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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cartledge_(music_producer)

Paul Cartledge (music producer)

["1 Record credits","2 References"]

English record producer Paul Cartledge is an English record producer specializing in media based projects including advertising, television, film, radio and digital. He grew up in the Punk scene in the North West of England, playing in various bands. He was taken under the wing of Tony Visconti, record producer to David Bowie among others, and became the studio manager of Visconti's 'Good Earth Studios' in London. There he worked with many rock and pop artists including The Moody Blues, Elaine Paige, Les Rita Mitsouko, The Alarm, Big Audio Dynamite, Paul Oakenfold & Steve Osbourne with Happy Mondays, Captain Sensible, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Hazel O'Connor, Bros, S'Express, Derek B, and Ed Buller. He went on to work for Joe & Co, the music production company owned by Joe Campbell & Paul Hart. He became house engineer and worked with many artists including Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Dusty Springfield, Jon Secada, Roy Wood, Carl Wayne, Stephanie Lawrence, Ralph McTell, Georgie Fame, Charles Aznavour, Chrissie Hynde, Dead or Alive; his highest profile engineering credits being on two records, produced by Phil Ramone, for Frank Sinatra. He pioneered ISDN recording techniques and used this in work on film soundtracks, including Steven Zaillian's Searching for Bobby Fischer and Henry Selick's James and the Giant Peach, produced by Tim Burton. Notable actors he has recorded include James Coburn, Sir Robert Stephens, Sir Ben Kingsley, Pete Postlethwaite, and David Thewlis. At the beginning of the 21st century, Cartledge teamed up with Harrison Birtwistle protogé Philip Jewson, to compose and produce music for the British cult drama Urban Gothic, and has since worked with Jewson on an array of music for media projects. Together they own the Soho-based music production company 'Yellow Boat Music Limited'. He has kept the connection with Visconti alive recording vocals on a duet "No Other God" between Placebo frontman Brian Molko And Kristeen Young, on the Visconti produced album X and is mentioned in his autobiography, Bolan, Bowie and the Boy from Brooklyn. Record credits Year Title Artist Label Code Credit 1988 Sur La Mer The Moody Blues Polygram - Assistant 1988 Marc & Robert Les Rita Mitsouko Virgin 30635 Assistant 1988 Tighten Up Vol.88 Big Audio Dynamite CBS 461199 2 Assistant 1989 Nude Dead Or Alive Epic 46 50791 Engineer 1990 Cookin With Gas NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD010 Producer/Engineer 1990 Electric Angels Electric Angels Atlantic 82064-2 Studio Manager 1990 Portraits NYJO Hothouse Records HHCD1007 Producer/Engineer 1991 Remembrance NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD011 Producer/Engineer 1992 Looking Forward - Looking Back NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD012 Producer/Engineer 1993 A Merry Christmas NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD014 Producer/Engineer 1993 A Merry Christmas NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD014 Producer/Engineer 1994 Si Te Vas Jon Secada EMI 29683 Engineer 1994 Time Traveller The Moody Blues Polygram - Assistant Engineer 1994 Duets Frank Sinatra Capitol Records - Engineer 1994 Duets 2 Frank Sinatra Capitol Records - Engineer 1995 Sarabande Richard Durrant Longman Records 1 Compilation (Digital Editing) 1996 Republica Republica BMG 74321 410522 Guitar on Track 2 1998 Down Behind The Abbey The Cluskey Hopkins Jazz Show DH Entertainment DHCD002 Engineer 1998 Volume 1 Dave Chandlers Quintet V.J.M. Records LMJCD29 Engineer 1998 Volume 2 Dave Chandlers Quintet V.J.M. Records LMJCD30 Engineer 2000 La Guitarra Latina Richard Durrant Longman Records 030CD Engineer 2005 A Scattering Of Snow The Big Stone Longman Records 043CD writer/artist/producer 2005 Two Suites NYJO NYJO Records NYJCD024 Producer/Engineer 2005 You and Me Against The World Baby Priya Thomas Boiling Point - Mix Engineer 3 tracks 2005 Uranus Monkey Pants Grammy G0547076 Producer/Backing Vocals References ^ "The Moody Blues - Sur La Mer Lyrics". Webwriter.f2s.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions". Answers.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Les Rita Mitsouko - Marc & Robert". Discogs.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Big Audio Dynamite - Tighten Up Vol. 88". Discogs.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Jon Secada - Si Te Vas (11 tracks)". Swapacd.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Dead Or Alive - Nude". Discogs.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Frank Sinatra : Duets/Duets II: 90th Birthday Collection - Listen, Review and Buy at ARTISTdirect". www.artistdirect.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022. ^ "Urban Gothic". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Paul Cartledge". IMDb.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ Archived copy. ASIN 0007229445.

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He was taken under the wing of Tony Visconti, record producer to David Bowie among others, and became the studio manager of Visconti's 'Good Earth Studios' in London. There he worked with many rock and pop artists including The Moody Blues,[1][2] Elaine Paige, Les Rita Mitsouko,[3] The Alarm, Big Audio Dynamite,[4] Paul Oakenfold & Steve Osbourne with Happy Mondays, Captain Sensible, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Hazel O'Connor, Bros, S'Express, Derek B, and Ed Buller.He went on to work for Joe & Co, the music production company owned by Joe Campbell & Paul Hart. He became house engineer and worked with many artists including Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Dusty Springfield, Jon Secada,[5] Roy Wood, Carl Wayne, Stephanie Lawrence, Ralph McTell, Georgie Fame, Charles Aznavour, Chrissie Hynde, Dead or Alive;[6] his highest profile engineering credits being on two records, produced by Phil Ramone, for Frank Sinatra.[7] He pioneered ISDN recording techniques and used this in work on film soundtracks, including Steven Zaillian's Searching for Bobby Fischer and Henry Selick's James and the Giant Peach, produced by Tim Burton. Notable actors he has recorded include James Coburn, Sir Robert Stephens, Sir Ben Kingsley, Pete Postlethwaite, and David Thewlis.At the beginning of the 21st century, Cartledge teamed up with Harrison Birtwistle protogé Philip Jewson, to compose and produce music for the British cult drama Urban Gothic,[8][9] and has since worked with Jewson on an array of music for media projects. Together they own the Soho-based music production company 'Yellow Boat Music Limited'.He has kept the connection with Visconti alive recording vocals on a duet \"No Other God\" between Placebo frontman Brian Molko And Kristeen Young, on the Visconti produced album X and is mentioned in his autobiography, Bolan, Bowie and the Boy from Brooklyn.[10]","title":"Paul Cartledge (music producer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Record credits"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Brigade_Nederland

Volunteer Legion Netherlands

["1 Background","2 Northern Russia and Yugoslavia","3 Retreat","4 End of war and aftermath","5 Commanders","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Bibliography"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Volunteer Legion Netherlands" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) German infantry division Volunteer Legion NetherlandsA detachment from the Volunteer Legion parades at The Hague in 1941Active1941–1945Allegiance Nazi GermanyBranch Waffen-SSTypePanzergrenadierSize6,000EngagementsEastern Front (World War II) Bandenbekämpfung Battle for Narva Bridgehead Operation Sonnenwende Military unit The Volunteer Legion Netherlands (Dutch: Vrijwilligerslegioen Nederland) was a collaborationist military formation recruited in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II. It was formed in the aftermath of the German invasion of the Soviet Union and fought on the Eastern Front in the Waffen SS alongside similar formations from other parts of German-occupied Western Europe. It was the largest Dutch SS unit. The Volunteer Legion was renamed the 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Brigade Netherlands in October 1943. It was officially re-designated as a division in February 1945 but never grew to larger than a brigade. Background When the Germans invaded in May 1940, several political parties in the Netherlands sympathized with the authoritarian and anti-democratic ideals of Nazi Germany. The most important was the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB), led by Anton Mussert, founded in 1931 on the example of the Nazi Party in Germany. It initially gained limited interest from the Dutch lower-middle class but never gained widespread support. It polled only three percent in 1939. After the invasion of Poland in 1939, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, sought to expand the Waffen-SS with "Germanic" volunteers from other countries. The enrollment began in April 1940 with the creation of two regiments: the Waffen-SS Regiment Nordland (for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish volunteers), and the Waffen-SS Regiment Westland (for Dutch and Flemish volunteers). Recruitment in the Netherlands was given an air of respectability by the support of Dutch General Staff officer Lieutenant-General Hendrik Seyffardt. By April 1941, volunteers began arriving in Hamburg. By July 1941, the Dutch were organized into SS Volunteer Unit Niederlande. The formation was the size of a reinforced infantry battalion, with five motorized companies. The unit was again redesignated, this time as SS Volunteer Legion Niederlande under General Seyffardt. In November 1941, the legion was ordered to the front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North Rear Area. Northern Russia and Yugoslavia Further information: Bandenbekämpfung The Legion arrived at the Volkhov River in mid-January 1942 and was engaged in rear-security activities. In late June, it was transferred north in support of units at the Siege of Leningrad. The unit was then to take part in an offensive Operation Nordlicht, which was ultimately called off to deal with the Soviet Sinyavino Offensive. The Legion was then moved south near Lake Ladoga. At the end of 1942, it was merged with the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade. In January 1943, Dutch troops were heavily involved in defending against Soviet attempts to lift the siege at Leningrad. One 19-year old Dutch gun crew leader, Gerardus Mooyman, destroyed 23 Russian tanks with his Pak 40 in about a month of fighting. He became the first foreigner to be awarded Knight’s Cross. On 6 February, General Seyffardt, while campaigning for new recruits in Amsterdam, was assassinated by the Dutch resistance. In April 1943, the unit was sent to Germany to be reformed as the SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland. The brigade was to consist of two Panzergrenadier regiments under the command of SS-Oberführer Jürgen Wagner. In September 1943, the Brigade sent to the Independent State of Croatia (Yugoslavia) to join SS-Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner's III SS Panzer Corps currently forming in the area. Upon its arrival, the Brigade received 1,500 Dutch recruits, drawn from the SS Division Wiking. During its time there, elements of the brigade were engaged in rear-security operations. During this period, the brigade was redesignated 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland. At this time, its strength stood at 9,342 men. Retreat Further information: Battle for Narva Bridgehead On 25 December 1943, the brigade was transferred, along with Steiner's SS Corps, to Oranienbaum, Russia in Army Group North's sector. The corps was deployed to the area near Oranienbaum as part of the 18th Army. The Soviet Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive cut through the weak infantry units formed out of the 9th and 10th Luftwaffe Field Divisions. The unit, alongside the SS Division Nordland, soon retreated to avoid encirclement by General Leonid A. Govorov's Leningrad Front. In the face of the Soviet Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive, the unit retreated to the Narva River in Estonia, where it took part in the Battle of Narva deployed on the Ivangorod bridgehead. The launch of Operation Bagration on 22 June threatened the German positions. On 23 July, Steiner ordered a withdrawal to the Tannenberg Line. The unit was destroyed from the air on 24 July, with only a few personnel reaching the Tannenberg Line a week later. The regiment was ordered to be reformed at Schlochau. In September, Leon Degrelle's battle group from SS Brigade Wallonien was placed under the command of Nederland. The unit arrived in the area near Gumi-Wolmar in mid-October. The Soviet forces cut off Army Group North in the Courland area, creating the Courland Pocket. During the unit's presence in Courland, Wagner ordered the reprisal executions of an unknown number of civilians. On 26 January 1945, the brigade received orders to evacuate the pocket by sea and report to the Swinemünde-Stettin area to participate in the defence of the Oder line. The brigade arrived in German territory on 4 February. End of war and aftermath Man in a uniform of the Freiwilligen Legion Niederlanden shortly after World War II. On 10 February, the brigade was redesignated 23rd SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nederland, with a strength of 1,000 men. The new division was attached to Steiner's Eleventh SS Panzer Army, defending the Northern Oder region. The Nederland took part in the abortive Operation Sonnenwende, and the battles near Altdamm in February 1945. In April 1945, the division was split into two battle groups. The Soviet offensive of 16 April had broken the German lines by 25 April, cutting the lines of communication between the two units. One of the battle groups broke out to the west, surrendering to the US Army. The other battle group was pushed south by the Soviet offensive, into the area around Halbe. The remnants of the unit were absorbed into Kampfgruppe Vieweger of the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian). The unit was destroyed in the Halbe pocket. After the war, the unit personnel were tried in the Netherlands, with several death sentences handed down. Wagner was extradited to Yugoslavia in 1947 to stand trial for war crimes. Found guilty before the Yugoslav military tribunal, he was sentenced to death and executed on 27 June 1947. Commanders SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Garthe (? November 1941 – ? February 1942) SS-Oberführer Otto Reich (? February 1942 – 1 April 1942) SS-Obersturmbannführer Arved Theuermann (1 April 1942 – ?) SS-Standartenführer Josef Fitzthum (? – ?) SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Wagner (20 April 1944 – 1 May 1945) See also List of Waffen-SS units Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts References Footnotes ^ Gilbert pp. 194. Bibliography Van Roekel, Evertjan (2021). As Political Soldiers We Face Moscow's Hordes: Dutch Volunteers in the Waffen-SS. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. ISBN 9781648893346. Gilbert, Adrian (2019). Waffen-SS: Hitler's Army at War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82466-1. vteForeign volunteer units raised for the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941) Blue Division Flemish Legion Free Corps Denmark Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism Norwegian Legion Volunteer Legion Netherlands Walloon Legion vteWaffen-SS brigadesPanzer Gross Westfalen 150 Panzer-grenadier Schuldt 4 Nederland 49 51 Sturmbrigade Wallonia Langemarck Reichsführer SS France Dirlewanger Kaminski Cavalry SS Cavalry Brigade Infantry 1st SS Infantry Brigade 2nd SS Infantry Brigade 3 Estonian Landstorm Nederland 1 Italian Charlemagne (1 French) 1 Belarussian Police Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling Units marked in bold were officially named "volunteer". See also: List of Waffen-SS units, List of Waffen-SS brigades vteWaffen-SS divisionsPanzer 1 Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 2 Das Reich 3 Totenkopf 5 Wiking 9 Hohenstaufen 10 Frundsberg 12 Hitlerjugend Panzer-grenadier 11 Nordland 16 Reichsführer-SS 17 Götz von Berlichingen 18 Horst Wessel 23 Nederland Mountain 6 Nord 7 Prinz Eugen 13 Handschar (1 Croatian) 21 Skanderbeg (1 Albanian) 23 Kama (2 Croatian) 24 Karstjäger Cavalry 8 Florian Geyer 22 33 (3 Hungarian) 37 Lützow Cossack 1 2 Infantry 14 (1 Galician) 15 (1 Latvian) 19 (2 Latvian) 20 (1 Estonian) 25 Hunyadi (1 Hungarian) 26 (2 Hungarian) 27 Langemarck (1 Flemish) 28 Wallonien 29 RONA (1 Russian) 29 (1 Italian) 30 (2 Russian) 30 (1 Belarusian) 31 32 30 Januar 33 Charlemagne (1 French) 34 Landstorm Nederland 36 38 "Nibelungen" Police 4 (Panzergrenadier) 35 (Grenadier) Deception"Panzer" 26 27 Lists Divisional commanders Divisions Units marked in bold were officially named "volunteer". See also: SS heavy Panzer battalions Category vteFascism and Nazism in the Netherlands until 1945Political parties and groups Black Front Dutch Fascist Union General Dutch Fascist League National Socialist Dutch Workers Party National Socialist Movement National Union Nationale Jeugdstorm People Jan Baars Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga Max Blokzijl Henk Feldmeijer Cornelis van Geelkerken Robert van Genechten Tobie Goedewaagen Alfred Haighton George Kettmann Wouter Lutkie Arnold Meijer Anton Mussert Sebastiaan de Ranitz Ernst Herman van Rappard Hermannus Reydon Meinoud Rost van Tonningen Hendrik Seyffardt H. A. Sinclair de Rochemont Related articles 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland Henneicke Column Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"German-occupied Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Waffen SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen_SS"},{"link_name":"German-occupied Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"}],"text":"German infantry divisionMilitary unitThe Volunteer Legion Netherlands (Dutch: Vrijwilligerslegioen Nederland) was a collaborationist military formation recruited in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II. It was formed in the aftermath of the German invasion of the Soviet Union and fought on the Eastern Front in the Waffen SS alongside similar formations from other parts of German-occupied Western Europe. It was the largest Dutch SS unit.The Volunteer Legion was renamed the 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Brigade Netherlands in October 1943. It was officially re-designated as a division in February 1945 but never grew to larger than a brigade.","title":"Volunteer Legion Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germans invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"anti-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-democratic"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Anton Mussert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Seyffardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Seyffardt"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Army Group North Rear Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North_Rear_Area"}],"text":"When the Germans invaded in May 1940, several political parties in the Netherlands sympathized with the authoritarian and anti-democratic ideals of Nazi Germany. The most important was the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB), led by Anton Mussert, founded in 1931 on the example of the Nazi Party in Germany. It initially gained limited interest from the Dutch lower-middle class but never gained widespread support. It polled only three percent in 1939.After the invasion of Poland in 1939, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, sought to expand the Waffen-SS with \"Germanic\" volunteers from other countries. The enrollment began in April 1940 with the creation of two regiments: the Waffen-SS Regiment Nordland (for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish volunteers), and the Waffen-SS Regiment Westland (for Dutch and Flemish volunteers).Recruitment in the Netherlands was given an air of respectability by the support of Dutch General Staff officer Lieutenant-General Hendrik Seyffardt. By April 1941, volunteers began arriving in Hamburg. By July 1941, the Dutch were organized into SS Volunteer Unit Niederlande. The formation was the size of a reinforced infantry battalion, with five motorized companies. The unit was again redesignated, this time as SS Volunteer Legion Niederlande under General Seyffardt. In November 1941, the legion was ordered to the front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North Rear Area.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandenbekämpfung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung"},{"link_name":"Volkhov River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkhov_River"},{"link_name":"rear-security activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Operation Nordlicht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nordlicht_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Sinyavino Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyavino_Offensive_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Lake Ladoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ladoga"},{"link_name":"2nd SS Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_SS_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Pak 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_Pak_40"},{"link_name":"Knight’s Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Felix Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Steiner"},{"link_name":"III SS Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_SS_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"SS Division Wiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Division_Wiking"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: BandenbekämpfungThe Legion arrived at the Volkhov River in mid-January 1942 and was engaged in rear-security activities. In late June, it was transferred north in support of units at the Siege of Leningrad. The unit was then to take part in an offensive Operation Nordlicht, which was ultimately called off to deal with the Soviet Sinyavino Offensive. The Legion was then moved south near Lake Ladoga. At the end of 1942, it was merged with the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade.In January 1943, Dutch troops were heavily involved in defending against Soviet attempts to lift the siege at Leningrad. One 19-year old Dutch gun crew leader, Gerardus Mooyman, destroyed 23 Russian tanks with his Pak 40 in about a month of fighting. He became the first foreigner to be awarded Knight’s Cross. [1] On 6 February, General Seyffardt, while campaigning for new recruits in Amsterdam, was assassinated by the Dutch resistance.In April 1943, the unit was sent to Germany to be reformed as the SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland. The brigade was to consist of two Panzergrenadier regiments under the command of SS-Oberführer Jürgen Wagner. In September 1943, the Brigade sent to the Independent State of Croatia (Yugoslavia) to join SS-Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner's III SS Panzer Corps currently forming in the area. Upon its arrival, the Brigade received 1,500 Dutch recruits, drawn from the SS Division Wiking. During its time there, elements of the brigade were engaged in rear-security operations. During this period, the brigade was redesignated 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland. At this time, its strength stood at 9,342 men.[citation needed]","title":"Northern Russia and Yugoslavia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle for Narva Bridgehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Narva_Bridgehead"},{"link_name":"Oranienbaum, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranienbaum,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Army Group North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North"},{"link_name":"18th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoye_Selo%E2%80%93Ropsha_Offensive"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"10th Luftwaffe Field Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division"},{"link_name":"SS Division Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Division_Nordland"},{"link_name":"Leonid A. Govorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_A._Govorov"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Front"},{"link_name":"Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingisepp%E2%80%93Gdov_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Narva River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva_River"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Ivangorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivangorod"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Tannenberg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line"},{"link_name":"Schlochau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlochau"},{"link_name":"Leon Degrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Degrelle"},{"link_name":"SS Brigade Wallonien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_SS_Volunteer_Sturmbrigade_Wallonien"},{"link_name":"Courland Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Swinemünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"}],"text":"Further information: Battle for Narva BridgeheadOn 25 December 1943, the brigade was transferred, along with Steiner's SS Corps, to Oranienbaum, Russia in Army Group North's sector. The corps was deployed to the area near Oranienbaum as part of the 18th Army. The Soviet Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive cut through the weak infantry units formed out of the 9th and 10th Luftwaffe Field Divisions. The unit, alongside the SS Division Nordland, soon retreated to avoid encirclement by General Leonid A. Govorov's Leningrad Front. In the face of the Soviet Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive, the unit retreated to the Narva River in Estonia, where it took part in the Battle of Narva deployed on the Ivangorod bridgehead.The launch of Operation Bagration on 22 June threatened the German positions. On 23 July, Steiner ordered a withdrawal to the Tannenberg Line. The unit was destroyed from the air on 24 July, with only a few personnel reaching the Tannenberg Line a week later. The regiment was ordered to be reformed at Schlochau. In September, Leon Degrelle's battle group from SS Brigade Wallonien was placed under the command of Nederland.The unit arrived in the area near Gumi-Wolmar in mid-October. The Soviet forces cut off Army Group North in the Courland area, creating the Courland Pocket. During the unit's presence in Courland, Wagner ordered the reprisal executions of an unknown number of civilians. On 26 January 1945, the brigade received orders to evacuate the pocket by sea and report to the Swinemünde-Stettin area to participate in the defence of the Oder line. The brigade arrived in German territory on 4 February.","title":"Retreat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_in_het_uniform_van_het_Freiwilligen_Legion_Niederlande,_Bestanddeelnr_900-3412.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eleventh SS Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_SS_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation Sonnenwende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sonnenwende"},{"link_name":"Altdamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altdamm"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Halbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbe,_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Latvian)"},{"link_name":"Halbe pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbe_pocket"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes"}],"text":"Man in a uniform of the Freiwilligen Legion Niederlanden shortly after World War II.On 10 February, the brigade was redesignated 23rd SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nederland, with a strength of 1,000 men. The new division was attached to Steiner's Eleventh SS Panzer Army, defending the Northern Oder region. The Nederland took part in the abortive Operation Sonnenwende, and the battles near Altdamm in February 1945.In April 1945, the division was split into two battle groups. The Soviet offensive of 16 April had broken the German lines by 25 April, cutting the lines of communication between the two units. One of the battle groups broke out to the west, surrendering to the US Army. The other battle group was pushed south by the Soviet offensive, into the area around Halbe. The remnants of the unit were absorbed into Kampfgruppe Vieweger of the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian). The unit was destroyed in the Halbe pocket.After the war, the unit personnel were tried in the Netherlands, with several death sentences handed down. Wagner was extradited to Yugoslavia in 1947 to stand trial for war crimes. Found guilty before the Yugoslav military tribunal, he was sentenced to death and executed on 27 June 1947.","title":"End of war and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reich_(SS)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josef Fitzthum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Fitzthum"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Wagner"}],"text":"SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Garthe (? November 1941 – ? February 1942)\nSS-Oberführer Otto Reich (? February 1942 – 1 April 1942)\nSS-Obersturmbannführer Arved Theuermann (1 April 1942 – ?)\nSS-Standartenführer Josef Fitzthum (? – ?)\nSS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Wagner (20 April 1944 – 1 May 1945)","title":"Commanders"}]

[{"image_text":"Man in a uniform of the Freiwilligen Legion Niederlanden shortly after World War II.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Man_in_het_uniform_van_het_Freiwilligen_Legion_Niederlande%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-3412.jpg/250px-Man_in_het_uniform_van_het_Freiwilligen_Legion_Niederlande%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-3412.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of Waffen-SS units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units"},{"title":"Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Waffen-SS"},{"title":"Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts"}]

[{"reference":"Van Roekel, Evertjan (2021). As Political Soldiers We Face Moscow's Hordes: Dutch Volunteers in the Waffen-SS. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. ISBN 9781648893346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781648893346","url_text":"9781648893346"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Adrian (2019). Waffen-SS: Hitler's Army at War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82466-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82466-1","url_text":"978-0-306-82466-1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carle_Pieters

Carle M. Pieters

["1 Career","2 Awards and honors","3 References"]

American planetary scientist Carle M. PietersEducationB.A. (1966) in Math Education; B.S. (1971), M.S. (1972), and Ph.D. (1977) in Planetary ScienceAlma materAntioch College, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyScientific careerFieldsPlanetary scienceInstitutions Johnson Space Center Brown University ThesisCharacterization and distribution of lunar mare basalt types using remote sensing techniques (1977)Doctoral advisorThomas B. McCordDoctoral students John F. Mustard Stefanie Tompkins Carle McGetchin Pieters (born 1943) is an American planetary scientist. Pieters has published more than 150 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and was co-author of the book Remote Geochemical Analyses: Elemental and Mineralogical Composition along with Peter Englert. Her general research efforts include planetary exploration and evolution of planetary surfaces with an emphasis on remote compositional analyses. Career Pieters earned her B.A. from Antioch College in 1966 in math education. After teaching high school math for one year in Massachusetts, she spent two years teaching science as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Malaysia. Upon her return to the US, she received her B.S. (1971), M.S. (1972) and Ph.D. (1977) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Planetary Science. Pieters spent three years at NASA Johnson Space Center before becoming a professor at Brown University in 1980 and has remained there ever since. She is the Principal Investigator for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, an imaging spectrometer (0.4-3.0 μm) designed to characterize and map the mineralogy of the Moon at high resolution, an instrument that was sent to the Moon on the Indian Chandraayan-1 spacecraft. She is also a co-investigator on NASA's Dawn mission to the asteroids Vesta and Ceres. Additionally, she is a sitting member of the NASA Advisory Council's Planetary Protection Subcommittee and a Fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union. Awards and honors Asteroid 3713 Pieters Awarded the 2015 Shoemaker Distinguished Scientist Medal for lifetime dedication and impact to the planetary science research community, awarded by NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) Awarded the 2010 GK Gilbert Award, the highest award given by the Geological Society of America's Division for Planetary Sciences Awarded the Kuiper Prize in 2004, the most distinguished award given by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007 Elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2001 Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020. References ^ "Geology Dept Faculty: Carle Pieters". Brown University. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011. ^ Pieters, Carle (1977). Characterization and distribution of lunar mare basalt types using remote sensing techniques (Ph.D. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. OCLC 1303275346. ProQuest 302871743. ^ "NAC Science Committee Member Biographies". NASA. ^ "2010 GK Gilbert Award". Geological Society of America. Retrieved 13 April 2011. ^ "2004 DPS prize recipients". Retrieved 13 April 2011. ^ "AAAS Members Elected as Fellows 2007". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011. ^ "AAS Fellows". AAS. Retrieved 30 September 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Scopus Other IdRef This article about an American scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"planetary scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journals"},{"link_name":"Peter Englert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Englert"},{"link_name":"planetary surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Carle McGetchin Pieters (born 1943)[citation needed] is an American planetary scientist. Pieters has published more than 150 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and was co-author of the book Remote Geochemical Analyses: Elemental and Mineralogical Composition along with Peter Englert. Her general research efforts include planetary exploration and evolution of planetary surfaces with an emphasis on remote compositional analyses.[1]","title":"Carle M. Pieters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antioch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_College"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Peace Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Planetary Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-pieters-1977-2"},{"link_name":"Johnson Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Principal Investigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Investigator"},{"link_name":"Moon Mineralogy Mapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Chandraayan-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraayan-1"},{"link_name":"Dawn mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_mission"},{"link_name":"Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"American Geophysical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pieters earned her B.A. from Antioch College in 1966 in math education. After teaching high school math for one year in Massachusetts, she spent two years teaching science as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Malaysia. Upon her return to the US, she received her B.S. (1971), M.S. (1972) and Ph.D. (1977) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Planetary Science.[2] Pieters spent three years at NASA Johnson Space Center before becoming a professor at Brown University in 1980 and has remained there ever since. She is the Principal Investigator for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, an imaging spectrometer (0.4-3.0 μm) designed to characterize and map the mineralogy of the Moon at high resolution, an instrument that was sent to the Moon on the Indian Chandraayan-1 spacecraft. She is also a co-investigator on NASA's Dawn mission to the asteroids Vesta and Ceres. Additionally, she is a sitting member of the NASA Advisory Council's Planetary Protection Subcommittee and a Fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3713 Pieters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3713_Pieters"},{"link_name":"GK Gilbert Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GK_Gilbert_Award"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kuiper Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Astronomical Society's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Geophysical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union"},{"link_name":"American Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Asteroid 3713 Pieters\nAwarded the 2015 Shoemaker Distinguished Scientist Medal for lifetime dedication and impact to the planetary science research community, awarded by NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI)\nAwarded the 2010 GK Gilbert Award, the highest award given by the Geological Society of America's Division for Planetary Sciences[4]\nAwarded the Kuiper Prize in 2004, the most distinguished award given by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences[5]\nElected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007[6]\nElected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2001\nElected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020. [7]","title":"Awards and honors"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_technician

Laboratory technician

["1 References"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Laboratory technician" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) An Iranian laboratory technician at work A laboratory technician is a person who works in a laboratory performing analytical or experimental procedures, maintaining laboratory equipment. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first use of the term laboratory technician was in 1896:It is now totally abandoned by the advanced laboratory technicians.The term is now widely accepted. Laboratory technicians are found in a wide range of scientific fields, including forensic science, pathology, chemistry, biomedical science and physics. Laboratory technicians may hold a range of formal academic qualifications, such as associate degrees, often obtained through vocational education. They are usually supervised by laboratory managers. References ^ St Louis Clinique. 9: 395. 1896. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Natural Sciences Managers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 8, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laboratory technicians. Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_crested_ibis

Madagascar ibis

["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Status","6 References","7 External links"]

Species of bird Madagascar ibis At Bronx Zoo, New York, United States Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae Genus: LophotibisReichenbach, 1853 Species: L. cristata Binomial name Lophotibis cristata(Boddaert, 1783) Synonyms Tantalus cristatus Boddaert, 1783 Geronticus cristatus (Boddaert, 1783) The Madagascar ibis (Lophotibis cristata), also known as the Madagascar crested ibis, white-winged ibis or crested wood ibis, is a medium-sized (approximately 50 cm long), brown-plumaged ibis. It has bare red orbital skin, yellow bill, red legs, white wings and its head is partially bare with a dense crest of green or gloss blue and white plumes on the nape. The Madagascar ibis is the only member of the genus Lophotibis. Taxonomy The Madagascar ibis was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1781 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Tantalus cristatus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The Madagascar ibis is now the only species placed in the genus Lophotibis that was erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek lophos meaning "crest" and ibis; the specific epithet cristata is from the Latin crustatus meaning "crest". Description The Madagascar ibis, with a length of 50 cm (20 in), is among the largest birds in the Madagascar forest. The head is black and the upper parts are rufous brown. The chin, neck and throat and underparts are dark brown and the wing largely white. Part of the face is naked and red, including round the eye, and the crown and back of the neck bear a crest of long feathers which are black with a metallic sheen. In the subspecies L. c. cristata, the sheen is green and there are flecks of white; in the subspecies L. c. urschi, the throat, neck and crest have a greenish sheen mixed with yellowish-orange, and the body colour is darker chestnut. The iris is brown, the very long beak is horn-coloured and the legs and feet are red. Distribution and habitat The Madagascar ibis is endemic to the woodlands and forests of Madagascar at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is found in both primary and secondary forest, including humid forest in the northeast of the island and dry forests in the west and south. Wild Madagascar ibis in Andasibe National Park - the bill is muddy from probing the wet soil of the riverbank Ecology Its diet consists mainly of insects, spiders, frogs, reptiles, snails and invertebrates. The female usually lays three eggs in a platform nest made from twigs and branches. Status The total population of this ibis is thought to be declining due to ongoing habitat loss, and overhunting in some areas, it being a favourite quarry. The bird is evaluated as being a near-threatened species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. References ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2016). "Lophotibis cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697504A93617414. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697504A93617414.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "Le coulis huppé". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 51–52. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Courly hupé, de Madagascar". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 9. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 841. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 51, Number 841. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1853). Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (in German). Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xiv. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, hamerkop, shoebill, pelicans". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 122, 230. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ James Hancock; James A. Kushlan; M. Philip Kahl (2010). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4081-3500-6. External links BirdLife species factsheet vteTraditional listing of ibises and spoonbills (family: Threskiornithidae) Ibises subfamily: Threskiornithinae GenusSpecies (prefix † indicates extinct species)Threskiornis African sacred ibis (T. aethiopicus) Malagasy sacred ibis (T. bernieri) †Réunion ibis (T. solitarius) Black-headed ibis (T. melanocephalus) Australian white ibis (T. moluccus) and supporting page Solomons white ibis (T. moluccus pygmaeus) Straw-necked ibis (T. spinicollis) Pseudibis Red-naped ibis (P. papillosa) White-shouldered ibis (P. davisoni) Giant ibis (P. gigantea) Geronticus Northern bald ibis (G. eremita) Southern bald ibis (G. calvus) Nipponia Crested ibis (N. nippon) Bostrychia Olive ibis (B. olivacea) São Tomé ibis (B. bocagei) Spot-breasted ibis (B. rara) Hadada ibis (B. hagedash) Wattled ibis (B. carunculata) Theristicus Plumbeous ibis (T. caerulescens) Buff-necked ibis (T. caudatus) Black-faced ibis (T. melanopis) Andean ibis (T. branickii) Cercibis Sharp-tailed ibis (C. oxycerca) Mesembrinibis Green ibis (M. cayennensis) Phimosus Bare-faced ibis (P. infuscatus) Eudocimus American white ibis (E. albus) Scarlet ibis (E. ruber) Plegadis Glossy ibis (P. falcinellus) White-faced ibis (P. chihi) Puna ibis (P. ridgwayi) Lophotibis Madagascar ibis (L. cristata) Apteribis †Moloka'i flightless ibis (A. glenos) †Maui flightless ibis (A. brevis) Xenicibis †Jamaican ibis (X. xympithecus) Spoonbills subfamily: Plataleinae genus: Platalea GenusSpeciesPlatalea(spoonbills) Eurasian spoonbill (P. leucorodia) Black-faced spoonbill (P. minor) African spoonbill (P. alba) Royal spoonbill (P. regia) Yellow-billed spoonbill (P. flavipes) Roseate spoonbill (P. ajaja) vteGenera of ibis, herons, pelicans and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Aequornithes Order: Pelecaniformes Pelecaniformesincertae sedis †Cladornis? †Torotigidae? Torotix PelecaniBalaenicipitidae Balaeniceps †Goliathia †Paludiavis Pelecanidae †Eopelecanus †Miopelecanus Pelecanus Scopidae Scopus Ardei See below ↓ Ardeiincertae sedis †Ardeacites? †Xenerodiopidae Xenerodiops Threskiornithidaeincertae sedis †Gerandibis †Milnea †Mopsitta? †Protibis †Rhynchaeites †Vadaravis †Xenicibis Plataleinae †Platalea Threskiornithinae †Apteribis Bostrychia Cercibis Eudocimus Geronticus Lophotibis Mesembrinibis Nipponia Phimosus Plegadis Pseudibis Thaumatibis Theristicus Threskiornis Ardeidae †Ardeagrandis Calherodius †Eoceornis †Matuku †Nyctisoma Oroanassa †Proardeola Agamiinae Agamia Ardeinae Ardea Ardeola Bubulcus Butorides Egretta Gorsachius Nycticorax Nyctanassa Pilherodius †Proardea Syrigma †Zeltornis Zonerodius Botaurinae Botaurus Ixobrychus †Pikaihao Zebrilus Cochleariinae Cochlearius Tigriornithinae †Taphophoyx Tigriornis Tigrisoma Taxon identifiersLophotibis cristata Wikidata: Q477691 Wikispecies: Lophotibis cristata ADW: Lophotibis_cristata ARKive: lophotibis-cristata Avibase: F6DD994A81D13A27 BirdLife: 22697504 BOLD: 95412 BOW: madibi1 CoL: 3W4NV eBird: madibi1 EoL: 45513848 GBIF: 2480814 iNaturalist: 3776 IRMNG: 10195586 ITIS: 174973 IUCN: 22697504 NCBI: 1706833 Observation.org: 73518 Paleobiology Database: 373474 WoRMS: 881648 Xeno-canto: Lophotibis-cristata Tantalus cristatus Wikidata: Q109563526 GBIF: 9329694

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The head is black and the upper parts are rufous brown. The chin, neck and throat and underparts are dark brown and the wing largely white. Part of the face is naked and red, including round the eye, and the crown and back of the neck bear a crest of long feathers which are black with a metallic sheen. In the subspecies L. c. cristata, the sheen is green and there are flecks of white; in the subspecies L. c. urschi, the throat, neck and crest have a greenish sheen mixed with yellowish-orange, and the body colour is darker chestnut. The iris is brown, the very long beak is horn-coloured and the legs and feet are red.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_birds"},{"link_name":"woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madagascar_ibis_in_Andasibe_National_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andasibe National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andasibe-Mantadia_National_Park"}],"text":"The Madagascar ibis is endemic to the woodlands and forests of Madagascar at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is found in both primary and secondary forest, including humid forest in the northeast of the island and dry forests in the west and south.[1]Wild Madagascar ibis in Andasibe National Park - the bill is muddy from probing the wet soil of the riverbank","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_egg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Its diet consists mainly of insects, spiders, frogs, reptiles, snails and invertebrates. The female usually lays three eggs in a platform nest made from twigs and branches.[1]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"near-threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The total population of this ibis is thought to be declining due to ongoing habitat loss, and overhunting in some areas, it being a favourite quarry. The bird is evaluated as being a near-threatened species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]","title":"Status"}]

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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Lophotibis cristata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697504A93617414. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697504A93617414.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697504/93617414","url_text":"\"Lophotibis cristata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697504A93617414.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697504A93617414.en"}]},{"reference":"Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). \"Le coulis huppé\". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 51–52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon","url_text":"Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42298442","url_text":"\"Le coulis huppé\""}]},{"reference":"Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). \"Courly hupé, de Madagascar\". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 9. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon","url_text":"Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Martinet","url_text":"Martinet, François-Nicolas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme-Louis_Daubenton","url_text":"Daubenton, Edme-Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton","url_text":"Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35224585","url_text":"\"Courly hupé, de Madagascar\""}]},{"reference":"Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 51, Number 841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Boddaert","url_text":"Boddaert, Pieter"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822671","url_text":"Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés"}]},{"reference":"Reichenbach, Ludwig (1853). Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (in German). Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Reichenbach","url_text":"Reichenbach, Ludwig"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47618644","url_text":"Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). \"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, hamerkop, shoebill, pelicans\". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/","url_text":"\"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, hamerkop, shoebill, pelicans\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 122, 230. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n122","url_text":"122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"James Hancock; James A. Kushlan; M. Philip Kahl (2010). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4081-3500-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Philip_Kahl","url_text":"M. Philip Kahl"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-nyzX_7pF24C&pg=PA207","url_text":"Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3500-6","url_text":"978-1-4081-3500-6"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabalani

Parabalani

["1 History","2 In film","3 References","4 External links"]

Early Christian brotherhood The Parabalani (Late Latin parabalānī, "persons who risk their lives as nurses", from Ancient Greek: παραβαλανεῖς) or Parabolani (from παραβολᾶνοι or παράβολοι) were the members of a brotherhood, who in early Christianity voluntarily undertook the care of the sick and the burial of the dead, knowing that they themselves could die. Generally drawn from the lower strata of society, they also functioned as attendants to local bishops and were sometimes used by them as bodyguards and in violent clashes with their opponents. History The parabalani had neither orders nor vows, but were enumerated among the clergy and enjoyed clerical privileges and immunities. In addition to performing works of mercy they constituted a bodyguard for the bishop. Their presence at public gatherings or in the theaters was forbidden by law. At times they took a very active part in ecclesiastical controversies, as at the Second Council of Ephesus. They received their name from the fact that they were hospital attendants, although the alternative name parabolani also became current, because they risked their lives (παραβάλλεσθαι τὴν ζωήν) in exposing themselves to contagious diseases. It has been alleged, though without sufficient proof, that the brotherhood was first organized during the great plague in Alexandria in the episcopate of Pope Dionysius of Alexandria (second half of the 3rd century). Though they took vows before the bishop and officially remained under his control, the Codex Theodosianus placed them instead under the command of the praefectus augustalis, the imperial governor of Roman Egypt. Because their actions resulted in many other riots, successive Imperial laws limited their numbers: thus a law issued in 416 restricted the enrollment in Alexandria to 500, a number increased two years later to 600. In Constantinople, the number was further restricted from 1100 to 950. According to Fortescue, the parabolani, who he says, "were not nice people", seem to have disappeared by Emperor Justinian I's time. In film In the 2009 film Agora, focusing on the life of Hypatia, the parabolani start out as Christian volunteers who distribute bread to the poor, but gradually turn into fanatical death squads who murder pagans, Jews, and fellow Christians who oppose fundamentalist Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria. References ^ a b Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, p. 1582, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 ^ Codex Theodosianus, XVI.2.42; XVI.2.43 ^ Codex Justinianus, I.2.4 ^ Adrian Fortescue (2007), The Greek Fathers: Their Lives and Writings, Ignatius Press. Pages 165. External links  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Parabolani". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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[]

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[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wilcox

Donald Wilcox

["1 Prior criminal history","2 Murders and suicide","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 External links"]

