing and chants, and gradually developed into a newborn's operas. The music is performed with a pitch that hits high and stays high for the duration of the song. It is unique in the sense that it does not sound like the typical rhythmic Chinese opera. In the 1960s Hong Kong counted the style as much as an opera as it was a music genre. Today it is more of a traditional performance art with efforts of revival in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and mostly sung in Mandarin. In 2006, Huangmei Opera was selected for the first batch of China's national intangible cultural heritage.","title":"Huangmei opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuangmeiOperaInformal.jpg"}],"text":"Informal performance of Huangmei opera","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Anqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqing"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"Eighteen miles away (十八相送)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_Ling_Po_and_Jenny_Tseng_-_Huangmeitone.ogg"},{"link_name":"Ivy Ling Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Ling_Po"},{"link_name":"Jenny Tseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Tseng"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"sub_title":"Mainland China","text":"Huangmei opera was originally named as Wan Opera or Huai Opera. 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After Huangmei arrived in Anqing City from the counties of Haining, Susong, Tongcheng, artists developed the opera and borrowed performance styles from other operas. They reformed the traditional chants, reducing the function words to make the drama easy to understand with a lively rhythm. 1952 is a key year for Huangmei opera. It was during this year that the excellent artists Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang and others gave performances in Shanghai for a big opera festival. Audiences from various areas were shocked and appreciated Huangmei opera, attracted by its new singing forms and stories. Huangmei opera became very popular and famous after that. The big success evoked the passion of Huangmei opera artists and they created The Marriage of A Fairy Princess and Female Consort Prince which are classics.Eighteen miles away (十八相送)\n\nA huangmei opera song by veteran artist Ivy Ling Po partnering with Jenny Tseng\nProblems playing this file? 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Betty Loh Ti and Ivy Ling Po, Tsin Ting are some examples.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_opera"},{"link_name":"cantopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantopop"},{"link_name":"Jenny Tseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Tseng"},{"link_name":"Ivy Ling Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Ling_Po"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.[3]","title":"Costumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.[4]","title":"Artistic features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiaosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaosheng"},{"link_name":"Xiaodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaodan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chou role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou_role"},{"link_name":"Zhengdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhengdan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laochou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laochou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiaosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaosheng"},{"link_name":"Xiaodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaodan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiaosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaosheng"},{"link_name":"Xiaodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaodan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chou role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou_role"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Role types","text":"There are Xiaosheng, Xiaodan, Chou role, Zhengdan, Laosheng, Laochou and so on in Huangmei Opera. The classification of Huangmei opera is not strict.In the early days, Huangmei Opera was mainly based on \"two small plays\" (Xiaosheng, Xiaodan) and \"three small plays\" (Xiaosheng, Xiaodan, Chou role).[5]","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peking Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera"},{"link_name":"Kunqu Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_opera"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Work","text":"On the basis of its own development, the workmanship of the Huangmei opera draws lessons from some characteristics of the Peking Opera, Kunqu Opera, and Sichuan Opera, and is unique.[6]","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Famous People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yan Fengying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Fengying"},{"link_name":"Wang Shaofang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shaofang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huang Zongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Zongyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huang Xinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Xinde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ma Lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Lan"},{"link_name":"Han Zaifen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zaifen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Actor","text":"Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Huang Zongyi, Zhou Shan, Huang Xinde, Zhang Hui, Wang Ailing, Ma Lan, Han Zaifen, Guan Junhua, Liu Qiuping, Pan Jingli, Xiong Shaoyun, Wu Qiong, Ling Bo, Yuan Mei, Wang Linghua[7]","title":"Famous People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Sang arc\nWang Guanya\nJin Zhi: His main works include \"Ask for Learning Money\", \"Fighting the Reed Flower\", \"The Story of Luo Pa\", \"The Legend of Liu Ming\", \"Hu Xueyan, a Hui merchant\", etc. based on adaptations of traditional plays.[8]","title":"Famous People"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compose","text":"Shi Bailin","title":"Famous People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anhui Huangmei Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anhui_Huangmei_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anqing Huangmei Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anqing_Huangmei_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hubei Huangmei Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubei_Huangmei_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Wang Youlan Huangmei Diaojuyifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Youlan_Huangmei_Diaojuyifang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yunqingyue Dance Troupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunqingyue_Dance_Troupe&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Famous Huangmei opera troupes include Anhui Huangmei Theater, Anqing Huangmei Theater, Hubei Huangmei Theater and so on. Taiwan's theater troupes include Wang Youlan Huangmei Diaojuyifang, Yunqingyue Dance Troupe, etc.","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Huangmei Opera is the third Chinese opera genre with undergraduate education. Anqing Normal University has an undergraduate major in Huangmei Opera performance. In addition, there is a professional Huangmei opera school.[9] Anhui Huangmei Opera Art Vocational College is a full-time comprehensive public higher art college approved by the Anhui Provincial People's Government and filed by the Ministry of Education. It was established in April 2011. Its predecessor was Anhui Huangmei Opera School established in 1958.[10]","title":"Education"}]

[{"image_text":"Huangmei opera performance in Shanghai, featuring two female performers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HuangmeiOpera.jpg/200px-HuangmeiOpera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Informal performance of Huangmei opera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HuangmeiOperaInformal.jpg/200px-HuangmeiOperaInformal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Music of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong"}]

[{"reference":"金芝; 杨庆生 (2008). 黄梅戏 (in Chinese). 中国文联出版社. ISBN 978-7-5059-5780-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CV5QPgAACAAJ","url_text":"黄梅戏"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5059-5780-0","url_text":"978-7-5059-5780-0"}]},{"reference":"\"我国五大戏曲中，黄梅戏占据一席之地，也是非物质文化遗产其一\" [Among the five major operas in my country, Huangmei Opera occupies a place and is also one of the intangible cultural heritage.]. 搜狐网. 2022-01-10. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sohu.com/a/515509453_121144596","url_text":"\"我国五大戏曲中，黄梅戏占据一席之地，也是非物质文化遗产其一\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huangmei opera\". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/13280","url_text":"\"Huangmei opera\""}]},{"reference":"\"黄梅戏的发展与壮大\" [The Development and Growth of Huangmei Opera]. 每日头条. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kknews.cc/zh-sg/culture/x6k6epo.html","url_text":"\"黄梅戏的发展与壮大\""}]},{"reference":"\"戏曲和曲艺\" [Opera and Quyi]. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 文化部网站. 2005-06-29. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-06/29/content_18028.htm","url_text":"\"戏曲和曲艺\""}]},{"reference":"\"{黄梅戏名家」黄梅戏小辞店经典唱段\" [Famous Masters of Huangmei Opera\" Huangmei Opera Xiaocidian classic aria]. 爱艺网. 2023-03-12. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artyi.net/mj/183796.html","url_text":"\"{黄梅戏名家」黄梅戏小辞店经典唱段\""}]},{"reference":"\"被誉为\"黄梅戏泰斗\"\" [Known as \"the master of Huangmei Opera\"]. 新华网. 2008-11-05. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130428154214/http://www3.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2008-11/05/content_14830824.htm","url_text":"\"被誉为\"黄梅戏泰斗\"\""},{"url":"http://www3.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2008-11/05/content_14830824.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"安庆师范学院开办黄梅戏本科专业\" [Anqing Teachers College opens undergraduate major of Huangmei Opera]. 搜狐网. 2015-09-17. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sohu.com/a/32295417_115402","url_text":"\"安庆师范学院开办黄梅戏本科专业\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021安庆有哪些大学\" [What universities are there in Anqing in 2021]. 瑞文网. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruiwen.com/edu/daxue/3374287.html","url_text":"\"2021安庆有哪些大学\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Auxiliary_Field

Chico Army Airfield auxiliary fields

["1 Vina Auxiliary Field","2 Willows Auxiliary Field","3 Kirkwood Auxiliary Field","4 Campbell Auxiliary Field","5 Oroville Auxiliary Field","6 Orland Auxiliary Field","7 Chico Army Airfield support","8 See also","9 References"]

US WWII airfields Chico Municipal Airport Chico Army Airfield, a 2006 USGS photo Chico Army Airfield auxiliary fields were a number of airfields used during World War II to support the Chico Army Airfield. On September 11, 1941, the US Army rented from the City of Chico a small 1930's airport that sat on 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land. The Airfield was five miles (8.0 km) north of the city center. The Army built up the small airport into the Chico Army Airfield. From the Chico Army Airfield operated the: United States Army Air Corps's Army Air Forces Basic Flying School, the Army Air Force Pilot School, the 10th Base Headquarters an Air Base Squadron and the 433rd Army Air Force Base Unit or Combat Crew Training Station of Fighter. To support the training of the many pilots, Chico Army Airfield operated a number of auxiliary airfields. Some auxiliary fields were no more than a landing strip runway, others were other operation airfield that supported the training at the Chico Army Airfield. Vina Auxiliary Field Vina Auxiliary Field in 1944 Vina Auxiliary Field also called Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3 was a 323.62 acres US Army airfield 3 miles northeast of Vina, California in Tehama County. Vina Auxiliary Field was 15 miles northwest of Chico at 39°56′54″N 121°59′29″W / 39.94833°N 121.99139°W / 39.94833; -121.99139 (Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3) at an elevation of 280 feet. The Vina Auxiliary Field was used for training pilots from Flying School at Chico Army Air Field. The Army purchased the land in 1942 and opened the in 3,000-foot by 3,000-foot paved landing mat in 1943. The square mat was also used as an emergency landing field. A disabled plane could land coming from any direction. Most of students landed and took from the field using Vultee BT-13 and BT-15 trainers. After the war on November 20, 1946, the airfield was transferred to the War Assets Administration. The sold and then used as a civilian airport for he County of Tehama. Later the airport was closed and the land sold to a private owner, now called the Deer Creek Ranch Airport a private airport. The Deer Creek Ranch Airport is still a 3,000-foot by 3,000-foot paved landing mat as built in 1942. Willows Auxiliary Field Main article: Willows-Glenn County Airport Willows Auxiliary Field is located one mile west of Willows, California in Glenn County at 39°30′55″N 122°13′50″W / 39.51528°N 122.23056°W / 39.51528; -122.23056. A single runway on the site was built in 1931 on what was a grass pasture. The runway was built by the Civil Aeronautics Administration on a site already picked by local groups. The airport was operated by the City of Willows. On April 25, 1942, the US Army leased the airport with 318.20 acres of surrounding land and built a second runway on the site. The airport was used by the US Army for training pilots and troops. The two runways are: a 4,400-foot runway running north–south and a 4,400-foot runway running from west-northwest to east-southeast. The runways were used as an auxiliary airfield for Chico Army Air Field and the Hamilton Army Airfield. After the attack on Pearl Harbor the US and Jimmy Doolittle planned a bombing raid on Tokyo. In 1942 some of the B-25 crews started their final bombing training at Willows Auxiliary Field. The Willows Auxiliary Field closed on July 24, 1944, and the lease was terminated June 11, 1945. The Country opened the Willows-Glenn County Airport on the site. The Airport is located just west of the Interstate 5 at the California State Route 162 exit. Kirkwood Auxiliary Field Kirkwood Auxiliary Field also called Kirkwood Auxiliary Army Airfield No. 2 was an airfield used to train pilots in the Army Air Forces Basic Flying School at Chico Army Air Field. The Kirkwood Auxiliary Field was located at 39°47′24″N 122°07′48″W / 39.79000°N 122.13000°W / 39.79000; -122.13000, near Capay, California, northwest of Sacramento, California. Kirkwood Auxiliary Field was 7 miles northeast of the town of Orland, California and 18 miles west northwest of the city of Chico. The War Department purchased 359.62 acres of farmland on October 8, 1942, for the airfield. The Army built a 3,000-foot square asphalt landing mat and a few wood support buildings. The most common plane used at the airfield was the Vultee BT-13. After the war, on 19 June 1947, the airfield was transferred to the Glenn County. County of Glenn used the Airfield as civilian airport till 1970, after the closure the site was returned to farmland. Campbell Auxiliary Field Campbell Auxiliary Field also called Campbel Auxiliary Field No. 4 was a US Army airfield built 12 miles northwest of Chico at 39°54′10″N 121°55′43″W / 39.90278°N 121.92861°W / 39.90278; -121.92861 (Campbell Auxiliary Field No. 4). The Army purchased the 470 acres of livestock grazing pasture in 1942 and built a 3,000-foot x 3,000-foot landing mat there. Campbell Auxiliary Field was used for training pilots. The land was sold on July 12, 1946, and the airfield closed. Today the land is open and there is a light traces of former landing pad, just north of Zimmershed Creek and Pin Creek. Oroville Auxiliary Field Abandon Oroville Auxiliary Field in USGS 1950 photo Oroville Auxiliary Field also called Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5 was a 360 acres Army airfield built in 1942 to train pilots. The 3,000-foot x 3,000-foot landing mat was located at 39°34′58″N 121°38′24″W / 39.58278°N 121.64000°W / 39.58278; -121.64000 (Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5). Unlike the other Chino auxiliary airfield, Oroville Auxiliary Field had a practice bombing range. The bombing range supported bombing, dive-bombing and skip bombing training ranges. Large white targets were built on the bombing range. The Oroville Auxiliary Field was closed on October 1, 1944, but opened again on June 18, 1945. On November 1, 1946, the airfield was closed and not reopened. Today the land is open and there is light traces of former landing pad, just south of the California State Route 149 at the Openshaw road exit-overpass in Wicks Corner, California. Orland Auxiliary Field Current Haigh Field Airport, the outline of the 3,000' square Orland Auxiliary Field landing mat can clearly be seen Main article: Haigh Field Airport Orland Auxiliary Field is three miles (4.8 km) southeast of the city of Orland, California and 13 miles west of the city of Chico. The Army purchased the 558.20 acre of agricultural land called Crocker tract in 1942 for the Orland Auxiliary Field. The US Army built a 3,000 x 3,000-foot square landing mat on the site with a few support buildings. The Field was used to train fighter and bomber pilots from the Chico Army Airfield schools. The Orland Auxiliary Field was closed on November 30, 1946. Orland Auxiliary Field was transferred to Glenn County in May 1947, with conditions. Conditions were: used for public airport, Army improvements kept, changes not impact airport, Army could rent airport in state of emergency, land not sold without OK. Breach of conditions lose of land. The Orland-Haigh Airport opened in June 1947. A single 4,500 runway was built on the east side of the 3,000 by 3,000 Orland Auxiliary landing mat. The original outline of the Orland Auxiliary Field mat is visible from the air. The Airport is still open as the Haigh Field Airport, thus there has been no Breach. A sewage treatment plant was added to the land with other minor changes. Chico Army Airfield support The following airfields were used in the support of training pilots at Chico Army Airfield school or were under the command of the Chico Army Airfield at one time. Hamilton Army Airfield also used or was in command of these airfields at some time: Siskiyou County Army Airfield Main article: Siskiyou County Airport Siskiyou County Army Airfield is now the Siskiyou County Airport with a single north–south 7,484-foot runway. Built by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), but later turned over to the US Army. The army used the 7,484 runway for heavy bomber training. The 985.44-acre site was built in 1942 and is 4 miles northwest of Montague, California. For night landing a lighting system was installed by the Army. Later in October 1943 the base as turned over to be a sub base of Hamilton Field. On May 1, 1944, it was turned back over to be a Chino Auxiliary Field and used only as an emergency landing field. On December 30, 1944, the airfield declared inactive by the US Army. The Airfield was used on and off by fire fighters, US Forest Service and some small private planes. On 22 October 1962, the US Air Force rented the Airfield to station some Interceptor Squadrons from Hamilton Air Force Base and built some airfield improvements. The US Air Force ended its rental and removed jets on July 18, 1971, returning the Airfield to be a County Airport. Redding Army Airfield Main article: Redding Municipal Airport Redding Army Airfield became the Redding Municipal Airport after the war. Redding Army Airfield was built in 1942 on 1,120 acres of acquired land near City of Redding. Two runways were built along with the needed support buildings. One runway ran north–south and was 6,000 feet long and 150 feet wide. The other runway ran northwest–southeast and was 5,062 feet long. Redding Army Airfield is located 160 miles north of Sacramento in Shasta County, California. The City wanted a new Airport and put in for a Works Progress Administration project that was called the Stillwater Airfield. But with the start of World War II the US Army renamed the project the Redding Airdrome. The building of Redding Airdrome started on January 12, 1942. At completion, in March 1942, the Airdrome was renamed Redding-Shasta Army Air Field. During operations the name was shorted to Redding Army Airfield. The Redding Army Airfield was used as a refueling stop and for training in the Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter aircraft. Bombs for the planes were stored at the Airfield. On November 16, 1947, the Redding Army Airfield was turn over to the City of Redding. The City took the 6,000-foot runway and make it 7,003 feet for jets. Sutterville Auxiliary Field Main article: Sacramento Executive Airport The original Sacramento civil airport was called the Sutterville Aerodrome that was six miles south of the City of Sacramento; it opened in 1930 on 235-acres. With the start of World War II, the Sutterville Aerodrome was taken over for use by the US Army and renamed the Sutterville Auxiliary Field. At first, the airfield was used as subbase of Hamilton Field. The Army leased land around the airfield and expanded operations at the airfield, renamed it the Sacramento Army Air Field. The Airfield was used by 4th Air Force and the Western Training Flying Command. Training was first on Ball P-39 Aircobras. On April 7, 1945, train switch to heavy bomber with the 404th and 405th Army Air Force. Sacramento Army Air Field became a sub-base to Chico Army Air Field. It was used jointly by the 4th Air Force and the Army Air Forces Western Flying Training Command. By 1945, the Army had three lighted runways in operation: a 6,000-foot runway running north/west by south/east, a 5,000-foot runway running north–south and a 5,000-foot runway running north/east by south/west. After the war, the Sacramento Army Air Field was returned to its owner, the City of Sacramento, and was renamed the Sacramento Municipal Airport. In October 1967, most airlines moved to the new Sacramento International Airport and the Sacramento Municipal Airport was renamed Sacramento Executive Airport. See also California during World War II California World War II Army Airfields Air Transport Command (World War II) Minter Army Airfield auxiliary fields Gardner Army Airfield auxiliary fields References ^ militarymuseum.org, Chico Army Airfield ^ militarymuseum.org Vina Auxiliary Field ^ Commitment to Excellence: A History of the Sacramento District, U.S. Army, page 71, By Joseph J. Hagwood ^ airnav.com, Deer Creek Ranch Airport ^ militarymuseum.org Willows Auxiliary Field ^ Willows-Glenn County Airport ^ Willows-Glenn County Airport ^ airnav.com, Willows-Glenn County Airport ^ airfields-freeman.com, Kirkwood Auxiliary Field ^ militarymuseum.org Kirkwood Auxiliary Field ^ militarymuseum.org Campbell Auxiliary Field ^ airfields-freeman.com, Oroville Auxiliary Field ^ militarymuseum.org Orland Auxiliary Field No. 1 ^ militarymuseum.org Siskiyou County Army Airfield ^ militarymuseum.org, Redding Army Airfield ^ Redding-Shasta Army Air Field ^ "calisphere.org, Sutterville Aerodrome". Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ militarymuseum.org Sacramento Army Air Field, Sutterville Auxilary Field ^ 11th Bomb Group: The Grey Geese, page 61, 1996 ^ sacramento.aero, Sacramento International Airport History", September 27, 2011 ^ Sacramento Chronicles: A Golden Past, By Cheryl Anne Stapp  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0892010924. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799129. Thole, Lou (1999), Forgotten Fields of America : World War II Bases and Training, Then and Now. Vol. 2. Pictorial Histories Pub. ISBN 1575100517 Military Airfields in World War II – California vte Army Air Forces Training CommandFlying trainingFlying schools Eastern Flying Training Command Central Flying Training Command Western Flying Training Command Specialized schools Bombardier Contract Flying Glider Training Gunnery Navigator Technical training Eastern Technical Training Command Central Technical Training Command Western Technical Training Command vte USAAF Fourth Air Force in World War IIUnitsCommands IV Bomber Command IV Fighter Command IV Air Support Command Wings 21st Bombardment Los Angeles Fighter San Diego Fighter San Francisco Fighter Seattle Fighter GroupsBombardment 12th Bombardment 30th Bombardment 41st Bombardment 42nd Bombardment 47th Bombardment 380th Bombardment 385th Bombardment 389th Bombardment 392nd Bombardment 399th Bombardment 449th Bombardment 450th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 453rd Bombardment 454th Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 463rd Bombardment 465th Bombardment 466th Bombardment 470th Bombardment 483rd Bombardment 486th Bombardment 491st Bombardment 492nd Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 20th Fighter 35th Fighter 51st Fighter 55th Fighter 78th Fighter 81st Fighter 82nd Fighter 328th Fighter 329th Fighter 339th Fighter 354th Fighter 360th Fighter 363rd Fighter 364th Fighter 369th Fighter 367th Fighter 372nd Fighter 412th Fighter 473rd Fighter 474th Fighter 478th Fighter 479th Fighter Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance 69th Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 64th Troop Carrier United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chico_Municipal_Airport_-_USGS_Topo.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Chico Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico,_California"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces Basic Flying School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chico Municipal Airport Chico Army Airfield, a 2006 USGS photoChico Army Airfield auxiliary fields were a number of airfields used during World War II to support the Chico Army Airfield. On September 11, 1941, the US Army rented from the City of Chico a small 1930's airport that sat on 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land. The Airfield was five miles (8.0 km) north of the city center. The Army built up the small airport into the Chico Army Airfield. From the Chico Army Airfield operated the: United States Army Air Corps's Army Air Forces Basic Flying School, the Army Air Force Pilot School, the 10th Base Headquarters an Air Base Squadron and the 433rd Army Air Force Base Unit or Combat Crew Training Station of Fighter. To support the training of the many pilots, Chico Army Airfield operated a number of auxiliary airfields. Some auxiliary fields were no more than a landing strip runway, others were other operation airfield that supported the training at the Chico Army Airfield.[1]","title":"Chico Army Airfield auxiliary fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VinaAuxFieldUS_Army1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vina, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina,_California"},{"link_name":"Tehama County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama_County,_California"},{"link_name":"39°56′54″N 121°59′29″W / 39.94833°N 121.99139°W / 39.94833; -121.99139 (Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chico_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields&params=39_56_54_N_121_59_29_W_&title=Vina+Auxiliary+Field+No.+3"},{"link_name":"War Assets Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Assets_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Vina Auxiliary Field in 1944Vina Auxiliary Field also called Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3 was a 323.62 acres US Army airfield 3 miles northeast of Vina, California in Tehama County. Vina Auxiliary Field was 15 miles northwest of Chico at 39°56′54″N 121°59′29″W / 39.94833°N 121.99139°W / 39.94833; -121.99139 (Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3) at an elevation of 280 feet. The Vina Auxiliary Field was used for training pilots from Flying School at Chico Army Air Field. The Army purchased the land in 1942 and opened the in 3,000-foot by 3,000-foot paved landing mat in 1943. The square mat was also used as an emergency landing field. A disabled plane could land coming from any direction. Most of students landed and took from the field using Vultee BT-13 and BT-15 trainers. After the war on November 20, 1946, the airfield was transferred to the War Assets Administration. The sold and then used as a civilian airport for he County of Tehama. Later the airport was closed and the land sold to a private owner, now called the Deer Creek Ranch Airport a private airport. The Deer Creek Ranch Airport is still a 3,000-foot by 3,000-foot paved landing mat as built in 1942.[2][3][4]","title":"Vina Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willows, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willows,_California"},{"link_name":"Glenn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"39°30′55″N 122°13′50″W / 39.51528°N 122.23056°W / 39.51528; -122.23056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chico_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields&params=39_30_55_N_122_13_50_W_"},{"link_name":"Civil Aeronautics Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"bombing raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"B-25 crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Willows-Glenn County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willows-Glenn_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5"},{"link_name":"California State Route 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_162"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Willows Auxiliary Field is located one mile west of Willows, California in Glenn County at 39°30′55″N 122°13′50″W / 39.51528°N 122.23056°W / 39.51528; -122.23056. A single runway on the site was built in 1931 on what was a grass pasture. The runway was built by the Civil Aeronautics Administration on a site already picked by local groups. The airport was operated by the City of Willows. On April 25, 1942, the US Army leased the airport with 318.20 acres of surrounding land and built a second runway on the site. The airport was used by the US Army for training pilots and troops. The two runways are: a 4,400-foot runway running north–south and a 4,400-foot runway running from west-northwest to east-southeast. The runways were used as an auxiliary airfield for Chico Army Air Field and the Hamilton Army Airfield. After the attack on Pearl Harbor the US and Jimmy Doolittle planned a bombing raid on Tokyo. In 1942 some of the B-25 crews started their final bombing training at Willows Auxiliary Field. The Willows Auxiliary Field closed on July 24, 1944, and the lease was terminated June 11, 1945. The Country opened the Willows-Glenn County Airport on the site. The Airport is located just west of the Interstate 5 at the California State Route 162 exit.[5][6][7][8]","title":"Willows Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°47′24″N 122°07′48″W / 39.79000°N 122.13000°W / 39.79000; -122.13000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chico_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields&params=39_47_24_N_122_07_48_W_"},{"link_name":"Capay, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capay,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Orland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland,_California"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Vultee BT-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_BT-13"},{"link_name":"Glenn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kirkwood Auxiliary Field also called Kirkwood Auxiliary Army Airfield No. 2 was an airfield used to train pilots in the Army Air Forces Basic Flying School at Chico Army Air Field. The Kirkwood Auxiliary Field was located at 39°47′24″N 122°07′48″W / 39.79000°N 122.13000°W / 39.79000; -122.13000, near Capay, California, northwest of Sacramento, California. Kirkwood Auxiliary Field was 7 miles northeast of the town of Orland, California and 18 miles west northwest of the city of Chico. The War Department purchased 359.62 acres of farmland on October 8, 1942, for the airfield. The Army built a 3,000-foot square asphalt landing mat and a few wood support buildings. The most common plane used at the airfield was the Vultee BT-13. After the war, on 19 June 1947, the airfield was transferred to the Glenn County. County of Glenn used the Airfield as civilian airport till 1970, after the closure the site was returned to farmland.[9][10]","title":"Kirkwood Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°54′10″N 121°55′43″W / 39.90278°N 121.92861°W / 39.90278; -121.92861 (Campbell Auxiliary Field No. 4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chico_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields&params=39_54_10_N_121_55_43_W_&title=Campbell+Auxiliary+Field+No.+4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Campbell Auxiliary Field also called Campbel Auxiliary Field No. 4 was a US Army airfield built 12 miles northwest of Chico at 39°54′10″N 121°55′43″W / 39.90278°N 121.92861°W / 39.90278; -121.92861 (Campbell Auxiliary Field No. 4). The Army purchased the 470 acres of livestock grazing pasture in 1942 and built a 3,000-foot x 3,000-foot landing mat there. Campbell Auxiliary Field was used for training pilots. The land was sold on July 12, 1946, and the airfield closed. Today the land is open and there is a light traces of former landing pad, just north of Zimmershed Creek and Pin Creek.[11]","title":"Campbell Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrovilleAuxiliaryA5Airfield1950_USGS.jpg"},{"link_name":"39°34′58″N 121°38′24″W / 39.58278°N 121.64000°W / 39.58278; -121.64000 (Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chico_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields&params=39_34_58_N_121_38_24_W_&title=Oroville+Auxiliary+Field+No.+5"},{"link_name":"bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike"},{"link_name":"dive-bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive-bombing"},{"link_name":"skip bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_bombing"},{"link_name":"California State Route 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_149"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Abandon Oroville Auxiliary Field in USGS 1950 photoOroville Auxiliary Field also called Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5 was a 360 acres Army airfield built in 1942 to train pilots. The 3,000-foot x 3,000-foot landing mat was located at 39°34′58″N 121°38′24″W / 39.58278°N 121.64000°W / 39.58278; -121.64000 (Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5). Unlike the other Chino auxiliary airfield, Oroville Auxiliary Field had a practice bombing range. The bombing range supported bombing, dive-bombing and skip bombing training ranges. Large white targets were built on the bombing range. The Oroville Auxiliary Field was closed on October 1, 1944, but opened again on June 18, 1945. On November 1, 1946, the airfield was closed and not reopened. Today the land is open and there is light traces of former landing pad, just south of the California State Route 149 at the Openshaw road exit-overpass in Wicks Corner, California.[12]","title":"Oroville Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haigh_Field_-_California.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haigh Field Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigh_Field_Airport"},{"link_name":"Orland Auxiliary Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland_Auxiliary_Field"},{"link_name":"Orland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland,_California"},{"link_name":"Haigh Field Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigh_Field_Airport"},{"link_name":"sewage treatment plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Current Haigh Field Airport, the outline of the 3,000' square Orland Auxiliary Field landing mat can clearly be seenOrland Auxiliary Field is three miles (4.8 km) southeast of the city of Orland, California and 13 miles west of the city of Chico. The Army purchased the 558.20 acre of agricultural land called Crocker tract in 1942 for the Orland Auxiliary Field. The US Army built a 3,000 x 3,000-foot square landing mat on the site with a few support buildings. The Field was used to train fighter and bomber pilots from the Chico Army Airfield schools. The Orland Auxiliary Field was closed on November 30, 1946. Orland Auxiliary Field was transferred to Glenn County in May 1947, with conditions. Conditions were: used for public airport, Army improvements kept, changes not impact airport, Army could rent airport in state of emergency, land not sold without OK. Breach of conditions lose of land. The Orland-Haigh Airport opened in June 1947. A single 4,500 runway was built on the east side of the 3,000 by 3,000 Orland Auxiliary landing mat. The original outline of the Orland Auxiliary Field mat is visible from the air. The Airport is still open as the Haigh Field Airport, thus there has been no Breach. A sewage treatment plant was added to the land with other minor changes.[13]","title":"Orland Auxiliary Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Siskiyou County Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_County_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Siskiyou County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"Civil Aeronautics Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Montague, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Redding Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Redding Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"City of Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_California"},{"link_name":"Shasta County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"Bell P-39 Airacobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"404th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_Operations_Group#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"405th Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405th_Air_Expeditionary_Group#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"4th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces Western Flying Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces_Western_Flying_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sacramento International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Executive Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Executive_Airport"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The following airfields were used in the support of training pilots at Chico Army Airfield school or were under the command of the Chico Army Airfield at one time. Hamilton Army Airfield also used or was in command of these airfields at some time:Siskiyou County Army AirfieldSiskiyou County Army Airfield is now the Siskiyou County Airport with a single north–south 7,484-foot runway. \nBuilt by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), but later turned over to the US Army. The army used the 7,484 runway for heavy bomber training. The 985.44-acre site was built in 1942 and is 4 miles northwest of Montague, California. For night landing a lighting system was installed by the Army. Later in October 1943 the base as turned over to be a sub base of Hamilton Field. On May 1, 1944, it was turned back over to be a Chino Auxiliary Field and used only as an emergency landing field. On December 30, 1944, the airfield declared inactive by the US Army. The Airfield was used on and off by fire fighters, US Forest Service and some small private planes. On 22 October 1962, the US Air Force rented the Airfield to station some Interceptor Squadrons from Hamilton Air Force Base and built some airfield improvements. The US Air Force ended its rental and removed jets on July 18, 1971, returning the Airfield to be a County Airport.[14]Redding Army AirfieldRedding Army Airfield became the Redding Municipal Airport after the war. Redding Army Airfield was built in 1942 on 1,120 acres of acquired land near City of Redding. Two runways were built along with the needed support buildings. One runway ran north–south and was 6,000 feet long and 150 feet wide. The other runway ran northwest–southeast and was 5,062 feet long. Redding Army Airfield is located 160 miles north of Sacramento in Shasta County, California. The City wanted a new Airport and put in for a Works Progress Administration project that was called the Stillwater Airfield. But with the start of World War II the US Army renamed the project the Redding Airdrome. The building of Redding Airdrome started on January 12, 1942. At completion, in March 1942, the Airdrome was renamed Redding-Shasta Army Air Field. During operations the name was shorted to Redding Army Airfield. The Redding Army Airfield was used as a refueling stop and for training in the Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter aircraft. Bombs for the planes were stored at the Airfield. On November 16, 1947, the Redding Army Airfield was turn over to the City of Redding. The City took the 6,000-foot runway and make it 7,003 feet for jets.[15][16]Sutterville Auxiliary FieldThe original Sacramento civil airport was called the Sutterville Aerodrome that was six miles south of the City of Sacramento; it opened in 1930 on 235-acres.[17] With the start of World War II, the Sutterville Aerodrome was taken over for use by the US Army and renamed the Sutterville Auxiliary Field. At first, the airfield was used as subbase of Hamilton Field. The Army leased land around the airfield and expanded operations at the airfield, renamed it the Sacramento Army Air Field. The Airfield was used by 4th Air Force and the Western Training Flying Command. Training was first on Ball P-39 Aircobras. On April 7, 1945, train switch to heavy bomber with the 404th and 405th Army Air Force. Sacramento Army Air Field became a sub-base to Chico Army Air Field. It was used jointly by the 4th Air Force and the Army Air Forces Western Flying Training Command. By 1945, the Army had three lighted runways in operation: a 6,000-foot runway running north/west by south/east, a 5,000-foot runway running north–south and a 5,000-foot runway running north/east by south/west. After the war, the Sacramento Army Air Field was returned to its owner, the City of Sacramento, and was renamed the Sacramento Municipal Airport.[18][19] In October 1967, most airlines moved to the new Sacramento International Airport and the Sacramento Municipal Airport was renamed Sacramento Executive Airport.[20][21]","title":"Chico Army Airfield support"}]

[{"image_text":"Chico Municipal Airport Chico Army Airfield, a 2006 USGS photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chico_Municipal_Airport_-_USGS_Topo.jpg/220px-Chico_Municipal_Airport_-_USGS_Topo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vina Auxiliary Field in 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/VinaAuxFieldUS_Army1944.jpg/220px-VinaAuxFieldUS_Army1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abandon Oroville Auxiliary Field in USGS 1950 photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OrovilleAuxiliaryA5Airfield1950_USGS.jpg/220px-OrovilleAuxiliaryA5Airfield1950_USGS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Current Haigh Field Airport, the outline of the 3,000' square Orland Auxiliary Field landing mat can clearly be seen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Haigh_Field_-_California.jpg/220px-Haigh_Field_-_California.jpg"}]

[{"title":"California during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"California World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"Air Transport Command (World War II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_(World_War_II)"},{"title":"Minter Army Airfield auxiliary fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minter_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields"},{"title":"Gardner Army Airfield auxiliary fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields"}]

[{"reference":"\"calisphere.org, Sutterville Aerodrome\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050106/https://calisphere.org/item/d5ba1b5a09f6baedcd9768bb0d8eacdc/","url_text":"\"calisphere.org, Sutterville Aerodrome\""},{"url":"https://calisphere.org/item/d5ba1b5a09f6baedcd9768bb0d8eacdc/","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_(Venezuelan_broadcaster)

Inter (Venezuelan broadcaster)

["1 History","1.1 Current Situation","2 Products","2.1 Broadband Internet","2.2 Fixed Digital Telephony","3 References","4 External links"]

Inter is a Venezuelan television broadcaster and telecommunications provider headquartered in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela. Inter was founded in 1996 as InterCable. Its fiscal name is Corporacion Telemic C.A, and its main shareholder is the investment fund HM Capital Partners. History Inter started operations in 1996 in the city of Barquisimeto, and expanded its coverage to more than 100 cities and towns in the Venezuelan territory, being one of the main cable television operators in the country, in addition to providing broadband and fixed telephony services. Inter has a hybrid network of optical fiber and coaxial cable that allows access to cable television services and broadband internet using the existing CATV networks connecting the subscriber by means of a coaxial cable to a zone node and later Interconnecting the zonal nodes with optical fiber, with a network that encompasses over 4 thousand kilometers of optical fiber. The Inter platform has bandwidths of 750 and 840 MHz, suitable for bidirectional transmissions. This network has the capacity to transmit more than 500 television channels as well as provide high-speed Internet access and voice and data transmissions for telephone service. In August 2012, Inter launched a satellite television service based on the platform of the Chilean company TuVes HD adding Venezuelan channels. The platform uses the Telstar 12 satellite signal based on MPEG4 technology that allows high-quality signal compression allowing it to include high definition channels. Current Situation Over the last two years, the company has reduced its original offer of satellite and cable TV channels and broadband Internet plans, also, the quality of the service, customer support and the constant rise of fares have changed the perception of the company into one of bad cost-quality relation, specially around the internet services, the company has ceased to cover some areas of the country and degraded service in others. The poor quality of customer and technical support often leave users waiting for an answer or a solution, making some of them leave the company for other providers or hire cable TV only. Products Inter offers digital cable TV services since 2002 and digital satellite television as of August 2012, currently providing up to 125 different channels, some featured products are: Video on Demand (VOD) HD Channels: The company offers sports, series, documentaries and cinema channels in high definition, which can only be seen using a specific digital decoder for this technology. Broadband Internet The company currently offers the following internet access plans: 2 Mb 4 Mb 10 Mb (corporative clients, subject to availability) The company used to offer a wider variety of plans, now narrowed to the three listed above. Fixed Digital Telephony Inter offers VoIP (Voice over IP) telephony service, with one basic plan with rates charged in seconds and unlimited calls between telephones of the same company, offering the particularity of moving the Unused second balance the next month. References ^ "Inter". Inter. c. 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ "Inter (Corporacion Telemic C.A.)". BNamericas. c. 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ "Diseño del Sistema de Administración y Monitoreo para la Red Híbrida entre Fibra Óptica y Cable Coaxial (HFC) de Intercable región Central". Universia Venezuela. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ "Another exorbitant rise in fares by Inter". sumarium.com. 1 February 2017. ^ "Pésimo servicio de empresa Inter genera molestias en redes sociales". elimpulso.com. ^ "The odyssey of the internet in Venezuela". e-softmedia.com. 5 February 2017. ^ "Inter, the company that rises fares, degrades service and disregards users". sumarium.com. 21 November 2016. ^ "Television Satelital Residencial de Inter". inter official website. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ "Internet access plans". inter official website. ^ "Inter VoIP Plans". inter official website. External links Official website of Inter

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tripucka

Frank Tripucka

["1 College career","2 Professional career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