American spree killer Donald WilcoxBornDonald Carhart Wilcox1969DiedFebruary 12, 2003 (aged 34)Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.Cause of deathSelf-inflicted gunshot woundConviction(s)Sexual abuse of a minorCriminal penalty2-to-5 yearsDetailsVictims4+Span of crimesFebruary 5 – 12, 2003CountryUnited StatesState(s)Texas Donald Carhart Wilcox (1969 – February 12, 2003) was an American spree killer. A convicted child molester, he killed at least four elderly people during a robbery spree around Corpus Christi, Texas, from February 5 to 12, 2003. Wilcox was eventually surrounded by officers at a hotel and shot himself in the head to avoid arrest, while a teenage accomplice who assisted him in the first two murders was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Prior criminal history Little is known about Wilcox's past. Born in 1969, he was described as a drifter and con man who traveled all across the country, living off burglaries and thefts for which he was repeatedly jailed. Prior to his murder spree, his most serious known conviction was for molesting a 6-year-old boy in New Castle, Pennsylvania in 1997, to which he pleaded guilty and received a 2-to-5 year sentence. Wilcox served out the majority of this sentence and was released in January 2003, but instead of returning to his previous known address in Winchester, Virginia, he decided to board a bus in New York City and travel to a random location. During this trip, he befriended another drifter, Harry Mavoides, and through him also befriended his 15-year-old son, Mitchell. Murders and suicide On the evening of February 5, 2003, Wilcox was at a convience store in Corpus Christi when he stumbled upon Mitchell Mavoides, who had gone there to buy cigarettes. Knowing that the teenager was desperate to return home to New York City, he proposed that they team up and rob an elderly couple living in an isolated home in nearby Portland, to which Mavoides agreed. They then traveled to the home and waited for the two residents - 79-year-old Weldon and 77-year-old Charlotte Parker - to come home from church. When they arrived, Wilcox threatened them with a .45 caliber handgun he had found in their house and threatened them at gunpoint, forcing the pair into the trunk of their car. He and Mavoides then got in and drove around town for some time before arriving at an isolated area north of Corpus Christi. Wilcox then forced the elderly couple out of the trunk and shot both in the head, two times each. On February 10, Wilcox broke into the home of 61-year-old Louis Victor Mokry, where he lived alone. After shooting the man in the head, he stole whatever valuables he could find and left. Mokry's body was discovered later that day after he failed to appear at his workplace, but authorities were initially unable to determine whether the case was a suicide or homicide. On the following day, police officers searching for the Parkers found their bodies, and when they conducted forensic ballistics tests, they linked the bullets found inside their bodies to Mokry. That same day, acting on an anonymous tip, authorities arrested Mavoides and issued a warrant for first-degree capital murder for Wilcox. On midnight of February 12, police officers in Corpus Christi received information that Wilcox was residing at the Padre Motel in the Flour Bluff neighborhood, and after two hours of surveillance, a SWAT team was dispatched to arrest him. However, Wilcox exited his room brandishing a handgun and pointed it at them, whereupon the officers opened fire, striking him multiple times. He then lifted the gun to his head and shot himself in the face, resulting in an instant death. While it was initially questioned whether his death was the result of a shot fired by him or the SWAT unit, an autopsy determined the cause of death to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Aftermath Immediately after his death, his motel room and a white Ford Taurus, presumed to be stolen, were searched. Upon opening the trunk of the car, officers discovered the body of 87-year-old Luther Butler, an Oklahoma native and the car's owner who had evidently been murdered by Wilcox, but it remains unclear at what date this occurred. The discovery of his body led some authorities to speculate that Wilcox might have been responsible for other murders, possibly in other states, but to date no further crimes have been linked to him. For his role in the Parker double murder, Mitchell Mavoides was tried as an adult, found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment with a chance of parole. His earliest possible release is scheduled for 2046, when he would be 59 years old. References ^ a b Michael Hasch (February 14, 2003). "Released child molester, suspect in deaths, dies during SWAT showdown". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. ^ a b Ron Berthal (June 12, 2005). "Bad decision, decades in prison". Daily Freeman. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. ^ a b c d e Mike Baird and Jaime Powell (February 13, 2003). "Killing suspect shot dead". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. ^ a b "Suspect killed in shootout". The Marshall News Messenger. February 13, 2003 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Murder Suspect Dies After Texas Shootout". Plainview Daily Herald. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. ^ "Autopsy determines man suspected in four slayings killed self". Plainview Daily Herald. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. External links Mavoides v. St. (2006)

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Wilcox was eventually surrounded by officers at a hotel and shot himself in the head to avoid arrest, while a teenage accomplice who assisted him in the first two murders was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.","title":"Donald Wilcox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chomo-1"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chomo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bad-2"}],"text":"Little is known about Wilcox's past. Born in 1969, he was described as a drifter and con man who traveled all across the country, living off burglaries and thefts for which he was repeatedly jailed. 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Knowing that the teenager was desperate to return home to New York City, he proposed that they team up and rob an elderly couple living in an isolated home in nearby Portland, to which Mavoides agreed.[3] They then traveled to the home and waited for the two residents - 79-year-old Weldon and 77-year-old Charlotte Parker - to come home from church. When they arrived, Wilcox threatened them with a .45 caliber handgun he had found in their house and threatened them at gunpoint, forcing the pair into the trunk of their car. He and Mavoides then got in and drove around town for some time before arriving at an isolated area north of Corpus Christi. Wilcox then forced the elderly couple out of the trunk and shot both in the head, two times each.[3]On February 10, Wilcox broke into the home of 61-year-old Louis Victor Mokry, where he lived alone. After shooting the man in the head, he stole whatever valuables he could find and left. Mokry's body was discovered later that day after he failed to appear at his workplace, but authorities were initially unable to determine whether the case was a suicide or homicide.[3] On the following day, police officers searching for the Parkers found their bodies, and when they conducted forensic ballistics tests, they linked the bullets found inside their bodies to Mokry. That same day, acting on an anonymous tip, authorities arrested Mavoides and issued a warrant for first-degree capital murder for Wilcox.[3]On midnight of February 12, police officers in Corpus Christi received information that Wilcox was residing at the Padre Motel in the Flour Bluff neighborhood, and after two hours of surveillance, a SWAT team was dispatched to arrest him.[4] However, Wilcox exited his room brandishing a handgun and pointed it at them, whereupon the officers opened fire, striking him multiple times.[4] He then lifted the gun to his head and shot himself in the face, resulting in an instant death.[5] While it was initially questioned whether his death was the result of a shot fired by him or the SWAT unit, an autopsy determined the cause of death to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[6]","title":"Murders and suicide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Taurus"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh-3"},{"link_name":"tried as an adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_as_an_adult"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bad-2"}],"text":"Immediately after his death, his motel room and a white Ford Taurus, presumed to be stolen, were searched. Upon opening the trunk of the car, officers discovered the body of 87-year-old Luther Butler, an Oklahoma native and the car's owner who had evidently been murdered by Wilcox, but it remains unclear at what date this occurred. The discovery of his body led some authorities to speculate that Wilcox might have been responsible for other murders, possibly in other states, but to date no further crimes have been linked to him.[3]For his role in the Parker double murder, Mitchell Mavoides was tried as an adult, found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment with a chance of parole. His earliest possible release is scheduled for 2046, when he would be 59 years old.[2]","title":"Aftermath"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Michael Hasch (February 14, 2003). \"Released child molester, suspect in deaths, dies during SWAT showdown\". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230108051004/https://archive.triblive.com/news/released-child-molester-suspect-in-deaths-dies-during-swat-showdown/","url_text":"\"Released child molester, suspect in deaths, dies during SWAT showdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review","url_text":"Pittsburgh Tribune-Review"},{"url":"https://archive.triblive.com/news/released-child-molester-suspect-in-deaths-dies-during-swat-showdown/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ron Berthal (June 12, 2005). \"Bad decision, decades in prison\". Daily Freeman. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220607055135/https://www.dailyfreeman.com/2005/06/12/bad-decision-decades-in-prison/","url_text":"\"Bad decision, decades in prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Freeman","url_text":"Daily Freeman"},{"url":"https://www.dailyfreeman.com/2005/06/12/bad-decision-decades-in-prison/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mike Baird and Jaime Powell (February 13, 2003). \"Killing suspect shot dead\". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230108051102/https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/842965/posts","url_text":"\"Killing suspect shot dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Caller-Times","url_text":"Corpus Christi Caller-Times"},{"url":"https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/842965/posts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suspect killed in shootout\". The Marshall News Messenger. February 13, 2003 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78540280/donald-wilcox/","url_text":"\"Suspect killed in shootout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshall_News_Messenger","url_text":"The Marshall News Messenger"}]},{"reference":"\"Murder Suspect Dies After Texas Shootout\". Plainview Daily Herald. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220607055001/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Murder-Suspect-Dies-After-Texas-Shootout-9062669.php","url_text":"\"Murder Suspect Dies After Texas Shootout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainview_Daily_Herald","url_text":"Plainview Daily Herald"},{"url":"https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Murder-Suspect-Dies-After-Texas-Shootout-9062669.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Autopsy determines man suspected in four slayings killed self\". Plainview Daily Herald. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230108051711/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Autopsy-determines-man-suspected-in-four-slayings-9060022.php","url_text":"\"Autopsy determines man suspected in four slayings killed self\""},{"url":"https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Autopsy-determines-man-suspected-in-four-slayings-9060022.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Road_West

Connaught Road

["1 Location","2 History","3 Structures along Connaught Road","3.1 Connaught Road Central","3.2 Connaught Road West","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"]

Coordinates: 22°16′51.60″N 114°9′46.80″E / 22.2810000°N 114.1630000°E / 22.2810000; 114.1630000Road in Hong Kong For stations in London, see Connaught Road railway station and Connaught Road DLR station. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Connaught Road" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Connaught RoadConnaught Road Central at night in March 2015, with Exchange Square on the leftTraditional Chinese干諾道Simplified Chinese干诺道Cantonese YaleGon nohk douhJyutpingGon1 nok6 dou6 TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGānnuò DàoYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationGon nohk douhJyutpingGon1 nok6 dou6 1911 map showing Connaught Road on the Central Waterfront Connaght Road Central c.1923 Connaught Road in the 1930s Connaught Road is a major thoroughfare on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It links Shing Sai Road in Kennedy Town to the west and Harcourt Road in Admiralty to the east. Location Further information (in Chinese (Taiwan)): Rumsey Street Flyover  The road consists of two adjoining sections, namely Connaught Road Central (干諾道中) and Connaught Road West (干諾道西). Connaught Road Central runs the length of Central, parallel to the north shore. It runs from approximately Admiralty in the east, where it connects Harcourt Road at the junction with Murray Road. The road ends west at On Tai Street, where it becomes Connaught Road West. Connaught Road West runs towards the Kennedy Town and Pok Fu Lam areas in the west. For most of the stretch, Connaught Road West runs beneath the Connaught Road West Flyover, (Route 4). It is the main thoroughfare to the entrance of the Western Harbour Crossing and beyond to Shek Tong Tsui, where it merges with Des Voeux Road West. History This road was once a waterfront promenade with boats docked against the northern side of the road. In 1889, the north shore of Victoria City was under extensive reclamation. In 1890, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn visited Hong Kong, when Francis Fleming, the then acting governor announced a new road to be constructed in front of the old "Bowring Praya" (present-day Des Voeux Road). This newly constructed road was then named Connaught Road, after the prince. A statue of the Duke once also occupied the junction of Pedder Street. Connaught Road West was lined with many piers in the past. Rice wholesalers gathered there owing to its proximity to the shore. Due to reclamation of the harbour, the entire length of Connaught Road has now become landlocked. Structures along Connaught Road Connaught Road Central AIG Tower Edinburgh Tower Hong Kong Club Building Statue Square Hong Kong City Hall Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong Connaught Place Chater House Jardine House Central Elevated Walkway World-Wide House Exchange Square International Finance Centre Tower One Wing On House Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building Shun Tak Centre Connaught Road West This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2022) Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park Witty Street Depot of the Hong Kong Tramways Western Wholesale Food Market Western Harbour Crossing Liaison Office of the Central People's Government Hotel Marriott Courtyard Hong Kong  Island Pacific Hotel Gallery Connaught Road frontage of Chater House in July 2008 AIG Tower, 1 Connaught Road Central in August 2006 The Mandarin Oriental Hotel in December 2006 Statue Square abuts Connaught Road in May 2006 The Hong Kong Club Building's frontage on Connaught Road in April 2007 City Hall facing Connaught Road in September 2004 Henry Moore's sculpture, Connaught Place in 2007 The Central Elevated Walkway crosses Connaught Road in June 2007 Connaught Road, looking west in January 2006 (1IFC on the right) New Headquarters of the Hang Seng Bank in April 2007 Connaught Road West Flyover leading up to the Shun Tak Centre (background) in August 2005 Wing On House (middle); the two buildings to the right are the old and new headquarters of Hang Seng Bank in September 2004 ChinaChem Plaza and the China Insurance Group Building are both on Connaught Road Central in April 2007 Connaught Road West at night in October 2019 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connaught Road. List of streets and roads in Hong Kong Pedder Street References ^ a b Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). "Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011. ^ "Connaught Road Central — CBD OFFICE RENTAL | HONG KONG (2022-23)". CBD OFFICE RENTAL | HONG KONG. Retrieved 16 November 2022. Preceded byCentral–Wan Chai Bypass Hong Kong Route 4Connaught Road West Succeeded byWestern Terminus vteHong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number SystemRoute 4 Island Eastern Corridor Island Eastern Corridor Link Central–Wan Chai Bypass Rumsey Street Flyover  Connaught Road West Flyover until 2019 Island Eastern Corridor Victoria Park Road Wan Chai Interchange Gloucester Road Harcourt Road Harcourt Road Flyover Connaught Road Central Pedder Street Underpass Rumsey Street Flyover Connaught Road West Flyover vteStreets and roads on Hong Kong IslandCentral and Western District Aberdeen Street Arbuthnot Road Battery Path Belcher's Street Bonham Road Bonham Strand Bonham Strand West Bridges Street Caine Road Centre Street Chater Road Cochrane Street Conduit Road Connaught Road Central Connaught Road West Connaught Place Davis Street Des Voeux Road Central Des Voeux Road West Duddell Street Elgin Street Eastern Street Gage Street Garden Road Glenealy Gutzlaff Street Harcourt Road Hollywood Road Ice House Street Jubilee Street Ladder Street Lan Kwai Fong Lugard Road MacDonnell Road Magazine Gap Road Mosque Street Old Bailey Street On Lan Street Po Hing Fong Pottinger Street Peel Street Queen Victoria Street Queen's Road Central Queen's Road West Queensway Robinson Road Shelley Street Smithfield Staveley Street Tai Ping Shan Street Upper Albert Road Upper Lascar Row Water Street Wellington Street Western Street Wing Kut Street Wing On Street Wing Sing Street Wyndham Street Wan Chai District Arsenal Street Amoy Street Blue Pool Road Canal Road Causeway Road Gloucester Road Gresson Street Hennessy Road Jaffe Road Jardine's Bazaar Johnston Road Lee Tung Street Lockhart Road Luard Road Oi Kwan Road Paterson Street Queen's Road East Stone Nullah Lane Stubbs Road Swatow Street Tai Yuen Street Thomson Road Victoria Park Road Yee Wo Street Eastern District Chai Wan Road Fort Street Java Road King's Road Shau Kei Wan Road Tsat Tsz Mui Road Wharf Road Southern District Aberdeen Main Road Aberdeen Praya Road Nam Fung Road Sassoon Road Wong Chuk Hang Road Spans more than one district Bowen Road Electric Road Kennedy Road Pok Fu Lam Road Tai Tam Road Victoria Road See also Streets and roads in Kowloon The New Territories 22°16′51.60″N 114°9′46.80″E / 22.2810000°N 114.1630000°E / 22.2810000; 114.1630000

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connaught Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Connaught Road DLR station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Road_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_map1911.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_Office,_Hong_Kong.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_Pier_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Town"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Road"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"Road in Hong KongFor stations in London, see Connaught Road railway station and Connaught Road DLR station.1911 map showing Connaught Road on the Central WaterfrontConnaght Road Central c.1923Connaught Road in the 1930sConnaught Road is a major thoroughfare on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It links Shing Sai Road in Kennedy Town to the west and Harcourt Road in Admiralty to the east.","title":"Connaught Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumsey Street Flyover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumsey_Street_Flyover&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh-tw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A3%AB%E8%A1%97%E5%A4%A9%E6%A9%8B"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Road"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Town"},{"link_name":"Pok Fu Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok_Fu_Lam"},{"link_name":"Route 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_4_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Western Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Shek Tong Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek_Tong_Tsui"},{"link_name":"Des Voeux Road West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Voeux_Road_West"}],"text":"Further information (in Chinese (Taiwan)): Rumsey Street Flyover [zh-tw]The road consists of two adjoining sections, namely Connaught Road Central (干諾道中) and Connaught Road West (干諾道西).Connaught Road Central runs the length of Central, parallel to the north shore. It runs from approximately Admiralty in the east, where it connects Harcourt Road at the junction with Murray Road. The road ends west at On Tai Street, where it becomes Connaught Road West.Connaught Road West runs towards the Kennedy Town and Pok Fu Lam areas in the west. For most of the stretch, Connaught Road West runs beneath the Connaught Road West Flyover, (Route 4). It is the main thoroughfare to the entrance of the Western Harbour Crossing and beyond to Shek Tong Tsui, where it merges with Des Voeux Road West.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Francis Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fleming"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Des Voeux Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Voeux_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titans-1"},{"link_name":"Pedder Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedder_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titans-1"},{"link_name":"reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"This road was once a waterfront promenade with boats docked against the northern side of the road. In 1889, the north shore of Victoria City was under extensive reclamation. In 1890, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn visited Hong Kong, when Francis Fleming, the then acting governor announced a new road to be constructed in front of the old \"Bowring Praya\" (present-day Des Voeux Road). This newly constructed road was then named Connaught Road, after the prince.[1] A statue of the Duke once also occupied the junction of Pedder Street.[1]Connaught Road West was lined with many piers in the past. Rice wholesalers gathered there owing to its proximity to the shore. Due to reclamation of the harbour, the entire length of Connaught Road has now become landlocked.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structures along Connaught Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIG Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG_Tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Club Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Club_Building"},{"link_name":"Statue Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_Square"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Connaught Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Place_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Chater House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chater_House"},{"link_name":"Jardine House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine_House"},{"link_name":"Central Elevated Walkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Elevated_Walkway"},{"link_name":"World-Wide House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-Wide_House"},{"link_name":"Exchange Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Square_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"International Finance Centre Tower One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Centre_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Wing On House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_On_House"},{"link_name":"Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank_Headquarters_Building"},{"link_name":"Shun Tak Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_Tak_Centre"}],"sub_title":"Connaught Road Central","text":"AIG Tower\nEdinburgh Tower[2]\nHong Kong Club Building\nStatue Square\nHong Kong City Hall\nMandarin Oriental, Hong Kong\nConnaught Place\nChater House\nJardine House\nCentral Elevated Walkway\nWorld-Wide House\nExchange Square\nInternational Finance Centre Tower One\nWing On House\nHang Seng Bank Headquarters Building\nShun Tak Centre","title":"Structures along Connaught Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat_Sen_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"Witty Street Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways#Depots"},{"link_name":"Western Wholesale Food Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Fisheries_Department"},{"link_name":"Western Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Liaison Office of the Central People's Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOCPG"},{"link_name":"Hotel Marriott Courtyard Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Courtyard#Hotels"},{"link_name":"yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%90%AC%E6%80%A1%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97"},{"link_name":"zh-tw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%90%AC%E6%80%A1%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97"},{"link_name":"Island Pacific Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Pacific_Hotel"}],"sub_title":"Connaught Road West","text":"Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park\nWitty Street Depot of the Hong Kong Tramways\nWestern Wholesale Food Market\nWestern Harbour Crossing\nLiaison Office of the Central People's Government\nHotel Marriott Courtyard Hong Kong [yue; zh-tw]\nIsland Pacific Hotel","title":"Structures along Connaught Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chater_House_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chater House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chater_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aigtower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Statue_Square_Xmas_Tree_Mandarin_Oriental_Hotel.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Chater_Road_Statue_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Club_Connaught_Road_Central.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Hall_from_Statue_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Connaught_Garden_Henry_Moore_sculture_6.JPG"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Walkway.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connaught_Road_Central_daytime_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Connaught_Road_C_Hang_Seng_Bank_Jubilee_Street.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hang Seng Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hkshuntak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WingOnHouseCentralHKG.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_2_ChinaChem_Plaza_China_Insurance_Group_Building_5.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connaught_road_west_night_view_2019.10.jpg"}],"text":"Connaught Road frontage of Chater House in July 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAIG Tower, 1 Connaught Road Central in August 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Mandarin Oriental Hotel in December 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue Square abuts Connaught Road in May 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Hong Kong Club Building's frontage on Connaught Road in April 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Hall facing Connaught Road in September 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Moore's sculpture, Connaught Place in 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Central Elevated Walkway crosses Connaught Road in June 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConnaught Road, looking west in January 2006 (1IFC on the right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew Headquarters of the Hang Seng Bank in April 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConnaught Road West Flyover leading up to the Shun Tak Centre (background) in August 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWing On House (middle); the two buildings to the right are the old and new headquarters of Hang Seng Bank in September 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChinaChem Plaza and the China Insurance Group Building are both on Connaught Road Central in April 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConnaught Road West at night in October 2019","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"1911 map showing Connaught Road on the Central Waterfront","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Central_map1911.gif/220px-Central_map1911.gif"},{"image_text":"Connaght Road Central c.1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Post_Office%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-Post_Office%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg"},{"image_text":"Connaught Road in the 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blake_Pier_West.jpg/220px-Blake_Pier_West.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Connaught Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Connaught_Road"},{"title":"List of streets and roads in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Pedder Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedder_Street"}]

[{"reference":"Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). \"Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good\". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522042337/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=27127&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990418&sear_year=1999","url_text":"\"Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)","url_text":"The Standard"},{"url":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=27127&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990418&sear_year=1999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Connaught Road Central — CBD OFFICE RENTAL | HONG KONG (2022-23)\". CBD OFFICE RENTAL | HONG KONG. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbdofficehk.com/connaught-road-central","url_text":"\"Connaught Road Central — CBD OFFICE RENTAL | HONG KONG (2022-23)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_quality

Laser beam quality

["1 M2 definitions","2 M2 measurement","3 References"]

Laser beams In laser science, laser beam quality defines aspects of the beam illumination pattern and the merits of a particular laser beam's propagation and transformation properties (space-bandwidth criterion). By observing and recording the beam pattern, for example, one can infer the spatial mode properties of the beam and whether or not the beam is being clipped by an obstruction; By focusing the laser beam with a lens and measuring the minimum spot size, the number of times diffraction limit or focusing quality can be computed. Anthony E. Siegman was the first to propose the formalism for a laser beam quality factor that could be measured and used to compare different beams, independent of wavelength. The factor is called beam propagation ratio (M2), and it is closely related to the beam parameter product. While the M2 factor does not give detail on the spatial characteristics of the beam, it does indicate how close it is to being a fundamental-mode Gaussian beam. It also determines the smallest spot size for the beam, as well as the beam divergence. M2 can also give an indication of beam distortions due to, for example, power-induced thermal lensing in the laser gain medium, since it will increase. There are some limitations to the M2 parameter as a simple quality metric. It can be difficult to measure accurately, and factors such as background noise can create large errors in M2. Beams with power well out in the "tails" of the distribution have M2 much larger than one would expect. In theory, an idealized tophat laser beam has infinite M2, although this is not true of any physically realizable tophat beam. For a pure Bessel beam, one cannot even compute M2. The definition of "quality" also depends on the application. While a high-quality single-mode Gaussian beam (M2 close to unity) is optimum for many applications, for other applications a uniform multimode tophat beam intensity distribution is required. An example is laser surgery. Power-in-the-bucket and Strehl ratio are two other attempts to define beam quality. Both these methods use a laser beam profiler to measure how much power is delivered to a given area. There is also no simple conversion between M2, power-in-the-bucket, and Strehl ratio. M2 definitions Main article: M squared M2 definition The equation for the divergence of a pure Gaussian TEM00 unfocused beam propagating through space is given by Θ 00 = 4 λ π D 00 {\displaystyle \Theta _{00}={4\lambda \over \pi D_{00}}} , (1) where D00 is the diameter of the beam waist, and λ is the wavelength. Higher mode beams often start with a larger beam waist, D0, and/or have a faster divergence Θ0. In this case Equation (1) becomes Θ 0 = M 2 4 λ π D 0 {\displaystyle \Theta _{0}=M^{2}{4\lambda \over \pi D_{0}}} , (2) where Θ0 and D0 are the divergence and waist of a higher mode beam and M2 is greater than 1 and is named the "Beam Propagation Ratio" per the ISO 11146 standard. When a Gaussian laser beam is focused, the focused spot diameter is defined by d 00 = 4 λ f π D 00 {\displaystyle d_{00}={4\lambda f \over \pi D_{00}}} , (3) where d00 is the ideal focused spot diameter, f is the focal length of the focusing lens, and D00 is the input beam waist and is placed one focal length from the lens as shown in the figure. However, when a multimode beam is focused, Equation (3) becomes d 0 = M 2 4 λ f π D 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}=M^{2}{4\lambda f \over \pi D_{0}}} . (4) M2 measurement M2 cannot be determined from a single beam profile measurement. The ISO/DIS 11146 define that M2 should be calculated from a series of measurements as shown in the figure below. M2 is measured on real beams by focusing the beam with a fixed position lens of known focal length, and then measuring the characteristics of the beam waist and divergence. These measurements can be taken with a laser beam profiler. Measurement positions for obtaining M2 The multiple measurements ensure that the minimum beam diameter is found and enable a "curve fit" that improves the accuracy of the calculation by minimizing measurement error. References ^ Siegman, Anthony E. (February 5, 1993). Bhowmik, Anup (ed.). "Defining, measuring, and optimizing laser beam quality". Proc. SPIE 1868, Laser Resonators and Coherent Optics: Modeling, Technology, and Applications. Laser Resonators and Coherent Optics: Modeling, Technology, and Applications. 2: 2. Bibcode:1993SPIE.1868....2S. doi:10.1117/12.150601. S2CID 73623358. ^ Siegman, A. E. (October 1997). "How to (Maybe) Measure Laser Beam Quality". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.3400. Tutorial presentation at the Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, Long Beach, California ^ Borghi, R.; Santarsiero, M. (March 1, 1997). "M2 factor of Bessel–Gauss beams" (PDF). Optics Letters. 22 (5): 262–264. Bibcode:1997OptL...22..262B. doi:10.1364/ol.22.000262. PMID 18183169. ^ Fry, Constance L.; Faulkner., Alan R. (eds.). Current Concepts in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery. ^ ISO 11146:2005(E), "Lasers and laser-related equipment — Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios". ^ G. Langer et al., A webcam in Bayer-mode as a light beam profiler for the near infra-red, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 51 (2013) 571–575

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laser science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_science"},{"link_name":"laser beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam"},{"link_name":"spatial mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_mode"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"diffraction limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_limit"},{"link_name":"Anthony E. Siegman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_E._Siegman"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"beam propagation ratio (M2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_squared"},{"link_name":"beam parameter product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_parameter_product"},{"link_name":"Gaussian beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beam"},{"link_name":"beam divergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_divergence"},{"link_name":"thermal lensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_lensing"},{"link_name":"laser gain medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_gain_medium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegman_1997-2"},{"link_name":"tophat laser beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophat_beam"},{"link_name":"Bessel beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_beam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tophat beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophat_beam"},{"link_name":"laser surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_surgery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Strehl ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strehl_ratio"},{"link_name":"laser beam profiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler"}],"text":"In laser science, laser beam quality defines aspects of the beam illumination pattern and the merits of a particular laser beam's propagation and transformation properties (space-bandwidth criterion). By observing and recording the beam pattern, for example, one can infer the spatial mode properties of the beam and whether or not the beam is being clipped by an obstruction; By focusing the laser beam with a lens and measuring the minimum spot size, the number of times diffraction limit or focusing quality can be computed.Anthony E. Siegman was the first to propose the formalism for a laser beam quality factor that could be measured and used to compare different beams, independent of wavelength.[1] The factor is called beam propagation ratio (M2), and it is closely related to the beam parameter product. While the M2 factor does not give detail on the spatial characteristics of the beam, it does indicate how close it is to being a fundamental-mode Gaussian beam. It also determines the smallest spot size for the beam, as well as the beam divergence. M2 can also give an indication of beam distortions due to, for example, power-induced thermal lensing in the laser gain medium, since it will increase.There are some limitations to the M2 parameter as a simple quality metric. It can be difficult to measure accurately, and factors such as background noise can create large errors in M2.[2] Beams with power well out in the \"tails\" of the distribution have M2 much larger than one would expect. In theory, an idealized tophat laser beam has infinite M2, although this is not true of any physically realizable tophat beam. For a pure Bessel beam, one cannot even compute M2.[3]The definition of \"quality\" also depends on the application. While a high-quality single-mode Gaussian beam (M2 close to unity) is optimum for many applications, for other applications a uniform multimode tophat beam intensity distribution is required. An example is laser surgery.[4]Power-in-the-bucket and Strehl ratio are two other attempts to define beam quality. Both these methods use a laser beam profiler to measure how much power is delivered to a given area. There is also no simple conversion between M2, power-in-the-bucket, and Strehl ratio.","title":"Laser beam quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2definition.gif"},{"link_name":"equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation"},{"link_name":"divergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_divergence"},{"link_name":"Gaussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beam"},{"link_name":"beam waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_waist"},{"link_name":"Ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_diameter"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length"},{"link_name":"multimode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mode"}],"text":"M2 definitionThe equation for the divergence of a pure Gaussian TEM00 unfocused beam propagating through space is given byΘ\n \n 00\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 4\n λ\n \n \n π\n \n D\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Theta _{00}={4\\lambda \\over \\pi D_{00}}}\n \n, (1)where D00 is the diameter of the beam waist, and λ is the wavelength. Higher mode beams often start with a larger beam waist, D0, and/or have a faster divergence Θ0. In this case Equation (1) becomesΘ\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n λ\n \n \n π\n \n D\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Theta _{0}=M^{2}{4\\lambda \\over \\pi D_{0}}}\n \n, (2)where Θ0 and D0 are the divergence and waist of a higher mode beam and M2 is greater than 1 and is named the \"Beam Propagation Ratio\" per the ISO 11146 standard. When a Gaussian laser beam is focused, the focused spot diameter is defined byd\n \n 00\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 4\n λ\n f\n \n \n π\n \n D\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{00}={4\\lambda f \\over \\pi D_{00}}}\n \n, (3)where d00 is the ideal focused spot diameter, f is the focal length of the focusing lens, and D00 is the input beam waist and is placed one focal length from the lens as shown in the figure. However, when a multimode beam is focused, Equation (3) becomesd\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n λ\n f\n \n \n π\n \n D\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{0}=M^{2}{4\\lambda f \\over \\pi D_{0}}}\n \n. (4)","title":"M2 definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"laser beam profiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focusinglens.gif"}],"text":"M2 cannot be determined from a single beam profile measurement. The ISO/DIS 11146 define that M2 should be calculated from a series of measurements as shown in the figure below.[5] M2 is measured on real beams by focusing the beam with a fixed position lens of known focal length, and then measuring the characteristics of the beam waist and divergence. These measurements can be taken with a laser beam profiler.[6]Measurement positions for obtaining M2The multiple measurements ensure that the minimum beam diameter is found and enable a \"curve fit\" that improves the accuracy of the calculation by minimizing measurement error.","title":"M2 measurement"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_condor

California condor

["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Evolutionary history","2 Description","3 Historic range","4 Habitat","5 Ecology and behavior","5.1 Breeding","5.2 Feeding","6 Conservation","6.1 Recovery plan","6.2 Reintroduction to the wild","6.3 Obstacles to recovery","6.3.1 Reproduction","6.3.2 Lead poisoning","6.3.3 Other premature death","6.3.4 Trash ingestion","6.3.5 Disease","6.4 Population growth","6.5 Reintroduction to Mexico","6.6 Expanded range","6.7 Condor Watch","7 Relationship with humans","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Cited texts","10 Further reading","11 External links"]

Large New World vulture, North America California condorTemporal range: 2.5–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Early Pleistocene – Holocene Condor #534 soaring over the Grand Canyon, U.S. Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae Genus: Gymnogyps Species: G. californianus Binomial name Gymnogyps californianus(Shaw, 1797) Range map of California condor:   Extant (resident)   Possibly extinct Synonyms Genus-level: Antillovultur Arredondo, 1971 Pseudogryphus Ridgway, 1874 Species-level: Vultur californianus Shaw, 1797 The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion National Park), the coastal mountains of California, and northern Baja California in Mexico. It is the only surviving member of the genus Gymnogyps, although four extinct members of the genus are also known. The species is listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as Critically Endangered, and similarly considered Critically Imperiled by NatureServe. The plumage is black with patches of white on the underside of the wings; the head is largely bald, with skin color ranging from gray on young birds to yellow and bright orange on breeding adults. Its 3.0 m (9.8 ft) wingspan is the widest of any North American bird, and its weight of up to 12 kg (26 lb) nearly equals that of the trumpeter swan, the heaviest among native North American bird species. The condor is a scavenger and eats large amounts of carrion. It is one of the world's longest-living birds, with a lifespan of up to 60 years. Condor numbers dramatically declined in the 20th century due to agricultural chemicals (DDT), poaching, lead poisoning, and habitat destruction. A conservation plan put in place by the United States government led to the capture of all the remaining wild condors by 1987, with a total population of 27 individuals. These surviving birds were bred at the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo. Numbers rose through captive breeding, and beginning in 1991, condors were reintroduced into the wild. Since then, their population has grown, but the California condor remains one of the world's rarest bird species. By 31 December 2023, the Fish and Wildlife Service had updated the total world population of 561. A May 2024 population estimate of 561 is provided by the non-profit Ventana Wildlife Society on their website. The condor is a significant bird to many Californian Native American groups and plays an important role in several of their traditional myths. Taxonomy Frederick Polydore Nodder's illustration accompanying George Shaw's 1797 species description The California condor was described by English naturalist George Shaw in 1797 as Vultur californianus; Archibald Menzies collected the type specimen "from the coast of California" during the Vancouver expedition. It was originally classified in the same genus as the Andean condor (V. gryphus), but, due to the Andean condor's slightly different markings, slightly longer wings, and tendency to kill small animals to eat, the California condor has been placed in its own monotypic genus. The generic name Gymnogyps is derived from the Greek gymnos/γυμνος "naked" or "bare", and gyps/γυψ "vulture", while the specific name californianus comes from its location in California. The word condor itself is derived from the Quechua word kuntur. A California condor skull The exact taxonomic placement of the California condor and the other six species of New World vultures remains unclear. Though similar in appearance and ecological roles to Old World vultures, the New World vultures evolved from a different ancestor in a different part of the world. Just how different the two are is under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks. More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes. The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible. As of the 51st Supplement (2010) of the American Ornithologists' Union, the California condor is in the family Cathartidae of the order Cathartiformes. Evolutionary history Fossil of the extinct species Gymnogyps amplus from the La Brea Tar Pits The genus Gymnogyps is an example of a relict distribution. During the Pleistocene Epoch, this genus was widespread across the Americas. From fossils, the Floridian Gymnogyps kofordi from the Early Pleistocene and the Peruvian Gymnogyps howardae from the Late Pleistocene have been described. A condor found in Late Pleistocene deposits on Cuba was initially described as Antillovultur varonai, but has since been recognized as another member of Gymnogyps, Gymnogyps varonai. It may even have derived from a founder population of California condors. The California condor is the sole surviving member of Gymnogyps and has no accepted subspecies. However, there is a Late Pleistocene form that is sometimes regarded as a palaeosubspecies, Gymnogyps californianus amplus. Opinions are mixed, regarding the classification of the form as either a chronospecies or a separate species, Gymnogyps amplus. Gymnogyps amplus occurred over much of the bird's historical range – even extending into Florida – but was larger, having about the same weight as the Andean condor. This bird also had a wider bill. As the climate changed during the last ice age, the entire population became smaller until it had evolved into the Gymnogyps californianus of today, although more recent studies by Syverson question that theory. Description An adult in flight. Tracking tags can be seen on both wings. The adult California condor is a uniform black with the exception of large triangular patches or bands of white on the underside of the wings. It has gray legs and feet, an ivory-colored bill, a frill of black feathers surrounding the base of the neck, and brownish red eyes. The juvenile is mostly a mottled dark brown with blackish coloration on the head. It has mottled gray instead of white on the underside of its flight feathers. The condor's head has little to no feathers, which helps keep it clean when feeding on carrion. The skin of the head and neck is capable of flushing noticeably in response to emotional state. The skin color varies from yellowish to a glowing reddish-orange. The birds do not have true syringeal vocalizations. They can make a few hissing or grunting sounds only heard when very close. The upper body and head The female condor is smaller than the male, an exception to the rule among birds of prey (the related Andean condor is another exception). Overall length ranges from 109 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in) and wingspan from 2.49 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in). Their weight ranges from 7 to 14.1 kg (15 to 31 lb), with estimations of average weight ranging from 8 to 9 kg (18 to 20 lb). Wingspans of up to 3.4 m (11 ft) have been reported but no wingspan over 3.05 m (10.0 ft) has been verified. Most measurements are from birds raised in captivity, so it is difficult to determine if major differences exist between wild and captive condors. California condors have the largest wingspan of any North American bird. They are surpassed in both body length and weight only by the trumpeter swan and the introduced mute swan. The American white pelican and whooping crane also have longer bodies than the condor. Condors are so large that they can be mistaken for a small, distant airplane, which possibly occurs more often than that they are mistaken for other bird species. The middle toe of the California condor's foot is greatly elongated, and the hind toe is only slightly developed. The talons of all the toes are straight and blunt and are thus more adapted to walking than gripping. This is more similar to their supposed relatives the storks than to birds of prey and Old World vultures, which use their feet as weapons or organs of prehension. Historic range California oak savanna on the east flank of Sonoma Mountain At the time of human settlement of the Americas, the California condor was widespread across North America; condor bones from the late Pleistocene have been found at the Cutler Fossil Site in southern Florida. However, at the end of the last glacial period came the extinction of the megafauna that led to a subsequent reduction in range and population. Five hundred years ago, the California condor roamed across the American Southwest and West Coast. Faunal remains of condors have been found documented in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas. The Lewis and Clark Expedition of the early 19th century reported on their sighting and shooting of California condors near the mouth of the Columbia River. In the 1970s, two Condor Observation Sites were established in the Santa Clara River Valley to host hopeful birders interested in the endangered species: one about 15 miles north of Fillmore, California, near the Sespe Wildlife Area of Los Padres National Forest, and one atop Mount Pinos, "accessible from a dirt road off the highway in from Gorman". Habitat The California condor lives in rocky shrubland, coniferous forest, and oak savanna. They are often found near cliffs or large trees, which they use as nesting sites. Individual birds have a huge range and have been known to travel up to 250 km (160 mi) in search of carrion. There are two sanctuaries chosen because of their prime condor nesting habitat: the Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary in the San Rafael Wilderness and the Sespe Condor Sanctuary in the Los Padres National Forest. The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992 expanded existing wilderness by 34,200 hectares (84,400 acres) and designated 127,900 hectares (316,050 acres) of new wilderness that provide habitat for the condor in the Los Padres. Ecology and behavior Preening condors The California condor's large flight muscles are not anchored by a correspondingly large sternum, which restricts them to being primarily soarers. The birds flap their wings when taking off from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation they largely glide, sometimes going for miles without a single flap of their wings. They have been known to fly up to speeds of 90 km/h (56 mph) and as high as 4,600 m (15,100 ft). They prefer to roost on high perches from which they can launch without any major wing-flapping effort. Often, these birds are seen soaring near rock cliffs, using thermals to aid them in keeping aloft. The California condor has a long life span, reaching up to 60 years. If it survives to adulthood, the condor has few natural threats other than humans. Because they lack a syrinx, their vocal display is limited to grunts and hisses. Condors bathe frequently and can spend hours a day preening their feathers. Condors also perform urohidrosis, or defecate on their legs, to reduce their body temperature. There is a well-developed social structure within large groups of condors, with competition to determine a pecking order decided by body language, competitive play behavior, and a variety of hisses and grunts. This social hierarchy is displayed especially when the birds feed, with the dominant birds eating before the younger ones. Breeding An adult with a 30-day-old chick in a cave nest near the Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, California, U.S. Condors begin to look for a mate when they reach sexual maturity at the age of 6. To attract a prospective mate, the male condor performs a display, in which the male turns his head red and puffs out his neck feathers. He then spreads his wings and slowly approaches the female. If the female lowers her head to accept the male, the condors become mates for life. The pair makes a simple nest in caves or on cliff clefts, especially ones with nearby roosting trees and open spaces for landing. A mated female lays one bluish-white egg every other year. Eggs are laid as early as January to as late as April. The egg weighs about 280 grams (10 oz) and measures from 90 to 120 mm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and about 67 mm (2.6 in) in width. If the chick or egg is lost or removed, the parents "double clutch", or lay another egg to take the lost one's place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the reproductive rate by taking the first egg away for puppet-rearing; this induces the parents to lay a second (or even third) egg, which the condors are sometimes allowed to raise. The eggs hatch after 53 to 60 days of incubation by both parents. Chicks are born with their eyes open and sometimes can take up to a week to leave the shell completely. The young are covered with a grayish down until they are almost as large as their parents. They are able to fly after 5 to 6 months, but continue to roost and forage with their parents until they are in their second year, at which point the parents typically turn their energies to a new nest. Ravens are the main predatory threat to condor eggs, while golden eagles and bears are potential predators of condor offspring. In 2021, the San Diego Zoo reported having had two unfertilized eggs hatch within its breeding program in 2001 and 2009, producing male young by parthenogenesis as indicated by genetic studies. The mothers had been housed with males and had mated before, but the offspring lacked markers of male paternity and showed all-maternal inheritance, suggesting the specific mechanism of parthenogenesis involved automixis, gametic fusion, or endomitosis. Earlier evidence of similar parthenogenesis in birds found that among the known examples the embryos died before hatching, unlike these condor chicks. Neither chick lived to sexual maturity, preventing data collection on their reproductive potential. Feeding Juveniles feeding See also: Evolutionary anachronism Wild condors maintain a large home range, often traveling 250 km (160 mi) a day in search of carrion. It is thought that in the early days of its existence as a species, the California condor lived off the carcasses of the Pleistocene megafauna, which are largely extinct in North America. They still prefer to feast on large, terrestrial mammalian carcasses such as deer, goats, sheep, donkeys, horses, pigs, cougars, bears, or cattle. Alternatively, they may feed on the bodies of smaller mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, or coyotes, aquatic mammals such as whales and California sea lions, or salmon. Bird and reptile carcasses are rarely eaten. Condors prefer fresh kills, but they also eat decayed food when necessary. Since they do not have a sense of smell, they spot these corpses by looking for other scavengers, like eagles and smaller vultures, the latter of which cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of the larger condor. They can usually intimidate other scavengers away from the carcass, with the exception of bears, which will ignore them, and golden eagles, which will fight a condor over a kill or a carcass. In the wild they are intermittent eaters, often going for between a few days to two weeks without eating, then gorging themselves on 1–1.5 kilograms (2.2–3.3 lb) of meat at once. Conservation A juvenile in the Grand Canyon, with its numbered tag prominent. The California condor conservation project may be one of the most expensive species conservation projects in United States history, costing over $35 million, including $20 million in federal and state funding, since World War II. As of 2007, the annual cost for the condor conservation program was around $2.0 million per year. Successful reintroduction of captive-bred condors into the wild has become a multi-step and complex process, fraught with the need to periodically recapture the birds to test for lead poisoning and sometimes the necessity for lead removal by chelation. Recovery plan A condor chick being fed by a condor head feeding puppet As the condor's population continued to decline, discussion began about starting a captive breeding program for the birds. Opponents to this plan argued that the condors had the right to freedom and that capturing all of the condors would change the species' habits forever, and that the cost was too great. The project received the approval of the United States government, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service established the California Condor Recovery Program in 1979. The capture of the remaining wild condors was completed on Easter Sunday 1987, when AC-9, the last wild condor, was captured. At that point, there were only 22 surviving condors, all of them in captivity. The goal of the California Condor Recovery Plan was to establish two geographically separate populations, one in California and the other in Arizona, each with 150 birds and at least 15 breeding pairs. The study and capture of the remaining California condors was made possible through the efforts of Jan Hamber, an ornithologist with the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Hamber personally captured AC-9, the final wild California condor, and her dedication to the bird's conservation led her to compile decades of field notes into the Condor Archives, a searchable database focused on condor biology and conservation. The captive breeding program, led by the San Diego Wild Animal Park and Los Angeles Zoo, and with other participating zoos around the country, including the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, got off to a slow start due to the condor's mating habits. However, utilizing the bird's ability to double clutch, biologists began removing the first egg from the nest and raising it with puppets, allowing the parents to lay another egg. Aside from breeding programs, the Condor Recovery Center at Oakland Zoo treats condors that are ill from lead poisoning. The California condor once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that number to over 500 today. Reintroduction to the wild In 1988, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive Andean condors into the wild in California. Only females were released, to eliminate the possibility of accidentally introducing a South American species into the United States. The experiment was a success, and all the Andean condors were recaptured and re-released in South America. California condors were released in 1991 and 1992 in California at Big Sur, Pinnacles National Park and Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge and in 1996 at the Vermilion Cliffs release site in Arizona near the Grand Canyon. The Fish and Wildlife Service designated the Arizona condors as an experimental, nonessential animal so they would not affect land regulations or development as ranchers were concerned they could be charged with an offense if any birds were injured on their property after the release. Though the birth rate remains low in the wild, their numbers are increasing steadily through regular releases of captive-reared adolescents. A USFWS sign at Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge showing the site's association with the California Condor Recovery Program Obstacles to recovery In modern times, numerous causes have contributed to the California condor's decline, both before and after recovery efforts began. For example, between 1992 and 2013, 237 condor deaths occurred in the wild population. The leading cause of mortality in condor nestlings is the ingestion of trash that is fed to them by their parents. Among juveniles and adults, lead poisoning (from eating animal carcasses containing lead shot) is the leading cause of death. Significant past damage to the condor population has also been attributed to poaching, DDT poisoning, electric power lines, egg collecting, and habitat destruction. During the California Gold Rush, some condors were even kept as pets. Reproduction Its low clutch size (one young per nest) and late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years) make the bird vulnerable to artificial population decline. Inbreeding may be causing increased incidence of fatal chondrodystrophic dwarfism in wild condors, as well as a syndrome presenting with 14 rather than the typical 12 tail feathers. A 2021 study found a surprising degree of genomic diversity in condors, however. Such data allow refinement to conservation strategies, helping mitigate the effects of inbreeding. One of the study's authors hopes to complete genomic analysis of all 22 individuals from which all living condors descend. Lead poisoning Lead poisoning is a significant threat to condors and other avian and terrestrial scavengers Fragmented lead ammunition in large game waste is highly problematic for condors due to their extremely strong digestive juices. Blood-lead analysis of wild condors showed lead isotope signature matches to ammunition purchased by researchers near the range of the affected condors. In California, the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act went into effect July 1, 2008, requiring that hunters use non-lead ammunition when hunting in the condor's range. Blood lead levels in golden eagles as well as turkey vultures has declined with the implementation of the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act, demonstrating that the legislation has helped reduce other species' lead exposures aside from the California condor. There is no comparable anti-lead-bullet legislation in the other states in which the condor resides. In 2015, Bruce Rideout, director of the wildlife disease laboratories for San Diego Zoo Global, indicated that lead poisoning is the most common cause of death for juvenile and adult condors in the wild. Among wild deaths with known causes between 1992 and 2013, over 60% (excluding chicks and fledglings) have been as a result of lead poisoning. Due to condors' long lifespan (over 50 years) and relatively late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years), and small clutch size in the wild (one egg every year or two), the population is very poorly suited to withstand the neurotoxic effects of lead exposure." According to epidemiologist Terra Kelly, until all natural food sources are free from lead-based ammunition, "lead poisoning will threaten recovery of naturally sustaining populations of condors in the wild." While researchers and veterinarians involved in the condor recovery program note that hunters who use lead-free ammunition actually provide critical sources of food for condors and other scavengers, they caution that using lead ammunition presents a serious and preventable threat to condors and other wildlife. Other premature death Premature condor death may also occur due to contact with golden eagles, whose talons enable defense of carrion against condors. Evidence from condor release efforts also suggests golden eagles may occasionally kill condors. Collision with power lines can also result in condor death. Since 1994, captive-bred California condors have been trained to avoid power lines and people. Since the implementation of this aversion conditioning program, the number of condor deaths due to power lines has greatly decreased. Trash ingestion "Being vultures, condors not only eat dead animals but they also have been observed eating small pieces of bone . Although extremely intelligent, condors can’t always tell the difference between small pieces of trash and pieces of bone," according to Tim Hauck, Project Director for the California Condor Reintroduction Program. Indigestible trash can cause impaction, starvation, and death if affected condors do not receive timely medical intervention. Parent birds may unintentionally feed microtrash to nestlings, which some research has shown to be the leading cause of death among wild condor nestlings. Disease In 2023, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) infected members of the Utah-Arizona flock, killing 21 condors (including 13 individuals from 8 breeding pairs). Other individuals were released back into the wild following medical treatment. Sixteen condors were treated as part of a vaccine trial. As of 2 February 2024, 94 condors had received at least the first of two doses of the vaccine. During routine winter trapping intended to assess lead levels, blood samples collected from 21 condors were tested for HPAI antibodies. About half the samples showed the presence of antibodies to the H5N1 strain of HPAI, indicating these birds were exposed to the virus and survived naturally. Population growth Nesting milestones have been reached by the reintroduced condors. In 2003, the first nestling fledged in the wild since 1981. In March 2006, a pair of California condors, released by Ventana Wildlife Society, attempted to nest in a hollow tree near Big Sur, California. This was the first time in more than 100 years that a pair of California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California. In October 2010, the wild condor population reached 100 individuals in its namesake state of California, plus 73 wild condors in Arizona. In November 2011, there were 394 living individuals, 205 of them in the wild and the rest in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, the Santa Barbara Zoo, the Los Angeles Zoo, the Oregon Zoo, and the World Center for Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho. In May 2012, the number of living individuals had reached 405, with 179 living in captivity. By June 2014, the condor population had reached 439: 225 in the wild and 214 in captivity. Official statistics from the December 2016 USFWS recorded an overall population of 446, of which 276 are wild and 170 are captive. A key milestone was reached in 2015 when more condors were born in the wild than died. Reintroduction to Mexico As the Recovery Program achieved milestones, a fifth active release site in Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, Baja California, Mexico, was added to the three release sites in California and the release site in Arizona. In early 2007, a California condor laid an egg in Mexico for the first time since at least the 1930s. In June 2016, three chicks that were born in Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, were flown to Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, Baja California, Mexico. In the spring of 2009, a second wild chick was born in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park and was named Inyaa ("Sun" in the Kiliwa language) by local environmentalists. Expanded range Pinnacles National Park, a release site In 2014, Condor #597, also known as "Lupine", was spotted near Pescadero, a coastal community south of San Francisco. Lupine had been routinely seen at Pinnacles National Park after having been released into the wild at Big Sur the previous year. Younger birds of the central California population are seeking to expand their territory, which could mean that a new range expansion is possible for the more than 60 condors flying free in central California. Also in 2014 the first successful breeding in Utah was reported. A pair of condors that had been released in Arizona, nested in Zion National Park and the hatching of one chick was confirmed. The 1,000th chick since recovery efforts began hatched in Zion in May 2019. The California condor was seen for the first time in nearly 50 years in Sequoia National Park in late May 2020. As part of an effort headed by the Yurok tribe to reintroduce the condor (Yurok name 'prey-go-neesh') to the coastal redwoods of northern California, birds hatched at the Oregon Zoo and the World Center for Birds of Prey were released at Redwood National Park in 2022. The first condor brought to the Yurok site was called Paaytoqin from the Nez Perce language meaning 'Come back'; he is also known as 'Mentor' or #736. He was brought to the site, but not released, to help instruct the younger condors how to behave "because of his calm nature and good disposition". Mentor condors are used to serve as a role model and establish a social hierarchy within a flock as an essential part of its survival. The first condor to be released was called Poy’-we-son (Yurok for "the one who goes ahead"), followed by Nes-kwe-chokw ("He returns"), Ney-gem’ ‘Ne-chweenkah’ ("She carries our prayers") and ‘Hlow Hoo-let’ ("At last I (or we) fly!"). The youngsters felt at home with one another having lived together at other facilities. As of March 2024 11 birds (4 females and 7 males) have been successfully introduced, with another 5 or more being released this year. An article in the North Coast Journal from November 2023 describes the 11 birds with their names and translations. Condor Watch Zooniverse icon for Condor Watch A crowdsourcing project called Condor Watch (CW) was started on April 14, 2014, and ended in 2020. Hosted by the web portal Zooniverse, volunteers were asked to examine motion-capture images of California condors associated with release sites managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service and Ventana Wildlife Society. The tasks on the website included identifying tagged condors and marking the distance to feeding sources such as animal carcasses. Biologists can then use this data to deduce which birds are at risk of lead poisoning. Condor Watch enabled volunteers, or citizen scientists, to participate in active research. The project had up 175,000 images to view and assess far more than the team could hope to view on their own. Lead scientist Myra Finkelstein believes volunteering is fun because it allows enthusiasts to track the "biographies" of individual condors. Citizen science has long been used in ornithology, for instance in the Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count, which began in 1900 and the breeding bird survey which began in 1966. McCaffrey (2005) believes this approach not only directly benefits ongoing projects, but will also help train aspiring ornithologists. Relationship with humans Condor on California's state quarter Throughout its historic range, the California condor has been a popular subject of mythology and an important symbol to Native Americans. Unusually, this bird takes on different roles in the storytelling of the different tribes. The Wiyot tribe of California say that the condor recreated mankind after Above Old Man wiped humanity out with a flood. However, other tribes, such as California's Mono, view the condor as a destroyer, not a creator; they say that Condor seized humans, cut off their heads, and drained their blood so that it would flood Ground Squirrel's home. Condor then seized Ground Squirrel after he fled, but Ground Squirrel managed to cut off Condor's head when Condor paused to take a drink of the blood. According to the Yokuts people, the condor sometimes ate the moon, causing the lunar cycle, and his wings caused eclipses. The Chumash tribe of Southern California tell that the condor was once a white bird, but it turned black when it flew too close to a fire. Condor bones have been found in Native American graves, as have condor feather headdresses. Cave paintings of condors have also been discovered. Some tribes ritually killed condors to make ceremonial clothing out of their feathers. Shamans then danced while wearing these to reach the upper and lower spiritual worlds. Whenever a Shaman died, his clothes were said to be cursed, so new clothing had to be made for his successor. Some researchers such as Snyder believe that this practice of making ceremonial clothing contributed to the condor's decline, writing that California Indians killed up to 700 condors each year. Snyder continues that this figure of 700 is "no doubt an unrealistically high estimate", writing that any estimate "would remain impressively high even if divided by 10". A few tribes were known to have killed condors such as the Miwok, the Patwin, the Luiseño and the Pomo but how many is not known and difficult to judge. Using available information, Wilbur writes that "a pre-European loss of condors to Indians might not have exceeded a dozen or so annually." Wilbur concludes that Indians might have contributed to the decline of California condors, "but their impact was minor except in highly localized situations." 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ISBN 978-0-12-654005-5. Retrieved April 20, 2024. ^ Gifford, E.W. (May 8, 1926). "Miwok Cults" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 18 (3): 394–396. Retrieved April 20, 2024. The eagle and condor were bird chiefs and their capture or killing was always preceded by the making of meal or seed offerings. ^ Kroeber, A.L. (February 27, 1932). "The Patwin and their neighbours" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 29 (4): 279. Retrieved April 20, 2024. Eagles (sul) and condors (molok), were shot, not netted, according to most informants; though one told of a spring noose on a bent-over live oak sapling. ^ Bates, C.D.; Hamber, J.A.; Lee, M.J. (1993). The California Condor and the California Indians. Vol. 19. American Indian Art. p. 41. Young birds taken from the nest were raised and then used in a ceremony that culminated in the killing of the bird by strangulation or pressing on its heart. ^ Gifford, E.W.; Kroeber, A.L. (July 1, 1937). "Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 37 (4): 170, 130. Retrieved April 20, 2024. Whole condor (sul) skin worn by male dancer. ^ a b Wilbur, S. (2012). "Condors and Indians". Symbios Books. Retrieved April 21, 2024. Cited texts Lesson, René-Primevère (1842). L'Echo du monde savant. . ser. 2 6 (44): col. 1037 Nielsen, John (2006). Condor: To the Brink and Back—The Life and Times of One Giant Bird. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-008862-0. Snyder, Noel; Snyder, Helen (2000). The California Condor. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-654005-5. vteBig SurPopulated places Big Sur Village Slates Hot Springs Posts Gorda Lucia Jamesburg Palo Colorado Canyon Plaskett Tassajara Hot Springs Land useFederal Los Padres National Forest Ventana Wilderness Silver Peak Wilderness Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Pfeiffer Beach State John Little State Natural Reserve Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve Point Sur State Historic Park Point Sur Lighthouse Point Lobos Ishxenta State Park Garrapata State Park Limekiln State Park Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park Andrew Molera State Park Southern Redwood Botanical Area Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area Local / county Palo Corona Regional Park Mill Creek Redwood Preserve University Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve Private Glen Deven Ranch El Sur Ranch Mitteldorf Preserve Palo Corona Ranch Santa Lucia Preserve Management Big Sur land use California Coastal Commission Big Sur Land Trust Big Sur Multi-Agency Advisory Council Big Sur Local Coastal Program Defense Committee South Coast Land Use Advisory Committee Geographical features Santa Lucia Range Malpaso Creek McWay Falls McWay Creek Little Sur River Big Sur River Ragged Point Anderson Canyon Palo Colorado Canyon Pfeiffer-Redwood Creek Jade Cove Sand Dollar Beach Cone Peak Pico Blanco Ventana Double Cone Junipero Serra Peak Chews Ridge Notley's Landing Big Creek Bridge Bixby Creek Bridge Pfeiffer Beach San Carpóforo Canyon Attractions Camp Pico Blanco Sykes Camp Bottchers Gap Deetjen's Big Sur Inn Point Sur Lighthouse Naval Facility Point Sur Nepenthe Esalen Institute Henry Miller Memorial Library Big Sur Condor Discovery Center Events Big Sur Folk Festival Big Sur International Marathon Big Sur Jade Festival Community Ventana Wildlife Society Ventana Wilderness Alliance Community Association of Big Sur Pacific Valley School Trails and roads Pine Ridge Trail Coast Ridge Road Old Coast Road Nacimiento-Fergusson Road Big Sur Coast Highway Palo Colorado Road Notable individuals José Abrego Ansel Adams Juan Bautista Alvarado Morley Baer Richard Brautigan John B. R. Cooper Kaffe Fassett William Randolph Hearst Robinson Jeffers Jack Kerouac Carolyn Mary Kleefeld Michael Murphy Henry Miller Emile Norman Nathaniel Owings Dick Price Elmer S. Rigdon Hunter S. Thompson Jean Varda Vilmos Zsigmond History Esselen people Salinan people Ohlone people Rancho El Sur Rancho San Francisquito Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito Rancho Tularcitos Rancho Milpitas Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito Manchester Los Burros Mining District USS Macon USS Ventura Marble Cone Fire Basin Complex Fire Soberanes Fire Dolan Fire Flora and fauna ' lousewort Santa Lucia fir Yadon's rein orchid California coastal redwood Tanbark oak Coast live oak California bay laurel North American cougar Rainbow trout California condor The exact boundaries of Big Sur are loosely defined. Further reading Arredondo, Oscar (1976). "The Great Predatory Birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba". In Olson, Storrs L. (ed.). Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 27. Translated by Olson, Storrs L. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 169–187. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.27.1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnogyps californianus. Wikispecies has information related to California condor. U.S. Fish and Wildlife California Condor Recovery Program Ventana Wildlife Society including the Live Condor cams at Big Sur and San Simeon. Hunting with Non-Lead Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: California condor Archived January 26, 2022, at the Wayback Machine BirdLife Species Factsheet 2008 (archived) vteVultures Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Cathartidae (New World vultures)Cathartes Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) Lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus) Greater yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes melambrotus) Coragyps American black vulture (Coragyps atratus) Sarcoramphus King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) Gymnogyps California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Vultur Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) Accipitridae: Gypaetinae (eagle-vultures)Eutriorchis Madagascar serpent eagle (Eutriorchis astur) Gypohierax Palm-nut vulture (Gypohierax angolensis) Polyboroides Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus) African harrier-hawk (Polyboroides typus) Neophron Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) Gypaetus Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) Accipitridae: Gypinae (Old World vultures)Sarcogyps Red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) Trigonoceps White-headed vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) Aegypius Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) Torgos Lappet-faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotos) Necrosyrtes Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) Gyps White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) Rüppell's vulture (Gyps rueppellii) Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris) Cape vulture (Gyps coprothere) Related topics Diclofenac Indian vulture crisis Taxon identifiersGymnogyps californianus Wikidata: Q194314 Wikispecies: Gymnogyps californianus ABA: calcon ADW: Gymnogyps Avibase: 24F1432829285FA9 BirdLife: 22697636 BOLD: 10287 BOW: calcon CoL: 3HSM2 Center: California_condor CMS: gymnogyps-californianus eBird: calcon ECOS: 8193 EURING: 2290 FEIS: gyca GBIF: 2481920 GNAB: california-condor iNaturalist: 4778 IRMNG: 11334532 ITIS: 175274 IUCN: 22697636 NatureServe: 2.101273 NCBI: 33616 Neotropical: calcon Observation.org: 73538 Open Tree of Life: 316992 Paleobiology Database: 137182 Species+: 10054 Xeno-canto: Gymnogyps-californianus Authority control databases National Germany Israel Other NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New World vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"extinct in the wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Zion National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_National_Park"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps"},{"link_name":"International Union for the Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Critically Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered"},{"link_name":"NatureServe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"trumpeter swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_swan"},{"link_name":"scavenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"longest-living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-living_organisms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn.com-6"},{"link_name":"Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDPop-7"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"San Diego Wild Animal Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Wild_Animal_Park"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Zoo"},{"link_name":"captive breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_breeding"},{"link_name":"Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_2023-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VSt_2-10"},{"link_name":"traditional myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOS_2-11"}],"text":"Large New World vulture, North AmericaThe California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion National Park), the coastal mountains of California, and northern Baja California in Mexico. It is the only surviving member of the genus Gymnogyps, although four extinct members of the genus are also known. The species is listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as Critically Endangered, and similarly considered Critically Imperiled by NatureServe.[5]The plumage is black with patches of white on the underside of the wings; the head is largely bald, with skin color ranging from gray on young birds to yellow and bright orange on breeding adults. Its 3.0 m (9.8 ft) wingspan is the widest of any North American bird, and its weight of up to 12 kg (26 lb) nearly equals that of the trumpeter swan, the heaviest among native North American bird species. The condor is a scavenger and eats large amounts of carrion. It is one of the world's longest-living birds, with a lifespan of up to 60 years.[6]Condor numbers dramatically declined in the 20th century due to agricultural chemicals (DDT), poaching, lead poisoning, and habitat destruction.[7] A conservation plan put in place by the United States government led to the capture of all the remaining wild condors by 1987, with a total population of 27 individuals.[8] These surviving birds were bred at the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo. Numbers rose through captive breeding, and beginning in 1991, condors were reintroduced into the wild. Since then, their population has grown, but the California condor remains one of the world's rarest bird species. By 31 December 2023, the Fish and Wildlife Service had updated the total world population of 561.[9] A May 2024 population estimate of 561 is provided by the non-profit Ventana Wildlife Society on their website.[10] The condor is a significant bird to many Californian Native American groups and plays an important role in several of their traditional myths.[11]","title":"California condor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Polydore Nodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Polydore_Nodder"},{"link_name":"George Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"species description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"George Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Archibald Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Menzies"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"Vancouver expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_expedition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw,_1797-4"},{"link_name":"Andean condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"monotypic genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liddell_1980-13"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calif_condor_skull.jpg"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"New World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACC-15"},{"link_name":"ecological roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"Old World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"storks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Falconiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconiformes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"South American Classification Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Classification_Committee"},{"link_name":"Ciconiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciconiiformes"},{"link_name":"Incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACC-15"},{"link_name":"Cathartidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartidae"},{"link_name":"Cathartiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartiformes"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Frederick Polydore Nodder's illustration accompanying George Shaw's 1797 species descriptionThe California condor was described by English naturalist George Shaw in 1797 as Vultur californianus; Archibald Menzies collected the type specimen \"from the coast of California\" during the Vancouver expedition.[4] It was originally classified in the same genus as the Andean condor (V. gryphus), but, due to the Andean condor's slightly different markings, slightly longer wings, and tendency to kill small animals to eat,[12] the California condor has been placed in its own monotypic genus. The generic name Gymnogyps is derived from the Greek gymnos/γυμνος \"naked\" or \"bare\", and gyps/γυψ \"vulture\",[13] while the specific name californianus comes from its location in California. The word condor itself is derived from the Quechua word kuntur.[14]A California condor skullThe exact taxonomic placement of the California condor and the other six species of New World vultures remains unclear.[15] Though similar in appearance and ecological roles to Old World vultures, the New World vultures evolved from a different ancestor in a different part of the world. Just how different the two are is under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks.[16] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures[17] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.[18] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.[15]As of the 51st Supplement (2010) of the American Ornithologists' Union, the California condor is in the family Cathartidae of the order Cathartiformes.[19]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps amplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_amplus"},{"link_name":"La Brea Tar Pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"relict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Early Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps howardae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_howardae"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CornellBNA-20"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps varonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_varonai"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"palaeosubspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronospecies"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syverson_1-22"},{"link_name":"Andean condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1-23"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syverson_1-22"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary history","text":"Fossil of the extinct species Gymnogyps amplus from the La Brea Tar PitsThe genus Gymnogyps is an example of a relict distribution. During the Pleistocene Epoch, this genus was widespread across the Americas. From fossils, the Floridian Gymnogyps kofordi from the Early Pleistocene and the Peruvian Gymnogyps howardae from the Late Pleistocene have been described.[20] A condor found in Late Pleistocene deposits on Cuba was initially described as Antillovultur varonai, but has since been recognized as another member of Gymnogyps, Gymnogyps varonai. It may even have derived from a founder population of California condors.[21]The California condor is the sole surviving member of Gymnogyps and has no accepted subspecies. However, there is a Late Pleistocene form that is sometimes regarded as a palaeosubspecies, Gymnogyps californianus amplus. Opinions are mixed, regarding the classification of the form as either a chronospecies or a separate species, Gymnogyps amplus.[22] Gymnogyps amplus occurred over much of the bird's historical range – even extending into Florida – but was larger, having about the same weight as the Andean condor. This bird also had a wider bill.[23] As the climate changed during the last ice age, the entire population became smaller until it had evolved into the Gymnogyps californianus of today,[24][25] although more recent studies by Syverson question that theory.[22]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condor_in_flight.JPG"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight#Wing"},{"link_name":"feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-26"},{"link_name":"flight feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_feather"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoolFacts-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-26"},{"link_name":"syringeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg"},{"link_name":"birds of prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_prey"},{"link_name":"Andean condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-27"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood-32"},{"link_name":"trumpeter swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_swan"},{"link_name":"mute swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan"},{"link_name":"American white pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_white_pelican"},{"link_name":"whooping crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_crane"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"talons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw"},{"link_name":"storks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-35"},{"link_name":"Old World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"prehension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehension"}],"text":"An adult in flight. Tracking tags can be seen on both wings.The adult California condor is a uniform black with the exception of large triangular patches or bands of white on the underside of the wings. It has gray legs and feet, an ivory-colored bill, a frill of black feathers surrounding the base of the neck, and brownish red eyes.[26] The juvenile is mostly a mottled dark brown with blackish coloration on the head. It has mottled gray instead of white on the underside of its flight feathers.[27]The condor's head has little to no feathers, which helps keep it clean when feeding on carrion.[28] The skin of the head and neck is capable of flushing noticeably in response to emotional state.[29] The skin color varies from yellowish to a glowing reddish-orange.[26] The birds do not have true syringeal vocalizations. They can make a few hissing or grunting sounds only heard when very close.[30]The upper body and headThe female condor is smaller than the male, an exception to the rule among birds of prey (the related Andean condor is another exception). Overall length ranges from 109 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in) and wingspan from 2.49 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in). Their weight ranges from 7 to 14.1 kg (15 to 31 lb), with estimations of average weight ranging from 8 to 9 kg (18 to 20 lb).[27][31] Wingspans of up to 3.4 m (11 ft) have been reported but no wingspan over 3.05 m (10.0 ft) has been verified.[32] Most measurements are from birds raised in captivity, so it is difficult to determine if major differences exist between wild and captive condors.California condors have the largest wingspan of any North American bird. They are surpassed in both body length and weight only by the trumpeter swan and the introduced mute swan. The American white pelican and whooping crane also have longer bodies than the condor. Condors are so large that they can be mistaken for a small, distant airplane, which possibly occurs more often than that they are mistaken for other bird species.[33]The middle toe of the California condor's foot is greatly elongated, and the hind toe is only slightly developed. The talons of all the toes are straight and blunt and are thus more adapted to walking than gripping. This is more similar to their supposed relatives the storks[34][35] than to birds of prey and Old World vultures, which use their feet as weapons or organs of prehension.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonomamtneflank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sonoma Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Mountain"},{"link_name":"human settlement of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Cutler Fossil Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna"},{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-37"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c3-38"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c5-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c6-41"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-43"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"Fillmore, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore,_California"},{"link_name":"Sespe Wildlife Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespe_Wildlife_Area"},{"link_name":"Los Padres National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mount Pinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinos"},{"link_name":"Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorman,_California"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-44"}],"text":"California oak savanna on the east flank of Sonoma MountainAt the time of human settlement of the Americas, the California condor was widespread across North America; condor bones from the late Pleistocene have been found at the Cutler Fossil Site in southern Florida.[36] However, at the end of the last glacial period came the extinction of the megafauna that led to a subsequent reduction in range and population. Five hundred years ago, the California condor roamed across the American Southwest and West Coast. Faunal remains of condors have been found documented in Arizona,[37] Nevada,[38] New Mexico,[39][40] and Texas.[41] The Lewis and Clark Expedition of the early 19th century reported on their sighting and shooting of California condors near the mouth of the Columbia River.[42][43]In the 1970s, two Condor Observation Sites were established in the Santa Clara River Valley to host hopeful birders interested in the endangered species: one about 15 miles north of Fillmore, California, near the Sespe Wildlife Area of Los Padres National Forest, and one atop Mount Pinos, \"accessible from a dirt road off the highway in from Gorman\".[44]","title":"Historic range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"},{"link_name":"coniferous forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous_forest"},{"link_name":"oak savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_savanna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"San Rafael Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Sespe Condor Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespe_Condor_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Los Padres National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Padres_Condor_Range_and_River_Protection_Act_of_1992"}],"text":"The California condor lives in rocky shrubland, coniferous forest, and oak savanna.[1] They are often found near cliffs or large trees, which they use as nesting sites. Individual birds have a huge range and have been known to travel up to 250 km (160 mi) in search of carrion.There are two sanctuaries chosen because of their prime condor nesting habitat: the Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary in the San Rafael Wilderness[45] and the Sespe Condor Sanctuary in the Los Padres National Forest.The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992 expanded existing wilderness by 34,200 hectares (84,400 acres) and designated 127,900 hectares (316,050 acres) of new wilderness that provide habitat for the condor in the Los Padres.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condors-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"sternum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternum"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFW-46"},{"link_name":"thermals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermals"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDPop-7"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"syrinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoolFacts-29"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFW-46"},{"link_name":"urohidrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urohidrosis"},{"link_name":"body temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperature"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoolFacts-29"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behavior-49"}],"text":"Preening condorsThe California condor's large flight muscles are not anchored by a correspondingly large sternum, which restricts them to being primarily soarers. The birds flap their wings when taking off from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation they largely glide, sometimes going for miles without a single flap of their wings. They have been known to fly up to speeds of 90 km/h (56 mph) and as high as 4,600 m (15,100 ft).[46] They prefer to roost on high perches from which they can launch without any major wing-flapping effort. Often, these birds are seen soaring near rock cliffs, using thermals to aid them in keeping aloft.[47]The California condor has a long life span, reaching up to 60 years.[6][7] If it survives to adulthood, the condor has few natural threats other than humans.[48] Because they lack a syrinx, their vocal display is limited to grunts and hisses.[29] Condors bathe frequently and can spend hours a day preening their feathers.[46] Condors also perform urohidrosis, or defecate on their legs, to reduce their body temperature.[29] There is a well-developed social structure within large groups of condors, with competition to determine a pecking order decided by body language, competitive play behavior, and a variety of hisses and grunts. This social hierarchy is displayed especially when the birds feed, with the dominant birds eating before the younger ones.[49]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_California,_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFW-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behavior-49"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"puppet-rearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet-rearing"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-CCRec-52"},{"link_name":"incubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoolFacts-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-26"},{"link_name":"Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_raven"},{"link_name":"golden eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatGeo2021Oct28-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"An adult with a 30-day-old chick in a cave nest near the Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, California, U.S.Condors begin to look for a mate when they reach sexual maturity at the age of 6.[46] To attract a prospective mate, the male condor performs a display, in which the male turns his head red and puffs out his neck feathers. He then spreads his wings and slowly approaches the female. If the female lowers her head to accept the male, the condors become mates for life.[49] The pair makes a simple nest in caves or on cliff clefts, especially ones with nearby roosting trees and open spaces for landing. A mated female lays one bluish-white egg every other year. Eggs are laid as early as January to as late as April.[50] The egg weighs about 280 grams (10 oz) and measures from 90 to 120 mm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and about 67 mm (2.6 in) in width. If the chick or egg is lost or removed, the parents \"double clutch\", or lay another egg to take the lost one's place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the reproductive rate by taking the first egg away for puppet-rearing; this induces the parents to lay a second (or even third) egg, which the condors are sometimes allowed to raise.[51][52]The eggs hatch after 53 to 60 days of incubation by both parents. Chicks are born with their eyes open and sometimes can take up to a week to leave the shell completely.[29] The young are covered with a grayish down until they are almost as large as their parents. They are able to fly after 5 to 6 months, but continue to roost and forage with their parents until they are in their second year, at which point the parents typically turn their energies to a new nest.[26] Ravens are the main predatory threat to condor eggs, while golden eagles and bears are potential predators of condor offspring.In 2021, the San Diego Zoo reported having had two unfertilized eggs hatch within its breeding program in 2001 and 2009, producing male young by parthenogenesis as indicated by genetic studies. The mothers had been housed with males and had mated before, but the offspring lacked markers of male paternity and showed all-maternal inheritance, suggesting the specific mechanism of parthenogenesis involved automixis, gametic fusion, or endomitosis.[53][54][55] Earlier evidence of similar parthenogenesis in birds found that among the known examples the embryos died before hatching, unlike these condor chicks. Neither chick lived to sexual maturity, preventing data collection on their reproductive potential.[56]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California-Condor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary anachronism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ventana-57"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna"},{"link_name":"mammalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"donkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-58"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"aquatic mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"California sea lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-58"},{"link_name":"sense of smell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_smell"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"},{"link_name":"golden eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-26"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ventana-57"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"Juveniles feedingSee also: Evolutionary anachronismWild condors maintain a large home range, often traveling 250 km (160 mi) a day in search of carrion.[57] It is thought that in the early days of its existence as a species, the California condor lived off the carcasses of the Pleistocene megafauna, which are largely extinct in North America. They still prefer to feast on large, terrestrial mammalian carcasses such as deer, goats, sheep, donkeys, horses, pigs, cougars, bears, or cattle. Alternatively, they may feed on the bodies of smaller mammals such as rabbits, squirrels,[58] or coyotes, aquatic mammals such as whales and California sea lions, or salmon. Bird and reptile carcasses are rarely eaten. Condors prefer fresh kills, but they also eat decayed food when necessary.[58] Since they do not have a sense of smell,[59] they spot these corpses by looking for other scavengers, like eagles and smaller vultures, the latter of which cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of the larger condor. They can usually intimidate other scavengers away from the carcass, with the exception of bears, which will ignore them, and golden eagles, which will fight a condor over a kill or a carcass.[26] In the wild they are intermittent eaters, often going for between a few days to two weeks without eating,[57] then gorging themselves on 1–1.5 kilograms (2.2–3.3 lb) of meat at once.","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Numbered_condor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-61"},{"link_name":"chelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undark-2022-62"}],"text":"A juvenile in the Grand Canyon, with its numbered tag prominent.The California condor conservation project may be one of the most expensive species conservation projects in United States history,[60] costing over $35 million, including $20 million in federal and state funding, since World War II.[61] As of 2007, the annual cost for the condor conservation program was around $2.0 million per year.[61] Successful reintroduction of captive-bred condors into the wild has become a multi-step and complex process, fraught with the need to periodically recapture the birds to test for lead poisoning and sometimes the necessity for lead removal by chelation.[62]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Easter Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Jan Hamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hamber"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-67"},{"link_name":"San Diego Wild Animal Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Wild_Animal_Park"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)"},{"link_name":"Oakland Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Zoo"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Recovery plan","text":"A condor chick being fed by a condor head feeding puppetAs the condor's population continued to decline, discussion began about starting a captive breeding program for the birds. Opponents to this plan argued that the condors had the right to freedom and that capturing all of the condors would change the species' habits forever, and that the cost was too great.[63] The project received the approval of the United States government, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service established the California Condor Recovery Program in 1979.[64] The capture of the remaining wild condors was completed on Easter Sunday 1987, when AC-9, the last wild condor, was captured.[65] At that point, there were only 22 surviving condors, all of them in captivity.[66] The goal of the California Condor Recovery Plan was to establish two geographically separate populations, one in California and the other in Arizona, each with 150 birds and at least 15 breeding pairs.The study and capture of the remaining California condors was made possible through the efforts of Jan Hamber, an ornithologist with the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Hamber personally captured AC-9,[67] the final wild California condor, and her dedication to the bird's conservation led her to compile decades of field notes into the Condor Archives, a searchable database focused on condor biology and conservation.[67]The captive breeding program, led by the San Diego Wild Animal Park and Los Angeles Zoo,[68] and with other participating zoos around the country, including the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, got off to a slow start due to the condor's mating habits. However, utilizing the bird's ability to double clutch, biologists began removing the first egg from the nest and raising it with puppets, allowing the parents to lay another egg.Aside from breeding programs, the Condor Recovery Center at Oakland Zoo treats condors that are ill from lead poisoning.[69]The California condor once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that number to over 500 today.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Andean condors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFW-46"},{"link_name":"Big Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sur"},{"link_name":"Pinnacles National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Vermilion Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_Cliffs"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-27"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1996-12-10-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_California,_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"sub_title":"Reintroduction to the wild","text":"In 1988, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive Andean condors into the wild in California. Only females were released, to eliminate the possibility of accidentally introducing a South American species into the United States. The experiment was a success, and all the Andean condors were recaptured and re-released in South America.[46] California condors were released in 1991 and 1992 in California at Big Sur, Pinnacles National Park and Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge and in 1996 at the Vermilion Cliffs release site in Arizona near the Grand Canyon.[27] The Fish and Wildlife Service designated the Arizona condors as an experimental, nonessential animal so they would not affect land regulations or development as ranchers were concerned they could be charged with an offense if any birds were injured on their property after the release.[70] Though the birth rate remains low in the wild, their numbers are increasing steadily through regular releases of captive-reared adolescents.[71]A USFWS sign at Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge showing the site's association with the California Condor Recovery Program","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j4-73"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j5-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c7-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDT_2013-77"},{"link_name":"electric power lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"egg collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_collecting"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery","text":"In modern times, numerous causes have contributed to the California condor's decline, both before and after recovery efforts began. For example, between 1992 and 2013, 237 condor deaths occurred in the wild population.[72] The leading cause of mortality in condor nestlings is the ingestion of trash that is fed to them by their parents.[73] Among juveniles and adults, lead poisoning (from eating animal carcasses containing lead shot) is the leading cause of death.[74][72]Significant past damage to the condor population has also been attributed to poaching,[75] DDT poisoning,[76][77] electric power lines, egg collecting, and habitat destruction. During the California Gold Rush, some condors were even kept as pets.[78]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chondrodystrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrodystrophy"},{"link_name":"dwarfism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCBGenome-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson2021CurBio-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCBGenome-79"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery - Reproduction","text":"Its low clutch size (one young per nest) and late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years) make the bird vulnerable to artificial population decline.Inbreeding may be causing increased incidence of fatal chondrodystrophic dwarfism in wild condors, as well as a syndrome presenting with 14 rather than the typical 12 tail feathers.[79] A 2021 study found a surprising degree of genomic diversity in condors, however.[80] Such data allow refinement to conservation strategies, helping mitigate the effects of inbreeding. One of the study's authors hopes to complete genomic analysis of all 22 individuals from which all living condors descend.[79]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sci_news_1-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPSMyths-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j2-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j2-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church2006LeadAmmo-84"},{"link_name":"non-lead ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet#Materials"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"epidemiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologist"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco_Jan2015-72"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly2014Lead-89"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery - Lead poisoning","text":"Lead poisoning is a significant threat to condors and other avian and terrestrial scavengers[81][82] Fragmented lead ammunition in large game waste is highly problematic for condors due to their extremely strong digestive juices.[83] Blood-lead analysis of wild condors showed lead isotope signature matches to ammunition purchased by researchers near the range of the affected condors.[83][84] In California, the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act went into effect July 1, 2008, requiring that hunters use non-lead ammunition when hunting in the condor's range.[85] Blood lead levels in golden eagles as well as turkey vultures has declined with the implementation of the Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act, demonstrating that the legislation has helped reduce other species' lead exposures aside from the California condor.[86][87] There is no comparable anti-lead-bullet legislation in the other states in which the condor resides.In 2015, Bruce Rideout, director of the wildlife disease laboratories for San Diego Zoo Global, indicated that lead poisoning is the most common cause of death for juvenile and adult condors in the wild. Among wild deaths with known causes between 1992 and 2013, over 60% (excluding chicks and fledglings) have been as a result of lead poisoning.[72] Due to condors' long lifespan (over 50 years) and relatively late age of sexual maturity (≈6 years), and small clutch size in the wild (one egg every year or two), the population is very poorly suited to withstand the neurotoxic effects of lead exposure.\"[72]According to epidemiologist Terra Kelly, until all natural food sources are free from lead-based ammunition, \"lead poisoning will threaten recovery of naturally sustaining populations of condors in the wild.\"[72] While researchers and veterinarians involved in the condor recovery program note that hunters who use lead-free ammunition actually provide critical sources of food for condors and other scavengers, they caution that using lead ammunition presents a serious and preventable threat to condors and other wildlife.[72][88][89]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golden eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOEAAttack-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery - Other premature death","text":"Premature condor death may also occur due to contact with golden eagles, whose talons enable defense of carrion against condors. Evidence from condor release efforts also suggests golden eagles may occasionally kill condors.[90][91]Collision with power lines can also result in condor death. Since 1994, captive-bred California condors have been trained to avoid power lines and people. Since the implementation of this aversion conditioning program, the number of condor deaths due to power lines has greatly decreased.[92]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hovey2020-94"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j4-73"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery - Trash ingestion","text":"\"Being vultures, condors not only eat dead animals but they also have been observed eating small pieces of bone [which is especially crucial during the egg-laying period]. Although extremely intelligent, condors can’t always tell the difference between small pieces of trash and pieces of bone,\" according to Tim Hauck, Project Director for the California Condor Reintroduction Program.[93] Indigestible trash can cause impaction, starvation, and death if affected condors do not receive timely medical intervention. Parent birds may unintentionally feed microtrash to nestlings,[94] which some research has shown to be the leading cause of death among wild condor nestlings.[73]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avian Influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Influenza"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWS-HPAI-2June2023-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWS-HPAI-4Aug2023-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles to recovery - Disease","text":"In 2023, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) infected members of the Utah-Arizona flock, killing 21 condors (including 13 individuals from 8 breeding pairs).[95][96] Other individuals were released back into the wild following medical treatment. Sixteen condors were treated as part of a vaccine trial.[97] As of 2 February 2024, 94 condors had received at least the first of two doses of the vaccine.[98]During routine winter trapping intended to assess lead levels, blood samples collected from 21 condors were tested for HPAI antibodies. About half the samples showed the presence of antibodies to the H5N1 strain of HPAI, indicating these birds were exposed to the virus and survived naturally.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fledged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheppardSoftware-99"},{"link_name":"Ventana Wildlife Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventana_Wildlife_Society"},{"link_name":"Big Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sur"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-71"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDPop-7"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Oregon Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Zoo"},{"link_name":"World Center for Birds of Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Center_for_Birds_of_Prey"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muldoon-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCRP_June2014-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedcondor-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Population growth","text":"Nesting milestones have been reached by the reintroduced condors. In 2003, the first nestling fledged in the wild since 1981.[99] In March 2006, a pair of California condors, released by Ventana Wildlife Society, attempted to nest in a hollow tree near Big Sur, California. This was the first time in more than 100 years that a pair of California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California.[100]In October 2010, the wild condor population reached 100 individuals in its namesake state of California, plus 73 wild condors in Arizona.[71] In November 2011, there were 394 living individuals, 205 of them in the wild[6][7] and the rest in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, the Santa Barbara Zoo, the Los Angeles Zoo, the Oregon Zoo, and the World Center for Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho. In May 2012, the number of living individuals had reached 405, with 179 living in captivity.[101] By June 2014, the condor population had reached 439: 225 in the wild and 214 in captivity.[102] Official statistics from the December 2016 USFWS recorded an overall population of 446, of which 276 are wild and 170 are captive.[103] A key milestone was reached in 2015 when more condors were born in the wild than died.[104]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Chapultepec Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kiliwa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliwa_language"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Reintroduction to Mexico","text":"As the Recovery Program achieved milestones, a fifth active release site in Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, Baja California, Mexico, was added to the three release sites in California and the release site in Arizona.[105][106] In early 2007, a California condor laid an egg in Mexico for the first time since at least the 1930s.[107]In June 2016, three chicks that were born in Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, were flown to Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, Baja California, Mexico.[108] In the spring of 2009, a second wild chick was born in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park and was named Inyaa (\"Sun\" in the Kiliwa language) by local environmentalists.[109]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinnacles National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Pescadero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadero,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesherald_1-110"},{"link_name":"Pinnacles National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacles_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Zion National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_2019/07/22-113"},{"link_name":"Sequoia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Yurok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok"},{"link_name":"coastal redwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Redwood National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGN_1-116"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTC_1-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTC_1-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTYI_1-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTC_1-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTYI_1-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HER_1-119"},{"link_name":"North Coast Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Journal"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTAL_1-120"}],"sub_title":"Expanded range","text":"Pinnacles National Park, a release siteIn 2014, Condor #597, also known as \"Lupine\", was spotted near Pescadero, a coastal community south of San Francisco.[110] Lupine had been routinely seen at Pinnacles National Park after having been released into the wild at Big Sur the previous year. Younger birds of the central California population are seeking to expand their territory, which could mean that a new range expansion is possible for the more than 60 condors flying free in central California.[111] Also in 2014 the first successful breeding in Utah was reported. A pair of condors that had been released in Arizona, nested in Zion National Park and the hatching of one chick was confirmed.[112] The 1,000th chick since recovery efforts began hatched in Zion in May 2019.[113] The California condor was seen for the first time in nearly 50 years in Sequoia National Park in late May 2020.[114]As part of an effort headed by the Yurok tribe to reintroduce the condor (Yurok name 'prey-go-neesh') to the coastal redwoods of northern California, birds hatched at the Oregon Zoo and the World Center for Birds of Prey were released at Redwood National Park in 2022.[115][116] The first condor brought to the Yurok site was called Paaytoqin from the Nez Perce language meaning 'Come back'; he is also known as 'Mentor' or #736.[117] He was brought to the site, but not released, to help instruct the younger condors how to behave \"because of his calm nature and good disposition\".[117] Mentor condors are used to serve as a role model and establish a social hierarchy within a flock as an essential part of its survival.[118]The first condor to be released was called Poy’-we-son (Yurok for \"the one who goes ahead\"), followed by Nes-kwe-chokw (\"He returns\"), Ney-gem’ ‘Ne-chweenkah’ (\"She carries our prayers\") and ‘Hlow Hoo-let’ (\"At last I (or we) fly!\").[117] The youngsters felt at home with one another having lived together at other facilities.[118] As of March 2024 11 birds (4 females and 7 males) have been successfully introduced, with another 5 or more being released this year.[119] An article in the North Coast Journal from November 2023 describes the 11 birds with their names and translations.[120]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avatar_condors.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zooniverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)"},{"link_name":"crowdsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW_ZooAr-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaCruz_1-122"},{"link_name":"Zooniverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)"},{"link_name":"motion-capture images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_camera#Game_camera"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciDai_1-123"},{"link_name":"citizen scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_scientists"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaCruz_1-122"},{"link_name":"ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"Audubon Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"Christmas Bird Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Bird_Count"},{"link_name":"breeding bird survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_bird_survey"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Condor Watch","text":"Zooniverse icon for Condor WatchA crowdsourcing project called Condor Watch (CW) was started on April 14, 2014, and ended in 2020.[121][122] Hosted by the web portal Zooniverse, volunteers were asked to examine motion-capture images of California condors associated with release sites managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service and Ventana Wildlife Society.[123] The tasks on the website included identifying tagged condors and marking the distance to feeding sources such as animal carcasses. Biologists can then use this data to deduce which birds are at risk of lead poisoning.Condor Watch enabled volunteers, or citizen scientists, to participate in active research. The project had up 175,000 images to view and assess far more than the team could hope to view on their own.[122] Lead scientist Myra Finkelstein believes volunteering is fun because it allows enthusiasts to track the \"biographies\" of individual condors. Citizen science has long been used in ornithology, for instance in the Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count, which began in 1900 and the breeding bird survey which began in 1966. McCaffrey (2005) believes this approach not only directly benefits ongoing projects, but will also help train aspiring ornithologists.[124]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_quarter,_reverse_side,_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"state quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_mythology"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Wiyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyot"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_tribe"},{"link_name":"Ground Squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Squirrel"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Yokuts people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokuts_people"},{"link_name":"eclipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nielsen40-128"},{"link_name":"Chumash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_people"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nielsen40-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"headdresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_bonnet"},{"link_name":"Cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOS_1-131"},{"link_name":"Shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nielsen41-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nielsen41-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCCA_1-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCCA_1-133"},{"link_name":"Miwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok"},{"link_name":"Patwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patwin"},{"link_name":"Luiseño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Pomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_1-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPAN_1-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHL_1-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CED_1-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&I_1-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&I_1-138"}],"text":"Condor on California's state quarterThroughout its historic range, the California condor has been a popular subject of mythology and an important symbol to Native Americans. Unusually,[125] this bird takes on different roles in the storytelling of the different tribes.The Wiyot tribe of California say that the condor recreated mankind after Above Old Man wiped humanity out with a flood.[126] However, other tribes, such as California's Mono, view the condor as a destroyer, not a creator; they say that Condor seized humans, cut off their heads, and drained their blood so that it would flood Ground Squirrel's home. Condor then seized Ground Squirrel after he fled, but Ground Squirrel managed to cut off Condor's head when Condor paused to take a drink of the blood.[127] According to the Yokuts people, the condor sometimes ate the moon, causing the lunar cycle, and his wings caused eclipses.[128] The Chumash tribe of Southern California tell that the condor was once a white bird, but it turned black when it flew too close to a fire.[128]Condor bones have been found in Native American graves,[129] as have condor feather headdresses. Cave paintings of condors have also been discovered.[130] Some tribes ritually killed condors to make ceremonial clothing out of their feathers.[131] Shamans then danced while wearing these to reach the upper and lower spiritual worlds.[citation needed] Whenever a Shaman died, his clothes were said to be cursed,[132] so new clothing had to be made for his successor.Some researchers such as Snyder believe that this practice of making ceremonial clothing contributed to the condor's decline, writing that California Indians killed up to 700 condors each year.[132][133] Snyder continues that this figure of 700 is \"no doubt an unrealistically high estimate\", writing that any estimate \"would remain impressively high even if divided by 10\".[133] A few tribes were known to have killed condors such as the Miwok, the Patwin, the Luiseño and the Pomo but how many is not known and difficult to judge.[134][135][136][137] Using available information, Wilbur writes that \"a pre-European loss of condors to Indians might not have exceeded a dozen [12] or so annually.\"[138] Wilbur concludes that Indians might have contributed to the decline of California condors, \"but their impact was minor except in highly localized situations.\"[138]","title":"Relationship with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5479/si.00810266.27.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.27.1"}],"text":"Arredondo, Oscar (1976). \"The Great Predatory Birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba\". In Olson, Storrs L. (ed.). Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 27. Translated by Olson, Storrs L. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 169–187. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.27.1.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Frederick Polydore Nodder's illustration accompanying George Shaw's 1797 species description","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg/170px-The_Naturalist%27s_Miscellany_Vol_9_Pl_301_California_condor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A California condor skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Calif_condor_skull.jpg/220px-Calif_condor_skull.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fossil of the extinct species Gymnogyps amplus from the La Brea Tar Pits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg/220px-Gymnogyps_amplus_skeleton.jpg"},{"image_text":"An adult in flight. Tracking tags can be seen on both wings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Condor_in_flight.JPG/170px-Condor_in_flight.JPG"},{"image_text":"The upper body and head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg/170px-Kondor1_gro%C3%9F.jpg"},{"image_text":"California oak savanna on the east flank of Sonoma Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sonomamtneflank.jpg/220px-Sonomamtneflank.jpg"},{"image_text":"Preening condors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Condors-1.jpg/170px-Condors-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An adult with a 30-day-old chick in a cave nest near the Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, California, U.S.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-near_Hopper_Mountain_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-adult_and_chick-8_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Juveniles feeding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/California-Condor.jpg/220px-California-Condor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A juvenile in the Grand Canyon, with its numbered tag prominent.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Numbered_condor.jpg/220px-Numbered_condor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A condor chick being fed by a condor head feeding puppet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg/170px-Gymnogyps_californianus1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The California condor once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that number to over 500 today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/170px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"A USFWS sign at Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge showing the site's association with the California Condor Recovery Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg/220px-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-sign-18Aug2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinnacles National Park, a release site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg/220px-Rock_formations_at_Pinnacles_National_Park_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zooniverse icon for Condor Watch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Avatar_condors.jpg/110px-Avatar_condors.jpg"},{"image_text":"Condor on California's state quarter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg/150px-California_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2005.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Colpocephalum californici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpocephalum_californici"},{"title":"conservation-induced extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction"}]