American gridiron football player (1927–2013) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frank Tripucka" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American football player Frank TripuckaTripucka c. 1948–52No. 28, 8, 11, 18Position:QuarterbackPersonal informationBorn:(1927-12-08)December 8, 1927Bloomfield, New Jersey, U.S.Died:September 12, 2013(2013-09-12) (aged 85)Woodland Park, New Jersey, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:192 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh school:BloomfieldCollege:Notre DameNFL draft:1949 / Round: 1 / Pick: 9Career history Philadelphia Eagles (1949) Detroit Lions (1949) Chicago Cardinals (1950–1952) Dallas Texans (1952) Saskatchewan Roughriders (1953–1958) Ottawa Rough Riders (1959) Saskatchewan Roughriders (1959) Denver Broncos (1960–1963) Saskatchewan Roughriders (1963) Career highlights and awards AFL All-Star (1962) 2× AFL passing yards leader (1960, 1962) Denver Broncos Ring of Fame Denver Broncos No. 18 retired 2× National champion (1946, 1947) Career NFL statisticsPassing attempts:1,745Passing completions:879Completion percentage:50.4%TD–INT:69–124Passing yards:10,282Passer rating:52.2Player stats at PFR Francis Joseph Tripucka (December 8, 1927 – September 12, 2013) was an American football quarterback who played professionally for 15 seasons. He spent four seasons in the National Football League (NFL), eight in the Canadian Football League (CFL), and four in American Football League (AFL). Tripucka achieved his greatest success as the inaugural quarterback for the AFL's Denver Broncos, who he was a member of from 1960 to 1963. During Denver's inaugural year, Tripucka became the first NFL / AFL quarterback to throw for 3,000 yards in a season. He received All-Star honors when leading the league in yards in 1962. He was inducted to the Broncos Ring of Fame in 1986. Tripucka has the lowest career Passer Rating in NFL history, minimum 1500 passing attempts, with a career rating of 52.2. College career The 6–2, 172-pound Tripucka was a three-time letter-winner at Notre Dame. His first two seasons, he played backup quarterback to Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lujack on unbeaten Notre Dame squads in 1946 and 1947. As a freshman backup in 1945, he completed his only pass for 19 yards, and carried twice for eight yards. In 1946, as a sophomore, he hit one of his five throws for 19 yards in relief on the national championship squad. He took approximately 1/4 of Frank Leahy's 1947 squad's pass attempts, connecting on 25 of 44 throws for 422 yards, three TDs, and one interception and a remarkable passer rating of 155.3, and helping the Irish to a second consecutive national championship. With Lujack's graduation, Tripucka became the undisputed starter his senior year. He completed 53 of 91 for 660 yards and a school-record 11 touchdowns, en route to a 9-0-1 record and the Irish's 3rd consecutive season without a loss. A tie against USC in the final game bumped them down to No. 2 behind undefeated Michigan. He played in the college All-Star Game that year. Professional career Tripucka on a 1950 Bowman football card Tripucka went on to become a first-round selection (ninth overall pick) by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1949 NFL Draft, but was traded during the preseason to the Detroit Lions. He had four starts his rookie season, compiling a mediocre 9 touchdowns to 14 interceptions; he was also used as a punter 28 times. In 1950, he played for the Chicago Cardinals, where he had four passing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown in relief of Jim Hardy, including a 65 and an 81-yard touchdown pass in game 5 against Washington. In 1951, he had just 29 attempts in 1 start for the Cardinals, and only 12 attempts in six games in 1952 before being traded to the Dallas Texans mid-season. There, he started all six games, but had just 3 touchdowns to 17 interceptions, and a 1–5 record. The Dallas Texans folded after one season, so Tripucka accepted a large contract for the time with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Tripucka then took a seven-year run in the CFL. He joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders and their new coach Frank Filchock as the starting quarterback in 1953. He played there through 1958, when he was traded to the Ottawa Rough Riders but struggled and was released. He was back in Saskatchewan before the end of the 1959 season as a coach. Non-Canadians playing Canadian professional football were known as imports, and each team was limited to 12. These spots were filled, so Coach Tripucka was ineligible to play. However, in the fourteenth game of the season, all three Roughrider quarterbacks were sidelined by injuries. For the last two games, management decided to play Tripucka anyway, and forfeit in advance. The Roughriders lost the first of them on the scoreboard as well, 20-19 versus the Edmonton Eskimos. But in the last game of the season against Bud Grant's Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Tripucka had 17 completions in 29 passes and Ferdy Burket ran for five touchdowns. Officially, the final score was Saskatchewan 37, Winnipeg 30 for a Winnipeg "victory". After getting fired by Saskatchewan, Tripucka came out of retirement with the American Football League (AFL) as the starting quarterback for the new Denver Broncos franchise. The Broncos had hired Filchock as their coach, and he initially brought Tripucka along as an assistant. He started all 14 games in Denver's inaugural 1960 season, and though he led the league in interceptions in 1960 with 34 (still a Broncos franchise record), he also led the league with 248 of 478 passes for 3,038 yards (the first 3000+ yard season by either an NFL or AFL quarterback), to go with 24 touchdowns, including the first TD pass in AFL history. He started 11 games in 1961, throwing for 1,690 yards, 10 touchdowns, and 21 interceptions. In 1962, he again led the league with 240 completions, 440 attempts, and 2,917 yards. This included a week 2 victory over Buffalo, in which Tripucka threw for a remarkable 447 yards, a franchise record that stood for 38 years. On the season, he totaled 17 touchdowns and 25 interceptions, and was selected for the AFL's All Star game for the only time in his career. In his last season, Tripucka had just 7 completions for 31 yards in two games. He returned to Saskatchewan in his final season to be the back up to Ron Lancaster and finished the season with 38 completions for 435 yards. Tripucka retired in 1963 after 15 professional seasons. The Broncos subsequently retired his #18 jersey. In 1986, Tripucka was one of three players to be inducted into the Denver Broncos Ring of Fame. On March 9, 2012, Tripucka stated that he would allow #18 to be worn again by Peyton Manning if the Broncos were to sign him. On March 20, 2012, at a press conference announcing his signing by the Broncos, John Elway thanked Tripucka "for allowing the franchise to ‘borrow’ the number for Manning." On March 7, 2016, the #18 jersey returned to retirement when Manning announced that he was retiring after 18 professional seasons (4 seasons with the Broncos). Personal life Tripucka is the father of former Notre Dame and Detroit Pistons basketball star Kelly Tripucka, who also played for the Utah Jazz and the Charlotte Hornets. All six sons played Division I sports (his daughter Heather was also a very good athlete). The oldest boy, Tracy, played basketball at Lafayette College and then professionally in Switzerland. Mark was a quarterback at the University of Massachusetts. Todd also played basketball at Lafayette College and broke many of his older brother Tracy's records. T.K., the tallest of the Tripucka boys at 6'9", played basketball at Fordham University. He also played one season under his brother Tracy, who took over as the Fordham head coach. On one unique night, Fordham played Notre Dame at Madison Square Garden, so T.K. played against his Notre Dame freshman brother Kelly, with oldest brother Tracy coaching Fordham. Kelly was an All-American at Notre Dame and then had an excellent 10-year career in the NBA with the Detroit Pistons, Utah Jazz, and Charlotte Hornets. Kelly was a two-time NBA All-Star. Chris, the youngest of the family, played quarterback, wide receiver, and kicker at Boston College, all with Heisman Trophy winner Doug Flutie. Tripucka is also the grandfather of current NFL punter Shane Tripucka (Chris' son) and former NFL long snapper Travis Tripucka, and former professional lacrosse player Jake Tripucka (both Kelly's sons). Shane played for the Los Angeles Chargers in the 2018 NFL preseason, averaging 45.5 yards per punt. He played for the XFL LA Wildcats in 2020. Shane was also a First-team All-American and All-SEC punter at Texas A&M where he set several punting records. Tripucka died of congestive heart failure on September 12, 2013, at his home in Woodland Park, New Jersey, aged 85. Legacy In 1997, Tripucka was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame. See also List of American Football League players Notes ^ Peyton Manning was permitted use of the number during his tenure with the Broncos by Tripucka. ^ Tripucka's final season in 1963 was split between the AFL and CFL. References ^ a b Profile Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, polishsportshof.com; accessed December 28, 2015. ^ "Former Notre Dame Quarterback Frank Tripucka Dies At Age 85". University of Notre Dame. ^ "Chicago Cardinals at Washington Redskins - October 22nd, 1950". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ Braunwart, Bob; Carroll, Bob. "The Curious Case of the 13th Import" (PDF). Pro Football Research. The Coffin Corner, 1979. ^ a b Curley, Carolyne Volpe (14 September 2013). "The Family of Frank Tripucka has Announced his Passing". TAPinto West Essex. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ^ "Denver Broncos at Buffalo Bills". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ Broken by Gus Frerotte on 19 Nov 2000. See List of Broncos players with 400 yards passing ^ "Manning Introduced as Broncos QB". Fox Sports. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "Peyton Manning retires from football after 18 NFL seasons". The Denver Post. 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-07. ^ Croome, Shane. "Aggie punter Shane Tripucka carrying on family tradition". The Eagle. ^ Constantino, Rocco (11 Sep 2012). "New Raiders Long Snapper Travis Tripucka Brings a Familiar Name Back to the NFL". Bleacher Report. ^ Schwartz, Peter (20 Apr 2016). "Son Of Former NBA Star Tripucka Joins New York Lizards". ^ Frankel, Jeff. "Funeral set for Broncos quarterback Tripucka, formerly of Bloomfield" Archived 2013-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomfield Life, September 13, 2013; accessed September 15, 2013. "Funeral plans are set for Frank Tripucka, the Denver Broncos' first quarterback. He was a Bloomfield native.... Tripucka, 85, a 1945 Bloomfield High School graduate, died Thursday at his Woodland Park home. His son, Kelly Tripucka, a former Notre Dame basketball standout, said his father died of congestive heart failure." External links Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference Links to related articles vteNotre Dame Fighting Irish starting quarterbacks George Cartier (1887) Joe Cusack (1888) Ed Coady (1888–1889) Pat Coady (1892) Charles Zeitler (1893) Nicholas Dinkel (1894) William Walsh (1895) Frank Hering (1896) Fred Waters (1897) Charles Fleming (1898) Angus McDonald (1899) Clarence Diebold (1900) Henry McGlew (1901–1902) Nate Silver (1903–1905) Dick Coad (1904) Bob Bracken (1906) Billy Ryan (1907) Don Hamilton (1908–1909) Gus Dorais (1910–1913) Alfred Bergman (1914) James Phelan (1915–1917) Tex Allison (1917) Bill Mohn (1918) Leonard Bahan (1919) Joe Brandy (1920) Chet Grant (1921) Frank Thomas (1922) Harry Stuhldreher (1922–1924) Red Edwards (1924–1926) Albert Cullen (1925) Chuck Riley (1926–1927) Jim Brady (1927–1928) Frank Carideo (1928–1930) Chuck Jaskwhich (1931–1932) Bud Bonar (1933–1934) Wally Fromhart (1934–1935) Andy Puplis (1936–1937) Steve Sitko (1938–1939) Bob Hargrave (1940) Harry Wright (1941) Angelo Bertelli (1941–1943) Johnny Lujack (1943, 1946–1947) Frank Dancewicz (1944–1945) Frank Tripucka (1948) Bob Williams (1949–1950) John Mazur (1950–1951) Ralph Guglielmi (1951–1954) Tom Carey (1952, 1954) Paul Hornung (1955–1956) Robert Williams (1956–1958) George Izo (1958–1959) Don White (1959) George Haffner (1960) Daryle Lamonica (1960–1962) Frank Budka (1961, 1963) Denis Szot (1962–1963) John Huarte (1963–1964) Sandy Bonvechio (1963) William Zloch (1965) Tom Schoen (1965) Terry Hanratty (1966–1968) Coley O'Brien (1966) Joe Theismann (1968–1970) Pat Steenberge (1971) Bill Etter (1971) Cliff Brown (1971) Tom Clements (1972–1974) Rick Slager (1975–1976) Joe Montana (1975, 1977–1978) Rusty Lisch (1976–1977, 1979) Tim Koegel (1979, 1981) Mike Courey (1979–1980) Blair Kiel (1980–1983) Ken Karcher (1982) Jim O'Hara (1982) Steve Beuerlein (1983–1986) Scott Grooms (1984) Terry Andrysiak (1985–1987) Tony Rice (1987–1989) Kent Graham (1987) Rick Mirer (1990–1992) Paul Failla (1991, 1993) Kevin McDougal (1993) Ron Powlus (1994–1997) Tom Krug (1995) Jarious Jackson (1998–1999) Eric Chappell (1998) Arnaz Battle (2000) Gary Godsey (2000) Matt LoVecchio (2000–2001) Carlyle Holiday (2001–2003) Pat Dillingham (2002) Brady Quinn (2003–2006) Demetrius Jones (2007) Jimmy Clausen (2007–2009) Evan Sharpley (2007) Dayne Crist (2010–2011) Tommy Rees (2010–2013) Everett Golson (2012, 2014) Malik Zaire (2014–2015) DeShone Kizer (2015–2016) Brandon Wimbush (2017–2018) Ian Book (2017–2020) Jack Coan (2021) Tyler Buchner (2022) Drew Pyne (2022) Sam Hartman (2023) Steve Angeli (2023) vte1946 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—AP national champions Russell "Pete" Ashbaugh Terry Brennan Al Cannava Gus Cifelli Corwin Clatt George Connor Larry Coutre Gerard Cowhig Zygmont Czarobski Bill Fischer Bill Gompers Leon Hart Luke Higgins Frank Kosikowski Bill Leonard Bob Livingstone Johnny Lujack Jim Martin John Mastrangelo Ralph McGehee Jim Mello Bill O'Connor John Panelli George Ratterman Vince Scott Joe Signaigo Floyd Simmons Emil Sitko Bob Skoglund Art Statuto George Strohmeyer George Sullivan Mike Swistowicz George Tobin Frank Tripucka Gasper Urban Bill Walsh Marty Wendell Bill Wightkin Joe Yonto Ernie Zalejski Jack Zilly Head coach: Frank Leahy Assistant coaches: Marty Brill Bernie Crimmins John F. Druze Moose Krause Fred Miller vte1947 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—AP national champions Russell "Pete" Ashbaugh Terry Brennan Gus Cifelli Corwin Clatt George Connor Larry Coutre Zygmont Czarobski Bill Fischer Bill Gay Bill Gompers Leon Hart Frank Kosikowski Bill Leonard Bob Livingstone Johnny Lujack Jim Martin Ralph McGehee Bill O'Connor John Panelli Joe Signaigo Floyd Simmons Emil Sitko Frank Spaniel Art Statuto George Strohmeyer George Sullivan Mike Swistowicz Frank Tripucka Gasper Urban Bill Walsh Marty Wendell Bill Wightkin Ernie Zalejski Head coach: Frank Leahy Assistant coaches: Bernie Crimmins John F. Druze Moose Krause vte1949 NFL draft first-round selections Chuck Bednarik John Rauch Doak Walker Paul Page Stan Heath Bobby Gage Bobby Thomason Rob Goode Frank Tripucka Bill Fischer Dick Harris vtePhiladelphia Eagles first-round draft picks Berwanger S. Francis J. McDonald O'Brien McAfee Kmetovic Muha S. Van Buren Yonakor Riggs Armstrong Scott Bednarik Tripucka Grant E. Van Buren Mutryn Bright Worden Bielski Pellegrini Peaks Kowalczyk Burton Baker Budde B. Brown Beisler H. Jones Rossovich Keyes Zabel R. Harris Reaves Sisemore C. Young J. Robinson R. Young L. Mitchell Quick Haddix Kenny Jackson K. Allen Byars Brown Keith Jackson B. Smith A. Davis Holmes L. Renfro B. Williams Mamula Mayberry J. Harris W. Thomas McNabb Simon F. Mitchell Sheppard McDougle Andrews Patterson Bunkley Maclin Graham Watkins Cox Johnson M. Smith Agholor Wentz Barnett Dillard Reagor D. Smith J. Davis Carter N. Smith Q. Mitchell vtePhiladelphia Eagles 1949 NFL draft selections Chuck Bednarik Frank Tripucka Frank Burns Frank Ziegler Don Panciera Terry Brennan Warren Huey Frank Gillespie Bob Dean Jon Jenkins Roy Lester Bobby Wilson Dale Armstrong Lyle Button Bobby Lund Carl Copp Frank Reno Leo Skladany Russ Strait Paul Odom Lloyd Brinkman Lou Futrell Harvey Kingry Hank Kalver Fred Leon John Schweder vteDetroit Lions starting quarterbacksFormerly the Portsmouth Spartans (1930–1933) Chuck Bennett (1930) Glenn Presnell (1931–1933) Dutch Clark (1932–1937) Vern Huffman (1938) Dwight Sloan (1939) Byron White (1940–1941) Harry Hopp (1942) Frank Sinkwich (1943–1944) Chuck Fenenbock (1945) Dave Ryan (1946) Clyde LeForce (1947–1949) Fred Enke (1948–1949) Frank Tripucka (1949) Bobby Layne (1950–1958) Jim Hardy (1952) Tom Dublinski (1953–1954) Harry Gilmer (1955) Tobin Rote (1957–1959) Earl Morrall (1959–1961, 1963–1964) Jim Ninowski (1960–1961) Milt Plum (1962–1967) George Izo (1965) Karl Sweetan (1966–1967) Bill Munson (1968–1970, 1973–1975) Greg Landry (1968–1978) Joe Reed (1975–1977, 1979) Gary Danielson (1977–1978, 1980–1982, 1984) Jeff Komlo (1979, 1981) Eric Hipple (1981–1986, 1989) John Witkowski (1984) Joe Ferguson (1985–1986) Chuck Long (1986–1988) Todd Hons (1987) Rusty Hilger (1988) Bob Gagliano (1989–1990) Rodney Peete (1989–1993) Andre Ware (1990, 1992–1993) Erik Kramer (1991–1993) Dave Krieg (1994) Scott Mitchell (1994–1998) Don Majkowski (1996) Charlie Batch (1998–2001) Frank Reich (1998) Gus Frerotte (1999) Stoney Case (2000) Ty Detmer (2001) Mike McMahon (2001–2002) Joey Harrington (2002–2005) Jeff Garcia (2005) Jon Kitna (2006–2008) Dan Orlovsky (2008) Daunte Culpepper (2008–2009) Matthew Stafford (2009–2020) Drew Stanton (2009–2010) Shaun Hill (2010) Jeff Driskel (2019) David Blough (2019) Jared Goff (2021–present) Tim Boyle (2021) vteArizona Cardinals starting quarterbacksFormerly the Chicago Cardinals (1920–1959), St. Louis Cardinals (1960–1987), and Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993) Paddy Driscoll (1920–1925) Arnold Horween (1922–1924) Hal Erickson (1926–1928) Roddy Lamb (1927) Don Hill (1929) Bunny Belden (1930) Walt Holmer (1931–1932) Joe Lillard (1933) Phil Sarboe (1934–1935) Pug Vaughan (1936) Pat Coffee (1937) Jack Robbins (1938–1939) Hugh McCullough (1940) Ray Mallouf (1941) Bud Schwenk (1942) Ronnie Cahill (1943) John Grigas (1944) Vince Oliver (1945) Paul Collins (1945) Paul Christman (1945–1949) Ray Mallouf (1948) Virgil Eikenberg (1948) Jim Hardy (1949–1951) Frank Tripucka (1950–1952) Charley Trippi (1951–1952) Don Panciera (1952) Jim Root (1953, 1956) Steve Romanik (1953–1954) Ray Nagel (1953) Lamar McHan (1954–1958) Ogden Compton (1955) M. C. Reynolds (1958) King Hill (1959–1960) John Roach (1959–1960) George Izo (1960) Sam Etcheverry (1961–1962) Ralph Guglielmi (1961) Charley Johnson (1962–1966, 1968–1969) Buddy Humphrey (1965) Terry Nofsinger (1966) Jim Hart (1967–1981, 1983) Pete Beathard (1971) Tim Van Galder (1972) Gary Cuozzo (1972) Gary Keithley (1973) Steve Pisarkiewicz (1978–1979) Mike Loyd (1980) Neil Lomax (1981–1988) Cliff Stoudt (1986, 1988) Shawn Halloran (1987) Sammy Garza (1987) Gary Hogeboom (1989) Tom Tupa (1989, 1991) Timm Rosenbach (1989–1990, 1992) Stan Gelbaugh (1991) Chris Chandler (1991–1993) Steve Beuerlein (1993–1994) Jay Schroeder (1994) Jim McMahon (1994) Dave Krieg (1995) Boomer Esiason (1996) Kent Graham (1996–1997) Jake Plummer (1997–2002) Stoney Case (1997) Dave Brown (1999–2000) Jeff Blake (2003) Josh McCown (2003–2005) Shaun King (2004) John Navarre (2004) Kurt Warner (2005–2009) Matt Leinart (2006–2007, 2009) Derek Anderson (2010) John Skelton (2010–2012) Max Hall (2010) Kevin Kolb (2011–2012) Ryan Lindley (2012, 2014) Brian Hoyer (2012) Carson Palmer (2013–2017) Drew Stanton (2014, 2016–2017) Blaine Gabbert (2017) Sam Bradford (2018) Josh Rosen (2018) Kyler Murray (2019–present) Colt McCoy (2021–2022) Trace McSorley (2022) David Blough (2022) Joshua Dobbs (2023) Clayton Tune (2023) vteSaskatchewan Roughriders starting quarterbacks Showalter Rose Cook Belden Hartman Dobbs Tripucka Allard Adam Brodhead Ptacek Lancaster Grosscup Lane Clements Sanders Patterson Barnes Hufnagel Adams Paopao Bentrim Burgess Austin Worman Jones Rylance Mason Kemp Slack Sarkisian Burris Graves Glenn K. Smith Greene Butler Crandell Joseph Durant Bishop Jyles Dinwiddie Willy Sunseri Doege B. Smith Price Gale Bridge Collaros Fajardo Harker Dolegala Fine Harris vteDenver Broncos starting quarterbacks Frank Tripucka (1960–1963) George Herring (1961) George Shaw (1962) Mickey Slaughter (1963–1966) John McCormick (1963, 1965–1966, 1968) Don Breaux (1963) Jacky Lee (1964–1965) Max Choboian (1966) Scotty Glacken (1966) Steve Tensi (1966–1970) Jim LeClair (1966–1967) Marlin Briscoe (1968) Pete Liske (1969–1970) Alan Pastrana (1970) Don Horn (1971) Steve Ramsey (1971–1972, 1974–1976) Charley Johnson (1972–1975) John Hufnagel (1975) Craig Penrose (1976, 1978) Craig Morton (1977–1982) Norris Weese (1978–1979) Matt Robinson (1980) Steve DeBerg (1981–1983) Mark Herrmann (1982) John Elway (1983–1998) Gary Kubiak (1983–1984, 1988–1989) Ken Karcher (1987) Tommy Maddox (1992) Hugh Millen (1994) Bill Musgrave (1996) Bubby Brister (1998) Brian Griese (1999–2002) Chris Miller (1999) Gus Frerotte (2000–2001) Steve Beuerlein (2002–2003) Jake Plummer (2003–2006) Danny Kanell (2003) Jarious Jackson (2003) Jay Cutler (2006–2008) Kyle Orton (2009–2011) Chris Simms (2009) Tim Tebow (2010–2011) Peyton Manning (2012–2015) Brock Osweiler (2015, 2017) Trevor Siemian (2016–2017) Paxton Lynch (2016–2017) Case Keenum (2018) Joe Flacco (2019) Brandon Allen (2019) Drew Lock (2019–2021) Jeff Driskel (2020) Brett Rypien (2020, 2022) Teddy Bridgewater (2021) Russell Wilson (2022–2023) Jarrett Stidham (2023–present) vteSaskatchewan Roughriders head coaches Fred Ritter (1911–1913) Frank Townsend (1914) Hick Abbott (1915–1916) Jerry Crapper (1919–1921) Jack Eadie (1922–1923) Ed Dolan (1924) Doc Blackwood (1925) Howie Milne (1926–1928) Al Ritchie (1929–1933) Greg Grassick (1934) Al Ritchie (1935) Dean Griffing (1936–1941) Al Ritchie (1942) Don King and Lindsay Holt (1945) Ken Preston (1946–1947) Fred Grant (1947–1950) Harry Smith (1951) Glenn Dobbs (1952) Frank Filchock (1953–1957) George Terlep (1958–1959) Frank Tripucka (1959) Ken Carpenter (1960) Steve Owen (1961–1962) Bob Shaw (1963–1964) Eagle Keys (1965–1970) Dave Skrien (1971–1972) John Payne (1973–1976) Jim Eddy (1977–1978) Walt Posadowski (1978) Ron Lancaster (1979–1980) Joe Faragalli (1981–1983) Reuben Berry (1983–1984) Jack Gotta (1985–1986) John Gregory (1987–1991) Don Matthews (1991–1993) Ray Jauch (1994–1995) Jim Daley (1996–1998) Cal Murphy (1999) Danny Barrett (2000–2006) Kent Austin (2007) Ken Miller (2008–2010) Greg Marshall (2011) Ken Miller (2011) Corey Chamblin (2012–2015) Bob Dyce (2015) Chris Jones (2016–2018) Craig Dickenson (2019–2023) Corey Mace (2024–present) vteDenver Broncos 1960 inaugural season roster 14 Dick Doyle 16 George Herring 18 Frank Tripucka 20 Henry Bell 21 Gene Mingo 22 Bob Stransky 23 Goose Gonsoulin 24 Don Allen 33 Pete Mangum 34 Hardy Brown 35 Dave Rolle 36 J.W. Brodnax 40 Al Carmichael 40 Ted Wegert 41 Bob McNamara 42 Al Romine 43 Frank Bernardi 50 Fred Broussard 51 Mike Nichols 52 Frank Kuchta 53 Bob Hudson 60 Ken Adamson 61 Chuck Gavin 62 Buddy Alliston 63 Dave Strickland 64 Bud McFadin 65 Joe Young 67 Johnny Hatley 70 Don King 71 Willie Smith 72 Hal Smith 73 Gordy Holz 75 Eldon Danenhauer 76 Bill Danenhauer 76 Bill Yelverton 77 Carl Larpenter 81 Bill Jessup 83 Johnny Pyeatt 84 Al Day 85 Jim Greer 86 Don Carothers 87 Lionel Taylor 88 Pat Epperson 89 Ken Carpenter -- Jack Davis -- Tom Dublinski Head coach: Frank Filchock vteCFL annual passing touchdowns leaders 1954: Etcheverry 1955: Dublinski & Etcheverry 1956: Etcheverry 1957: Etcheverry 1958: Tripucka 1959: Van Pelt 1960: Rote 1961: Faloney 1962: Kapp 1963: Kapp 1964: Jackson 1965: Jackson 1966: Lancaster 1967: Liske 1968: Liske 1969: Jackson 1970: Keeling & Wood 1971: Jonas 1972: Jonas 1973: Lancaster 1974: Lancaster 1975: Lancaster 1976: Lancaster 1977: Brock 1978: Brock 1979: Moon 1980: Brock 1981: Brock 1982: Moon 1983: Moon 1984: Clements 1985: Dewalt 1986: Johnson 1987: Clements 1988: Dunigan & Renfroe 1989: Ham 1990: Ham 1991: Flutie 1992: Austin 1993: Flutie 1994: Flutie 1995: Dunigan 1996: Flutie 1997: Flutie 1998: Garcia 1999: McManus 2000: Dickenson 2001: Jones 2002: Jones 2003: Calvillo 2004: Printers 2005: Calvillo 2006: Burris 2007: Burris 2008: Calvillo 2009: Calvillo 2010: Burris 2011: Calvillo 2012: Burris 2013: Durant 2014: Ray 2015: Harris 2016: Mitchell 2017: Harris & Reilly 2018: Mitchell 2019: Bethel-Thompson 2021: Collaros 2022: Collaros 2023: Collaros vteAFL season passing yards leaders 1960: Tripucka 1961: Blanda 1962: Tripucka 1963: Blanda 1964: Parilli 1965: Hadl 1966: Namath 1967: Namath 1968: Hadl 1969: Lamonica vteDenver Broncos retired numbers 7 John Elway 18 Frank Tripucka* 44 Floyd Little (*) number was unretired during Peyton Manning's time with the Broncos vteDenver Broncos Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Champ Bailey Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Peyton Manning Karl Mecklenburg Red Miller Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Mike Shanahan Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polishsportshof-2"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_All-Star"},{"link_name":"Broncos Ring of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos#Ring_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Passer Rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_Rating#NFL_and_CFL_formula"}],"text":"American football playerFrancis Joseph Tripucka[1] (December 8, 1927 – September 12, 2013) was an American football quarterback who played professionally for 15 seasons. He spent four seasons in the National Football League (NFL), eight in the Canadian Football League (CFL), and four in American Football League (AFL).[b] Tripucka achieved his greatest success as the inaugural quarterback for the AFL's Denver Broncos, who he was a member of from 1960 to 1963. During Denver's inaugural year, Tripucka became the first NFL / AFL quarterback to throw for 3,000 yards in a season. He received All-Star honors when leading the league in yards in 1962. He was inducted to the Broncos Ring of Fame in 1986. Tripucka has the lowest career Passer Rating in NFL history, minimum 1500 passing attempts, with a career rating of 52.2.","title":"Frank Tripucka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lujack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lujack"},{"link_name":"Frank Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leahy"},{"link_name":"1947 squad's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"passer rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_rating"},{"link_name":"starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_lineup"},{"link_name":"senior year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Trojans_football"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 6–2, 172-pound Tripucka was a three-time letter-winner at Notre Dame. His first two seasons, he played backup quarterback to Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lujack on unbeaten Notre Dame squads in 1946 and 1947. As a freshman backup in 1945, he completed his only pass for 19 yards, and carried twice for eight yards. In 1946, as a sophomore, he hit one of his five throws for 19 yards in relief on the national championship squad. He took approximately 1/4 of Frank Leahy's 1947 squad's pass attempts, connecting on 25 of 44 throws for 422 yards, three TDs, and one interception and a remarkable passer rating of 155.3, and helping the Irish to a second consecutive national championship. With Lujack's graduation, Tripucka became the undisputed starter his senior year. He completed 53 of 91 for 660 yards and a school-record 11 touchdowns, en route to a 9-0-1 record and the Irish's 3rd consecutive season without a loss. A tie against USC in the final game bumped them down to No. 2 behind undefeated Michigan. He played in the college All-Star Game that year.[2]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Tripucka_-_1950_Bowman.jpg"},{"link_name":"1949 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Jim Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dallas Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Texans_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Roughriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders"},{"link_name":"Frank Filchock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Filchock"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Rough Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos"},{"link_name":"Bud Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Grant"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Denver's inaugural 1960 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit2-7"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"last season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos Ring of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos#Ring_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"John Elway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Tripucka on a 1950 Bowman football cardTripucka went on to become a first-round selection (ninth overall pick) by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1949 NFL Draft, but was traded during the preseason to the Detroit Lions. He had four starts his rookie season, compiling a mediocre 9 touchdowns to 14 interceptions; he was also used as a punter 28 times. In 1950, he played for the Chicago Cardinals, where he had four passing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown in relief of Jim Hardy, including a 65 and an 81-yard touchdown pass in game 5 against Washington.[3] In 1951, he had just 29 attempts in 1 start for the Cardinals, and only 12 attempts in six games in 1952 before being traded to the Dallas Texans mid-season. There, he started all six games, but had just 3 touchdowns to 17 interceptions, and a 1–5 record. The Dallas Texans folded after one season, so Tripucka accepted a large contract for the time with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL).Tripucka then took a seven-year run in the CFL. He joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders and their new coach Frank Filchock as the starting quarterback in 1953. He played there through 1958, when he was traded to the Ottawa Rough Riders but struggled and was released. He was back in Saskatchewan before the end of the 1959 season as a coach. Non-Canadians playing Canadian professional football were known as imports, and each team was limited to 12. These spots were filled, so Coach Tripucka was ineligible to play. However, in the fourteenth game of the season, all three Roughrider quarterbacks were sidelined by injuries. For the last two games, management decided to play Tripucka anyway, and forfeit in advance. The Roughriders lost the first of them on the scoreboard as well, 20-19 versus the Edmonton Eskimos. But in the last game of the season against Bud Grant's Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Tripucka had 17 completions in 29 passes and Ferdy Burket ran for five touchdowns. Officially, the final score was Saskatchewan 37, Winnipeg 30 for a Winnipeg \"victory\".[4]After getting fired by Saskatchewan, Tripucka came out of retirement with the American Football League (AFL) as the starting quarterback for the new Denver Broncos franchise. The Broncos had hired Filchock as their coach, and he initially brought Tripucka along as an assistant. He started all 14 games in Denver's inaugural 1960 season, and though he led the league in interceptions in 1960 with 34 (still a Broncos franchise record), he also led the league with 248 of 478 passes for 3,038 yards (the first 3000+ yard season by either an NFL or AFL quarterback), to go with 24 touchdowns, including the first TD pass in AFL history.[5] He started 11 games in 1961, throwing for 1,690 yards, 10 touchdowns, and 21 interceptions. In 1962, he again led the league with 240 completions, 440 attempts, and 2,917 yards. This included a week 2 victory over Buffalo, in which Tripucka threw for a remarkable 447 yards, a franchise record that stood for 38 years.[6][7] On the season, he totaled 17 touchdowns and 25 interceptions, and was selected for the AFL's All Star game for the only time in his career. In his last season, Tripucka had just 7 completions for 31 yards in two games. He returned to Saskatchewan in his final season to be the back up to Ron Lancaster and finished the season with 38 completions for 435 yards.Tripucka retired in 1963 after 15 professional seasons. The Broncos subsequently retired his #18 jersey. In 1986, Tripucka was one of three players to be inducted into the Denver Broncos Ring of Fame. On March 9, 2012, Tripucka stated that he would allow #18 to be worn again by Peyton Manning if the Broncos were to sign him. On March 20, 2012, at a press conference announcing his signing by the Broncos, John Elway thanked Tripucka \"for allowing the franchise to ‘borrow’ the number for Manning.\"[8] On March 7, 2016, the #18 jersey returned to retirement when Manning announced that he was retiring after 18 professional seasons (4 seasons with the Broncos).[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Detroit Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons"},{"link_name":"Kelly Tripucka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Tripucka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit2-7"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Lafayette College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_College"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Doug Flutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Flutie"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Travis Tripucka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tripucka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"congestive heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Woodland Park, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLObit-15"}],"text":"Tripucka is the father of former Notre Dame and Detroit Pistons basketball star Kelly Tripucka, who also played for the Utah Jazz and the Charlotte Hornets.[5] All six sons played Division I sports (his daughter Heather was also a very good athlete). The oldest boy, Tracy, played basketball at Lafayette College and then professionally in Switzerland. Mark was a quarterback at the University of Massachusetts. Todd also played basketball at Lafayette College and broke many of his older brother Tracy's records. T.K., the tallest of the Tripucka boys at 6'9\", played basketball at Fordham University. He also played one season under his brother Tracy, who took over as the Fordham head coach. On one unique night, Fordham played Notre Dame at Madison Square Garden, so T.K. played against his Notre Dame freshman brother Kelly, with oldest brother Tracy coaching Fordham. Kelly was an All-American at Notre Dame and then had an excellent 10-year career in the NBA with the Detroit Pistons, Utah Jazz, and Charlotte Hornets. Kelly was a two-time NBA All-Star. Chris, the youngest of the family, played quarterback, wide receiver, and kicker at Boston College, all with Heisman Trophy winner Doug Flutie.Tripucka is also the grandfather of current NFL punter Shane Tripucka (Chris' son) and [10] former NFL long snapper Travis Tripucka,[11] and former professional lacrosse player Jake Tripucka[12] (both Kelly's sons). Shane played for the Los Angeles Chargers in the 2018 NFL preseason, averaging 45.5 yards per punt. He played for the XFL LA Wildcats in 2020. Shane was also a First-team All-American and All-SEC punter at Texas A&M where he set several punting records.Tripucka died of congestive heart failure on September 12, 2013, at his home in Woodland Park, New Jersey, aged 85.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Polish-American_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polishsportshof-2"}],"text":"In 1997, Tripucka was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Peyton Manning was permitted use of the number during his tenure with the Broncos by Tripucka.\n\n^ Tripucka's final season in 1963 was split between the AFL and CFL.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Tripucka on a 1950 Bowman football card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Frank_Tripucka_-_1950_Bowman.jpg/180px-Frank_Tripucka_-_1950_Bowman.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of American Football League players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Football_League_players"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Honor_Medal

Military Honor Medal

["1 1814 version","2 1864 version","3 References"]

AwardMilitary Honor MedalMilitär-Ehrenzeichen1864 version of the Military Honor Medal, 1st ClassTypeTwo class military decorationAwarded forMerit in wartimePresented byPrussiaStatusNo longer awardedEstablished1814Last awarded1918Combatants ribbon 1814-1918Non-combatants ribbon 1864-1918 Order of Wear 1916Next (higher)Military Merit CrossNext (lower)Russian Order of St. George, 4th Class The Military Honor Medal (German: Militär-Ehrenzeichen) was a two-class military decoration awarded by the Kingdom of Prussia. The medal was awarded to military personnel from the rank of sergeant and below. Established in 1814, it replaced the Gold Military Merit Medal of 1806 (Goldene Militär-Verdienstmedaille), with a medal in the shape of a cross silver cross for the 1st class while the Silver Military Medal of 1806 (Silberne Militär-Verdienstmedaille) became the 2nd class with minor changes in design. Initial award criteria meant that in order to be awarded the 1st Class cross a recipient must have been awarded the 2nd Class medal first, much like the requirements for the General Honor Decoration. The Military Honor Medal and General Honor Decoration developed in a side-by-side manner in their first years of award. They utilized the same cross and medal for their first few years until the General Honor Decoration, 1st Class became the 4th Class of the Order of the Red Eagle in 1830. Even after this change the General Honor Decoration, 2nd Class and Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class utilized the same medal until 1864 when the Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class was redesigned at the same time as the Military Honor Medal, 1st Class. The Military Honor Medal was typically awarded during wars when the Iron Cross was not. These conflicts included the wars of German Unification such as the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Second Schleswig War in 1864, and Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Awards for military conflicts in the German colonial empire were made from 1896-1906. The Military Honor Medal could also be awarded to foreign troops, an example being 52 awards to Russian soldiers for service in China in 1902. 1814 version Military Honor Medal, 1st Class 1814Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class 1814 The 1814 version of the cross and medal shared the same design as the Honor Decoration, the only difference between the awards at that time was the color of ribbon suspending the cross. The General Honor Decoration for civil merit was suspended from a white with orange striped ribbon, while the Military Honor Medal was suspended from a black ribbon with white stripes. The 1st class was a silver 36 mm cross pattée with a center medallion. The obverse of the medallion bore the inscription VERDIENST UM DEN STAAT (Merit for the State) in three lines, while the reverse bore the crowned cypher of Friedrich Wilhelm III, the founder of the award. The 2nd class was a 39 mm circular silver medal also bearing the inscription VERDIENST UM DEN STAAT on its obverse, surrounded by a laurel wreath, with the reverse depicting a large crowned cypher of Friedrich Wilhelm III. In 1830, the General Honor Decoration, 1st class, became the Fourth Class of the Order of the Red Eagle, with the medallion in the center of the cross being replaced by an enamelled insignia of the Order of the Red Eagle. This design change ended the identical paralleling of the designs of the General Honor Decoration and Military Honor Medal. 1864 version 1864 version of the Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class In 1864, King Wilhelm I reauthorized the Military Honor Medal for award with a redesign of the 1st class cross and a 2nd class medal. This came about at the same time as the higher ranking Military Merit Cross, a gold or silver gilt version of the same cross. This new authorization also changed the criteria of the medal, meaning it was no longer necessary to be awarded the 2nd class medal before the 1st class cross. The 1st class cross was still in the form of a silver cross pattée, but the design of the obverse and reverse medallion changed. The obverse now bore the inscription KRIEGS VERDIENST (War Merit) above a spray of laurel leaves, while the reverse bore the crowned cypher of King Wilhelm. The 2nd class medal was still in the form of a circular medal but also gained the updated obverse inscription KRIEGS VERDIENST, with its obverse bearing the crowned cypher of King Wilhelm. References ^ Lundström, Richard. "Prussian Regulations of 24 February 1915 (with amendment 1916)". Guide to German Ribbon Bars 1914-1945. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ a b c "The Military Honor Medal 1st Class". Medalnet.net. 4 March 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ "DHM Objektdatenbank" (in German). Dhm.de. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ "Militär-Ehrenzeichen 1.Klasse 1864" (in German). Ehrenzeichen-orden.de. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ "DHM Objektdatenbank" (in German). Dhm.de. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ "DHM Objektdatenbank" (in German). Dhm.de. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013. vte Orders, decorations and medals of PrussiaOrders Order of the Black Eagle Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown Order of the Red Eagle Order of the Crown House Order of Hohenzollern Pour le Mérite Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) Order of Louise Wilhelm-Orden Military decorations Iron Cross Kulm Cross Military Merit Cross Military Honor Medal Merit Cross for War Aid Warrior Merit Medal Civil decorations Lifesaving Medal General Honor Decoration Merit Cross Jerusalem Cross Cross of the Mount of Olives Red Cross Medal Ladies Merit Cross Cross of Merit for Women and Girls

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"General Honor Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Honor_Decoration_(Prussia)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in the German states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"German colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medalnet-2"}],"text":"The Military Honor Medal (German: Militär-Ehrenzeichen) was a two-class military decoration awarded by the Kingdom of Prussia. The medal was awarded to military personnel from the rank of sergeant and below. Established in 1814, it replaced the Gold Military Merit Medal of 1806 (Goldene Militär-Verdienstmedaille), with a medal in the shape of a cross silver cross for the 1st class while the Silver Military Medal of 1806 (Silberne Militär-Verdienstmedaille) became the 2nd class with minor changes in design.Initial award criteria meant that in order to be awarded the 1st Class cross a recipient must have been awarded the 2nd Class medal first, much like the requirements for the General Honor Decoration. The Military Honor Medal and General Honor Decoration developed in a side-by-side manner in their first years of award. They utilized the same cross and medal for their first few years until the General Honor Decoration, 1st Class became the 4th Class of the Order of the Red Eagle in 1830. Even after this change the General Honor Decoration, 2nd Class and Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class utilized the same medal until 1864 when the Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class was redesigned at the same time as the Military Honor Medal, 1st Class.The Military Honor Medal was typically awarded during wars when the Iron Cross was not. These conflicts included the wars of German Unification such as the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Second Schleswig War in 1864, and Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Awards for military conflicts in the German colonial empire were made from 1896-1906. The Military Honor Medal could also be awarded to foreign troops, an example being 52 awards to Russian soldiers for service in China in 1902.[2]","title":"Military Honor Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ehrenzeichen_1_Klasse_1814_Preu%C3%9Fen.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allgemeines_Ehrenzeichen,_II_Klasse.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medalnet-2"},{"link_name":"cross pattée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Military Honor Medal, 1st Class 1814Military Honor Medal, 2nd Class 1814The 1814 version of the cross and medal shared the same design as the Honor Decoration, the only difference between the awards at that time was the color of ribbon suspending the cross. The General Honor Decoration for civil merit was suspended from a white with orange striped ribbon, while the Military Honor Medal was suspended from a black ribbon with white stripes.[2]The 1st class was a silver 36 mm cross pattée with a center medallion. The obverse of the medallion bore the inscription VERDIENST UM DEN STAAT (Merit for the State) in three lines, while the reverse bore the crowned cypher of Friedrich Wilhelm III, the founder of the award.[3] The 2nd class was a 39 mm circular silver medal also bearing the inscription VERDIENST UM DEN STAAT on its obverse, surrounded by a laurel wreath, with the reverse depicting a large crowned cypher of Friedrich Wilhelm III.In 1830, the General Honor Decoration, 1st class, became the Fourth Class of the Order of the Red Eagle, with the medallion in the center of the cross being replaced by an enamelled insignia of the Order of the Red Eagle. This design change ended the identical paralleling of the designs of the General Honor Decoration and Military Honor Medal.","title":"1814 version"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_Honor_Medal_1864_Prussia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Prussia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medalnet-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1864 version of the Military Honor Medal, 2nd ClassIn 1864, King Wilhelm I reauthorized the Military Honor Medal for award with a redesign of the 1st class cross and a 2nd class medal. This came about at the same time as the higher ranking Military Merit Cross, a gold or silver gilt version of the same cross.[2] This new authorization also changed the criteria of the medal, meaning it was no longer necessary to be awarded the 2nd class medal before the 1st class cross.[4]The 1st class cross was still in the form of a silver cross pattée, but the design of the obverse and reverse medallion changed. The obverse now bore the inscription KRIEGS VERDIENST (War Merit) above a spray of laurel leaves, while the reverse bore the crowned cypher of King Wilhelm.[5]The 2nd class medal was still in the form of a circular medal but also gained the updated obverse inscription KRIEGS VERDIENST, with its obverse bearing the crowned cypher of King Wilhelm.[6]","title":"1864 version"}]

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[{"reference":"Lundström, Richard. \"Prussian Regulations of 24 February 1915 (with amendment 1916)\". Guide to German Ribbon Bars 1914-1945. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/related/ribbons/regulations/rules_regulations2.htm","url_text":"\"Prussian Regulations of 24 February 1915 (with amendment 1916)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Military Honor Medal 1st Class\". Medalnet.net. 4 March 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medalnet.net/Military_Honor_Medal.htm","url_text":"\"The Military Honor Medal 1st Class\""}]},{"reference":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\" (in German). Dhm.de. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/dhm.php?user=uml&seite=5&fld_0=mi010746","url_text":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Militär-Ehrenzeichen 1.Klasse 1864\" (in German). Ehrenzeichen-orden.de. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/deutsche-staaten/militar-ehrenzeichen-1-klasse-1864.html","url_text":"\"Militär-Ehrenzeichen 1.Klasse 1864\""}]},{"reference":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\" (in German). Dhm.de. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/dhm.php?user=uml&seite=5&fld_0=mi010734","url_text":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\" (in German). Dhm.de. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/dhm.php?user=uml&seite=5&fld_0=mi010736","url_text":"\"DHM Objektdatenbank\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechenov_(crater)

Sechenov (crater)

["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]

Coordinates: 7°06′S 142°36′W / 7.1°S 142.6°W / -7.1; -142.6This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Lunar crater Feature on the moonSechenovLRO imageCoordinates7°06′S 142°36′W / 7.1°S 142.6°W / -7.1; -142.6Diameter62 kmDepthUnknownColongitude144° at sunriseEponymIvan M. Sechenov Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image Sechenov is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the southwest of the huge walled plain Hertzsprung, and to the east-southeast of the crater Timiryazev. To the south-southeast of Sechenov lies Paschen. This crater has taken a moderate amount of wear and tear as a result of subsequent impacts. The outer rim is somewhat worn and uneven. There is a small crater intruding into the southwestern outer rim. A joined pair of small craters is located in the middle of the interior floor, and there is a small craterlet along the eastern base of the inner wall. Sechenov is a crater of Nectarian age. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Sechenov. Sechenov Latitude Longitude Diameter C 5.2° S 141.3° W 19 km P 9.8° S 143.8° W 23 km References ^ The geologic history of the Moon. USGS Professional Paper 1348. By Don E. Wilhelms, John F. McCauley, and Newell J. Trask. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1987. Table 9-4. Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginners_(film)

Beginners

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Reception","5.1 Accolades","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

2010 American film by Mike Mills For other uses, see Beginner. BeginnersPromotional posterDirected byMike MillsWritten byMike MillsProduced by Leslie Urdang Dean Vanech Miranda de Pencier Jay Van Hoy Lars Knudsen Starring Ewan McGregor Christopher Plummer Mélanie Laurent Goran Višnjić CinematographyKasper TuxenEdited byOlivier Bugge CouttéMusic by Roger Neill David Palmer Brian Reitzell Jelly Roll Morton Productioncompanies Olympus Pictures Parts & Labor Northwood Productions Distributed byFocus FeaturesRelease dates September 11, 2010 (2010-09-11) (TIFF) June 3, 2011 (2011-06-03) (United States) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3.2 millionBox office$14.3 million Beginners is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Mills. It tells the story of a man reflecting on the life and death of his father, while trying to forge a new romantic relationship with a woman dealing with father-issues of her own. The film is based on the coming out of Mills' own father at the age of 75, five years before his death. After its premiere at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Times heralded Beginners as a "heady, heartfelt film" with a cast who have "a strong sense of responsibility to their real-world counterparts". Christopher Plummer received numerous accolades for his performance in the film, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Plot (Throughout the film, scenes of Oliver Fields' memories of his deceased parents are intercut, as flashbacks, into the narrative of his developing relationship with Anna Wallace.) In Los Angeles in 2003, a few months after the death of his father, Hal, from lung cancer, 38-year-old graphic designer Oliver often thinks about his relationship with Hal near the end of his life. Hal had come out to Oliver six months after Georgia, Hal's wife of 44 years and Oliver's mother, died of cancer, and explored life as an openly gay man from the age of 75 until he died four years later. He got active in the local gay community, found love with a much-younger man named Andy, and became closer to Oliver than he had been previously. Oliver helped Hal during his cancer treatments, and he noted the grace, good humor, and, sometimes, seeming-denial with which Hal faced his fate. Hal and Georgia had known each other since high school, and eventually she asked him to marry her, saying she could "fix" his homosexuality. He saw a psychiatrist for a time and they were married until her death, but they always had a fairly cool relationship, and Oliver recalls his childhood with an unfulfilled, but loving, Georgia, while Hal, a museum director, was often absent, both physically and emotionally. Not wanting to end up like his parents, Oliver never settled for a passionless relationship, which has left him with only Hal's Jack Russell Terrier, Arthur, who does not like to be left alone, for company. Oliver's work friends get him to go to a costume party, where he meets Anna, a French actress. Although she communicates by writing messages because she has laryngitis and temporarily cannot speak, they instantly connect. They go back to Anna's hotel room, where Oliver tells her about his parents, and they kiss, but then Anna asks if they can just go to sleep, and Oliver agrees. The next day, Anna has to go to New York for an audition, but she says she wants to see Oliver when she gets back. Inspired by his father's attitude towards the end of his life, Oliver decides to pursue a romance with Anna. When Anna returns, she and Oliver see a lot of each other and fall in love. Eventually, he asks her to move in with him, and she does, but Anna, who left home when she was 16 and has a strained relationship with her depressive father and, like Oliver, is the one who has ended all of her serious romantic relationships, never unpacks her suitcase, which bothers Oliver. Things become awkward between them, as neither knows how to build a life with someone else, and, after a short time, Oliver says living together does not feel right, and Anna decides to move back to New York City. Before long, Oliver misses Anna, but she does not answer his calls, so he drops Arthur off with Andy and flies to New York to talk to her. He calls her again from outside her apartment and she answers, and it turns out she never left Los Angeles. When Oliver gets home, Anna comes over, and, though they do not know what will happen next, they both seem optimistic about their future together. Cast Ewan McGregor as Oliver Fields Keegan Boos as Young Oliver Christopher Plummer as Hal Fields, Oliver's father Mélanie Laurent as Anna Wallace, a French actress with whom Oliver begins a relationship Goran Višnjić as Andy, Hal's much-younger lover Kai Lennox as Elliot, Oliver's friend and co-worker Mary Page Keller as Georgia Fields, Oliver's mother China Shavers as Shauna, Oliver's friend and co-worker Reynaldo Pacheco as Juan, Hal's hospice nurse Jennifer Hasty as Hal's Secretary Cosmo as Arthur, Hal's (and later Oliver's) dog Lou Taylor Pucci, the star of Mike Mills' previous film Thumbsucker (2005), has a cameo appearance in the film as the man dressed as a magician at the costume party. Production Much of the film is based on director Mike Mills' experiences after his own father came out of the closet following his mother's death. It was shot using the Red One digital camera. In Oliver's dining room, there is a poster for Siedem Razy Kobieta, the Polish name of the 1967 Shirley MacLaine film Woman Times Seven. Music Main article: Beginners (soundtrack) Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 161 reviews, with an average score of 7.5/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "Wearing its twee heart on its sleeve, Beginners explores the depths of modern, multi-generational romance with wit and depth." On Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 81 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing: "It's a hopeful fable with deep optimism and a cheerful style that kids itself." Peter Debruge of Variety called it "deeply poignant and disarmingly personal". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "The movie darts, dreams, and sometimes seems to dance. The great Plummer, meanwhile, creates an inspiring, fully rounded man in late bloom, and McGregor responds with a performance to match." Diego Costa of Slant Magazine said: "One of the most distinct pleasures of Beginners is the way it puts together fragments of someone's life — presumably the filmmaker's, although little does it matter — with humility, and without vying for some complete whole." Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "A lovably quirky comedy drama with a rhythm all its own." Accolades In 2011, Beginners won the Gotham Award for Best Feature, which it shared with The Tree of Life. For his performance, Christopher Plummer won numerous "supporting actor" awards, including at the National Board of Review Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Online Film Critics Society Awards, Denver Film Critics Society Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and Academy Awards. Plummer also won Best Supporting Male at the Independent Spirit Awards, and the film was nominated for Best Feature, Best Director, and Best Screenplay at that event. In addition, Plummer was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor. Notes ^ The character is called "Juan" in the film, but named "Julio" in the film's credits. References ^ "Beginners (15)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 2011-12-03. ^ a b Beginners at Box Office Mojo ^ Bradshaw, James (2011-09-10). "Beginners: A late dash out of the close". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-13. ^ Olsen, Mark (2011-09-05). "Beginners has a piece of Mike Mills' soul". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-09-13. ^ a b c d Alexander Ryll. "Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Beginners". Gay Essential. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015. ^ Dargis, Manohla (2011-06-02). "Beginners, With Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor — Review". The New York Times. ^ "Beginners". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 31, 2022. ^ "Beginners". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-08-31. ^ Ebert, Roger (2011-06-08). "Beginners". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2022-02-20. ^ Variety, September 12, 2010: Review: ‘Beginners’ Relinked 2014-06-25 ^ Szalai, Georg (November 28, 2011). "Gotham Awards 2011: 'Tree of Life', 'Beginners' Tie for Best Feature". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Cangialosi, Jason (January 11, 2012). "Denver Film Critics Society Announces 2012 Award Winners". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved January 11, 2012. ^ "Nominees and Winners for the 84th Academy Awards". Academy Awards Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Oscars). Retrieved 21 February 2012. ^ "Film Independent Spirit Awards Home - Film Independent" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-15. Retrieved 2011-12-04. ^ "2011 - Categories - International Press Academy". External links Official website Beginners at AllMovie Beginners at Metacritic Beginners at Box Office Mojo Beginners at Rotten Tomatoes Beginners at IMDb vteFilms directed by Mike Mills Paperboys (2001) Thumbsucker (2005) Beginners (2010) 20th Century Women (2016) I Am Easy to Find (2019) C'mon C'mon (2021) vteGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release The Handmaid's Tale / Longtime Companion (1991) Frankie and Johnny / Fried Green Tomatoes (1992) Philadelphia (1994) The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert / Go Fish (1995) Boys on the Side (1996) Bound (1997) In & Out (1998) Gods and Monsters (1999) Being John Malkovich (2000) Billy Elliot (2001) The Mexican (2002) The Hours (2003) Bend It Like Beckham (2004) Kinsey (2005) Brokeback Mountain (2006) Little Miss Sunshine (2007) Stardust (2008) Milk (2009) A Single Man (2010) The Kids Are All Right (2011) Beginners (2012) The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2013) Philomena (2014) The Imitation Game (2015) Carol (2016) Moonlight (2017) Call Me by Your Name (2018) Love, Simon (2019) Booksmart (2020) Happiest Season (2021) Eternals (2022) Bros (2023) Bottoms (2024) vteGotham Independent Film Award for Best Feature Sideways (2004) Capote (2005) Half Nelson (2006) Into the Wild (2007) Frozen River (2008) The Hurt Locker (2009) Winter's Bone (2010) Beginners / The Tree of Life (2011) Moonrise Kingdom (2012) Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) Spotlight (2015) Moonlight (2016) Call Me by Your Name (2017) The Rider (2018) Marriage Story (2019) Nomadland (2020) The Lost Daughter (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) Past Lives (2023) vteGotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast The Squid and the Whale (2005) Babel (2006) Before the Devil Knows You're Dead / Talk to Me (2007) Synecdoche, New York / Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) The Hurt Locker (2009) Winter's Bone (2010) Beginners (2011) Your Sister's Sister (2012) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Poland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beginner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginner_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Mike Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mills_(director)"},{"link_name":"coming out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere"},{"link_name":"2010 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"}],"text":"For other uses, see Beginner.Beginners is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Mills. It tells the story of a man reflecting on the life and death of his father, while trying to forge a new romantic relationship with a woman dealing with father-issues of her own. The film is based on the coming out of Mills' own father at the age of 75, five years before his death.[3]After its premiere at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Times heralded Beginners as a \"heady, heartfelt film\" with a cast who have \"a strong sense of responsibility to their real-world counterparts\".[4] Christopher Plummer received numerous accolades for his performance in the film, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.","title":"Beginners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flashbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"graphic designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_designer"},{"link_name":"come out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"Jack Russell Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier"},{"link_name":"laryngitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis"}],"text":"(Throughout the film, scenes of Oliver Fields' memories of his deceased parents are intercut, as flashbacks, into the narrative of his developing relationship with Anna Wallace.)In Los Angeles in 2003, a few months after the death of his father, Hal, from lung cancer, 38-year-old graphic designer Oliver often thinks about his relationship with Hal near the end of his life. Hal had come out to Oliver six months after Georgia, Hal's wife of 44 years and Oliver's mother, died of cancer, and explored life as an openly gay man from the age of 75 until he died four years later. He got active in the local gay community, found love with a much-younger man named Andy, and became closer to Oliver than he had been previously. Oliver helped Hal during his cancer treatments, and he noted the grace, good humor, and, sometimes, seeming-denial with which Hal faced his fate.Hal and Georgia had known each other since high school, and eventually she asked him to marry her, saying she could \"fix\" his homosexuality. He saw a psychiatrist for a time and they were married until her death, but they always had a fairly cool relationship, and Oliver recalls his childhood with an unfulfilled, but loving, Georgia, while Hal, a museum director, was often absent, both physically and emotionally. Not wanting to end up like his parents, Oliver never settled for a passionless relationship, which has left him with only Hal's Jack Russell Terrier, Arthur, who does not like to be left alone, for company.Oliver's work friends get him to go to a costume party, where he meets Anna, a French actress. Although she communicates by writing messages because she has laryngitis and temporarily cannot speak, they instantly connect. They go back to Anna's hotel room, where Oliver tells her about his parents, and they kiss, but then Anna asks if they can just go to sleep, and Oliver agrees. The next day, Anna has to go to New York for an audition, but she says she wants to see Oliver when she gets back. Inspired by his father's attitude towards the end of his life, Oliver decides to pursue a romance with Anna.When Anna returns, she and Oliver see a lot of each other and fall in love. Eventually, he asks her to move in with him, and she does, but Anna, who left home when she was 16 and has a strained relationship with her depressive father and, like Oliver, is the one who has ended all of her serious romantic relationships, never unpacks her suitcase, which bothers Oliver. Things become awkward between them, as neither knows how to build a life with someone else, and, after a short time, Oliver says living together does not feel right, and Anna decides to move back to New York City.Before long, Oliver misses Anna, but she does not answer his calls, so he drops Arthur off with Andy and flies to New York to talk to her. He calls her again from outside her apartment and she answers, and it turns out she never left Los Angeles. When Oliver gets home, Anna comes over, and, though they do not know what will happen next, they both seem optimistic about their future together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Mélanie Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Laurent"},{"link_name":"Goran Višnjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mary Page Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Page_Keller"},{"link_name":"China Shavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Shavers"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cosmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Lou Taylor Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Taylor_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Thumbsucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbsucker_(film)"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"}],"text":"Ewan McGregor as Oliver Fields\nKeegan Boos as Young Oliver\nChristopher Plummer as Hal Fields, Oliver's father\nMélanie Laurent as Anna Wallace, a French actress with whom Oliver begins a relationship\nGoran Višnjić as Andy, Hal's much-younger lover\nKai Lennox as Elliot, Oliver's friend and co-worker\nMary Page Keller as Georgia Fields, Oliver's mother\nChina Shavers as Shauna, Oliver's friend and co-worker\nReynaldo Pacheco as Juan[a], Hal's hospice nurse\nJennifer Hasty as Hal's Secretary\nCosmo as Arthur, Hal's (and later Oliver's) dogLou Taylor Pucci, the star of Mike Mills' previous film Thumbsucker (2005), has a cameo appearance in the film as the man dressed as a magician at the costume party.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mills_(director)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"},{"link_name":"Red One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema_Camera_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shirley MacLaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine"},{"link_name":"Woman Times Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Times_Seven"}],"text":"Much of the film is based on director Mike Mills' experiences after his own father came out of the closet following his mother's death.[5] It was shot using the Red One digital camera.[6] In Oliver's dining room, there is a poster for Siedem Razy Kobieta, the Polish name of the 1967 Shirley MacLaine film Woman Times Seven.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-9"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"}],"text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 161 reviews, with an average score of 7.5/10; the site's \"critics consensus\" reads: \"Wearing its twee heart on its sleeve, Beginners explores the depths of modern, multi-generational romance with wit and depth.\"[7] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 81 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[8]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing: \"It's a hopeful fable with deep optimism and a cheerful style that kids itself.\"[9] Peter Debruge of Variety called it \"deeply poignant and disarmingly personal\".[10] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote: \"The movie darts, dreams, and sometimes seems to dance. The great Plummer, meanwhile, creates an inspiring, fully rounded man in late bloom, and McGregor responds with a performance to match.\"[5] Diego Costa of Slant Magazine said: \"One of the most distinct pleasures of Beginners is the way it puts together fragments of someone's life — presumably the filmmaker's, although little does it matter — with humility, and without vying for some complete whole.\"[5] Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film \"A lovably quirky comedy drama with a rhythm all its own.\"[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotham Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Awards_2011"},{"link_name":"Best Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature"},{"link_name":"The Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tree_of_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"National Board of Review Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Awards_2011"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Online Film Critics Society Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Film_Critics_Society_Awards_2011"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_Awards_2012_winners-14"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Male"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"In 2011, Beginners won the Gotham Award for Best Feature, which it shared with The Tree of Life.[11] For his performance, Christopher Plummer won numerous \"supporting actor\" awards, including at the National Board of Review Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Online Film Critics Society Awards, Denver Film Critics Society Awards,[12] Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and Academy Awards.[13] Plummer also won Best Supporting Male at the Independent Spirit Awards, and the film was nominated for Best Feature, Best Director, and Best Screenplay at that event.[14] In addition, Plummer was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor.[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ The character is called \"Juan\" in the film, but named \"Julio\" in the film's credits.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Rochdale_by-election