[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Gymnogyps californianus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697636A181151405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en. Retrieved March 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697636/181151405","url_text":"\"Gymnogyps californianus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. 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S2CID 163835230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F277447","url_text":"10.2307/277447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/277447","url_text":"277447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163835230","url_text":"163835230"}]},{"reference":"Foster, J.W (2024). \"Wings of the Spirit: The Place of the California Condor Among Native Peoples of the Californias\". California Department of Parks and Recreation. State of California. Retrieved March 4, 2024. Many ceremonies throughout California involved dancers dressed in capes of condor skins or condor feather bands","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527","url_text":"\"Wings of the Spirit: The Place of the California Condor Among Native Peoples of the Californias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation","url_text":"California Department of Parks and Recreation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_California","url_text":"State of California"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, N.F.R.; Snyder, H. (2000). The California condor : a saga of natural history and conservation. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-12-654005-5. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiacondor00snyd","url_text":"The California condor : a saga of natural history and conservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-654005-5","url_text":"978-0-12-654005-5"}]},{"reference":"Gifford, E.W. (May 8, 1926). \"Miwok Cults\" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 18 (3): 394–396. Retrieved April 20, 2024. The eagle and condor were bird chiefs and their capture or killing was always preceded by the making of meal or seed offerings.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp018-004.pdf","url_text":"\"Miwok Cults\""}]},{"reference":"Kroeber, A.L. (February 27, 1932). \"The Patwin and their neighbours\" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 29 (4): 279. Retrieved April 20, 2024. Eagles (sul) and condors (molok), were shot, not netted, according to most informants; though one told of a spring noose on a bent-over live oak sapling.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp029-005.pdf","url_text":"\"The Patwin and their neighbours\""}]},{"reference":"Bates, C.D.; Hamber, J.A.; Lee, M.J. (1993). The California Condor and the California Indians. Vol. 19. American Indian Art. p. 41. Young birds taken from the nest were raised and then used in a ceremony that culminated in the killing of the bird by strangulation or pressing on its heart.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gifford, E.W.; Kroeber, A.L. (July 1, 1937). \"Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo\". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 37 (4): 170, 130. Retrieved April 20, 2024. Whole condor (sul) skin worn by male dancer.","urls":[{"url":"https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82939?ln=en&v=pdf","url_text":"\"Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo\""}]},{"reference":"Wilbur, S. (2012). \"Condors and Indians\". Symbios Books. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.condortales.com/california-condor/condors-and-indians.html","url_text":"\"Condors and Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Lesson, René-Primevère (1842). L'Echo du monde savant.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nielsen, John (2006). Condor: To the Brink and Back—The Life and Times of One Giant Bird. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-008862-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/condortobrinkbac00niel","url_text":"Condor: To the Brink and Back—The Life and Times of One Giant Bird"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008862-0","url_text":"978-0-06-008862-0"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Noel; Snyder, Helen (2000). The California Condor. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-654005-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiacondor00snyd","url_text":"The California Condor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-654005-5","url_text":"978-0-12-654005-5"}]},{"reference":"Arredondo, Oscar (1976). \"The Great Predatory Birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba\". In Olson, Storrs L. (ed.). Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 27. Translated by Olson, Storrs L. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 169–187. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.27.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.27.1","url_text":"10.5479/si.00810266.27.1"}]}]

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301"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107181022/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40319073","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273/Gymnogyps_californianus","external_links_name":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/26/california.condor/index.html?hpt=C2","external_links_name":"\"Once nearly extinct, the California condor nears new milestones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804052658/http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/26/california.condor/index.html?hpt=C2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-condor.html","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: California 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen

Lu Sheng-yen

["1 Life","2 Personal life","3 Controversies","3.1 Differences between teachings and other Buddhist sects","3.2 Allegations of money-making fraud","3.3 Collective cash donation to then-Governor Gary Locke","3.4 Criticism","4 Notes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Founder and spiritual leader of the True Buddha School Not to be confused with Dharma Drum Mountain's Sheng-yen. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Lu Sheng-yen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lu Sheng-yen盧勝彥 (蓮生活佛)Statue of Living Buddha Lian ShengTitleGrand MasterPersonalBorn (1945-06-27) June 27, 1945 (age 78)(5th month, 18th day of the Lunar Calendar)Tainan Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan(now Chiayi County)ReligionBuddhismNationalityTaiwaneseAmericanSpouseLu Li-hsiang (Lian Hsiang)SchoolTrue Buddha SchoolOther namesLiving Buddha Lian ShengGrand Master LuHuaguang Zizai FoWhite Lotus PadmakumaraSenior postingBased inRedmond, Washington StateWebsiteTBSN In this Chinese name, the family name is Lu. Lu Sheng-Yen (Chinese: 盧勝彥; pinyin: Lú Shèngyàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô Sèng-gān, born 27 June 1945), commonly referred to by followers as Grand Master Lu (師尊), is a Taiwanese-born American Buddhist teacher who is the founder and spiritual leader of the True Buddha School, a new religious movement with teachings from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. Lu is known by the sect as Living Buddha Lian Sheng (蓮生活佛, Liansheng Huófó) and is revered by his disciples as a Living Buddha. Lu’s sect claims to have more five million followers worldwide, of whom the majority hail from Taiwan, China, Macau, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Lu Sheng-Yen holds dual American and Taiwanese citizenship, and often travels between the two countries. Life Lu Sheng-Yen was born in present-day Chiayi County, Taiwan in 1945. Lu was raised a Christian and attended a Protestant school. He graduated from Chung Cheng Institute of Technology with a degree in Survey Engineering. In his early twenties he was both a survey engineer for the Taiwan military and a Sunday School Bible teacher. Though his parents were not Christians, he had joined Kaohsiung New Presbyterian Church, in which he became an active member. In a biography, Lu wrote that he had a Zen-style instant awakening to the first stage of enlightenment by the Golden Mother of the Jade Pond in 1969, who opened his third eye during a visit to a Taoist temple, revealing to him his true nature and purpose. She directed him to follow the instructions of Reverend Liao Ming 清真 (of the Taoist Ching Zhen Sect, also a lineage holder of the Kagyu school of Vajrayana Buddhism) and the Three Mountains and Nine Marquis. Lu is a prolific author and has produced a large body of work over a span of 40 years. This has resulted in 240 books published in Traditional Chinese. Personal life Lu Sheng-Yen is married to Lian Hsiang, who is also a vajra master, and is referred as Shimu in Chinese, which translates as Grand Madam in English, the standard Chinese title for a woman married to a Grandmaster. Prior to becoming a monk, the couple already had two children. Controversies Differences between teachings and other Buddhist sects In 2007, the Buddhist Federation of Malaysia, the Malaysian Buddhist Youth Association, the Malaysian Buddhist Dharma Promotion Association, the International Buddha's Light Association Malaysian Association, the Ceylon Buddhist Advancement Association, Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association and Malaysian Vajrayana issued a joint statement, criticizing the True Buddha Sect as a heretic Buddhist group, and questioned Lu Shengyan´s claim to be a Buddha and the supreme power of Dharma. They argue that these claims are misleading, and his personal behavior is not in line with the Buddhist system. Allegations of money-making fraud In 2007, seven Buddhist groups in Malaysia criticized Shengyan Lu's gatherings for conducting monetary transactions in a statement. For example, the Buddhist hat worn by Shengyan Lu was priced at 300,000 USD, and the cassock worn by Mr. Lu was priced at 100,000 USD. Moreover, the proceeds from the auction were handed over to Lu Shengyan himself. In 2012, in New Taipei City Banqiao District, a church leader from the True Buddhist Sect promised to help believers invest in stocks and guaranteed that the investment would be profitable. Lee, accused of violating Banking Law. Collective cash donation to then-Governor Gary Locke Lu made headlines during an investigation by the Washington State Public Disclosure Commission, prompted by media reporting, into a collective cash donation to then-Governor Gary Locke after a speaking engagement at the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple. Lu hoped Locke might eventually run for the White House. Locke was cleared of any wrongdoing by the commission in 1998. Further, this did not affect Locke in his pursuit for confirmation as U.S. Secretary of Commerce. Criticism In 2007, the Buddhist Federation of Malaysia, the Malaysian Buddhist Youth Association, the Malaysian Buddhist Dharma Promotion Association, the International Buddha's Light Association Malaysian Association, the Ceylon Buddhist Advancement Association, Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association and Malaysian Vajrayana Buddhist Association issued a joint statement, criticizing the True Buddha Sect as a Buddhist heretic rather than orthodox Buddhism, and stating their view that Lu Sheng-yen claimed to be Buddha and claimed the supreme power of Dharma. Prof. Wai Lun Tam of the Chinese University of Hong Kong has conducted on-going research into True Buddha School and his studies question the use of the term "new religion", finding instead that it was simply "a new Buddhist movement". Notes ^ a b "Re-examining the True Buddha School: A 'New Religion' or a New 'Buddhist Movement'? | South and East Asian Religions Collection". 2022-11-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Administrator. "Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple Seattle - The lineage root guru of True Buddha School: Living Buddha Lian-Sheng". www.tbsseattle.org. Retrieved 2017-09-09. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2008-03-16). "The Affirmation of Charismatic Authority: The Case of the True Buddha School". Australian Religion Studies Review. 20 (3): 286–302. doi:10.1558/arsr.v20i3.286. ISSN 1744-9014. ^ Net, True Buddha School. "關於蓮生活佛-真佛宗TBSN". True Buddha School Net - TBSN (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2021-02-16. ^ Tam, Wai Lun (2016). "The Tantric Teachings and Rituals of the True Buddha School: The Chinese Transformation of Vajrayāna Buddhism". In Gray, David B.; Overbey, Ryan Richard (eds.). Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 309–313. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199763689.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-19-976368-9. Retrieved 2023-11-21 – via Google Books. ^ Rev. Pi Yan (2006). "Grand Master and Grand Madam visited LSCT Temple Chicago Chapter on Nov 11, 2006". True Buddha School Net. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007. ^ a b ""True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences". Sinchew.com. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-07. ^ ""True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences". Sinchew.com. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-07. ^ "Promote Dharma and speculate in stocks?! The leader of the True Buddha Sect has made hundreds of millions of dollars". China Television Corporation. 2012-11-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-07. ^ "Untangling The Locke Campaign-Fund Probe -- Confusing Series Of Events Began At Buddhist Temple | The Seattle Times". archive.seattletimes.com. Retrieved 2021-02-16. ^ Rick, Anderson (2001-09-05). "Sex and the buddha". seattleweekly.com. Retrieved 2023-11-18. See also List of Buddha claimants References Lu, Sheng-yen (1995). A Complete and Detailed Exposition on the True Buddha Tantric Dharma. San Bruno, CA: Purple Lotus Society. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheng-yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng-yen"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"True Buddha School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Buddha_School"},{"link_name":"new religious movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal.equinoxpub.com-1"},{"link_name":"Living Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku#International_terminology"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dharma Drum Mountain's Sheng-yen.In this Chinese name, the family name is Lu.Lu Sheng-Yen (Chinese: 盧勝彥; pinyin: Lú Shèngyàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô Sèng-gān, born 27 June 1945), commonly referred to by followers as Grand Master Lu (師尊), is a Taiwanese-born American Buddhist teacher who is the founder and spiritual leader of the True Buddha School, a new religious movement with teachings from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.[1] Lu is known by the sect as Living Buddha Lian Sheng (蓮生活佛, Liansheng Huófó) and is revered by his disciples as a Living Buddha.Lu’s sect claims to have more five million followers worldwide, of whom the majority hail from Taiwan, China, Macau, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.[2] Lu Sheng-Yen holds dual American and Taiwanese citizenship, and often travels between the two countries.[citation needed]","title":"Lu Sheng-yen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiayi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_County"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Chung Cheng Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Cheng_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Mother of the Jade Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"third eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye"},{"link_name":"Kagyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagyu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Three Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikaya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lu Sheng-Yen was born in present-day Chiayi County, Taiwan in 1945. Lu was raised a Christian and attended a Protestant school. He graduated from Chung Cheng Institute of Technology with a degree in Survey Engineering.[citation needed] In his early twenties he was both a survey engineer for the Taiwan military and a Sunday School Bible teacher. Though his parents were not Christians, he had joined Kaohsiung New Presbyterian Church, in which he became an active member.[3]In a biography, Lu wrote that he had a Zen-style instant awakening to the first stage of enlightenment by the Golden Mother of the Jade Pond in 1969, who opened his third eye during a visit to a Taoist temple, revealing to him his true nature and purpose. She directed him to follow the instructions of Reverend Liao Ming 清真 (of the Taoist Ching Zhen Sect, also a lineage holder of the Kagyu school of Vajrayana Buddhism)[4] and the Three Mountains and Nine Marquis.Lu is a prolific author and has produced a large body of work over a span of 40 years. This has resulted in 240 books published in Traditional Chinese.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lu Sheng-Yen is married to Lian Hsiang, who is also a vajra master, and is referred as Shimu in Chinese, which translates as Grand Madam in English, the standard Chinese title for a woman married to a Grandmaster. Prior to becoming a monk, the couple already had two children.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Buddha's Light Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Buddha%27s_Light_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_Merit_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Vajrayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Vajrayana_Buddhist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-org-7"}],"sub_title":"Differences between teachings and other Buddhist sects","text":"In 2007, the Buddhist Federation of Malaysia, the Malaysian Buddhist Youth Association, the Malaysian Buddhist Dharma Promotion Association, the International Buddha's Light Association Malaysian Association, the Ceylon Buddhist Advancement Association, Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association and Malaysian Vajrayana issued a joint statement, criticizing the True Buddha Sect as a heretic Buddhist group, and questioned Lu Shengyan´s claim to be a Buddha and the supreme power of Dharma. They argue that these claims are misleading, and his personal behavior is not in line with the Buddhist system.[7]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"cassock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassock"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinchew_26973-8"},{"link_name":"New Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"Banqiao District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_District_(New_Taipei_City)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocks"},{"link_name":"Banking Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Allegations of money-making fraud","text":"In 2007, seven Buddhist groups in Malaysia criticized Shengyan Lu's gatherings for conducting monetary transactions in a statement. For example, the Buddhist hat worn by Shengyan Lu was priced at 300,000 USD, and the cassock worn by Mr. Lu was priced at 100,000 USD. Moreover, the proceeds from the auction were handed over to Lu Shengyan himself.[8] In 2012, in New Taipei City Banqiao District, a church leader from the True Buddhist Sect promised to help believers invest in stocks and guaranteed that the investment would be profitable. Lee, accused of violating Banking Law.[9]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington State Public Disclosure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Public_Disclosure_Commission"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gary Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Locke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.seattletimes.com-10"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-11"}],"sub_title":"Collective cash donation to then-Governor Gary Locke","text":"Lu made headlines during an investigation by the Washington State Public Disclosure Commission, prompted by media reporting, into a collective cash donation to then-Governor Gary Locke after a speaking engagement at the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple.[10] Lu hoped Locke might eventually run for the White House. Locke was cleared of any wrongdoing by the commission in 1998. Further, this did not affect Locke in his pursuit for confirmation as U.S. Secretary of Commerce.[11]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Buddha's Light Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Buddha%27s_Light_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_Merit_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Vajrayana Buddhist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Vajrayana_Buddhist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buddhist heretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_heretic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"claimed to be Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddha_claimants#Lu_Sheng-yen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-org-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal.equinoxpub.com-1"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"In 2007, the Buddhist Federation of Malaysia, the Malaysian Buddhist Youth Association, the Malaysian Buddhist Dharma Promotion Association, the International Buddha's Light Association Malaysian Association, the Ceylon Buddhist Advancement Association, Buddhist Tzu Chi Merit Association and Malaysian Vajrayana Buddhist Association issued a joint statement, criticizing the True Buddha Sect as a Buddhist heretic rather than orthodox Buddhism, and stating their view that Lu Sheng-yen claimed to be Buddha and claimed the supreme power of Dharma.[7]Prof. Wai Lun Tam of the Chinese University of Hong Kong has conducted on-going research into True Buddha School and his studies question the use of the term \"new religion\", finding instead that it was simply \"a new Buddhist movement\".[1]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-journal.equinoxpub.com_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-journal.equinoxpub.com_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Re-examining the True Buddha School: A 'New Religion' or a New 'Buddhist Movement'? | South and East Asian Religions Collection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journal.equinoxpub.com/SEARC/article/view/24089"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple Seattle - The lineage root guru of True Buddha School: Living Buddha Lian-Sheng\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tbsseattle.org/english/content/view/15/32/lang,en/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Affirmation of Charismatic Authority: The Case of the True Buddha School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equinoxjournals.com/ojs/index.php/ARSR/article/view/4160"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1558/arsr.v20i3.286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1558%2Farsr.v20i3.286"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1744-9014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"關於蓮生活佛-真佛宗TBSN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ch.tbsn.org/index.php/page/index/%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E8%93%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Tantric Teachings and Rituals of the True Buddha School: The Chinese Transformation of Vajrayāna Buddhism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f5SCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA308"},{"link_name":"Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f5SCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199763689.003.0009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199763689.003.0009"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-976368-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976368-9"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Grand Master and Grand Madam visited LSCT Temple Chicago Chapter on Nov 11, 2006\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070214012214/http://www.tbsn.org/english2/news.php?classid=1&id=30"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tbsn.org/english2/news.php?id=30&classid=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-org_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-org_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"\"True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha\". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130111223758/http://news.sinchew.com.my/node/26973"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.sinchew.com.my/node/26973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sinchew_26973_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"\"True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha\". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130111223758/http://news.sinchew.com.my/node/26973"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.sinchew.com.my/node/26973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Promote Dharma and speculate in stocks?! The leader of the True Buddha Sect has made hundreds of millions of dollars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/201211/201211021132670.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20160307134956/http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/201211/201211021132670.html%23.Vt2G8-KIbK4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.seattletimes.com_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Untangling The Locke Campaign-Fund Probe -- Confusing Series Of Events Began At Buddhist Temple | The Seattle Times\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19971212&slug=2577642"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-weekly_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sex and the buddha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattleweekly.com/2001-09-05/news/sex-and-the-buddha/"}],"text":"^ a b \"Re-examining the True Buddha School: A 'New Religion' or a New 'Buddhist Movement'? | South and East Asian Religions Collection\". 2022-11-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Administrator. \"Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple Seattle - The lineage root guru of True Buddha School: Living Buddha Lian-Sheng\". www.tbsseattle.org. Retrieved 2017-09-09.\n\n^ Melton, J. Gordon (2008-03-16). \"The Affirmation of Charismatic Authority: The Case of the True Buddha School\". Australian Religion Studies Review. 20 (3): 286–302. doi:10.1558/arsr.v20i3.286. ISSN 1744-9014.\n\n^ Net, True Buddha School. \"關於蓮生活佛-真佛宗TBSN\". True Buddha School Net - TBSN (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2021-02-16.\n\n^ Tam, Wai Lun (2016). \"The Tantric Teachings and Rituals of the True Buddha School: The Chinese Transformation of Vajrayāna Buddhism\". In Gray, David B.; Overbey, Ryan Richard (eds.). Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 309–313. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199763689.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-19-976368-9. Retrieved 2023-11-21 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Rev. Pi Yan (2006). \"Grand Master and Grand Madam visited LSCT Temple Chicago Chapter on Nov 11, 2006\". True Buddha School Net. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.\n\n^ a b \"\"True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha\". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences\". Sinchew.com. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-07.\n\n^ \"\"True Buddha Sect is a cult attached to Buddha\". The seven major Buddhist groups list six illegal evidences\". Sinchew.com. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-07.\n\n^ \"Promote Dharma and speculate in stocks?! The leader of the True Buddha Sect has made hundreds of millions of dollars\". China Television Corporation. 2012-11-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-07.\n\n^ \"Untangling The Locke Campaign-Fund Probe -- Confusing Series Of Events Began At Buddhist Temple | The Seattle Times\". archive.seattletimes.com. Retrieved 2021-02-16.\n\n^ Rick, Anderson (2001-09-05). \"Sex and the buddha\". seattleweekly.com. Retrieved 2023-11-18.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of Buddha claimants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddha_claimants"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_School_(Minneapolis)

The Blake School (Minneapolis)

["1 History","1.1 The Blake School","1.2 The Northrop Collegiate School","1.3 The Highcroft Country Day School","1.4 Preservation and present","2 Academics","2.1 Accreditation","2.2 Recognition","3 Athletics","3.1 History","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]

Private, college-prep, day schoolThe Blake SchoolLocationInformationTypePrivate, College-prep, DayEstablished1900Head of schoolAnne E. StavneyFaculty162GradesPK–12GenderCoeducationalEnrollmentApprox. 1,400Average class size15–16Student to teacher ratio9:1Campus Upper School,The Northrop Campus (Minneapolis) Middle and Lower School, The Blake Campus (Hopkins, Minnesota) Color(s)blue, green, brown, and whiteAthletics conferenceIndependent Metro Athletic Conference (IMAC)MascotCyrus the BearWebsiteblakeschool.org The Blake School is a private, coeducational, college-preparatory day school located in Hopkins, Minnesota. The school is located on two campuses in the Twin Cities area: the upper school (9–12) in Minneapolis with the middle and lower school, along with administrative offices, on the Hopkins campus. Blake, originally an all-boys school, was established by a group of local businessmen in 1907 to prepare students for top colleges in the Northeast. In the 1970s, it merged with its sister school, the Northrop Collegiate School (founded in 1900) and the Highcroft Country Day School (founded in 1958) to become a coeducational institution. Serving grades kindergarten through 12th, Blake has previously received the National Blue Ribbon School award. In addition, the school is known for its nationally recognized debate program. History Early Blake boys studying During the early 20th century, two schools were founded in Minneapolis to prepare students for elite colleges in the Northeast: the Blake School for boys and Northrop Collegiate School for girls. A third school, Highcroft Country Day School serving students of both sexes, was incorporated during the migration to Minneapolis suburbs. In 1974, the three schools merged to become the Blake Schools, with its first coeducational class graduating in 1975. The Blake School The Blake Campus, home to the Middle School and Lower School, Hopkins In 1907, William M. Blake established the Blake School, a private, preparatory school for boys, in Minneapolis. Three years later, Charles C. Bovey, a local businessman, wanted to reform Blake, and put it on the same plane as Eastern preparatory schools. With help from William Blake, new Board of Trustees Chairman Charles Bovey asked sixteen other local business leaders to contribute $2,500 each towards the school's first capital drive. In 1911, these original guarantors hired Charles B. Newton, a Princeton and Harvard alumnus, to replace William Blake as headmaster. Newton envisioned a school "not only for the wealthy, but for the worthy." The school incorporated on May 5, 1911, with all but two guarantors serving on the board of trustees. In 1912, their pooled resources enabled the construction of a new building in suburban Hopkins, with the site, now known as Blake Campus, being the current home of the middle school and one of the two lower school campuses. The Northrop Collegiate School Northrop building in 1916 In 1900, Zulema A. Ruble, a Smith College alumna, and Carrie Bartlett established Graham Hall, a private school for girls, in Minneapolis. In 1914, a group of Minneapolis leaders purchased Graham Hall and incorporated it as Northrop Collegiate School. In 1917, the school relocated within Minneapolis, with the site, now known as Northrop Campus, being the current home of the upper school campus. Field hockey on Northrop in 1918 The Highcroft Country Day School In 1958, Sage Cowles, wife of John Cowles, Jr., along with two friends, established Highcroft Country Day School, a private, coeducational, nonsectarian K-9 school in Wayzata. Highcroft was designed to provide students in the far western suburbs (at the time) of the Twin Cities with an education near home. In 1960, the school building was constructed on land purchased and donated to the school, part of which was the former Highcroft estate in Wayzata, the site, known as the Highcroft Campus, was home to one of Blake's two lower school buildings until 2023. Now all lower school students attend the Blake campus in Hopkins, Minnesota. Preservation and present Some spectators arriving at Blake's Gordy Aamoth Jr. Memorial Stadium In addition to retaining many of the original sites and all original buildings of Blake predecessor institutions, the school also carries on other traditions, such as: from the Blake School for the boys – strong speech and debate programs from Northrop Collegiate School – strong drama program, mascot of bears, along with the school color of blue from Highcroft Country Day School – growing athletic program for both boys and girls, along with school color of green. Since 2006, all students, faculty, staff, and community volunteers come together annually at the Hopkins campus to celebrate "Convocation Day" and participate in the service-based "Legacy Day". These celebrations highlight new and past traditions, including musical performances from the Middle and Upper School's choir as well as a speech from the current head of school. On Legacy Day, students participate in service-based activities such as packing food, building birdhouses, and making tie blankets for local animal shelters. The current head of school is Dr. Anne Stavney. Academics The school serves approximately 1,400 students in prekindergarten through twelfth grade, with an average classroom size of 15–16 students, and average graduating class size of 130. The school's student-adult ratio is 9:1. It takes 22 credits to graduate from The Blake School, with a minimum course load of five courses each semester. The Blake School also offers numerous global citizenship programs. Accreditation Blake is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS), and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), The College Board, National Association of College Admissions Counselors (NACAC), and the Cum Laude Society. Recognition Blake has received numerous accolades in recent years, including: U.S. Department of Education – Blue Ribbon School, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94 The College Board – "Exemplary AP English Literature and Composition Programs", 2007 Wall Street Journal – "How the Schools Stack Up" (ranking of 41 for high schools with the best record of graduates attending eight top universities), 2007 Character Education Partnership – National School of Character, 2009 Mpls St.Paul Magazine – in school diversity and inclusion efforts, 2010 MN Monthly Magazine – for leadership training of its students, 2012; Built to Lead In 2011, Blake won the Minnesota Middle School Science Bowl, and was a competing school in the U.S. Department of Energy's National Science Bowl, winning the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Race portion. In 2015, it won the Department of Energy's Minnesota High School Science Bowl and proceeded to compete at the national level in Washington D.C. Blake is also home to one of the most active and successful high school debate programs in the entire country, having won several prestigious national championships, including the National Speech and Debate Association National Tournament, the National Debate Coaches Association National Tournament, and the Tournament of Champions. They are also the first school to qualify debaters to the Tournament of Champions in every event. Every December, Blake hosts the John Edie Debate Tournament, one of the largest regular-season speech and debate tournaments in the country. Athletics Blake Ice Arena, Blake Campus Blake competes in the Independent Metro Athletic Conference (IMAC) and formerly in the Tri-Metro Conference, which is part of the Minnesota State High School League. The school athletic teams are named the Blake Bears. The school offers twenty-eight sports, and fields over fifty athletic teams. The school also recognizes four club sports, including Ultimate Frisbee, Equestrian Team, Sailing, and the Stepps Dance Team. They are also recognized for having their hockey team in a cameo for the 1996 Disney movie D3: The Mighty Ducks when the movie was shot on set at Blake's Hopkins campus hockey arena; they came from behind down 9–0 to tie the Ducks 9-9, with 9 third period goals. History Blake won the Minnesota State High School League Challenge Cup, which awards schools based on their success in section and state fine arts and athletics tournaments, in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 – more than any other school in state history – and was runner-up in 2006, 2008 and 2010, and placed third in 2011. In addition, many Blake alumni go on to play sports at the collegiate level, and some have even been drafted by professional sports franchises in the NHL, NFL, and MLB. Notable alumni Charles Baxter (1965) – author of National Book Award nominated The Feast of Love (2000) Alex Bernstein (American football) (1998) - NFL player, entrepreneur, co-founder of North Venture Partners and North Social Dani Cameranesi (2013) – Forward for U.S. women's hockey team at 2018 Winter Olympics Jack Dalrymple (1966) – former Governor of North Dakota Tom Davis (1970) – Emmy-winning comedy writer and performer Mark Dayton (1965) – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 40th Governor of Minnesota, heir to Dayton's and Target Corporation, first husband of Alida Rockefeller Messinger David L. Downie (1979) - Scholar of global environmental politics David T. Ellwood (1971) – Dean of Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government Al Franken (1969) – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, satirist, comedian, author, screenwriter, Saturday Night Live television performer, political commentator, radio host Dave Goldberg (1985) – businessman, CEO of Survey Monkey Poppy Harlow (2001) – CNN reporter Thomas B. Heffelfinger (1966) – former U.S. Attorney of Minnesota George Roy Hill (1939) – Oscar-winning director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid A. J. Jackson (2002) - lead singer of Saint Motel Steve Kelley (1971) – Minnesota State Senator, 2000 U.S. Senate candidate, attorney Eleanor de Laittre – artist Katrina Lake – CEO of Stitch Fix John Hugh MacMillan – businessman Whitney MacMillan (1947) – CEO of Cargill Marcia McNutt (1970) – president National Academy of Sciences Kelly Morrison (1987) - Physician and state representative in the Minnesota House of Representatives Kent Patterson (2007) - NHL player Marcus Peacock (1978) – former Deputy Administrator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Arthur Phillips (1986) - novelist, screenwriter Dean Phillips (1987) - U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 3rd Congressional District (2019–present), American businessman Robert M. Pirsig (1943) - philosopher, author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974) Jim Warden (1972) - Goaltender for U.S. men's hockey team at 1976 Winter Olympics J.T. Wyman (2004) – NHL player References ^ a b c d "Blake at a Glance". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Blake School: A History". The Blake School. Retrieved Feb 5, 2024. ^ Smith College Bulletin: Alumnae Register 1916–1917. Smith College Alumnae Association. 1917. Retrieved June 11, 2011. ^ "Sage Cowles and John Cowles, Jr.— 2005–06 Louis W. Hill, Jr. Fellows". Grotto Foundation. Retrieved June 11, 2011. ^ “Updates to Annual Convocation & Legacy Day Announced.” The Blake School, https://www.blakeschool.org/about/news/news-detail-page/~board/all-news/post/updates-to-annual-convocation-legacy-day-announced Accessed 30 Apr. 2024. ^ "Academics: The Blake School Graduation Requirements". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "Programs & Services: Global Citizenship at Blake". The Blake School. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "The Blake School & Accreditation". The Blake School. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "BLUE RIBBON SCHOOLS PROGRAM: Schools Recognized 1982–1983 Through 1999–2002" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "2007 Advanced Placement Report to the Nation" (PDF). The College Board. Retrieved May 25, 2011. p. 32 ^ "High Schools: How the Schools Stack Up". The Wall Street Journal. December 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "2009 NSOC Award Winners & Finalists: 2009 National Schools of Character". Character Education Partnership. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ Hornbacher, Marya (September 2010). "Blake's True Colors". mspmag.com. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "NATIONAL SCIENCE BOWL 2011: National Event Program" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved June 11, 2011., pp. 17 and 23 ^ Pillitteri, Abigail (May 1, 2011). "Plenty of Excitement at the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Race". U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Retrieved June 20, 2011. ^ School, Blake (May 1, 2015). "Speech and Debate". The Blake School. Retrieved June 20, 2011. ^ "Tri-Metro: Member Schools". Tri-Metro Conference. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "Upper School Program: Welcome to The Blake Upper School Athletic website!". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ a b "Challenge Cup: THE CUP OF CHAMPIONS". Minnesota State High School League. Retrieved May 25, 2011., ^ "One Book, One Blake". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011. ^ "Dani Cameranesi: Career Statistics". USCHO.com. Retrieved 14 April 2019. Previous team: Blake School ^ "BLAKE ALMA MATTERS: February 2011" (PDF). The Blake School. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011. ^ a b c d e f "Alumni Awards: Outstanding Alumni Award". The Blake School. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ a b Davey, Monica (October 12, 2009). "Minneapolis's Elite Pursue Pranks by Lawsuit". New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2011. ^ "David Goldberg, Silicon Valley CEO with deep ties to Minneapolis, dies at 47". Minneapolis Star-Tribune. Minneapolis. May 2, 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015. ^ "The Blake Bulletin: Alumni Album – Students for a Day: Alumni Academy at The Blake School" (PDF). The Blake School. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011., p. 37 ^ "The Blake Bulletin: Alumni Album – Reunion 2006" (PDF). The Blake School. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011., p. 30 ^ "Minnesota Legislators Past & Present: Kelley, Steve P." Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. Retrieved May 25, 2011. ^ "About Us: Our Start and Company Values | Stitch Fix". www.stitchfix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-14. ^ "John H. "Hugh" MacMillan III". Legacy. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ "Marcia McNutt Elected 22nd NAS President; New Treasurer, Council Members Chosen" (Press release). National Academy of Sciences. February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ "Kent Patterson at eliteprospects.com". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 2023-07-14. ^ "Biography – Deputy Administrator Marcus C. Peacock". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 7 August 2012. ^ "Get to Know Dean Phillips". Phillips for Congress. Retrieved 2023-08-28. ^ Mulvoy, Mark. "Sun child in the icy nets". ^ "ALUMNI NEWS: J.T. Wyman '04 in First Year of Professional Hockey (Hockey: Boys Varsity)". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011. External links Official School Website Authority control databases ISNI

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"college-preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis-Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"}],"text":"The Blake School is a private, coeducational, college-preparatory day school located in Hopkins, Minnesota. The school is located on two campuses in the Twin Cities area: the upper school (9–12) in Minneapolis with the middle and lower school, along with administrative offices, on the Hopkins campus.Blake, originally an all-boys school, was established by a group of local businessmen in 1907 to prepare students for top colleges in the Northeast. In the 1970s, it merged with its sister school, the Northrop Collegiate School (founded in 1900) and the Highcroft Country Day School (founded in 1958) to become a coeducational institution.Serving grades kindergarten through 12th, Blake has previously received the National Blue Ribbon School award. In addition, the school is known for its nationally recognized debate program.","title":"The Blake School (Minneapolis)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EarlyBlakeBoys.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"}],"text":"Early Blake boys studyingDuring the early 20th century, two schools were founded in Minneapolis to prepare students for elite colleges in the Northeast:[2] the Blake School for boys and Northrop Collegiate School for girls. A third school, Highcroft Country Day School serving students of both sexes, was incorporated during the migration to Minneapolis suburbs. In 1974, the three schools merged to become the Blake Schools, with its first coeducational class graduating in 1975.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0612-01-BlakeSchool.jpg"},{"link_name":"preparatory schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"},{"link_name":"guarantors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarantors"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"headmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headmaster"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"}],"sub_title":"The Blake School","text":"The Blake Campus, home to the Middle School and Lower School, HopkinsIn 1907, William M. Blake established the Blake School, a private, preparatory school for boys, in Minneapolis. Three years later, Charles C. Bovey, a local businessman, wanted to reform Blake, and put it on the same plane as Eastern preparatory schools.[2]With help from William Blake, new Board of Trustees Chairman Charles Bovey asked sixteen other local business leaders to contribute $2,500 each towards the school's first capital drive. In 1911, these original guarantors hired Charles B. Newton, a Princeton and Harvard alumnus, to replace William Blake as headmaster. Newton envisioned a school \"not only for the wealthy, but for the worthy.\" The school incorporated on May 5, 1911, with all but two guarantors serving on the board of trustees. In 1912, their pooled resources enabled the construction of a new building in suburban Hopkins, with the site, now known as Blake Campus, being the current home of the middle school and one of the two lower school campuses.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916NorthropBuilding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZulemaRubleSmithCollege-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918NorthropFieldHockey.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The Northrop Collegiate School","text":"Northrop building in 1916In 1900, Zulema A. Ruble, a Smith College alumna,[3] and Carrie Bartlett established Graham Hall, a private school for girls, in Minneapolis. In 1914, a group of Minneapolis leaders purchased Graham Hall and incorporated it as Northrop Collegiate School. In 1917, the school relocated within Minneapolis, with the site, now known as Northrop Campus, being the current home of the upper school campus.[2]Field hockey on Northrop in 1918","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cowles, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cowles,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SageCowlesEstHCD-4"},{"link_name":"nonsectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian"},{"link_name":"Wayzata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayzata"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis-Saint_Paul"}],"sub_title":"The Highcroft Country Day School","text":"In 1958, Sage Cowles, wife of John Cowles, Jr., along with two friends,[4] established Highcroft Country Day School, a private, coeducational, nonsectarian K-9 school in Wayzata. Highcroft was designed to provide students in the far western suburbs (at the time) of the Twin Cities with an education near home. In 1960, the school building was constructed on land purchased and donated to the school, part of which was the former Highcroft estate in Wayzata, the site, known as the Highcroft Campus, was home to one of Blake's two lower school buildings until 2023. Now all lower school students attend the Blake campus in Hopkins, Minnesota.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlakeStadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Preservation and present","text":"Some spectators arriving at Blake's Gordy Aamoth Jr. Memorial StadiumIn addition to retaining many of the original sites and all original buildings of Blake predecessor institutions, the school also carries on other traditions, such as:[2]from the Blake School for the boys – strong speech and debate programs\nfrom Northrop Collegiate School – strong drama program, mascot of bears, along with the school color of blue\nfrom Highcroft Country Day School – growing athletic program for both boys and girls, along with school color of green.Since 2006, all students, faculty, staff, and community volunteers come together annually at the Hopkins campus to celebrate \"Convocation Day\" and participate in the service-based \"Legacy Day\". These celebrations highlight new and past traditions, including musical performances from the Middle and Upper School's choir as well as a speech from the current head of school. On Legacy Day, students participate in service-based activities such as packing food, building birdhouses, and making tie blankets for local animal shelters.[5]The current head of school is Dr. Anne Stavney.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlakeAtAGlance-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GradReq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobCitPrograms-7"}],"text":"The school serves approximately 1,400 students in prekindergarten through twelfth grade, with an average classroom size of 15–16 students, and average graduating class size of 130. The school's student-adult ratio is 9:1.[1]It takes 22 credits to graduate from The Blake School, with a minimum course load of five courses each semester.[6] The Blake School also offers numerous global citizenship programs.[7]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association of Independent Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Schools"},{"link_name":"The College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board"},{"link_name":"Cum Laude Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_Laude_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolMemberAffiliations-8"}],"sub_title":"Accreditation","text":"Blake is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS), and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), The College Board, National Association of College Admissions Counselors (NACAC), and the Cum Laude Society.[8]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlueRibbonAwards-9"},{"link_name":"The College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board"},{"link_name":"AP English Literature and Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Literature_and_Composition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APEngLitRec-10"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJSchoolStackUp-11"},{"link_name":"Character Education Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Education_Partnership"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalSchoolofCharacter-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiversityRecogn-13"},{"link_name":"Built to Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/February-2013/Built-to-Lead"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"National Science Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011NatSciBowl-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011NatSciBowlCar-15"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate"},{"link_name":"National Speech and Debate Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Speech_and_Debate_Association"},{"link_name":"Tournament of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_(debate)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blakedebate-16"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"Blake has received numerous accolades in recent years, including:U.S. Department of Education – Blue Ribbon School, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94[9]\nThe College Board – \"Exemplary AP English Literature and Composition Programs\", 2007[10]\nWall Street Journal – \"How the Schools Stack Up\" (ranking of 41 for high schools with the best record of graduates attending eight top universities), 2007[11]\nCharacter Education Partnership – National School of Character, 2009[12]\nMpls St.Paul Magazine – in school diversity and inclusion efforts, 2010[13]\nMN Monthly Magazine – for leadership training of its students, 2012; Built to LeadIn 2011, Blake won the Minnesota Middle School Science Bowl, and was a competing school in the U.S. Department of Energy's National Science Bowl,[14] winning the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Race portion.[15] In 2015, it won the Department of Energy's Minnesota High School Science Bowl and proceeded to compete at the national level in Washington D.C.Blake is also home to one of the most active and successful high school debate programs in the entire country, having won several prestigious national championships, including the National Speech and Debate Association National Tournament, the National Debate Coaches Association National Tournament, and the Tournament of Champions. They are also the first school to qualify debaters to the Tournament of Champions in every event. Every December, Blake hosts the John Edie Debate Tournament, one of the largest regular-season speech and debate tournaments in the country.[16]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0612-02-BlakeIceArena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tri-Metro Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Metro_Conference"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AthleticConference-17"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State High School League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_High_School_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolHistory-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoofAthleticTeams-18"},{"link_name":"D3: The Mighty Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3:_The_Mighty_Ducks"}],"text":"Blake Ice Arena, Blake CampusBlake competes in the Independent Metro Athletic Conference (IMAC) and formerly in the Tri-Metro Conference,[17] which is part of the Minnesota State High School League. The school athletic teams are named the Blake Bears.[2] The school offers twenty-eight sports, and fields over fifty athletic teams. The school also recognizes four club sports, including Ultimate Frisbee, Equestrian Team, Sailing, and the Stepps Dance Team.[18] They are also recognized for having their hockey team in a cameo for the 1996 Disney movie D3: The Mighty Ducks when the movie was shot on set at Blake's Hopkins campus hockey arena; they came from behind down 9–0 to tie the Ducks 9-9, with 9 third period goals.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota State High School League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_High_School_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHSLChallengeCup-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHSLChallengeCup-19"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Blake won the Minnesota State High School League Challenge Cup, which awards schools based on their success in section and state fine arts and athletics tournaments, in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015[19] – more than any other school in state history – and was runner-up in 2006, 2008 and 2010, and placed third in 2011.[19] In addition, many Blake alumni go on to play sports at the collegiate level, and some have even been drafted by professional sports franchises in the NHL, NFL, and MLB.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baxter_(author)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBaxterAlumnus-20"},{"link_name":"Alex Bernstein (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bernstein_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Dani Cameranesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Cameranesi"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jack Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jd-22"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tom Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Davis_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Mark Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dayton"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaytonFrankenAlumsNYT-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Governor of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dayton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton%27s"},{"link_name":"Target Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alida Rockefeller Messinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alida_Rockefeller_Messinger"},{"link_name":"David L. Downie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Downie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David T. Ellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Ellwood"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Al Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaytonFrankenAlumsNYT-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Dave Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Survey Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_Monkey"},{"link_name":"Poppy Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_Harlow"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHarlowAlumnus-26"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Heffelfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Heffelfinger"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THeffelfingerAlumnus-27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Attorney"},{"link_name":"George Roy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Roy_Hill"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Cassidy_and_the_Sundance_Kid"},{"link_name":"A. J. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Saint Motel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Motel"},{"link_name":"Steve Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kelley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SteveKelleyAlumnus-28"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Senate"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de Laittre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Laittre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Katrina Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Lake"},{"link_name":"Stitch Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_Fix"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"John Hugh MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hugh_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-30"},{"link_name":"Whitney MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"Marcia McNutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_McNutt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingAlumni-23"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kelly Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Morrison"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kent Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Patterson"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Marcus Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Peacock"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Arthur Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Phillips"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dean Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Phillips"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Pirsig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Pirsig"},{"link_name":"Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jim Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Warden"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"J.T. Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.T._Wyman"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WymanAlumnus-36"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"}],"text":"Charles Baxter (1965)[20] – author of National Book Award nominated The Feast of Love (2000)\nAlex Bernstein (American football) (1998) - NFL player, entrepreneur, co-founder of North Venture Partners and North Social\nDani Cameranesi (2013) – Forward for U.S. women's hockey team at 2018 Winter Olympics[21]\nJack Dalrymple (1966)[22] – former Governor of North Dakota\nTom Davis (1970)[23] – Emmy-winning comedy writer and performer\nMark Dayton (1965)[24] – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 40th Governor of Minnesota, heir to Dayton's and Target Corporation, first husband of Alida Rockefeller Messinger\nDavid L. Downie (1979) - Scholar of global environmental politics[citation needed]\nDavid T. Ellwood (1971)[23] – Dean of Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government\nAl Franken (1969)[23][24] – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, satirist, comedian, author, screenwriter, Saturday Night Live television performer, political commentator, radio host\nDave Goldberg (1985)[25] – businessman, CEO of Survey Monkey\nPoppy Harlow (2001)[26] – CNN reporter\nThomas B. Heffelfinger (1966)[27] – former U.S. Attorney of Minnesota\nGeorge Roy Hill (1939)[23] – Oscar-winning director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\nA. J. Jackson (2002) - lead singer of Saint Motel\nSteve Kelley (1971)[28] – Minnesota State Senator, 2000 U.S. Senate candidate, attorney\nEleanor de Laittre – artist[citation needed]\nKatrina Lake – CEO of Stitch Fix[29]\nJohn Hugh MacMillan – businessman[30]\nWhitney MacMillan (1947)[23] – CEO of Cargill\nMarcia McNutt (1970)[23] – president National Academy of Sciences[31]\nKelly Morrison (1987) - Physician and state representative in the Minnesota House of Representatives[citation needed]\nKent Patterson (2007) - NHL player[32]\nMarcus Peacock (1978)[33] – former Deputy Administrator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nArthur Phillips (1986) - novelist, screenwriter[citation needed]\nDean Phillips (1987) - U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 3rd Congressional District (2019–present), American businessman[34]\nRobert M. Pirsig (1943) - philosopher, author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974)[citation needed]\nJim Warden (1972)[35] - Goaltender for U.S. men's hockey team at 1976 Winter Olympics\nJ.T. Wyman (2004)[36] – NHL player","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[{"image_text":"Early Blake boys studying","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EarlyBlakeBoys.jpg/220px-EarlyBlakeBoys.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Blake Campus, home to the Middle School and Lower School, Hopkins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2009-0612-01-BlakeSchool.jpg/220px-2009-0612-01-BlakeSchool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northrop building in 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1916NorthropBuilding.jpg/220px-1916NorthropBuilding.jpg"},{"image_text":"Field hockey on Northrop in 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1918NorthropFieldHockey.jpg/220px-1918NorthropFieldHockey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some spectators arriving at Blake's Gordy Aamoth Jr. Memorial Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/BlakeStadium.jpg/220px-BlakeStadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blake Ice Arena, Blake Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2009-0612-02-BlakeIceArena.jpg/220px-2009-0612-02-BlakeIceArena.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Blake at a Glance\". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072032/http://www.blakeschool.org/admissions/ataglance.aspx","url_text":"\"Blake at a Glance\""},{"url":"http://www.blakeschool.org/admissions/ataglance.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Blake School: A History\". The Blake School. Retrieved Feb 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blakeschool.org/about/history","url_text":"\"The Blake School: A History\""}]},{"reference":"Smith College Bulletin: Alumnae Register 1916–1917. Smith College Alumnae Association. 1917. Retrieved June 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=174gAAAAMAAJ&q=Zulema+A.+Ruble&pg=PA193","url_text":"Smith College Bulletin: Alumnae Register 1916–1917"}]},{"reference":"\"Sage Cowles and John Cowles, Jr.— 2005–06 Louis W. Hill, Jr. Fellows\". Grotto Foundation. Retrieved June 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grottofoundation.org/fellowship/cowles","url_text":"\"Sage Cowles and John Cowles, Jr.— 2005–06 Louis W. Hill, Jr. Fellows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academics: The Blake School Graduation Requirements\". The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072234/http://www.blakeschool.org/academics/Curriculum-at-Blake/The-Blake-School-Graduation-Requirements/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Academics: The Blake School Graduation Requirements\""},{"url":"http://www.blakeschool.org/academics/Curriculum-at-Blake/The-Blake-School-Graduation-Requirements/index.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programs & Services: Global Citizenship at Blake\". The Blake School. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. 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Retrieved May 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326055622/http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf","url_text":"\"BLUE RIBBON SCHOOLS PROGRAM: Schools Recognized 1982–1983 Through 1999–2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education","url_text":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Educational_Research_and_Improvement","url_text":"Office of Educational Research and Improvement"},{"url":"http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Advanced Placement Report to the Nation\" (PDF). The College Board. 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Retrieved June 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.energy.gov/~/media/nsb/pdf/2011%20media%20files/2011NSBProgram.pdf","url_text":"\"NATIONAL SCIENCE BOWL 2011: National Event Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy","url_text":"U.S. Department of Energy"}]},{"reference":"Pillitteri, Abigail (May 1, 2011). \"Plenty of Excitement at the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Race\". U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Retrieved June 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osti.gov/nsbjournal/plenty-excitement-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-race","url_text":"\"Plenty of Excitement at the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science","url_text":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science"}]},{"reference":"School, Blake (May 1, 2015). \"Speech and Debate\". The Blake School. 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The Blake School. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072313/http://www.blakeschool.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=509&ModuleID=16&TeamID=170&NEWSPID=1","url_text":"\"ALUMNI NEWS: J.T. Wyman '04 in First Year of Professional Hockey (Hockey: Boys Varsity)\""},{"url":"http://www.blakeschool.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=509&ModuleID=16&TeamID=170&NEWSPID=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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Peacock\""},{"Link":"https://phillipsforcongress.org/dean-phillips/","external_links_name":"\"Get to Know Dean Phillips\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1975/03/03/616235/sun-child-in-the-icy-nets","external_links_name":"\"Sun child in the icy nets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072313/http://www.blakeschool.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=509&ModuleID=16&TeamID=170&NEWSPID=1","external_links_name":"\"ALUMNI NEWS: J.T. Wyman '04 in First Year of Professional Hockey (Hockey: Boys Varsity)\""},{"Link":"http://www.blakeschool.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=509&ModuleID=16&TeamID=170&NEWSPID=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blakeschool.org/","external_links_name":"Official School Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406381908","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_V12_F1_engine

Isuzu V12 F1 engine

["1 Background","1.1 Specifications","2 Applications","3 References"]

Reciprocating internal combustion engine Isuzu P799WEOverviewManufacturerIsuzuProduction1989–1991LayoutConfiguration75° V12Displacement3.5 L (214 cu in)Cylinder bore85 mm (3 in)Piston stroke51.3 mm (2 in)Valvetrain48-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinderCompression ratio13.0:1CombustionFuel systemPort fuel injectionFuel typeGasolineOil systemDry sumpOutputPower output640–765 hp (477–570 kW)Torque output296–308 lb⋅ft (401–418 N⋅m)DimensionsLength690 mm (27.2 in)Width580 mm (22.8 in)Height495 mm (19.5 in)Dry weight158 kg (348 lb) Isuzu made an experimental 75-degree, four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, V-12 racing engine, dubbed the P799WE, designed for Formula one racing; between 1989 and 1991. The experimental unit was used in the Lotus 102B and Lotus 102C. Background The 102B enabled the team to equal their 1990 points total of three points. With increased sponsorship and the delay of the 107 it was to continue racing for the first four races of the 1992 season in D specification. The C specification incorporated an Isuzu P799WE (Japanese edition) V12 engine that had been developed throughout the season but never raced. The new engine produced impressive power, with rumours of around 750bhp reported. In the engine's one and only track test, the car was six seconds off the pace however. Ultimately, Peter Collins, team principal of Team Lotus, decided against a deal to use the unproven engine and Isuzu decided against entering Formula One anyway. Specifications Overall length: 690mm Overall width: 580mm Overall height: 495mm Number of cylinders: V-type 12 cylinders Cylinder bank angle (°): 75° Displacement: 3,493cc Maximum horsepower: 646 hp @ 12,000rpm (early), 765 hp @ 13,500rpm (late) Maximum torque: 41.0 kg·m (296.5 lb-ft) @ 10,000 rpm (initial), 42.5 kg·m (308 lb-ft) @ 11,500 rpm (late) Piston: bore 85mm Stroke: 51.3mm Compression ratio: 13.0: 1 Weight: 158 kg (348 lbs.) Applications Lotus 102B Lotus 102C References ^ "That Time Isuzu Made A Formula One Engine And Put It In A Pickup". carthrottle.com. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Isuzu's Secret History: F1 Engines, Supercar Concepts, and More". motortrend.com. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Sidelined Samurai - 1991 Lotus 102C Isuzu". drivetribe.com. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Isuzu's V12 monster". drivetribe.com. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ 幻のF1エンジンISUZU P799WE - Autosports Web（2014年12月24日公開/2017年8月12閲覧） ^ "Sidelined Samurai - 1991 Lotus 102C Isuzu". Carmrades. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_the_Roses_Bloom

As Long as the Roses Bloom

["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

1956 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "As Long as the Roses Bloom" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As Long as the Roses BloomDirected byHans DeppeWritten byHelga von Wangenheim-HaeusslerHans Fritz KöllnerJoachim BartschKarl Heinz BusseProduced byHans DeppeWilhelm GernhardtStarringHertha FeilerGerhard RiedmannEva ProbstWilly FritschCinematographyWerner M. LenzEdited byJohanna MeiselMusic byWilly MattesProductioncompanyHans Deppe FilmDistributed byConstantin FilmRelease date 23 November 1956 (1956-11-23) Running time106 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman As Long as the Roses Bloom (German: Solange noch die Rosen blüh'n) is a 1956 West German romance film directed by Hans Deppe and starring Hertha Feiler, Gerhard Riedmann and Eva Probst. It is a heimatfilm shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Austria. The film's sets were designed by the art director Willi Herrmann and Heinrich Weidemann. Cast Hertha Feiler as Helga Wagner Gerhard Riedmann as Michael Eva Probst as Anna Huber Willy Fritsch as Richard Kühn Hans Moser as Alois Lechner, Mayor Annie Rosar as Emerentia Huber Sabine Eggerth as Toni Ingrid Simon as Moni Käthe Itter as Schwester Erika Kurt Vespermann as Diener Franz Schafheitlin as Kunsthändler Heinz Lausch as Assistenzarzt References ^ Reimer & Reimer p.80 Bibliography Höbusch, Harald. "Mountain of Destiny": Nanga Parbat and Its Path Into the German Imagination. Boydell & Brewer, 2016. Reimer, Robert C. & Reimer, Carol J. The A to Z of German Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2010. External links As Long as the Roses Bloom at IMDb vteFilms directed by Hans Deppe The Rider on the White Horse (1934) Hubertus Castle (1934) Holiday From Myself (1934) A Night of Change (1935) The Saint and Her Fool (1935) The Valiant Navigator (1935) The Three Around Christine (1936) Street Music (1936) The Hunter of Fall (1936) Meiseken (1937) Silence in the Forest (1937) Fools in the Snow (1938) Storms in May (1938) The Scoundrel (1939) The War of the Oxen (1943) A Salzburg Comedy (1943) A Man Like Maximilian (1945) No Place for Love (1947) Don't Play with Love (1949) How Do We Tell Our Children? (1949) The Cuckoos (1949) My Wife's Friends (1949) One Night Apart (1950) The Black Forest Girl (1950) The Heath Is Green (1951) Not Without Gisela (1951) Holiday From Myself (1952) The Prince of Pappenheim (1952) The Land of Smiles (1952) Secretly Still and Quiet (1953) When the White Lilacs Bloom Again (1953) The Great Lola (1954) The Seven Dresses of Katrin (1954) The Country Schoolmaster (1954) The Ambassador's Wife (1955) Son Without a Home (1955) When the Alpine Roses Bloom (1955) The Priest from Kirchfeld (1955) Your Life Guards (1955) The Tour Guide of Lisbon (1956) My Brother Joshua (1956) A Thousand Melodies (1956) As Long as the Roses Bloom (1956) Beneath the Palms on the Blue Sea (1957) All Roads Lead Home (1957) Immer die Radfahrer (1958) Thirteen Old Donkeys (1958) Kein Mann zum Heiraten (1959) The Domestic Tyrant (1959) That's No Way to Land a Man (1959) Mandolins and Moonlight (1959) When the Heath Is in Bloom (1960) Guitars Sound Softly Through the Night (1960) Robert and Bertram (1961) I Must Go to the City (1962) This article related to a German film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1950s romance film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watlington_railway_station_(Oxfordshire)

Watlington railway station (Oxfordshire)

["1 See also","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°39′04″N 0°59′43″W / 51.6511°N 0.9953°W / 51.6511; -0.9953Oxfordshire railway terminus WatlingtonGeneral informationLocationWatlington, South OxfordshireEnglandCoordinates51°39′04″N 0°59′43″W / 51.6511°N 0.9953°W / 51.6511; -0.9953Grid referenceSU696952Platforms1Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyWatlington and Princes Risborough RailwayPre-groupingGreat Western RailwayPost-groupingGreat Western RailwayKey dates15 August 1872Station opened1 July 1957Station closed to passengers2 January 1961Station closed-completely Watlington railway station in Oxfordshire was the terminus of the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway and opened in 1872. Watlington station was not in Watlington itself, but in the parish of Pyrton half a mile from Watlington. The line was always single track. The facilities at Watlington station included a stone-built passenger building, a goods shed, and locomotive and carriage sheds. The line was projected to be extended to Wallingford, where it would complete a cross-country line between Cholsey and Princes Risborough. Due to financial difficulties the Watlington - Wallingford section was never built. British Railways closed the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway to passengers in 1957 and to goods in 1961. Remains of the buildings exist, heavily overgrown, on private land. See also List of closed railway stations in Britain References ^ Oppitz, 2000, page 22 ^ Quick, M. E. (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 444. OCLC 931112387. Bibliography Karau, Paul; Turner, Chris (1998). Country branch line: An intimate portrait of the Watlington branch. Vol 1: The story of the line from 1872-1961. Didcot: Wild Swan. ISBN 1-874103-43-7. Karau, Paul; Turner, Chris (1998). Country branch line: An intimate portrait of the Watlington branch. Vol 2: The stations. Didcot: Wild Swan. ISBN 1-874103-46-1. Oppitz, Leslie (2000). Lost Railways of the Chilterns. Newbury: Countryside Books. pp. 20–23. ISBN 1-85306-643-5. Holden, J S (1974). The Watlington Branch. Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0-902888-41-2. External links Station on Disused Stations Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station Lewknor Bridge HaltLine and station closed   Great Western RailwayWatlington and Princes Risborough Railway   Terminus vteClosed railway stations in OxfordshireGreat Western Main Line Challow Moulsford Shrivenham Steventon Uffington Wantage Road Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway Churn Upton and Blewbury Cherwell Valley line Abingdon Junction Abingdon Road Halt Bletchington Fritwell & Somerton Hinksey Halt Kidlington Wolvercot Platform Witney Railway; East Gloucestershire Railway Alvescot Brize Norton and Bampton Carterton Cassington Halt Eynsham Kelmscott and Langford South Leigh Witney Witney (goods) Yarnton Wycombe Railway Horspath Halt Iffley Halt Littlemore Morris Cowley Thame Tiddington Towersey Halt Wheatley Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway Aston Rowant Chinnor Kingston Crossing Halt Lewknor Bridge Halt Wainhill Crossing Halt Watlington Chiltern Main Line Ardley Blackthorn Cropredy Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway Adderbury Bloxham Chipping Norton Hook Norton Milton Halt Rollright Halt Sarsden Halt Great Central Main Line Chalcombe Road Halt Finmere Varsity Line Charlton Halt Launton Oddington Halt Oxford Rewley Road Oxford Road Halt Port Meadow Halt Wendlebury Halt Wolvercote Halt Banbury to Verney Junction branch line Banbury Merton Street Blenheim and Woodstock branch line Blenheim and Woodstock Shipton-on-Cherwell Halt Short branches Abingdon Faringdon Wallingford Wantage This article on a railway station in South East England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of closed railway stations in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_closed_railway_stations_in_Britain"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army_(Peninsular_War)

Spanish Army (Peninsular War)

["1 Background","1.1 Spring 1808","2 May – November 1808","2.1 Army of the Left (Ejército de la Izquierda)","2.2 Army of the Centre (Ejército del Centro)","2.3 Army of the Right (Ejército de la Derecha)","2.4 The Army of the Reserve","3 Autumn Campaign (1809)","4 1811","4.1 January","4.2 September","5 1812–1814","6 Irregular troops","7 Opinion of Charles Oman (1902)","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography"]