1940 Rochdale by-election

["1 Vacancy","2 Candidates","3 Result","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References"]

UK Parliamentary by-election This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1940 Rochdale by-election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 1940 Rochdale by-election was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Rochdale in Lancashire on 20 July 1940. Vacancy The seat had become vacant when the Labour Member of Parliament William Kelly, had resigned his seat in Parliament by the procedural device of accepting the post of Steward of the Manor of Northstead, a notional 'office of profit under the crown'. Kelly had been Rochdale's MP since winning the seat from the Conservatives at the 1935 general election. Candidates The Labour Party candidate was Dr Hyacinth Morgan, a doctor born in the West Indies to Irish parents, who had studied medicine in Glasgow. After three unsuccessful attempts, he won the Camberwell North West seat at the 1929 general election, but lost it at the 1931 election. This was his first candidacy since his defeat. During the Second World War the political parties in the Coalition Government had agreed not to contest by-elections when a vacancy arose in any of the seats held by the other coalition parties. Although many later by-elections were contested by independent or minor party candidates, none were nominated in Rochdale. Result As there was only one candidate, no vote needed to be held, and Morgan was returned unopposed. Aftermath Morgan represented the constituency until the 1950 general election, when he moved to the safer seat of Warrington. Rochdale was won by the Conservatives at the 1951 election. See also Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency) Rochdale List of United Kingdom by-elections United Kingdom by-election records References vte« 36th Parliament « By-elections to the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom » 38th Parliament »1936 January: Combined Scottish Universities February: Ross and Cromarty March: Dunbartonshire Llanelli May: Peckham June: Lewes July: Derby Balham and Tooting East Grinstead October: Birmingham Erdington November: Clay Cross Preston Greenock 1937 February: St Pancras North Manchester Gorton Oxford University Richmond-upon-Thames March: Combined English Universities Tonbridge Farnham April: Stalybridge and Hyde Wandsworth Central Birmingham West May: York June: Glasgow Hillhead Buckingham Plymouth Drake Cheltenham Hemel Hempstead Holland with Boston Bewdley Ilford St Ives July: Kingston-upon-Thames Chertsey North Dorset September: Glasgow Springburn October: Islington North November: Hastings 1938 January: Farnworth February: Pontypridd Ipswich Combined Scottish Universities April: City of London Fulham West May: Lichfield Aylesbury June: West Derbyshire Stafford Barnsley July: Willesden East October: Oxford November: Dartford Walsall Bridgwater Doncaster Lewisham West Fylde December: Kinross and Western Perthshire 1939 January: East Norfolk February: Holderness Ripon March: Batley and Morley Kincardineshire and Western Aberdeenshire April: South Ayrshire May: Down Sheffield Hallam Westminster Abbey Birmingham Aston Southwark North Kennington July: Caerphilly Portsmouth South North Cornwall Hythe Monmouth Colne Valley August: Brecon and Radnorshire October: Fareham High Peak Clackmannanshire and East Stirlingshire Ormskirk Ashton-under-Lyne November: Macclesfield December: Streatham Stretford Wells 1940 February: Southampton City of London Swansea East Belfast East Southwark Central Silvertown Cambridge University March: Kettering City of Chester Leeds North East April: Argyllshire Lonsdale Battersea North Glasgow Pollok May: Brighton East Renfrewshire Middleton and Prestwich June: Spen Valley Newcastle North Bow and Bromley Croydon North Wandsworth Central Bournemouth July: Newcastle West Montrose Burghs Nottingham Central Rochdale Wansbeck August: Middlesbrough West Mitcham Heywood and Radcliffe September: Bolton Manchester Exchange Preston November: Queen's University of Belfast Aldershot Southampton December: Northampton Birmingham Edgbaston 1941 February: Doncaster South Dorset Petersfield Dunbartonshire March: Hitchin Bodmin Carmarthen April: Great Yarmouth West Bromwich Mansfield May: Birmingham King's Norton Hornsey June: West Dorset July: Greenock Edinburgh West Dudley Pontefract August: Berwick-upon-Tweed September: Scarborough and Whitby The Wrekin October: Lancaster November: Brighton Hampstead December: Harrow Edinburgh Central 1942 February: North East Derbyshire Keighley March: Nuneaton Manchester Gorton Newcastle-under-Lyme Wigan Grantham April: Tavistock Cardiff East Glasgow Cathcart Wallasey Rugby May: Putney Chichester June: Llandaff and Barry Maldon Windsor July: Salisbury Spennymoor August: Rothwell Whitechapel and St Georges Poplar South Sheffield Park October: Manchester Clayton Ince 1943 January: Hamilton University of Wales February: Belfast West Ashford Antrim Midlothian and Peebles King's Lynn Portsmouth North Bristol Central Watford April: Buckingham Eddisbury Daventry June: The Hartlepools Newark Birmingham Aston July: Burton-on-Trent August: Chippenham October: St Albans Peterborough November: Woolwich West December: Consett Darwen Acton 1944 January: Skipton February: Brighton West Derbyshire Kirkcaldy Burghs Sheffield Attercliffe Bury St Edmunds March: Camberwell North April: Clay Cross July: Manchester Rusholme September: Bilston October: Chelsea Berwick-upon-Tweed 1945 April: Motherwell Combined Scottish Universities Chelmsford Caernarvon Boroughs May: Middlesbrough West Neath Newport Lists of UK by-elections 1801–1806 1806–1818 1818–1832 1832–1847 1847–1857 1857–1868 1868–1885 1885–1900 1900–1918 1918–1931 1931–1950 1950–1979 1979–2010 2010–present Northern Ireland Hereditary peers This article about a by-election to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages

High German languages

["1 Classification","2 History","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]

West Germanic language family This article is about the family of regional language varieties. For the Standard High German language, see Standard German. High GermanGeographicdistributionGerman-speaking Europe, United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Colonia Tovar Central and southern Germany Austria and South Tyrol Liechtenstein Luxembourg Switzerland Belgium Alsace and Lorraine Linguistic classificationIndo-EuropeanGermanicWest GermanicElbe and Weser–Rhine GermanicHigh GermanSubdivisions Central German Upper German Glottologhigh1289 The High German languages (German: hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diasporas in Romania, Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia. High German is marked by the High German consonant shift, separating it from Low German (Low Saxon) and Low Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. Classification German dialect area, defined as all West Germanic varieties using Standard German as their literary language:   Frisian   Low Franconian   Low Saxon or Low German   Central German   Upper German As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (i.e. "Highland" German), out of which developed Standard German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge) and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany; it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein, and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken in the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain. High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German (Oberdeutsch) and Central or Middle German (Mitteldeutsch, this includes Luxembourgish, which itself is now a standard language). High German is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare the following: English Low German Standard High German Consonant shift pan Pann Pfanne to two twee zwei to make maken machen to In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift: Sack (like English/Low German "sack/Sack") is pronounced ( to ). History See also: Theodiscus Old High German evolved from about 500 AD. Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language (Minnesang) under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen. The term "High German" as spoken in central and southern Germany (Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria) and Austria was first documented in the 15th century. Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period, the Early New High German varieties, especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible, formed an important basis for the development of Standard German. Family This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, because most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat. High German Central German (German: Mitteldeutsch) East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon, including Erzgebirgisch South Marchian Lusatian Silesian (now mostly spoken by the German minority in Upper Silesia) High Prussian (nearly extinct) West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Moselle Franconian dialects, including Luxembourgish Hunsrik language (from the Hunsrückisch dialect) Rhine Franconian Palatine, including Lorraine Franconian (France) Pennsylvania Dutch (in the United States and Canada) Hessian High Franconian, in the transitional area between Central and Upper German East Franconian South Franconian Upper German (German: Oberdeutsch) Alemannic in the broad sense or West Upper German (German: Westoberdeutsch), including Swiss German dialects Swabian Alemannic in the strict sense Low Alemannic, including Alsatian and Basel German High Alemannic Highest Alemannic Bavarian or East Upper German (German: Ostoberdeutsch), including Austrian German dialects Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian, including Viennese Southern Bavarian, including Mócheno in Trentino, Italy Gottscheerish Cimbrian, nearly extinct Hutterite German (in Canada and the United States) Lombardic, extinct Yiddish, evolved from Middle High German See also Germany portal High Germany References ^ W. Heeringa: Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance. University of Groningen, 2009, pp. 232–234. ^ Peter Wiesinger: Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte. In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.): Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung, 2. Halbband. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, ISBN 3-11-009571-8, pp. 807–900. ^ Werner König: dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache. 19. Auflage. dtv, München 2019, ISBN 978-3-423-03025-0, pp. 230. ^ C. Giesbers: Dialecten op de grens van twee talen. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2008, pp. 233. ^ Compare the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German". ^ E.g. Hermann Niebaum, Jürgen Macha, Einführung in die Dialektologie des Deutschen (series: Germanistische Arbeitshefte), 2nd ed., Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 2006, p. 220 Gabriele Graefen, Martina Liedke-Göbel, Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft: Deutsch als Erst-, Zweit- oder Fremdsprache, 3rd ed., 2020, p. 31. For the Middle High German time e.g.: Howard Jones & Martin H. Jones, The Oxford Guide to Middle High German, Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 7 M. O'C. Walshe, A Middle High German reader with grammar, notes, and glossary, Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 3 ^ Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994. ^ Russ, Charles V.J. The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge, 1994, p. 15f. Further reading Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg, . vteGermanic languagesAccording to contemporary philologyWestAnglo-FrisianAnglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots FrisianHistorical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low GermanHistorical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low FranconianHistorical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans (Kaaps) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic Kleverlandish West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Southeast Limburgish Cover groups Meuse-Rhenish High GermanHistorical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non-standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central GermanWest Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and EastNorthHistorical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic (Crimean Gothic) Burgundian Vandalic PhilologyLanguage subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

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For the Standard High German language, see Standard German.The High German languages (German: hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called \"High German\" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diasporas in Romania, Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia.High German is marked by the High German consonant shift, separating it from Low German (Low Saxon) and Low Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum.","title":"High German languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_German_dialects_(according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig).png"},{"link_name":"German dialect area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dialects"},{"link_name":"West Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Low Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Franconian"},{"link_name":"Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_German"},{"link_name":"Upper German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_German"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish"},{"link_name":"Central Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Mittelgebirge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelgebirge"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"North German Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Plain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Upper German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_German"},{"link_name":"Central or Middle German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_German"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish_language"},{"link_name":"standard language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"High German consonant shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"High Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Alemannic_German"}],"text":"German dialect area, defined as all West Germanic varieties using Standard German as their literary language:[1][2][3][4]   Frisian   Low Franconian   Low Saxon or Low German   Central German   Upper GermanAs a technical term, the \"high\" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms \"High German\" (i.e. \"Highland\" German), out of which developed Standard German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge) and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany; it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein, and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken in the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain.[5]High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German (Oberdeutsch) and Central or Middle German (Mitteldeutsch, this includes Luxembourgish, which itself is now a standard language).[6]High German is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare the following:[7][page needed]In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift: Sack (like English/Low German \"sack/Sack\") is pronounced [z̥ak͡x] ([k] to [k͡x]).","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodiscus"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German"},{"link_name":"East Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"Middle High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German"},{"link_name":"Minnesang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesang"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Upper Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Early New High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_High_German"},{"link_name":"East Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_German"},{"link_name":"Luther Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: TheodiscusOld High German evolved from about 500 AD. Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language (Minnesang) under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen.The term \"High German\" as spoken in central and southern Germany (Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria) and Austria was first documented in the 15th century.[citation needed]Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period, the Early New High German varieties, especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible, formed an important basis for the development of Standard German.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"Proto-High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-language"},{"link_name":"West Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_German"},{"link_name":"East Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_German"},{"link_name":"Thuringian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Upper Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German"},{"link_name":"Erzgebirgisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzgebirgisch"},{"link_name":"South Marchian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Marchian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Lusatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_German"},{"link_name":"German minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"High Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Prussian"},{"link_name":"West Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_German"},{"link_name":"Central Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Franconian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Ripuarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripuarian_language"},{"link_name":"Moselle Franconian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish"},{"link_name":"Hunsrik language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsrik_language"},{"link_name":"Hunsrückisch dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect"},{"link_name":"Rhine Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Franconian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_German_language"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Hessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_dialects"},{"link_name":"High Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"East Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"South Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"Upper German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_German"},{"link_name":"Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Swiss German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German"},{"link_name":"Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Low Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_language"},{"link_name":"Basel German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_German"},{"link_name":"High Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Highest Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_language"},{"link_name":"Austrian German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_German"},{"link_name":"Northern Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"Central Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"Viennese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_German"},{"link_name":"Southern Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"Mócheno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language"},{"link_name":"Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"},{"link_name":"Gottscheerish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottscheerish"},{"link_name":"Cimbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_language"},{"link_name":"Hutterite German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterite_German"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lombardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"}],"text":"Divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, because most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original \"Proto-High German\". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.High German\nCentral German (German: Mitteldeutsch)\nEast Central German\nThuringian\nUpper Saxon, including Erzgebirgisch\nSouth Marchian\nLusatian\nSilesian (now mostly spoken by the German minority in Upper Silesia)\nHigh Prussian (nearly extinct)\nWest Central German\nCentral Franconian\nRipuarian\nMoselle Franconian dialects, including Luxembourgish\nHunsrik language (from the Hunsrückisch dialect)\nRhine Franconian\nPalatine, including Lorraine Franconian (France)\nPennsylvania Dutch (in the United States and Canada)\nHessian\nHigh Franconian, in the transitional area between Central and Upper German\nEast Franconian\nSouth Franconian\nUpper German (German: Oberdeutsch)\nAlemannic in the broad sense or West Upper German (German: Westoberdeutsch), including Swiss German dialects\nSwabian\nAlemannic in the strict sense\nLow Alemannic, including Alsatian and Basel German\nHigh Alemannic\nHighest Alemannic\nBavarian or East Upper German (German: Ostoberdeutsch), including Austrian German dialects\nNorthern Bavarian\nCentral Bavarian, including Viennese\nSouthern Bavarian, including Mócheno in Trentino, Italy\nGottscheerish\nCimbrian, nearly extinct\nHutterite German (in Canada and the United States)\nLombardic, extinct\nYiddish, evolved from Middle High German","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Maurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Irminonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminones"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Germanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_philology"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Anglic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglic_languages"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialects_of_English"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_English"},{"link_name":"Early Modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English"},{"link_name":"Fingallian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingallian"},{"link_name":"Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features"},{"link_name":"Yola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola_dialect"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Early Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots"},{"link_name":"Middle Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Old Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Middle Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian"},{"link_name":"East Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"Saterland Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"Wangerooge Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Wursten Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wursten_Frisian"},{"link_name":"North Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"Eiderstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Föhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Amrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Heligolandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Sylt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Bökingharde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Halligen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halligen_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Goesharde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Karrharde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Wiedingharde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian"},{"link_name":"West Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Hindeloopen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Schiermonnikoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Mainland West Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"Westereendersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westereendersk"},{"link_name":"Terschelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Old Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Middle Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German"},{"link_name":"West Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Low_German"},{"link_name":"Dutch Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Stellingwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect"},{"link_name":"Tweants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweants_dialect"},{"link_name":"Gronings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronings_dialect"},{"link_name":"Drèents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects"},{"link_name":"Achterhooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterhooks"},{"link_name":"Sallaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallaans_dialect"},{"link_name":"Urkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkers_dialect"},{"link_name":"Veluws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veluws_dialect"},{"link_name":"Northern Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"East Frisian Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Eastphalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastphalian_language"},{"link_name":"Westphalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_language"},{"link_name":"East Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Low_German"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect"},{"link_name":"Brandenburgisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect"},{"link_name":"Central Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian"},{"link_name":"Low Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautdietsch"},{"link_name":"Low Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Franconian"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_language"},{"link_name":"Old Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Middle Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Standard variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Kaaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaps"},{"link_name":"Central Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects"},{"link_name":"Hollandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandic_dialect"},{"link_name":"Kleverlandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleverlandish"},{"link_name":"West Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flemish"},{"link_name":"French Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Flemish"},{"link_name":"Zeelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeelandic"},{"link_name":"East Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flemish"},{"link_name":"Brabantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabantian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Surinamese Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Jersey Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Stadsfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects"},{"link_name":"Bildts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildts"},{"link_name":"Amelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelands"},{"link_name":"Midslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Limburgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish"},{"link_name":"Southeast Limburgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Rhenish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish"},{"link_name":"High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"},{"link_name":"Middle High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German"},{"link_name":"New High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_High_German"},{"link_name":"Early New High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_High_German"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"German Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Austrian Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_German"},{"link_name":"Swiss Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German"},{"link_name":"standard variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language"},{"link_name":"creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"Namibian German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_German"},{"link_name":"Namibian Black German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_Black_German"},{"link_name":"Berlinerisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_German"},{"link_name":"Unserdeutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unserdeutsch"},{"link_name":"Barossa German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_German"},{"link_name":"Rotwelsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotwelsch"},{"link_name":"Lotegorisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotegorisch"},{"link_name":"Yenish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenish_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Scots Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#%22Scots-Yiddish%22"},{"link_name":"Klezmer-loshn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klezmer-loshn"},{"link_name":"Lachoudisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachoudisch"},{"link_name":"Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_German"},{"link_name":"West Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_German"},{"link_name":"Central Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages"},{"link_name":"Ripuarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripuarian_language"},{"link_name":"Colognian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognian"},{"link_name":"Moselle Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect"},{"link_name":"Hunsrückisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect"},{"link_name":"Hunsrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsrik"},{"link_name":"Rhine Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian"},{"link_name":"Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_German_language"},{"link_name":"Volga German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Hessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Central Hessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hessian"},{"link_name":"Amana German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_German"},{"link_name":"East Central German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_German"},{"link_name":"Thuringian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Upper Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German"},{"link_name":"Erzgebirgisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzgebirgisch"},{"link_name":"Lusatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Silesian German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_German"},{"link_name":"High Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Wymysorys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysorys_language"},{"link_name":"Halcnovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzenau_dialect"},{"link_name":"Upper German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_German"},{"link_name":"Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Low Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Coloniero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect"},{"link_name":"High Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Swiss German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German"},{"link_name":"Highest Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Walser German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walser_German"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"Central Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"Viennese German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_German"},{"link_name":"Southern Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"South Tyrolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect"},{"link_name":"Cimbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_language"},{"link_name":"Mòcheno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language"},{"link_name":"Hutterite German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterite_German"},{"link_name":"Gottscheerish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottscheerish"},{"link_name":"South Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"East Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Franconian_German"},{"link_name":"Vogtlandian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogtlandian"},{"link_name":"Langobardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Proto-Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Old Gutnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Gutnish"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Bergensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergensk"},{"link_name":"Kebabnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebabnorsk"},{"link_name":"Sognamål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect"},{"link_name":"Trøndersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk"},{"link_name":"Valdris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris"},{"link_name":"Vestlandsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestlandsk"},{"link_name":"Vikværsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk"},{"link_name":"Bokmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Old Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Middle 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dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_dialects"},{"link_name":"Insular Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Danish"},{"link_name":"Jutlandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect"},{"link_name":"South Jutlandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jutlandic"},{"link_name":"East Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Danish"},{"link_name":"Bornholmsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm_dialect"},{"link_name":"Scanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Southern Schleswig Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish"},{"link_name":"Gøtudanskt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent"},{"link_name":"Perkerdansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkerdansk"},{"link_name":"Old Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish"},{"link_name":"Middle Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish"},{"link_name":"Dalecarlian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_language"},{"link_name":"Elfdalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdalian"},{"link_name":"Mainland Gutnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutnish_language"},{"link_name":"Fårö Gutnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"},{"link_name":"Crimean Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians#Language"},{"link_name":"Vandalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_language"},{"link_name":"Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_philology"},{"link_name":"Language subgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Elbe (Irminonic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Germanic"},{"link_name":"Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic"},{"link_name":"North Sea (Ingvaeonic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic"},{"link_name":"Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Germanic"},{"link_name":"Gotho-Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotho-Nordic"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Germanic"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar"},{"link_name":"Germanic parent language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_parent_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Belgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language"},{"link_name":"Grimm's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Verner's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Holtzmann's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Sievers's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievers%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Kluge's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Germanic substrate hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"West Germanic gemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination"},{"link_name":"High German consonant shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift"},{"link_name":"Germanic a-mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation"},{"link_name":"Germanic umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut"},{"link_name":"Germanic spirant law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law"},{"link_name":"Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law"},{"link_name":"Great Vowel Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift"},{"link_name":"Germanic verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb"},{"link_name":"Germanic strong verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb"},{"link_name":"Germanic weak verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb"},{"link_name":"Preterite-present verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents"},{"link_name":"Grammatischer Wechsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel"},{"link_name":"Indo-European ablaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut"},{"link_name":"extinct languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"},{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52040#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114695&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg, [designation of High German languages as Irminonic].vteGermanic languagesAccording to contemporary philologyWestAnglo-FrisianAnglic\nEnglish\ndialects\nOld English\nMiddle English\nModern English\nEarly Modern English\nIrish Middle English\nFingallian\nKildare\nYola\nScots\nEarly Scots\nMiddle Scots\nFrisianHistorical forms\nOld Frisian\nMiddle Frisian\nEast Frisian\nEms\nSaterland Frisian\nWeser\nWangerooge Frisian\nWursten Frisian\nNorth Frisian\nInsular\nEiderstedt\nFöhr–Amrum\nFöhr\nAmrum\nHeligolandic\nSylt\nMainland\nBökingharde\nMooring\nHalligen\nGoesharde\nNorthern\nCentral\nSouthern\nKarrharde\nStrand\nWiedingharde\nWest Frisian\nHindeloopen\nSchiermonnikoog\nWestlauwers–Terschellings\nMainland West Frisian\nClay Frisian\nWood Frisian\nWestereendersk\nTerschelling\nLow GermanHistorical forms\nOld Saxon\nMiddle Low German\nWest Low German\nDutch Low Saxon\nStellingwarfs\nTweants\nGronings\nDrèents\nGelders-Overijssels\nAchterhooks\nSallaans\nUrkers\nVeluws\nNorthern Low Saxon\nEast Frisian Low Saxon\nEastphalian\nWestphalian\nEast Low German\nMecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch\nBrandenburgisch\nCentral Pomeranian\nEast Pomeranian\nLow Prussian\nPlautdietsch / Mennonite Low German\nLow FranconianHistorical forms\nFrankish\nOld Dutch\nMiddle Dutch\nStandard variants\nDutch\nAfrikaans (Kaaps)\nWest Low Franconian\nCentral Dutch\nHollandic\nKleverlandish\nWest Flemish\nFrench Flemish\nZeelandic\nEast Flemish\nBrabantian\nSurinamese Dutch\nJersey Dutch\nMohawk Dutch\nStadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands\nEast Low Franconian\nLimburgish\nSoutheast Limburgish\nCover groups\nMeuse-Rhenish\nHigh GermanHistorical forms\nOld High German\nMiddle High German\nNew High German\nEarly New High German\nStandard German\nGerman Standard German\nAustrian Standard German\nSwiss Standard German\nNon-standard variants and creoles\nNamibian German\nNamibian Black German\nBerlinerisch\nUnserdeutsch\nBarossa German\nRotwelsch\nLotegorisch\nYenish\nYiddish\nEastern\nWestern\nScots Yiddish\nKlezmer-loshn\nLachoudisch\nCentral GermanWest Central German\nCentral Franconian\nRipuarian\nColognian\nMoselle Franconian\nLuxembourgish\nTransylvanian Saxon\nHunsrückisch\nHunsrik\nRhine Franconian\nLorraine Franconian\nPalatine\nVolga German\nPennsylvania Dutch\nHessian\nCentral Hessian\nAmana German\nEast Central German\nThuringian\nUpper Saxon\nErzgebirgisch\nLusatian\nSilesian German\nHigh Prussian\nWymysorys\nHalcnovian\nUpper German\nAlemannic in the broad sense\nLow Alemannic\nAlsatian\nColoniero\nHigh Alemannic\nSwiss German\nHighest Alemannic\nWalser German\nSwabian\nBavarian\nNorthern Bavarian\nCentral Bavarian\nViennese German\nSouthern Bavarian\nSouth Tyrolean\nCimbrian\nMòcheno\nHutterite German\nGottscheerish\nSouth Franconian\nEast Franconian\nVogtlandian\nLangobardic\nNorth and EastNorthHistorical forms\nProto-Norse\nOld Norse\nOld West Norse\nOld East Norse\nOld Gutnish\nWest\nNorwegian\nBergensk\nKebabnorsk\nSognamål\nTrøndersk\nValdris\nVestlandsk\nVikværsk\nBokmål (written)\nNynorsk (written)\nOld Norwegian\nMiddle Norwegian\nFaroese\nIcelandic\nOld Icelandic\nMiddle Icelandic\nGreenlandic Norse\nNorn\nEast\nSwedish\nSwedish dialects\nRinkebysvenska\nDanish\nDanish dialects\nInsular Danish\nJutlandic\nSouth Jutlandic\nEast Danish\nBornholmsk\nScanian\nSouthern Schleswig Danish\nGøtudanskt\nPerkerdansk\nOld Danish\nMiddle Danish\nDalecarlian\nElfdalian\n\nGutnish\nMainland Gutnish\nFårö Gutnish\nEast\nGothic (Crimean Gothic)\nBurgundian\nVandalic\nPhilologyLanguage subgroups\nNorth\nEast\nWest\nElbe (Irminonic)\nWeser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)\nNorth Sea (Ingvaeonic)\nNorthwest\nGotho-Nordic\nSouth\nReconstructed\nProto-Germanic\nProto-Germanic grammar\nGermanic parent language\nAncient Belgian language\nDiachronic features\nGrimm's law\nVerner's law\nHoltzmann's law\nSievers's law\nKluge's law\nGermanic substrate hypothesis\nWest Germanic gemination\nHigh German consonant shift\nGermanic a-mutation\nGermanic umlaut\nGermanic spirant law\nIngvaeonic nasal spirant law\nGreat Vowel Shift\nSynchronic features\nGermanic verb\nGermanic strong verb\nGermanic weak verb\nPreterite-present verb\nGrammatischer Wechsel\nIndo-European ablaut\n\nItalics indicate extinct languages\nLanguages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.Authority control databases: National \nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"German dialect area, defined as all West Germanic varieties using Standard German as their literary language:[1][2][3][4]   Frisian   Low Franconian   Low Saxon or Low German   Central German   Upper German","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_German_dialects_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/350px-Map_of_German_dialects_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png"}]

[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"High Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Germany"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=High_German_languages","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/high1289","external_links_name":"high1289"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114695&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro_and_His_Son_Guidobaldo

Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro with His Son Guidobaldo

["1 Attribution","2 Description","3 See also","4 References"]

15th-century painting Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro and His Son GuidobaldoArtistPedro Berruguete or (and) Justus van GentYearc. 1475MediumTempera on woodLocationGalleria nazionale delle Marche, Urbino The Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro and His Son Guidobaldo is a painting dating from c. 1475 and housed in the Galleria nazionale delle Marche in Urbino, Italy. There is no consensus on the attribution of the authorship of the painting. The Flemish painter Justus van Gent (whose real name was Joos van Wassenhove) and the Spanish painter Pedro Berruguete are the main contenders for the honour as both painters are believed to have been working in Urbino at the time the painting was made. The painting is part of a series of 28 portrait paintings of 'uomini famosi' (the Famous men) made for the study of Duke of Urbino Federico da Montefeltro (Musée du Louvre, Paris and Galleria Nazionale, Urbino). Attribution Various artists have been proposed as the author of the series of the Famous men, to which the Portrait belongs. Justus van Gent and Pedro Berruguete currently receive the strongest support. The case for van Gent is that the paintings in the series appear to be made by a painter who was grounded in Netherlandish technique but had become strongly influenced by Italian painting. In addition, in his biography of Federico da Montefeltro, his former librarian, Vespasiano da Bisticci, attests that van Gent made the series of 28 portraits of Famous men. Technological examination of the Famous men has revealed similarities of these works with another important earlier commission that van Gent completed for the duke in Urbino, the Communion of the Apostles. The underdrawing showed that there was stylistic continuity between these works. The examination also disclosed a number of changes in composition and execution, which may point to a reworking by another artist, who may have been Berruguete. The work could therefore be a collaborative studio work from the studio of van Gent in Urbino, where Berruguete may have been a collaborator. The case for Berruguete rests on various arguments including the mention of a 'Pietro Spagnuolo pittore' in Urbino in 1477, a reference to the Famous men by Pablo de Cespedes dating from 1604, which could be regarded as an attribution to Berruguete (although Cespedes specifically stated that they were by a Spanish painter ‘other’ than Berruguete), the depiction of a Spanish-language book in the painting and stylistic similarities with later works of Berruguete. However, these later paintings are deemed to be inferior in style and technique to those in the Famous men series and unlikely to be the work of the same artist. In its "Remember Me" exhibition, in 2021, the Rijksmuseum attributes the Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro with His Son Guidobaldo to Justus van Gent solely. Description The work has an elongated vertical shape. In view of the use of perspective from the left (a constant feature in contemporary paintings at Urbino) it possibly was the left panel of a diptych or made to pair a pre-existing similar work. It portrays Federico III da Montefeltro, humanist and military leader, in his studio, surrounded by the symbols of his power and interests. His armor, partially covered by a precious mantle with a stoat collar, refers to his primary role as condottiero. Further military hints include the necklace of the Order of the Ermine, as well as the helmet and the command baton on the ground. His left leg shows the Garter given by him by the King of England. Other official symbols of his international prestige is the mitre with pearls on the shelf at the left upper corner, which was a personal gift of the Ottoman sultan. The duke sits on a sort of throne, and is reading a codex, an expensive item for the time, and also an allusion to his humanist interests. Near to Federico is his young son Guidobaldo, a future duke of Urbino, who also wears rich clothes and holds a command baton. See also Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro References ^ a b c Paula Nuttall. "Justus of Ghent." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 25 July 2014 ^ Marcello Simonetta, Jonathan James Graham Alexander, Federico da Montefeltro and his library, Pierpont Morgan Library, Y.Press, 2007, p. 102 ^ Lauts, Jan; Herzner, Irmlind Luise: Federico da Montefeltro. Herzog von Urbino : Kriegsherr, Friedensfürst und Förderer der Künste. München 2001. ISBN 3-422-06354-4 ^ Stefano Zuffi, European Art of the Fifteenth Century, Getty Publications, 2005, p. 296 ^ Gowing, Sir Lawrence, gen. ed. "Justus of Ghent." Biographical Encyclopedia of Artists, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Ancient and Medieval History Online. Facts On File, Inc. (accessed July 25, 2014)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galleria nazionale delle Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_nazionale_delle_Marche"},{"link_name":"Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Justus van Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_van_Gent"},{"link_name":"Pedro Berruguete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Berruguete"},{"link_name":"Federico da Montefeltro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ox-1"}],"text":"The Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro and His Son Guidobaldo is a painting dating from c. 1475 and housed in the Galleria nazionale delle Marche in Urbino, Italy. There is no consensus on the attribution of the authorship of the painting. The Flemish painter Justus van Gent (whose real name was Joos van Wassenhove) and the Spanish painter Pedro Berruguete are the main contenders for the honour as both painters are believed to have been working in Urbino at the time the painting was made. The painting is part of a series of 28 portrait paintings of 'uomini famosi' (the Famous men) made for the study of Duke of Urbino Federico da Montefeltro (Musée du Louvre, Paris and Galleria Nazionale, Urbino).[1]","title":"Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro with His Son Guidobaldo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ox-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pablo de Cespedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_Cespedes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ox-1"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Various artists have been proposed as the author of the series of the Famous men, to which the Portrait belongs. Justus van Gent and Pedro Berruguete currently receive the strongest support.[2][3] The case for van Gent is that the paintings in the series appear to be made by a painter who was grounded in Netherlandish technique but had become strongly influenced by Italian painting. In addition, in his biography of Federico da Montefeltro, his former librarian, Vespasiano da Bisticci, attests that van Gent made the series of 28 portraits of Famous men. Technological examination of the Famous men has revealed similarities of these works with another important earlier commission that van Gent completed for the duke in Urbino, the Communion of the Apostles. The underdrawing showed that there was stylistic continuity between these works. The examination also disclosed a number of changes in composition and execution, which may point to a reworking by another artist, who may have been Berruguete. The work could therefore be a collaborative studio work from the studio of van Gent in Urbino, where Berruguete may have been a collaborator.[1][4][5]The case for Berruguete rests on various arguments including the mention of a 'Pietro Spagnuolo pittore' in Urbino in 1477, a reference to the Famous men by Pablo de Cespedes dating from 1604, which could be regarded as an attribution to Berruguete (although Cespedes specifically stated that they were by a Spanish painter ‘other’ than Berruguete), the depiction of a Spanish-language book in the painting and stylistic similarities with later works of Berruguete. However, these later paintings are deemed to be inferior in style and technique to those in the Famous men series and unlikely to be the work of the same artist.[1]In its \"Remember Me\" exhibition, in 2021, the Rijksmuseum attributes the Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro with His Son Guidobaldo to Justus van Gent solely[citation needed].","title":"Attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"Order of the Ermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Ermine_(Naples)"},{"link_name":"Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"Ottoman sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_sultan"},{"link_name":"Guidobaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro"}],"text":"The work has an elongated vertical shape. In view of the use of perspective from the left (a constant feature in contemporary paintings at Urbino) it possibly was the left panel of a diptych or made to pair a pre-existing similar work.It portrays Federico III da Montefeltro, humanist and military leader, in his studio, surrounded by the symbols of his power and interests. His armor, partially covered by a precious mantle with a stoat collar, refers to his primary role as condottiero. Further military hints include the necklace of the Order of the Ermine, as well as the helmet and the command baton on the ground. His left leg shows the Garter given by him by the King of England. Other official symbols of his international prestige is the mitre with pearls on the shelf at the left upper corner, which was a personal gift of the Ottoman sultan.The duke sits on a sort of throne, and is reading a codex, an expensive item for the time, and also an allusion to his humanist interests. Near to Federico is his young son Guidobaldo, a future duke of Urbino, who also wears rich clothes and holds a command baton.","title":"Description"}]

[]

[{"title":"Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro"}]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=BEAII257&DataType=Ancient&WinType=Free","external_links_name":"Gowing, Sir Lawrence, gen. ed. \"Justus of Ghent.\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_62

Isaiah 62

["1 Text","1.1 Textual witnesses","2 Parashot","3 Zion's new names (62:1–9)","3.1 Verse 4","4 Zion's coming salvation (62:10–12)","4.1 Verse 10","4.2 Verse 12","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links","8.1 Jewish","8.2 Christian"]

Book of Isaiah, chapter 62 Isaiah 62← chapter 61chapter 63 →The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.BookBook of IsaiahHebrew Bible partNevi'imOrder in the Hebrew part5CategoryLatter ProphetsChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part23 Isaiah 62 is the sixty-second chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. Chapters 56-66 are often referred to as Trito-Isaiah. In chapters 60-62, "three magnificent chapters", the prophet "hails the rising sun of Jerusalem’s prosperity". Text The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 12 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later): 1QIsaa: complete 1QIsab: extant: verses 2‑12 There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} Q; 6th century). Parashot The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex. Isaiah 62 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah. 62:1-9 {S} 62:10-12 {S} Zion's new names (62:1–9) The first part of the poem in this chapter envisages the astonishing transformation of Zion as a result of the divine plan of its 'vindication' (sedeq) and 'salvation' (yesu'a), that bring blessings for Zion in form of a new name and royal status. The new name for the restored city (Jeremiah 33:16; Ezekiel 48:35) does not necessarily abandon the old one (cf. Jacob was still known as Jacob although was given a new name "Israel"; Genesis 32:28; 35:10), but rather to signify the imagery changes (verse 6) of the city as the marriage-partner of YHWH from the 'desolate' condition in Isaiah 1:7, while witnessed by foreign nations. Verse 4 Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate: but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy land Beulah: for the Lord delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be married. "Forsaken": translated from the Hebrew word "Azubah" (עֲזוּבָ֗ה), also the name of Jehoshaphat's mother (1 Kings 22:42). "Desolate": translated from the Hebrew word "shemamah" (שְׁמָמָ֔ה; cf. Jeremiah 34:22; Jeremiah 44:2, 6; Ezekiel 33:29; Ezekiel 36:34). Ezekiel prophesied the change: "The land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are become fenced and are inhabited" (Ezekiel 36:35). "Hephzibah": literally, "My Delight Is in Her", also the name of King Hezekiah's wife which gave birth to king Manasseh (2 Kings 21:1). Hephzibah in this verse is a symbolic name for Zion once it has been restored to the favor of Yahweh. "Beulah": in Hebrew means "married". see Isaiah 54:1. Zion's coming salvation (62:10–12) The passage links to chapter 40 with the theme of 'building the highway' (verse 10), the 'processional way' up into the restored city, and the identity of verse 11 (the last part) with Isaiah 40:10. The restoration started in verse 4 is completed with the names for the community in verse 12: "what once was called 'forsaken' shall be so no longer". Verse 10 Go through, go through the gates; prepare ye the way of the people; cast up, cast up the highway; gather out the stones; lift up a standard for the people. The double imperatives are a marked feature of chapter 40–66 of the book. Verse 12 " And you will be called Sought Out, A city not forsaken" (Isaiah 62:12) - Miniature from "L'Eglise", The Rohan Master : a book of hours And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed of the Lord: and thou shalt be called, Sought out, A city not forsaken. "Sought out": that is, found after being 'lost' (Ezekiel 34:16) or 'no one seeks her' (Jeremiah 30:17). "A city not forsaken": a special reference to the name "Azubah" in Isaiah 62:4 (cf. name changes in Hosea 2:1). See also Bible portal Hephzibah Related Bible parts: 2 Kings 21, 1 Peter 2 References ^ Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume VI. Nashville: Abingdon. ^ Oxford Reference, Overview: Bernhard Duhm accessed 6 September 2018 ^ Skinner, J., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 60, accessed 12 September 2018 ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74. ^ As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English. ^ a b c d e Coggins 2007, p. 482. ^ Isaiah 62:4 KJV ^ a b Isaiah 62:4 Hebrew text analysis. Biblehub ^ a b c Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Isaiah 62. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019. ^ a b Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Isaiah 62". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. ^ BibleGateway.com, All the Women of the Bible, Hephzibah. Accessed 2014-04-01. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Isaiah 62. Accessed 28 April 2019. ^ Isaiah 62:10 KJV ^ Isaiah 62:12 KJV ^ Poole, Matthew, A Commentary on the Holy Bible. "Isaiah 62". Accessed 22 Agustus 2019. Sources Coggins, R (2007). "22. Isaiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019. External links Jewish Isaiah 62 Original Hebrew with Parallel English Christian Isaiah 62 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate vteBook of Isaiahספר ישעיהו‎Sefer YeshayahuLiber IsaiaeBy numberChapterProto-Isaiah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Deutero-Isaiah 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Trito-Isaiah 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Verse Isaiah 1:18 7:14 8:3 9:6 60:3 Places Ar-Moab Arabia Aram Arnon Ashdod Assyria Babylon Bashan Bozrah Brook of Egypt Canaan Carmel Chaldea Dibon Dimon Edom Eglaim Egypt Ethiopia Heshbon Horonaim Israel Javan Jazer Jerusalem Kir-Moab Lebanon Lud Medeba Medes Merodach-baladan Moab Nebo Nile Nimrim Noph Ophir Samaria Sela Sharon Shiloah Sodom and Gomorrah Tarshish Pul Tubal Zion Zoan Zoar Terminology All flesh is grass Fiery flying serpent The lamb and lion Leviathan Light unto the nations Maher-shalal-hash-baz Man of Sorrows Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom Remnant The righteous perishes Seraph Servant songs Swords to ploughshares Persons Abraham Ahaz Amoz Bel Cyrus David Hephzibah Hezekiah Immanuel Isaiah Jacob Jesse Jotham Judah Merodach-baladan Noah Nebo Pekah Pharaoh Rezin Sargon Shebna Tartan Uzziah Manuscripts Isaiah Scroll 1QIsab Codex Dublinensis Wikisource texts Book of Isaiah (Hebrew) Septuagint (Greek) Vulgate (Latin) Wycliffe / King James / American Standard / World English Bible (English) ← Song of Songs (Song 8) Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Book of Jeremiah (chapter 1) → vteBooks of the BibleHebrew Bible /Old Testament(protocanon) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1–2 Samuel 1–2 Kings 1–2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonand apocryphaCatholicEastern OrthodoxOthers Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Eastern OrthodoxOthers 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Peshitta Psalms 152–155 2 Baruch Psalms of Solomon Beta Israel Testaments of the Three Patriarchs Testament of Abraham Testament of Isaac Testament of Jacob Classification Pseudepigrapha list New Testament Jewish New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians Laodiceans 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Historical books Wisdom books (Poetic Books) Prophetic books Major prophets Minor prophets Gospels List Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Intertestamental period Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Dating the Bible Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Vulgate Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials Related Authorship Bible version debate English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Additional Scriptures Studies Biblical and Quranic narratives Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Category Portal WikiProject

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Book of Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Books of the Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiebert-1"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_56"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_66"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_60"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-3"}],"text":"Isaiah 62 is the sixty-second chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets.[1] Chapters 56-66 are often referred to as Trito-Isaiah.[2] In chapters 60-62, \"three magnificent chapters\", the prophet \"hails the rising sun of Jerusalem’s prosperity\".[3]","title":"Isaiah 62"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"This chapter is divided into","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"}],"text":"The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 12 verses.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"Codex Cairensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Cairensis"},{"link_name":"the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Babylonicus_Petropolitanus"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"Codex Leningradensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Codex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199535%E2%80%9337-4"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"1QIsaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_scroll"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"BHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_(Kittel)"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"},{"link_name":"Codex Marchalianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Marchalianus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199573%E2%80%9374-5"}],"sub_title":"Textual witnesses","text":"Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[4]Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):1QIsaa: complete\n1QIsab: extant: verses 2‑12There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nB; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nS; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nA; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nQ; 6th century).[5]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parashah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashah"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_40"},{"link_name":"–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_66"}],"text":"The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[6] Isaiah 62 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.[{P} 61:10-11] 62:1-9 {S} 62:10-12 {S}","title":"Parashot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggins2007482-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggins2007482-7"}],"text":"The first part of the poem in this chapter envisages the astonishing transformation of Zion as a result of the divine plan of its 'vindication' (sedeq) and 'salvation' (yesu'a), that bring blessings for Zion in form of a new name and royal status.[7] The new name for the restored city (Jeremiah 33:16; Ezekiel 48:35) does not necessarily abandon the old one (cf. Jacob was still known as Jacob although was given a new name \"Israel\"; Genesis 32:28; 35:10), but rather to signify the imagery changes (verse 6) of the city as the marriage-partner of YHWH from the 'desolate' condition in Isaiah 1:7, while witnessed by foreign nations.[7]","title":"Zion's new names (62:1–9)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Azubah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azubah_(mother_of_Jehoshaphat)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isa62_4he-9"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 22:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings_22:42"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-10"},{"link_name":"shemamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H8077"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isa62_4he-9"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_34"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_44"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_33"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_36"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulpit-11"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_36"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulpit-11"},{"link_name":"Hephzibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephzibah"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 21:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_21:1"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah_(land)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-10"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 54:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#54:1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridgebible-13"}],"sub_title":"Verse 4","text":"Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken;\nneither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate:\nbut thou shalt be called Hephzibah,\nand thy land Beulah:\nfor the Lord delighteth in thee,\nand thy land shall be married.[8]\"Forsaken\": translated from the Hebrew word \"Azubah\" (עֲזוּבָ֗ה[9]), also the name of Jehoshaphat's mother (1 Kings 22:42).[10]\n\"Desolate\": translated from the Hebrew word \"shemamah\" (שְׁמָמָ֔ה;[9] cf. Jeremiah 34:22; Jeremiah 44:2, 6; Ezekiel 33:29; Ezekiel 36:34). Ezekiel prophesied the change:[11]\"The land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are become fenced and are inhabited\" (Ezekiel 36:35).[11]\"Hephzibah\": literally, \"My Delight Is in Her\", also the name of King Hezekiah's wife which gave birth to king Manasseh (2 Kings 21:1). Hephzibah in this verse is a symbolic name for Zion once it has been restored to the favor of Yahweh.[12]\n\"Beulah\": in Hebrew means \"married\".[10] see Isaiah 54:1.[13]","title":"Zion's new names (62:1–9)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapter 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_40"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggins2007482-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggins2007482-7"}],"text":"The passage links to chapter 40 with the theme of 'building the highway' (verse 10), the 'processional way' up into the restored city, and the identity of verse 11 (the last part) with Isaiah 40:10.[7] The restoration started in verse 4 is completed with the names for the community in verse 12: \"what once was called 'forsaken' shall be so no longer\".[7]","title":"Zion's coming salvation (62:10–12)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggins2007482-7"}],"sub_title":"Verse 10","text":"Go through, go through the gates; prepare ye the way of the people; cast up, cast up the highway; gather out the stones; lift up a standard for the people.[14]The double imperatives are a marked feature of chapter 40–66 of the book.[7]","title":"Zion's coming salvation (62:10–12)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livre_d%27heures.M.Rohan.San_Remo059.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 34:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#34:16"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 30:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+30:17&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poole-16"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 62:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Verse_4"},{"link_name":"Hosea 2:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_2:1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-10"}],"sub_title":"Verse 12","text":"\" And you will be called Sought Out, A city not forsaken\" (Isaiah 62:12) - Miniature from \"L'Eglise\", The Rohan Master : a book of hoursAnd they shall call them,\nThe holy people,\nThe redeemed of the Lord:\nand thou shalt be called,\nSought out,\nA city not forsaken.[15]\"Sought out\": that is, found after being 'lost' (Ezekiel 34:16) or 'no one seeks her' (Jeremiah 30:17).[16]\n\"A city not forsaken\": a special reference to the name \"Azubah\" in Isaiah 62:4 (cf. name changes in Hosea 2:1).[10]","title":"Zion's coming salvation (62:10–12)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Muddiman, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199277186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"},{"link_name":"Würthwein, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein"},{"link_name":"The Text of the Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8028-0788-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"}],"text":"Coggins, R (2007). \"22. Isaiah\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.\nWürthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","title":"Sources"}]

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[{"reference":"Coggins, R (2007). \"22. Isaiah\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)","url_text":"Barton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman","url_text":"Muddiman, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186","url_text":"978-0199277186"}]},{"reference":"Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein","url_text":"Würthwein, Ernst"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC","url_text":"The Text of the Old Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7","url_text":"0-8028-0788-7"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversiones_Argos

Grupo Argos

["1 Cementos Argos S.A","1.1 Company history","2 Argos worldwide","3 References","4 External links"]