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2022) Spanish ArmyEjércitos de España (Spanish)A painting depicting a column of Spanish troops during the Peninsular War, by Augusto Ferrer-DalmauActive27 October 1807 – 17 April 1814Country SpainTypeField armyEngagements Peninsular War Battle of Ciudad Real Battle of Salamanca Military unit The Spanish Army of the Peninsular War refers to the Spanish military units that fought against France's Grande Armée during a period which coincided with what is also termed the Spanish War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de la Independencia Española). In June 1808, the Spanish Army numbered 136,824 men and officers (including 30,527 militiamen assigned to provincial battalions). This figure also includes General La Romana's 15,000-man Division of the North garrisoned in Denmark. In 1808, the first year of the armed conflict against the French Army, at least two hundred new Spanish infantry regiments were created, most of which consisted of only one battalion. These regular troops and local militias which, in the case of Catalonia, ran to several thousand well-organised miquelets, or somatenes, who had already proved their worth in the Catalan revolt of 1640 and in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), were supplemented throughout the country by the guerrilla and were a constant source of harassment to the French army and its lines of communication. So much so that, between the new year and the middle of February 1809, General St. Cyr calculated that his troops had used up 2,000,000 cartridges in petty skirmishes with the miqueletes between Tarragona and Barcelona. At some battles, such as the Battle of Salamanca, the Army of Spain fought side-by-side with their allies of the Anglo-Portuguese Army, led by General Wellesley (who would not become the Duke of Wellington until after the Peninsular War was over). Background Under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which divided the Kingdom of Portugal and all Portuguese dominions between France and Spain, Spain agreed to augment, by three Spanish columns (numbering 25,500 men), the 28,000 troops Junot was already leading through Spain to invade Portugal. Crossing into Spain on 12 October 1807, Junot started a difficult march through the country, finally entering Portugal on 19 November. The three columns were as follows: General Carrafa's 9,500 men were to assemble at Salamanca and Ciudad Rodrigo and cooperate with Junot's main force. General Francisco Solano's column of 9,500 soldiers, which was to advance from Badajoz to capture Elvas and its fortress, invaded Portugal on 2 December 1807. General Taranco's 6,500 troops occupied Porto on 13 December. The general died the following January, and on 6 June 1808, when news of the rebellion in Spain reached Porto, the new commander of the garrison, General Belestá, arrested the French governor, General Quesnel, and his 30-man dragoon escort and joined the armies fighting the French. Spring 1808 In the spring of 1808, Spain's army consisted of 131,000 men, of whom 101,000 were regulars and 30,000 militia. Most of the militias formed part of the garrisons of the country's seaports, which needed to be protected against English expeditions. However, not all of the regular troops were stationed in Spain, since Bonaparte had requested a strong division for use in the north of Europe, and the Marquis of La Romana had been sent to the Baltic with 15,000 men, the picked regiments of the army, leaving only 86,000 regulars in Spain. Of these regular troops, some 13,000 men were foreign mercenaries: from Switzerland (six regiments, totalling over 10,000 bayonets); a Neapolitan regiment and three Irish regiments —Hibernia, Irlanda, and Ultonia (i.e. Ulster). Excluding the foreign troops, there were thirty-five regiments of troops of the line, of three battalions each, and twelve single-battalion regiments of light infantry, and if all of these had been up to the proper establishment of 840 men, the total would have amounted to 98,000 bayonets. By way of example, many of the corps in the interior of Spain were grossly under-manned: e.g. the regiment of Estremadura had only 770 men between its three battalions, that of Cordova 793, and the regiment of Navarre 822, that is, only around 250 men to the battalion instead of the proper 840. As for the militia, these totalled forty-three battalions, which were named after the towns in which they had been raised —Badajoz, Lugo, Alcazar, and so forth. In general, their ranks were much fuller than those of the regular regiments—only two battalions had fewer than 550 bayonets. May – November 1808 The jubilation following General Castaños' mid-July victory at Bailén was short-lived, and General Merlin's sacking of Bilbao, on 16 August 1808, caused much popular discontent throughout the country, which was aimed specifically at the Juntas and the generals. A war council was convened on 5 September, attended by General Cuesta; Castaños; Llamas; Lapeña; the Duque del Infantado, representing General Blake; and another officer (unknown) representing Palafox. Cuesta, as the senior general, attempted to persuade Castaños to join him in leading a military government separated from the Juntas, but Castaños refused. Then, having tried, to no avail, to persuade his colleagues to name him commander-in-chief, Cuesta stormed out of the meeting. Having taken matters into his own hands, he would later be arrested and relieved of his command, only to have it restored shortly afterwards. On 10 November, the Junta Central published its manifesto, dated 28 October 1808, in which, among other declarations, it declared its intention of maintaining a force of 500,000 troops, together with 50,000 cavalry. According to the manifesto, the existing diverse regiments and corps of the Spanish Army would be organised into four large corps, presided over by a Junta Central de Guerra (Central War Board), to be headed by Castaños, as follows: Army of the Left (Ejército de la Izquierda) Comprising the Army of Galicia (under Blake), the Army of Asturias (under Acevedo), and General La Romana's men from Denmark, and as many enlisted men they could raise from the Cantabrian mountains and the other mountainous regions they passed through. Army of the Centre (Ejército del Centro) According to Napier, in October 1808, the Army of the Centre had 27,000 men, including General Pignatelli's division of ten thousand Castilian infantry, plus one thousand five hundred cavalry and fourteen guns; General Grimarest's 2nd Division of Andalusia, with five thousand men; General Lapeña's 4th Division of five thousand infantry. On the other hand, according to Oman (1902), with access to "detailed official figures", in October–November 1808, Castaños's Army of the Centre had 51,000 men, of whom only about 42,000 were on the Ebro: the remaining 9,000 were in or about Madrid, and were incorporated in San Juan's Army of Reserve. Its divisions were as follows: 1st Division (about 8,500 men), under Conde de Villariezo: Of its fifteen battalions, nine were detached to the rear, in or about Madrid, and were not present on the Ebro. 2nd Division (about 6,000 men), under General Grimarest 3rd Division (about 6,500 men), under General Rengel: Of its thirteen battalions, four were detached to the rear, and were not present on the Ebro. 4th Division (about 7,500 men), under General Lapeña 5th Division (about 8,000 men), under General Roca : One regiment, under General Llamas, was left at Aranjuez as guard to the Junta. Army of Castile (about 11,000 men), under General Pignatelli . This army, with many raw levies, ceased to exist when Castaños removed Pignatelli from his post for having retreated when faced by Ney's troops at Logroño. Cavalry (about 3,500 horse). The reformed army would be made up of the four divisions from Andalucia (under Castaños), together with those of Castile (under Cuesta), Extremadura and those of Valencia and Murcia that had entered Madrid under Llamas. It was hoped that the British forces would join this Army in the event that they decided to advance up towards France. Army of the Right (Ejército de la Derecha) Previously known as the Army of Catalonia (Ejército de Cataluña), the new army, under the orders of the newly appointed captain-general of Catalonia, Juan Miguel de Vives, numbered 19,857 men and 800 horse (although Napier put the figure at 36,000 troops, of which 22,000 infantrymen and 1,200 horse were stationed near Barcelona or headed towards the city). The army was composed of regular troops and migueletes from Catalonia, plus the divisions that had disembarked at Tarragona from Mallorca with Vives and those from Portugal and Estremadura, with a shipment of 20,000 new rifles, as well as their own arms, were commanded by generals Laguna and García Conde, respectively, and those sent from Granada, Aragón (a division under the Marquis of Lazán) and Valencia. The first division, the Llobregat Division, was commanded by the Count of Caldagues and comprised 4,698 infantrymen and 400 horse, plus six cannon. The second division, the Horta Division, was commanded by Field Marshal Gregorio Laguna, with 2,164 troops, 200 horse and seven cannon. The third division, the San Cugat Division, was commanded by Colonel Gaspar Gomez de la Serna, with 2,458 troops, while the fourth division, the San Gerónimo de la Murta Division, was commanded by Colonel Francisco Milans and was made up of 3,710 migueletes. The vanguard, under Brigadier Álvarez, was formed by the Ampurdan Division, numbering 6,000 troops and 100 horse, and was made up of the garrisons of Rosas and Gerona, together with miguletes and somatenes from Igualada, Cervera, Tarragona, Gerona and Figueras. The Reserve, based at Vives's newly established headquarters at Martorell, comprised 777 line infantry, under General Garcia Conde; 80 hussars under Major-general Carlos de Witte and four cannon, under Colonel Juan de Ara. The commander of the engineers was Antonio Casanova. The Army of the Reserve The reserve would comprise Palafox, Saint March and O'Neill's Valencia division. Autumn Campaign (1809) The Junta Central's Autumn Campaign was politically motivated, and despite Del Parque's victory at Tamames in October, the Spanish Army's subsequent defeats at the battles of Ocaña and Alba de Tormes led to the Junta's fall at the beginning of 1810. The campaign was to be carried out by the Army of Estremadura, under the Duke of Alburquerque's much depleted force of 8,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, as he had had to transfer three divisions of infantry and twelve regiments of cavalry to reinforce the Army of La Mancha, under Venegas, and which, after its defeat at Almonacid, had been reduced to only 25,000 men. The Army of La Mancha now comprising some 50,000 men, the Junta removed Venegas (who had taken over from Cartaojal, dismissed for his incompetence at the Battle of Ciudad Real in March) replacing him with Aréizaga, who was able to bring the force up to 48,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 cannon, making it one of the largest forces Spain had ever created. The Army of the Left which, in theory, was 50,000 strong (although only 40,000 of them actually took part in the campaign), was formed from La Romana's Army of Galicia, with Ballasteros’s Army of the Asturias and the Del Parque's troops. The latter was given command of this Army. 1811 January For much of the year, Spain's army would be as follows: 1st Army (Catalonia) 2nd Army (Valencia) 3rd Army (Murcia) 4th Army (Cádiz-Huelva) 5th Army (Extremadura) 6th Army (Asturias & Galicia) September For the latter part of the year, commands were assigned as follows: 1st Army (Lacy) 2nd Army (O'Donnell) 3rd Army (Mahy – Zayas) 4th Army (Ballesteros) 5th Army (Castaños) 6th Army (Santocildes) 1812–1814 On 22 September 1812, the Cortes named Wellington generalissimo (supreme commander) of the Spanish armies. The commander of the 4th Army, General Ballesteros, was arrested and relieved of his command in October 1812, and exiled for protesting Wellington's command and trying to instigate an uprising. By mid-1813, Spain's regular forces consisted of some 160,000 troops, around a third of which were fighting alongside Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army. 1st Army: By June 1813, the Army of Catalonia, now known, again, as the 1st Army, under General Copons, comprised 16,000 men. Pedro Agustin Giron, until then in command of the Army of the Centre, would be appointed commander of the Army of Catalonia that August. 2nd Army: When Blake's Army of Valencia, now known as the Army of Murcia, surrendered to Marshal Suchet at Valencia, at the beginning of 1812, it comprised 28,000 men. Of these, some 7,000 were able to escape capture, and by June 1813, its new commander, General Elio, had over 30,600 troops under him. 3rd Army: The former Army of Murcia, now the Army of Andalusia, rose from some 5,500 men at the beginning of January 1812 to 12,600 men under the Duke del Parque in June 1813. By April 1814, the Prince of Anglona had 21,000 men under him. 4th Army (now Galicia): The 4th Army (whose previous commander, Ballesteros, had been relieved of his command in October 1812, and exiled for protesting Wellington's command), was now attached to Wellington's forces. In August 1813, Freire was promoted to general and succeeded Castaños, who had been called to the Cortes, in command of the 35,000 troops of the 4th Army. Army of the Reserve of Andalusia: under O'Donnell Army of the Reserve of Galicia: under Lacy Irregular troops Main article: Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War Following on from other related decrees, on 17 April 1809, the Junta Central issued orders for all able-bodied patriots to join the Corso Terrestre (literally, "Land Corsairs"). By the following August, the Corso Terrestre of Navarra, initially comprising fifteen men, led by Francisco Xavier Mina, had carried out a series of successful ambushes, and soon consisted of 1,200 infantry troops and 150 cavalry, now known as the Primero de Voluntarios de Navarra ("First Volunteers of Navarra"). By November 1811, Juan Palarea Blanes, known as "El Médico", based in La Mancha, had raised both the Husares Francos Numantinos, a light cavalry unit, and the Cazadores Francos Numantinos, a light infantry unit, both of which were incorporated into the 4th Army in 1813, with the cavalry unit later joining Espoz y Mina's division in Navarre. By summer 1811, French commanders had deployed 70,000 troops solely to keep lines open between Madrid and the border with France, figure which, by 1812, had grown to 200,000 troops, of a total of 350,000 French soldiers in Iberia, simply protecting lines of supply rather than serving as front-line troops. A list drawn up that same year refers to 22 guerrilla bands in Spain, numbering some 38,520 men. Opinion of Charles Oman (1902) In volume 1 of his A History of the Peninsular War, 1807-1809 (1902), British military historian Charles Oman refers to the situation and circumstances of the Spanish Army as follows: ... The Duke of Wellington in his dispatches, and still more in his private letters and his table-talk, was always enlarging on the folly and arrogance of the Spanish generals with whom he had to co-operate, and on the untrustworthiness of their troops. Napier, the one military classic whom most Englishmen have read, is still more emphatic and far more impressive, since he writes in a very judicial style, and with the most elaborate apparatus of references and authorities. Not only was the Spanish army indifferently officered, but even of such officers as it possessed there were not enough. In the old line regiments there should have been seventy to each corps, i.e. 2,450 to the 105 battalions of that arm. But Godoy had allowed the numbers to sink to 1,520. When the insurrection broke out, the vacant places had to be filled, and many regiments received at the same moment twenty or thirty subalterns taken from civil life and completely destitute of military training. Similarly the militia ought to have had 1,800 officers, and only possessed 1,200 when the war began. The vacancies were filled, but with raw and often indifferent material. Such were the officers with whom the British army had to co-operate. There is no disguising the fact that from the first the allies could not get on together. In the earlier years of the war there were some incidents that happened while the troops of the two nations lay together, which our countrymen could never forgive or forget. We need only mention the midnight panic in Cuesta’s army on the eve of Talavera, when 10,000 men ran away without having had a shot fired at them, and the cowardly behaviour of Lapeña in 1811, when he refused to aid Graham at the bloody little battle of Barossa. The strictures of Wellington, Napier, and the rest were undoubtedly well deserved; and yet it is easy to be too hard on the Spaniards. It chanced that our countrymen did not get a fair opportunity of observing their allies under favourable conditions; of the old regular army that fought at Baylen or Zornoza they never got a glimpse. It had been practically destroyed before we came upon the field. La Romana’s starving hordes, and Cuesta’s evasive and demoralized battalions were the samples from which the whole Spanish army was judged. In the Talavera campaign, the first in which English and Spanish troops stood side by side, there can be no doubt that the latter (with few exceptions) behaved in their very worst style. They often did much better; but few Englishmen had the chance of watching a defence like that of Saragossa or Gerona. Very few observers from our side saw anything of the heroically obstinate resistance of the Catalonian miqueletes and somatenes. Chance threw in our way Cuesta and Lapeña and Imaz as types of Peninsular generals, and from them the rest were judged. No one supposes that the Spaniards as a nation are destitute of all military qualities. They made good soldiers enough in the past, and may do so in the future: but when, after centuries of intellectual and political torpor, they were called upon to fight for their national existence, they were just emerging from subjection to one of the most worthless adventurers and one of the most idiotic kings whom history has known. Charles IV and Godoy account for an extraordinary amount of the decrepitude of the monarchy and the demoralization of its army. It is more just to admire the constancy with which a nation so handicapped persisted in the hopeless struggle, than to condemn it for the incapacity of its generals, the ignorance of its officers, the unsteadiness of its raw levies. If Spain had been a first-rate military power, there would have been comparatively little merit in the six years’ struggle which she waged against Bonaparte. When we consider her weakness and her disorganization, we find ourselves more inclined to wonder at her persistence than to sneer at her mishaps. (Oman, 1902.) See also 3rd Swiss Regiment Reding Anglo-Portuguese Army British Army during the Napoleonic Wars Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War List of Spanish generals of the Peninsular War Spain under Joseph Bonaparte Timeline of the Peninsular War Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars Notes ^ By contrast, French troops in Spain, including the 48,204 which entered the country June–August 1808, that is, after the outbreak of the war, numbered 165,103. (Oman, 1902). By 1 February the following year, that figure had increased to 288,551 French troops, of whom 193,978 were "Présents sous les armes" (Present at Arms). (Oman, 1903). ^ "It will be noted that all the numbers given are much larger than those attributed by Napier (i. 504) to the Spanish armies. I have worked from detailed official figures, the greater part of which seem perfectly trustworthy". (Oman, 1902). ^ Four of its corps, mainly regular battalions, were made into a detached brigade under Cartaojal on 30 October: the others (except the Volunteers of Benavente in garrison at Burgos) were dispersed among the Andalusian divisions of Grimarest, Lapeña, and Llamas (Oman, 1902). ^ Very few of the cavalry regiments had more than three squadrons at the front, some only one (Oman, 1902). ^ (in Spanish). "El 12 de agosto fue relevado del mando del cuarto ejército español el General Castaños, por haberle llamado las Córtes á desempeñar su plaza de Consejero de Estado, sucediéndole el Mariscal de Campo Manuel Freire, y destinado al ejército de Cataluña al de igual clase Don Pedro Agustin Giron, Comandante general del Centro. Castaños, que conoció el pretesto con que la Regencia le separaba del mando, escribió en estos términos al Ministro de la Guerra: 'Tengo la satisfacción de entregar al Mariscal de Campo Freire, sobre la frontera de Francia, el mando del ejército que he tomado en Aldea Gallega, delante de Lisboa.'" (Muñoz, 1833: p. 420.) References ^ Oman 1902, pp. 607–611 ^ Gates (1986), p. 479. ^ Esdaile, Charles J. (1988). The Spanish Army in the Peninsular War, p. 95. Manchester University Press. Google Books. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ Oman 1903, p. 76 ^ Elliott, George (1816). The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington. London: J. Cundee. p. xiii–xiv. ^ Foy, Maximilien (1829). History of the War in the Peninsula, Under Napoleon: To which is Prefixed a View of the Political and Military State of the Four Belligerent Powers, Volume 2, pp. 432–433. Treuttel and Würtz, Treuttel, jun. and Richter. Google Books. Retrieved 15 September 2013. ^ a b Oman 1902, pp. 89–90 ^ a b c Oman 1902, pp. 90–92 ^ Napier, William Francis Patrick and Mathieu Dumas (1828). Histoire de la guerre dans la Péninsule et dans le midi de la France, depuis l'année 1807 jusqu'a l'année 1814, Volume I, p. 287. Treuttel et Würtz. Google Books. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ a b c d e (in Spanish). Rodríquez García, Francisco (1865). Crónica del Senoría de Vizcaya, pp. 93–95. Google Books. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ Rodriguez, Jose Manuel and Arsenio Garcia Fuentes. "Biography: Gregorio García de la Cuesta". Translated by Caroline Miley for the Napoleon Series. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ Napier (1844). History of the War in the Peninsula, Vol. 1, p. 92. Google Books. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ Oman 1902, pp. 634–635 ^ Oman 1902, pp. 393–394 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (in Spanish). Blanch, Adolfo (1861). Cataluña: historia de la guerra de la independencia en el antiguo principado, Volume 1, pp. 212-3. Barcelona: Imprenta y Librería Politécnica de Tomás Gorchs. Google Books. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ Napier, William Francis Patrick (1842). History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France: From the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, vol. 1, p. 305. Carey and Hart. Google Books. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ Rickard, J. (2008). "Spanish Junta's Autumn Campaign, October–November 1809". History of War. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ a b Bowen, Wayne H. and José E. Alvarez (2007). A Military History of Modern Spain: From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror, pp. 20–21. Greenwood Publishing Group. Google Books. Retrieved 26 September 2013. ^ a b c d e f (in Spanish). Guerrero Acosta, José Manuel (2009). "Ejército y pueblo durante la Guerra de la Independencia. Notas para el estudio de una simbiosis histórica". Revista de Historia Militar, pp. 239–279. Año LIII, Núm. Extraordinario. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar. Ministry of Defence (Spain). Retrieved 16 April 2023. ^ a b c d e Chartrand, René (1999). Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars (3): 1812–1815, pp. 3–5. Osprey Publishing. Google Books. Retrieved 15 September 2013. ^ a b (in Spanish). Muñoz Maldonado, José (1833). Historia política y militar de la Guerra de la Independencia de España contra Napoleon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814. Tomo III, escrita sobre los documentos auténticos del gobierno por el Dr. D. José Muñoz Maldonado. Madrid: Imprenta de D. José Palacios. ^ a b Chartrand, René (2013). Spanish Guerrillas in the Peninsular War 1808–14. Osprey Publishing. Google Books. Retrieved 14 September 2013. ^ National Army Museum. "Peninsular War: Spanish Ulcer". Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ Esdaile, Charles J. (2004). Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814, p. 108. Yale University Press. Google Books. Retrieved 14 September 2013. ^ Oman 1902, p. 89 Bibliography Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Miquelets" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 566. Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. Penguin Classic Military History (published 2001). ISBN 0141390417. Guia de Forasteros en Madrid para el año 1821. Imp. Nacional, 1821. Google Books (provides dates and formation of regiments, etc.) Oman, Charles (1902). "A History of the Peninsula War". Project Gutenberg. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Oman, Charles (1903). "A History of the Peninsula War". Project Gutenberg. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"La Romana's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Caro,_3rd_Marquis_of_La_Romana"},{"link_name":"Division of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gates479-2"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"miquelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquelet_(militia)"},{"link_name":"Catalan revolt of 1640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"lines of communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_communication"},{"link_name":"St. Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Battle of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-6"}],"text":"Military unitThe Spanish Army of the Peninsular War refers to the Spanish military units that fought against France's Grande Armée during a period which coincided with what is also termed the Spanish War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de la Independencia Española).In June 1808, the Spanish Army numbered 136,824 men and officers (including 30,527 militiamen assigned to provincial battalions).[1] This figure also includes General La Romana's 15,000-man Division of the North[2] garrisoned in Denmark.[note 1]In 1808, the first year of the armed conflict against the French Army, at least two hundred new Spanish infantry regiments were created, most of which consisted of only one battalion.[3]These regular troops and local militias which, in the case of Catalonia, ran to several thousand well-organised miquelets, or somatenes, who had already proved their worth in the Catalan revolt of 1640 and in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), were supplemented throughout the country by the guerrilla and were a constant source of harassment to the French army and its lines of communication. So much so that, between the new year and the middle of February 1809, General St. Cyr calculated that his troops had used up 2,000,000 cartridges in petty skirmishes with the miqueletes between Tarragona and Barcelona.[4]At some battles, such as the Battle of Salamanca, the Army of Spain fought side-by-side with their allies of the Anglo-Portuguese Army, led by General Wellesley (who would not become the Duke of Wellington until after the Peninsular War was over).[5]","title":"Spanish Army (Peninsular War)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(October_1807)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Junot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot"},{"link_name":"Carrafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carrafa"},{"link_name":"Francisco Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Elvas and its fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Border_Town_of_Elvas_and_its_Fortifications"},{"link_name":"Taranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Taranco_y_Llano"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Belestá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Belest%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Quesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Baptiste_Quesnel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which divided the Kingdom of Portugal and all Portuguese dominions between France and Spain, Spain agreed to augment, by three Spanish columns (numbering 25,500 men), the 28,000 troops Junot was already leading through Spain to invade Portugal. Crossing into Spain on 12 October 1807, Junot started a difficult march through the country, finally entering Portugal on 19 November.\nThe three columns were as follows:General Carrafa's 9,500 men were to assemble at Salamanca and Ciudad Rodrigo and cooperate with Junot's main force.\nGeneral Francisco Solano's column of 9,500 soldiers, which was to advance from Badajoz to capture Elvas and its fortress, invaded Portugal on 2 December 1807.\nGeneral Taranco's 6,500 troops occupied Porto on 13 December. The general died the following January, and on 6 June 1808, when news of the rebellion in Spain reached Porto, the new commander of the garrison, General Belestá, arrested the French governor, General Quesnel,[6] and his 30-man dragoon escort and joined the armies fighting the French.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oman1902-8"},{"link_name":"Marquis of La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Caro_y_Sureda,_Marquis_of_La_Romana"},{"link_name":"with 15,000 men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oman1902-8"},{"link_name":"Hibernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_of_Hibernia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oman1902b-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oman1902b-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oman1902b-9"}],"sub_title":"Spring 1808","text":"In the spring of 1808, Spain's army consisted of 131,000 men, of whom 101,000 were regulars and 30,000 militia. Most of the militias formed part of the garrisons of the country's seaports, which needed to be protected against English expeditions.[7]However, not all of the regular troops were stationed in Spain, since Bonaparte had requested a strong division for use in the north of Europe, and the Marquis of La Romana had been sent to the Baltic with 15,000 men, the picked regiments of the army, leaving only 86,000 regulars in Spain.[7]Of these regular troops, some 13,000 men were foreign mercenaries: from Switzerland (six regiments, totalling over 10,000 bayonets); a Neapolitan regiment and three Irish regiments —Hibernia, Irlanda, and Ultonia (i.e. Ulster).[8]Excluding the foreign troops, there were thirty-five regiments of troops of the line, of three battalions each, and twelve single-battalion regiments of light infantry, and if all of these had been up to the proper establishment of 840 men, the total would have amounted to 98,000 bayonets. By way of example, many of the corps in the interior of Spain were grossly under-manned: e.g. the regiment of Estremadura had only 770 men between its three battalions, that of Cordova 793, and the regiment of Navarre 822, that is, only around 250 men to the battalion instead of the proper 840.[8]As for the militia, these totalled forty-three battalions, which were named after the towns in which they had been raised —Badajoz, Lugo, Alcazar, and so forth. In general, their ranks were much fuller than those of the regular regiments—only two battalions had fewer than 550 bayonets.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castaños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Casta%C3%B1os,_1st_Duke_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Bailén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"General Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Antoine_Merlin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Juntas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)"},{"link_name":"General Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Cuesta"},{"link_name":"Llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Llamas"},{"link_name":"Lapeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Duque del Infantado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_13th_Duke_of_the_Infantado"},{"link_name":"General Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Blake_y_Joyes"},{"link_name":"Palafox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rebolledo_de_Palafox,_1st_Duke_of_Saragossa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senorio-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senorio-11"}],"text":"The jubilation following General Castaños' mid-July victory at Bailén was short-lived, and General Merlin's sacking of Bilbao, on 16 August 1808,[9] caused much popular discontent throughout the country, which was aimed specifically at the Juntas and the generals.A war council was convened on 5 September, attended by General Cuesta; Castaños; Llamas; Lapeña; the Duque del Infantado, representing General Blake; and another officer (unknown) representing Palafox. Cuesta, as the senior general, attempted to persuade Castaños to join him in leading a military government separated from the Juntas, but Castaños refused. Then, having tried, to no avail, to persuade his colleagues to name him commander-in-chief, Cuesta stormed out of the meeting.[10] Having taken matters into his own hands, he would later be arrested and relieved of his command, only to have it restored shortly afterwards.[11]On 10 November, the Junta Central published its manifesto, dated 28 October 1808, in which, among other declarations, it declared its intention of maintaining a force of 500,000 troops, together with 50,000 cavalry.[10]According to the manifesto, the existing diverse regiments and corps of the Spanish Army would be organised into four large corps, presided over by a Junta Central de Guerra (Central War Board), to be headed by Castaños, as follows:","title":"May – November 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Acevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Acevedo"},{"link_name":"General La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Caro_y_Sureda,_3rd_Marquis_de_La_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senorio-11"}],"sub_title":"Army of the Left (Ejército de la Izquierda)","text":"Comprising the Army of Galicia (under Blake), the Army of Asturias (under Acevedo), and General La Romana's men from Denmark, and as many enlisted men they could raise from the Cantabrian mountains and the other mountainous regions they passed through.[10]","title":"May – November 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Patrick_Napier"},{"link_name":"Pignatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pignatelli"},{"link_name":"Grimarest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Grimarest"},{"link_name":"Lapeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_de_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Rengel_y_P%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Roca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Llamas"},{"link_name":"Cartaojal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urbina_y_Urbina,_3rd_Conde_de_Cartaojal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_Castile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senorio-11"}],"sub_title":"Army of the Centre (Ejército del Centro)","text":"According to Napier, in October 1808, the Army of the Centre had 27,000 men, including General Pignatelli's division of ten thousand Castilian infantry, plus one thousand five hundred cavalry and fourteen guns; General Grimarest's 2nd Division of Andalusia, with five thousand men; General Lapeña's 4th Division of five thousand infantry.[12]On the other hand, according to Oman (1902), with access to \"detailed official figures\",[note 2] in October–November 1808, Castaños's Army of the Centre had 51,000 men, of whom only about 42,000 were on the Ebro: the remaining 9,000 were in or about Madrid, and were incorporated in San Juan's Army of Reserve.[13] Its divisions were as follows:1st Division (about 8,500 men), under Conde de Villariezo: Of its fifteen battalions, nine were detached to the rear, in or about Madrid, and were not present on the Ebro.\n2nd Division (about 6,000 men), under General Grimarest\n3rd Division (about 6,500 men), under General Rengel: Of its thirteen battalions, four were detached to the rear, and were not present on the Ebro.\n4th Division (about 7,500 men), under General Lapeña\n5th Division (about 8,000 men), under General Roca [vice General Llamas]: One regiment, under General Llamas, was left at Aranjuez as guard to the Junta.\nArmy of Castile (about 11,000 men), under General Pignatelli [after 30 October, General Cartaojal]. This army, with many raw levies, ceased to exist when Castaños removed Pignatelli from his post for having retreated when faced by Ney's troops at Logroño.[14][note 3]\nCavalry (about 3,500 horse).[note 4]The reformed army would be made up of the four divisions from Andalucia (under Castaños), together with those of Castile (under Cuesta), Extremadura and those of Valencia and Murcia that had entered Madrid under Llamas. It was hoped that the British forces would join this Army in the event that they decided to advance up towards France.[10]","title":"May – November 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"captain-general of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Juan Miguel de Vives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Miguel_de_Vives_y_Feliu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Patrick_Napier"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"migueletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquelet_(militia)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Frederico_Lecor,_Viscount_of_Laguna"},{"link_name":"García Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Garc%C3%ADa_Conde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Lazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rebolledo_de_Palafox,_4th_Marquis_of_Laz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senorio-11"},{"link_name":"Count of Caldagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Caldagues"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Laguna_y_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Gomez de la Serna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Serna_y_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Francisco Milans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Milans_del_Bosch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roses,_Girona"},{"link_name":"Gerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Martorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martorell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"},{"link_name":"Garcia Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Garc%C3%ADa_Conde"},{"link_name":"Carlos de Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Jos%C3%A9_de_Witte_y_Pau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanch-19"}],"sub_title":"Army of the Right (Ejército de la Derecha)","text":"Previously known as the Army of Catalonia (Ejército de Cataluña), the new army, under the orders of the newly appointed captain-general of Catalonia, Juan Miguel de Vives,[15] numbered 19,857 men and 800 horse[15] (although Napier[16] put the figure at 36,000 troops, of which 22,000 infantrymen and 1,200 horse were stationed near Barcelona or headed towards the city). The army was composed of regular troops and migueletes from Catalonia, plus the divisions that had disembarked at Tarragona from Mallorca with Vives and those from Portugal and Estremadura, with a shipment of 20,000 new rifles,[15] as well as their own arms, were commanded by generals Laguna and García Conde, respectively,[15] and those sent from Granada, Aragón (a division under the Marquis of Lazán)[15] and Valencia.[10]The first division, the Llobregat Division, was commanded by the Count of Caldagues and comprised 4,698 infantrymen and 400 horse, plus six cannon.[15] The second division, the Horta Division, was commanded by Field Marshal Gregorio Laguna, with 2,164 troops, 200 horse and seven cannon.[15] The third division, the San Cugat Division, was commanded by Colonel Gaspar Gomez de la Serna, with 2,458 troops,[15] while the fourth division, the San Gerónimo de la Murta Division, was commanded by Colonel Francisco Milans and was made up of 3,710 migueletes.[15]The vanguard, under Brigadier Álvarez, was formed by the Ampurdan Division, numbering 6,000 troops and 100 horse, and was made up of the garrisons of Rosas and Gerona, together with miguletes and somatenes from Igualada, Cervera, Tarragona, Gerona and Figueras.[15]The Reserve, based at Vives's newly established headquarters at Martorell,[15] comprised 777 line infantry, under General Garcia Conde; 80 hussars under Major-general Carlos de Witte and four cannon, under Colonel Juan de Ara. The commander of the engineers was Antonio Casanova.[15]","title":"May – November 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_O%27Neill"}],"sub_title":"The Army of the Reserve","text":"The reserve would comprise Palafox, Saint March and O'Neill's Valencia division.","title":"May – November 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Del Parque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Ca%C3%B1as_y_Portocarrero"},{"link_name":"Tamames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames"},{"link_name":"Ocaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Alba de Tormes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowen-22"},{"link_name":"Army of Estremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_Estremadura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Cueva,_14th_Duke_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Army of La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_La_Mancha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Venegas"},{"link_name":"Almonacid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid"},{"link_name":"Cartaojal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Morla_y_Pacheco,_3rd_Conde_de_Cartaojal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Aréizaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_de_Ar%C3%A9izaga"},{"link_name":"Army of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Ballasteros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ballesteros"},{"link_name":"Del Parque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Ca%C3%B1as_y_Portocarrero"}],"text":"The Junta Central's Autumn Campaign was politically motivated,[17] and despite Del Parque's victory at Tamames in October, the Spanish Army's subsequent defeats at the battles of Ocaña and Alba de Tormes led to the Junta's fall at the beginning of 1810.[18]The campaign was to be carried out by the Army of Estremadura, under the Duke of Alburquerque's much depleted force of 8,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, as he had had to transfer three divisions of infantry and twelve regiments of cavalry to reinforce the Army of La Mancha, under Venegas, and which, after its defeat at Almonacid, had been reduced to only 25,000 men.The Army of La Mancha now comprising some 50,000 men, the Junta removed Venegas (who had taken over from Cartaojal, dismissed for his incompetence at the Battle of Ciudad Real in March) replacing him with Aréizaga, who was able to bring the force up to 48,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 cannon, making it one of the largest forces Spain had ever created.The Army of the Left which, in theory, was 50,000 strong (although only 40,000 of them actually took part in the campaign), was formed from La Romana's Army of Galicia, with Ballasteros’s Army of the Asturias and the Del Parque's troops. The latter was given command of this Army.","title":"Autumn Campaign (1809)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1811"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"For much of the year, Spain's army would be as follows:[19]1st Army (Catalonia)\n2nd Army (Valencia)\n3rd Army (Murcia)\n4th Army (Cádiz-Huelva)\n5th Army (Extremadura)\n6th Army (Asturias & Galicia)","title":"1811"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"},{"link_name":"Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Lacy"},{"link_name":"O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Mahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mahy"},{"link_name":"Zayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pascual_de_Zayas_y_Chac%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ballesteros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ballesteros"},{"link_name":"Castaños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Casta%C3%B1os,_1st_Duke_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Santocildes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Santocildes"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"For the latter part of the year, commands were assigned as follows:[19]1st Army (Lacy)\n2nd Army (O'Donnell)\n3rd Army (Mahy – Zayas)\n4th Army (Ballesteros)\n5th Army (Castaños)\n6th Army (Santocildes)","title":"1811"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballesteros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ballesteros"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene-24"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene-24"},{"link_name":"Copons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Copons_y_Navia"},{"link_name":"Pedro Agustin Giron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Agustin_Giron"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munoz-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"},{"link_name":"Marshal Suchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Suchet"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Elio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_El%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"},{"link_name":"Prince of Anglona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Anglona"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene-24"},{"link_name":"Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Freire_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munoz-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guerrero-23"}],"text":"On 22 September 1812, the Cortes named Wellington generalissimo (supreme commander) of the Spanish armies. The commander of the 4th Army, General Ballesteros, was arrested and relieved of his command in October 1812, and exiled for protesting Wellington's command and trying to instigate an uprising.[20] By mid-1813, Spain's regular forces consisted of some 160,000 troops, around a third of which were fighting alongside Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army.[20]1st Army: By June 1813, the Army of Catalonia, now known, again, as the 1st Army, under General Copons, comprised 16,000 men. Pedro Agustin Giron, until then in command of the Army of the Centre, would be appointed commander of the Army of Catalonia that August.[note 5][21]\n2nd Army: When Blake's Army of Valencia, now known as the Army of Murcia,[19] surrendered to Marshal Suchet at Valencia, at the beginning of 1812, it comprised 28,000 men. Of these, some 7,000 were able to escape capture, and by June 1813, its new commander, General Elio, had over 30,600 troops under him.[20]\n3rd Army: The former Army of Murcia, now the Army of Andalusia,[19] rose from some 5,500 men at the beginning of January 1812 to 12,600 men under the Duke del Parque in June 1813. By April 1814, the Prince of Anglona had 21,000 men under him.[20]\n4th Army (now Galicia): The 4th Army (whose previous commander, Ballesteros, had been relieved of his command in October 1812, and exiled for protesting Wellington's command), was now attached to Wellington's forces. In August 1813, Freire was promoted to general and succeeded Castaños, who had been called to the Cortes,[21] in command of the 35,000 troops of the 4th Army.[20]\nArmy of the Reserve of Andalusia: under O'Donnell[19]\nArmy of the Reserve of Galicia: under Lacy[19]","title":"1812–1814"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene1-27"},{"link_name":"Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarra"},{"link_name":"Francisco Xavier Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_Mina"},{"link_name":"Juan Palarea Blanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Palarea_y_Blanes"},{"link_name":"Espoz y Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoz_y_Mina"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rene1-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowen-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Following on from other related decrees, on 17 April 1809, the Junta Central issued orders for all able-bodied patriots to join the Corso Terrestre (literally, \"Land Corsairs\").[22] By the following August, the Corso Terrestre of Navarra, initially comprising fifteen men, led by Francisco Xavier Mina, had carried out a series of successful ambushes, and soon consisted of 1,200 infantry troops and 150 cavalry, now known as the Primero de Voluntarios de Navarra (\"First Volunteers of Navarra\"). By November 1811, Juan Palarea Blanes, known as \"El Médico\", based in La Mancha, had raised both the Husares Francos Numantinos, a light cavalry unit, and the Cazadores Francos Numantinos, a light infantry unit, both of which were incorporated into the 4th Army in 1813, with the cavalry unit later joining Espoz y Mina's division in Navarre.[22]By summer 1811, French commanders had deployed 70,000 troops solely to keep lines open between Madrid and the border with France,[18] figure which, by 1812, had grown to 200,000 troops, of a total of 350,000 French soldiers in Iberia, simply protecting lines of supply rather than serving as front-line troops.[23] A list drawn up that same year refers to 22 guerrilla bands in Spain, numbering some 38,520 men.[24]","title":"Irregular troops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A History of the Peninsular War, 1807-1809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Charles Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oman"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Patrick_Napier"},{"link_name":"Godoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Godoy"},{"link_name":"insurrection broke out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"British army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Cuesta"},{"link_name":"eve of Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera"},{"link_name":"Lapeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham,_1st_Baron_Lynedoch"},{"link_name":"battle of Barossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa"},{"link_name":"Baylen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Zornoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza"},{"link_name":"La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Caro_y_Sureda,_Marquis_of_La_Romana"},{"link_name":"Saragossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_siege_of_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Gerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"miqueletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquelet_(militia)"},{"link_name":"Imaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui"},{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"}],"text":"In volume 1 of his A History of the Peninsular War, 1807-1809 (1902), British military historian Charles Oman refers to the situation and circumstances of the Spanish Army as follows:[25]... The Duke of Wellington in his dispatches, and still more in his private letters and his table-talk, was always enlarging on the folly and arrogance of the Spanish generals with whom he had to co-operate, and on the untrustworthiness of their troops. Napier, the one military classic whom most Englishmen have read, is still more emphatic and far more impressive, since he writes in a very judicial style, and with the most elaborate apparatus of references and authorities. [...] Not only was the Spanish army indifferently officered, but even of such officers as it possessed there were not enough. In the old line regiments there should have been seventy to each corps, i.e. 2,450 to the 105 battalions of that arm. But Godoy had allowed the numbers to sink to 1,520. When the insurrection broke out, the vacant places had to be filled, and many regiments received at the same moment twenty or thirty subalterns taken from civil life and completely destitute of military training. Similarly the militia ought to have had 1,800 officers, and only possessed 1,200 when the war began. The vacancies were filled, but with raw and often indifferent material.\nSuch were the officers with whom the British army had to co-operate. There is no disguising the fact that from the first the allies could not get on together. In the earlier years of the war there were some incidents that happened while the troops of the two nations lay together, which our countrymen could never forgive or forget. We need only mention the midnight panic in Cuesta’s army on the eve of Talavera, when 10,000 men ran away without having had a shot fired at them, and the cowardly behaviour of Lapeña in 1811, when he refused to aid Graham at the bloody little battle of Barossa.\nThe strictures of Wellington, Napier, and the rest were undoubtedly well deserved; and yet it is easy to be too hard on the Spaniards. It chanced that our countrymen did not get a fair opportunity of observing their allies under favourable conditions; of the old regular army that fought at Baylen or Zornoza they never got a glimpse. It had been practically destroyed before we came upon the field. La Romana’s starving hordes, and Cuesta’s evasive and demoralized battalions were the samples from which the whole Spanish army was judged. In the Talavera campaign, the first in which English and Spanish troops stood side by side, there can be no doubt that the latter (with few exceptions) behaved in their very worst style. They often did much better; but few Englishmen had the chance of watching a defence like that of Saragossa or Gerona. Very few observers from our side saw anything of the heroically obstinate resistance of the Catalonian miqueletes and somatenes. Chance threw in our way Cuesta and Lapeña and Imaz as types of Peninsular generals, and from them the rest were judged. No one supposes that the Spaniards as a nation are destitute of all military qualities. They made good soldiers enough in the past, and may do so in the future: but when, after centuries of intellectual and political torpor, they were called upon to fight for their national existence, they were just emerging from subjection to one of the most worthless adventurers and one of the most idiotic kings whom history has known. Charles IV and Godoy account for an extraordinary amount of the decrepitude of the monarchy and the demoralization of its army.\n\nIt is more just to admire the constancy with which a nation so handicapped persisted in the hopeless struggle, than to condemn it for the incapacity of its generals, the ignorance of its officers, the unsteadiness of its raw levies. If Spain had been a first-rate military power, there would have been comparatively little merit in the six years’ struggle which she waged against Bonaparte. When we consider her weakness and her disorganization, we find ourselves more inclined to wonder at her persistence than to sneer at her mishaps. (Oman, 1902.)","title":"Opinion of Charles Oman (1902)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"}],"text":"^ By contrast, French troops in Spain, including the 48,204 which entered the country June–August 1808, that is, after the outbreak of the war, numbered 165,103. (Oman, 1902). By 1 February the following year, that figure had increased to 288,551 French troops, of whom 193,978 were \"Présents sous les armes\" (Present at Arms). (Oman, 1903).\n\n^ \"It will be noted that all the numbers given are much larger than those attributed by Napier (i. 504) to the Spanish armies. I have worked from detailed official figures, the greater part of which seem perfectly trustworthy\". (Oman, 1902).\n\n^ Four of its corps, mainly regular battalions, were made into a detached brigade under Cartaojal on 30 October: the others (except the Volunteers of Benavente in garrison at Burgos) were dispersed among the Andalusian divisions of Grimarest, Lapeña, and Llamas (Oman, 1902).\n\n^ Very few of the cavalry regiments had more than three squadrons at the front, some only one (Oman, 1902).\n\n^ (in Spanish). \"El 12 de agosto fue relevado del mando del cuarto ejército español el General Castaños, por haberle llamado las Córtes á desempeñar su plaza de Consejero de Estado, sucediéndole el Mariscal de Campo Manuel Freire, y destinado al ejército de Cataluña al de igual clase Don Pedro Agustin Giron, Comandante general del Centro. Castaños, que conoció el pretesto con que la Regencia le separaba del mando, escribió en estos términos al Ministro de la Guerra: 'Tengo la satisfacción de entregar al Mariscal de Campo Freire, sobre la frontera de Francia, el mando del ejército que he tomado en Aldea Gallega, delante de Lisboa.'\" (Muñoz, 1833: p. 420.)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Miquelets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Miquelets"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0141390417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141390417"},{"link_name":"Guia de Forasteros en Madrid para el año 1821.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tqQ5KtlRk00C"},{"link_name":"Oman, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oman"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the Peninsula War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53264/pg53264-images.html#"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Oman, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oman"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the Peninsula War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/files/54279/54279-h/54279-h.htm#FNanchor_81"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Miquelets\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 566.\nGlover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. Penguin Classic Military History (published 2001). ISBN 0141390417.\nGuia de Forasteros en Madrid para el año 1821. Imp. Nacional, 1821. Google Books (provides dates and formation of regiments, etc.)\nOman, Charles (1902). \"A History of the Peninsula War\". Project Gutenberg. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nOman, Charles (1903). \"A History of the Peninsula War\". Project Gutenberg. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"Elliott, George (1816). The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington. London: J. Cundee. p. xiii–xiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ywM9AAAAYAAJ&q=4+may+1814&pg=PR13","url_text":"The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington"}]},{"reference":"Muñoz Maldonado, José (1833). Historia política y militar de la Guerra de la Independencia de España contra Napoleon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814. Tomo III, escrita sobre los documentos auténticos del gobierno por el Dr. D. José Muñoz Maldonado. Madrid: Imprenta de D. José Palacios.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Miquelets\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Miquelets","url_text":"\"Miquelets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. Penguin Classic Military History (published 2001). ISBN 0141390417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141390417","url_text":"0141390417"}]},{"reference":"Oman, Charles (1902). \"A History of the Peninsula War\". Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oman","url_text":"Oman, Charles"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53264/pg53264-images.html#","url_text":"\"A History of the Peninsula War\""}]},{"reference":"Oman, Charles (1903). \"A History of the Peninsula War\". Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oman","url_text":"Oman, Charles"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54279/54279-h/54279-h.htm#FNanchor_81","url_text":"\"A History of the Peninsula War\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_at_the_South_Asian_Games

Nepal at the South Asian Games

["1 Host Games","2 Detailed Medal Count","3 External links","4 References"]

Sporting event delegationNepal at theSouth Asian GamesIOC codeNEPNOCNepal Olympic CommitteeMedalsRanked 4th Gold 124 Silver 186 Bronze 380 Total 690 South Asian Games appearances (overview)19841985198719891991199319951999200420062010201620192023 Nepal has Participated all 13 South Asian Games governed by South Asia Olympic Council. Nepal has been 2nd-ranked 2 times. Best Performance by Nepal was in 2019 South Asian Games where they finished the medal tally 2nd with highest ever total medal counts of 207 including 51 Gold Medals. Host Games Nepal has hosted South Asian Games three times : 1984 Kathmandu, 1999 Kathmandu, 2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara/Janakpur. Detailed Medal Count Games Host Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1984 Kathmandu Nepal 1 4 12 8 24 1985 Dhaka Bangladesh 5 1 9 22 32 1987 Calcutta India 5 2 7 33 42 1989 Islamabad Pakistan 4 1 13 32 46 1991 Colombo Sri Lanka 5 2 8 29 39 1993 Dhaka Bangladesh 5 1 6 15 22 1995 Madras India 5 4 8 16 28 1999 Kathmandu Nepal 1 31 10 24 65 2004 Islamabad Pakistan 4 7 6 20 33 2006 Colombo Sri Lanka 4 9 15 31 55 2010 Dhaka Bangladesh 5 8 9 19 36 2016 Guwahati/Shillong India 6 3 23 35 61 2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara/Janakpur Nepal 1 51 60 96 207 2023 Lahore Pakistan Future Event Total 124 186 380 690 External links https://olympics.com/ioc/nepal https://www.nocnepal.org.np/ References ^ "Nepal Olympic Committee". www.nocnepal.org.np. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Sportstar, Team. "South Asian Games 2019 medals tally: India tops with 312 medals". Sportstar. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ "OCA » Kathmandu 1984". www.ocasia.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ "OCA » Kathmandu 1999". ocasia.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ "South Asian Games Medal Tally 2019 (Updated) | South Asian Games 2019 Medal Tally | SAG". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok%E2%80%93Costanoan_languages

Utian languages

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Language family of Northern California, US Not to be confused with Ute language. UtianMiwok–CostanoanGeographicdistributionCaliforniaLinguistic classificationYok-UtianUtianSubdivisions Miwok Ohlone † Glottologmiwo1274Pre-contact distribution of Utian languages This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Utian (also Miwok–Costanoan, previously Mutsun) is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has recently been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family. Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum. All Utian languages are severely endangered. See also Penutian languages Miwok languages Ohlone languages References ^ Callaghan 1997. ^ Callaghan 2001. ^ Golla 2007, p. 76-77. ^ Goddard 1996, p. 313-319. ^ Mithun 1999. ^ Shipley 1978, p. 82-85. Callaghan, Catherine (1997). "Evidence for Yok-Utian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 18–64. JSTOR 1265864. Callaghan, Catherine (2001). "More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets". International Journal of American Linguistics. 67 (3): 313–345. JSTOR 1265989. Callaghan, Catherine (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 31. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770. Goddard, Ives (1996). Goddard, Ives (ed.). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". Languages. Handbook of North American Indians. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 290–324. ISBN 0-16-048774-9. Golla, Victor (2007). Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). "Linguistic Prehistory". California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. New York: Altamira Press: 71–82. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1. Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7. Shipley, William F. (1978). "Native Languages of California". Handbook of North American Indians. 8. (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 80–90. External links Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Utian reconstructions Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (map after Kroeber) Online books about the Southern Sierra Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary Central Sierra Language Preservation Program, Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians Southern Sierra Miwok Dictionary Kroeber, A.L. (1911). "Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect". The languages of the coast of California north of San Francisco. Berkeley: The University Press. pp. 278–319. vtePenutian languagesChinookan Kathlamet Lower Chinook Upper Chinook Plateau Klamath Molala Sahaptian Nez Perce Sahaptin Takelma Takelma Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Coast Oregon Alsean Coosan Hanis Miluk Siuslaw Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Maiduan Chico Konkow Maidu Nisenan Yok-Utian Yokuts Utian Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Gitksan Nisga’a Southern Tsimshian Italics indicate extinct languages vteLanguages of CaliforniaItalics indicate extinct languagesIndigenousAlgic Wiyot Yurok Athabaskan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Cahto Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Cruzeño Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath-Modoc Yokuts Buena Vista Yokuts Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Palewyami Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Wintu Miwok Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño-Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Tübatulabal Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yukian Yuki, Wappo Language isolates and unclassified Esselen, Chimariko, Karuk, Salinan, Takelma Plains Sign Talk Non-IndigenousIndo-European American English California English Chicano English Californian Spanish Armenian Persian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Sign language American Sign Language Category vtePrimary language familiesAfrica Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu? Isolates Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo? Eurasia(Europeand Asia) Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic? Isolates Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora? New Guineaand the Pacific Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf? Isolates Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru Australia Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)? Isolates Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi NorthAmerica Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí Isolates Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni Mesoamerica Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan Isolates Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha SouthAmerica Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana? Isolates (extant in 2000) Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré Signlanguages Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian? Isolates See list of sign languages See also Constructed languages Creoles Language isolates Mixed languages Pidgins Unclassified languages Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold. vteIndigenous language families and isolates of North AmericaLanguage families and isolates Haida Yuki–Wappo Chumashan Adai Beothuk Bidai Cayuse Kutenai Timucua Waikuri Pericú Eskaleut Aleut Eskimoan Na-Dene Tlingit Eyak Athabaskan Algic Wiyot Yurok Algonquian Mosan ? Salishan Wakashan Chimakuan Macro-Siouan ? Siouan Caddoan Iroquoian Yuchi Penutian ? Chinookan Wintuan Maiduan Yok-Utian Yokuts Utian Tsimshianic Plateau ? Klamath Molala Sahaptian Coast Oregon ? Alsean Coosan Siuslaw Takelma–Kalapuyan ? Takelma Kalapuyan Hokan ? Shastan Palaihnihan Pomoan Yuman Tequistlatecan Chimariko Esselen Jicaquean Karuk Salinan Seri Washo Yana Pueblo linguistic area Tanoan Keres Zuni Coahuiltecan linguistic area Aranama Karankawa Maratino Naolan Quinigua Solano Tonkawa Pakawan ? Coahuilteco Cotoname Comecrudo Garza Mamulique Gulf ? Muskogean Natchez Atakapa Chitimacha Calusa–Tunica ? Tunica Calusa Mesoamerican linguistic area Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totozoquean Totonacan Mixe–Zoque Uto-Aztecan Xincan Cuitlatec Huave Purépecha Alagüilac ? Caribbean linguistic area Arawakan Cariban Pre-Arawakan Guanahatabey Macorix Ciguayo Proposed groupings Amerind Algonquian–Wakashan Aztec–Tanoan Macro-Mayan Macro-Chibchan Tolatecan Waroid Lists Classification Extinct languages Unclassified languages Linguistic areas

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[]

[{"title":"Penutian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penutian_languages"},{"title":"Miwok languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok_languages"},{"title":"Ohlone languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone_languages"}]

[{"reference":"Callaghan, Catherine (1997). \"Evidence for Yok-Utian\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 18–64. JSTOR 1265864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Callaghan","url_text":"Callaghan, Catherine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265864","url_text":"1265864"}]},{"reference":"Callaghan, Catherine (2001). \"More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 67 (3): 313–345. JSTOR 1265989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Callaghan","url_text":"Callaghan, Catherine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265989","url_text":"1265989"}]},{"reference":"Callaghan, Catherine (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 31. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Callaghan","url_text":"Callaghan, Catherine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110276770","url_text":"10.1515/9783110276770"}]},{"reference":"Goddard, Ives (1996). Goddard, Ives (ed.). \"The Classification of the Native Languages of North America\". Languages. Handbook of North American Indians. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 290–324. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians","url_text":"Handbook of North American Indians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9","url_text":"0-16-048774-9"}]},{"reference":"Golla, Victor (2007). Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). \"Linguistic Prehistory\". California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. New York: Altamira Press: 71–82. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Golla","url_text":"Golla, Victor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1","url_text":"978-0-7591-0872-1"}]},{"reference":"Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Mithun","url_text":"Mithun, Marianne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7","url_text":"0-521-23228-7"}]},{"reference":"Shipley, William F. (1978). \"Native Languages of California\". Handbook of North American Indians. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Shipley","url_text":"Shipley, William F."}]},{"reference":"Kroeber, A.L. (1911). \"Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect\". The languages of the coast of California north of San Francisco. Berkeley: The University Press. pp. 278–319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber","url_text":"Kroeber, A.L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/languagesofcoast00kroerich#page/n5/mode/2up/search/miwok","url_text":"\"Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/miwo1274","external_links_name":"miwo1274"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265864","external_links_name":"1265864"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265989","external_links_name":"1265989"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110276770","external_links_name":"10.1515/9783110276770"},{"Link":"http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html","external_links_name":"Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112732/http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/miwok.html","external_links_name":"Online books about the Southern Sierra Miwok"},{"Link":"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/central_sierra_miwok_dictionary/","external_links_name":"Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://www.mewuk.com/cultural/language_preservation.htm","external_links_name":"Central Sierra Language Preservation Program"},{"Link":"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/southern_sierra_miwok_language/","external_links_name":"Southern Sierra Miwok Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/languagesofcoast00kroerich#page/n5/mode/2up/search/miwok","external_links_name":"\"Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Dibley

The Vicar of Dibley

["1 Premise","1.1 Background","1.2 Openings and epilogues","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Recurring cast","2.3 Guest appearances","3 Episodes","3.1 Comic Relief and Lockdown specials","4 Production","4.1 Location and setting","4.2 Theme music","5 Awards and accolades","6 Home media","7 Legacy","7.1 Adaptations","7.2 Possible return","7.3 Comedy Classic: Vicar of Dibley","8 References","9 External links"]

British TV sitcom (1994–2007) The Vicar of DibleyGenreSitcomWritten by Richard Curtis Paul Mayhew-Archer Directed by Dewi Humphreys (series 1–2) Gareth Carrivick (series 3) Barbara Wiltshire(lockdown episodes) Starring Dawn French Emma Chambers Trevor Peacock Gary Waldhorn James Fleet John Bluthal Liz Smith Roger Lloyd-Pack Opening theme"The Lord Is My Shepherd"ComposerHoward GoodallCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes20 (not including charity and lockdown specials) (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Richard Curtis Peter Bennett-Jones Ben Caudell Producers Jon Plowman Sue Vertue (Series 2) Margot Gavan Duffy (Series 3) Editors Mark Sangster (Series 1) Graham Carr (Series 1) Chris Wadsworth (Series 2) Mark Lawrence (Series 3) Running time 30–40 minutes (regular episodes) 40–55 minutes (specials) 4–14 minutes (charity and lockdown specials) Production companyTiger Aspect ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease10 November 1994 (1994-11-10) –1 January 2000 (2000-01-01)Release24 December 2004 (2004-12-24) –1 January 2007 (2007-01-01) The Vicar of Dibley is a British sitcom. It consists of three series, which aired on BBC One from 10 November 1994 to 1 January 2000, and several specials, the most recent of which aired on 23 December 2020. It is set in the fictional Oxfordshire village of Dibley, which is assigned a female vicar following the 1993 changes in the Church of England that permitted the ordination of women. Dawn French plays the lead role of vicar Geraldine Granger. In ratings terms, it is among the most successful British programmes in the digital era, with the Christmas and New Year specials entering the UK top 10 programmes of the year. The Vicar of Dibley received multiple British Comedy Awards, two International Emmys and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee. In 2004, it placed third in a BBC poll of Britain's Best Sitcoms. Premise Background The series was created by Richard Curtis and written for actress Dawn French by Curtis and Paul Mayhew-Archer, with contributions from Kit Hesketh-Harvey. The main character was an invention of Richard Curtis, but he and French extensively consulted Joy Carroll, one of the first female Anglican priests, and garnered many character traits and much information. Openings and epilogues In earlier episodes, the opening credits were followed by a humorous village scene, such as a woman knitting directly from a sheep. After the closing credits, Geraldine usually tells Alice a joke, which Alice either overreacts to, tries to interpret literally, or understands only after Geraldine explains it. There are a few exceptions to this in various episodes. Cast and characters Main cast Main article: List of characters in The Vicar of Dibley Actor Character Episodes Dawn French Geraldine Granger 20 (+ 6 Comic Relief & 4 Lockdown specials) Gary Waldhorn Cllr David Horton MBE FRCS 20 (+ 5 Comic Relief specials) James Fleet Hugo Horton 20 (+ 6 Comic Relief & 3 Lockdown specials) Emma Chambers Alice Horton (née Tinker), the Verger 20 (+ 4 Comic Relief specials) Roger Lloyd-Pack Owen Newitt 20 (+ 5 Comic Relief specials) Trevor Peacock Jim Trott 20 (+ 6 Comic Relief specials) John Bluthal Frank Pickle 20 (+ 3 Comic Relief specials) Liz Smith Letitia Cropley 7 Recurring cast Actor Character Episodes Richard Armitage Harry Kennedy 2 (+ 1 Comic Relief special) Simon McBurney Cecil, the Choirmaster 4 Clive Mantle Simon Horton 2 Peter Capaldi Tristan Campbell 2 Patricia Kane Doris Trott 3 Keeley Hawes Rosie Kennedy 2 Edward Kelsey Mr Harris 2 Gareth Vaughan Gonads, the tenor 5 (4 of which uncredited) Guest appearances Hugh Bonneville, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Griffiths, Miranda Hart, Alistair McGowan, Geraldine McNulty, Philip Whitchurch, Nathalie Cox, Nicholas Le Prevost, Brian Perkins, Peter Capaldi and Roger Sloman have all made one guest appearance each. Pam Rhodes, Kylie Minogue, Rachel Hunter, Terry Wogan, Jeremy Paxman, Martyn Lewis, Darcey Bussell and Sean Bean each appeared as themselves in one episode. Sarah, Duchess of York, Richard Ayoade, Orla Brady, Fiona Bruce, Annette Crosbie, Johnny Depp, Ruth Jones, Hilary Kay, Damian Lewis, Maureen Lipman, Jennifer Saunders, Sting and his wife Trudie Styler, Stephen Tompkinson, Dervla Kirwan, and Emma Watson have made guest appearances in short charity specials. Episodes Main article: List of The Vicar of Dibley episodes SeriesSeriesEpisodesOriginally airedAve. UK viewers(millions)First airedLast aired1610 November 1994 (1994-11-10)15 December 1994 (1994-12-15)TBASpecials8 April 1996 (1996-04-08)25 December 1996 (1996-12-25)TBA2426 December 1997 (1997-12-26)22 January 1998 (1998-01-22)TBA3424 December 1999 (1999-12-24)1 January 2000 (2000-01-01)13.53Specials25 December 2004 (2004-12-25)1 January 2005 (2005-01-01)12.05Specials25 December 2006 (2006-12-25)1 January 2007 (2007-01-01)12.74 The Vicar of Dibley has had 20 episodes as of 2007, with additional short reprises consisting of Comic Relief and the In Lockdown minis. The first series was broadcast on BBC1 from 10 November to 15 December 1994, comprising six episodes. Following the first series, an Easter special and a Christmas special were broadcast in 1996. A four-episode second series was ordered and screened between 26 December 1997 and 22 January 1998. Subsequent episodes consisted of Christmas and New Year specials, followed by a third series of four episodes, also referred to as seasonal specials as they have the titles Autumn, Winter, Spring and Summer airing from 24 December 1999 to 1 January 2000. After that came the two-episode "A Very Dibley Christmas", broadcast between 25 December 2004 and 1 January 2005, and the two-part finale, "A Wholly Holy Happy Ending", broadcast on Christmas Day 2006 and New Year's Day 2007. The final two episodes, in which Geraldine finds love and marries, are officially the "last-ever" episodes, although there have been several reappearances of certain characters since in the form of charity specials. Comic Relief and Lockdown specials On 15 March 2013, French reprised her role as Geraldine Granger as part of her French and Saunders marathon on BBC Radio 2. She was interviewed by Chris Evans on his Pause for Thought section. The following year, on 29 March 2014, French appeared in character as Granger on Thought for the Day on BBC Radio 4. There have been eight short charity TV specials: six for Comic Relief between 1997 and 2015 and a seventh in April 2020, in which French appeared on The Big Night In as part of a joint Comic Relief and Children in Need special to support those affected by COVID-19. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment was filmed at French's home. For Comic Relief 2021, Geraldine appeared in the Dibley vicarage, later lip-synching to "Juice" by Lizzo and appearing with the reverend Kate Bottley. In December 2020, a series of short "lockdown" episodes of The Vicar of Dibley were broadcast. The series consisted of three short episodes followed by a compilation episode of the previous three episodes' material shown back-to-back, but including previously unseen material and scenes. The style was completely different to the main series, with Geraldine and Hugo breaking the fourth wall via video messaging, talking directly to the viewers as if they were the Dibley congregation. The same method was used for the 2020 and 2021 Comic Relief shorts, also made and set during the Covid pandemic. Production Location and setting The village of Turville in Buckinghamshire stands in for the village of Dibley St Mary's Church, Turville, stands in for the fictional 'Parish Church of St Barnabus' The programme is set in the fictional Oxfordshire village of Dibley. Some villagers, including Alice, Jim, and Owen, speak with slight West Country accents, as were once common in Oxfordshire but are now less common. The series was filmed in the Buckinghamshire village of Turville, near High Wycombe, with the village's St Mary the Virgin Church doubling as Dibley's St Barnabus. The exterior location for David Horton's manor is in the village of Little Missenden, Buckinghamshire. The opening titles show aerial shots of the M40 motorway's Stokenchurch Gap, the Chiltern Hills of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and the village of Turville. Theme music The theme music was a setting of Psalm 23 composed by Howard Goodall, and was performed by the choir of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, with George Humphreys singing the solo. The conductor was Stephen Darlington. Two versions are used over the opening credits: one with a full choir and one with a solo. Goodall originally wrote it as a serious piece of church choral music. It has been released as a charity single, with proceeds going to Comic Relief. It also appears on Goodall's CD Choral Works, which additionally includes his theme for Mr. Bean, another popular comedy co-created by Richard Curtis. A snippet of The Vicar of Dibley's theme music was used in the Mr. Bean episode "Tee Off, Mr. Bean" and the music from Mr Bean plays during Sean Bean's cameo in The Vicar of Dibley episode "Spring". Awards and accolades Year Award Category Nominee Result 1997 British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Actress Dawn French Won 1998 Nominated Emma Chambers Won BAFTA Awards Best Comedy (Programme or Series) The Vicar of Dibley Nominated Best Comedy Performance Dawn French Nominated National Television Awards Most Popular Comedy Performer Nominated Most Popular Comedy Programme The Vicar of Dibley Won RTS Television Award Best Situation Comedy or Comedy Drama Won International Emmy Popular Arts Won 1999 BAFTA Awards Best Comedy (Programme or Series) Nominated National Television Awards Most Popular Comedy Performer Dawn French Nominated 2000 Nominated Most Popular Comedy Programme The Vicar of Dibley Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Comedy Performance Dawn French Nominated Suitation Comedy Awards The Vicar of Dibley Nominated Lew Grade Award Nominated 2001 Nominated Best Comedy Performance Dawn French Nominated 2005 Situation Comedy Award The Vicar of Dibley Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Comedy Show Won 2007 BAFTA Awards Best Comedy Performer Dawn French Nominated Banff Rockie Award Best Comedy Program The Vicar of Dibley Nominated Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival Golden Rose Award for Comedy Won 2021 National Television Awards Comedy The Vicar of Dibley (Lockdown Specials) Nominated The series also won the TV Choice Award for Best Comedy in 2005 and again in 2021 for the Lockdown Specials. In May 2007, Richard Curtis received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award for his humanitarian pursuits, as well as his creative work, including The Vicar of Dibley. Home media The Vicar of Dibley was released on DVD in Region 2 (UK) in 2001. In 2002, a DVD entitled The Best of The Vicar of Dibley was released featuring a 90-minute film of Dawn French talking to the producer, Jon Plowman, with clips from the series. A 2002 documentary narrated by Jo Brand, entitled The Real Vicars of Dibley, was also on the DVD. In 2005, a "complete collection" box set was released. This included all the then-aired episodes. The final two episodes and a 6-disc "ultimate" box set were released on 26 November 2007. In Australasia (Region 4), all episodes have been released on DVD. All episodes have been released on DVD in the United States and Canada (Region 1). DVD Title Discs Year Ep # DVD release Special episodes Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Complete Series 1 1 1994 6 21 October 2003 26 November 2001 1 October 2003 The 1996 Christmas special (R2) The Specials 1 1996 2 — 2001 — Complete Series 2 1 1997–1998 6 21 October 2003 2003 8 April 2004 The 1996 Easter special & Christmas special (R1 & R4) Complete Series 3 1 1999–2000 4 21 October 2003 2003 2 March 2005 The 1997 & 1999 Comic Relief shorts (R1 & R4) A Very Dibley Christmas 1 2004–2005 2 27 September 2005 14 November 2005 3 November 2005 The 1999 & 2005 Comic Relief short (All) A Holy Wholly Happy Ending 1 2006–2007 2 9 October 2007 26 November 2007 16 January 2008 The Story Of The Vicar Of Dibley (1 hour BBC documentary, 31 December 2007) Complete Series 1 & 2 2 1994–1998 10 — 7 May 2007 — The 1996 Christmas special (R2) Complete Series 1–3 3 1994–2000 16 21 October 2003 14 October 2019 — — Complete Series 1 – 2005 Sp. 4 1994–2005 18 — 14 November 2005 7 July 2005 — Complete Series 1 – 2007 Sp. 6 1994–2007 20 9 October 2007 26 November 2007 3 April 2008 The Story Of The Vicar Of Dibley as well as several shorts The Best of... 1 N/A — — 25 November 2002 — Dawn French in conversation with producer John Plowman Legacy Adaptations On 6 February 2007, Fox announced plans to adapt The Vicar of Dibley into an American sitcom titled The Minister of Divine. The series starred Kirstie Alley as a former "wild child" who returned to her hometown as its first female minister. The pilot was broadcast on Fox, but the series was not made. The series has also been adapted into two stage plays by Ian Gower and Paul Carpenter, both incorporating plots from the TV episodes. The first is titled The Vicar of Dibley, and is concerned mainly with Alice and Hugo's engagement and wedding. The second, A Vicar of Dibley Christmas – The Second Coming, is based on the episodes "Dibley Live" and "Winter", in which the villagers set up a radio station and put on a nativity play at Owen's farm. A third adaptation by Steve Clark and David Lovesy, titled The Vicar of Dibley - The Holy Trinity , covers Baby Geraldine’s Christening, David Horton's brief wooing of Geraldine, and the Save Our Dibley campaign as a new reservoir threatens the village. Performance rights for all three are available through United Agents. Possible return In February 2016, it was reported that Dawn French was interested in returning to the role in a new series, The Bishop of Dibley, to follow on from the 2015 Red Nose Day Special. In December 2020, French opened up about the prospect of The Vicar of Dibley returning for a new series in 2021. Comedy Classic: Vicar of Dibley In December 2022, Channel 5 aired a 67-minute special retrospective for their "Comedy Classics" series. Actors and celebrities, including co-writer Paul Mayhew-Archer, take a look back, discuss and pay tribute to the show. References ^ "Archived copy of 'This years events'". Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008. ^ Joy Carroll (September 2002). Beneath the Cassock: The Real-life Vicar of Dibley. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-712207-1. ^ Why you should watch The Vicar of Dibley, Radio Times, 4 December 2020 ^ "Dibley's farewell is ratings hit". London: BBC. 2 January 2007. ^ "The Vicar of Dibley urges viewers to 'praise the lord and the NHS' as Dawn French reprises iconic role". The Independent. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ Comedy The Vicar of Dibley www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 14 February 2021 ^ a b The saint's name is spelt "Barnabas", but the church is sometimes spelt "Barnabus" on the show. ^ "ABC Classic FM Music Details: Saturday 10 June 2000". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "Howard Goodall, George And The Choir – Theme From 'The Vicar Of Dibley' (The Lord Is My Shepherd)". Discogs. 1994. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Entertainment | Emmy success for Vicar of Dibley". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "French, Dawn (1957–) Biography". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "2021 Winners". ^ Thomas, Archie (18 May 2007). "British acad to honor Curtis – Scribe wrote 'Vicar of Dibley, ' 'Girl in the Cafe'". Variety. Retrieved 21 May 2007. ^ "The Vicar of Dibley – The Specials". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Sorensen, Sue (11 June 2014). The Collar: Reading Christian Ministry in Fiction, Television, and Film. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63087-191-8. Retrieved 12 April 2024. ^ US version of 'Vicar of Dibley' to star Kirstie Alley, The Independent, 7 February 2007 ^ How not to adapt a British sitcom in America, Lea Donovan, New Statesman, 16 March 2015 ^ The Vicar of Dibley Christmas Special, NODA, 28 November 2016 ^ Simon Cable (14 February 2016). "Vicar of Dibley set for TV comeback – but with one very big change – Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Dawn French hints at The Vicar of Dibley returning for new series www.hellomagazine.com, accessed 14 February 2021 ^ "My5". External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Vicar of Dibley. The Vicar of Dibley at BBC Online The Vicar of Dibley at IMDb The Vicar of Dibley at British Comedy Guide vteRichard CurtisFilmWritten and directed Love Actually (2003) The Boat That Rocked (2009) About Time (2013) Written only The Tall Guy (1989) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) Bean (1997) Notting Hill (1999) Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004) War Horse (2011) Trash (2014) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Yesterday (2019) Genie (2023) That Christmas (2024) TelevisionTV films Bernard and the Genie (1991) Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999) The Girl in the Café (2005) Mary and Martha (2013) Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015) Red Nose Day Actually (2017) Series Blackadder (1983–1989) Mr. Bean (1990–1995) The Vicar of Dibley (1994–2007) The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2008) Other "Vincent and the Doctor" (Doctor Who episode, 2010) Robbie the Reindeer Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People (1979) Dead on Time (1983) No Pressure (2010) vteInternational Emmy Award for Outstanding Popular Arts Programming1960s Armchair Theatre (1968) No Award (1969) 1970s No Award (1970–1972) La cabina (1973) No Award (1974) The Evacuees (1975) No Award (1976) Henry Ford's America (1977) No Award (1978) Rich Little's Christmas Carol (1979) 1980s Not the Nine O'Clock News (1980) Vinicius para Crianças - Arca de Noé (1981) No Award (1982) The Black Adder (1983) Fresh Fields (1984) Spitting Image (1985) Spitting Image (1986) The New Statesman (1987) No Award (1988) Alexei Sayle's Stuff (1989) 1990s Mr. Bean (1990) The Curse of Mr. Bean (1991) Drop the Dead Donkey (1992) Drop the Dead Donkey (1993) Red Dwarf / Absolutely Fabulous (1994) Don't Forget Your Toothbrush (1995) Wallace and Gromit (1996) Liberg zappt (1997) The Vicar of Dibley (1998) Smack the Pony (1999) 2000s Smack the Pony (2000) So Graham Norton (2001)

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There are a few exceptions to this in various episodes.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main cast","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Mel Giedroyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Giedroyc"},{"link_name":"Richard Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Miranda Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Hart"},{"link_name":"Alistair McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_McGowan"},{"link_name":"Geraldine McNulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_McNulty"},{"link_name":"Philip Whitchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Whitchurch"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Cox"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Le Prevost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Le_Prevost"},{"link_name":"Brian Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Peter Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Capaldi"},{"link_name":"Roger Sloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sloman"},{"link_name":"Pam Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Rachel Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Terry Wogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Wogan"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman"},{"link_name":"Martyn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Darcey Bussell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcey_Bussell"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"},{"link_name":"Sarah, Duchess of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"Orla Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orla_Brady"},{"link_name":"Fiona Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Annette Crosbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Crosbie"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"Ruth Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Jones_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Hilary Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Kay"},{"link_name":"Damian Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Maureen Lipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Lipman"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Trudie Styler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Styler"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tompkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tompkinson"},{"link_name":"Dervla Kirwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervla_Kirwan"},{"link_name":"Emma Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Watson"}],"sub_title":"Guest appearances","text":"Hugh Bonneville, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Griffiths, Miranda Hart, Alistair McGowan, Geraldine McNulty, Philip Whitchurch, Nathalie Cox, Nicholas Le Prevost, Brian Perkins, Peter Capaldi and Roger Sloman have all made one guest appearance each.Pam Rhodes, Kylie Minogue, Rachel Hunter, Terry Wogan, Jeremy Paxman, Martyn Lewis, Darcey Bussell and Sean Bean each appeared as themselves in one episode.Sarah, Duchess of York, Richard Ayoade, Orla Brady, Fiona Bruce, Annette Crosbie, Johnny Depp, Ruth Jones, Hilary Kay, Damian Lewis, Maureen Lipman, Jennifer Saunders, Sting and his wife Trudie Styler, Stephen Tompkinson, Dervla Kirwan, and Emma Watson have made guest appearances in short charity specials.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#Series_1_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#Specials_(1996)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#Series_2_(1997%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#Series_3_-_The_Seasonal_Specials_(1999%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#A_Very_Dibley_Christmas_(2004%E2%80%9305)"},{"link_name":"Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Vicar_of_Dibley_episodes#A_Wholly_Holy_Happy_Ending_(2006%E2%80%9307)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"SeriesSeriesEpisodesOriginally airedAve. UK viewers(millions)First airedLast aired1610 November 1994 (1994-11-10)15 December 1994 (1994-12-15)TBASpecials8 April 1996 (1996-04-08)25 December 1996 (1996-12-25)TBA2426 December 1997 (1997-12-26)22 January 1998 (1998-01-22)TBA3424 December 1999 (1999-12-24)1 January 2000 (2000-01-01)13.53Specials25 December 2004 (2004-12-25)1 January 2005 (2005-01-01)12.05Specials25 December 2006 (2006-12-25)1 January 2007 (2007-01-01)12.74The Vicar of Dibley has had 20 episodes as of 2007, with additional short reprises consisting of Comic Relief and the In Lockdown minis.The first series was broadcast on BBC1 from 10 November to 15 December 1994, comprising six episodes. Following the first series, an Easter special and a Christmas special were broadcast in 1996. A four-episode second series was ordered and screened between 26 December 1997 and 22 January 1998. Subsequent episodes consisted of Christmas and New Year specials, followed by a third series of four episodes, also referred to as seasonal specials as they have the titles Autumn, Winter, Spring and Summer airing from 24 December 1999 to 1 January 2000. After that came the two-episode \"A Very Dibley Christmas\", broadcast between 25 December 2004 and 1 January 2005, and the two-part finale, \"A Wholly Holy Happy Ending\", broadcast on Christmas Day 2006 and New Year's Day 2007.The final two episodes, in which Geraldine finds love and marries, are officially the \"last-ever\" episodes,[4] although there have been several reappearances of certain characters since in the form of charity specials.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French and Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Saunders"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Thought for the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_for_the_Day"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief"},{"link_name":"The Big Night In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Night_In"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief"},{"link_name":"Children in Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_Need"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Kate Bottley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bottley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"}],"sub_title":"Comic Relief and Lockdown specials","text":"On 15 March 2013, French reprised her role as Geraldine Granger as part of her French and Saunders marathon on BBC Radio 2. She was interviewed by Chris Evans on his Pause for Thought section. The following year, on 29 March 2014, French appeared in character as Granger on Thought for the Day on BBC Radio 4.There have been eight short charity TV specials: six for Comic Relief between 1997 and 2015 and a seventh in April 2020, in which French appeared on The Big Night In as part of a joint Comic Relief and Children in Need special to support those affected by COVID-19. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment was filmed at French's home.[5] For Comic Relief 2021, Geraldine appeared in the Dibley vicarage, later lip-synching to \"Juice\" by Lizzo and appearing with the reverend Kate Bottley.In December 2020, a series of short \"lockdown\" episodes of The Vicar of Dibley were broadcast.[6] The series consisted of three short episodes followed by a compilation episode of the previous three episodes' material shown back-to-back, but including previously unseen material and scenes. The style was completely different to the main series, with Geraldine and Hugo breaking the fourth wall via video messaging, talking directly to the viewers as if they were the Dibley congregation. The same method was used for the 2020 and 2021 Comic Relief shorts, also made and set during the Covid pandemic.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turville.15.4.07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turville,_St_Mary.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Turville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_the_Virgin_Church,_Turville"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spelling-7"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"West Country accents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_English"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Turville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turville"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"St Mary the Virgin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_the_Virgin_Church,_Turville"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spelling-7"},{"link_name":"Little Missenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Missenden"},{"link_name":"M40 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M40_motorway"},{"link_name":"Stokenchurch Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokenchurch_Gap"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Hills"}],"sub_title":"Location and setting","text":"The village of Turville in Buckinghamshire stands in for the village of DibleySt Mary's Church, Turville, stands in for the fictional 'Parish Church of St Barnabus'[7]The programme is set in the fictional Oxfordshire village of Dibley. Some villagers, including Alice, Jim, and Owen, speak with slight West Country accents, as were once common in Oxfordshire but are now less common. The series was filmed in the Buckinghamshire village of Turville, near High Wycombe, with the village's St Mary the Virgin Church doubling as Dibley's St Barnabus.[7] The exterior location for David Horton's manor is in the village of Little Missenden, Buckinghamshire.The opening titles show aerial shots of the M40 motorway's Stokenchurch Gap, the Chiltern Hills of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and the village of Turville.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psalm 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_23"},{"link_name":"Howard Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Goodall"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Darlington"},{"link_name":"charity single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_record"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Bean"},{"link_name":"Tee Off, Mr. Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Off,_Mr._Bean"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"}],"sub_title":"Theme music","text":"The theme music was a setting of Psalm 23 composed by Howard Goodall, and was performed by the choir of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, with George Humphreys[8] singing the solo. The conductor was Stephen Darlington. Two versions are used over the opening credits: one with a full choir and one with a solo. Goodall originally wrote it as a serious piece of church choral music. It has been released as a charity single, with proceeds going to Comic Relief.[9] It also appears on Goodall's CD Choral Works, which additionally includes his theme for Mr. Bean, another popular comedy co-created by Richard Curtis. A snippet of The Vicar of Dibley's theme music was used in the Mr. Bean episode \"Tee Off, Mr. Bean\" and the music from Mr Bean plays during Sean Bean's cameo in The Vicar of Dibley episode \"Spring\".","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The series also won the TV Choice Award for Best Comedy in 2005 and again in 2021 for the Lockdown Specials.[12]In May 2007, Richard Curtis received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award for his humanitarian pursuits, as well as his creative work, including The Vicar of Dibley.[13]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Plowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Plowman"},{"link_name":"Jo Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Brand"}],"text":"The Vicar of Dibley was released on DVD in Region 2 (UK) in 2001. In 2002, a DVD entitled The Best of The Vicar of Dibley was released featuring a 90-minute film of Dawn French talking to the producer, Jon Plowman, with clips from the series. A 2002 documentary narrated by Jo Brand, entitled The Real Vicars of Dibley, was also on the DVD. In 2005, a \"complete collection\" box set was released. This included all the then-aired episodes. The final two episodes and a 6-disc \"ultimate\" box set were released on 26 November 2007.In Australasia (Region 4), all episodes have been released on DVD.All episodes have been released on DVD in the United States and Canada (Region 1).","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Kirstie Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie_Alley"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Adaptations","text":"On 6 February 2007, Fox announced plans to adapt The Vicar of Dibley into an American sitcom titled The Minister of Divine. The series starred Kirstie Alley as a former \"wild child\" who returned to her hometown as its first female minister.[16] The pilot was broadcast on Fox, but the series was not made.[17]The series has also been adapted into two stage plays by Ian Gower and Paul Carpenter, both incorporating plots from the TV episodes.[18] The first is titled The Vicar of Dibley, and is concerned mainly with Alice and Hugo's engagement and wedding. The second, A Vicar of Dibley Christmas – The Second Coming, is based on the episodes \"Dibley Live\" and \"Winter\", in which the villagers set up a radio station and put on a nativity play at Owen's farm. A third adaptation by Steve Clark and David Lovesy, titled The Vicar of Dibley - The Holy Trinity , covers Baby Geraldine’s Christening, David Horton's brief wooing of Geraldine, and the Save Our Dibley campaign as a new reservoir threatens the village. Performance rights for all three are available through United Agents.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Possible return","text":"In February 2016, it was reported that Dawn French was interested in returning to the role in a new series, The Bishop of Dibley, to follow on from the 2015 Red Nose Day Special.[19] In December 2020, French opened up about the prospect of The Vicar of Dibley returning for a new series in 2021.[20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Paul Mayhew-Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mayhew-Archer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Comedy Classic: Vicar of Dibley","text":"In December 2022, Channel 5 aired a 67-minute special retrospective for their \"Comedy Classics\" series. Actors and celebrities, including co-writer Paul Mayhew-Archer, take a look back, discuss and pay tribute to the show.[21]","title":"Legacy"}]

[{"image_text":"The village of Turville in Buckinghamshire stands in for the village of Dibley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Turville.15.4.07.jpg/220px-Turville.15.4.07.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mary's Church, Turville, stands in for the fictional 'Parish Church of St Barnabus'[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Turville%2C_St_Mary.jpg/220px-Turville%2C_St_Mary.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Archived copy of 'This years events'\". Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090310000055/http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981","url_text":"\"Archived copy of 'This years events'\""},{"url":"http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joy Carroll (September 2002). Beneath the Cassock: The Real-life Vicar of Dibley. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-712207-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Carroll","url_text":"Joy Carroll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-712207-1","url_text":"0-00-712207-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Dibley's farewell is ratings hit\". London: BBC. 2 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6225745.stm","url_text":"\"Dibley's farewell is ratings hit\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vicar of Dibley urges viewers to 'praise the lord and the NHS' as Dawn French reprises iconic role\". The Independent. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbc-big-night-in-vicar-of-dibley-dawn-french-nhs-a9481056.html","url_text":"\"The Vicar of Dibley urges viewers to 'praise the lord and the NHS' as Dawn French reprises iconic role\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220620/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbc-big-night-in-vicar-of-dibley-dawn-french-nhs-a9481056.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Classic FM Music Details: Saturday 10 June 2000\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040418/https://www.abc.net.au/classic/daily/stories/s631456.htm","url_text":"\"ABC Classic FM Music Details: Saturday 10 June 2000\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/classic/daily/stories/s631456.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Goodall, George And The Choir – Theme From 'The Vicar Of Dibley' (The Lord Is My Shepherd)\". Discogs. 1994. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/5184357-Howard-Goodall-George-And-The-Choir-Theme-From-The-Vicar-Of-Dibley-The-Lord-Is-My-Shepherd","url_text":"\"Howard Goodall, George And The Choir – Theme From 'The Vicar Of Dibley' (The Lord Is My Shepherd)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment | Emmy success for Vicar of Dibley\". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/220992.stm","url_text":"\"Entertainment | Emmy success for Vicar of Dibley\""}]},{"reference":"\"French, Dawn (1957–) Biography\". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/499480/","url_text":"\"French, Dawn (1957–) Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"BFI"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Winners\".","urls":[{"url":"https://awards.tvchoicemagazine.co.uk/2021-winners","url_text":"\"2021 Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Archie (18 May 2007). \"British acad to honor Curtis – Scribe wrote 'Vicar of Dibley, ' 'Girl in the Cafe'\". Variety. Retrieved 21 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117965325.html?categoryid=13&cs=1","url_text":"\"British acad to honor Curtis – Scribe wrote 'Vicar of Dibley, ' 'Girl in the Cafe'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vicar of Dibley – The Specials\". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Vicar-Dibley-Specials-DVD/dp/B0014QZBNA/ref=wl_it_dp_o_pC_nS_nC?ie=UTF8&colid=1Y3ZOVPITMSAU&coliid=I1C5LNZU08R9NQ","url_text":"\"The Vicar of Dibley – The Specials\""}]},{"reference":"Sorensen, Sue (11 June 2014). The Collar: Reading Christian Ministry in Fiction, Television, and Film. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63087-191-8. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H3MNBQAAQBAJ&dq=the+vicar+of+dibley+series+2+dvd+2003&pg=PT311","url_text":"The Collar: Reading Christian Ministry in Fiction, Television, and Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-191-8","url_text":"978-1-63087-191-8"}]},{"reference":"Simon Cable (14 February 2016). \"Vicar of Dibley set for TV comeback – but with one very big change – Mirror Online\". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/vicar-dibley-set-tv-comeback-7371605","url_text":"\"Vicar of Dibley set for TV comeback – but with one very big change – Mirror Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"My5\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/comedy-classic-the-vicar-of-dibley","url_text":"\"My5\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_(infantry_fighting_vehicle)

Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)

["1 Development","2 Description","2.1 Armament","3 Combat service","4 Variants","4.1 Main-IFV models","4.2 Derivative models","4.3 Marder 2","5 Operators","5.1 Current operators","5.2 Former operators","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 General and cited references","8 External links"]