Colombian conglomerate Grupo ArgosCompany typeSociedad AnónimaTraded asBVC: GRUPOARGOS BVC: PFGRUPOARGIndustryConglomerateFounded1934HeadquartersMedellín, ColombiaKey peopleJorge Mario Velasquez, (CEO)ProductsCement, Concrete, Utilities, Real estate, InfrastructureRevenue US$3.7 billion(2012)Net income US$194.3 million (2012)Number of employees12,656 (2015) SubsidiariesCementos Argos Celsia OdinsaWebsitewww.grupoargos.com Grupo Argos S.A is a Colombian conglomerate with large investments in the cement and energy industries. Its cement company Argos has operations in Colombia, the United States, Panamá, Honduras and the Caribbean. Celsia, its energy company, owns hydro, thermal, and wind power generation plants in Colombia, Panamá, and Costa Rica and distributes energy to more than 500.000 customers in Colombia. Grupo Argos also has investments in port facilities and real estate in Colombia. Cementos Argos S.A Cementos Argos S.A.Company typeSociedad AnónimaTraded asBVC: CEMARGOS BVC: PFCEMARGOSIndustryCementFounded1934HeadquartersMedellín, ColombiaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleJorge Mario Velasquez, (Chairman)Juan Esteban Calle, (CEO)ProductsCement and concreteRevenue US$2.4 billion (2012)Net income US$218.9 million (2012)Number of employees9241 (2015) ParentGrupo ArgosSubsidiariesConcretos ArgosSouthern Star Concrete, Inc.Ready Mixed ConcreteConcrete ExpressWebsitewww.argos.co Cementos Argos S.A is a Colombian construction materials producer, leader in the cement market in Colombia; it is the fourth largest cement producer in Latin America, and the only producer of white cement in Colombia. Argos has investments in Panama, Honduras, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is the second largest concrete producer and the fourth largest cement producer in the United States and it exports cement and clinker to 27 countries around the world. Argos competes with Cemex, Votorantim Cimentos, InterCement, Holcim and other cement companies. Argos has four ports in the U.S. and four in Colombia as well as two in Venezuela, one in Panama, on in the Dominican Republic and one in Haiti. In Colombia, Argos is the largest transporter of land cargo. Argos has 14 cement producing plants, of which 11 are located in Colombia and the rest are in Panama, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Four of the 11 Colombian plants are located in the northern area of Colombia and are dedicated to export, while for domestic demand there are 7 plants located in the Departments of Antioquía, Cundinamarca, Valle, Boyacá, and Santander. While Colombia is where Argos produces the most cement, the United States is where Argos has its largest concrete production capacity (8.9 million cubic meters per year). There are 134 concrete production plants and 1,350 mixers. Argos' concrete production capacity in Colombia is only 1.7 million cubic meters per year, with 40 plants and 230 mixers. In 2008, Argos had a market capitalization of over $3.5 billion US dollars and income of over $1,955 million US dollars. The geographic origin of this income is 44% from Colombia, 34% from the United States, 9% from Latin America and 13% from other businesses. In terms of business, 47% comes from concrete, 40% from cement and 13% from others. Argos has shown interest in publicly acquiring Grupo Nutresa and Grupo Sura. Company history Argos cement truck mixer in Atlanta, Georgia Argos was founded in Medellín, Colombia on February 27, 1934, by Claudino Arango Jaramillo, Rafael and Jorge Arango Carrasquilla, Carlos Sevillano Gómez, Leopoldo Arango Ceballos and Carlos Ochoa Vélez. In 1936, the factory began production and it issued its first dividend in 1938. After its association with Cementos del Nare, Argos began creating companies in various western regions of Colombia: Cementos del Valle in 1938, del Caribe in 1944, el Cairo in 1946, de Caldas in 1955, Tolcemento in 1972, Colclinker in 1974, and Cementos Ríoclaro in 1982. In the 1990s, Argo purchased stock participation in Cementos Paz del Río. Argos purchased Corporación de Cemento Andino in Venezuela, in 1998. Subsequently, Argos established alliances to make investments in the Dominican Republic, Panama and Haiti. In 2005, Argos merged all of its cement producing companies in Colombia and purchased Southern Star Concrete and Concrete Express in the U.S. The following year, it purchased Ready Mixed Concrete Company in the US and merged its concrete producing companies in Colombia and then purchased the cement and concrete assets of Cementos Andino and Concrecem in Colombia. In October 2011, Argos purchased the Lafarge operations in the southeastern U.S. adding two cement plants, one clinker grinding, 79 concrete plants and five terminals to the Argos U.S. operation. Until 2012, the company was called Inversiones Argos. Argos worldwide Argos Corporate Headquarters building in Medellín, Colombia Cementos Argos Corporate Headquarters is in Medellín, Colombia, and its U.S. operations headquarters is in Alpharetta, Georgia. The company operates in over 15 countries/territories around the world including:  Antigua and Barbuda  Colombia  Curaçao  Dominica  Dominican Republic  French Guiana  Haiti  Honduras  Panama  Puerto Rico  Sint Maarten  Suriname  United States References ^ "Caracol Radio | Noticias, deportes y opinión en Colombia". ^ "Talento humano y cultura". ^ "Home | Whymedellin Com Store". ^ "Caracol Radio | Noticias, deportes y opinión en Colombia". ^ "Talento humano y cultura". ^ "Grupo Argos vs. Gilinski: el panorama tras la nueva negativa a vender". MSN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-19. ^ Portafolio. "Inversiones Argos ahora se llamará Grupo Argos". Portafolio.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-19. External links "Noticias economicas de Colombia y el Mundo | Portafolio.co" vte Components of the COLCAP Index Almacenes Éxito Avianca Holdings Banco de Bogotá Bancolombia Canacol Energy Celsia Cementos Argos Cemex LatAm Holdings Colombia Stock Exchange Corficolombiana Davivienda Ecopetrol Empresa de Energía de Bogotá Grupo Argos Grupo Aval Grupo Nutresa Grupo Sura Interconexión Eléctrica Frontera Energy vte IGBC companies of Colombia Argos Avianca Holdings Banco de Bogotá Banco de Occidente Bancolombia Bolsa de Valores de Colombia Cemex LatAm Holdings Corficolombiana Davivienda Ecopetrol ETB Grupo Argos Grupo Aval Grupo Éxito Grupo Nutresa Odinsa Frontera Energy

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_S.A."},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Panamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Grupo Argos S.A is a Colombian conglomerate with large investments in the cement and energy industries. Its cement company Argos has operations in Colombia, the United States, Panamá, Honduras and the Caribbean. Celsia, its energy company, owns hydro, thermal, and wind power generation plants in Colombia, Panamá, and Costa Rica and distributes energy to more than 500.000 customers in Colombia.[3] Grupo Argos also has investments in port facilities and real estate in Colombia.","title":"Grupo Argos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cemex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemex"},{"link_name":"Votorantim Cimentos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votorantim_Cimentos"},{"link_name":"InterCement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=InterCement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcim"},{"link_name":"Grupo Nutresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Nutresa"},{"link_name":"Grupo Sura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Sura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Cementos Argos S.A is a Colombian construction materials producer, leader in the cement market in Colombia; it is the fourth largest cement producer in Latin America, and the only producer of white cement in Colombia. Argos has investments in Panama, Honduras, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is the second largest concrete producer and the fourth largest cement producer in the United States and it exports cement and clinker to 27 countries around the world. Argos competes with Cemex, Votorantim Cimentos, InterCement, Holcim and other cement companies.Argos has four ports in the U.S. and four in Colombia as well as two in Venezuela, one in Panama, on in the Dominican Republic and one in Haiti. In Colombia, Argos is the largest transporter of land cargo. Argos has 14 cement producing plants, of which 11 are located in Colombia and the rest are in Panama, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Four of the 11 Colombian plants are located in the northern area of Colombia and are dedicated to export, while for domestic demand there are 7 plants located in the Departments of Antioquía, Cundinamarca, Valle, Boyacá, and Santander.While Colombia is where Argos produces the most cement, the United States is where Argos has its largest concrete production capacity (8.9 million cubic meters per year). There are 134 concrete production plants and 1,350 mixers. Argos' concrete production capacity in Colombia is only 1.7 million cubic meters per year, with 40 plants and 230 mixers.In 2008, Argos had a market capitalization of over $3.5 billion US dollars and income of over $1,955 million US dollars. The geographic origin of this income is 44% from Colombia, 34% from the United States, 9% from Latin America and 13% from other businesses. In terms of business, 47% comes from concrete, 40% from cement and 13% from others.Argos has shown interest in publicly acquiring Grupo Nutresa and Grupo Sura.[6]","title":"Cementos Argos S.A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argos_Cement_Mixer,_MACK.JPG"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Lafarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafarge_Tarmac"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Company history","text":"Argos cement truck mixer in Atlanta, GeorgiaArgos was founded in Medellín, Colombia on February 27, 1934, by Claudino Arango Jaramillo, Rafael and Jorge Arango Carrasquilla, Carlos Sevillano Gómez, Leopoldo Arango Ceballos and Carlos Ochoa Vélez. In 1936, the factory began production and it issued its first dividend in 1938. After its association with Cementos del Nare, Argos began creating companies in various western regions of Colombia: Cementos del Valle in 1938, del Caribe in 1944, el Cairo in 1946, de Caldas in 1955, Tolcemento in 1972, Colclinker in 1974, and Cementos Ríoclaro in 1982. In the 1990s, Argo purchased stock participation in Cementos Paz del Río.Argos purchased Corporación de Cemento Andino in Venezuela, in 1998. Subsequently, Argos established alliances to make investments in the Dominican Republic, Panama and Haiti. In 2005, Argos merged all of its cement producing companies in Colombia and purchased Southern Star Concrete and Concrete Express in the U.S. The following year, it purchased Ready Mixed Concrete Company in the US and merged its concrete producing companies in Colombia and then purchased the cement and concrete assets of Cementos Andino and Concrecem in Colombia. In October 2011, Argos purchased the Lafarge operations in the southeastern U.S. adding two cement plants, one clinker grinding, 79 concrete plants and five terminals to the Argos U.S. operation. Until 2012, the company was called Inversiones Argos.[7]","title":"Cementos Argos S.A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificio_Argos2-Medellin.JPG"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Alpharetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpharetta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"Argos Corporate Headquarters building in Medellín, ColombiaCementos Argos Corporate Headquarters is in Medellín, Colombia, and its U.S. operations headquarters is in Alpharetta, Georgia.The company operates in over 15 countries/territories around the world including:","title":"Argos worldwide"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Prudence_(advice_column)

Dear Prudence (advice column)

["1 History","1.1 Herbert Stein","1.2 Margo Howard","1.3 Emily Yoffe","1.4 Daniel M. Lavery","1.5 Jenée Desmond-Harris","2 Cultural reference","3 References","4 External links"]

Column in Slate magazine Dear Prudence is an advice column appearing several times weekly in the online magazine Slate and syndicated to over 200 newspapers. History Herbert Stein The column was initiated on 20 December 1997. "Prudence" was a pseudonym, and the author's true identity was not revealed at the time. Slate's archive currently indicates that the author of those first columns was Herbert Stein. Stein ceased writing the column after three months and the column went on hiatus. Margo Howard In mid-March 1998, the column returned, with the explanation that "Prudence" had not come back from her "needlework"—per the explanation offered in Stein's last column—but rather had convinced her daughter and namesake to continue her work. While similarly anonymous at first, the new author of the column was eventually revealed to be Margo Howard, the daughter of Esther Lederer, a.k.a. Ann Landers. Howard maintained the column for nearly eight years. Her last Dear Prudence column appeared in Slate on 2 February 2006. Howard then had a Creators Syndicate advice column called "Dear Margo", whose run ended on Friday, 10 May 2013. Emily Yoffe On 9 February 2006, Dear Prudence was taken over by Slate staffer Emily Yoffe. Beginning in the summer of 2007, when Slate video magazine Slate V was launched, Yoffe also appeared in short, videorecorded Dear Prudence clips, illustrated with animations. Daniel M. Lavery In November 2015, Daniel M. Lavery, writer and co-founder of The Toast, took up the "Prudence" role from Yoffe, but wrote as Mallory Ortberg until April 2018. In June 2016, Slate launched the "Dear Prudence" podcast to accompany the column. Lavery, usually accompanied by one or two guests, discusses and responds to additional letters in weekly episodes. Lavery moved on from the role in May 2021. Jenée Desmond-Harris Jenée Desmond-Harris hosts a discussion at the San Francisco Public Library in 2019 Writer and New York Times Opinion Editor Jenée Desmond-Harris took over the column starting June 3, 2021. R. Eric Thomas took over during Desmond-Harris' parental leave in spring and summer 2022. Cultural reference The title of the column is a reference to the Beatles song "Dear Prudence". References ^ Rick Kogan, "Women Of Letters: Pauline And Jeanne Phillips (dear Abby). Eppie Lederer (ann Landers). And Now Margo Howard (dear Prudence). In This Family, The 'Advice Gene' Clearly Is Dominant", Chicago Tribune, April 1, 2001. ^ "PureWow: Women's Fashion, Beauty, Life Hacks & Recipes". www.wowowow.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013. ^ Interactive, Washingtonpost.Newsweek. "Emily Yoffe Becomes The New Voice Behind Slate's 'Dear Prudence'". www.prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ^ Turner, Julia (November 9, 2015). "Meet Our New Dear Prudence Columnist". Slate. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ "Help! My Friends' Triumphs Make Me Feel Like I'm Falling Behind in Life". Slate. April 24, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ "Coming Soon: Dear Prudence". Stitcher. Slate. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ "Jenée Desmond-Harris Takes over as Slate's Dear Prudence Columnist". Slate. 3 June 2021. External links Dear Prudence archive at Slate This journalism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Invades_NY

Lucha Invades NY

["1 Production","1.1 Background","1.2 Storylines","2 Results","3 See also","4 References"]

2019 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide event Lucha Invades NYPromotional poster featuring Mascarita Sagrada, Psycho Clown, Blue Demon Jr., La Parka, and Lady ShaniPromotionImpact WrestlingLucha Libre AAA WorldwideDateSeptember 15, 2019CityNew York CityVenueHulu Theater at Madison Square GardenAttendance3,000Buy rate60Pay-per-view chronology ← Previous(AAA) Triplemanía XXVII (Impact Wrestling) Slammiversary XVII Next →(AAA) Héroes Inmortales XIII (Impact Wrestling) Bound for Glory Lucha Invades NY was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), in partnership with Impact Wrestling. The event took place on September 15, 2019, at Madison Square Garden's Hulu Theater in New York City. The event aired live on traditional PPV outlets and FITE TV in the US. On television, the event aired live on Space in Mexico and aired, via tape delay, in the US on AXS TV and El Rey. Production Background On June 5, 2018, it was reported that AAA secured two dates to run a show at Madison Square Garden (MSG) due to MSG executives being unhappy with WWE running rival venue Barclays Center instead of their venue.; this came after reports of MSG executives being more open to other wrestling promotions running events in the venue. Despite Lucha Invades NY initially being planned to be held in fall 2018, on June 22, 2018 Pro Wrestling Insider reported that AAA would push the show date back to September 2019. In April 2019, AAA held a press conference officially announcing that it would be running a show at MSG while additionally announcing that tickets would be available for sale on May 5. Lucha Invades NY was intended to be the second professional wrestling event held at MSG (the first being G1 Supercard) by a professional wrestling promotion not owned by the McMahon family since November 14, 1960. It was later reported by Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer that AAA initial ticket sales for the event were 2,000 tickets. On August 16, it was announced that the event would be held in the smaller Hulu Theater, which is located inside of MSG. Later it was reported by Pro Wrestling Insider that AAA's decision of running Hulu Theater was made two weeks before the announcement after they met with MSG executives. Storylines The show featured eight professional wrestling matches, with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in wrestling matches. In her return to Impact Wrestling on September 27, 2018, Taya Valkyrie challenged Tessa Blanchard to a title match for the Impact Knockouts Championship. At Bound for Glory, Blanchard retained the title by using the ring ropes. Three weeks later, Taya received a rematch, which was once again won by Blanchard who attacked the referee and got herself disqualified, retaining the title in the process. At Homecoming, which took place on January 6, 2019, Taya won the Impact Knockouts Championship after the special guest referee Gail Kim (whom Blanchard had attacked during their match) performed her finishing move that allowed Taya to execute her own finishing move before she pinned her. A rematch from Homecoming, this time for Blanchard's AAA Reina de Reinas Championship, was later signed for Lucha Invades NY. On October 26, 2018, at Héroes Inmortales XII, Blue Demon Jr. betrayed Dr. Wagner Jr. during Wagner's match against Jeff Jarrett, which Wagner still won. In December, Blue Demon Jr. continued to cement his role as Wagner's rival. On February 10, 2019, Wagner emerged victorious against Blue Demon Jr. in a Street Fight and that same night, challenged Demon to a Lucha de Apuestas, a challenge that was not answered at the time. On February 27, AAA announced that Blue Demon Jr. and Wagner would face off in a Luchas de Apuestas as the main event of Triplemanía XXVII. At Triplemanía, Blue Demon Jr. defeated Wagner, forcing Wagner to shave his head. After the match Wagner announced his retirement from professional wrestling, however, the next day after Triplemanía XXVII, Wagner declared that it was not his last match as a wrestler and he would fulfill his commitments before his final retirement in 2020. A Triplemanía No DQ rematch was then announced for Lucha Invades NY. In February 2019, former UFC heavyweight champion Cain Velasquez made statements branding Lucha Libre as "fake" and "a show without real blows." On March 26, at an AAA press conference, Velasquez announced that he had signed with the company and was then confronted by a group on AAA wrestlers, including Texano Jr. On July 2, AAA announced that a trios match pitting Velasquez, Psycho Clown, and Cody Rhodes against Los Mercenarios (Texano Jr. and Taurus) and a surprise partner was signed for Triplemanía XXVI. At the event, Velasquez's team was victorious. Velasquez's second match, which will see him team with Psycho Clown and Brian Cage against Los Mercenarios (Texano Jr., Taurus, and Rey Escorpión), was later announced for Lucha Invades NY. Results No.ResultsStipulationsTimes1Chris Dickinson and Mascarita Dorada defeated Dave the Clown and DemusTag team match8:352Josh Alexander, Michael Elgin and Sami Callihan defeated Drago, Faby Apache and Murder ClownSix-man tag team match13:543Daga defeated Puma King, Aerostar and FlamitaFour-way match to determine the No. 1 contender for the AAA World Cruiserweight ChampionshipAs a result of pinning Puma King, Daga also won the DDT Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship10:234Taya Valkyrie defeated Tessa Blanchard (c)Singles match for the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship10:105Lucha Brothers (Fénix and Pentagón Jr.) (c) defeated Ortiz and SantanaTag team match for the AAA World Tag Team Championship14:046Brian Cage, Cain Velasquez and Psycho Clown defeated Los Mercenarios (Rey Escorpión, Texano Jr., and Taurus)Six-man tag team match12:587Dr. Wagner Jr. defeated Blue Demon Jr.No Disqualification match10:29(c) – the champion(s) heading into the match See also 2019 in professional wrestling References ^ a b c d "¡AAA invade New York! Se presentará en el Madison Square Garden". MedioTiempo (in Spanish). April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019. ^ a b "AAA Invading NY Early PPV Buys & Visa Issues Update". ^ "Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?". PWInsider.com. June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?". PWInsider.com. June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "AAA moves NY show from Madison Square Garden to Hulu Theater". WON/F4W – WWE news, Pro Wrestling News, WWE Results, UFC News, UFC results. August 16, 2019. ^ "NOW AVAILABLE FOR PRE-ORDER! #LuchaLibre @luchalibreaaa INVADES NY, at the @HuluTheaterMSG! If you can't be there live, join #FITETV, as we will be showing this event, exclusively!". FITE TV on Twitter. August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019. ^ "AAA NYC RETURN MOVED FROM MADISON SQUARE GARDEN | PWInsider.com". www.pwinsider.com. ^ Carapola, Stuart (September 27, 2018). "COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE LUCHA BROTHERS KIDNAP DAVE CRIST FOR OUR MONTHLY HOSTAGE CRISIS, EDDIE KINGSTON MAKES A BIG STATEMENT THAT HITS KONNAN CLOSE TO HOME, A TAG MAIN EVENT, AND MORE". PWInsider. ^ Johnson, Mike (October 14, 2018). "AUSTIN ARIES VS. JOHNNY IMPACT, CONCRETE JUNGLE MATCH AND MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING BOUND FOR GLORY COVERAGE FROM NYC". PWInsider. ^ Carapola, Stuart (November 1, 2018). "COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE NEW DESI ARNAZ HIT SQUAD DEBUTS, ALLIE STRUGGLES WITH THE DEMON LIVING WITHIN HER, HOMICIDE BATTLES PENTAGON JR, AND MORE". PWInsider. ^ Johnson, Mike (January 6, 2019). "IMPACT VS. CAGE, LAX VS. LUCHA BROTHERS STEALS THE SHOW, NEW CHAMPIONS CROWNED & MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING HOMECOMING PPV COVERAGE". PWInsider. ^ "Dr. Wagner Jr. rapó a Jeff Jarrett en una lucha de locura" . MedioTiempo (in Spanish). MSN. ^ Mutter, Eric (February 27, 2019). "Breaking news! Blue Demon Jr. Vs. Dr. Wagner Jr., mask Vs. hair, set for Triplemania XXVII". Lucha Central. ^ Vacah, José (August 4, 2019). "Dr. Wagner Jr. cumplirá sus compromisos de un año antes de retirarse". Medio Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved August 4, 2019. ^ Vacah, José (February 15, 2019). "Caín Velásquez ve a la lucha libre solo como un show sin golpes reales". Medio Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 15, 2019. ^ "AAA Invading NY live results: Cain Velasquez's US in-ring debut". The Wrestling Observer Newsletter. September 15, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019. vte← 2018 - 2019 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide pay-per-view events - 2020 → Rey de Reyes Verano de Escándalo Triplemanía XXVII Lucha Invades NY Héroes Inmortales Triplemanía Regia Guerra de Titanes vteLucha Libre AAA Worldwide eventsCurrent Rey de Reyes The World is a Vampire: NWA vs. AAA Lucha Libre World Cup Triplemanía Verano de Escándalo Héroes Inmortales (2007–2021, 2023–present) Noche de Campeones Guerra de Titanes (1997–2019, 2023–present) Former When Worlds Collide (1994) World Wrestling Peace Festival (1996) TripleSEM (2007) AAA vs. Elite (2018) Lucha Invades NY (2019) Super Series 2020 2022 2023 AAA Invades WrestleCon (2022) vteTotal Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view, livestreaming, and TNA+ eventsCurrent Victory Road (2004, 2006–2012; 2017; 2019–present) Turning Point (2004–2013; 2015–2016; 2019–2021; 2023–present) Final Resolution (2005–2013; 2020; 2023) Against All Odds (2005–2012; 2019; 2021–present) Slammiversary (2005–present) No Surrender (2005–2015; 2019; 2021–present) Sacrifice (2005–2012; 2014; 2016; 2020–present) Bound for Glory (2005–present) Rebellion (2019–present) Throwback Throwdown (2019–present) Hard To Kill (2020–present) Emergence (2020–present) Under Siege (2021–present) Multiverse (2022–present) Former Lockdown (2005–2016) Destination X (2005–2017) Redemption (2018) United We Stand (2019) Unbreakable (2005; 2019) Lucha Invades NY (2019) Bash at the Brewery (2019–2020) TNA: There's No Place Like Home (2020) Genesis (2005–2014; 2017–2018; 2021) Hard Justice/Hardcore Justice (2005–2015; 2021) Homecoming (2019; 2021) Knockouts Knockdown (2021) Over Drive (2022) See also Weekly pay-per-view show (2002–2004) One Night Only (2013–2019) Impact Wrestling Twitch specials (2018–2020) TNA+ Monthly Specials (2019–present) Portal: Mexico

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Impact Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Hulu Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu_Theater"},{"link_name":"FITE TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITE_TV"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"tape delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_delay"},{"link_name":"AXS TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_TV"},{"link_name":"El Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rey_Network"}],"text":"2019 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide eventLucha Invades NY was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), in partnership with Impact Wrestling. The event took place on September 15, 2019, at Madison Square Garden's Hulu Theater in New York City.The event aired live on traditional PPV outlets and FITE TV in the US. On television, the event aired live on Space in Mexico and aired, via tape delay, in the US on AXS TV and El Rey.","title":"Lucha Invades NY"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Barclays Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Center"},{"link_name":"wrestling promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"G1 Supercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_Supercard"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"McMahon family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuevaraCW-1"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Dave Meltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hulu Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu_Theater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"On June 5, 2018, it was reported that AAA secured two dates to run a show at Madison Square Garden (MSG) due to MSG executives being unhappy with WWE running rival venue Barclays Center instead of their venue.; this came after reports of MSG executives being more open to other wrestling promotions running events in the venue.[3] Despite Lucha Invades NY initially being planned to be held in fall 2018, on June 22, 2018 Pro Wrestling Insider reported that AAA would push the show date back to September 2019.[4] In April 2019, AAA held a press conference officially announcing that it would be running a show at MSG while additionally announcing that tickets would be available for sale on May 5. Lucha Invades NY was intended to be the second professional wrestling event held at MSG (the first being G1 Supercard) by a professional wrestling promotion not owned by the McMahon family since November 14, 1960.[1]It was later reported by Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer that AAA initial ticket sales for the event were 2,000 tickets.[5] On August 16, it was announced that the event would be held in the smaller Hulu Theater, which is located inside of MSG.[6] Later it was reported by Pro Wrestling Insider that AAA's decision of running Hulu Theater was made two weeks before the announcement after they met with MSG executives.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types"},{"link_name":"scripted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_thread"},{"link_name":"heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Impact Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Taya Valkyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taya_Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"Tessa Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Impact Knockouts Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_Knockouts_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bound for Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_(2018)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"disqualified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#D"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_Wrestling_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"special guest referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"Gail Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Kim"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AAA Reina de Reinas Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_Reina_de_Reinas_Championship"},{"link_name":"Héroes Inmortales XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9roes_Inmortales_XII"},{"link_name":"Blue Demon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Demon_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Luchas de Apuestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchas_de_Apuestas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnouncedXXVII-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"No DQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cain Velasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Velasquez"},{"link_name":"Lucha Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Texano Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texano_Jr."},{"link_name":"trios match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-man_tag_team_match"},{"link_name":"Psycho Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_Clown"},{"link_name":"Cody Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Los Mercenarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Mercenarios"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Taurus"},{"link_name":"Psycho Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_Clown"},{"link_name":"Brian Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cage"},{"link_name":"Rey Escorpión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Escorpi%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"The show featured eight professional wrestling matches, with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in wrestling matches.In her return to Impact Wrestling on September 27, 2018, Taya Valkyrie challenged Tessa Blanchard to a title match for the Impact Knockouts Championship.[8] At Bound for Glory, Blanchard retained the title by using the ring ropes.[9] Three weeks later, Taya received a rematch, which was once again won by Blanchard who attacked the referee and got herself disqualified, retaining the title in the process.[10] At Homecoming, which took place on January 6, 2019, Taya won the Impact Knockouts Championship after the special guest referee Gail Kim (whom Blanchard had attacked during their match) performed her finishing move that allowed Taya to execute her own finishing move before she pinned her.[11] A rematch from Homecoming, this time for Blanchard's AAA Reina de Reinas Championship, was later signed for Lucha Invades NY.On October 26, 2018, at Héroes Inmortales XII, Blue Demon Jr. betrayed Dr. Wagner Jr. during Wagner's match against Jeff Jarrett, which Wagner still won.[12] In December, Blue Demon Jr. continued to cement his role as Wagner's rival. On February 10, 2019, Wagner emerged victorious against Blue Demon Jr. in a Street Fight and that same night, challenged Demon to a Lucha de Apuestas, a challenge that was not answered at the time. On February 27, AAA announced that Blue Demon Jr. and Wagner would face off in a Luchas de Apuestas as the main event of Triplemanía XXVII.[13] At Triplemanía, Blue Demon Jr. defeated Wagner, forcing Wagner to shave his head. After the match Wagner announced his retirement from professional wrestling, however, the next day after Triplemanía XXVII, Wagner declared that it was not his last match as a wrestler and he would fulfill his commitments before his final retirement in 2020.[14] A Triplemanía No DQ rematch was then announced for Lucha Invades NY.In February 2019, former UFC heavyweight champion Cain Velasquez made statements branding Lucha Libre as \"fake\" and \"a show without real blows.\"[15] On March 26, at an AAA press conference, Velasquez announced that he had signed with the company and was then confronted by a group on AAA wrestlers, including Texano Jr. On July 2, AAA announced that a trios match pitting Velasquez, Psycho Clown, and Cody Rhodes against Los Mercenarios (Texano Jr. and Taurus) and a surprise partner was signed for Triplemanía XXVI. At the event, Velasquez's team was victorious. Velasquez's second match, which will see him team with Psycho Clown and Brian Cage against Los Mercenarios (Texano Jr., Taurus, and Rey Escorpión), was later announced for Lucha Invades NY.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]

[]

[{"title":"2019 in professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_professional_wrestling"}]

[{"reference":"\"¡AAA invade New York! Se presentará en el Madison Square Garden\". MedioTiempo (in Spanish). April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediotiempo.com/lucha-libre/aaa/presentara-madison-square-garden-new-york/","url_text":"\"¡AAA invade New York! Se presentará en el Madison Square Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAA Invading NY Early PPV Buys & Visa Issues Update\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tpww.net/2019/09/aaa-invading-ny-early-ppv-buys-visa-issues-update/","url_text":"\"AAA Invading NY Early PPV Buys & Visa Issues Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?\". PWInsider.com. June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwinsider.com/article/118328/does-aaa-still-have-dates-at-madison-square-garden.html?p=1","url_text":"\"Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?\". PWInsider.com. June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/118328/does-aaa-still-have-dates-at-madison-square-garden.html?p=1","url_text":"\"Does Aaa Still Have Dates At Madison Square Garden?\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAA moves NY show from Madison Square Garden to Hulu Theater\". WON/F4W – WWE news, Pro Wrestling News, WWE Results, UFC News, UFC results. August 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-moves-ny-show-madison-square-garden-hulu-theater-290256","url_text":"\"AAA moves NY show from Madison Square Garden to Hulu Theater\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOW AVAILABLE FOR PRE-ORDER! #LuchaLibre @luchalibreaaa INVADES NY, at the @HuluTheaterMSG! If you can't be there live, join #FITETV, as we will be showing this event, exclusively!\". FITE TV on Twitter. August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/FiteTV/status/1162384584673284096","url_text":"\"NOW AVAILABLE FOR PRE-ORDER! #LuchaLibre @luchalibreaaa INVADES NY, at the @HuluTheaterMSG! If you can't be there live, join #FITETV, as we will be showing this event, exclusively!\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAA NYC RETURN MOVED FROM MADISON SQUARE GARDEN | PWInsider.com\". www.pwinsider.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/128831/aaa-nyc-return-moved-from-madison-square-garden.html?p=1","url_text":"\"AAA NYC RETURN MOVED FROM MADISON SQUARE GARDEN | PWInsider.com\""}]},{"reference":"Carapola, Stuart (September 27, 2018). \"COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE LUCHA BROTHERS KIDNAP DAVE CRIST FOR OUR MONTHLY HOSTAGE CRISIS, EDDIE KINGSTON MAKES A BIG STATEMENT THAT HITS KONNAN CLOSE TO HOME, A TAG MAIN EVENT, AND MORE\". PWInsider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/120575/complete-impact-wrestling-report-the-lucha-brothers-kidnap-dave-crist-for-our-monthly-hostage-crisis-eddie-kingston-makes-a-big-statement-that-hits-konnan-close-to-home-a-tag-main-event-and-more.html?p=1","url_text":"\"COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE LUCHA BROTHERS KIDNAP DAVE CRIST FOR OUR MONTHLY HOSTAGE CRISIS, EDDIE KINGSTON MAKES A BIG STATEMENT THAT HITS KONNAN CLOSE TO HOME, A TAG MAIN EVENT, AND MORE\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mike (October 14, 2018). \"AUSTIN ARIES VS. JOHNNY IMPACT, CONCRETE JUNGLE MATCH AND MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING BOUND FOR GLORY COVERAGE FROM NYC\". PWInsider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/120973/eli-drakes-open-challenge-live-ongoing-impact-wrestling-bound-for-glory-coverage-from-nyc.html?p=1","url_text":"\"AUSTIN ARIES VS. JOHNNY IMPACT, CONCRETE JUNGLE MATCH AND MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING BOUND FOR GLORY COVERAGE FROM NYC\""}]},{"reference":"Carapola, Stuart (November 1, 2018). \"COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE NEW DESI ARNAZ HIT SQUAD DEBUTS, ALLIE STRUGGLES WITH THE DEMON LIVING WITHIN HER, HOMICIDE BATTLES PENTAGON JR, AND MORE\". PWInsider.","urls":[{"url":"https://pwinsider.com/article/121467/complete-impact-wrestling-report-the-new-desi-arnaz-hit-squad-debuts-allie-struggles-with-the-demon-living-within-her-homicide-battles-pentagon-jr-and-more.html?p=1","url_text":"\"COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING REPORT: THE NEW DESI ARNAZ HIT SQUAD DEBUTS, ALLIE STRUGGLES WITH THE DEMON LIVING WITHIN HER, HOMICIDE BATTLES PENTAGON JR, AND MORE\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mike (January 6, 2019). \"IMPACT VS. CAGE, LAX VS. LUCHA BROTHERS STEALS THE SHOW, NEW CHAMPIONS CROWNED & MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING HOMECOMING PPV COVERAGE\". PWInsider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=123002&p=3","url_text":"\"IMPACT VS. CAGE, LAX VS. LUCHA BROTHERS STEALS THE SHOW, NEW CHAMPIONS CROWNED & MORE: COMPLETE IMPACT WRESTLING HOMECOMING PPV COVERAGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Wagner Jr. rapó a Jeff Jarrett en una lucha de locura\" [Dr. Wagner Jr. shaved Jeff Jarrett in a crazy fight]. MedioTiempo (in Spanish). MSN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediotiempo.com/lucha-libre/aaa/dr-wagner-jr-rapo-jeff-jarrett-lucha-locura","url_text":"\"Dr. Wagner Jr. rapó a Jeff Jarrett en una lucha de locura\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"}]},{"reference":"Mutter, Eric (February 27, 2019). \"Breaking news! Blue Demon Jr. Vs. Dr. Wagner Jr., mask Vs. hair, set for Triplemania XXVII\". Lucha Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://luchacentral.com/breaking-news-blue-demon-jr-vs-dr-wagner-jr-mask-vs-hair-set-for-triplemania-xxvii/","url_text":"\"Breaking news! Blue Demon Jr. Vs. Dr. Wagner Jr., mask Vs. hair, set for Triplemania XXVII\""}]},{"reference":"Vacah, José (August 4, 2019). \"Dr. Wagner Jr. cumplirá sus compromisos de un año antes de retirarse\". Medio Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved August 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediotiempo.com/lucha-libre/aaa/aaa-dr-wagner-jr-cumplira-compromisos-ano-retirarse/","url_text":"\"Dr. Wagner Jr. cumplirá sus compromisos de un año antes de retirarse\""}]},{"reference":"Vacah, José (February 15, 2019). \"Caín Velásquez ve a la lucha libre solo como un show sin golpes reales\". Medio Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediotiempo.com/mas-deportes/ufc/ufc-cain-velasquez-lucha-libre-show-golpes-reales","url_text":"\"Caín Velásquez ve a la lucha libre solo como un show sin golpes reales\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAA Invading NY live results: Cain Velasquez's US in-ring debut\". The Wrestling Observer Newsletter. September 15, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-invading-ny-live-results-cain-velasquezs-us-ring-debut-292466","url_text":"\"AAA Invading NY live results: Cain Velasquez's US in-ring debut\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Golden_Horse_Awards

56th Golden Horse Awards

["1 Winners and nominees","2 In the news","3 References","4 External links"]

56th Golden Horse AwardsPosterDateNovember 23, 2019SiteSun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, TaiwanPreshow hostsPink Yang, Liu Kuan-tingOrganized byTaipei Golden Horse Film Festival Executive CommitteeHighlightsBest Feature FilmA SunBest DirectorChung Mong-hongA SunBest ActorChen Yi-wenA SunBest ActressYeo Yann YannWet SeasonMost awardsA Sun (6)Most nominationsDetention (12)Television in TaiwanNetworkTTV ← 55th Golden Horse Awards 57th → 56th Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 第56屆金馬獎) took place on November 23, 2019 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. Organized by the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival Executive Committee, the awards honored the best in Chinese-language films of 2018 and 2019. The ceremony was televised by TTV. Winners and nominees Best Feature Film A Sun Suk Suk The Garden of Evening Mists Wet Season Detention Best Documentary Your Face The Tree Remembers The Good Daughter  Bamboo Theatre Last Year When the Train Passed By Best Animation Feature - Best Live Action Short Film 3 Generations 3 Days Old Man and A Dog Liu A, Sing A, and Bi Hong Rebel Boy Langit Budak Biru Best Animated Short Film Gold Fish Hidden Zone My Father at Grandma's Funeral Adorable The Lighthouse Best Director Chung Mong-hong — A Sun Tom Lin Shu-yu — The Garden of Evening Mists Anthony Chen — Wet Season Chang Tso-chi — Synapses Midi Z — Nina Wu Best Leading Actor Chen Yi-wen — A Sun Wu Chien-ho — A Sun Tai Bo — Suk Suk Ben Yuen — Suk Suk Chu Pak Hong — My Prince Edward Best Leading Actress Yeo Yann Yann — Wet Season Samantha Ko — A Sun Angelica Lee — The Garden of Evening Mists Lü Hsueh-feng — Synapses Gingle Wang — Detention Best Supporting Actor Liu Kuan-ting — A Sun Duan Chun-hao — We Are Champions Koh Jia Ler — Wet Season Yang Shi Bin — Wet Season Li Ying-chuan — Synapses Best Supporting Actress Winnie Chang — The Teacher Eleven Yao — The Gangs, The Oscars, and The Walking Dead Wen Chen-ling — A Sun Patra Au — Suk Suk Lu Yi-ching — 3 Days 2 Nights Best New Director John Hsu — Detention Lau Kek-huat and Vera Chen — Boluomi Hung Tzu-hsuan — The Scoundrels Hsu Chia-kai — The Last Thieves Wong Yee-lam — My Prince Edward Best New Performer Fandy Fan — We Are Champions Yuan Teng — The Paradise Tsai Jia-yin — Heavy Craving Oscar Chiu — The Teacher Tseng Ching-hua — Detention Best Original Screenplay Yeo Siew Hua — A Land Imagined Chung Mong-hong and Chang Yao-sheng — A Sun Ray Yeung — Suk Suk Anthony Chen — Wet Season Wu Ke-xi and Midi Z — Nina Wu Best Adapted Screenplay John Hsu, Fu Kai-ling, Chien Shih-keng — Detention Lai Meng-jie, Neverland Entertainment Limited, Liu Hsueh-jung — Stand by Me Richard Smith — The Garden of Evening Mists Best Cinematography Chen Ko-chin and Chen Chih-hsuan — The Scoundrels Nagao Nakashima — A Sun Chen Tapu — We Are Champions Kartik Vijay — The Garden of Evening Mists Florian Zinke — Nina Wu Best Visual Effects Renovatio Pictures and Tomi Kuo — Detention Charles Lee and Yeh Jen-hao — The Devil Fish Wells Tu — We Are Champions Simple View Production Company — Synapses Grass Jelly Studio, MoonShine VFX and The White Rabbit Entertainment, Inc. — Mayday Life Best Art Direction Wang Chih-cheng — Detention Hsiao Jen-chieh — Paradise Next Lai Yung-kun — The Magnificent Bobita Penny Tsai, Lum Heng-soon and Chen Hsuan-shao — The Garden of Evening Mists Kuo Chih-da — Nina Wu Best Makeup & Costume Design Nikki Gooley, Biby Chow, Penny Tsai and Nina Edwards — The Garden of Evening Mists Kao Chia-lin — The Magnificent Bobita Lore Shih — The Gangs, The Oscars, and The Walking Dead Hsu Li-wen and Lo Wan-yi — The Scoundrels Jelly Chung and Chan Cheuk-ming — Nina Wu Best Action Choreography Hung Shih-hao — The Scoundrels Hung Shih-hao and Chia Fan — We Are Champions Jimmy Hung — Detention Gino Yang — Mayday Life Best Original Film Score Teo Wei Yong — A Land Imagined Ryuichi Sakamoto — Your Face Onn San — The Garden of Evening Mists Luming Lu — Detention Lim Giong — Nina Wu Best Original Film Song "The Day After Rain" — Detention Composer： Luming Lu and Summer Lei Lyrics： Summer Lei Performer： Summer Lei "A Kind of Sorrow" — More than Blue Composer： Alex Chang-Chien Lyrics： Gavin Lin Performer： A-Lin "Distant Journey" — A Sun Composer： Lin Sheng Xiang Lyrics： Chung Mong-hong Performer： Lin Sheng-xiang "Nina Wu" — Nina Wu Composer： Sandee Chan Lyrics： Sandee Chan Performer： Sandee Chan "My Prince Edward" — My Prince Edward Composer： Eman Lam Lyrics： Wong Yee-lam Performer： Stephy Tang Best Film Editing Lai Hsiu-hsiung — A Sun Wenders Li, Kao Ming-sheng, Li Bin and Barfuss Hui — The Scoundrels Daniel Hui — A Land Imagined Soo Mun-thye — The Garden of Evening Mists Shieh Meng Ju — Detention Best Sound Effects Li Danfeng, Chou Cheng and Morgan Yen — Nina Wu Narubett Peamyai and Sidney Hu — The Scoundrels R.T Kao, Aki Chen — We Are Champions Damien Guillaume and Gilles Benardeau — A Land Imagined Dennis Tsao and Book Chien — Detention Audience Choice Award A Sun FIPRESCI Prize Heavy Craving Outstanding Taiwanese Filmmaker of the Year Tang Shiang-chu Lifetime Achievement Award Wang Toon Jimmy Wang In the news Following a boycott by China's national film governing board National Radio and Television Administration due to political tensions between Taiwan and China, films from Mainland China were completely absent from the list of nominees. Hong Kong director Johnnie To, who was announced as the jury president for the 56th Golden Horse Awards in June 2019, resigned his position in late September after Hong Kong film studios were reportedly pressured to withdraw from the awards ceremony; To cited his reason as having "previously signed film production contractual obligations". Following the announcement of the Chinese boycott, some production companies in Hong Kong also pulled films from consideration at the award ceremony. Despite this, there were a number of Hong Kong titles in the awards running which include Suk Suk, My Prince Edward and documentary Bamboo Theatre. Maserati announced on Sina Weibo in October 2019 that it had ended sponsorship of the Golden Horse Awards, stating in part, "Maserati always respects China's territorial integrity, history and culture, and firmly upholds the one-China principle." References ^ "第56屆金馬獎《大餓》獲頒費比西獎 《陽光普照》奪觀眾票選獎 - 自由娛樂". ent.ltn.com.tw. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "金獎導演王童 武打巨星王羽 雙獲第56屆金馬獎終身成就獎". www.goldenhorse.org.tw (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ Grater, Tom (November 23, 2019). "'A Sun', 'Detention' Top Winners At Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards". Deadline. Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ "Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards Unveils Nominations Amid China Tensions". Deadline. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "Golden Horse Awards Almost Completely Devoid of China and Hong Kong Nominees". Variety. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "No Chinese movies nominated for Golden Horses..." Taiwan News. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ "Hong Kong Director Johnnie To Resigns as Golden Horse Awards Jury President Amid Beijing Boycott". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ Hung, Chien-lun; Miao, Zong-han; Kao, Evelyn (18 September 2019). "HK director quits Taiwan film awards jury in apparent China boycott". Central News Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2019. Republished as: "HK's Johnnie To quits as Golden Horse jury chair". Taipei Times. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019. ^ Chang, Shu-ling; Hou, Elaine; Emerson, Lim (9 August 2019). "HK film companies to boycott Taipei Golden Horse Awards". Central News Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2019. Republished as: "HK film companies withdraw entries to Golden Horse event". Taipei Times. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019. ^ Frater, Patrick (1 October 2019). "Golden Horse Awards Almost Completely Devoid of China and Hong Kong Nominees". Variety. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ Hung, Chien-lun; Hsu, Elizabeth (25 October 2019). "Maserati suspends Golden Horse Awards sponsorship". Central News Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2019. ^ "Maserati dumps Golden Horse Awards support". Taipei Times. Agence France Presse. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019. ^ Griffiths, James (25 October 2019). "Maserati distances itself from Asian 'Oscars' in Taiwan under pressure from China". CNN. Retrieved 28 October 2019. External links Official website of the Golden Horse Awards vteGolden Horse AwardsYear 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Categories Best Narrative Feature Best Documentary Feature Best Animated Feature Best Live Action Short Film Best Documentary Short Film Best Animated Short Film Best Director Best Leading Actor Best Leading Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Director Best New Performer Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects Best Art Direction Best Makeup & Costume Design Best Action Choreography Best Original Film Score Best Original Film Song Best Film Editing Best Sound Effects Outstanding Taiwanese Filmmaker of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Awards given by independent groups Audience Choice Award FIPRESCI Prize NETPAC Award Observation Missions for Asian Cinema Award

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Potter

Gilbert Potter

["1 Career","2 Capture by the IRA","2.1 Hyland's Cross Ambush","2.2 Kept as hostage and executed","3 Military retaliation","4 Truce and re-interment","5 Family","6 Final letters","7 Sources and notes","7.1 Bibliography","7.2 On-line sources","7.3 References","7.4 Additional notes"]

Irish police officer Gilbert Norman PotterDistrict Inspector C.M (sic) PotterRoyal Irish Constabulary, reported by Dublin Castle to have run into an ambushbetween Clougheen (sic) and Cahir last week.Notice that appeared in the Freeman's Journal, Wednesday, 27 April 1921, the evening on which Potter was killed.NationalityIrishOther names"Chum"Occupation(s)District Inspector, Royal Irish Constabulary Gilbert Norman Potter (10 July 1878 – 27 April 1921) was a District Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary. He was born in Dromahair, County Leitrim, a son of Rev. Joseph Potter, Church of Ireland Rector of Drumlease Parish, and Mrs. Jane Potter. He was stationed at Cahir, County Tipperary, during the Irish War of Independence. In April 1921 he was captured and executed by the Irish Republican Army in reprisal for the British execution of Thomas Traynor, an Irish republican. Career Potter received his commission as District Inspector on 27 April 1901 having completed his cadetship at the Depot, Phoenix Park, Dublin. His first assignment was to Castlepollard, County Westmeath. During the 1909 ITGWU strike in Cork, he was temporarily posted there from Dublin and was also involved in policing the 14 August marches in Portadown. Having had charge of No. 4 Company at the Depot, he was assigned to Cahir in 1912. Capture by the IRA Hyland's Cross Ambush On 23 April 1921 District Inspector Potter was captured by the 3rd (South) Tipperary Brigade, IRA, following the Hyland's Cross Ambush. This occurred near Curraghcloney, close to the village of Ballylooby. The ambush party was initially made up of a combination of the 1st and 2nd Flying Columns 3rd Tipperary Brigade. This was the largest force assembled to date by the Tipperary IRA in anticipation of a major battle. However, the convoy of military lorries that was expected never materialised. Dan Breen and Con Moloney returned to battalion headquarters, while Seán Hogan's Column withdrew northwards in the direction of the Galtee Mountains. As Dinny Lacey's (No.1) Column prepared to leave towards the south, a small party of British soldiers accompanying two horse-drawn carts unexpectedly approached from Clogheen and were immediately fired upon. Amid some confusion Lacey's scattered men withdrew southwards towards the Knockmealdown Mountains. One British soldier, Frank Edward Conday, was fatally wounded and two others from the relieving party were wounded. Reports that army lorries were burned during the exchange may have been abandoned by the relieving soldiers sent from Clogheen. By chance, Potter, who was returning by car from police duties at Ballyporeen, drove into a section of the withdrawing No.1 Column. Although in mufti, he was recognised by one of the IRA Volunteers and taken prisoner. As part of a new strategy, he was held as a hostage for the safe release of Thomas Traynor, an IRA volunteer (and father of ten young children), then under sentence of death at Mountjoy Jail. The I.R.A. offered to release Potter in exchange for Traynor's release. Traynor was executed. Traynor has since been honoured by the Irish state as one of "The Forgotten Ten". Kept as hostage and executed The Column, under sporadic fire from soldiers alerted at the nearby Clogheen barracks, followed the contours of the mountains to the village of Newcastle. Losing their pursuers, they stayed for a period of time at the townland of Glasha. Here Potter was detained in an out-building of a farm which was regularly used by the IRA as a safe-house. From there the party was guided into the Nire Valley by a contingent of local Waterford Volunteers and on to the Comeragh Mountains. Accounts from Rathgormack, County Waterford suggest he was kept for at least one night at a nearby Ringfort before being taken down the hill to a field then owned by Power's of Munsboro, where he met his ultimate fate. At 7p.m., on 27 April, following news of Traynor's execution by hanging, he was shot to death, and hastily buried in a shallow grave on the banks of the Clodagh River. A diary he kept during his period of captivity and some personal effects and farewell letters (copies of which transcribed below), were returned anonymously to his wife. It was the first confirmation she had that he had been killed. The artifacts were later lost when his son's ship was torpedoed in 1942, during the Second World War. Military retaliation Three weeks after Potter's death, on 18 May, the following notice of officially sanctioned military reprisals appeared in local newspapers: Official Reprisals in South Tipperary14 Homes DestroyedWe are requested to publish the following: (1) The houses of the following persons were destroyed on Friday 13th May and Saturday 14th.Cahir District(1) Mrs. T. O'Gorman, Burncourt Castle (2) Mrs Tobin, Tincurry House (3) Edmund Mulcahy, Coolagarranvoe (4) Pat McCarthy, Drumlummin (5) James Slattery, Killbeg (6) Robert Keating, BallyloobyTipperary District(7) Bryan Shanahan, Grantstown (8) J. Dwyer Ballinavasin (9) J. Barry, Cross of Donohill (10) Patrick Corbett, DonohillCashel District (11) Edmond Riley, Coolanga (12) J. Ryan, Turrabeen (13) O'Keeffe, Glenough (14) John Grogan, ShanballyduffThe contents of the following person was destroyed on Friday 13th MayJames Taylor, Cashel. (2) The destructions were ordered by Colonel Commandant N.J.G. Cameron CB, CMG, ADC Commanding 16th Infantry Brigade and Military Governor on the grounds that the persons concerned are active supporters of armed rebels and especially of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Irish Republican Army and that they reside in the area and that the 3rd Tipperary Brigade has admitted responsibility for the brutal murder of District Inspector G.N. Potter R.I.C. (D.I. of Cahir) on or about 20 April 1921. (3) Before the work of destruction commenced, Notice "B" was served on the owner of each house telling him that his property was going to be destroyed and the reason and giving him one hour in which to clear out valuables and foodstuffs, hay and corn, but not furniture.. Truce and re-interment Are we going to choose in the next onward march of this nation the weapons which will give us dead in our country- the Crompton-Smiths (sic) of England and the Potters of Ireland; or, are we going to take our own resources and grow to manhood, in friendliness and with some chance of avoiding that polarisation of mind and polarisation in antagonisms with the English people that we have been forced into at the present time? Richard Mulcahy – Dáil debates During the Truce, by arrangement through specially appointed Liaison Officers, Potter's body was disinterred by the IRA and conveyed to Clonmel where it was returned to his widow, Lilias. Two days later he was brought to Cahir and buried with full military honours at the Church of Ireland cemetery at Kilcommon, 4 kilometres south of the town. The funeral, presided over by Bishop Miller of Waterford, and attended by the Band of the Lincolnshire Regiment, the locally stationed Royal Field Artillery and officers and men of the R.I.C. took place in the afternoon of Tue. 30 August 1921. In heated debates in the Dáil, following the signing of the Treaty, the names of the dead were invoked by both sides to justify their respective positions. Richard Mulcahy made the appeal shown. Family Lilias and the four children (Hilda, Georgina, Gilbert Charles, and Freddie) soon after had a stormy crossing of the Irish Sea by cattle boat before settling in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. For some time, the sale of the damaged motor car which realised £50, £25 back-pay due her husband, an insurance policy to the value of £300 and some sundry personal effects were all that came to Lily. There was a modest pension on the basis of her husband's death, but the family were in dire financial circumstances. Some time later, a compensation award of £12,000 was made by the authorities for the benefit of Potter's dependents. Lilias Potter died at Broadstairs in 1926, and within a short period two of the children also died. The two surviving children, Hilda and Gilbert Charles, lived for some time with their uncle in Liverpool and with various other relations during holidays from school. Gilbert Charles Potter joined the Royal Navy. He survived when his ship was torpedoed during the Second World War and lived to see his daughter get married. While serving in the Navy, he met an Irish sailor named Traynor, whose father, according to his service record, had been executed by the British during the Irish War of Independence. Gilbert believed him to be a son of the man with the same surname for whose execution his father had been shot by the IRA in retaliation. In the mid-1960s, Potter returned to Cahir. This was his first visit back to Ireland. He reportedly met with Dan Breen in a County Wicklow nursing home. Breen was one of the IRA leaders closely involved in his father's detention and the abortive prisoner exchange. They spent a strained period of time discussing contemporary affairs as well as the events of forty-five years previous. Gilbert was surprised but happy to learn from many locals in the Cahir area across the political spectrum that his father had been held in high regard as a kindly and honourable man, notwithstanding his participation on the 'wrong side' of the war. Final letters During Potter's period of captivity, he was permitted to write a number of letters to his family. They did reach their intended recipients, but through whom they were sent and when precisely they arrived remains unclear. WILL------------ 27th April 1921 I leave to my darling and devoted wife Lily everything I possess.---------------Lilias Potter I wish her to give my wrist watch to our sweet little son Charles---He has worn it often---My wedding ring also to my dearest wife who gave it to me---I have little to leave, Lily, we had everything in common. My bureau that you gave me—to Hilda our dear angel first born. The little travelling clock to Georgie. My polo cup to your dear of a small success I had in life before meeting you. (I had nothing to bring you, you gave all) You did what no one ever did for me before, you gave me a pure and devoted love --- a home and our children--- You tried in every way to help me and save me but we know there is only One who can do that perfectly. He will let us meet agan ---- My walking sticks are for you --- one for Charles, Give Freddy something --- Will you write again to Boyle for the cups silver forks and spoons Golf clubs, balls tennis racket to you Lily --- I cannot find out when I am to be released. I am informed the decision rests with the Dal Eirann. I don't know if you can approach any person connected with it --- I was told a question of exchange might be raised, I wonder does the Government care enough about one who has been their servant for over 20 years to make an effort in my direction? Dal Eirann should be able to find out that I never injured an Irishman and lived always on good terms with the Irish, being born & having lived all my life In Ireland. claim to have the right to -My love to all our friends in Cahir --- and to the Bishop and May and their family in My love to Corre? & John and Aunt Sophie? To Percy & Lilias – To Lyndon Mabel and their boys, To Wilkie --- God bless them all --- Remember me to old Bob Live on at Apsley House dear if you can, if it is God's will --- ask him --- Remember me to Mr. Ford & his family --- to --- the Dennys --- To my Hd. Constable & men--- our rector --- 4th 5th 5th Day of Captivity --- With I.R.A.. 26th April 192# Dear Bishop, I hope you can do something to help Lily in this time of distress for her. I have written her a letter and she may have received it as the IRA officer told me it was posted ---Pals in Ireland have regard for my wife who is Irish more so than I am, as regards her family having held land in the country ---I cannot now write my personal feelings to you --- --- The I.R.A treat me well and are kind hearted --- comfort my dear Lily. How awful that I should have brought her this trouble ---If you see Lily soon tell her that her goodness to me and devoted love are felt by me and are a treasure in my affliction ---I pray for her and the prayers are heard. Yours affect’ly, Gilbert. 27 April 1921. Dearest Wife I hope you had news of me through my letter ---The IRA say you can send me a parcel if you take steps that the method of sending it is not known & kept secret ---Perhaps you could give a parcel to Mrs, Cleary which she could keep at Spelmans until it is called for. I want --- (1) Clean long drawers (2) Clean long cotton vest (3) Clean cotton shirt (4) pair socks (5) big boots inside with insoles --- the K would suit best (6) Waterproof coat (7) Safety razor with two dozen new blades (8) Shaving brush, soap, a small sponge (9) Tooth brush If you put the lot in cloth haversack like the RIC have I could carry it --- If impossible to send don’t be troubled as the people I meet are really kind and could supply everything except a safety razor --- Now darling wife God will help us. My love to you Hilda, Georgie, Charles and Freddie --- Could you send me a pound? Your husband, Gilbert 27 April 1921 I request those in authority with IRA to send to my wife my note book which contains messages for her and my will. There are, I am sure, humane leaders who will pity a wife who is Irish, as I am also. G.N. Potter Enclosed in box for my wife Wrist watch Gold ring Cigarette holder Silver match box Set of keys Cigarette case Letter for her and the Bishop of Waterford Sources and notes Bibliography Goulden Papers: Manuscripts Collection: Trinity College, Dublin Herlihy, Jim; The Royal Irish Constabulary A complete alphabetical list of officers and men, 1816–1922; Four Courts; Press; 2005 : ISBN 1-85182-502-9 Breen D. My Fight for Irish Freedom Talbot Press (1924) translate in french Tobin, Peter: Witness Statement (W.S. 1,223): Bureau of Military History Copy accessed at National Archives of Ireland, Dublin Desmond, Michael : Witness Statement (W.S. 1,338): p. 10 Abbott, Richard: Police Casualties in Ireland 1919–1922: Mercier Press: 2000: ISBN 1-85635-314-1 O'Dwyer, Kate: The Third Tipperary Brigade: its guerilla campaign (1919–1921): in Tipperary Historical Journal (1997), pp 65–73 Younger, Carlton: Ireland's Civil War: 3rd Impression: Fontana Collins: Great Britain: 1979 On-line sources Dáil Éireann – Volume 3–22 December 1921 DEBATE ON TREATY Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine New York Times contemporary report of Potter's disappearance. References ^ Goulden Papers, Cover Letter addressed to "those in authority with I.R.A.", dated 27 April. ^ Goulden Papers 7882/3 ^ Irish Civil Birth Record ^ Herlihy p255 ^ Irish Times 3 May 1901. p. 7 ^ Weekly Irish Times; 14 August 1909 ^ Weekly Irish Times; 21 August 1909 ^ Weekly Irish Times; 3 August 1912. ^ O'Dwyer p? ^ "Conday". Cairogang.com. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ General Macready memo CAB/24/122 available at UK National Archives (requires free registration to access) ^ The Irish Times; 25 April 1921 ^ Breen, p? ^ "Document of Military History: Statement by Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick" (PDF). Bureaumilitaryhistory.ie. p. 20. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ Desmond, Michael W.S. ^ Murphy, Seán; Sile Murphy (1981). The Comeraghs, refuge of rebels: story of Deise Brigade, I.R.A., 1914–1924. Mahonbridge: The Authors. p. 41. Retrieved 24 March 2010. ^ Abbott p226 ^ Tobin (W.S. 1223) p? ^ Goulden Papers 7382/10 ^ Tipperaryman and Limerick Recorder 14 May 1921. ^ Goulden Papers, 7382a/196 ^ The Nationalist (Clonmel) 18 May 1921. ^ Tipperaryman and Limerick Recorder, 3 September 1921. ^ Goulden Papers 7380/10: Clonmel Nationalist, 31 August and 3 September 1921 ^ "DEBATE ON TREATY Thursday, 22 December 1921". DailÉireann. Retrieved 9 March 2011. ^ Major Geoffrey Lee Compton-Smith was a British officer captured and executed by the IRA on 30 April 1921, three days after Potter was shot. ^ Profile, CWGC.org; accessed 4 June 2016. ^ The Irish Times; 22 October 1931 ^ The Irish Times, pg. 5 ^ Weekly Irish Times; 3 July 1926 p. 12 ^ The Irish Times, Letters, 8 January 1969; ^ Goulden Papers: Tom O'Connor to Dan Breen, 30 September 1966. ^ Goulden Papers, 7382a/196: Gilbert Charles Potter to J.R.W. Goulden, 14 November 1967. ^ Dáil Éireann- Parliament of the Irish Republic ^ Named after the Duke of Wellington's residence. An early 19th-century house leased as residence to the local RIC District Inspector. It was the Potter's home in 1921. located at Wellington (now Pearse) Street, Cahir Additional notes D.I. Potter's headstone at Kilcommon is located towards the end of the path on the right hand side. Gilbert Norman Potter, D.I. R.I.C., Dearly Loved, Killed In Ireland, April 27, 1921, Aged 42, Faithful Unto Death Below which his son is also acknowledged: Gilbert Charles Potter, R.N. D.S.C, 1916–1975. In his letter to Breen of 30 September 1966, Tom O'Connor, in 1921 the Captain of E Company, 6th? Battalion, 3rd Tipp. Brigade IRA states : We were all sorry for Potter who seemed to be a very 'good' man. He did his best to get the Tans out of Cahir, he got a certificate from the Medical Officer in Cahir to state the barracks was not suitable. This man is there yet to prove it, Doctor Michael (illeg.), The Mall, Cahir. Transcript of the letter received by Lilias Potter on 9 May. It was typed and enclosed in an unstamped envelope. D.I. Potter, having been legally tried and convicted, was sentenced to death, which sentence was duly carried out on Wed. 27th April." (Signed O.C.) The apparent meeting of Charles Potter and Thomas Traynor's son was related by Dan Breen to Carlton Younger for his book. (see bibliography) . Younger dismissed it: "a nice storey, but an old man's fancy, it appears." (p 146). However the event is recalled in the correspondence between Charles Potter and J. R. Goulden in the 1960s, and was almost certainly told to Breen during his discussion with Charles at the Kilcroney nursing home in 1966 prior to his interview with Younger.

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He was born in Dromahair, County Leitrim, a son of Rev. Joseph Potter, Church of Ireland Rector of Drumlease Parish, and Mrs. Jane Potter.[3] He was stationed at Cahir, County Tipperary, during the Irish War of Independence.[4] In April 1921 he was captured and executed by the Irish Republican Army in reprisal for the British execution of Thomas Traynor, an Irish republican.","title":"Gilbert Potter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"Castlepollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlepollard"},{"link_name":"County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ITGWU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITGWU"},{"link_name":"Portadown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portadown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Potter received his commission as District Inspector on 27 April 1901 having completed his cadetship at the Depot, Phoenix Park, Dublin. His first assignment was to Castlepollard, County Westmeath.[5] During the 1909 ITGWU strike in Cork, he was temporarily posted there from Dublin and was also involved in policing the 14 August marches in Portadown.[6][7] Having had charge of No. 4 Company at the Depot, he was assigned to Cahir in 1912.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Capture by the IRA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd (South) Tipperary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Tipperary_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Ballylooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballylooby"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"Flying Columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Column"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dan Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Breen"},{"link_name":"Con Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Con_Moloney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seán Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Hogan"},{"link_name":"Galtee Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galtee_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Dinny Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinny_Lacey"},{"link_name":"Clogheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogheen,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Knockmealdown Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockmealdown_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ballyporeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyporeen"},{"link_name":"mufti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_(dress)"},{"link_name":"hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage"},{"link_name":"Thomas Traynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Traynor"},{"link_name":"Mountjoy Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountjoy_Jail"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Irish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"The Forgotten Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forgotten_Ten"}],"sub_title":"Hyland's Cross Ambush","text":"On 23 April 1921 District Inspector Potter was captured by the 3rd (South) Tipperary Brigade, IRA, following the Hyland's Cross Ambush. This occurred near Curraghcloney, close to the village of Ballylooby. The ambush party was initially made up of a combination of the 1st and 2nd Flying Columns 3rd Tipperary Brigade. This was the largest force assembled to date by the Tipperary IRA in anticipation of a major battle.[9] However, the convoy of military lorries that was expected never materialised. Dan Breen and Con Moloney returned to battalion headquarters, while Seán Hogan's Column withdrew northwards in the direction of the Galtee Mountains.As Dinny Lacey's (No.1) Column prepared to leave towards the south, a small party of British soldiers accompanying two horse-drawn carts unexpectedly approached from Clogheen and were immediately fired upon. Amid some confusion Lacey's scattered men withdrew southwards towards the Knockmealdown Mountains. One British soldier, Frank Edward Conday, was fatally wounded[10] and two others from the relieving party were wounded.[11] Reports that army lorries were burned during the exchange may have been abandoned by the relieving soldiers sent from Clogheen.[12]By chance, Potter, who was returning by car from police duties at Ballyporeen, drove into a section of the withdrawing No.1 Column. Although in mufti, he was recognised by one of the IRA Volunteers and taken prisoner. As part of a new strategy, he was held as a hostage for the safe release of Thomas Traynor, an IRA volunteer (and father of ten young children), then under sentence of death at Mountjoy Jail.[13] The I.R.A. offered to release Potter in exchange for Traynor's release.[14] Traynor was executed. Traynor has since been honoured by the Irish state as one of \"The Forgotten Ten\".","title":"Capture by the IRA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"Nire Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nire_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comeragh Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeragh_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rathgormack, County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathgormack"},{"link_name":"Ringfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfort"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Kept as hostage and executed","text":"The Column, under sporadic fire from soldiers alerted at the nearby Clogheen barracks, followed the contours of the mountains to the village of Newcastle. Losing their pursuers, they stayed for a period of time at the townland of Glasha. Here Potter was detained in an out-building of a farm which was regularly used by the IRA as a safe-house. From there the party was guided into the Nire Valley by a contingent of local Waterford Volunteers and on to the Comeragh Mountains.[15]Accounts from Rathgormack, County Waterford suggest he was kept for at least one night at a nearby Ringfort before being taken down the hill to a field then owned by Power's of Munsboro, where he met his ultimate fate.[16] At 7p.m., on 27 April, following news of Traynor's execution by hanging, he was shot to death,[17] and hastily buried in a shallow grave on the banks of the Clodagh River.[18] A diary he kept during his period of captivity and some personal effects and farewell letters (copies of which transcribed below), were returned anonymously to his wife.[19] It was the first confirmation she had that he had been killed.[20] The artifacts were later lost when his son's ship was torpedoed in 1942, during the Second World War.[21]","title":"Capture by the IRA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reprisals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprisals"},{"link_name":"Cahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahir"},{"link_name":"Burncourt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burncourt_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ballylooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballylooby"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_(town)"},{"link_name":"Donohill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donohill"},{"link_name":"Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Three weeks after Potter's death, on 18 May, the following notice of officially sanctioned military reprisals appeared in local newspapers:Official Reprisals in South Tipperary14 Homes DestroyedWe are requested to publish the following:\n\n(1) The houses of the following persons were destroyed on Friday 13th May and Saturday 14th.Cahir District(1) Mrs. T. O'Gorman, Burncourt Castle (2) Mrs Tobin, Tincurry House (3) Edmund Mulcahy, Coolagarranvoe (4) Pat McCarthy, Drumlummin (5) James Slattery, Killbeg (6) Robert Keating, BallyloobyTipperary District(7) Bryan Shanahan, Grantstown (8) J. Dwyer Ballinavasin (9) J. Barry, Cross of Donohill (10) Patrick Corbett, DonohillCashel District (11) Edmond Riley, Coolanga (12) J. Ryan, Turrabeen (13) O'Keeffe, Glenough (14) John Grogan, ShanballyduffThe contents of the following person was destroyed on Friday 13th MayJames Taylor, Cashel.\n(2) The destructions were ordered by Colonel Commandant N.J.G. Cameron CB, CMG, ADC Commanding 16th Infantry Brigade and Military Governor on the grounds that the persons concerned are active supporters of armed rebels and especially of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Irish Republican Army and that they reside in the area and that the 3rd Tipperary Brigade has admitted responsibility for the brutal murder of District Inspector G.N. Potter R.I.C. (D.I. of Cahir) on or about 20 April 1921. [sic]\n(3) Before the work of destruction commenced, Notice \"B\" was served on the owner of each house telling him that his property was going to be destroyed and the reason and giving him one hour in which to clear out valuables and foodstuffs, hay and corn, but not furniture.[22].","title":"Military retaliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_July_1921"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"military honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_honours"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Are we going to choose in the next onward march of this nation the weapons which will give us dead in our country- the Crompton-Smiths (sic) of England and the Potters of Ireland; or, are we going to take our own resources and grow to manhood, in friendliness and with some chance of avoiding that polarisation of mind and polarisation in antagonisms with the English people that we have been forced into at the present time?\n\n\nRichard Mulcahy – Dáil debatesDuring the Truce, by arrangement through specially appointed Liaison Officers, Potter's body was disinterred by the IRA and conveyed to Clonmel where it was returned to his widow, Lilias.[23] Two days later he was brought to Cahir and buried with full military honours at the Church of Ireland cemetery at Kilcommon, 4 kilometres south of the town. The funeral, presided over by Bishop Miller of Waterford, and attended by the Band of the Lincolnshire Regiment, the locally stationed Royal Field Artillery and officers and men of the R.I.C. took place in the afternoon of Tue. 30 August 1921.[24]In heated debates in the Dáil, following the signing of the Treaty, the names of the dead were invoked by both sides to justify their respective positions. Richard Mulcahy made the appeal shown.[25][26][27]","title":"Truce and re-interment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Kent, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_England"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Broadstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadstairs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dan Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Breen"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Cahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahir"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Lilias and the four children (Hilda, Georgina, Gilbert Charles, and Freddie) soon after had a stormy crossing of the Irish Sea by cattle boat before settling in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. For some time, the sale of the damaged motor car which realised £50, £25 back-pay due her husband, an insurance policy to the value of £300 and some sundry personal effects were all that came to Lily. There was a modest pension on the basis of her husband's death, but the family were in dire financial circumstances. Some time later, a compensation award of £12,000 was made by the authorities for the benefit of Potter's dependents.[28][29] Lilias Potter died at Broadstairs in 1926,[30] and within a short period two of the children also died. The two surviving children, Hilda and Gilbert Charles, lived for some time with their uncle in Liverpool and with various other relations during holidays from school.[citation needed]Gilbert Charles Potter joined the Royal Navy. He survived when his ship was torpedoed during the Second World War and lived to see his daughter get married. While serving in the Navy, he met an Irish sailor named Traynor, whose father, according to his service record, had been executed by the British during the Irish War of Independence. Gilbert believed him to be a son of the man with the same surname for whose execution his father had been shot by the IRA in retaliation. In the mid-1960s, Potter returned to Cahir. This was his first visit back to Ireland. He reportedly met with Dan Breen in a County Wicklow nursing home.[31] Breen was one of the IRA leaders closely involved in his father's detention and the abortive prisoner exchange. They spent a strained period of time discussing contemporary affairs as well as the events of forty-five years previous. Gilbert was surprised but happy to learn from many locals in the Cahir area across the political spectrum that his father had been held in high regard as a kindly and honourable man,[32] notwithstanding his participation on the 'wrong side' of the war.[33]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"During Potter's period of captivity, he was permitted to write a number of letters to his family. They did reach their intended recipients, but through whom they were sent and when precisely they arrived remains unclear.WILL------------ 27th April 1921\nI leave to my darling and devoted wife Lily everything I possess.---------------Lilias Potter\nI wish her to give my wrist watch to our sweet little son Charles---He has worn it often---My wedding ring also to my dearest wife who gave it to me---I have little to leave, Lily, we had everything in common. My bureau that you gave me—to Hilda our dear angel first born. The little travelling clock to Georgie. My polo cup to your dear [illeg.] of a small success I had in life before meeting you. (I had nothing to bring you, you gave all) You did what no one ever did for me before, you gave me a pure and devoted love --- a home and our children--- You tried in every way to help me and save me but we know there is only One who can do that perfectly. He will let us meet agan ----\nMy walking sticks are for you --- one for Charles, Give Freddy something --- Will you write again to [Illeg] Boyle for the cups silver forks and spoons Golf clubs, balls tennis racket to you Lily ---\nI cannot find out when I am to be released. I am informed the decision rests with the Dal Eirann.[34] I don't know if you can approach any person connected with it ---\nI was told a question of exchange might be raised, I wonder does the Government care enough about one who has been their servant for over 20 years to make an effort in my direction?\nDal Eirann should be able to find out that I never injured an Irishman and lived always on good terms with the Irish, being born & having lived all my life In Ireland.\n[ Illeg] claim to have the right to -My love to all our friends in Cahir --- and to the Bishop and May and their family in [ Illeg] My love to Corre? & John and Aunt Sophie? To Percy & Lilias – To Lyndon Mabel and their boys, To Wilkie --- God bless them all --- Remember me to [ Illeg] old Bob \nLive on at Apsley House[35] dear if you can, if it is God's will --- ask him ---\nRemember me to Mr. Ford & his family --- to [ Ileg] --- the Dennys --- To my Hd. Constable & men--- our rector ---4th 5th 5th Day of Captivity ---\nWith I.R.A.. 26th April 192#\nDear Bishop, I hope you can do something to help Lily in this time of distress for her. I have written her a letter and she may have received it as the IRA officer told me it was posted ---Pals in Ireland have regard for my wife who is Irish more so than I am, as regards her family having held land in the country ---I cannot now write my personal feelings to you --- [ Illeg.] --- The I.R.A treat me well and are kind hearted --- comfort my dear Lily. How awful that I should have brought her this trouble ---If you see Lily soon tell her that her goodness to me and devoted love are felt by me and are a treasure in my affliction ---I pray for her and the prayers are heard. Yours affect’ly, Gilbert.27 April 1921. Dearest Wife I hope you had news of me through my letter ---The IRA say you can send me a parcel if you take steps that the method of sending it is not known & kept secret ---Perhaps you could give a parcel to Mrs, Cleary which she could keep at Spelmans[?] until it is called for. I want ---\n(1) Clean long drawers\n(2) Clean long cotton vest\n(3) Clean cotton shirt\n(4) pair socks\n(5) big boots [Illeg] inside with insoles --- the K would suit best\n(6) Waterproof coat\n(7) Safety razor with two dozen new blades\n(8) Shaving brush, soap, a small sponge\n(9) Tooth brush\nIf you put the lot in cloth haversack like the RIC have I could carry it ---\nIf impossible to send don’t be troubled as the people I meet are really kind and could supply everything except a safety razor ---\nNow darling wife God will help us.\nMy love to you Hilda, Georgie, Charles and Freddie --- Could you send me a pound? Your husband, Gilbert27 April 1921 I request those in authority with IRA to send to my wife my note book which contains messages for her and my will. There are, I am sure, humane leaders who will pity a wife who is Irish, as I am also.\nG.N. PotterEnclosed in box for my wife\nWrist watch\nGold ring\nCigarette holder\nSilver match box\nSet of keys\nCigarette case\nLetter for her and the Bishop of Waterford","title":"Final letters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuscripts Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//marloc.library.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+7377%2f1-7&pos=2"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85182-502-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-502-9"},{"link_name":"My Fight for Irish Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GZFnAAAAMAAJ&q=My+Fight+for+Irish+Freedom"},{"link_name":"translate in french","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//servijer.net/mediaoueg/Mon-combat-pour-l-Irlande"},{"link_name":"National Archives of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021015110854/http%3A//www.nationalarchives.ie/index.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85635-314-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85635-314-1"},{"link_name":"Tipperary Historical Journal (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tipperarylibraries.ie/ths/thj1997.htm"},{"link_name":"Ireland's Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vrWGAAAAIAAJ&q=:+Ireland%27s+Civil+War"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Goulden Papers: Manuscripts Collection[permanent dead link]: Trinity College, Dublin\nHerlihy, Jim; The Royal Irish Constabulary A complete alphabetical list of officers and men, 1816–1922; Four Courts; Press; 2005 : ISBN 1-85182-502-9\nBreen D. My Fight for Irish Freedom Talbot Press (1924) translate in french\nTobin, Peter: Witness Statement (W.S. 1,223): Bureau of Military History Copy accessed at National Archives of Ireland, Dublin\nDesmond, Michael : Witness Statement (W.S. 1,338): p. 10\nAbbott, Richard: Police Casualties in Ireland 1919–1922: Mercier Press: 2000: ISBN 1-85635-314-1\nO'Dwyer, Kate: The Third Tipperary Brigade: its guerilla campaign (1919–1921): in Tipperary Historical Journal (1997), pp 65–73\nYounger, Carlton: Ireland's Civil War: 3rd Impression: Fontana Collins: Great Britain: 1979","title":"Sources and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DEBATE ON TREATY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/plweb-cgi/fastweb?state_id=1213180658&view=oho-view&numhitsfound=1&query=potters&query_rule=%28%28$query1%29%3C%3DDATE%3C%3D%28$query2%29%29%20AND%20%28%28$query4%29%29%3ASPEAKER%20AND%20%28%28$query5%29%29%3Aheading%20AND%20%28%28$query6%29%29%3ACATEGORY%20AND%20%28%28$query3%29%29%3Ahouse%20AND%20%28%28$query7%29%29%3Avolume%20AND%20%28%28$query8%29%29%3Acolnumber%20AND%20%28%28$query%29%29&query1=19210101&query2=19230101&docid=25004&docdb=Debates&dbname=Debates&sorting=none&operator=and&TemplateName=predoc.tmpl&setCookie=1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110609194419/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/plweb-cgi/fastweb?state_id=1213180658&view=oho-view&numhitsfound=1&query=potters&query_rule=(($query1)%3C=DATE%3C=($query2))%20AND%20(($query4)):SPEAKER%20AND%20(($query5)):heading%20AND%20(($query6)):CATEGORY%20AND%20(($query3)):house%20AND%20(($query7)):volume%20AND%20(($query8)):colnumber%20AND%20(($query))&query1=19210101&query2=19230101&docid=25004&docdb=Debates&dbname=Debates&sorting=none&operator=and&TemplateName=predoc.tmpl&setCookie=1"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"report of Potter's disappearance.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/04/24/112678525.pdf"}],"sub_title":"On-line sources","text":"Dáil Éireann – Volume 3–22 December 1921 DEBATE ON TREATY Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine\nNew York Times contemporary report of Potter's disappearance.","title":"Sources and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Conday\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/conday/Conday.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"General Macready memo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?queryType=1&resultcount=1&Edoc_Id=8053775"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Document of Military History: Statement by Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1259.pdf#page=20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"The Comeraghs, refuge of rebels: story of Deise Brigade, I.R.A., 1914–1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=L_0AHAAACAAJ&q=The+Comeraghs,+refuge+of+rebels"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"DEBATE ON TREATY Thursday, 22 December 1921\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/1921/12/22/00003.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2743800"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Goulden Papers, Cover Letter addressed to \"those in authority with I.R.A.\", dated 27 April.\n\n^ Goulden Papers 7882/3\n\n^ Irish Civil Birth Record\n\n^ Herlihy p255\n\n^ Irish Times 3 May 1901. p. 7\n\n^ Weekly Irish Times; 14 August 1909\n\n^ Weekly Irish Times; 21 August 1909\n\n^ Weekly Irish Times; 3 August 1912.\n\n^ O'Dwyer p?\n\n^ \"Conday\". Cairogang.com. Retrieved 4 June 2016.\n\n^ General Macready memo CAB/24/122 available at UK National Archives (requires free registration to access)\n\n^ The Irish Times; 25 April 1921\n\n^ Breen, p?\n\n^ \"Document of Military History: Statement by Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick\" (PDF). Bureaumilitaryhistory.ie. p. 20. Retrieved 4 June 2016.\n\n^ Desmond, Michael W.S.\n\n^ Murphy, Seán; Sile Murphy (1981). The Comeraghs, refuge of rebels: story of Deise Brigade, I.R.A., 1914–1924. Mahonbridge: The Authors. p. 41. Retrieved 24 March 2010.\n\n^ Abbott p226\n\n^ Tobin (W.S. 1223) p?\n\n^ Goulden Papers 7382/10\n\n^ Tipperaryman and Limerick Recorder 14 May 1921.\n\n^ Goulden Papers, 7382a/196\n\n^ The Nationalist (Clonmel) 18 May 1921.\n\n^ Tipperaryman and Limerick Recorder, 3 September 1921.\n\n^ Goulden Papers 7380/10: Clonmel Nationalist, 31 August and 3 September 1921\n\n^ \"DEBATE ON TREATY Thursday, 22 December 1921\". DailÉireann. Retrieved 9 March 2011.\n\n^ Major Geoffrey Lee Compton-Smith was a British officer captured and executed by the IRA on 30 April 1921, three days after Potter was shot.\n\n^ Profile, CWGC.org; accessed 4 June 2016.\n\n^ The Irish Times; 22 October 1931\n\n^ The Irish Times, pg. 5\n\n^ Weekly Irish Times; 3 July 1926 p. 12\n\n^ The Irish Times, Letters, 8 January 1969;\n\n^ Goulden Papers: Tom O'Connor to Dan Breen, 30 September 1966.\n\n^ Goulden Papers, 7382a/196: Gilbert Charles Potter to J.R.W. Goulden, 14 November 1967.\n\n^ Dáil Éireann- Parliament of the Irish Republic\n\n^ Named after the Duke of Wellington's residence. An early 19th-century house leased as residence to the local RIC District Inspector. It was the Potter's home in 1921. located at Wellington (now Pearse) Street, Cahir","title":"Sources and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Tans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Tans"}],"sub_title":"Additional notes","text":"D.I. Potter's headstone at Kilcommon is located towards the end of the path on the right hand side. Gilbert Norman Potter, D.I. R.I.C., Dearly Loved, Killed In Ireland, April 27, 1921, Aged 42, Faithful Unto Death Below which his son is also acknowledged: Gilbert Charles Potter, R.N. D.S.C, 1916–1975.\nIn his letter to Breen of 30 September 1966, Tom O'Connor, in 1921 the Captain of E Company, 6th? Battalion, 3rd Tipp. Brigade IRA states :We were all sorry for Potter who seemed to be a very 'good' man. He did his best to get the Tans out of Cahir, he got a certificate from the Medical Officer in Cahir to state the barracks was not suitable. This man is there yet to prove it, Doctor Michael (illeg.), The Mall, Cahir.Transcript of the letter received by Lilias Potter on 9 May. It was typed and enclosed in an unstamped envelope.D.I. Potter, having been legally tried and convicted, was sentenced to death, which sentence was duly carried out on Wed. 27th April.\" (Signed O.C.)The apparent meeting of Charles Potter and Thomas Traynor's son was related by Dan Breen to Carlton Younger for his book. (see bibliography) . Younger dismissed it: \"a nice storey, but an old man's fancy, it appears.\" (p 146). However the event is recalled in the correspondence between Charles Potter and J. R. Goulden in the 1960s, and was almost certainly told to Breen during his discussion with Charles at the Kilcroney nursing home in 1966 prior to his interview with Younger.","title":"Sources and notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Livingston

Randy Livingston

["1 Early life","2 Professional basketball career","3 Post-retirement and coaching career","4 NBA career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 Honors and awards","6 References","7 External links"]

American basketball player and coach Randy LivingstonPersonal informationBorn (1975-04-02) April 2, 1975 (age 49)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Listed height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Listed weight209 lb (95 kg)Career informationHigh schoolIsidore Newman(New Orleans, Louisiana)CollegeLSU (1994–1996)NBA draft1996: 2nd round, 42nd overall pickSelected by the Houston RocketsPlaying career1996–2008PositionPoint guardNumber3, 7, 2, 9, 1, 14Coaching career2010–presentCareer historyAs player:1996–1997Houston Rockets1997–1998Atlanta Hawks1998–1999Sioux Falls Skyforce1999–2000Phoenix Suns2000Golden State Warriors2000–2001Idaho Stampede2001Gary Steelheads2002Sioux Falls Skyforce2002Seattle SuperSonics2002Sioux Falls Skyforce2003New Orleans Hornets2003–2004Idaho Stampede2004Los Angeles Clippers2004–2005Sioux Falls Skyforce2005Utah Jazz2005–2006Galatasaray2006Idaho Stampede2006Chicago Bulls2006–2007Idaho Stampede2007Seattle SuperSonics2007–2008Idaho StampedeAs coach:2010–2012Idaho Stampede2018–2019Isidore Newman School (MS)2019–presentIsidore Newman School (HS) Career highlights and awards D-League Most Valuable Player (2007) NBA D-League champion (2008) Naismith Prep Player of the Year (1993) Gatorade National Player of the Year (1993) CBA All-Star (2005) All-CBA First Team (2005) 3× All-CBA Second Team (1999, 2002, 2004) 2× First-team Parade All-American (1992, 1993) Stats  at NBA.comStats  at Basketball-Reference.com Randy Livingston (born April 2, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player and current coach. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for nine different teams. The national high school player in the country in 1993, Livingston's college and professional careers were marked by a series of injuries that hampered his play. Early life Livingston attended New Orleans' Isidore Newman School along with standout quarterback Peyton Manning, where he was named the High School co-player of the year in 1992 (with Jason Kidd) and 1993 (with Rasheed Wallace). Livingston also played in the McDonald's All-American Game and Magic's Roundball Classic. He was ranked as the #1 player in the 1993 class, over Rasheed Wallace and Jerry Stackhouse. Isidore Newman School retired Livingston's #50 jersey in 2013. Professional basketball career After high school, Livingston attended Louisiana State University but only appeared in 32 games over two seasons because of knee problems. He was drafted by the Houston Rockets in the second round (42nd pick overall) of the 1996 NBA draft, later he was signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Hawks in his second year. He played for the Phoenix Suns during the 1999 season, playing his most consistent season (79 games, 14 mpg, 4.8 points, 1.6 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game). He also played with the Suns during the 1999-2000 season, which was the only time in his NBA career that he played on one team for two consecutive years. Afterwards, Livingston appeared in two games for the Golden State Warriors during the 2000-01 season, and played for the Seattle SuperSonics in 2001–02; he also played with two teams in the CBA. He played briefly for the New Orleans Hornets during 2002–03. He was on the roster for the 2003-04 EA Sports Midwest All-Stars, as well as the Los Angeles Clippers during the 2003-04 NBA season, and was with the Utah Jazz in 2004–05. Livingston was drafted in the 2005 AAPBL Draft, but the league folded soon thereafter. He spent the beginning of 2005–06 in the Turkish league, playing for Galatasaray, and joined the NBA Development League's Idaho Stampede (for whom he had once played while the team competed in the CBA) in February 2006. He also appeared in five games with the Chicago Bulls in March. In 2006–07 he began with the Stampede once again but, on April 11, 2007, signed a contract for the remainder of the season with the SuperSonics, for a second time. This was due to almost simultaneous injuries to Earl Watson and Luke Ridnour. For his final NBA season, he played 26 minutes in four games, totalling one rebound and four assists. In 2006–07's NBDL, Livingston's 12.0 points per game for the Stampede were tied for 44th in the league and his 10.5 assists second only to Will Conroy. The following season, as the Stampede were crowned the competition's winners after beating the Austin Toros 2–1, Livingston retired from professional basketball. Although officially retired, the Erie BayHawks of the D-League still drafted him in the expansion draft, in hopes of bringing him out of retirement. After an MVP season where he led the Idaho Stampede to its first and only NBA Development League Championship, the Idaho Stampede retired Livingston's Jersey which still hangs today at the Century Link Arena located in Boise Idaho. Having played 203 regular season games, Livingston has the NBA record for fewest games played across 11 or more seasons. Sean Marks, who played 230 games, is the only other player of 11+ NBA seasons with under 430 regular season games. Post-retirement and coaching career From 2010 to 2012, he was the head coach for the Idaho Stampede. After his stint coaching the Stampede, he moved to Australia, where he served as a scout and coaching consultant. In August 2016, he was voted into the greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame. He was also hired as an assistant basketball coach for Louisiana State University. In 2018, Livingston returned to his alma mater Isidore Newman School and coached the 7th and 8th grade boys basketball team. The team went on to win the middle school city championship. The next season, Livingston was chosen to replace retiring Jimmy Tillette as head coach of Newman's varsity boys basketball team. One of his players was Arch Manning, son of Cooper Manning and nephew to Peyton and Eli. During Livingston's coaching tenure, Newman won a Louisiana state title in both 2022 – Newman's first title since 1993 – and 2023. In 2023, following a recruitment violation, Livingston was suspended by the LHSAA from coaching for a calendar year, and Newman was stripped of their state championships in 2022 and 2023. In response, Livingston filed suit against the LHSAA. On January 18, 2024, at an injunction hearing, Judge Monique Barial issued a preliminary injunction, ruling in Livingston's favor and allowing him to coach. NBA career statistics Source Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field goal percentage  3P%  3-point field goal percentage  FT%  Free throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  Bold  Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996–97 Houston 64 0 15.3 .437 .409 .646 1.5 2.4 .6 .2 3.9 1997–98 Atlanta 12 0 6.8 .250 – .800 .5 .4 .6 .2 .8 1998–99 Phoenix 1 0 22.0 .625 – 1.000 2.0 3.0 2.0 .0 12.0 1999–00 Phoenix 79 15 13.7 .416 .345 .839 1.6 2.2 .6 .2 4.8 2000–01 Golden State 2 0 3.5 .000 .000 – .5 .5 .0 .0 .0 2001–02 Seattle 13 0 13.5 .278 .125 .909 1.9 2.0 .7 .2 3.2 2002–03 New Orleans 2 0 6.0 .500 – 1.000 .0 .5 .0 .0 3.0 2003–04 L.A. Clippers 4 0 12.0 .200 .000 .667 1.8 1.5 .5 .0 2.0 2004–05 Utah 17 4 13.4 .423 .625 .882 .7 2.6 .7 .1 3.8 2005–06 Chicago 5 0 4.4 .000 – – .8 .2 .2 .0 .0 2006–07 Seattle 4 0 6.5 .000 – – .3 1.0 .0 .0 .0 Career 203 19 13.6 .406 .351 .771 1.4 2.0 .6 .2 3.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 Houston 2 0 7.5 .250 1.000 – .0 2.0 .5 .0 1.5 1999 Phoenix 3 0 8.0 .400 .000 1.000 2.3 .7 .3 .0 5.3 2000 Phoenix 7 3 9.0 .222 .333 – 1.0 .6 .6 .1 2.0 2002 Seattle 5 0 16.0 .412 .333 1.000 1.2 2.0 .4 .0 4.0 Career 17 3 10.7 .317 .364 1.000 1.2 1.2 .5 .1 3.1 Honors and awards CBA Champion: 2004–05 NBADL Champion: 2007–08 NBADL MVP: 2006–07 All-NBADL First-team: 2006–2007, 2007–08 All-CBA First-team: 2005 All-CBA Second-team: 1999, 2002, 2004 Most assists in an NBADL game (22) References ^ Brady, Hank (December 13, 2013). "Former Newman Greats Randy Livingston, Bobby Lane, Sean Tuohy Honored in Jersey Retirement Ceremony". NOLA.com. Times-Picayune. Retrieved July 13, 2019. ^ Embody, Billy (June 20, 2019). "LSU Basketball NBA Draft Picks". 247sports.com. CBS Sports. Retrieved July 13, 2019. ^ Martin, Brian (April 25, 2008). "NBA Development League: Randy Livingston Caps Career with Championship". D-League.com. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ "Fewest Games Played in 11 Seasons". Statmuse. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ DeShazier, John (June 9, 2011). "Randy Livingston is staying on top of his game as D-League head coach". NOLA.com. Times-Picayune. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ "Randy Livingston". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ "Randy Livingston named head basketball coach at Newman". March 26, 2019. ^ Riley, Koki (March 5, 2022). "Arch Manning, Isidore Newman win first boys basketball state title since 1993 over Lafayette Christian". The Daily Advertiser. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ Jones, Vashon (March 10, 2023). "Newman handles Calvary Baptist for back-to-back boys basketball state titles". Crescent City Sports. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ "Randy Livingston can coach, judge rules - issues preliminary injunction". January 18, 2024. ^ "Randy Livingston". Basketball Reference. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Randy Livingston minor league basketball statistics". Stats Crew. Retrieved June 23, 2021. External links NBA.com profile Stats at Basketball-Reference Career and honours at hoopshype.com Links to related articles vteNaismith Prep Player of the Year AwardBoys 1987: Scott 1988: Mourning 1989: Anderson 1990: Bailey 1991: Webber 1992: Kidd 1993: Livingston 1994: Ward 1995: Mercer 1996: Bryant 1997: Battier 1998: Harrington 1999: Harvey 2000: Wallace 2001: Wagner 2002: Felton 2003: James 2004: Howard 2005: Williams 2006: Oden 2007: Love 2008: Jennings 2009: Favors 2010: Sullinger 2011: Rivers 2012: Muhammad 2013: Wiggins 2014: Alexander 2015: Simmons 2016: Ball 2017: Porter 2018: Barrett 2019: Stewart 2020: Cunningham 2021: Holmgren 2022: Whitehead 2023: Collier 2024: Flagg Girls 1987: Lorenzen 1988: Hall 1989: Harrison 1990: Leslie 1991: Marciniak 1992: Y. Watkins 1993: Frett 1994: Gooden 1995: Holdsclaw 1996: Brown 1997: Catchings 1998: Williams 1999: Lawson 2000: Taurasi 2001: Ely 2002: Strother 2003: Parker 2004: Parker 2005: Paris 2006: Moore 2007: Moore 2008: Delle Donne 2009: Diggins 2010: Ogwumike 2011: Mosqueda-Lewis 2012: Stewart 2013: DeShields 2014: Wilson 2015: Samuelson 2016: Young 2017: Walker 2018: Williams 2019: Jones 2020: Bueckers 2021: Johnson 2022: Rice 2023: J. Watkins 2024: Strong vteGatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year AwardBoys 1986: J. R. Reid 1987: LaBradford Smith 1988: Alonzo Mourning 1989: Kenny Anderson 1990: Damon Bailey 1991: Chris Webber 1992: Corliss Williamson 1993: Randy Livingston 1994: Felipe Lopez 1995: Stephon Marbury 1996: Kobe Bryant 1997: Baron Davis 1998: Al Harrington 1999: LaVell Blanchard 2000: Jared Jeffries 2001: Kelvin Torbert 2002: LeBron James 2003: LeBron James 2004: Dwight Howard 2005: Greg Oden 2006: Greg Oden 2007: Kevin Love 2008: Jrue Holiday 2009: Brandon Knight 2010: Brandon Knight 2011: Bradley Beal 2012: Jabari Parker 2013: Andrew Wiggins 2014: Karl-Anthony Towns 2015: Ben Simmons 2016: Jayson Tatum 2017: Michael Porter 2018: RJ Barrett 2019: James Wiseman 2020: Emoni Bates 2021: Chet Holmgren 2022: Gradey Dick 2023: Cameron Boozer 2024: Cooper Flagg Girls 1986: Susan Anderson 1987: Kris Durham 1988: Vicki Hall 1989: Lisa Harrison 1990: Lisa Leslie 1991: Michelle M. Marciniak 1992: Katie Smith 1993: La'Keshia Frett 1994: Monick Foote 1995: Stephanie White 1996: Jamie Walz 1997: Nikki Teasley 1998: Tamika Williams 1999: Nicole Kaczmarski 2000: Shereka Wright 2001: Shyra Ely 2002: Ann Strother 2003: Candace Parker 2004: Candace Parker 2005: Abby Waner 2006: Tina Charles 2007: Maya Moore 2008: Nneka Ogwumike 2009: Skylar Diggins 2010: Chiney Ogwumike 2011: Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis 2012: Breanna Stewart 2013: Mercedes Russell 2014: Brianna Turner 2015: Katie Lou Samuelson 2016: Erin Boley 2017: Megan Walker 2018: Christyn Williams 2019: Azzi Fudd 2020: Paige Bueckers 2021: Saniya Rivers 2022: Kiki Rice 2023: JuJu Watkins 2024: Joyce Edwards vteNBA G League MVP 2002: Sesay 2003: D. Brown 2004: T. Brown 2005: Carroll 2006: Fizer 2007: Livingston 2008: Powell 2009: Sims 2010: Harris 2011: Stinson 2012: Dentmon 2013: Goudelock 2014: Howard & Jeffers 2015: Frazier 2016: Stokes 2017: Blue 2018: L. Brown 2019: Boucher 2020: Mason 2021: Reed 2022: Queen 2023: Jones 2024: McClung vte1996 NBA draftFirst round Allen Iverson Marcus Camby Shareef Abdur-Rahim Stephon Marbury Ray Allen Antoine Walker Lorenzen Wright Kerry Kittles Samaki Walker Erick Dampier Todd Fuller Vitaly Potapenko Kobe Bryant Predrag Stojaković Steve Nash Tony Delk Jermaine O'Neal John Wallace Walter McCarty Zydrunas Ilgauskas Dontae' Jones Roy Rogers Efthimios Rentzias Derek Fisher Martin Müürsepp Jerome Williams Brian Evans Priest Lauderdale Travis Knight Second round Othella Harrington Mark Hendrickson Ryan Minor Moochie Norris Shawn Harvey Joseph Blair Doron Sheffer Jeff McInnis Steve Hamer Russ Millard Marcus Mann Jason Sasser Randy Livingston Ben Davis Malik Rose Joe Vogel Marcus Brown Ron Riley Jamie Feick Amal McCaskill Terrell Bell Chris Robinson Mark Pope Jeff Nordgaard Shandon Anderson Ronnie Henderson Reggie Geary Drew Barry Darnell Robinson vteSalt Lake City Stars head coaches Bobby Dye (1997–1998) Russ Bergman (1998–2000) Rory White (2000–2003) Larry Krystkowiak (2003–2004) Joe Wolf (2004–2006) Bryan Gates (2006–2009) Bob MacKinnon Jr. (2009–2010) Randy Livingston (2010–2012) Mike Peck (2012–2014) Dean Cooper (2014–2017) Martin Schiller (2017–2020) Nathan Peavy (2020–2022) Scott Morrison (2022–2023) Steve Wojciechowski (2023–)

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The national high school player in the country in 1993, Livingston's college and professional careers were marked by a series of injuries that hampered his play.","title":"Randy Livingston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isidore Newman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Newman_School"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"Jason Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kidd"},{"link_name":"Rasheed Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheed_Wallace"},{"link_name":"McDonald's All-American Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_All-American_Game"},{"link_name":"Roundball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundball_Classic"},{"link_name":"Isidore Newman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Newman_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Livingston attended New Orleans' Isidore Newman School along with standout quarterback Peyton Manning, where he was named the High School co-player of the year in 1992 (with Jason Kidd) and 1993 (with Rasheed Wallace). Livingston also played in the McDonald's All-American Game and Magic's Roundball Classic. He was ranked as the #1 player in the 1993 class, over Rasheed Wallace and Jerry Stackhouse. Isidore Newman School retired Livingston's #50 jersey in 2013.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"1996 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"his second year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997-98_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"1999 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998-99_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"rebounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1999-2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999-2000_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2000-01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000-01_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-02_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"CBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002-03_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers"},{"link_name":"2003-04 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003-04_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"AAPBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAPBL"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_Caf%C3%A9_Crown"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"Idaho Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Stampede"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Earl Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Watson"},{"link_name":"Luke Ridnour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Ridnour"},{"link_name":"Will Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Conroy"},{"link_name":"Austin Toros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Toros"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Erie BayHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_BayHawks_(2008%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-League"},{"link_name":"Sean Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Marks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After high school, Livingston attended Louisiana State University but only appeared in 32 games over two seasons because of knee problems. He was drafted by the Houston Rockets in the second round (42nd pick overall) of the 1996 NBA draft,[2] later he was signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Hawks in his second year. He played for the Phoenix Suns during the 1999 season, playing his most consistent season (79 games, 14 mpg, 4.8 points, 1.6 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game). He also played with the Suns during the 1999-2000 season, which was the only time in his NBA career that he played on one team for two consecutive years.Afterwards, Livingston appeared in two games for the Golden State Warriors during the 2000-01 season, and played for the Seattle SuperSonics in 2001–02; he also played with two teams in the CBA. He played briefly for the New Orleans Hornets during 2002–03. He was on the roster for the 2003-04 EA Sports Midwest All-Stars, as well as the Los Angeles Clippers during the 2003-04 NBA season, and was with the Utah Jazz in 2004–05.Livingston was drafted in the 2005 AAPBL Draft, but the league folded soon thereafter. He spent the beginning of 2005–06 in the Turkish league, playing for Galatasaray, and joined the NBA Development League's Idaho Stampede (for whom he had once played while the team competed in the CBA) in February 2006. He also appeared in five games with the Chicago Bulls in March. In 2006–07 he began with the Stampede once again but, on April 11, 2007, signed a contract for the remainder of the season with the SuperSonics, for a second time. This was due to almost simultaneous injuries to Earl Watson and Luke Ridnour. For his final NBA season, he played 26 minutes in four games, totalling one rebound and four assists.In 2006–07's NBDL, Livingston's 12.0 points per game for the Stampede were tied for 44th in the league and his 10.5 assists second only to Will Conroy. The following season, as the Stampede were crowned the competition's winners after beating the Austin Toros 2–1, Livingston retired from professional basketball.[3] Although officially retired, the Erie BayHawks of the D-League still drafted him in the expansion draft, in hopes of bringing him out of retirement.After an MVP season where he led the Idaho Stampede to its first and only NBA Development League Championship, the Idaho Stampede retired Livingston's Jersey which still hangs today at the Century Link Arena located in Boise Idaho.Having played 203 regular season games, Livingston has the NBA record for fewest games played across 11 or more seasons. Sean Marks, who played 230 games, is the only other player of 11+ NBA seasons with under 430 regular season games.[4]","title":"Professional basketball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Stampede"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Isidore Newman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Newman_School"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Tillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Tillette"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arch Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Manning"},{"link_name":"Cooper Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Manning"},{"link_name":"Peyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"Eli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Manning"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From 2010 to 2012, he was the head coach for the Idaho Stampede.[5]After his stint coaching the Stampede, he moved to Australia, where he served as a scout and coaching consultant. In August 2016, he was voted into the greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame. He was also hired as an assistant basketball coach for Louisiana State University.[6]In 2018, Livingston returned to his alma mater Isidore Newman School and coached the 7th and 8th grade boys basketball team. The team went on to win the middle school city championship. The next season, Livingston was chosen to replace retiring Jimmy Tillette as head coach of Newman's varsity boys basketball team.[7] One of his players was Arch Manning, son of Cooper Manning and nephew to Peyton and Eli.During Livingston's coaching tenure, Newman won a Louisiana state title in both 2022[8] – Newman's first title since 1993 – and 2023.[9]In 2023, following a recruitment violation, Livingston was suspended by the LHSAA from coaching for a calendar year, and Newman was stripped of their state championships in 2022 and 2023. In response, Livingston filed suit against the LHSAA. On January 18, 2024, at an injunction hearing, Judge Monique Barial issued a preliminary injunction, ruling in Livingston's favor and allowing him to coach.[10]","title":"Post-retirement and coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Source[11]","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"CBA Champion: 2004–05\nNBADL Champion: 2007–08\nNBADL MVP: 2006–07\nAll-NBADL First-team: 2006–2007, 2007–08\nAll-CBA First-team: 2005\nAll-CBA Second-team: 1999, 2002, 2004[12]\nMost assists in an NBADL game (22)","title":"Honors and awards"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Brady, Hank (December 13, 2013). \"Former Newman Greats Randy Livingston, Bobby Lane, Sean Tuohy Honored in Jersey Retirement Ceremony\". NOLA.com. Times-Picayune. Retrieved July 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://highschoolsports.nola.com/news/article/-5558698111762805861/former-newman-greats-randy-livingston-bobby-lane-sean-tuohy-honored-in-jersey-retirement-ceremony-commemorating-50th-year-of-newman-invitational-basketball-tournament/","url_text":"\"Former Newman Greats Randy Livingston, Bobby Lane, Sean Tuohy Honored in Jersey Retirement Ceremony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Picayune","url_text":"Times-Picayune"}]},{"reference":"Embody, Billy (June 20, 2019). \"LSU Basketball NBA Draft Picks\". 247sports.com. CBS Sports. Retrieved July 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/lsu/LongFormArticle/Ben-Simmons-Shaquille-ONeal-Glen-Davis-Randy-Livingston-Jabari-Smith-Tyrus-Thomas-LSU-basketball-NBA-Draft-picks-133032972/#133032972_1","url_text":"\"LSU Basketball NBA Draft Picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Brian (April 25, 2008). \"NBA Development League: Randy Livingston Caps Career with Championship\". D-League.com. Retrieved May 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/dleague/news/livingston_080425.html","url_text":"\"NBA Development League: Randy Livingston Caps Career with Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fewest Games Played in 11 Seasons\". Statmuse. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/fewest-games-played-in-11-seasons","url_text":"\"Fewest Games Played in 11 Seasons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statmuse&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Statmuse"}]},{"reference":"DeShazier, John (June 9, 2011). \"Randy Livingston is staying on top of his game as D-League head coach\". NOLA.com. Times-Picayune. Retrieved May 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/hornets/index.ssf/2011/06/randy_livingston_is_staying_on.html","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston is staying on top of his game as D-League head coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Picayune","url_text":"Times-Picayune"}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Livingston\". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140706162922/http://au.linkedin.com/pub/randy-livingston/33/1a7/783","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston\""},{"url":"http://au.linkedin.com/pub/randy-livingston/33/1a7/783","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Livingston named head basketball coach at Newman\". March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox8live.com/2019/03/26/randy-livingston-named-head-basketball-coach-newman/","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston named head basketball coach at Newman\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Koki (March 5, 2022). \"Arch Manning, Isidore Newman win first boys basketball state title since 1993 over Lafayette Christian\". The Daily Advertiser. Retrieved March 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/sports/high-school/basketball/2022/03/05/lhsaa-boys-basketball-isidore-newman-wins-state-championship-lafayette-christian-arch-manning/6939175001/","url_text":"\"Arch Manning, Isidore Newman win first boys basketball state title since 1993 over Lafayette Christian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Advertiser_(Lafayette,_Louisiana)","url_text":"The Daily Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Vashon (March 10, 2023). \"Newman handles Calvary Baptist for back-to-back boys basketball state titles\". Crescent City Sports. Retrieved March 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://crescentcitysports.com/newman-handles-calvary-baptist-for-back-to-back-boys-basketball-state-titles/","url_text":"\"Newman handles Calvary Baptist for back-to-back boys basketball state titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Livingston can coach, judge rules - issues preliminary injunction\". January 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdsu.com/article/randy-livingston-can-coach-judge-rules-issues-preliminary-injunction/46447082","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston can coach, judge rules - issues preliminary injunction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Livingston\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/livinra01.html","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Reference","url_text":"Basketball Reference"}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Livingston minor league basketball statistics\". Stats Crew. Retrieved June 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbasketball/stats/p-livinran001","url_text":"\"Randy Livingston minor league basketball statistics\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicklow_Head

Wicklow Head

["1 Lighthouses","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 52°58′04″N 6°00′08″W / 52.9679°N 6.00234°W / 52.9679; -6.00234 Wicklow HeadCeann Chill MhantáinLocation in IrelandLocationCounty Wicklow, IrelandCoordinates52°58′04″N 6°00′08″W / 52.9679°N 6.00234°W / 52.9679; -6.00234Area482 acres (195 ha)DesignationSpecial Protection AreaGoverning bodyNational Parks and Wildlife Service Wicklow Head (Irish: Ceann Chill Mhantáin) is a headland near the southeast edge of the town of Wicklow in County Wicklow, approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the centre of the town. Geographically, it is the easternmost point on the mainland of the Republic of Ireland. Lighthouses The original Wicklow Head Lighthouse was one of two lighthouses built on the headland. The original lighthouse actually consisted of two structures to differentiate between Hook Head Lighthouse to the South in Wexford and Baily Lighthouse on Howth Head to the North in Dublin. The rear tower was built as an eight-sided lantern in 1781 powered by 20 tallow candles reflected against a mirror. On 10 October 1836, the tower was struck by lightning, resulting in the destruction of its interior. It was decided however that the tower was to be left as a landmark that could be used during the hours of daylight. A new lighthouse was built in the 19th century lower down on the headland as it became clear the upper lighthouses were no longer effective for mariners and they were often obscured by fog or mist. On 31 March 1994, the active lighthouse was converted to automatic operation and lighthouse keepers were no longer required to operate it. The 'Rear Lighthouse' was one of two built in the 18th century at Wicklow Head. It is now a holiday residence of the Irish Landmark Trust. The 18th century 'Front Lighthouse' was rebuilt in the early 19th century. It is no longer active. The active Wicklow Head Lighthouse was built in the 19th century, and operated by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. See also Lambay Island Extreme points of Ireland - listing points furthest in each direction around Ireland References ^ "Ceann Chill Mhantáin / Wicklow Head". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ Winn, Christopher (2015). I Never Knew That about the Irish. Random House. p. 145. ISBN 9780091960254. ^ "Wicklow Head Lighthouse". Great Lighthouses of Ireland. Retrieved 8 August 2019. ^ "Wicklow Head". www.irishlights.ie. Retrieved 8 August 2019. ^ a b "Wicklow Head Lighthouse, Wicklow, County Wicklow". buildingsofireland.ie. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ "Wicklow Head Lighthouse". irishlights.ie. Commissioners of Irish Light. Retrieved 5 July 2019. This article related to the geography of County Wicklow, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vte Geography of County WicklowProtected AreasSpecial Areas of Conservation Ballyman Glen Bray Head Buckroney-Brittas Dunes and Fen Carriggower Bog Vale of Clara Deputy's Pass Glen of the Downs Holdenstown Bog Knocksink Wood Magherabeg Dunes The Murrough Wetlands Slaney River Valley Wicklow Mountains Wicklow Reef Special Protection Areas Poulaphouca Reservoir The Murrough Wetlands Wicklow Head Wicklow Mountains Nature Reserves Deputy's Pass Glen of the Downs Glendalough Glenealo Valley Knocksink Wood Vale of Clara National Parks Wicklow Mountains National Park LandformsBeaches Arklow Beach (North and South) Bray Beach Brittas Bay Clogga Beach The Cove Ennereilly Beach Glen Beach Greystones Beach (North and South) Kilcoole Beach Leamore Strand Magheramore Beach Newcastle Beach Porter's Rock Beach Sallymount Bay Beach Silver Strand Beach Travelahawk Beach Mountains and hills Arklow Hill Barnacullian Benleagh Bray Head Camaderry Camenabologue Carrick Mountain Carrigvore Church Mountain Cloghernagh Conavalla Corrigasleggaun Croaghanmoira Croghan Mountain Djouce Duff Hill Gravale Great Sugar Loaf Keadeen Mountain Kippure Little Sugar Loaf Lobawn Lugduff Luggala Lugnaquilla Maulin Moanbane Mullacor Mullaghcleevaun Prince William's Seat Scarr Seefingan Silsean Slievemaan Sugarloaf Table Mountain Tonduff Tonelagee Turlough Hill War Hill Valleys and passes Deputy's Pass Glen of Imaal Glen of the Downs Glencree Glendalough Glendasan Glenealo Glenmacnass Glenmalure The Sally Gap Vale of Clara The Wicklow Gap Forests & gardens Avondale Forest Killruddery Knocksink Wood Mount Usher Gardens National Botanic Gardens, Kilmacurragh Powerscourt Estate Russborough Estate Tomnafinnoge Woods Victor's Way Lakes Arts Lough Broad Lough Glendalough Upper Lake Glendalough Lower Lake Lough Dan Lough Tay Lough Ouler Lough Bray (Upper and Lower) Lough Nahanagan Poulaphouca Reservoir Lough Firrib Cleevaun Lough Three Lakes Kelly's Lough Vartry Reservoir Rivers River Aughrim River Avoca River Avonbeg Avonmore River River Dargle River Derreen River Derry River Dodder Glencullen River River Greese River Liffey River Slaney River Vartry Waterfalls Ballinafunshogue Waterfall Carrawaystick Waterfall Coolalingo Waterfall Devils Glen Waterfall Fraughan Glen Waterfall Glenmacnass Waterfall Jackson Falls Poulanass Waterfall Powerscourt Waterfall Hiking Trails Saint Kevin's Way Wicklow Way Djouce Mountain Walk The Spinc Trail Wicklow Round Wicklow County Council (web) vteLighthouses in IrelandLighthouses are shown in anti-clockwise sequence beginning from the north and proceeding west, south, east, and back to north.County Donegal Inishowen Inishtrahull Fanad Dunree Buncrana Tory Island Arranmore Ballagh Rocks Rathlin O'Birne Rotten Island St. John's County Sligo Blackrock Lower Rosses Metal Man Oyster Island County Mayo Broad Haven Eagle Island Blackrock Blacksod Bay Achillbeg Inishgort County Galway Slyne Head Cashla Bay Eeragh Straw Island Inisheer County Clare Blackhead Loop Head Kilcredaun Head Corlis Point Front Corlis Point Rear Scattery Island County Kerry Little Samphire Island Inishtearaght Cromwell Point Valentia Rear Valentia Front Skelligs County Cork Bull Rock Ardnakinna Castletown Directional Light Roancarrig Sheep's Head Mizen Head Crookhaven Copper Point Fastnet Rock Baltimore Beacon Galley Head Old Head of Kinsale Charlesfort Spit Bank Roche's Point Ballycotton Youghal County Waterford Mine Head Ballinacourty Point Dunmore East County Wexford Duncannon Hook Head Tuskar Rock County Wicklow Wicklow Head County Dublin Muglins Poolbeg North Bull North Bank Kish Bank Baily Howth Harbour Rockabill County Louth Dundalk County Down Green Island Vidal Bank Haulbowline St. John's Point Angus Rock Donaghadee Mew Island County Antrim Blackhead Chaine Memorial The Maidens Rathlin East Rue Point Rathlin West Coastal landforms of Ireland Commissioners of Irish Lights Lightvessels in Ireland List of islands of Ireland List of lighthouses in Ireland Ireland portal Northern Ireland portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicklow"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Wicklow Head (Irish: Ceann Chill Mhantáin)[1] is a headland near the southeast edge of the town of Wicklow in County Wicklow, approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the centre of the town.Geographically, it is the easternmost point on the mainland of the Republic of Ireland.[2]","title":"Wicklow Head"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hook Head Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford"},{"link_name":"Baily Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Howth Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth_Head"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"tallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Rear_Lighthouse,_Wicklow_Head_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692427.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish Landmark Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Landmark_Trust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niah-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Front_Lighthouse,_Wicklow_Head._-_geograph.org.uk_-_692441.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niah-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Current_Lighthouse,_Wicklow_Head_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692447.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commissioners of Irish Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_of_Irish_Lights"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The original Wicklow Head Lighthouse was one of two lighthouses built on the headland. The original lighthouse actually consisted of two structures to differentiate between Hook Head Lighthouse to the South in Wexford and Baily Lighthouse on Howth Head to the North in Dublin. The rear tower was built as an eight-sided lantern in 1781 powered by 20 tallow candles reflected against a mirror. On 10 October 1836, the tower was struck by lightning,[3] resulting in the destruction of its interior. It was decided however that the tower was to be left as a landmark that could be used during the hours of daylight.[citation needed]A new lighthouse was built in the 19th century lower down on the headland as it became clear the upper lighthouses were no longer effective for mariners and they were often obscured by fog or mist. On 31 March 1994, the active lighthouse was converted to automatic operation and lighthouse keepers were no longer required to operate it.[4]The 'Rear Lighthouse' was one of two built in the 18th century at Wicklow Head. It is now a holiday residence of the Irish Landmark Trust.[5]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 18th century 'Front Lighthouse' was rebuilt in the early 19th century.[5] It is no longer active.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe active Wicklow Head Lighthouse was built in the 19th century, and operated by the Commissioners of Irish Lights.[6]","title":"Lighthouses"}]

[]

[{"title":"Lambay Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambay_Island"},{"title":"Extreme points of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Urtubi

Ismael Urtubi

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]

Spanish footballer and manager In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Urtubi and the second or maternal family name is Aróstegui. Ismael UrtubiPersonal informationFull name Ismael Urtubi ArósteguiDate of birth (1961-05-24) 24 May 1961 (age 63)Place of birth Barakaldo, SpainHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career Athletic BilbaoSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1978–1981 Bilbao Athletic 41 (1)1979 → Mungia (loan) 20 (0)1980–1992 Athletic Bilbao 209 (28)1981 → Mallorca (loan) 7 (0)1982 → Margaritense (loan) 1992–1994 Balmaseda ? (8)1994–1995 Zalla International career1984–1985 Spain 2 (0)Managerial career2001–2004 Zalla2005–2006 Mirandés2007–2008 Zalla2011–2012 Zalla *Club domestic league appearances and goals Ismael Urtubi Aróstegui (born 24 May 1961) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a left midfielder. An accomplished penalty kick taker, his entire professional career was spent with Athletic Bilbao with which he appeared in nearly 300 official matches, winning four major titles including two La Liga championships. Club career Born in Barakaldo, Biscay, Urtubi grew in Athletic Bilbao's youth system, Lezama. On 2 November 1980 he made his debut with the first team, playing two minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Sporting de Gijón in what would be his only La Liga appearance of the season. In the summer of 1981, Urtubi moved to the Balearic Islands for his compulsory military service, spending a few months playing with RCD Mallorca in Segunda División and finishing the campaign with amateurs CD Margaritense, in both cases on loan. Upon his return he wasted no time making an impact in the Lions' main squad, scoring 13 goals in 62 games combined as the Basque won back-to-back national championships and conquering the double in the latter season. In the 1985 Copa del Rey final, against Atlético Madrid, referee Miguel Pérez awarded the Colchoneros a penalty kick after a controversial handball by Urtubi – Bibao eventually lost it 1–2. In the following league campaign the side finished in third position, with the player missing his first penalty ever, against Hércules CF, and manager Javier Clemente was also fired after five highly successful years. Urtubi continued to be an undisputed starter with the following coaches, José Ángel Iribar and Howard Kendall, with Athletic finishing 13th and fourth, respectively, and reaching the semifinals of the domestic cup in 1987, bowing out to neighbouring Real Sociedad. On 15 February 1989, during a cup match against Real Valladolid, he suffered a severe injury in his left knee (posterior cruciate ligament, external and internal meniscus), but astonishingly recovered fully in a short period of time, although he later suffered a relapse. In 1989–90, manager Txetxu Rojo, a former Athletic player and assistant coach during Kendall's spell, suggested Urtubi gained match fitness with the reserves. After the player refused he would make no more official appearances, but saw his importance in the squad increase after Clemente returned in June 1990, after elections at the club brought a new chairman. On 16 March 1991, after a 0–2 loss at CD Castellón (in the previous matchday, Bilbao lost 0–6 at home against FC Barcelona), Clemente was fired, in what was Urtubi's last match in the Spanish top division. In 1991–92 his output consisted of one cup tie against Deportivo Alavés, scoring Athletic's goal through a penalty to help to a 1–1 draw in Álava and leaving the club after ten full seasons as a professional, amassing totals of 277 games and 37 goals. Urtubi ended his career in 1995 at the age of 34, after playing amateur football with local sides SD Balmaseda FC and Zalla UC. Ten years later he had his first coaching experience, leading CD Mirandés to the second position in Tercera División. International career On 14 November 1984, Urtubi won the first of his two caps with Spain, starting in a 1–3 loss against Scotland for the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, in Glasgow. Two months later, he replaced Barcelona's Julio Alberto in the dying minutes of a 3–1 friendly win with Finland, in a match played in Valencia. Honours Athletic Bilbao La Liga: 1982–83, 1983–84 Copa del Rey: 1983–84 Supercopa de España: 1984 References ^ a b González, José Damian (6 November 1984). "Urtubi, novedad en la selección para el partido contra Escocia" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ Segurola, Santiago (17 February 1989). "Urtubi estará un mínimo de seis meses sin jugar" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Los laracheses quieren al Mirandés en la liguilla de ascenso a la Segunda División B" . La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 25 May 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2019. External links Ismael Urtubi at BDFutbol Ismael Urtubi at Athletic Bilbao Ismael Urtubi at National-Football-Teams.com Ismael Urtubi at EU-Football.info vteCD Mirandés – managers Ferreira (1944–45) Mardones (1945–54) Massobrio (1954–57) Malón (1957–58) Bustamante (1958–60) Sáenz (1960–61) Bustamante (1961–62) Echeandía (1962–63) Arbaizar (1963) Azurmendi (1963–64) Arbaizar (1964–65) Grijuela (1965) Elizaga (1965–66) Grijuela (1966–67) Barcina (1967–68) López (1968) Arguiñano (1968) Grijuela (1968–69) Casto (1969) Sáenz (1969–70) Esparza (1970–73) Lasa (1973–74) Beascoechea (1974–75) Arano (1975–79) Solana (1979–81) Arriarán (1981–82) Nano (1982–83) Grijuela (1983) Palix (1983–84) Izaguirre (1984–85) Puente (1985–88) Izaguirre (1988) Espizúa (1988) Lillo (1988–89) Balbás (1989–90) Guevara (1990) Lillo (1990) García (1990–91) Bezares (1991) Puente (1991) Arroyo (1991–93) Ablanedo (1993–94) Bustamante (1994–95) Ortiz (1995–98) Ocenda (1998) Calvo (1998–99) Izaguirre (1999) Casado (1999–2001) Bengoechea (2001–03) Arnáiz Lucas (2003–04) Soler (2004) Arroyo (2004) García de Andoin (2005) Urtubi (2005–06) Sola (2006–08) Bañuelos (2008–10) Pouso (2010–13) Arconada (2013) Terrazas (2013–16) De los Mozosc (2016) Barragán (2016–17) De los Mozos (2017) Alfaro (2017–18) B. Jiménez (2018–19) Iraola (2019–20) José Alberto (2020–21) Escobar (2021–22) Etxeberria (2022–23) Lisci (2023–)

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winning four major titles including two La Liga championships.","title":"Ismael Urtubi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Lezama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezama_Facilities"},{"link_name":"Sporting de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"compulsory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"RCD Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Segunda 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following league campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Hércules CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_CF"},{"link_name":"Javier Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Clemente"},{"link_name":"José Ángel Iribar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Iribar"},{"link_name":"Howard Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kendall"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"reaching the semifinals of the domestic cup in 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"posterior cruciate ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"meniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Txetxu Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Rojo"},{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Athletic"},{"link_name":"CD Castellón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Castell%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Alavés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Alav%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Álava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lava"},{"link_name":"SD Balmaseda FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Balmaseda_FC"},{"link_name":"Zalla UC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalla_UC"},{"link_name":"CD Mirandés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Mirand%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"the second position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Barakaldo, Biscay, Urtubi grew in Athletic Bilbao's youth system, Lezama. On 2 November 1980 he made his debut with the first team, playing two minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Sporting de Gijón in what would be his only La Liga appearance of the season.In the summer of 1981, Urtubi moved to the Balearic Islands for his compulsory military service, spending a few months playing with RCD Mallorca in Segunda División and finishing the campaign with amateurs CD Margaritense, in both cases on loan.[1] Upon his return he wasted no time making an impact in the Lions' main squad, scoring 13 goals in 62 games combined as the Basque won back-to-back national championships and conquering the double in the latter season.In the 1985 Copa del Rey final, against Atlético Madrid, referee Miguel Pérez awarded the Colchoneros a penalty kick after a controversial handball by Urtubi – Bibao eventually lost it 1–2. In the following league campaign the side finished in third position, with the player missing his first penalty ever, against Hércules CF, and manager Javier Clemente was also fired after five highly successful years.Urtubi continued to be an undisputed starter with the following coaches, José Ángel Iribar and Howard Kendall, with Athletic finishing 13th and fourth, respectively, and reaching the semifinals of the domestic cup in 1987, bowing out to neighbouring Real Sociedad. On 15 February 1989, during a cup match against Real Valladolid, he suffered a severe injury in his left knee (posterior cruciate ligament, external and internal meniscus),[2] but astonishingly recovered fully in a short period of time, although he later suffered a relapse.In 1989–90, manager Txetxu Rojo, a former Athletic player and assistant coach during Kendall's spell, suggested Urtubi gained match fitness with the reserves. After the player refused he would make no more official appearances, but saw his importance in the squad increase after Clemente returned in June 1990, after elections at the club brought a new chairman.On 16 March 1991, after a 0–2 loss at CD Castellón (in the previous matchday, Bilbao lost 0–6 at home against FC Barcelona), Clemente was fired, in what was Urtubi's last match in the Spanish top division. In 1991–92 his output consisted of one cup tie against Deportivo Alavés, scoring Athletic's goal through a penalty to help to a 1–1 draw in Álava and leaving the club after ten full seasons as a professional, amassing totals of 277 games and 37 goals.Urtubi ended his career in 1995 at the age of 34, after playing amateur football with local sides SD Balmaseda FC and Zalla UC. Ten years later he had his first coaching experience, leading CD Mirandés to the second position in Tercera División.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1986 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spain-1"},{"link_name":"Julio Alberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Alberto"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"}],"text":"On 14 November 1984, Urtubi won the first of his two caps with Spain, starting in a 1–3 loss against Scotland for the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, in Glasgow.[1] Two months later, he replaced Barcelona's Julio Alberto in the dying minutes of a 3–1 friendly win with Finland, in a match played in Valencia.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Supercopa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"text":"Athletic BilbaoLa Liga: 1982–83, 1983–84\nCopa del Rey: 1983–84\nSupercopa de España: 1984","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"González, José Damian (6 November 1984). \"Urtubi, novedad en la selección para el partido contra Escocia\" [Urtubi, novelty in national team for match against Scotland]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/1984/11/06/deportes/468543601_850215.html","url_text":"\"Urtubi, novedad en la selección para el partido contra Escocia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Segurola, Santiago (17 February 1989). \"Urtubi estará un mínimo de seis meses sin jugar\" [Urtubi will not play for at least six months]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/1989/02/17/deportes/603673213_850215.html","url_text":"\"Urtubi estará un mínimo de seis meses sin jugar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los laracheses quieren al Mirandés en la liguilla de ascenso a la Segunda División B\" [Laracha boys want Mirandés in Segunda División B promotion play-offs]. La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 25 May 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/carballo/2006/05/25/laracheses-quieren-mirandes-liguilla-ascenso-segunda-division-b/0003_4804966.htm","url_text":"\"Los laracheses quieren al Mirandés en la liguilla de ascenso a la Segunda División B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_Galicia","url_text":"La Voz de Galicia"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/1984/11/06/deportes/468543601_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Urtubi, novedad en la selección para el partido contra Escocia\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/1989/02/17/deportes/603673213_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Urtubi estará un mínimo de seis meses sin jugar\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/carballo/2006/05/25/laracheses-quieren-mirandes-liguilla-ascenso-segunda-division-b/0003_4804966.htm","external_links_name":"\"Los laracheses quieren al Mirandés en la liguilla de ascenso a la Segunda División B\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j1126.html","external_links_name":"Ismael Urtubi"},{"Link":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/38/urtubi","external_links_name":"Ismael Urtubi"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/20847.html","external_links_name":"Ismael Urtubi"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=21585","external_links_name":"Ismael Urtubi"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment

You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment

["1 Background","2 Episodes","3 Notable individuals featured","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American documentary TV series You Are What You Eat: A Twin ExperimentGenreDocumentary seriesDirected byLouie PsihoyosCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes4ProductionRunning time198 minutesProduction companyOceanic Preservation SocietyOriginal releaseNetworkNetflixReleaseJanuary 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is a 2024 American documentary series set for streaming on Netflix. It is based on an 8-week study conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. It was released on January 1, 2024. Background You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is based on an 8-week study conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. The subjects were given their meals for the first four weeks and had to prepare their own meals during the second 4 weeks. According to the leader of the study, Christopher D. Gardner, the twins on the vegan diet had "a 10% to 15% drop in LDL cholesterol, a 25% drop in insulin, and a 3% drop in body weight in just eight weeks, all by eating real food without animal products." In addition, 21 (out of 22) of the people asked to follow a vegan diet stayed with it for the entire 8 weeks. Gardner argues that examining genetically identical twins in this manner increases the level of accuracy in the data. Of the 22 sets of twins, the series focused on four pairs. Carolyn (vegan) and Rosalyn (omnivore) participated in the study with the goal of "increasing Filipino representation in scientific studies". After the study, both returned to an omnivorous diet but now include more plant-based meals. Pam (vegan) and Wendy (omnivore) are South African chefs who run a catering company. After the study, they returned to an omnivorous diet but reduced their intake of meat and cheese. John (vegan) and Jevon (omnivore) are nursing students who also like to work out. After the study, they both returned to an omnivorous diet but cut out most red meat from their diet. Michael (omnivore) and Charlie (vegan) own a cheese business and are known as "The Cheese Twins." Prior to the study, Michael was a pescatarian, and Charlie an omnivore. After the study, Michael became a vegetarian, and Charlie now follows a mostly vegetarian diet. Episodes No.EpisodeDirected byOriginal release date1Episode 1Louie PsihoyosJanuary 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) 2Episode 2Louie PsihoyosJanuary 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) 3Episode 3Louie PsihoyosJanuary 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) 4Episode 4Louie PsihoyosJanuary 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) Notable individuals featured Eric Adams Cory Booker Christopher D. Gardner Michael Greger Tracye McQuirter Marion Nestle Miyoko Schinner Tim Spector Daniel Humm Varun B. Dwaraka See also List of vegan media References ^ Landry, Matthew J. (30 November 2023). "Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Network Open. 6 (11): e2344457. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457. PMC 10690456. PMID 38032644. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ Dwaraka, Varun B.; Aronica, Lucia; Carreras-Gallo, Natalia; Robinson, Jennifer L.; Hennings, Tayler; Lin, Aaron; Turner, Logan; Smith, Ryan; Mendez, Tavis L. (2023-12-29), Unveiling the Epigenetic Impact of Vegan vs. Omnivorous Diets on Aging: Insights from the Twins Nutrition Study (TwiNS), doi:10.1101/2023.12.26.23300543, retrieved 2024-04-04, Non-peer-reviewed preprint ^ a b c LaMotte, Sandra (2023-11-30). "One identical twin went vegan while the other didn't. See what happened". CNN. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ a b Austin, Daryl (2024-01-05). "Can a plant-based diet help you lose more weight? Netflix doc with twins offers answer". Today. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ Gentile, Dan (2024-01-07). "Netflix's most popular food show 'You Are What You Eat' is based on a Stanford experiment". SFGate. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ Ducharme, Jamie (2024-01-03). "Is Eating a Plant-Based Diet Better for You?". Time. Retrieved 2024-01-10. ^ a b c d e Venn, Lydia (2024-01-05). "Netflix's You Are What You Eat: Where are the twins now?". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 2024-01-08. 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Attwood William Axon Eduard Baltzer Horace A. Barrows Sidney H. Beard George Bedborough Ernest Bell Robert Bell Ragnar Berg Rynn Berry Maximilian Bircher-Benner George Black Ernest Bonnejoy Lucius Duncan Bulkley J. L. Buttner Paul Carton Job Caudwell George Cheyne Henry S. Clubb Antonio Cocchi Lenna F. Cooper Daniël de Clercq Charles W. Forward Mahatma Gandhi Narasinh Narayan Godbole Lewis Gompertz Jeremiah Hacker John Haddon Walter Hadwen Alexander Haig Edward Hare Philippe Hecquet Martin Luther Holbrook Isaac Jennings John Harvey Kellogg Norman Kerr Daniel H. Kress William Lambe W. R. C. Latson Elmer Lee Susan M. Levin Al-Ma'arri Alice G. Marsh Elmer McCollum William Metcalfe Eli Peck Miller Harry Willis Miller J. Howard Moore Reuben D. Mussey Helen Nearing Scott Nearing Francis William Newman R. E. O'Callaghan Josiah Oldfield Cyril V. Pink Rod Preece James Rachels Ulma Doyle Register Rollo Russell Henry Stephens Salt Johan Lindström Saxon James Simpson Alan Stoddard Russell Thacher Trall Valluvar Ellen G. White Severin Wielobycki Howard Williams Sidney Trist Frank Wokes Jon Wynne-Tyson Kathleen Keen Zolber Chefs andcookbook authors Nava Atlas Mayim Bialik Gypsy Boots BOSH! Edward Espe Brown Tabitha Brown (actress) Suzy Amis Cameron Hannah Che Pinky Cole Chloe Coscarelli Yamuna Devi Sue Donaldson Crescent Dragonwagon Rose Elliot Rip Esselstyn Toni Fiore Carol Lee Flinders Dick Gregory Richa Hingle Madhur Jaffrey Mollie Katzen Frances Moore Lappé Deborah Madison Linda McCartney Mary McCartney Tracye McQuirter Joanne Lee Molinaro Moosewood Collective Isa Chandra Moskowitz Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gaz Oakley Colleen Patrick-Goudreau Mathew Pritchard Satchidananda Saraswati Derek Sarno Miyoko Schinner Alicia Silverstone Hannah Sunderani Bryant Terry Anna Thomas Haile Thomas Lauren Toyota Jeeca Uy Umberto Veronesi Nisha Vora Alan Wakeman Restaurants Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli Cinnaholic Crossroads Kitchen Greens Restaurant Little Pine (restaurant) Slutty Vegan Souley Vegan Veggie Grill Related Vegetarian and vegan symbolism List of vegan media Juice fasting Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegaphobia Plant-based diet Sustainable diet Low-carbon Planetary health Flexitarianism Pescetarianism Pollotarianism Portals: Food Film United States This article about an American documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_series"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"omnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"}],"text":"You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is a 2024 American documentary series set for streaming on Netflix. It is based on an 8-week study conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. It was released on January 1, 2024.","title":"You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cardiometabolic_Effects_of_Omnivorous_vs_Vegan_Diets_in_Identical_Twins:_A_Randomized_Clinical_Trial-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher D. Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today-4"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosmo-7"},{"link_name":"plant-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosmo-7"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosmo-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosmo-7"},{"link_name":"pescatarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescatarian"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosmo-7"}],"text":"You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is based on an 8-week study[1][2] conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins[3] on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. The subjects were given their meals for the first four weeks and had to prepare their own meals during the second 4 weeks.[4][5][3] According to the leader of the study, Christopher D. Gardner, the twins on the vegan diet had \"a 10% to 15% drop in LDL cholesterol, a 25% drop in insulin, and a 3% drop in body weight in just eight weeks, all by eating real food without animal products.\"[3] In addition, 21 (out of 22) of the people asked to follow a vegan diet stayed with it for the entire 8 weeks.[6] Gardner argues that examining genetically identical twins in this manner increases the level of accuracy in the data.[4]Of the 22 sets of twins, the series focused on four pairs. Carolyn (vegan) and Rosalyn (omnivore) participated in the study with the goal of \"increasing Filipino representation in scientific studies\".[7] After the study, both returned to an omnivorous diet but now include more plant-based meals.[7] Pam (vegan) and Wendy (omnivore) are South African chefs who run a catering company. After the study, they returned to an omnivorous diet but reduced their intake of meat and cheese.[7] John (vegan) and Jevon (omnivore) are nursing students who also like to work out. After the study, they both returned to an omnivorous diet but cut out most red meat from their diet.[7] Michael (omnivore) and Charlie (vegan) own a cheese business and are known as \"The Cheese Twins.\" Prior to the study, Michael was a pescatarian, and Charlie an omnivore. After the study, Michael became a vegetarian, and Charlie now follows a mostly vegetarian diet.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Adams"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"Christopher D. Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner"},{"link_name":"Michael Greger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Greger"},{"link_name":"Tracye McQuirter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter"},{"link_name":"Marion Nestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Nestle"},{"link_name":"Miyoko Schinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner"},{"link_name":"Tim Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Spector"},{"link_name":"Daniel Humm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Humm"},{"link_name":"Varun B. Dwaraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varun_B._Dwaraka&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Eric Adams\nCory Booker\nChristopher D. Gardner\nMichael Greger\nTracye McQuirter\nMarion Nestle\nMiyoko Schinner\nTim Spector\nDaniel Humm\nVarun B. Dwaraka","title":"Notable individuals featured"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of vegan media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegan_media"}]

[{"reference":"Landry, Matthew J. (30 November 2023). \"Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial\". JAMA Network Open. 6 (11): e2344457. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457. PMC 10690456. PMID 38032644. Retrieved 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2812392?resultClick=3","url_text":"\"Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2023.44457","url_text":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10690456","url_text":"10690456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032644","url_text":"38032644"}]},{"reference":"Dwaraka, Varun B.; Aronica, Lucia; Carreras-Gallo, Natalia; Robinson, Jennifer L.; Hennings, Tayler; Lin, Aaron; Turner, Logan; Smith, Ryan; Mendez, Tavis L. (2023-12-29), Unveiling the Epigenetic Impact of Vegan vs. Omnivorous Diets on Aging: Insights from the Twins Nutrition Study (TwiNS), doi:10.1101/2023.12.26.23300543, retrieved 2024-04-04","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.26.23300543v1","url_text":"Unveiling the Epigenetic Impact of Vegan vs. Omnivorous Diets on Aging: Insights from the Twins Nutrition Study (TwiNS)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2023.12.26.23300543","url_text":"10.1101/2023.12.26.23300543"}]},{"reference":"LaMotte, Sandra (2023-11-30). \"One identical twin went vegan while the other didn't. See what happened\". CNN. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/30/health/vegan-twin-study-wellness/index.html","url_text":"\"One identical twin went vegan while the other didn't. See what happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Austin, Daryl (2024-01-05). \"Can a plant-based diet help you lose more weight? Netflix doc with twins offers answer\". Today. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/health/diet-fitness/you-are-what-you-eat-netflix-twin-vegan-omnivore-diet-rcna132505","url_text":"\"Can a plant-based diet help you lose more weight? Netflix doc with twins offers answer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)","url_text":"Today"}]},{"reference":"Gentile, Dan (2024-01-07). \"Netflix's most popular food show 'You Are What You Eat' is based on a Stanford experiment\". SFGate. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/streaming/article/netflix-you-are-what-you-eat-18591776.php","url_text":"\"Netflix's most popular food show 'You Are What You Eat' is based on a Stanford experiment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGate","url_text":"SFGate"}]},{"reference":"Ducharme, Jamie (2024-01-03). \"Is Eating a Plant-Based Diet Better for You?\". Time. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6551606/is-plant-based-diet-healthier-you-are-what-you-eat/","url_text":"\"Is Eating a Plant-Based Diet Better for You?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Venn, Lydia (2024-01-05). \"Netflix's You Are What You Eat: Where are the twins now?\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46294890/you-are-what-you-eat-where-are-the-twins-now/","url_text":"\"Netflix's You Are What You Eat: Where are the twins now?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27immorale

L'immorale

["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]

1967 film L'immoraleFilm posterDirected byPietro GermiWritten byCarlo BernariPietro GermiAlfredo GiannettiTullio PinelliProduced byPietro GermiRobert HaggiagStarring Ugo Tognazzi Stefania Sandrelli Gigi Ballista Renée Longarini Maria Grazia Carmassi Marco Della Giovanna CinematographyAiace ParolinEdited bySergio MontanariMusic byCarlo RustichelliRelease date May 1967 (1967-05) Running time100 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian L'immorale is a 1967 Italian comedy film directed by Pietro Germi. It was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival. Cast Ugo Tognazzi as Sergio Masini Stefania Sandrelli as Marisa Malagugini Renée Longarini as Giulia Masini Maria Grazia Carmassi as Adele Baistrocchi Gigi Ballista as Don Michele Sergio Fincato as Calasanti Marco Della Giovanna as Riccardo Masini Ildebrando Santafe as Caputo Riccardo Billi as Filiberto Malagugini Carlo Bagno as Mr. Malagugini Lina Lagalla as Mrs. Malagugini Stefano Chierchiè as Bruno Costantino Bramini as Nini Cinzia Sperapani as Luisa Mimosa Gregoretti as Mita Giorgio Bianchi as Doctor References ^ "Festival de Cannes - From 16 to 27 may 2012". festival-cannes.com. 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to L'immorale. L'immorale at IMDb vtePietro Germi filmographyFilms directed The Testimony (1946) Lost Youth (1947) In the Name of the Law (1949) Path of Hope (1950) Four Ways Out (1951) The Bandit of Tacca Del Lupo (1952) Mademoiselle Gobete (1952) Jealousy (1953) Mid-Century Loves (segment "Guerra 1915—18", 1954) The Railroad Man (1956) A Man of Straw (1958) The Facts of Murder (1959) Divorce Italian Style (1961) Seduced and Abandoned (1964) The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966) L'immorale (1967) Serafino (1968) A Pocketful of Chestnuts (1970) Alfredo, Alfredo (1972) Written only The Ten Commandments (1945) Against the Law (1950) My Friends (1975) This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi

Charles Ponzi

["1 Early life","2 Arrival in the United States","3 Move to Montreal and Banco Zarossi","4 Work in a mining camp and in Boston","5 Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme","5.1 An idea to trade IRCs","5.2 Securities Exchange Company","5.3 Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme","5.4 Ponzi's subsequent lifestyle","5.5 Suspicion","5.6 Collapse of the scheme","5.7 Magnitude of losses","6 Prison and later life","6.1 Massachusetts","6.2 Florida","6.3 Italy","7 Death","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]

Italian businessman and con artist (1882–1949) "Ponzi" redirects here. For the fraudulent business scheme named after him, see Ponzi scheme. For the 2021 Nigerian comedy film, see Ponzi (film). For the French racing driver, see Charles Pozzi. This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help providing page numbers for existing citations. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charles PonziPonzi c. 1920BornCarlo Pietro Giovanni Guglielmo Tebaldo Ponzi(1882-03-03)March 3, 1882Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, ItalyDiedJanuary 18, 1949(1949-01-18) (aged 66)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOther names Carlo Charles P. Bianchi Charles Ponci Occupation(s)Financier, confidence tricksterKnown forPonzi schemeSpouse Rose Gnecco ​ ​(m. 1918; div. 1937)​MotiveFinancial gainCriminal chargeForgery (Canada), mail fraud (U.S. federal), larceny (state)Penalty3 years in Canada 1908–1911; 5 years U.S. federal (served 3+1⁄2 years before facing state charge) 1920–1922; 9 years state 1927–1934; deportation in 1934 Charles Ponzi (/ˈpɒnzi/, Italian: ; born Carlo Pietro Giovanni Guglielmo Tebaldo Ponzi; March 3, 1882 – January 18, 1949) was an Italian swindler and con artist who operated in the U.S. and Canada. His aliases included Charles Ponci, Carlo, and Charles P. Bianchi. Born in Lugo, Italy, he became known in the early 1920s as a swindler in North America for his money-making scheme. He promised clients a 50% profit within 45 days or 100% profit within 90 days, by buying discounted postal reply coupons in other countries and redeeming them at face value in the U.S. as a form of arbitrage.: 1  In reality, Ponzi was paying earlier investors using the investments of later investors. While this type of fraudulent investment scheme was not invented by Ponzi, it became so identified with him that it now is referred to as a "Ponzi scheme". His scheme ran for over a year before it collapsed, costing his "investors" $20 million. Ponzi may have been inspired by the scheme of William W. Miller (also known as "520% Miller"), a Brooklyn book-keeper who in 1899 used a similar deception to take in $1 million (approximately $35 million in 2022). Early life Charles Ponzi was born in Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, on March 3, 1882. He told The New York Times he had come from a family in Parma. Ponzi's ancestors had been well-to-do, and his mother continued to use the title "donna", but the family had subsequently fallen upon difficult times and had little money. Ponzi took a job as a postal worker early on, but soon was accepted into the University of Rome La Sapienza. His richer friends considered the university a "four-year vacation", and he was inclined to follow them around to bars, cafés, and the opera. This resulted in Ponzi spending all his money, and four years later he was broke and without a degree. During this time, a number of Italian boys were migrating to the U.S. and returning to Italy as wealthy individuals. Ponzi's family encouraged him to do the same, with the intention of returning his family to its former socio-economic status. Arrival in the United States On November 15, 1903, Ponzi arrived in Boston aboard the S.S. Vancouver. By his own account, Ponzi had $2.50 in his pocket (equivalent to $85 in 2023), having gambled away the rest of his life savings during the voyage. "I landed in this country with $2.50 in cash and $1 million in hopes, and those hopes never left me," he later told a reporter for the New York Times. He quickly learned English and spent the next few years doing odd jobs along the East Coast, eventually taking a job as a dishwasher in a restaurant, where he slept on the floor. Ponzi managed to work his way up to the position of waiter, but was fired for theft and shortchanging customers. Move to Montreal and Banco Zarossi This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1907, after several years of failing to establish himself in the U.S., Ponzi moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and became an assistant teller in the newly opened Banco Zarossi, a bank located on Saint Jacques Street started by Luigi "Louis" Zarossi to service the influx of Italian immigrants arriving in the city. By this time, Ponzi had a winning personality and spoke English, Italian, and French, which Zuckoff says helped him get the job at Banco Zarossi. It was at Banco Zarossi that Ponzi first saw the scheme of "robbing Peter to pay Paul" (which subsequently would be called a Ponzi scheme). Zarossi paid 6% interest on bank deposits—double the going rate at the time—and was growing rapidly as a result. Ponzi eventually rose to bank manager. However, he found out that the bank was in serious financial trouble because of bad real estate loans, and that Zarossi was funding the interest payments not through profit on investments, but by using money deposited in newly opened accounts. The bank eventually failed and Zarossi fled to Mexico with a large portion of the bank's money. Ponzi stayed in Montreal and, for some time, lived at Zarossi's house helping the man's abandoned family while planning to return to the U.S. and start over. As Ponzi was penniless, this proved to be very difficult. Eventually, he walked into the offices of a former Zarossi customer, Canadian Warehousing, and finding no one there, wrote himself a check for $423.58 in a checkbook he found, forging the signature of Damien Fournier, a director of the company. Confronted by police who had taken note of his large expenditures just after the forged check was cashed, Ponzi held out his wrist and said, "I'm guilty". He ended up spending three years at St. Vincent-de-Paul Federal Penitentiary , a bleak facility located on the outskirts of Montreal. Rather than inform his mother of his imprisonment, he posted her a letter stating that he had found a job as a "special assistant" to a prison warden. Mug shot, c. 1910 After his release in 1911, Ponzi decided to return to the U.S., but became involved in a scheme to smuggle Italian illegal immigrants across the border. He was caught and spent two years in Atlanta Prison. Here he became a translator for the warden, who was intercepting letters from mobster Ignazio "the Wolf" Lupo. Ponzi ended up befriending Lupo. Another prisoner, Charles W. Morse, became a true role model to Ponzi. Morse, a wealthy Wall Street businessman and speculator, fooled doctors during medical exams by eating soap shavings to give the appearance of ill-health. Morse was soon released from prison. Ponzi completed his prison term following Morse's release, having an additional month added to his term due to his inability to pay a $50 fine. Work in a mining camp and in Boston After Ponzi's release from prison, he made his way back to Boston. While working at a mining camp as a nurse, he came up with the idea of going to another mining camp, starting a utility there that would supply water and power, and selling its stock. During this time, a fellow nurse called Pearl Gosid had suffered severe burns in an accident. Despite not knowing her, Ponzi volunteered for two major operations to donate 122 square inches (790 cm2) of skin from his back and legs to Pearl. This resulted in pleurisy and similar complications, and Ponzi's losing his job. Thereafter Ponzi continued to travel around looking for work, and in Boston, he met Rose Maria Gnecco, a stenographer, to whom he proposed marriage. Gnecco came from a family of Italian-American immigrants who had a small fruit stall in downtown Boston. Though Ponzi did not tell Gnecco about his years in jail, his mother sent Gnecco a letter telling her of Ponzi's past. Nonetheless, she married him in 1918. For the next few months, Ponzi worked at a number of businesses, including his father-in-law's grocery, and the import-export company JR Poole before hitting upon an idea to sell advertising in a large business listing to be sent to various businesses. He was unable to sell this idea to businesses, and his company failed soon after. Ponzi took over his wife's family's fledgling fruit company for a short time, but to no avail, and it, too, failed shortly thereafter. Origin of the term "Ponzi scheme" and IRC scheme An idea to trade IRCs Ponzi set up a small office at 27 School Street, Boston, in the summer of 1919 attempting to sell business ideas to contacts in Europe. He received a letter from a company in Spain asking about the advertising catalog which included an international reply coupon (IRC), leading Ponzi to find a weakness in the system which, at least in principle, gave him an opportunity to make money. Postal reply coupons allowed a person in one country to pay for the postage of a reply to a correspondent in another country. IRCs were priced at the cost of postage in the country of purchase, but could be exchanged for stamps to cover the cost of postage in the country where redeemed; if these values were different, there was a potential profit. Inflation after World War I had greatly decreased the cost of postage in Italy expressed in U.S. dollars, so that an IRC could be bought cheaply in Italy and exchanged for U.S. stamps of higher value, which could then be sold. Ponzi claimed that the net profit on these transactions, after expenses and exchange rates, was in excess of 400%. This was a form of arbitrage, or profiting by buying an asset at a lower price in one market and immediately selling it in a market where the price is higher, which is legal. Seeing an opportunity, Ponzi quit his job as a translator to execute his IRC scheme, but needed a large capital expense to buy IRCs at lower performing European currencies. He first tried to borrow money from several banks, including the Hanover Trust Company, but they were not convinced, and its manager, Chmielinski, refused to lend him money. Subsequently, Ponzi set up a stock company to raise money from the public. He also went to several of his friends in Boston and promised that he would double their investment in 90 days, in an environment when banks were paying only 5% annual interest. The great returns from postal reply coupons, he explained to them, made such incredible profits easy to accomplish. Some people invested and were paid as promised, receiving $750 in interest on initial investments of $1,250. Securities Exchange Company Ponzi in 1920, while still working as a businessman in his office in Boston In January 1920, Ponzi started his own company, the "Securities Exchange Company", to promote the scheme. In the first month, 18 people invested in his company with a total of $1,800. He paid them promptly, the very next month, with money obtained from a newer set of investors. Ponzi set up a larger office, this time in the Niles Building on School Street. Word spread, and investments increased rapidly. Ponzi hired agents and paid them generous commissions. Between February and March 1920, the total amount invested had risen from $5,000 to $25,000 ($80,000 to $380,000 in 2023, respectively). As the scheme grew, Ponzi hired agents to seek out new investors in New England and New Jersey. At that time, investors were being paid impressive rates, which subsequently encouraged others to invest. By May 1920, he had made $420,000 (equivalent to $6,400,000 in 2023). By June 1920, people had invested $2.5 million in Ponzi's scheme (equivalent to $38,000,000 in 2023). By July, he was approaching a million dollars per day. Ponzi began depositing the money in the Hanover Trust Bank of Boston (a small bank on Hanover Street in the mostly Italian North End), in the hope that once his account was large enough he could impose his will on the bank or even be made its president; he bought a controlling interest in the bank through himself and several friends after depositing $3 million. By July 1920, Ponzi had made millions. Some of his investors had been mortgaging their homes and investing their life savings. Most did not take their profits but reinvested. Ponzi's company, meanwhile, had set up branches from Maine to New Jersey. Even though Ponzi's company was bringing in fantastic sums of money each day, the simplest financial analysis would have shown that the operation was running at a large loss. As long as money kept flowing in, existing investors could be paid with the new money. This was the only method Ponzi had to continue providing returns to existing investors, as he made no effort to generate legitimate profits. Ponzi's initial investors consisted of working-class immigrants like himself. Gradually, news travelled upwards, and many well-to-do Boston Brahmins also invested in his scheme. In its heyday, nearly 75% of Boston's police force had invested in the scheme. Ponzi's investors even included those closest to him, like his chauffeur John Collins and his own brother-in-law. Ponzi was indiscriminate about whom he allowed to invest, from young newspaper boys investing a few dollars to high-net-worth individuals, like a banker from Lawrence, Kansas, who invested $10,000. Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme Though Ponzi was still paying back investors, mostly from money from subsequent investors, he had not yet figured out a way to actually change the IRCs to cash. He also subsequently realized that changing the coupons to money was logistically impossible. For example: for the initial 18 investors of January 1920, for their $1,800 investment, it would have taken 53,000 postal coupons to actually realize the arbitrage profits. For the subsequent 15,000 investors that Ponzi had, he would have had to fill Titanic-sized ships with postal coupons just to ship them to the U.S. from Europe. However, Ponzi found that all the interest payments returned to him, as investors continued to re-invest. Ponzi's subsequent lifestyle Ponzi lived luxuriously: he bought a mansion in Lexington, Massachusetts, and maintained accounts in several banks across New England besides Hanover Trust. He bought a Locomobile, the finest car of that time. He had initially purchased two first-class tickets to Italy for a delayed honeymoon with Rose but instead decided to change them to bring his mother from Italy to the U.S. in a first-class stateroom on an ocean liner. She lived with Ponzi and Rose for some time in Lexington, but died soon after. On July 31, 1920, Ponzi told Father Pasquale Di Milla, the director of the Italian Children's Home in Jamaica Plain, that he would donate $100,000 in honor of his mother. Ponzi also bought a macaroni company and part of a wine company in an attempt to gain profits that could be used to repay the investors of his IRC scheme. Suspicion Ponzi's rapid rise naturally drew suspicion. When a Boston financial writer suggested there was no way Ponzi could legally deliver such high returns in a short period of time, Ponzi sued for libel and won $500,000 in damages. As libel law at the time placed the burden of proof on the writer and publisher, this effectively neutralized any serious probes into his dealings for some time. Nonetheless, there were still signs of his eventual ruin. Joseph Daniels, a Boston furniture dealer who had given Ponzi furniture which he could not afford to pay for, sued Ponzi to cash in on the gold rush. The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but it did prompt people to begin asking how Ponzi could have gone from being penniless to being a millionaire in a short span of time. There was a run on the Securities Exchange Company, as some investors decided to pull out. Ponzi paid them and the run stopped. On July 24, 1920, The Boston Post printed a favorable article on Ponzi and his scheme that brought in investors faster than ever. At that time, Ponzi was making $250,000 a day. Ponzi's good fortune was increased by the fact that just below this favorable article, which seemed to imply that Ponzi was indeed returning 50% return on an investment after only 45 days, was a bank advertisement that stated that the bank was paying 5% returns annually. The next business day after this article was published, Ponzi arrived at his office to find thousands of Bostonians waiting to give him their money. Despite this reprieve, Post acting publisher Richard Grozier (who was running the paper in the absence of his father Edwin, its owner and publisher) and city editor Eddie Dunn were suspicious and assigned investigative reporters to look into Ponzi. He was also under investigation by Massachusetts authorities, and, on the day the Post printed its article, Ponzi met with state officials. He managed to divert the officials from checking his books by offering to stop taking money during the investigation, a fortunate choice, as proper records were not being kept. Ponzi's offer temporarily calmed the suspicions of the state officials. Collapse of the scheme On July 26, the Post started a series of articles that asked hard questions about the operation of Ponzi's money machine. The paper contacted Clarence Barron, the financial journalist who headed Dow Jones & Company, to examine Ponzi's scheme. Barron observed that though Ponzi was offering fantastic returns on investments, Ponzi himself was not investing with his own company. Barron then noted that to cover the investments made with the Securities Exchange Company, 160 million postal reply coupons would have to be in circulation. However, only about 27,000 actually were in circulation. The United States Post Office stated that postal reply coupons were not being bought in quantity at home or abroad. The gross profit margin in percent on buying and selling each IRC was colossal, but the overhead required to handle the purchase and redemption of these items, which were of extremely low cost and were sold individually, would have exceeded the gross profit (see #Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme). Barron noted that if Ponzi really was doing what he claimed to do, he would effectively be profiting at the expense of a government—either the governments where he bought the coupons or the U.S. government. For this reason, Barron argued that even if Ponzi's operation was legitimate, it was immoral to take advantage of a government in this manner. The Post articles caused a panic run on the Securities Exchange Company. Ponzi paid out $2 million in three days to a wild crowd outside his office. He canvassed the crowd, passed out coffee and doughnuts, and cheerfully told them they had nothing to worry about. Many changed their minds and left their money with him. However, this attracted the attention of Daniel Gallagher, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. Gallagher commissioned Edwin Pride to audit the Securities Exchange Company's books—an effort made difficult by the fact Ponzi's bookkeeping system consisted merely of index cards with investors' names. In the meantime, Ponzi had hired a publicist, William McMasters. However, McMasters quickly became suspicious of Ponzi's endless talk of postal reply coupons, as well as the ongoing investigation against him. He later described Ponzi as a "financial idiot" who did not seem to know how to add. The investigation into Ponzi began in late July, when McMasters found several highly incriminating documents that indicated Ponzi was merely "robbing Peter to pay Paul". McMasters went to Grozier, his former employer, with this information. Grozier offered him $5,000 for his story, which was printed in the Post on August 2, 1920. McMaster's article declared Ponzi hopelessly insolvent, reporting that while he claimed $7 million in liquid funds, he was actually at least $2 million in debt. With interest factored in, McMasters wrote, Ponzi was as much as $4.5 million in the red. The story touched off a massive run, and Ponzi paid off in one day. He then sped up plans to build a massive conglomerate that would engage in banking and import/export operations. Even before his trial, Ponzi's name had begun to pass into the language as a fraudster. This 25 September 1920 ad for Washington Mutual Savings Bank in Seattle, declares, "Don't Be Ponzied". Massachusetts Bank Commissioner Joseph Allen became concerned that if major withdrawals exhausted Ponzi's reserves, it would bring Boston's banking system to its knees. Allen's suspicions were further aroused when he found out a large number of Ponzi-controlled accounts had received more than $250,000 in loans from Hanover Trust. This led Allen to speculate that Ponzi was not nearly as well-financed as he claimed, since he was getting large loans from the bank he effectively controlled. He ordered two bank examiners to keep an eye on Ponzi's accounts. On August 9, the bank examiners reported that enough investors had cashed their checks on Ponzi's main account there that it was almost certainly overdrawn. Allen then ordered Hanover Trust not to pay out any more checks from Ponzi's main account. He also orchestrated an involuntary bankruptcy filing by several small Ponzi investors. The move forced Massachusetts Attorney General J. Weston Allen to release a statement that there was little to support Ponzi's claims of large-scale dealings in postal coupons. State officials then invited Ponzi noteholders to come to the Massachusetts State House to furnish their names and addresses for the purpose of the investigation. On the same day, Ponzi received a preview of Pride's audit, which revealed Ponzi was at least $7 million in debt. On August 11, the Post published with a front-page story about his criminal activities in Montreal 13 years earlier, including his forgery conviction and his role at Zarossi's scandal-ridden bank. That afternoon, Bank Commissioner Allen seized Hanover Trust due to numerous irregularities. The commissioner thus inadvertently foiled Ponzi's plan to borrow funds from the bank vaults as a last resort in the event all other efforts to obtain funds failed. The following day, Ponzi's certificate of deposit at Hanover Trust, which had been worth $1.5 million, was reduced to $1 million after bank officials tapped into it to cover the overdraft. Even if he had been able to convert it into cash, he would have had only $4 million in assets. Amid reports that he was about to be arrested any day, Ponzi surrendered to federal authorities and accepted Pride's figures. He was charged with mail fraud for sending letters to his marks telling them their notes had matured. He was originally released on $25,000 bail and was immediately re-arrested on state charges of larceny, for which he posted an additional $10,000 bond. After the Post released the results of the audit, the bail bondsman feared Ponzi might flee the country and withdrew the bail for the federal charges. Attorney General Allen declared that if Ponzi managed to regain his freedom, the state would seek additional charges and seek a bail high enough to ensure Ponzi would stay in custody. Magnitude of losses The news brought down five other banks in addition to Hanover Trust. Ponzi's investors were practically wiped out, receiving less than 30 cents to the dollar. They lost about $20 million in 1920 dollars (approximately $230 million in 2023 dollars). By comparison, Bernie Madoff's similar scheme that collapsed in 2008 cost his investors about $18 billion, 53 times the losses of Ponzi's scheme. Prison and later life In two federal indictments, Ponzi was charged with 86 counts of mail fraud and faced life imprisonment. At the urging of his wife, Ponzi pleaded guilty on November 1, 1920, to a single count before Judge Clarence Hale, who declared before sentencing, "Here was a man with all the duties of seeking large money. He concocted a scheme which, on his counsel's admission, did defraud men and women. It will not do to have the world understand that such a scheme as that can be carried out ... without receiving substantial punishment." Ponzi was sentenced to five years in federal prison. Massachusetts Ponzi was released after three-and-a-half years and was almost immediately indicted on 22 state charges of larceny, which came as a surprise to Ponzi; he thought he had a deal calling for the state to drop any charges against him if he pleaded guilty to the federal charges. He sued, claiming that he would be facing double jeopardy if Massachusetts essentially retried him for the same offenses spelled out in the federal indictment. The case, Ponzi v. Fessenden, made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 27, 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that federal plea bargains have no standing regarding state charges. It also ruled that Ponzi was not facing double jeopardy because Massachusetts was charging him with larceny while the federal government charged him with mail fraud, even though the charges implicated the same criminal operation. In October 1922, Ponzi was tried on the first 10 larceny counts. Since he was insolvent, Ponzi served as his own attorney and, speaking as persuasively as he had with his duped investors, was acquitted by the jury on all charges. He was tried a second time on five of the remaining charges, and the jury deadlocked. Ponzi was found guilty at a third trial, and was sentenced to an additional seven to nine years in prison as "a common and notorious thief". There were efforts to have him deported as an undesirable alien in 1922. Florida In September 1925, Ponzi was released on bail as he appealed the state conviction. He fled to the Springfield neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida, and launched the Charpon Land Syndicate ("Charpon" is an amalgamation of his name), seeking to capitalize on the Florida land boom. He offered investors tiny tracts of land, some underwater, and promised 200% returns in 60 days. In reality, it was a scam that sold swampland in Columbia County. Ponzi was indicted by a Duval County grand jury in February 1926 and charged with violating Florida trust and securities laws. A jury found him guilty on the securities charges, and the judge sentenced him to a year in the Florida State Prison. Ponzi appealed his conviction and was freed after posting a $1,500 bond. Ponzi traveled to Tampa, where he shaved his head, grew a mustache, and tried to flee the country as a crewman on a merchant ship bound for Italy. However, he revealed his identity to a shipmate. Word spread to a deputy sheriff, who followed the ship to its last American port of call in New Orleans and placed Ponzi under arrest. After Ponzi's pleas to Calvin Coolidge and Benito Mussolini for deportation were ignored, he was sent back to Massachusetts to serve out his prison term. Ponzi served seven more years in prison. In the meantime, government investigators tried to trace Ponzi's convoluted accounts to figure out how much money he had taken and where it had gone. They never managed to untangle it and could only conclude that millions of dollars had gone through his hands. Italy Ponzi was released in 1934. With the release came an immediate order to have him deported to Italy. He asked for a full pardon from Massachusetts Governor Joseph B. Ely. However, on July 13, Ely turned the appeal down. Ponzi's charismatic confidence had faded, and when he left the prison gates, he was met by an angry crowd. He told reporters before he left, "I went looking for trouble, and I found it." On October 7, Ponzi was officially deported. Rose stayed in the U.S. and divorced Ponzi in 1937. She had not wanted to leave Boston, and Ponzi was in no position to support her in any event. In Italy, Ponzi jumped from scheme to scheme, but little came of them. He eventually got a job in Brazil as an agent for Ala Littoria, the Italian state airline. During World War II, however, the airline's operation in the country was shut down after the British intelligence services intervened and Brazil sided with the Allies. During that time, Ponzi also wrote his autobiography. Death Ponzi spent the last years of his life in poverty, working occasionally as a translator. His health deteriorated and in 1941 a heart attack left him considerably weakened. His eyesight began failing, and by 1948 he was almost completely blind. A brain hemorrhage paralyzed his left leg and arm. Ponzi died in a charity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, the Hospital São Francisco de Assis of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, on January 18, 1949. Supported by his last and only friend, Francisco Nonato Nunes, a barber who spoke English and had notions of Italian, Ponzi granted one last interview to an American reporter, telling him, "Even if they never got anything for it, it was cheap at that price. Without malice aforethought, I had given them the best show that was ever staged in their territory since the landing of the Pilgrims! It was easily worth fifteen million bucks to watch me put the thing over." See also White collar crime List of fraudsters List of Ponzi schemes References ^ a b c d e "Business & Finance: Ponzi Payment". Time. January 5, 1931. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ a b c Greenough, William Croan (January 31, 1949), "Take My Money!", Time, ISBN 0-256-08657-5, archived from the original on May 16, 2009, retrieved December 21, 2008, In Italy, Ponzi got on the good side of Mussolini's Fascists, was sent to Rio de Janeiro as business manager for Italy's LATI airlines. The war ended his job; after that he eked out a meager existence as a translator. Committed to a Rio charity ward, blind in one eye and partly paralyzed, he said not long ago: 'I guess the only news about me that most people want to hear is my death.' ^ a b c d "In Ponzi We Trust", Smithsonian, December 1998, archived from the original on October 22, 2013, retrieved December 21, 2008 ^ Skarda, Erin (March 7, 2012). "William Miller, the Original Ponzi Schemer". Time. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Ogunjobi, Tim. Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781409232919. ^ "Who was Ponzi – what the Heck was his scheme?". CNN. December 23, 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Zuckoff, Mitchell (January 10, 2006). Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0812968360. ^ "Book reading by Mitchell Zuckoff at Olsson's Books and Records, Washington, D.C." The Film Archives. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "Massachusetts reports". 1924. ^ Sobel 1968, p. 17. ^ "CPI Inflation Calculator". www.bls.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2017. ^ Bloodletters and Badmen: A Narrative Encyclopedia of American Criminals from the Pilgrims to the Present, by Jay Robert Nash ^ Herwick III, Edgar (July 25, 2014). "This Week In History: The Boston Post Takes Down Charles Ponzi". The Boston Post and WGBH News. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ Mark B. (May 28, 2008). "Charles Ponzi – The Jamaica Plain Connection". Remember Jamaica Plain?. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ "Ponzi Arrested.", The New York Times, August 13, 1920, retrieved December 21, 2008, Liabilities Put at $7,000,000. Federal Authorities Charge Using Mails to Defraud. State Warrant Charges Larceny. Claims $4,000,000 Assets. Bank Commissioner Fears Hanover Trust Assets Have Been Wiped Out. Investors Grow in Number. Attorney General Still Recording. Hundreds of Note Holders Caught in Crash. Liabilities running at least up to $7,000,000 and assets unknown, save for his assertion that they amount to $4,000,000, are among the echoes of the bursting of Charles Ponzi's bubble this noon, when he surrendered ^ Burnsed, Brian (2011). "The Greatest Financial Scandals: Charles Ponzi". images.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2011. ^ Levisohn, Ben (2011). "How to Make a Madoff". businessweek.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2011. ^ a b Zuckoff, Mitchell (January 13, 2009), "What Madoff could learn from Ponzi", CNNMoney.com, retrieved April 15, 2009 ^ "Proceedings to Deport Coupon Financier to Canada or Italy Are Begun.", The New York Times, November 30, 1924, retrieved December 21, 2008, Charles Ponzi, promoter of the get-rich-quick scheme of four years ago which attracted investments of many millions of dollars, was arrested early today by immigration authorities on a warrant charging that he is in this country illegally. Deportation proceedings will begin immediately, it was said by Immigration Commissioner John P. Johnson. ^ a b Kerr, Jessie-Lynne (December 22, 2008). "Ponzi lived here: Infamous name tied to scheme was local". The Florida Times-Union. ^ Mitchell, Zuckoff (2005). Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781588364487. OCLC 506066196. ^ "Ponzi Pardon Plea is Denied in Boston. Governor Ely Decision Is Followed by Court Move to Block Deportation.", The New York Times, July 13, 1934, retrieved December 21, 2008 ^ "Sued for Divorce", Time, July 6, 1936, archived from the original on December 15, 2008, retrieved December 21, 2008 ^ Ponzi, Charles (c. 1937) The Rise of Mr. Ponzi. public domain. ^ Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them, Lulu.com, ISBN 1-4092-3291-3, thing for it, it was cheap at that price. ^ Bordoni, Alessio. "Biographical show on the life and crimes of Charles Ponzi". BroadwayWorld, New York, August 9, 2013. Bibliography Ponzi, Charles (1936), The Rise of Mr. Ponzi, ISBN 978-2-9538012-1-7 Dunn, Donald (2004), Ponzi: The Incredible True Story of the King of Financial Cons, Library of Larceny, New York: Broadway, ISBN 0-7679-1499-6 Zuckoff, Mitchell (2005), Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend, New York: Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6039-7 The History Channel. "In Search of History: Mr. Ponzi and His Scheme". February 9, 2000. (AAE-42325, ISBN 0-7670-1672-6) Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, Math on Trial: How Numbers Get Used and Abused in the Courtroom, Basic Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-465-03292-1. (Eighth chapter: "Math error number 8: underestimation. The case of Charles Ponzi: American dream, American scheme"). Sobel, Robert (1968), The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s, New York: Norton, ISBN 0-393-09817-6 Kalbfleisch, John (2009), "Ponzi scheme: the Montreal link", The Gazette, Montréal External links Charles Ponzi: The Documentary Media related to Charles Ponzi at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Other NARA SNAC IdRef Portals: Biography Italy United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"Ponzi (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Charles Pozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pozzi"},{"link_name":"/ˈpɒnzi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[ˈpontsi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"swindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindler"},{"link_name":"con artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo,_Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"postal reply coupons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reply_coupon"},{"link_name":"arbitrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-take-2"},{"link_name":"Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetrust-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Ponzi\" redirects here. For the fraudulent business scheme named after him, see Ponzi scheme. For the 2021 Nigerian comedy film, see Ponzi (film).For the French racing driver, see Charles Pozzi.Charles Ponzi (/ˈpɒnzi/, Italian: [ˈpontsi]; born Carlo Pietro Giovanni Guglielmo Tebaldo Ponzi; March 3, 1882 – January 18, 1949) was an Italian swindler and con artist who operated in the U.S. and Canada. His aliases included Charles Ponci, Carlo, and Charles P. Bianchi.[1]Born in Lugo, Italy, he became known in the early 1920s as a swindler in North America for his money-making scheme. He promised clients a 50% profit within 45 days or 100% profit within 90 days, by buying discounted postal reply coupons in other countries and redeeming them at face value in the U.S. as a form of arbitrage.[1]: 1 [2] In reality, Ponzi was paying earlier investors using the investments of later investors. While this type of fraudulent investment scheme was not invented by Ponzi, it became so identified with him that it now is referred to as a \"Ponzi scheme\". His scheme ran for over a year before it collapsed, costing his \"investors\" $20 million.Ponzi may have been inspired by the scheme of William W. Miller (also known as \"520% Miller\"), a Brooklyn book-keeper who in 1899 used a similar deception to take in $1 million (approximately $35 million in 2022).[3][4]","title":"Charles Ponzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo,_Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"donna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)#Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetrust-3"},{"link_name":"University of Rome La Sapienza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Charles Ponzi was born in Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, on March 3, 1882. He told The New York Times he had come from a family in Parma. Ponzi's ancestors had been well-to-do, and his mother continued to use the title \"donna\", but the family had subsequently fallen upon difficult times and had little money.[3] Ponzi took a job as a postal worker early on, but soon was accepted into the University of Rome La Sapienza. His richer friends considered the university a \"four-year vacation\", and he was inclined to follow them around to bars, cafés, and the opera. This resulted in Ponzi spending all his money, and four years later he was broke and without a degree. During this time, a number of Italian boys were migrating to the U.S. and returning to Italy as wealthy individuals. Ponzi's family encouraged him to do the same, with the intention of returning his family to its former socio-economic status.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"gambled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetrust-3"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On November 15, 1903, Ponzi arrived in Boston aboard the S.S. Vancouver. By his own account, Ponzi had $2.50 in his pocket (equivalent to $85 in 2023), having gambled away the rest of his life savings during the voyage. \"I landed in this country with $2.50 in cash and $1 million in hopes, and those hopes never left me,\" he later told a reporter for the New York Times.[3] He quickly learned English and spent the next few years doing odd jobs along the East Coast, eventually taking a job as a dishwasher in a restaurant, where he slept on the floor. Ponzi managed to work his way up to the position of waiter, but was fired for theft and shortchanging customers.[6]","title":"Arrival in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint Jacques Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"robbing Peter to pay Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbing_Peter_to_pay_Paul"},{"link_name":"Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olsson-8"},{"link_name":"interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_(finance)"},{"link_name":"forging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Ponzi_mug_shot.jpg"},{"link_name":"illegal immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigrant"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Ignazio \"the Wolf\" Lupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Lupo"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Morse"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"}],"text":"In 1907, after several years of failing to establish himself in the U.S., Ponzi moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and became an assistant teller in the newly opened Banco Zarossi, a bank located on Saint Jacques Street started by Luigi \"Louis\" Zarossi to service the influx of Italian immigrants arriving in the city. By this time, Ponzi had a winning personality and spoke English, Italian, and French, which Zuckoff says helped him get the job at Banco Zarossi.[7]It was at Banco Zarossi that Ponzi first saw the scheme of \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\" (which subsequently would be called a Ponzi scheme).[8] Zarossi paid 6% interest on bank deposits—double the going rate at the time—and was growing rapidly as a result. Ponzi eventually rose to bank manager. However, he found out that the bank was in serious financial trouble because of bad real estate loans, and that Zarossi was funding the interest payments not through profit on investments, but by using money deposited in newly opened accounts. The bank eventually failed and Zarossi fled to Mexico with a large portion of the bank's money.Ponzi stayed in Montreal and, for some time, lived at Zarossi's house helping the man's abandoned family while planning to return to the U.S. and start over. As Ponzi was penniless, this proved to be very difficult. Eventually, he walked into the offices of a former Zarossi customer, Canadian Warehousing, and finding no one there, wrote himself a check for $423.58 in a checkbook he found, forging the signature of Damien Fournier, a director of the company. Confronted by police who had taken note of his large expenditures just after the forged check was cashed, Ponzi held out his wrist and said, \"I'm guilty\". He ended up spending three years at St. Vincent-de-Paul Federal Penitentiary [Inmate #6660], a bleak facility located on the outskirts of Montreal. Rather than inform his mother of his imprisonment, he posted her a letter stating that he had found a job as a \"special assistant\" to a prison warden.Mug shot, c. 1910After his release in 1911, Ponzi decided to return to the U.S., but became involved in a scheme to smuggle Italian illegal immigrants across the border. He was caught and spent two years in Atlanta Prison. Here he became a translator for the warden, who was intercepting letters from mobster Ignazio \"the Wolf\" Lupo. Ponzi ended up befriending Lupo. Another prisoner, Charles W. Morse, became a true role model to Ponzi. Morse, a wealthy Wall Street businessman and speculator, fooled doctors during medical exams by eating soap shavings to give the appearance of ill-health. Morse was soon released from prison. Ponzi completed his prison term following Morse's release, having an additional month added to his term due to his inability to pay a $50 fine.","title":"Move to Montreal and Banco Zarossi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mining camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_community"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"pleurisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"stenographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand"},{"link_name":"downtown Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston"},{"link_name":"import-export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"}],"text":"After Ponzi's release from prison, he made his way back to Boston. While working at a mining camp as a nurse, he came up with the idea of going to another mining camp, starting a utility there that would supply water and power, and selling its stock. During this time, a fellow nurse called Pearl Gosid had suffered severe burns in an accident. Despite not knowing her, Ponzi volunteered for two major operations to donate 122 square inches (790 cm2) of skin from his back and legs to Pearl. This resulted in pleurisy and similar complications, and Ponzi's losing his job.[7]Thereafter Ponzi continued to travel around looking for work, and in Boston, he met Rose Maria Gnecco, a stenographer, to whom he proposed marriage. Gnecco came from a family of Italian-American immigrants who had a small fruit stall in downtown Boston. Though Ponzi did not tell Gnecco about his years in jail, his mother sent Gnecco a letter telling her of Ponzi's past. Nonetheless, she married him in 1918. For the next few months, Ponzi worked at a number of businesses, including his father-in-law's grocery, and the import-export company JR Poole before hitting upon an idea to sell advertising in a large business listing to be sent to various businesses. He was unable to sell this idea to businesses, and his company failed soon after. Ponzi took over his wife's family's fledgling fruit company for a short time, but to no avail, and it, too, failed shortly thereafter.","title":"Work in a mining camp and in Boston"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Street"},{"link_name":"international reply coupon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reply_coupon"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"arbitrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"capital expense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditure"},{"link_name":"Hanover Trust Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Trust_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"}],"sub_title":"An idea to trade IRCs","text":"Ponzi set up a small office at 27 School Street, Boston, in the summer of 1919 attempting to sell business ideas to contacts in Europe. He received a letter from a company in Spain asking about the advertising catalog which included an international reply coupon (IRC), leading Ponzi to find a weakness in the system which, at least in principle, gave him an opportunity to make money.Postal reply coupons allowed a person in one country to pay for the postage of a reply to a correspondent in another country. IRCs were priced at the cost of postage in the country of purchase, but could be exchanged for stamps to cover the cost of postage in the country where redeemed; if these values were different, there was a potential profit. Inflation after World War I had greatly decreased the cost of postage in Italy expressed in U.S. dollars, so that an IRC could be bought cheaply in Italy and exchanged for U.S. stamps of higher value, which could then be sold. Ponzi claimed that the net profit on these transactions, after expenses and exchange rates, was in excess of 400%. This was a form of arbitrage, or profiting by buying an asset at a lower price in one market and immediately selling it in a market where the price is higher, which is legal.[7]Seeing an opportunity, Ponzi quit his job as a translator to execute his IRC scheme, but needed a large capital expense to buy IRCs at lower performing European currencies. He first tried to borrow money from several banks, including the Hanover Trust Company, but they were not convinced, and its manager, Chmielinski, refused to lend him money.[7][9]Subsequently, Ponzi set up a stock company to raise money from the public. He also went to several of his friends in Boston and promised that he would double their investment in 90 days, in an environment when banks were paying only 5% annual interest. The great returns from postal reply coupons, he explained to them, made such incredible profits easy to accomplish. Some people invested and were paid as promised, receiving $750 in interest on initial investments of $1,250.[7]","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Ponzi.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hanover Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Street_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston"},{"link_name":"controlling interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_interest"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_a-12"},{"link_name":"Boston Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Boston's police force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"high-net-worth individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-net-worth_individual"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"}],"sub_title":"Securities Exchange Company","text":"Ponzi in 1920, while still working as a businessman in his office in BostonIn January 1920, Ponzi started his own company, the \"Securities Exchange Company\",[10] to promote the scheme. In the first month, 18 people invested in his company with a total of $1,800. He paid them promptly, the very next month, with money obtained from a newer set of investors.[7]Ponzi set up a larger office, this time in the Niles Building on School Street. Word spread, and investments increased rapidly. Ponzi hired agents and paid them generous commissions. Between February and March 1920, the total amount invested had risen from $5,000 to $25,000 ($80,000 to $380,000 in 2023, respectively). As the scheme grew, Ponzi hired agents to seek out new investors in New England and New Jersey. At that time, investors were being paid impressive rates, which subsequently encouraged others to invest. By May 1920, he had made $420,000 (equivalent to $6,400,000 in 2023). By June 1920, people had invested $2.5 million in Ponzi's scheme (equivalent to $38,000,000 in 2023). By July, he was approaching a million dollars per day.[7][11]Ponzi began depositing the money in the Hanover Trust Bank of Boston (a small bank on Hanover Street in the mostly Italian North End), in the hope that once his account was large enough he could impose his will on the bank or even be made its president; he bought a controlling interest in the bank through himself and several friends after depositing $3 million. By July 1920, Ponzi had made millions. Some of his investors had been mortgaging their homes and investing their life savings. Most did not take their profits but reinvested. Ponzi's company, meanwhile, had set up branches from Maine to New Jersey.[7]Even though Ponzi's company was bringing in fantastic sums of money each day, the simplest financial analysis would have shown that the operation was running at a large loss. As long as money kept flowing in, existing investors could be paid with the new money. This was the only method Ponzi had to continue providing returns to existing investors, as he made no effort to generate legitimate profits.[12]Ponzi's initial investors consisted of working-class immigrants like himself. Gradually, news travelled upwards, and many well-to-do Boston Brahmins also invested in his scheme. In its heyday, nearly 75% of Boston's police force had invested in the scheme. Ponzi's investors even included those closest to him, like his chauffeur John Collins and his own brother-in-law. Ponzi was indiscriminate about whom he allowed to invest, from young newspaper boys investing a few dollars to high-net-worth individuals, like a banker from Lawrence, Kansas, who invested $10,000.[7]","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"}],"sub_title":"Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme","text":"Though Ponzi was still paying back investors, mostly from money from subsequent investors, he had not yet figured out a way to actually change the IRCs to cash. He also subsequently realized that changing the coupons to money was logistically impossible. For example: for the initial 18 investors of January 1920, for their $1,800 investment, it would have taken 53,000 postal coupons to actually realize the arbitrage profits. For the subsequent 15,000 investors that Ponzi had, he would have had to fill Titanic-sized ships with postal coupons just to ship them to the U.S. from Europe. However, Ponzi found that all the interest payments returned to him, as investors continued to re-invest.[7]","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wgbh-13"},{"link_name":"Locomobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomobile_Company_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckoff-7"},{"link_name":"Pasquale Di Milla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Di_Milla"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ponzi's subsequent lifestyle","text":"Ponzi lived luxuriously: he bought a mansion in Lexington, Massachusetts,[13] and maintained accounts in several banks across New England besides Hanover Trust. He bought a Locomobile, the finest car of that time.[7] He had initially purchased two first-class tickets to Italy for a delayed honeymoon with Rose but instead decided to change them to bring his mother from Italy to the U.S. in a first-class stateroom on an ocean liner. She lived with Ponzi and Rose for some time in Lexington, but died soon after. On July 31, 1920, Ponzi told Father Pasquale Di Milla, the director of the Italian Children's Home in Jamaica Plain, that he would donate $100,000 in honor of his mother.[14] Ponzi also bought a macaroni company and part of a wine company in an attempt to gain profits that could be used to repay the investors of his IRC scheme.","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel"},{"link_name":"run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run"},{"link_name":"The Boston Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Post"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Richard Grozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grozier"},{"link_name":"Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Grozier"},{"link_name":"investigative reporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism"}],"sub_title":"Suspicion","text":"Ponzi's rapid rise naturally drew suspicion. When a Boston financial writer suggested there was no way Ponzi could legally deliver such high returns in a short period of time, Ponzi sued for libel and won $500,000 in damages. As libel law at the time placed the burden of proof on the writer and publisher, this effectively neutralized any serious probes into his dealings for some time.Nonetheless, there were still signs of his eventual ruin. Joseph Daniels, a Boston furniture dealer who had given Ponzi furniture which he could not afford to pay for, sued Ponzi to cash in on the gold rush. The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but it did prompt people to begin asking how Ponzi could have gone from being penniless to being a millionaire in a short span of time. There was a run on the Securities Exchange Company, as some investors decided to pull out. Ponzi paid them and the run stopped.On July 24, 1920, The Boston Post printed a favorable article on Ponzi and his scheme that brought in investors faster than ever. At that time, Ponzi was making $250,000 a day. Ponzi's good fortune was increased by the fact that just below this favorable article, which seemed to imply that Ponzi was indeed returning 50% return on an investment after only 45 days, was a bank advertisement that stated that the bank was paying 5% returns annually. The next business day after this article was published, Ponzi arrived at his office to find thousands of Bostonians waiting to give him their money.[citation needed]Despite this reprieve, Post acting publisher Richard Grozier (who was running the paper in the absence of his father Edwin, its owner and publisher) and city editor Eddie Dunn were suspicious and assigned investigative reporters to look into Ponzi. He was also under investigation by Massachusetts authorities, and, on the day the Post printed its article, Ponzi met with state officials. He managed to divert the officials from checking his books by offering to stop taking money during the investigation, a fortunate choice, as proper records were not being kept. Ponzi's offer temporarily calmed the suspicions of the state officials.","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Barron"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"overhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)"},{"link_name":"#Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Infeasibility_of_Ponzi's_scheme"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Gallagher"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"District of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"William McMasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McMasters"},{"link_name":"\"robbing Peter to pay Paul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_rob_Peter_to_pay_Paul"},{"link_name":"insolvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don%27t_Be_Ponzied.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington Mutual Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mutual"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bank"},{"link_name":"overdrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdrawn"},{"link_name":"involuntary bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"J. Weston Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Weston_Allen"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House"},{"link_name":"certificate of deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_deposit"},{"link_name":"mail fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_fraud"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_1920-15"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"larceny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny"}],"sub_title":"Collapse of the scheme","text":"On July 26, the Post started a series of articles that asked hard questions about the operation of Ponzi's money machine. The paper contacted Clarence Barron, the financial journalist who headed Dow Jones & Company, to examine Ponzi's scheme. Barron observed that though Ponzi was offering fantastic returns on investments, Ponzi himself was not investing with his own company.Barron then noted that to cover the investments made with the Securities Exchange Company, 160 million postal reply coupons would have to be in circulation. However, only about 27,000 actually were in circulation. The United States Post Office stated that postal reply coupons were not being bought in quantity at home or abroad. The gross profit margin in percent on buying and selling each IRC was colossal, but the overhead required to handle the purchase and redemption of these items, which were of extremely low cost and were sold individually, would have exceeded the gross profit (see #Infeasibility of Ponzi's scheme). Barron noted that if Ponzi really was doing what he claimed to do, he would effectively be profiting at the expense of a government—either the governments where he bought the coupons or the U.S. government. For this reason, Barron argued that even if Ponzi's operation was legitimate, it was immoral to take advantage of a government in this manner.The Post articles caused a panic run on the Securities Exchange Company. Ponzi paid out $2 million in three days to a wild crowd outside his office. He canvassed the crowd, passed out coffee and doughnuts, and cheerfully told them they had nothing to worry about. Many changed their minds and left their money with him. However, this attracted the attention of Daniel Gallagher, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. Gallagher commissioned Edwin Pride to audit the Securities Exchange Company's books—an effort made difficult by the fact Ponzi's bookkeeping system consisted merely of index cards with investors' names.In the meantime, Ponzi had hired a publicist, William McMasters. However, McMasters quickly became suspicious of Ponzi's endless talk of postal reply coupons, as well as the ongoing investigation against him. He later described Ponzi as a \"financial idiot\" who did not seem to know how to add. The investigation into Ponzi began in late July, when McMasters found several highly incriminating documents that indicated Ponzi was merely \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\". McMasters went to Grozier, his former employer, with this information. Grozier offered him $5,000 for his story, which was printed in the Post on August 2, 1920. McMaster's article declared Ponzi hopelessly insolvent, reporting that while he claimed $7 million in liquid funds, he was actually at least $2 million in debt. With interest factored in, McMasters wrote, Ponzi was as much as $4.5 million in the red. The story touched off a massive run, and Ponzi paid off in one day. He then sped up plans to build a massive conglomerate that would engage in banking and import/export operations.Even before his trial, Ponzi's name had begun to pass into the language as a fraudster. This 25 September 1920 ad for Washington Mutual Savings Bank in Seattle, declares, \"Don't Be Ponzied\".Massachusetts Bank Commissioner Joseph Allen became concerned that if major withdrawals exhausted Ponzi's reserves, it would bring Boston's banking system to its knees. Allen's suspicions were further aroused when he found out a large number of Ponzi-controlled accounts had received more than $250,000 in loans from Hanover Trust. This led Allen to speculate that Ponzi was not nearly as well-financed as he claimed, since he was getting large loans from the bank he effectively controlled. He ordered two bank examiners to keep an eye on Ponzi's accounts.On August 9, the bank examiners reported that enough investors had cashed their checks on Ponzi's main account there that it was almost certainly overdrawn. Allen then ordered Hanover Trust not to pay out any more checks from Ponzi's main account. He also orchestrated an involuntary bankruptcy filing by several small Ponzi investors. The move forced Massachusetts Attorney General J. Weston Allen to release a statement that there was little to support Ponzi's claims of large-scale dealings in postal coupons. State officials then invited Ponzi noteholders to come to the Massachusetts State House to furnish their names and addresses for the purpose of the investigation. On the same day, Ponzi received a preview of Pride's audit, which revealed Ponzi was at least $7 million in debt.On August 11, the Post published with a front-page story about his criminal activities in Montreal 13 years earlier, including his forgery conviction and his role at Zarossi's scandal-ridden bank. That afternoon, Bank Commissioner Allen seized Hanover Trust due to numerous irregularities. The commissioner thus inadvertently foiled Ponzi's plan to borrow funds from the bank vaults as a last resort in the event all other efforts to obtain funds failed. The following day, Ponzi's certificate of deposit at Hanover Trust, which had been worth $1.5 million, was reduced to $1 million after bank officials tapped into it to cover the overdraft. Even if he had been able to convert it into cash, he would have had only $4 million in assets.Amid reports that he was about to be arrested any day, Ponzi surrendered to federal authorities and accepted Pride's figures. He was charged with mail fraud for sending letters to his marks telling them their notes had matured.[15] He was originally released on $25,000 bail and was immediately re-arrested on state charges of larceny, for which he posted an additional $10,000 bond. After the Post released the results of the audit, the bail bondsman feared Ponzi might flee the country and withdrew the bail for the federal charges. Attorney General Allen declared that if Ponzi managed to regain his freedom, the state would seek additional charges and seek a bail high enough to ensure Ponzi would stay in custody.","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bernie Madoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Madoff"},{"link_name":"similar scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoff_investment_scandal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek.com-17"}],"sub_title":"Magnitude of losses","text":"The news brought down five other banks in addition to Hanover Trust. Ponzi's investors were practically wiped out, receiving less than 30 cents to the dollar. They lost about $20 million in 1920 dollars (approximately $230 million in 2023 dollars).[16] By comparison, Bernie Madoff's similar scheme that collapsed in 2008 cost his investors about $18 billion, 53 times the losses of Ponzi's scheme.[17]","title":"Origin of the term \"Ponzi scheme\" and IRC scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"Clarence Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Hale"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnmoney-18"}],"text":"In two federal indictments, Ponzi was charged with 86 counts of mail fraud and faced life imprisonment. At the urging of his wife, Ponzi pleaded guilty on November 1, 1920, to a single count before Judge Clarence Hale, who declared before sentencing, \"Here was a man with all the duties of seeking large money. He concocted a scheme which, on his counsel's admission, did defraud men and women. It will not do to have the world understand that such a scheme as that can be carried out ... without receiving substantial punishment.\" Ponzi was sentenced to five years in federal prison.[18]","title":"Prison and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"double jeopardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_jeopardy"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"plea bargains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain"},{"link_name":"served as his own attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"acquitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"deadlocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_deadlock"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnmoney-18"},{"link_name":"deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_1924-19"}],"sub_title":"Massachusetts","text":"Ponzi was released after three-and-a-half years and was almost immediately indicted on 22 state charges of larceny,[1] which came as a surprise to Ponzi; he thought he had a deal calling for the state to drop any charges against him if he pleaded guilty to the federal charges. He sued, claiming that he would be facing double jeopardy if Massachusetts essentially retried him for the same offenses spelled out in the federal indictment. The case, Ponzi v. Fessenden, made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 27, 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that federal plea bargains have no standing regarding state charges. It also ruled that Ponzi was not facing double jeopardy because Massachusetts was charging him with larceny while the federal government charged him with mail fraud, even though the charges implicated the same criminal operation.In October 1922, Ponzi was tried on the first 10 larceny counts. Since he was insolvent, Ponzi served as his own attorney and, speaking as persuasively as he had with his duped investors, was acquitted by the jury on all charges. He was tried a second time on five of the remaining charges, and the jury deadlocked. Ponzi was found guilty at a third trial, and was sentenced to an additional seven to nine years in prison as \"a common and notorious thief\".[18] There were efforts to have him deported as an undesirable alien in 1922.[19]","title":"Prison and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"amalgamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(names)"},{"link_name":"Florida land boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"a scam that sold swampland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swampland_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Columbia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTU-20"},{"link_name":"Duval County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"Florida State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTU-20"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"In September 1925, Ponzi was released on bail as he appealed the state conviction. He fled to the Springfield neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida, and launched the Charpon Land Syndicate (\"Charpon\" is an amalgamation of his name), seeking to capitalize on the Florida land boom. He offered investors tiny tracts of land, some underwater, and promised 200% returns in 60 days.[1] In reality, it was a scam that sold swampland in Columbia County.[20] Ponzi was indicted by a Duval County grand jury in February 1926 and charged with violating Florida trust and securities laws. A jury found him guilty on the securities charges, and the judge sentenced him to a year in the Florida State Prison. Ponzi appealed his conviction and was freed after posting a $1,500 bond.Ponzi traveled to Tampa,[20] where he shaved his head, grew a mustache, and tried to flee the country as a crewman on a merchant ship bound for Italy. However, he revealed his identity to a shipmate. Word spread to a deputy sheriff, who followed the ship to its last American port of call in New Orleans and placed Ponzi under arrest. After Ponzi's pleas to Calvin Coolidge and Benito Mussolini for deportation were ignored, he was sent back to Massachusetts to serve out his prison term.[1][21] Ponzi served seven more years in prison.In the meantime, government investigators tried to trace Ponzi's convoluted accounts to figure out how much money he had taken and where it had gone. They never managed to untangle it and could only conclude that millions of dollars had gone through his hands.[citation needed]","title":"Prison and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor"},{"link_name":"Joseph B. Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_1934-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_1936-23"},{"link_name":"Ala Littoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Littoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-take-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British intelligence services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Security_Coordination"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_c-24"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Ponzi was released in 1934. With the release came an immediate order to have him deported to Italy. He asked for a full pardon from Massachusetts Governor Joseph B. Ely. However, on July 13, Ely turned the appeal down.[22] Ponzi's charismatic confidence had faded, and when he left the prison gates, he was met by an angry crowd. He told reporters before he left, \"I went looking for trouble, and I found it.\" On October 7, Ponzi was officially deported.Rose stayed in the U.S. and divorced Ponzi in 1937.[23] She had not wanted to leave Boston, and Ponzi was in no position to support her in any event.In Italy, Ponzi jumped from scheme to scheme, but little came of them. He eventually got a job in Brazil as an agent for Ala Littoria, the Italian state airline.[2] During World War II, however, the airline's operation in the country was shut down after the British intelligence services intervened and Brazil sided with the Allies. During that time, Ponzi also wrote his autobiography.[24]","title":"Prison and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Hospital São Francisco de Assis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-take-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetrust-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_d-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Ponzi spent the last years of his life in poverty, working occasionally as a translator. His health deteriorated and in 1941 a heart attack left him considerably weakened. His eyesight began failing, and by 1948 he was almost completely blind. A brain hemorrhage paralyzed his left leg and arm. Ponzi died in a charity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, the Hospital São Francisco de Assis of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, on January 18, 1949.[2]Supported by his last and only friend, Francisco Nonato Nunes, a barber who spoke English and had notions of Italian, Ponzi granted one last interview to an American reporter, telling him, \"Even if they never got anything for it, it was cheap at that price. Without malice aforethought, I had given them the best show that was ever staged in their territory since the landing of the Pilgrims! It was easily worth fifteen million bucks to watch me put the thing over.\"[3][25][26]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rise of Mr. Ponzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pnzi.com"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-9538012-1-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9538012-1-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7679-1499-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1499-6"},{"link_name":"Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ponzisschemetrue00zuck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4000-6039-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6039-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7670-1672-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7670-1672-6"},{"link_name":"Leila Schneps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Schneps"},{"link_name":"Coralie Colmez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralie_Colmez"},{"link_name":"Math on Trial: How Numbers Get Used and Abused in the Courtroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_on_Trial"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-465-03292-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03292-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-09817-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09817-6"},{"link_name":"The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette"}],"text":"Ponzi, Charles (1936), The Rise of Mr. Ponzi, ISBN 978-2-9538012-1-7\nDunn, Donald (2004), Ponzi: The Incredible True Story of the King of Financial Cons, Library of Larceny, New York: Broadway, ISBN 0-7679-1499-6\nZuckoff, Mitchell (2005), Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend, New York: Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6039-7\nThe History Channel. \"In Search of History: Mr. Ponzi and His Scheme\". February 9, 2000. (AAE-42325, ISBN 0-7670-1672-6)\nLeila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, Math on Trial: How Numbers Get Used and Abused in the Courtroom, Basic Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-465-03292-1. (Eighth chapter: \"Math error number 8: underestimation. The case of Charles Ponzi: American dream, American scheme\").\nSobel, Robert (1968), The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s, New York: Norton, ISBN 0-393-09817-6\nKalbfleisch, John (2009), \"Ponzi scheme: the Montreal link\", The Gazette, Montréal","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Mug shot, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charles_Ponzi_mug_shot.jpg/220px-Charles_Ponzi_mug_shot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponzi in 1920, while still working as a businessman in his office in Boston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Charles_Ponzi.jpg/220px-Charles_Ponzi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Even before his trial, Ponzi's name had begun to pass into the language as a fraudster. This 25 September 1920 ad for Washington Mutual Savings Bank in Seattle, declares, \"Don't Be Ponzied\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Don%27t_Be_Ponzied.jpg/170px-Don%27t_Be_Ponzied.jpg"}]

[{"title":"White collar crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_collar_crime"},{"title":"List of fraudsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fraudsters"},{"title":"List of Ponzi schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ponzi_schemes"}]

[{"reference":"\"Business & Finance: Ponzi Payment\". Time. January 5, 1931. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110623060130/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930255,00.html","url_text":"\"Business & Finance: Ponzi Payment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"},{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930255,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenough, William Croan (January 31, 1949), \"Take My Money!\", Time, ISBN 0-256-08657-5, archived from the original on May 16, 2009, retrieved December 21, 2008, In Italy, Ponzi got on the good side of Mussolini's Fascists, was sent to Rio de Janeiro as business manager for Italy's LATI airlines. The war ended his job; after that he eked out a meager existence as a translator. Committed to a Rio charity ward, blind in one eye and partly paralyzed, he said not long ago: 'I guess the only news about me that most people want to hear is my death.'","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090516234056/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794507,00.html","url_text":"\"Take My Money!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-256-08657-5","url_text":"0-256-08657-5"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794507,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Ponzi We Trust\", Smithsonian, December 1998, archived from the original on October 22, 2013, retrieved December 21, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022204902/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/In-Ponzi-We-Trust.html","url_text":"\"In Ponzi We Trust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)","url_text":"Smithsonian"},{"url":"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/In-Ponzi-We-Trust.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Skarda, Erin (March 7, 2012). \"William Miller, the Original Ponzi Schemer\". Time. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2104982_2104983_2104992,00.html","url_text":"\"William Miller, the Original Ponzi Schemer\""}]},{"reference":"Ogunjobi, Tim. Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781409232919.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KNC_VRtss60C&q=Charles+Ponzi+postal+worker&pg=PA169","url_text":"Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409232919","url_text":"9781409232919"}]},{"reference":"\"Who was Ponzi – what the Heck was his scheme?\". CNN. December 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/12/23/mf.ponzi.scheme/","url_text":"\"Who was Ponzi – what the Heck was his scheme?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Zuckoff, Mitchell (January 10, 2006). Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0812968360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812968360","url_text":"0812968360"}]},{"reference":"\"Book reading by Mitchell Zuckoff at Olsson's Books and Records, Washington, D.C.\" The Film Archives. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/","url_text":"\"Book reading by Mitchell Zuckoff at Olsson's Books and Records, Washington, D.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts reports\". 1924.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CXVPAQAAIAAJ&dq=hanover+trust+chmielinski&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"Massachusetts reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"CPI Inflation Calculator\". www.bls.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm","url_text":"\"CPI Inflation Calculator\""}]},{"reference":"Herwick III, Edgar (July 25, 2014). \"This Week In History: The Boston Post Takes Down Charles Ponzi\". The Boston Post and WGBH News. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.wgbh.org/post/week-history-boston-post-takes-down-charles-ponzi","url_text":"\"This Week In History: The Boston Post Takes Down Charles Ponzi\""}]},{"reference":"Mark B. (May 28, 2008). \"Charles Ponzi – The Jamaica Plain Connection\". Remember Jamaica Plain?. Retrieved July 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rememberjamaicaplain.blogspot.com/2008/05/charles-ponzi-jamaica-plain-connection.html","url_text":"\"Charles Ponzi – The Jamaica Plain Connection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponzi Arrested.\", The New York Times, August 13, 1920, retrieved December 21, 2008, Liabilities Put at $7,000,000. Federal Authorities Charge Using Mails to Defraud. State Warrant Charges Larceny. Claims $4,000,000 Assets. Bank Commissioner Fears Hanover Trust Assets Have Been Wiped Out. Investors Grow in Number. Attorney General Still Recording. Hundreds of Note Holders Caught in Crash. Liabilities running at least up to $7,000,000 and assets unknown, save for his assertion that they amount to $4,000,000, are among the echoes of the bursting of Charles Ponzi's bubble this noon, when he surrendered","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/13/archives/ponzi-arrested-liabilities-put-at-7000000-federal-authorities.html","url_text":"\"Ponzi Arrested.\""}]},{"reference":"Burnsed, Brian (2011). \"The Greatest Financial Scandals: Charles Ponzi\". images.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316003801/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/03/0311_madoff/3.htm","url_text":"\"The Greatest Financial Scandals: Charles Ponzi\""},{"url":"http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/03/0311_madoff/3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levisohn, Ben (2011). \"How to Make a Madoff\". businessweek.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219000354/http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/dec2008/pi20081215_232943.htm","url_text":"\"How to Make a Madoff\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/dec2008/pi20081215_232943.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zuckoff, Mitchell (January 13, 2009), \"What Madoff could learn from Ponzi\", CNNMoney.com, retrieved April 15, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2009/01/13/news/newsmakers/ponzi.jail.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2009011312","url_text":"\"What Madoff could learn from Ponzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proceedings to Deport Coupon Financier to Canada or Italy Are Begun.\", The New York Times, November 30, 1924, retrieved December 21, 2008, Charles Ponzi, promoter of the get-rich-quick scheme of four years ago which attracted investments of many millions of dollars, was arrested early today by immigration authorities on a warrant charging that he is in this country illegally. Deportation proceedings will begin immediately, it was said by Immigration Commissioner John P. Johnson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/30/archives/ponzi-is-arrested-on-alien-status-proceedings-to-deport-coupon.html","url_text":"\"Proceedings to Deport Coupon Financier to Canada or Italy Are Begun.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Zuckoff (2005). Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781588364487. OCLC 506066196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588364487","url_text":"9781588364487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/506066196","url_text":"506066196"}]},{"reference":"\"Ponzi Pardon Plea is Denied in Boston. Governor Ely Decision Is Followed by Court Move to Block Deportation.\", The New York Times, July 13, 1934, retrieved December 21, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1FFD3E5B107A93C1A8178CD85F408385F9","url_text":"\"Ponzi Pardon Plea is Denied in Boston. Governor Ely Decision Is Followed by Court Move to Block Deportation.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sued for Divorce\", Time, July 6, 1936, archived from the original on December 15, 2008, retrieved December 21, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215074830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770296,00.html","url_text":"\"Sued for Divorce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770296,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them, Lulu.com, ISBN 1-4092-3291-3, thing for it, it was cheap at that price.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KNC_VRtss60C","url_text":"Scams: And How to Protect Yourself from Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4092-3291-3","url_text":"1-4092-3291-3"}]},{"reference":"Ponzi, Charles (1936), The Rise of Mr. Ponzi, ISBN 978-2-9538012-1-7","urls":[{"url":"http://pnzi.com/","url_text":"The Rise of Mr. Ponzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9538012-1-7","url_text":"978-2-9538012-1-7"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Donald (2004), Ponzi: The Incredible True Story of the King of Financial Cons, Library of Larceny, New York: Broadway, ISBN 0-7679-1499-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1499-6","url_text":"0-7679-1499-6"}]},{"reference":"Zuckoff, Mitchell (2005), Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend, New York: Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6039-7","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ponzisschemetrue00zuck","url_text":"Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6039-7","url_text":"1-4000-6039-7"}]},{"reference":"Sobel, Robert (1968), The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s, New York: Norton, ISBN 0-393-09817-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09817-6","url_text":"0-393-09817-6"}]},{"reference":"Kalbfleisch, John (2009), \"Ponzi scheme: the Montreal link\", The Gazette, Montréal","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"The Gazette"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Island_Park

Thousand Island Park, New York

["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 History","3.1 1875–1912: Golden Era","3.2 1913–1974: Mid-century changes","3.3 1975–present: Historic preservation and revival","4 Swami Vivekananda","5 Notable people","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 44°17′12″N 76°1′36″W / 44.28667°N 76.02667°W / 44.28667; -76.02667Census-designated place in New York State Census-designated place and historic district in New York, United StatesThousand Island Park, New YorkCensus-designated place and historic districtVictorian homes typical of the Thousand Island Park community on the southwest tip of Wellesley IslandThousand Island ParkCoordinates: 44°17′12″N 76°1′36″W / 44.28667°N 76.02667°W / 44.28667; -76.02667CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyJeffersonTownOrleansArea • Total0.63 sq mi (1.63 km2) • Land0.30 sq mi (0.77 km2) • Water0.33 sq mi (0.86 km2)Elevation275 ft (84 m)Population (2020) • Total96 • Density323.23/sq mi (124.89/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code13692Area codes315680FIPS code36-73726GNIS feature ID0967447Websitewww.tiparkcorp.comThousand Island Park Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district LocationS tip of Wellesley Island, Orleans, New YorkCoordinates44°17′18″N 76°1′33″W / 44.28833°N 76.02583°W / 44.28833; -76.02583Area176 acres (71 ha)Built1875Architectural styleLate 19th And 20th Century RevivalsLate VictorianNRHP reference No.82001177 (original)100007414 (increase)Significant datesAdded to NRHPNovember 14, 1982Boundary increaseFebruary 14, 2022 Thousand Island Park, also known as TI Park, is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Orleans, Jefferson County, New York, United States, in the Thousand Islands region on the St. Lawrence River. Founded in 1875 as a holiday camp, the incorporated community remains a seasonal summer community; despite 323 housing units, there was only a population of 31 permanent residents as of the 2010 census. The community is a national historic district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The district is notable for its outstanding concentration of substantially-intact late 19th-century and early 20th-century resort architecture. The park also contains Vivekananda Cottage, a Hindu sacred site visited by the Swami Vivekananda and his followers. Geography Thousand Island Park is in the northern part of the town of Orleans, at the southwest end of Wellesley Island, one of the largest of the Thousand Islands. It is bordered to the east by Wellesley Island State Park. The community is reached by automobile using County Route 100, which leads northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Interstate 81 at Exit 51. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Thousand Island Park CDP has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.76 km2), all land. Rock Island Light is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) southeast of Thousand Island Park in the middle of the south channel of the St. Lawrence, known as American Narrows, and Fishers Landing is directly across the narrows on the mainland, 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of the community. Demographics As of the 2020 US Census, the population of the Thousand Island Park CDP was 96. Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 202096—U.S. Decennial Census History 1875–1912: Golden Era In 1875, Thousand Island Park was founded by Rev. J.F. Dayan, as a Methodist summer, Chautauqua-like community. The main purpose was to enable families to secure pleasant lots for cottages or tents where they could spend a portion of the summer in a beautiful, cool, and salubrious place with religious purposes being secondary. The Park's landmarks, homes, and way of life were nearly destroyed by fire. It is fortunate so much remains. The Methodist summer camp colony that surrounded the Tabernacle was soon transformed from a tent city into a permanent village of summer residences. It was built on a scale far surpassing other similar associations. All roads lead to the Tabernacle centered prominently and squarely at the head of the Park on St. Lawrence Ave. The Tabernacle was the center for socialization and participation in Chautauqua-like programs which included religious studies, Sunday school institutes, outdoor recreation, travel lectures, temperance rallies and discussion of social reforms. An example of a 19th-century Carpenter Gothic Revival style cottage on Thousand Island Park.Campers leased lots, set up their tents on the preferred, prime lots closest to the Tabernacle. This grouping of tents was often called a tent city. The first diminutive cottages were tents constructed of wood on the original wooden tent platform. Individual owners also improvised, conceived and produced hybrids, combining styles and embellishing these small Tent Platform/Campground style structures, called the Landmark Shop, with fanciful gingerbread. As the architecture on the Park evolved, larger structures came into vogue. Much of the look of these Victorian cottages derives its characteristics from the varied styles of nineteenth-century architecture. In addition to the charming Gothic Tent style cottages, Gothic Revival, Eastlake, Stick, Shingle, and Queen Anne became popular architectural styles. After the fire of 1912, Bungalow/Craftsman styles, Neoclassical Revival style, and vernacular cottages were added to the Park's varied styles of architecture. By 1890, the Park was firmly established with nearly 600 cottages and 7,000 summer inhabitants. A more liberal policy relaxed restrictions on curfews and the prohibition of cards and alcohol bringing more of a resort character to the Park. The Pavilion was the main entry to this Methodist retreat at a time when all travel to Wellesley Island was by water. The new, larger Pavilion was able to accommodate the landing of steamships and served as the gateway to the Park with hundreds of visitors seeking intellectual pursuits and entertainment by participating in the Chautauqua programs. The destruction by fire in 1912 of the Park's last great hotel, The Columbian and 99 cottages plus the business district, signaled the end of the Golden Era. 1913–1974: Mid-century changes Following the fire, families continued to summer in the park but tourism in the region slowly declined. After the fire and through the Great Depression, barely half of the cottages were occupied and eventually, another 200 cottages were torn down. In 1933, the Thousand Island Park Association corporation was foreclosed due to financial troubles and the property was sold to the new Wellesley Island Park Inc. TI Park continued to decline in the following two decades. Most of the Park’s hotels closed and many cottages were torn down; by 1950, there were only 12 businesses and 320 cottages on the Park, compared to 600 in the late 1800s. The park corporation was deeply in debt; in 1953, it became the Thousand Island Park Corporation. Families continued to enjoy the park during the summer and it became a mostly non-religious community in the 1960s and '70s. 1975–present: Historic preservation and revival The Pavilion located on the St. Lawrence River, pictured in 2008In 1975, the Centennial Celebration served as a catalyst for change in the Park; the architectural charm and setting was once again appreciated. The Centennial Year Celebration inspired the formation of the Landmark Society in 1976, and the path that led to the Park regaining its architectural character and integrity. A small group of dedicated Landmark Society members initiated the nomination of Thousand Island Park to the National Register of Historic Places, finally achieved in 1982. The Thousand Island Park Landmark Society is supported today by individuals who promote the mission set forth by the Landmark founders. The restoration and preservation of TI Park continued into the 2000s. In 2014, the park faced another serious fire when the building at the community's four corners, containing The Guzzle, grocery store, volunteer fire department, a few small shops and offices, a plumbing company, and the post office, burned down. A smaller replacement building was rebuilt on that corner and opened in 2017. Swami Vivekananda In 1895, the Swami Vivekananda spent seven weeks in Thousand Island Park. The swami is an Indian saint best known for his contributions to the interfaith movement and introduction of vedanta and yoga in the Western world. Residing with an American follower in her cottage, the stay served as a respite following the swami's two-year American tour following his address at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. He performed lectures to visiting members of his Vedanta Society, which were later compiled into the book Inspired Talks, published in 1909. He also composed poems including "The Song of the Sannyasin" and "My Play is Done." In 1947, followers of the Swami Vivekananda purchased the building and named it the Vivekananda Cottage; it is now owned and operated by the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center which holds classes and retreats there during the summer. The cottage has become a Hindu sacred site. A plaque dedication service was organized in 1995 by the Park to commemorate the centenary of the Swami Vivekananda’s arrival in Thousand Island Park. Notable people Abbie Hoffman (1936–1989) – activist and member of the Chicago Seven; resident of the neighboring Fineview community in the late 1970s Abhayananda (b. 1842) – American swami monk; visited in 1895 George N. Kennedy (1822–1901) – New York state senator; death place Sister Christine (1866–1930) – American disciple of Swami Vivekananda; visited in 1895 Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) – Indian swami monk and philosopher; visited and lectured in 1895 In popular culture Title of a song on the 1973 jazz fusion album Birds of Fire by Mahavishnu Orchestra See also Wellesley Island Thousand Islands References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Thousand Island Park CDP, New York". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ^ John Harwood (September 1982). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Thousand Island Park Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved December 10, 2009.See also: "Accompanying 52 photos". and: "Accompanying captions". ^ a b "Thousand Island Park CDP, New York = Census Bureau Profile". Census.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ The Growth of a Century As illustrated in The History of Jefferson County, New York From 1793 to 1894 by John A. Haddock, Weed-Parsons Printing Company, Albany, N.Y. 1895 p. 168 ^ The Growth of a Century As illustrated in The History of Jefferson County, New York From 1793 to 1894 by John A. Haddock, Weed-Parsons Printing Company, Albany, N.Y. 1895 ^ A Souvenir of the Thousand Islands by John A. Haddock, Weed-Parsons Printing Company, Albany, N.Y. 1896 ^ Helen Jacox and Eugene Kleinhans, Thousand Island Park: One Hundred Years, and Then Some, A Centennial Year History; with “The Study, Architecture of Thousand Island Park” by Paul Malo, Valhalla Printing Co. T.I.P. N.Y.; Copyright 1975 by the Centennial Book Project, Thousand Island Park, New York. ^ a b This NY Times article, dated July 12, 1912 describes the disastrous Fire of 1912, ^ a b "PARK FIRE SWEPT AT THOUSAND ISLANDS" , The New York Times, July 10, 1912 ^ a b c d "TI Park History". Thousand Island Park Landmark Society. Retrieved May 27, 2022. ^ National Register of Historic Places, Washington, D.C. National Park Service, Thousand Island Park Historic District, Wellesley Island, Jefferson County, New York, nomination document, 11/14/1982, Reference no. 82001177, Record Number: 386627, Record Owner: National Register of Historic Places ^ McElfresh, Lynn E. (September 13, 2014). "TI Park… Then and Now". Thousand Islands Life. Thousand Islands Magazine. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ Dwyer, Brian (July 3, 2017). "Popular Ice Cream Shop Rebuilds After 2014 Fire". Spectrum News. Charter Communications. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ STL Reporter (August 9, 2016). "Abbie Hoffman's Last Hideout". stlreporter. Retrieved May 27, 2022. External links TI Park Corporation Thousand Island Park Landmark Society Web page Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thousand Island Park. vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: WatertownCity Watertown Towns Adams Alexandria Antwerp Brownville Cape Vincent Champion Clayton Ellisburg Henderson Hounsfield Le Ray Lorraine Lyme Orleans Pamelia Philadelphia Rodman Rutland Theresa Watertown Wilna Worth Villages Adams Alexandria Bay Antwerp Black River Brownville Cape Vincent Carthage Chaumont Clayton Deferiet Dexter Ellisburg Evans Mills Glen Park Mannsville Philadelphia Sackets Harbor Theresa West Carthage CDPs Adams Center Belleville Calcium Depauville Felts Mills Fishers Landing Fort Drum Great Bend Henderson Herrings La Fargeville Lorraine Natural Bridge Oxbow Pamelia Center Pierrepont Manor Plessis Redwood Rodman Thousand Island Park Three Mile Bay Hamlets Limerick Sanfords Four Corners Woodville New York portal United States portal vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

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Founded in 1875 as a holiday camp, the incorporated community remains a seasonal summer community; despite 323 housing units, there was only a population of 31 permanent residents as of the 2010 census.[3]The community is a national historic district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[2] The district is notable for its outstanding concentration of substantially-intact late 19th-century and early 20th-century resort architecture.[4] The park also contains Vivekananda Cottage, a Hindu sacred site visited by the Swami Vivekananda and his followers.","title":"Thousand Island Park, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellesley Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Island"},{"link_name":"Wellesley Island State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Light"},{"link_name":"Fishers Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishers_Landing,_New_York"}],"text":"Thousand Island Park is in the northern part of the town of Orleans, at the southwest end of Wellesley Island, one of the largest of the Thousand Islands. It is bordered to the east by Wellesley Island State Park. The community is reached by automobile using County Route 100, which leads northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Interstate 81 at Exit 51.According to the United States Census Bureau, the Thousand Island Park CDP has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.76 km2), all land.[3]Rock Island Light is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) southeast of Thousand Island Park in the middle of the south channel of the St. Lawrence, known as American Narrows, and Fishers Landing is directly across the narrows on the mainland, 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of the community.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020DecennialCensus-5"}],"text":"As of the 2020 US Census, the population of the Thousand Island Park CDP was 96.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chautauqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpenter_Gothic_Revival_Cottage.JPG"},{"link_name":"cottages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage"},{"link_name":"tents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastlake_Movement"},{"link_name":"Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick_style"},{"link_name":"Shingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bungalow/Craftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow/Craftsman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_Revival"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thousandislandparklandmarksociety.org/images/0425e4a16bcb4318b2b424e9674272ad.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"}],"sub_title":"1875–1912: Golden Era","text":"In 1875, Thousand Island Park was founded by Rev. J.F. Dayan, as a Methodist summer, Chautauqua-like community.[6] The main purpose was to enable families to secure pleasant lots for cottages or tents where they could spend a portion of the summer in a beautiful, cool, and salubrious place with religious purposes being secondary. The Park's landmarks, homes, and way of life were nearly destroyed by fire. It is fortunate so much remains.[7][8]The Methodist summer camp colony that surrounded the Tabernacle was soon transformed from a tent city into a permanent village of summer residences. It was built on a scale far surpassing other similar associations. All roads lead to the Tabernacle centered prominently and squarely at the head of the Park on St. Lawrence Ave. The Tabernacle was the center for socialization and participation in Chautauqua-like programs which included religious studies, Sunday school institutes, outdoor recreation, travel lectures, temperance rallies and discussion of social reforms.An example of a 19th-century Carpenter Gothic Revival style cottage on Thousand Island Park.Campers leased lots, set up their tents on the preferred, prime lots closest to the Tabernacle. This grouping of tents was often called a tent city. The first diminutive cottages were tents constructed of wood on the original wooden tent platform. Individual owners also improvised, conceived and produced hybrids, combining styles and embellishing these small Tent Platform/Campground style structures, called the Landmark Shop, with fanciful gingerbread.As the architecture on the Park evolved, larger structures came into vogue. Much of the look of these Victorian cottages derives its characteristics from the varied styles of nineteenth-century architecture. In addition to the charming Gothic Tent style cottages, Gothic Revival, Eastlake, Stick, Shingle, and Queen Anne became popular architectural styles. After the fire of 1912, Bungalow/Craftsman styles, Neoclassical Revival style, and vernacular cottages were added to the Park's varied styles of architecture.By 1890, the Park was firmly established with nearly 600 cottages and 7,000 summer inhabitants. A more liberal policy relaxed restrictions on curfews and the prohibition of cards and alcohol bringing more of a resort character to the Park. The Pavilion was the main entry to this Methodist retreat at a time when all travel to Wellesley Island was by water. The new, larger Pavilion was able to accommodate the landing of steamships and served as the gateway to the Park with hundreds of visitors seeking intellectual pursuits and entertainment by participating in the Chautauqua programs.[9]The destruction by fire in 1912 of the Park's last great hotel, The Columbian and 99 cottages plus the business district, signaled the end of the Golden Era.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"sub_title":"1913–1974: Mid-century changes","text":"Following the fire, families continued to summer in the park but tourism in the region slowly declined.[12] After the fire and through the Great Depression, barely half of the cottages were occupied and eventually, another 200 cottages were torn down.[10][11]In 1933, the Thousand Island Park Association corporation was foreclosed due to financial troubles and the property was sold to the new Wellesley Island Park Inc. TI Park continued to decline in the following two decades. Most of the Park’s hotels closed and many cottages were torn down; by 1950, there were only 12 businesses and 320 cottages on the Park, compared to 600 in the late 1800s. The park corporation was deeply in debt; in 1953, it became the Thousand Island Park Corporation. Families continued to enjoy the park during the summer and it became a mostly non-religious community in the 1960s and '70s.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_of_July_at_TIP_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilife140913-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectrumlocal170703-15"}],"sub_title":"1975–present: Historic preservation and revival","text":"The Pavilion located on the St. Lawrence River, pictured in 2008In 1975, the Centennial Celebration served as a catalyst for change in the Park; the architectural charm and setting was once again appreciated. The Centennial Year Celebration inspired the formation of the Landmark Society in 1976, and the path that led to the Park regaining its architectural character and integrity. A small group of dedicated Landmark Society members initiated the nomination of Thousand Island Park to the National Register of Historic Places, finally achieved in 1982. The Thousand Island Park Landmark Society is supported today by individuals who promote the mission set forth by the Landmark founders.[13]The restoration and preservation of TI Park continued into the 2000s. In 2014, the park faced another serious fire when the building at the community's four corners, containing The Guzzle, grocery store, volunteer fire department, a few small shops and offices, a plumbing company, and the post office, burned down.[12][14] A smaller replacement building was rebuilt on that corner and opened in 2017.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the World's Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions"},{"link_name":"Vedanta Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta_Society"},{"link_name":"Inspired Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspired_Talks"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Sannyasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sannyasin"},{"link_name":"My Play is Done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Play_is_Done"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna-Vivekananda_Center"},{"link_name":"Hindu sacred site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"text":"In 1895, the Swami Vivekananda spent seven weeks in Thousand Island Park. The swami is an Indian saint best known for his contributions to the interfaith movement and introduction of vedanta and yoga in the Western world.Residing with an American follower in her cottage, the stay served as a respite following the swami's two-year American tour following his address at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. He performed lectures to visiting members of his Vedanta Society, which were later compiled into the book Inspired Talks, published in 1909. He also composed poems including \"The Song of the Sannyasin\" and \"My Play is Done.\"In 1947, followers of the Swami Vivekananda purchased the building and named it the Vivekananda Cottage; it is now owned and operated by the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center which holds classes and retreats there during the summer. The cottage has become a Hindu sacred site. A plaque dedication service was organized in 1995 by the Park to commemorate the centenary of the Swami Vivekananda’s arrival in Thousand Island Park.[12]","title":"Swami Vivekananda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbie Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Chicago Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Seven"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Abhayananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhayananda"},{"link_name":"George N. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_N._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Sister Christine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Christine"},{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami"}],"text":"Abbie Hoffman (1936–1989) – activist and member of the Chicago Seven; resident of the neighboring Fineview community in the late 1970s[16]\nAbhayananda (b. 1842) – American swami monk; visited in 1895\nGeorge N. Kennedy (1822–1901) – New York state senator; death place\nSister Christine (1866–1930) – American disciple of Swami Vivekananda; visited in 1895\nSwami Vivekananda (1863–1902) – Indian swami monk and philosopher; visited and lectured in 1895","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birds of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Mahavishnu Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestra"}],"text":"Title of a song on the 1973 jazz fusion album Birds of Fire by Mahavishnu Orchestra","title":"In popular culture"}]

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[{"title":"Wellesley Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Island"},{"title":"Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands"}]

[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Thousand Island Park CDP, New York\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213093957/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3673726","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Thousand Island Park CDP, New York\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3673726","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Harwood (September 1982). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Thousand Island Park Historic District\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved December 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2967","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Thousand Island Park Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying 52 photos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2955","url_text":"\"Accompanying 52 photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying captions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2956","url_text":"\"Accompanying captions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thousand Island Park CDP, New York = Census Bureau Profile\". Census.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/Thousand_Island_Park_CDP,_New_York?g=1600000US3673726","url_text":"\"Thousand Island Park CDP, New York = Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"TI Park History\". Thousand Island Park Landmark Society. Retrieved May 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thousandislandparklandmarksociety.org/ti-park-history.html","url_text":"\"TI Park History\""}]},{"reference":"McElfresh, Lynn E. (September 13, 2014). \"TI Park… Then and Now\". Thousand Islands Life. Thousand Islands Magazine. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tilife.org/BackIssues/Archive/tabid/393/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1603/TI-Park-Then-and-Now.html","url_text":"\"TI Park… Then and Now\""}]},{"reference":"Dwyer, Brian (July 3, 2017). \"Popular Ice Cream Shop Rebuilds After 2014 Fire\". Spectrum News. Charter Communications. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/news/2017/07/3/popular-ice-cream-shop-rebuilds-after-2014-fire","url_text":"\"Popular Ice Cream Shop Rebuilds After 2014 Fire\""}]},{"reference":"STL Reporter (August 9, 2016). \"Abbie Hoffman's Last Hideout\". stlreporter. Retrieved May 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stlreporter.com/2016/08/09/abbie-hoffmans-last-hideout/","url_text":"\"Abbie Hoffman's Last Hideout\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1870_Belgian_Comblain

M1870 Belgian Comblain

["1 Users","2 References","3 External links"]

Service rifle M1870 Belgian Comblain Chilean soldier during the War of the Pacific and his ComblainTypeService riflePlace of originBelgiumService historyUsed byBelgian, Brazilian and Chilean armiesWars War of the Pacific Revolta da Armada Federalist Revolution War of Canudos Acre War Juazeiro Sedition WWI German Invasion of Belgium 1923 Revolution Princesa RevoltProduction historyDesignerHubert-Joseph ComblainSpecificationsMass4.3 kg (without bayonet)Length130 cm (without bayonet)Cartridge11×50mm R Comblain, 11x54mm (1889 Brazilian contract) 7x57 mm Mauser (Rio de Janeiro Police Carbine)Cartridge weight40 grCaliber11mmActionFalling-blockRate of fire10 shots/minEffective firing range300 mMaximum firing range1300 mSightsIron The M1870 Belgian Comblain was a falling-block rifle invented by Hubert-Joseph Comblain of Liège, Belgium and produced in several variants known as the Belgian, Brazilian or Chilean Comblain. W.W Greener wrote in Modern breechloaders: sporting and military in 1871: This rifle is called No.2, to distinguish it from the first Comblain, which is a modification of the Snider principle. The Comblain no 2 has the vertical sliding block and guard lever of the Sharp rifle; but the arrangement for exploding the cartridge is different. The mechanism of the lock is fixed in the breech block, which consists of the ordinary main-spring acting upon a tumbler by a swivel. The tumbler and striker are made in one piece; the scear and trigger are also in one piece . By depressing the lever the breech block is brought down, the cartridge-case extracted and the rifle is cocked. A fresh cartridge being inserted, and the lever returned, the rifle is ready for firing. The hinge screw can be removed without the aid of a turnscrew, which arrangement allows the breech block and lock to be taken out for the purpose of cleaning. The breech arrangement is strong and simple. It is used by the Belgian volunteers, and has been severely tested both at Liege and Wimbledon. Comblain Breech block Comblain with his gun Users  Belgium: M1882 Belgian Comblain  Bolivia:Given by Peru during the War of the Pacific  Brazil: M1873 Brazilian Comblain and Brazilian Comblain Carbine Model 92  Chile: M1874 Chilean Comblain  Peru References ^ Introducción a la industria de armamentos en los Países Bajos en el siglo 19 ^ a b c "ArmasBrasil - Carabina Comblain". ^ VILLELA Jr, M E C. CANUDOS: memórias de um combatente. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ, 1997. p. 107. ^ de Moraes, Ricardo Caetano (June 2020). "A Campanha do Acre" (PDF). Informativo O Tuiuti. ^ A Noite – RJ, nº 793 – terça-feria – 27/01/1914, p. 03. ^ "O EXÉRCITO REPUBLICANO" (PDF). ^ "ArmasBrasil - Carabina Comblain Modelo 5". ^ "ArmasBrasil - Carabina Comblain da Policia do RJ". ^ Modern breechloaders: sporting and military (page 214) ^ a b Esposito, Gabriele (2016). Armies of the War of the Pacific 1879-83. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472814067. External links militaryrifles.com Keith Doyon, 1996-2007 This article relating to rifles is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Arrieu

Claude Arrieu

["1 Biography","2 Notable Compositions","3 Works List","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]

French composer (1903–1990) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Claude Arrieu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arrieu (1929) Louise-Marie Simon (30 November 1903 – 7 March 1990), pen name Claude Arrieu, was a prolific French composer. She wrote hundreds of works in varying formats, including stage works, concert works, and movie scores. She was also a teacher, and worked as a producer and assistant head of sound effects at French Radio. Biography Born in Paris, Arrieu was a classically trained musician from an early age. Her mother, Cecile Paul Simon, was also a composer. Arrieu became particularly interested in works by Bach and Mozart, and later, Igor Stravinsky. However, Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy, and Maurice Ravel provided her the most inspiration. Dreaming of a career as a virtuoso, she entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1924. She became a piano student of Marguerite Long and took classes from Georges Caussade, Noël Gallon, Jean Roger-Ducasse and Paul Dukas. In 1932, she received first prize for composition. From this point on, she developed her personal style. She was particularly interested in the evolution of musical language and various technical means available. In 1935, she joined the French Radio Broadcasting Program Service (« Service des programmes de la Radiodiffusion française »), where she was employed to 1947. She participated in the development of a wide range of programming, including Pierre Schaeffer's experimental radio series, La Coquille à planètes (1943–1944). In 1949, she won the Prix Italia of the RAI for her score Frédéric Général. She wrote music in all styles, composing works of "pure music" as well as music for theatre, film, radio, and music hall, contributing her own voice to every situation, dramatic or comic, with a particular taste for rhythm and imagery. Her musical gift is typified by its ease of flow and elegance of structure. Vivacity, clarity of expression, and a natural feel for melody are her hallmarks. Arrieu composed concertos for piano (1932), two pianos (1934), two concertos for violin (1938 and 1949), for flute (1946), trumpet and strings (1965). She also wrote Petite suite en cinq parties (1945), "Concerto for wind quintet and strings" (1962), Suite funambulesque ("Tightrope Walker's Suite") (1961), and "Variations for classical strings" (1970). Among her important chamber music compositions are her Trio for Woodwinds (1936), Sonatina for two violins (1937), and Clarinet Quartet (1964). Her Sonatine for flute and piano made a big impression at its first radio performance in 1944 by Jean-Pierre Rampal and H. Moyens. Although Arrieu's instrumental works strongly contributed to her legacy, it is vocal music that most markedly distinguish her career. Voice inspired her to set many poems to music, including those by Joachim du Bellay, Louise Levêque de Vilmorin, Louis Aragon, Jean Cocteau, Jean Tardieu, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Éluard. Examples include Chansons bas for voice and piano based on poems by Mallarmé (1937); Candide, radio music on texts by Jean Tardieu based on Voltaire; and À la Libération, cantata of seven poems on love in war, on poems by Paul Éluard. Her first opéra bouffe, Cadet Roussel with a libretto by André de la Tourasse after Jean Limozin, was presented at the Opéra de Marseille on 2 October 1953. In 1960, La Princesse de Babylone, an opéra bouffe after the work of Voltaire adapted by Pierre Dominica, was praised for its lyrical originality and spectacle. Noteworthy film scores include: Les Gueux au paradis (1946), Crèvecoeur (1955), Niok l'éléphant (1957), Marchands de rien (1958), Le Tombeur (1958), and Julie Charles (for television, 1974). Pierre Schaeffer wrote: "Claude Arrieu is part of her time by virtue of a presence, an instinct of efficiency, a bold fidelity. Whatever the means, concertos or songs, music for official events, concerts for the elite or for a crowd of spectators, she delivered emotion through an impeccable technique and a spiritual vigilance, finding the path to the heart." Notable Compositions Trio d'anches / Reed Trio, 1936 1. Allegro. 2. Pastorale et Scherzo. 3. Final. 9 mins. Ob, cl, bn Arrieu was 33 when she wrote the Reed Trio; it was commissioned by the Trio D’Anches de Paris; Poulenc (1926), Milhaud (Suite d’après Michel Corrette, op 161, 1937) Ibert (1935), and Auric (1938) had also composed for them. However, her Trio shows the care she took with the part writing, sharing the material equally between the three instruments. The opening Allegretto ritmico is a swaggering mock march, with contrasting, nostalgic episodes. Initially the Pastorale et Scherzo is tender and swaying; the 3-time continues, faster and cheekily, and includes its own ‘middle section’. The Final, Allègrement, emulates the military manner, even in 3-time; then comes a ‘proper’, 4-time, steadier parade. Her wittiness is mischievous, producing teasingly foiled expectations in a mildly anarchic manner. Published by Amphion Editions. The Ambache CD recording is on Liberté, Egalité, Sororité. It can be bought on Ambache Recordings Liberté, Egalité, Sororitéhttp://womenofnote.co.uk/recordings/: . Wind Dixtuor. 1967 Wind Dixtuor, 1967 (rev. 1989) 1. Allegretto moderato. 2. Moderato - Allegro scherzando - Andante - Tempo primo. 3. Andante - Allegro scherzando. 2 fl, ob, 2 cl, 2 bn, hn, tpt, tbn The humorous first movement has slightly grotesque leaps in the main theme. An intermezzo quality characterizes the outer sections of the second movement, around a brief scherzando. Next, a pastoral 6/8 precedes a bustling second scherzando. The singing wind writing is taken up again in the Cantabile, and the whole is rounded off with an energetic finale, which ends in a characteristically French gesture - with surprising gentleness. This piece was premiered at RTF by the Birbaum Ensemble. Works List Opera Noé, 1931–1934 (imagerie musicale, 3 acts, A. Obey), f.p. Strasbourg Opéra, 29 January 1950 Cadet Roussel, 1938–1939 (opéra bouffe, 5 acts, André de la Tourasse after Jean Limozin), f.p. Marseilles, Opéra, 2 October 1953 La Coquille à planètes (opéra radiophonique, Pierre Schaeffer), RTF (Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française), 1944 Le deux rendez-vous, 1948 (opéra comique, P. Bertin after G. de Nerval), RTF, 22 June 1951 Le chapeau à musique (opéra enfantine, 2 acts, Tourasse and P. Dumaine), RTF, 1953 La princesse de Babylone, 1953–1955 (opéra bouffe, 3 acts, P. Dominique, after Voltaire), Rheims, Opéra, 3 March 1960 La cabine téléphonique (opéra bouffe, 1 act, M. Vaucaire), RTF, 15 March 1959 Cymbeline, 1958–1963 (2 acts, J. Tournier and M. Jacquemont, after Shakespeare), ORTF, 31 March 1974 Balthazar, ou Le mort–vivant, 1966 (opéra bouffe, 1 act, Dominique), Unperformed Un clavier pour un autre (opéra bouffe, 1 act, J. Tardieu), Avignon, Opéra, 3 April 1971 Barbarine, 1972 (3 acts, after A. de Musset), incomplete Les amours de Don Perlimpin et Belise en son jardin (imaginaire lyrique, 4 tableaux, after F. Garcia Lorca), Tours, Grand Théâtre, 1 March 1980 Chamber Music Cinq mouvements, 1964 (clarinet quartet: E-flat, two B-flat, and bass), premiered by the Belgian Clarinet Quartet in Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany Concerto en ut, 1938 (2 pianos and orchestra) Deux pieces, 1966 (string quintet, harp, horn, and percussion), premiered at ORTF under the direction of Freddy Alberti Fantaisie lyrique, 1959 (ondes Martenot and piano), contest piece for the Paris Conservatory Impromptu II, 1985 (oboe and piano) Passe-pied, 1966 (cello and piano) Quintette en ut, 1952 (wind quintet), premiered by the French Wind Quintet in Sarrebrück, Germany, 1952 Suite en trio, 1955 (bamboo pipes: soprano, alto in A or G, and bass) Suite en quatre, 1980 (flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon), premiered by the Soni Ventorum Ensemble in Washington, U.S., 19 January 1980 Sonatine, 1946 (flute and piano) Vocal Music A traduire en esthionen, 1947 (René Chalupt) Ah! Si j'étais un oiseau, 1946 (choir: three equal parts, Samivel) Attributs, 1947 (René Chalupt) Chanson de Marianne, 1947 (soprano and/or baritone and piano, Max Jacob) Dix Chansons: Folklore de France, 1957 (unison choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, percussion, and strings) Rondeaux de Clément Marot, 1950 (choir: three equal parts) Rue des Ormeaux, 1953 (music for radio, Claude Roy) Teaching Pieces Caprice, 1976 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Cerf-volant, 1976 (piano) Conte d'hiver, 1976 (bass trombone and piano) Escapade, 1976 (piano) Intermède, 1966 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Introduction, scherzo et choral, 1986 (tenor trombone and piano) La fête, 1976 (clarinet and piano) La poupée casée, 1976 (piano) Le cœur volant, 1976 (horn and piano) Lectures pour piano, 1968 (piano) Volume 1: I. Nonchalance, II. L'hiver est fini, III. Bavardes, IV. Carnet de bal Volume 2: V. Ingénue, VI. Capricieuse, VII. Malicieuse, VIII. Péronelle L'enfant sage, 1976 (piano) L'étourdi, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Manu militari, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Ménétrier, 1965 (B-flat or C trumpet or cornet and piano) Nocturne, 1976 (oboe and piano) Nostalgie, 1980 (flute and piano) Pauvre Pierre, 1976 (flute and piano) Petit choral, 1980 (clarinet and piano) Petit récit, 1976 (piano) Prélude pastoral, 1976 (piano) Promenade mélancolique, 1976 (piano) Questionnaire, 1976 (piano) Retour au village, 1986 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Rêverie, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano) Six-huit, 1965 (Bb or C trumpet and piano) Trois duos faciles, 1977 (two flutes) Trois duos faciles, 1977 (flute and bassoon) Trois duos faciles, 1977 (two oboes) Un jour d'été, 1976 (clarinet and piano) Valse, 1948 (piano) Voyage en hiver, 1976 (flute and piano) References ^ "Cécile P. Simon (1881-1970)". data.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-04-02. Sources Sadie, Stanley (Ed.) (1994). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. 1, A-D, chpt: "Arrieu, Claude" by Richard Langham Smith, New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0-935859-92-6. IMDb: Claude Arrieu - Filmography Fr.Wikipedia: Claude Arrieu Editions Billaudot: Claude Arrieu External links Radio France Nearly Complete Catalogue Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists BRAHMS MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef ^ oxfordmusiconline.com

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Her mother, Cecile Paul Simon, was also a composer.[1] Arrieu became particularly interested in works by Bach and Mozart, and later, Igor Stravinsky. However, Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy, and Maurice Ravel provided her the most inspiration.Dreaming of a career as a virtuoso, she entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1924. She became a piano student of Marguerite Long and took classes from Georges Caussade, Noël Gallon, Jean Roger-Ducasse and Paul Dukas. In 1932, she received first prize for composition.From this point on, she developed her personal style. She was particularly interested in the evolution of musical language and various technical means available. In 1935, she joined the French Radio Broadcasting Program Service (« Service des programmes de la Radiodiffusion française »), where she was employed to 1947. She participated in the development of a wide range of programming, including Pierre Schaeffer's experimental radio series, La Coquille à planètes (1943–1944). In 1949, she won the Prix Italia of the RAI for her score Frédéric Général.She wrote music in all styles, composing works of \"pure music\" as well as music for theatre, film, radio, and music hall, contributing her own voice to every situation, dramatic or comic, with a particular taste for rhythm and imagery. Her musical gift is typified by its ease of flow and elegance of structure. Vivacity, clarity of expression, and a natural feel for melody are her hallmarks.Arrieu composed concertos for piano (1932), two pianos (1934), two concertos for violin (1938 and 1949), for flute (1946), trumpet and strings (1965). She also wrote Petite suite en cinq parties (1945), \"Concerto for wind quintet and strings\" (1962), Suite funambulesque (\"Tightrope Walker's Suite\") (1961), and \"Variations for classical strings\" (1970).Among her important chamber music compositions are her Trio for Woodwinds (1936), Sonatina for two violins (1937), and Clarinet Quartet (1964). Her Sonatine for flute and piano made a big impression at its first radio performance in 1944 by Jean-Pierre Rampal and H. Moyens.Although Arrieu's instrumental works strongly contributed to her legacy, it is vocal music that most markedly distinguish her career. Voice inspired her to set many poems to music, including those by Joachim du Bellay, Louise Levêque de Vilmorin, Louis Aragon, Jean Cocteau, Jean Tardieu, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Éluard. Examples include Chansons bas for voice and piano based on poems by Mallarmé (1937); Candide, radio music on texts by Jean Tardieu based on Voltaire; and À la Libération, cantata of seven poems on love in war, on poems by Paul Éluard.Her first opéra bouffe, Cadet Roussel with a libretto by André de la Tourasse after Jean Limozin, was presented at the Opéra de Marseille on 2 October 1953. In 1960, La Princesse de Babylone, an opéra bouffe after the work of Voltaire adapted by Pierre Dominica, was praised for its lyrical originality and spectacle.Noteworthy film scores include: Les Gueux au paradis (1946), Crèvecoeur (1955), Niok l'éléphant (1957), Marchands de rien (1958), Le Tombeur (1958), and Julie Charles (for television, 1974).Pierre Schaeffer wrote: \"Claude Arrieu is part of her time by virtue of a presence, an instinct of efficiency, a bold fidelity. Whatever the means, concertos or songs, music for official events, concerts for the elite or for a crowd of spectators, she delivered emotion through an impeccable technique and a spiritual vigilance, finding the path to the heart.\"","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Trio d'anches / Reed Trio, 19361. Allegro. 2. Pastorale et Scherzo. 3. Final. 9 mins. Ob, cl, bnArrieu was 33 when she wrote the Reed Trio; it was commissioned by the Trio D’Anches de Paris; Poulenc (1926), Milhaud (Suite d’après Michel Corrette, op 161, 1937) Ibert (1935), and Auric (1938) had also composed for them. However, her Trio shows the care she took with the part writing, sharing the material equally between the three instruments. The opening Allegretto ritmico is a swaggering mock march, with contrasting, nostalgic episodes. Initially the Pastorale et Scherzo is tender and swaying; the 3-time continues, faster and cheekily, and includes its own ‘middle section’. The Final, Allègrement, emulates the military manner, even in 3-time; then comes a ‘proper’, 4-time, steadier parade. Her wittiness is mischievous, producing teasingly foiled expectations in a mildly anarchic manner.Published by Amphion Editions. The Ambache CD recording is on Liberté, Egalité, Sororité. It can be bought on Ambache Recordings Liberté, Egalité, Sororitéhttp://womenofnote.co.uk/recordings/: .\nWind Dixtuor. 1967Wind Dixtuor, 1967 (rev. 1989)1. Allegretto moderato. 2. Moderato - Allegro scherzando - Andante - Tempo primo. 3. Andante - Allegro scherzando. 2 fl, ob, 2 cl, 2 bn, hn, tpt, tbnThe humorous first movement has slightly grotesque leaps in the main theme. An intermezzo quality characterizes the outer sections of the second movement, around a brief scherzando. Next, a pastoral 6/8 precedes a bustling second scherzando. The singing wind writing is taken up again in the Cantabile, and the whole is rounded off with an energetic finale, which ends in a characteristically French gesture - with surprising gentleness. This piece was premiered at RTF by the Birbaum Ensemble.","title":"Notable Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"ORTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORTF"},{"link_name":"ondes Martenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondes_Martenot"}],"text":"OperaNoé, 1931–1934 (imagerie musicale, 3 acts, A. Obey), f.p. Strasbourg Opéra, 29 January 1950\nCadet Roussel, 1938–1939 (opéra bouffe, 5 acts, André de la Tourasse after Jean Limozin), f.p. Marseilles, Opéra, 2 October 1953\nLa Coquille à planètes (opéra radiophonique, Pierre Schaeffer), RTF (Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française), 1944\nLe deux rendez-vous, 1948 (opéra comique, P. Bertin after G. de Nerval), RTF, 22 June 1951\nLe chapeau à musique (opéra enfantine, 2 acts, Tourasse and P. Dumaine), RTF, 1953\nLa princesse de Babylone, 1953–1955 (opéra bouffe, 3 acts, P. Dominique, after Voltaire), Rheims, Opéra, 3 March 1960\nLa cabine téléphonique (opéra bouffe, 1 act, M. Vaucaire), RTF, 15 March 1959\nCymbeline, 1958–1963 (2 acts, J. Tournier and M. Jacquemont, after Shakespeare), ORTF, 31 March 1974\nBalthazar, ou Le mort–vivant, 1966 (opéra bouffe, 1 act, Dominique), Unperformed\nUn clavier pour un autre (opéra bouffe, 1 act, J. Tardieu), Avignon, Opéra, 3 April 1971\nBarbarine, 1972 (3 acts, after A. de Musset), incomplete\nLes amours de Don Perlimpin et Belise en son jardin (imaginaire lyrique, 4 tableaux, after F. Garcia Lorca), Tours, Grand Théâtre, 1 March 1980Chamber MusicCinq mouvements, 1964 (clarinet quartet: E-flat, two B-flat, and bass), premiered by the Belgian Clarinet Quartet in Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany\nConcerto en ut, 1938 (2 pianos and orchestra)\nDeux pieces, 1966 (string quintet, harp, horn, and percussion), premiered at ORTF under the direction of Freddy Alberti\nFantaisie lyrique, 1959 (ondes Martenot and piano), contest piece for the Paris Conservatory\nImpromptu II, 1985 (oboe and piano)\nPasse-pied, 1966 (cello and piano)\nQuintette en ut, 1952 (wind quintet), premiered by the French Wind Quintet in Sarrebrück, Germany, 1952\nSuite en trio, 1955 (bamboo pipes: soprano, alto in A or G, and bass)\nSuite en quatre, 1980 (flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon), premiered by the Soni Ventorum Ensemble in Washington, U.S., 19 January 1980\nSonatine, 1946 (flute and piano)Vocal MusicA traduire en esthionen, 1947 (René Chalupt)\nAh! Si j'étais un oiseau, 1946 (choir: three equal parts, Samivel)\nAttributs, 1947 (René Chalupt)\nChanson de Marianne, 1947 (soprano and/or baritone and piano, Max Jacob)\nDix Chansons: Folklore de France, 1957 (unison choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, percussion, and strings)\nRondeaux de Clément Marot, 1950 (choir: three equal parts)\nRue des Ormeaux, 1953 (music for radio, Claude Roy)Teaching PiecesCaprice, 1976 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nCerf-volant, 1976 (piano)\nConte d'hiver, 1976 (bass trombone and piano)\nEscapade, 1976 (piano)\nIntermède, 1966 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nIntroduction, scherzo et choral, 1986 (tenor trombone and piano)\nLa fête, 1976 (clarinet and piano)\nLa poupée casée, 1976 (piano)\nLe cœur volant, 1976 (horn and piano)\nLectures pour piano, 1968 (piano)\nVolume 1: I. Nonchalance, II. L'hiver est fini, III. Bavardes, IV. Carnet de bal\nVolume 2: V. Ingénue, VI. Capricieuse, VII. Malicieuse, VIII. Péronelle\nL'enfant sage, 1976 (piano)\nL'étourdi, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nManu militari, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nMénétrier, 1965 (B-flat or C trumpet or cornet and piano)\nNocturne, 1976 (oboe and piano)\nNostalgie, 1980 (flute and piano)\nPauvre Pierre, 1976 (flute and piano)\nPetit choral, 1980 (clarinet and piano)\nPetit récit, 1976 (piano)\nPrélude pastoral, 1976 (piano)\nPromenade mélancolique, 1976 (piano)\nQuestionnaire, 1976 (piano)\nRetour au village, 1986 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nRêverie, 1979 (B-flat or C trumpet and piano)\nSix-huit, 1965 (Bb or C trumpet and piano)\nTrois duos faciles, 1977 (two flutes)\nTrois duos faciles, 1977 (flute and bassoon)\nTrois duos faciles, 1977 (two oboes)\nUn jour d'été, 1976 (clarinet and piano)\nValse, 1948 (piano)\nVoyage en hiver, 1976 (flute and piano)","title":"Works List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-935859-92-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935859-92-6"},{"link_name":"IMDb: Claude Arrieu - Filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120222035219/http://uk.imdb.com/name/nm0037306/"},{"link_name":"Fr.Wikipedia: Claude Arrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Arrieu"},{"link_name":"Editions Billaudot: Claude Arrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.billaudot.com/en/composer.php?p=Claude&n=Arrieu"}],"text":"Sadie, Stanley (Ed.) [1992] (1994). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. 1, A-D, chpt: \"Arrieu, Claude\" by Richard Langham Smith, New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0-935859-92-6.\nIMDb: Claude Arrieu - Filmography\nFr.Wikipedia: Claude Arrieu\nEditions Billaudot: Claude Arrieu","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Arrieu (1929)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Claude_Arrieu.jpg/100px-Claude_Arrieu.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Cécile P. Simon (1881-1970)\". data.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.bnf.fr/fr/14829631/cecile_p__simon/","url_text":"\"Cécile P. Simon (1881-1970)\""}]}]

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