German infantry fighting vehicle This article is about the West German IFV. For the German WWII era tank destroyers of the same name, see Marder I, Marder II, and Marder III. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Schützenpanzer Marder 1 A Marder 1 in 2012.TypeInfantry fighting vehiclePlace of originWest GermanyService historyIn service1971–presentUsed byBundeswehrWarsWar in Afghanistan, Russo-Ukrainian warProduction historyDesignerRheinmetall LandsystemeDesigned1959–1969ManufacturerRheinmetall LandsystemeMaschinenbau KielUnit cost$390,000 (1975)Produced1969–1975No. built2,137 (incl. Marder 2 prototype)Specifications (Marder 1)Mass28.5 t (31.4 short tons) Marder 1A1/A2 33.5 t (36.9 short tons) Marder 1A3 37.4 t (41.2 short tons) Marder 1A5Length6.79 m (22 ft 3 in)Width3.24 m (10 ft 8 in)Height2.98 m (9 ft 9 in)Crew3 crew + 6 passengers (prior to MILAN: 3+7)ArmorWelded steel, protection up to 20 mm APDS DM43 from 0 m and 25 mm APDS from 200 m (220 yd)Mainarmament20 mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 automatic cannon1,250 rounds MILAN ATGM launcherSecondaryarmament7.62 mm MG3 machine gun5,000 roundsEngineMTU MB 833 Ea-500 diesel engine441 kW (591 hp)Power/weight15.7 kW/t (21.1 hp/t)TransmissionRENK HSWL 194SuspensionTorsion barGround clearance0.45 m (18 in)Fuel capacity652 L (143 imp gal; 172 US gal)Operationalrange520 kmMaximum speed 75 km/h (47 mph)Marder 1A2 65 km/h (40 mph) Marder 1A3 The Schützenpanzer Marder 1 (German pronunciation: ; "Schützen" carrying "Armour"-ed fighting vehicle "Marten 1") is a tracked German infantry fighting vehicle designed for use with the West German Panzergrenadiere units, mechanized infantry specialized for IFV combat. It has been operated by the German Army as the main Panzergrenadiere IFV since the 1970s through to the present day. Developed as part of the rebuilding of West Germany's armoured fighting vehicle industry, the Marder has proven to be a successful and solid infantry fighting vehicle design. While it used to include a few unique features, such as a fully remote machine gun on the rear deck and gun ports on the sides for infantry to fire through, these features have been deleted or streamlined in later upgrade packages to bring it more in line with modern IFV design. The MG has been moved to be a coaxial, the gun ports entirely welded shut and uparmored. It is overall a simple and conventional machine with one large rear exit hatch and three top hatches for mounted infantry to fire from. Around 2,100 were taken into service by the West German army in the early 1970s, but the vehicle in its German variant was not sold to any foreign militaries. As the West German Army began to retire older vehicles, the Chilean government agreed to acquire 200 Marders; the government of Greece has considered the purchase of 450 retired vehicles in the past. Argentina uses a simplified and locally produced variant, the VCTP, and has a number of vehicles based on that platform constructed by Henschel and built by TAMSE. The intended successor to the Marder 1 was initially the Marder 2 project in the 1990s, but after its cancellation the successor became the Puma in the 2010s. The Marder is currently being replaced by the Puma. Development Maschinenbau Kiel AG (MaK) hands over the first Marder to the Bundeswehr in May 1971. Development of the Marder ran from January 1960, when the first development contracts were issued, to May 1971, when the first production vehicles were given to the West German army. The vehicle was intended to be an improvement over the Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30. The main requirements were: A capacity of 12 infantrymen. A more reliable 20 mm cannon. The infantry must be able to fight from within the vehicle or dismounted. Protection from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Initially, development contracts were awarded to two groups of companies: the Rheinstahl group (Rheinstahl-Hanomag, Ruhrstahl, Witten-Annen, Büro Warnecke) and the second group comprising Henschel Werke and the Swiss MOWAG company. This resulted in the production of seven prototype vehicles. A second set of eight prototype vehicles were built between 1961 and 1963. Development priority was then switched for a while to the development of the Jagdpanzer 90 mm Kanone. In 1967, after military requirements were finalized, a third and final set of ten prototypes were built. Final development work was completed by the Rheinstahl group. 10 pre-production vehicles were built and completed troop trials with the West German army between October 1968 and March 1969. In May 1969, the vehicle was named the "Marder" after the European pine marten, an agile, short-legged, bushy-tailed, medium-sized carnivorous mammal in the weasel family. In October Rheinstahl was chosen as the prime contractor. Marder climbing a steep grade at the MaK factory. The first production Marder was handed to the West German army in May 1971. Production of the vehicle continued until 1975, with 2,136 vehicles being completed. In 1975, the MILAN anti-tank guided missile was adapted to be fired by the commander from his open hatch. Between 1977 and 1979 MILAN missiles were fitted to the Marders. A number of upgrade programs were carried out, that included fitting night vision equipment and a thermal imager, as well as an upgraded ammunition feed to the 20 mm cannon. Around 1985, the designation was changed to Marder 1 (until then it was simply Marder) since a follow-up IFV was under construction. The new vehicle was supposed to be the partner of the Leopard 2, just like Marder was the companion to the Standardpanzer/Leopard 1, it was named Marder 2 and the older vehicles re-designated. The A3 upgrade program began in 1988. Thyssen-Henschel was awarded a contract to upgrade 2,100 Marder 1 A1/A2 series vehicles to A3 standard, at a rate of 220 a year. The first upgraded vehicles reached the West German army in November 1989. The modification package included: Improved armour, weighing 1,600 kg, intended to protect against the 30 mm 2A42 cannon on the Russian BMP-2. The armour provided additional protection against cluster bomblets. The hatches over the infantry compartment were rearranged. The suspension was reinforced, a new braking system was installed, and the gearbox adjusted. The heating system was replaced with a water based heating system. The turret was reconfigured. The new total weight was 35,000 kg. Description A Marder on maneuvers in 1986. A Marder 1A3 from the rear, with the ramp lowered The hull of the Marder 1 is all welded steel, giving protection from small-arms fire and shell fragments. The front of the hull provided protection from up to 20 mm armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) rounds. Later variants increased protection up to 30mm APDS, in response to the 30 mm autocannon armed BMP-2 and the development of top-attack cluster bomblets. The Marder is a relatively conventional design, with the driver sitting at the front left side of the hull with the engine to his right. The driver has three day periscopes mounted in a hatch that opens to the right. The center periscope can be replaced by a passive night vision device. Behind the driver is a seat for a single infantryman. In early versions of the Marder, this man had a hatch that opened to the right and a periscope that could be rotated through 360 degrees. This hatch was removed in the 1A3 variant onwards. In the centre of the hull is the two-man turret, which holds the commander on the right and the gunner on the left. Only the commander is provided with a hatch. The commander has eight day periscopes for all round observation and the gunner has three. The primary sighting system is the PERI-Z11 sight, which has either 2× or 6× optical magnification. From version 1A2 on, there is an additional thermal sight with 2x and 8x magnification. To the rear of the turret is the troop compartment, which can hold six infantry men, sitting back to back facing outwards along the center of the hull. The Marder is capable of fording in up to 1.5 meters of water unprepared. It can be fitted with a kit allowing it to ford water up to 2.5 meters deep. The vehicle is powered by an MTU MB 833 Ea-500 six-cylinder liquid-cooled sequentially turbocharged diesel engine which delivers approximately 441 kW (600 PS; 591 hp) at 2,200 rpm. The cooling radiators are mounted at the rear of the hull, either side of the exit ramp. The engine is coupled to a Renk four speed HSWL 194 planetary gear box, with four forward and four reverse gears. The transmission also provides steering and braking via a stepless hydrostatic unit, which transmits power to two drive units mounted at the front of the hull. The vehicle carries 652 liters of fuel, giving it a road range of around 500 kilometres. Early Marders could achieve a road speed of 75 km/h in 4th gear, but the extra armour of later vehicles reduced this to 65 km/h. The Marder is propelled by a Diehl track, which can be fitted with rubber road pads or metallic grousers for improved mobility in snow. The drive mechanism consists of six rubber tyred road wheels, with a drive sprocket at the front of the hull and an idler at the rear. Three return rollers are fitted. The suspension is a torsion bar system, with hydrostatic shock absorbers fitted to the front two and last two road wheels. Armament Early Marder with remote-controlled rear-facing machine gun pod The primary armament is the 20 mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh202 autocannon. It is mounted in the small two-man turret and can fire either armour-piercing or HE rounds. Mounted coaxially to the left of the cannon is a 7.62 mm MG 3 machine gun. The turret has 360 degree traverse, and can elevate from −17 degrees to +65 degrees, at a rate of 40 degrees per second while traversing at a rate of 60 degrees a second. Early production Marders, up to and including version 1A1 had a second, rear-facing MG 3 mounted on the rear deck in a remote controlled pod and operated by one of the mounted infantry using a co-axial PERI-Z12 periscope sight (with a 180° horizontal traverse arc and a vertical arc of -15° to +55°). Typically, 1,250 rounds are carried for the 20 mm cannon, along with a further 5,000 rounds for the MG3. On models since version 1A1A, a MILAN anti-tank guided missile launcher can be attached to the turret to provide enhanced anti-armour capabilities. Typically, four missiles are carried inside the vehicle. There are four gun ports, two per side, which can be used by mounted infantry to provide additional fire against attacking infantry targets. Only Marder 1A1 and 1A2 were equipped with this. Marder 1A3 and above do not have gun ports due to the fitting of an extra layer of armour and outside storage boxes. Six 76-millimeter-diameter smoke grenade dischargers can create a visual and infrared blocking smoke screen. Combat service See also: Kunduz Province Campaign A Marder deployed with German peacekeeping troops in Kosovo, 1999. With the first unit delivered in summer 1971, the Marder IFV remained untested in combat for 38 years until July 2009 when they defended a German combat outpost against the Taliban in Chahar Dara district of Afghanistan's Kunduz Province, killing and wounding scores of enemies. Since then, the Marders have been involved in heavy fighting several times. The vehicles have proved to be extremely useful and have been praised as a great tactical asset by German troops. However, the crews have been subject to great physical stress as none of the vehicles are equipped with air conditioning systems. Two Marders were damaged by improvised explosive devices in the course of a German-led offensive on Taliban fighters in Quatliam, on 31 October 2010. Later in the battle, code-named by the Coalition "Operation Halmazag", a single Marder beat off a Taliban attempt to outflank positions held by German paratroopers. In June 2011, a German Marder was destroyed near Kunduz by a 200 kg (440.91 lbs.) IED, killing one soldier and injuring five others. The Marder was deployed during the Kosovo War as part of the German peacekeeping forces sent as part of NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR). On 29 March 2023, Ukrainian Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov announced that Marders donated from Germany during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had arrived in the country. They were first used by the 82nd Air Assault Brigade in August as part of the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive; 100 vehicles had been delivered by that time. According to the Oryx blog as of 21 January 2024, at least 10 Ukrainian Marders had been confirmed to have been lost by photos or videos; 4 destroyed, 2 damaged and 4 abandoned. Variants The Marder 1A3 is currently the most common version of this system, and is in service with the German Bundeswehr. The Marder 1A4 differs from the 1A3 only by the use of a cryptography-capable radio-set. The newest version of the Marder is the Marder 1A5 with advanced mine protection. Only a small number of this variant is in service. Main-IFV models Marder 1 (1971–) Marder 1 with MILAN: A MILAN launcher was fitted to all Marders between 1977 and 1979. Marder 1 A1(+) (1979–1982): Dual feed for 20 mm cannon enabling choice of ammunition, night vision equipment including image intensifiers and a thermal imager. Infantry capacity reduced to five. Applied to 674 vehicles between 1979 and 1982. Marder 1 A1(−) (1979–1982): As A1(+) but without thermal imager. 350 vehicles upgraded to this standard. Marder 1 A1A3: A Marder A1 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A1A: As 1 A1 but without any passive night vision equipment. 1,112 vehicles upgraded to this standard. Marder 1 A1A4: A Marder A1A with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A1A2: A converted Marder 1 with A1 turret and A2 chassis Marder 1 A1A5: A Marder A1A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A2 (1984–1991): Between 1984 and 1991, all West German Marder 1s were upgraded to A2 standard. This included substantial modification of the suspension, fuel tanks, cooling system and water-jet cleaning system. A new sighting system was installed. The infrared search light equipment was removed. All vehicles were fitted with thermal imagers except for the 674 A1(+) vehicles, which already had them. Marder 1 A2A1: A Marder 1 A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A3 (1988–1998): A Marder with upgraded armor (involved extra frontal armor), suspension changes and other modifications. Marder 1 A4: A Marder 1 A3 with SEM 93 cryptographic radio. Marder 1 A5 (2003–2004): Additional anti-mine armor and a completely remodeled interior in order to avoid blast and shock injuries to the crew when hit by a mine. Applied to 74 Marder 1 A3s only. Marder 1 A5A1 (2010–2011): Equipped with an air conditioning system, a jammer for IED-protection and multi-spectral camouflage. In December 2010 ten vehicles were brought to this standard, with a further 25 to be upgraded by August 2011. A Marder 1A3 fires a MILAN missile during an exercise. A Marder 1A5 A Marder 1A3 of Panzergrenadier Battalion 391 in 2006. Derivative models A Brazilian Marder-Roland. A Marder infantry fighting vehicle converted for use as a firefighting vehicle with the German Fire Services. The Marder served as the basis for Thyssen-Henschel's medium tank design which became the TAM for Argentina. A simplified version of the Marder is also employed as an infantry fighting vehicle, mortar carrier and command vehicle by the Argentine Army, realising most of the versions originally planned for the Bundeswehr and later abandoned due to costs and/or the availability of cheap alternatives like the M106 mortar carrier. The Marder is used as a carrier for the Roland air defence system. The Kanonenjagdpanzer and Raketenjagdpanzer 2 started development as part of the Marder family but were realised based on the second batch of prototypes using different engines etc. The Kanonenjagdpanzer built for Belgium are a hybrid between the original Bundeswehr version and Marder parts. Some 4–6 test models of a 120 mm mortar on a Marder chassis were built, and at least one is in use as a firefighting vehicle at the WTS Meppen. Tests with an AAA tank were performed but the high weight of the system resulted in a switch to the heavier Standardpanzer chassis, resulting in the Gepard AAA system. At least one first or second generation prototype was equipped with the 110 mm artillery rocket system that later became the truck-mounted LARS system. During the Eurosatory Show 2012, Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH offered two further upgrades as part of the Marder Evolution family. The first upgrade was the Marder APC which features a new M151 Protector remotely controlled weapon, replacing the original Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 automatic cannon, ballistic protection comparable to STANAG Level 4+, and mine protection comparable to Level 3a/3b+. The top deck has been lifted to enable improved ergonomics and uses a 440 kW (600 PS) MTU MB883 diesel. The other upgrade was the Marder Medium Tank which features a rifled, stabilized 105 mm OTO-Melara gun in a new turret. At Indo Defence 2016, Rheinmetall exhibited the Marder Medium Tank RI ("RI" stands for "Republic of Indonesia"), which was offered to the Indonesian Army, at the time already operating the Marder 1A3. The tank used the Marder 1A3 hull, with the three-crew Leonardo HITFACT turret armed with an OTO-Melara 105 mm gun and two 7.62 mm machine guns used in coaxial and roof-mounted positions. The HITFACT turret was equipped with an advanced fire control system, linked with the commander and gunner sights, a laser rangefinder, and day/thermal sights for both the commander and gunner. Improvements included upgraded suspension, a new MTU diesel engine with 690 hp (510 kW), and the availability to mount a modular armour package. Marder 2 A Marder 2 prototype at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology. Schützenpanzer Marder 2 was a 1991 prototype German infantry fighting vehicle intended as a replacement design to the Schützenpanzer Marder 1. The project started in 1984 and was cancelled in 1992. A prototype is preserved at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology. Operators Current operators A map of Marder operators in blue Country Type Quantity (Estimated) Origin Notes  Chile 1A3 280  Germany 180 Marder 1A3 originally ordered from Germany in 2007 since the Dutch YPR-765 AIFVs and M113 APCs could not keep pace with their main battle tanks. Additional orders brought the total number to 280. The first batch of 200 Marder 1A3s ordered included 7 driver-training vehicles and 30 broken down for spare parts. All sourced from Bundeswehr stocks.  Germany 1A2/1A3/FlaRakPz 1 Roland(in storage with private industry) ~1067  West Germany Germany 2,137 Marders built in total. 2,097 vehicles were upgraded to the Marder 1A3 standard between 1989-1998. 140 Marders were converted to Roland 2 tracked surface-to-air systems from 1978-1983, though the Roland systems were retired from service in 2005. By 2009, Germany had approximately 1,911 operational Marder IFVs of the 1A2 and 1A3 variant. Many were sold off to other countries or to private companies like Rheinmetall. Following sales and exports to various countries, an estimated 1067 remain in storage in various states of combat-capability as of 2023. Hundreds are in outdoor storage with KMW's subsidiary Battle Tank Dismantling GmbH Koch in Rockensußra, Thuringia where they are broken down and recycled. 1A3 262  Germany By 2017 the Bundeswehr owned 382 Marder of the 1A3/1A4/1A5 variants, with only 212 in operational service as the others were undergoing refits contracted in 2016. In 2020, Rheinmetall was contracted to further upgrade 260 Marder to have modern thermal imaging systems for gunner and commander. Over 170 to be equipped with new drivers night vision sights. The Bundeswehr has approximately 262 active service Marder 1A3 following the transfer of 20 to Ukraine from its stocks in 2023. Officially replaced with the Puma, the Marder will remain in service until at least 2025. 1A4 26  Germany 26 Marder 1A3s converted into command vehicles with SEM 93 long range radios. To be upgraded and continue to operate beyond 2025. 1A5 74  Germany 74 Marder 1A3s were upgraded by Rheinmetall to 1A5 variant between 2003-2004. In 2020, 71 of these were contracted to have their drivetrain upgraded with new power packs to enhance the vehicle’s responsiveness and boost the engine output from 600hp to >750hp.  Greece 1A3 40  Germany 40 Marder 1A3 were pledged to Greece by Germany as part of the latter's "Ringtausch" exchange program in exchange for Greece deliverying 40 BMP-1 vehicles to Ukraine. It received its first 6 in November 2022. 14 were delivered as of January 2023. Further deliveries to Greece were reportedly halted by Rheinmetall due to the company's commitments to deliver more Marder IFVs to Ukraine and a lack of supply. However, all 40 were delivered by the July 2023.  Indonesia 1A2 26  Germany Germany initially approved the export of 50 Marder 1A2 to Indonesia in 2012. Indonesia ordered 26 Marder 1A2, with deliveries scheduled between 2014-2016. The first batch of Marder 1A2 reportedly arrived on August 8, 2014. 1A3 42  Germany 42 Marder 1A3s ordered from Rheinmetall, which began deliveries in 2015 from its own stockpiles.  Jordan 1A3 75  Germany Jordan initially ordered 50 Marder 1A3 on 11 December 2016. Rheinmetall was contracted to upgrade these from Bundeswehr stocks and deliver them by 2017. In 2017, Rheinmetall was contracted to upgrade an additional 25 Marder 1A3 for Jordan. All 75 delivered by the summer of 2020, including two driver training vehicles and spare parts.  Ukraine 1A3 140  Germany The first Marder 1A3 were delivered in March 2023. 20 Marder 1A3 delivered from Bundeswehr stocks, 60 delivered from Rheinmetall stocks as of 23 December 2023. An additional 20 will be prepared by Rheinmetall once contracts are signed, with a potential for up to 120 to be delivered in total by 2024. Rheinmetall claimed it will have delivered "more than 100 Marder infantry fighting vehicles" before the end of 2023, with additional deliveries to be made by May 2024. An additional 20 were added to Germany's list of military aid on March 28, bringing the total up to 140. Former operators  Brazil had purchased 4 Roland 2 systems on the German Marder chassis along with 50 missiles in the late 1970s. All 4 were retired from service in 2001. See also List of modern armoured fighting vehicles Mechanized infantry BMD-4 – (Russia) Bradley Fighting Vehicle – (United States) BTR-T – (Russia) Combat Vehicle 90 – (Sweden) Makran IFV – (Iran) Puma – (Germany) Tulpar – (Turkey) T-15 Armata – (Russia) Warrior IFV – (United Kingdom) ZBD-04 – (China) ZBD-05 – (China) References Citations ^ Freundeskreis der Panzergrenadiertruppe e.V. und Lachen Helfen bauen Wasserspeicher in Afghanistan Freundeskreis der Panzergrenadiertruppe e.V (in German) ^ Von Fleischer, Jörg (July 6, 2009). "Neuer Panzer für die Truppe". www.wp.de. ^ Scraven, David (November 2012). "Der Kampf um Quatliam" (in German). Retrieved 29 November 2015. ^ Ukrainian Defence Minister tweets video of Marder vehicles in Ukraine and drives one of them himself. Ukrainska Pravda. 29 March 2023. ^ "Attack on Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine". ^ Marder 1A3 IFV makes first combat mission in Ukraine with elite unit. Army Recognition. 21 August 2023. ^ Eshel, Tamir (June 11, 2012). "Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades". ^ "Verbesserter Schützenpanzer MARDER ausgeliefert". BWB.org. Retrieved 29 December 2010. ^ Eshel, Tamir (2012-06-11). "Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades". Defense Update. Retrieved 2021-04-15. ^ Foss, Christopher F (4 November 2016). "Marder Medium Tank RI is cost-effective solution ". Jane's. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ Higuera, José. "Chile reaps benefits of modernisation". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2023-01-01. As a result, initial batch of 120 Marder A3 TFVs was ordered in 2007. This was followed by additional orders, bringing numbers to 280 vehices. ^ "Marder infantry fighting vehicle - The Marder Turned 50 in 2021". Rheinmetall. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Marder Roland". WeaponSystems.net. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "40 Marder Vehicles by March: Germany Reveals to the Pace of Long-Awaited Deliveries, How Many More to Expect Afterward". Defense Express. 6 January 2023. ^ "Lagern hier Gepard-Panzer für die Ukraine? Jürgen Todenhöfer kündigt Proteste an" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023. ^ "75 Battle Tank Dismantling Gmbh Koch Stock Photos & High-Res Pictures". GettyImages. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ Sim, David (27 May 2014). "Armoured Vehicle Graveyard at Germany's Koch Battle Tank Dismantling Firm". International Business Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "Schützpanzerwagen Marder". Tank Encyclopedia's Archives. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-03. ^ T.Wiegold (13 October 2016). "Noch viel Nachbesserungsbedarf beim "modernsten Schützenpanzer der westlichen Welt"" . Augen geradeaus! (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2016. ^ Hegmann, Gerhard (29 October 2019). "Bundeswehr bekommt, "was sie verdient" – 104 Second-Hand-Panzer" . Die Welt (in German). ISSN 0173-8437. Retrieved 30 October 2019. ^ "Rheinmetall Saphir 2.6 MK For Bundeswehr Marder – Joint Forces News". 9 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-29. ^ "Rheinmetall to Modernize Bundeswehr's Marder IFVs". defenseworld.net. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2020-11-29. ^ "Bilanz der deutschen, militärischen Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine". Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Ministry of Defence) (in German). 12 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Marder Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs), Germany". Army Technology. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ Venna, Srivani (21 January 2020). "Rheinmetall wins German armed forces contract for Marder vehicle". Army Technology. Retrieved 2020-11-29. ^ Newsroom (2022-10-18). "First 6 German Marder tanks arrive in Greece in swap deal | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 2023-02-08. ^ ES&T editorial team (2022-11-24). "Greece has received the first six AFV Marder 1 A3 in a ring exchange". esut.de. Retrieved 2023-02-08. ^ Gencturk, Ahmet. "Greece suspends arms swap deal with Germany, says local media". AA. Retrieved 2023-01-12. ^ "Ελληνικός Στρατός: 40 γίνονται τα εν υπηρεσία Marder 1/A3". Defence point (in Greek). ^ "Berlin Approves Huge Tank Deal with Indonesia". Der Spiegel. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "German tanks to Indonesia". Deutsche Welle. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Indonesia takes first delivery of 26 German-made Leopard 2A6 tanks and 26 Marder 1A2 AIFV". Army Recognition. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "26 Leopard 2A6 & 26 Marder 1A2 AIFV Arriving Soon". Jejaktapak. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ DefenceAustral (August 8, 2014). "Indonesia takes first delivery of 26 Marder 1A2" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2023 – via Twitter. '#Indonesia takes first delivery 26 #Leopard 2A6 #tanks 26 #Marder 1A2 #AIFV #rheinmetall #rdm' ^ "Rheinmetall to supply 103 Leopard 2A4 tanks and 43 Marder 1A3 infantry armoured to Indonesia". Army Recognition. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2023-12-12. ^ "Marder infantry fighting vehicle - The Marder Turned 50 in 2021". Rheinmetall. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ Binnie, Jeremy (13 December 2017). "Jordan to get more Marder IFVs". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017. ^ "Rheinmetall Defence - Tactics training". Rheinmtall. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2021-04-15. ^ "Rheinmetall modernizing 25 more Marder IFVs for Jordan". Rheinmetall. 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Marder infantry fighting vehicle - The Marder Turned 50 in 2021". Rheinmetall. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Bilanz der deutschen, militärischen Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine". Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Ministry of Defence) (in German). 12 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Rheinmetall to supply Ukraine with over 30 Leopard 1 systems on behalf of German government". Rheinmetall. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Ukraine to receive 20 more Marder IFVs from Germany". Army Technology. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Germany provides Ukraine with 120 Marder infantry fighting vehicles". Rubryka. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Rheinmetall: A powerful partner at Ukraine's side". Rheinmetall. 19 December 2023. ^ "Military support for Ukraine | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. Retrieved 2024-04-03. ^ "Marder Roland". WeaponSystems.net. Retrieved 4 January 2024. General and cited references Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marder (IFV) (category) Data facts about Marder (in German) Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades Marder 2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle at Fighting-vehicles.com vteGerman armored fighting vehicles after World War IIMain battle tanks Leopard 2 Main battle tanks (retired) M47 Patton M48 Patton Leopard 1 Main battle tanks (projects) Main Ground Combat System KPz 70 VT tank Panther KF51 Light tanks (retired) M41 Walker Bulldog Light tanks (projects) Spähpanzer SP I.C. Spähpanzer Ru 251 Armoured weapons carrier Wiesel 1/2 Tank destroyers (retired) Kanonenjagdpanzer Raketenjagdpanzer 1 Raketenjagdpanzer 2 Jaguar 1 Jaguar 2 Infantry fighting vehicles Schützenpanzer Marder 1 Schützenpanzer Puma Infantry fighting vehicles (retired) Schützenpanzer, Kurz, Typ 11-2 Schützenpanzer, Lang, Typ 12-3 Infantry fighting vehicles (projects) Begleitpanzer 57 AIFSV Schützenpanzer Marder 2 Armoured personnel carriers TPz Fuchs GTK Boxer Mungo ESK DURO III YAK BV 206 S Armoured personnel carriers (retired) M113 A2 Armoured personnel carriers (projects) TPz Fuchs 2 Patria 6x6 Armoured reconnaissance vehicle Fennek Armoured reconnaissance vehicle (retired) Spähpanzer Luchs MRAPs/Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle Dingo 1/2 LAPV Enok Eagle IV Four-wheel drive vehicles Mercedes-Benz G-Class Self-propelled guns/Rocket artillery PzH 2000 M270 MLRS Self-propelled guns/Rocket artillery (retired) M7 Priest M55 M109 M110 LARS Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons LeFlaSys Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons (retired) M42 A1 Flakpanzer Gepard Flakraketenpanzer 1 Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons (projects) MATADOR 30 mm ZLA FlaRakRad

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marder I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_I"},{"link_name":"Marder II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_II"},{"link_name":"Marder III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_III"},{"link_name":"[ˈʃʏt͜sn̩ˌpant͜sɐ ˈmaʁdɐ ˈaɪ̯ns]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Schützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzen_(military)"},{"link_name":"\"Armour\"-ed fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"link_name":"IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFV"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"VCTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAM_(tank)#Variants"},{"link_name":"Marder 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marder_2"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(IFV)"}],"text":"This article is about the West German IFV. For the German WWII era tank destroyers of the same name, see Marder I, Marder II, and Marder III.The Schützenpanzer Marder 1 (German pronunciation: [ˈʃʏt͜sn̩ˌpant͜sɐ ˈmaʁdɐ ˈaɪ̯ns]; \"Schützen\" carrying \"Armour\"-ed fighting vehicle \"Marten 1\") is a tracked German infantry fighting vehicle designed for use with the West German Panzergrenadiere units, mechanized infantry specialized for IFV combat. It has been operated by the German Army as the main Panzergrenadiere IFV since the 1970s through to the present day. Developed as part of the rebuilding of West Germany's armoured fighting vehicle industry, the Marder has proven to be a successful and solid infantry fighting vehicle design.While it used to include a few unique features, such as a fully remote machine gun on the rear deck and gun ports on the sides for infantry to fire through, these features have been deleted or streamlined in later upgrade packages to bring it more in line with modern IFV design. The MG has been moved to be a coaxial, the gun ports entirely welded shut and uparmored. It is overall a simple and conventional machine with one large rear exit hatch and three top hatches for mounted infantry to fire from.Around 2,100 were taken into service by the West German army in the early 1970s, but the vehicle in its German variant was not sold to any foreign militaries. As the West German Army began to retire older vehicles, the Chilean government agreed to acquire 200 Marders; the government of Greece has considered the purchase of 450 retired vehicles in the past. Argentina uses a simplified and locally produced variant, the VCTP, and has a number of vehicles based on that platform constructed by Henschel and built by TAMSE.The intended successor to the Marder 1 was initially the Marder 2 project in the 1990s, but after its cancellation the successor became the Puma in the 2010s. The Marder is currently being replaced by the Puma.","title":"Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maschinenbau_Kiel_AG_(MaK)_%C3%BCbergibt_ersten_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder_an_die_Bundeswehr_(Kiel_48.907).jpg"},{"link_name":"Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Lang_HS.30"},{"link_name":"nuclear, biological and chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical,_biological,_radiological,_and_nuclear"},{"link_name":"Hanomag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanomag"},{"link_name":"MOWAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOWAG"},{"link_name":"Jagdpanzer 90 mm Kanone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanzer_90_mm_Kanone"},{"link_name":"European pine marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_pine_marten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder_1_Climbing_Steep_Grade_MaK_1971.jpg"},{"link_name":"MILAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN"},{"link_name":"Leopard 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2"},{"link_name":"Leopard 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_1"},{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"}],"text":"Maschinenbau Kiel AG (MaK) hands over the first Marder to the Bundeswehr in May 1971.Development of the Marder ran from January 1960, when the first development contracts were issued, to May 1971, when the first production vehicles were given to the West German army.The vehicle was intended to be an improvement over the Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30. The main requirements were:A capacity of 12 infantrymen.\nA more reliable 20 mm cannon.\nThe infantry must be able to fight from within the vehicle or dismounted.\nProtection from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.Initially, development contracts were awarded to two groups of companies: the Rheinstahl group (Rheinstahl-Hanomag, Ruhrstahl, Witten-Annen, Büro Warnecke) and the second group comprising Henschel Werke and the Swiss MOWAG company. This resulted in the production of seven prototype vehicles. A second set of eight prototype vehicles were built between 1961 and 1963. Development priority was then switched for a while to the development of the Jagdpanzer 90 mm Kanone.In 1967, after military requirements were finalized, a third and final set of ten prototypes were built. Final development work was completed by the Rheinstahl group. 10 pre-production vehicles were built and completed troop trials with the West German army between October 1968 and March 1969. In May 1969, the vehicle was named the \"Marder\" after the European pine marten, an agile, short-legged, bushy-tailed, medium-sized carnivorous mammal in the weasel family. In October Rheinstahl was chosen as the prime contractor.Marder climbing a steep grade at the MaK factory.The first production Marder was handed to the West German army in May 1971. Production of the vehicle continued until 1975, with 2,136 vehicles being completed.In 1975, the MILAN anti-tank guided missile was adapted to be fired by the commander from his open hatch. Between 1977 and 1979 MILAN missiles were fitted to the Marders.A number of upgrade programs were carried out, that included fitting night vision equipment and a thermal imager, as well as an upgraded ammunition feed to the 20 mm cannon.Around 1985, the designation was changed to Marder 1 (until then it was simply Marder) since a follow-up IFV was under construction. The new vehicle was supposed to be the partner of the Leopard 2, just like Marder was the companion to the Standardpanzer/Leopard 1, it was named Marder 2 and the older vehicles re-designated.The A3 upgrade program began in 1988. Thyssen-Henschel was awarded a contract to upgrade 2,100 Marder 1 A1/A2 series vehicles to A3 standard, at a rate of 220 a year. The first upgraded vehicles reached the West German army in November 1989. The modification package included:Improved armour, weighing 1,600 kg, intended to protect against the 30 mm 2A42 cannon on the Russian BMP-2. The armour provided additional protection against cluster bomblets.\nThe hatches over the infantry compartment were rearranged.\nThe suspension was reinforced, a new braking system was installed, and the gearbox adjusted. The heating system was replaced with a water based heating system.\nThe turret was reconfigured.\nThe new total weight was 35,000 kg.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073486-0027,_Man%C3%B6ver,_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder1A3_Heck.jpg"},{"link_name":"armour-piercing discarding sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"},{"link_name":"MTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTU_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"sequentially turbocharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-turbo"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Renk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk"},{"link_name":"torsion bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension"}],"text":"A Marder on maneuvers in 1986.A Marder 1A3 from the rear, with the ramp loweredThe hull of the Marder 1 is all welded steel, giving protection from small-arms fire and shell fragments. The front of the hull provided protection from up to 20 mm armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) rounds. Later variants increased protection up to 30mm APDS, in response to the 30 mm autocannon armed BMP-2 and the development of top-attack cluster bomblets.The Marder is a relatively conventional design, with the driver sitting at the front left side of the hull with the engine to his right. The driver has three day periscopes mounted in a hatch that opens to the right. The center periscope can be replaced by a passive night vision device. Behind the driver is a seat for a single infantryman. In early versions of the Marder, this man had a hatch that opened to the right and a periscope that could be rotated through 360 degrees. This hatch was removed in the 1A3 variant onwards.In the centre of the hull is the two-man turret, which holds the commander on the right and the gunner on the left. Only the commander is provided with a hatch. The commander has eight day periscopes for all round observation and the gunner has three. The primary sighting system is the PERI-Z11 sight, which has either 2× or 6× optical magnification. From version 1A2 on, there is an additional thermal sight with 2x and 8x magnification. To the rear of the turret is the troop compartment, which can hold six infantry men, sitting back to back facing outwards along the center of the hull.The Marder is capable of fording in up to 1.5 meters of water unprepared. It can be fitted with a kit allowing it to ford water up to 2.5 meters deep.The vehicle is powered by an MTU MB 833 Ea-500 six-cylinder liquid-cooled sequentially turbocharged diesel engine which delivers approximately 441 kW (600 PS; 591 hp) at 2,200 rpm. The cooling radiators are mounted at the rear of the hull, either side of the exit ramp. The engine is coupled to a Renk four speed HSWL 194 planetary gear box, with four forward and four reverse gears. The transmission also provides steering and braking via a stepless hydrostatic unit, which transmits power to two drive units mounted at the front of the hull. The vehicle carries 652 liters of fuel, giving it a road range of around 500 kilometres. Early Marders could achieve a road speed of 75 km/h in 4th gear, but the extra armour of later vehicles reduced this to 65 km/h.The Marder is propelled by a Diehl track, which can be fitted with rubber road pads or metallic grousers for improved mobility in snow. The drive mechanism consists of six rubber tyred road wheels, with a drive sprocket at the front of the hull and an idler at the rear. Three return rollers are fitted. The suspension is a torsion bar system, with hydrostatic shock absorbers fitted to the front two and last two road wheels.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SPz_Marder,_PzGrenBtl_362_Walld%C3%BCrn,_in_Lauda,_1973_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_MK_20_Rh202"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"HE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Explosive"},{"link_name":"coaxially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial"},{"link_name":"MG 3 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_3_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"MILAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN"},{"link_name":"anti-armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-armour"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"smoke screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_screen"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"Early Marder with remote-controlled rear-facing machine gun podThe primary armament is the 20 mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh202 autocannon. It is mounted in the small two-man turret and can fire either armour-piercing or HE rounds. Mounted coaxially to the left of the cannon is a 7.62 mm MG 3 machine gun. The turret has 360 degree traverse, and can elevate from −17 degrees to +65 degrees, at a rate of 40 degrees per second while traversing at a rate of 60 degrees a second.Early production Marders, up to and including version 1A1 had a second, rear-facing MG 3 mounted on the rear deck in a remote controlled pod and operated by one of the mounted infantry using a co-axial PERI-Z12 periscope sight (with a 180° horizontal traverse arc and a vertical arc of -15° to +55°). Typically, 1,250 rounds are carried for the 20 mm cannon, along with a further 5,000 rounds for the MG3.On models since version 1A1A, a MILAN anti-tank guided missile launcher can be attached to the turret to provide enhanced anti-armour capabilities. Typically, four missiles are carried inside the vehicle.There are four gun ports, two per side, which can be used by mounted infantry to provide additional fire against attacking infantry targets. Only Marder 1A1 and 1A2 were equipped with this. Marder 1A3 and above do not have gun ports due to the fitting of an extra layer of armour and outside storage boxes.Six 76-millimeter-diameter smoke grenade dischargers can create a visual and infrared blocking smoke screen.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunduz Province Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province_Campaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_KFOR_armoured_vehicle,_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kunduz Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Operation Halmazag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halmazag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kosovo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"KFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Defense_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Oleksii Reznikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"82nd Air Assault Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Air_Assault_Brigade_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Kunduz Province CampaignA Marder deployed with German peacekeeping troops in Kosovo, 1999.With the first unit delivered in summer 1971, the Marder IFV remained untested in combat for 38 years until July 2009 when they defended a German combat outpost against the Taliban in Chahar Dara district of Afghanistan's Kunduz Province, killing and wounding scores of enemies. Since then, the Marders have been involved in heavy fighting several times. The vehicles have proved to be extremely useful and have been praised as a great tactical asset by German troops.[1] However, the crews have been subject to great physical stress as none of the vehicles are equipped with air conditioning systems.[2]Two Marders were damaged by improvised explosive devices in the course of a German-led offensive on Taliban fighters in Quatliam, on 31 October 2010. Later in the battle, code-named by the Coalition \"Operation Halmazag\", a single Marder beat off a Taliban attempt to outflank positions held by German paratroopers.[3] In June 2011, a German Marder was destroyed near Kunduz by a 200 kg (440.91 lbs.) IED, killing one soldier and injuring five others.The Marder was deployed during the Kosovo War as part of the German peacekeeping forces sent as part of NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR).On 29 March 2023, Ukrainian Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov announced that Marders donated from Germany during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had arrived in the country.[4] They were first used by the 82nd Air Assault Brigade in August as part of the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive; 100 vehicles had been delivered by that time.According to the Oryx blog as of 21 January 2024, at least 10 Ukrainian Marders had been confirmed to have been lost by photos or videos; 4 destroyed, 2 damaged and 4 abandoned.[5][6]","title":"Combat service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"}],"text":"The Marder 1A3[7] is currently the most common version of this system, and is in service with the German Bundeswehr. The Marder 1A4 differs from the 1A3 only by the use of a cryptography-capable radio-set. The newest version of the Marder is the Marder 1A5 with advanced mine protection. Only a small number of this variant is in service.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder1A3.5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BundeswehrMarderA5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder1A3.6.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Main-IFV models","text":"Marder 1 (1971–)\nMarder 1 with MILAN: A MILAN launcher was fitted to all Marders between 1977 and 1979.\nMarder 1 A1(+) (1979–1982): Dual feed for 20 mm cannon enabling choice of ammunition, night vision equipment including image intensifiers and a thermal imager. Infantry capacity reduced to five. Applied to 674 vehicles between 1979 and 1982.\nMarder 1 A1(−) (1979–1982): As A1(+) but without thermal imager. 350 vehicles upgraded to this standard.\nMarder 1 A1A3: A Marder A1 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios.\nMarder 1 A1A: As 1 A1 but without any passive night vision equipment. 1,112 vehicles upgraded to this standard.\nMarder 1 A1A4: A Marder A1A with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios.\nMarder 1 A1A2: A converted Marder 1 with A1 turret and A2 chassis\nMarder 1 A1A5: A Marder A1A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios.\nMarder 1 A2 (1984–1991): Between 1984 and 1991, all West German Marder 1s were upgraded to A2 standard. This included substantial modification of the suspension, fuel tanks, cooling system and water-jet cleaning system. A new sighting system was installed. The infrared search light equipment was removed. All vehicles were fitted with thermal imagers except for the 674 A1(+) vehicles, which already had them.\nMarder 1 A2A1: A Marder 1 A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios.\nMarder 1 A3 (1988–1998): A Marder with upgraded armor (involved extra frontal armor), suspension changes and other modifications.\nMarder 1 A4: A Marder 1 A3 with SEM 93 cryptographic radio.\nMarder 1 A5 (2003–2004): Additional anti-mine armor and a completely remodeled interior in order to avoid blast and shock injuries to the crew when hit by a mine. Applied to 74 Marder 1 A3s only.\nMarder 1 A5A1 (2010–2011): Equipped with an air conditioning system, a jammer for IED-protection and multi-spectral camouflage.[8] In December 2010 ten vehicles were brought to this standard, with a further 25 to be upgraded by August 2011.A Marder 1A3 fires a MILAN missile during an exercise.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Marder 1A5\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Marder 1A3 of Panzergrenadier Battalion 391 in 2006.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder_Roland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemer-L%C3%B6schpanzer1-Bubo.JPG"},{"link_name":"German Fire Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Fire_Services"},{"link_name":"Thyssen-Henschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyssen-Henschel"},{"link_name":"TAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAM_(tank)"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Army"},{"link_name":"M106 mortar carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M106_mortar_carrier"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_(air_defence)"},{"link_name":"Kanonenjagdpanzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonenjagdpanzer"},{"link_name":"Raketenjagdpanzer 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketenjagdpanzer_2"},{"link_name":"Eurosatory Show 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosatory"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall"},{"link_name":"M151 Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(RWS)"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_MK_20_Rh_202"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Indo Defence 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_Defence_Expo_%26_Forum"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Derivative models","text":"A Brazilian Marder-Roland.A Marder infantry fighting vehicle converted for use as a firefighting vehicle with the German Fire Services.The Marder served as the basis for Thyssen-Henschel's medium tank design which became the TAM for Argentina. A simplified version of the Marder is also employed as an infantry fighting vehicle, mortar carrier and command vehicle by the Argentine Army, realising most of the versions originally planned for the Bundeswehr and later abandoned due to costs and/or the availability of cheap alternatives like the M106 mortar carrier.The Marder is used as a carrier for the Roland air defence system. The Kanonenjagdpanzer and Raketenjagdpanzer 2 started development as part of the Marder family but were realised based on the second batch of prototypes using different engines etc. The Kanonenjagdpanzer built for Belgium are a hybrid between the original Bundeswehr version and Marder parts. Some 4–6 test models of a 120 mm mortar on a Marder chassis were built, and at least one is in use as a firefighting vehicle at the WTS Meppen. Tests with an AAA tank were performed but the high weight of the system resulted in a switch to the heavier Standardpanzer chassis, resulting in the Gepard AAA system. At least one first or second generation prototype was equipped with the 110 mm artillery rocket system that later became the truck-mounted LARS system.During the Eurosatory Show 2012, Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH offered two further upgrades as part of the Marder Evolution family. The first upgrade was the Marder APC which features a new M151 Protector remotely controlled weapon, replacing the original Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 automatic cannon, ballistic protection comparable to STANAG Level 4+, and mine protection comparable to Level 3a/3b+. The top deck has been lifted to enable improved ergonomics and uses a 440 kW (600 PS) MTU MB883 diesel. The other upgrade was the Marder Medium Tank which features a rifled, stabilized 105 mm OTO-Melara gun in a new turret.[9]At Indo Defence 2016, Rheinmetall exhibited the Marder Medium Tank RI (\"RI\" stands for \"Republic of Indonesia\"), which was offered to the Indonesian Army, at the time already operating the Marder 1A3. The tank used the Marder 1A3 hull, with the three-crew Leonardo HITFACT turret armed with an OTO-Melara 105 mm gun and two 7.62 mm machine guns used in coaxial and roof-mounted positions. The HITFACT turret was equipped with an advanced fire control system, linked with the commander and gunner sights, a laser rangefinder, and day/thermal sights for both the commander and gunner. Improvements included upgraded suspension, a new MTU diesel engine with 690 hp (510 kW), and the availability to mount a modular armour package.[10]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder_2_(Frontansicht).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr_Museum_of_German_Defense_Technology"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr_Museum_of_German_Defense_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Marder 2","text":"A Marder 2 prototype at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology.Schützenpanzer Marder 2 was a 1991 prototype German infantry fighting vehicle intended as a replacement design to the Schützenpanzer Marder 1. The project started in 1984 and was cancelled in 1992.A prototype is preserved at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marder_operators.png"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"A map of Marder operators in blue","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Roland 2 systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Brazil had purchased 4 Roland 2 systems on the German Marder chassis along with 50 missiles in the late 1970s. All 4 were retired from service in 2001.[47]","title":"Operators"}]

[{"image_text":"Maschinenbau Kiel AG (MaK) hands over the first Marder to the Bundeswehr in May 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Maschinenbau_Kiel_AG_%28MaK%29_%C3%BCbergibt_ersten_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder_an_die_Bundeswehr_%28Kiel_48.907%29.jpg/220px-Maschinenbau_Kiel_AG_%28MaK%29_%C3%BCbergibt_ersten_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder_an_die_Bundeswehr_%28Kiel_48.907%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marder climbing a steep grade at the MaK factory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Marder_1_Climbing_Steep_Grade_MaK_1971.jpg/220px-Marder_1_Climbing_Steep_Grade_MaK_1971.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Marder on maneuvers in 1986.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073486-0027%2C_Man%C3%B6ver%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073486-0027%2C_Man%C3%B6ver%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Marder.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Marder 1A3 from the rear, with the ramp lowered","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Marder1A3_Heck.jpg/220px-Marder1A3_Heck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early Marder with remote-controlled rear-facing machine gun pod","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SPz_Marder%2C_PzGrenBtl_362_Walld%C3%BCrn%2C_in_Lauda%2C_1973_%283%29.jpg/220px-SPz_Marder%2C_PzGrenBtl_362_Walld%C3%BCrn%2C_in_Lauda%2C_1973_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Marder deployed with German peacekeeping troops in Kosovo, 1999.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/German_KFOR_armoured_vehicle%2C_1999.jpg/220px-German_KFOR_armoured_vehicle%2C_1999.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Brazilian Marder-Roland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Marder_Roland.jpg/220px-Marder_Roland.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Marder infantry fighting vehicle converted for use as a firefighting vehicle with the German Fire Services.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hemer-L%C3%B6schpanzer1-Bubo.JPG/220px-Hemer-L%C3%B6schpanzer1-Bubo.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Marder 2 prototype at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Marder_2_%28Frontansicht%29.jpg/220px-Marder_2_%28Frontansicht%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of Marder operators in blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Marder_operators.png/350px-Marder_operators.png"}]

[{"title":"List of modern armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles"},{"title":"Mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"title":"BMD-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMD-4"},{"title":"Bradley Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"title":"BTR-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-T"},{"title":"Combat Vehicle 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90"},{"title":"Makran IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran_IFV"},{"title":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(German_IFV)"},{"title":"Tulpar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulpar_(IFV)"},{"title":"T-15 Armata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-15_Armata"},{"title":"Warrior IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_IFV"},{"title":"ZBD-04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBD-04"},{"title":"ZBD-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBD-05"}]

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Retrieved 29 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bwb.org/portal/a/bwb/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKM9_R0BslB2B4B-pFw0aCUVH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtyIckdHRUUAEMQGTQ!!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjFfSU9L?yw_contentURL=%2F01DB022000000001%2FW28CKGVQ779INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp","url_text":"\"Verbesserter Schützenpanzer MARDER ausgeliefert\""}]},{"reference":"Eshel, Tamir (2012-06-11). \"Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades\". Defense Update. Retrieved 2021-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://defense-update.com/20120611_marder-upgrades.html","url_text":"\"Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades\""}]},{"reference":"Foss, Christopher F (4 November 2016). \"Marder Medium Tank RI is cost-effective solution [INDODEF16-D3]\". Jane's. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730064926/http://www.janes.com/article/65259/marder-medium-tank-ri-is-cost-effective-solution-indodef16-d3","url_text":"\"Marder Medium Tank RI is cost-effective solution [INDODEF16-D3]\""},{"url":"http://www.janes.com/article/65259/marder-medium-tank-ri-is-cost-effective-solution-indodef16-d3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Higuera, José. \"Chile reaps benefits of modernisation\". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2023-01-01. As a result, initial batch of 120 Marder A3 TFVs was ordered in 2007. 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The Marder Turned 50 in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmvg.de/de/presse/bilanz-der-deutschen-militaerischen-unterstuetzungsleistungen-fuer-die-ukraine-5722620","external_links_name":"\"Bilanz der deutschen, militärischen Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/media/news-watch/news/2023/11/2023-11-14-rheinmetall-to-supply-ukraine-with-leopard-systems-on-behalf-of-german-government","external_links_name":"\"Rheinmetall to supply Ukraine with over 30 Leopard 1 systems on behalf of German government\""},{"Link":"https://www.army-technology.com/news/ukraine-receive-20-more-marder-ifv-from-germany/?cf-view","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine to receive 20 more Marder IFVs from Germany\""},{"Link":"https://rubryka.com/en/2023/12/21/nimechchyna-nadala-ukrayini-120-bmp-marder-bilshe-nizh-planuvaly/","external_links_name":"\"Germany provides Ukraine with 120 Marder infantry fighting vehicles\""},{"Link":"https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/media/stories/2023/2023-09-21-rheinmetall-a-powerful-partner-at-ukraine-side","external_links_name":"\"Rheinmetall: A powerful partner at Ukraine's side\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/military-support-ukraine-2054992","external_links_name":"\"Military support for Ukraine | Federal Government\""},{"Link":"https://weaponsystems.net/system/755-Marder+Roland","external_links_name":"\"Marder Roland\""},{"Link":"http://www.panzerbaer.de/types/bw_spz_marder_1a1-a.htm","external_links_name":"Data facts about Marder"},{"Link":"http://defense-update.com/20120611_marder-upgrades.html","external_links_name":"Rheinmetall Defence Displays Two Marder Upgrades"},{"Link":"http://fighting-vehicles.com/marder-2-infantry-fighting-vehicle/","external_links_name":"Marder 2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_School

Cherwell School

["1 Recent changes","2 Notable alumni","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°46′30″N 1°15′41″W / 51.774983°N 1.261459°W / 51.774983; -1.261459 Academy in Oxford, Oxfordshire, EnglandThe Cherwell SchoolAddressMarston Ferry RoadOxford, Oxfordshire, OX2 7EEEnglandCoordinates51°46′30″N 1°15′41″W / 51.774983°N 1.261459°W / 51.774983; -1.261459InformationTypeAcademyEstablished1963Local authorityOxfordshireSpecialistScience CollegeDepartment for Education URN137970 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherChris PriceGenderCoeducationalAge11 to 18Enrolment2082Colour(s)    Light blue, navy blueWebsitewww.cherwell.oxon.sch.uk The Cherwell School is a secondary school with academy status on the Marston Ferry Road in Oxford, England. The current school site was built in 1963 as a secondary modern school, later becoming the main comprehensive school for North Oxford, with a catchment area extending down to the city centre, Grandpont, and New Hinksey. Along with later expansions, in 2003, and as part of a citywide reorganisation, it merged with the Frideswide Middle School, and is now a split site school of c.2,000 pupils aged between 11 and 18. Recent changes The North site has recently undergone construction work, with the extension of the Sixth form common room. The original design, to accommodate only 100 pupils in years 12 and 13, became inadequate in recent years for the 300 or more pupils currently in the sixth form. The main building work was construction of a new building alongside the existing block, and then removing the internal wall to create a much larger space. On the second floor of the structure, the school library has been extended to include quiet study areas, each with computer and desk facilities. Notable alumni Cherwell School alumni are called Cherwellians: Tom Bateman, actor. Joey Beauchamp, footballer. Sholto Carnegie, rower Canice Carroll, footballer Mark Crozer, musician. Hannah England, middle-distance runner and World Championship 1500m silver medallist. Rupert Friend, actor. Tim Goldsworthy, Record Producer, DJ and co-founder of Mo'Wax record label. Ramin Gray, playwright. Orlando Higginbottom, also known as Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Electro Producer and DJ. Benjamin Hope, painter. Adam Hunt, chess International Master. James Lavelle, member of music group UNKLE, founder of Mo'Wax record label. Yasmin Le Bon née Yasmin Parvaneh, model and wife of Simon Le Bon, singer in band Duran Duran. Jack Letts, jihadist. Michael Morris, cricketer Tom Penny, skateboarder. Omid Scobie, journalist and writer. Rachel Seiffert, novelist Sophie Sumner, model. Miles Welch-Hayes, footballer - Oxford United References ^ "The Cherwell School". The Schools Guide. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "The Cherwell School". Good Schools Guide. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "Great Britain squad for World Cup 3 announced: Hurn and Carnegie set for senior debuts". 3 July 2018. ^ "The Cherwell School Student Bulletin – Week Beginning 7th September" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Little, Reg (5 July 2013). "Oversubscribed and outstanding . . . 50 years of Cherwell School". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 8 January 2023. ^ "1998-1999 Tournament Results". Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ Khan, Shehab (30 January 2016). "'Jihadi Jack' Letts interview: Former Oxford schoolboy calls on British people to convert to Islam as he brands David Cameron an 'evil creature'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ Airs, Thom (12 May 2009). "Sophie vies to be top TV model". Oxford Mail. External links Cherwell School website Cherwell School Parent Teacher Association website Exam league table results for Cherwell School, 2006 and results from 2005 Ofsted inspection report (carried out in 2005) Ofsted inspection report (carried out in 2008) vteSchools in OxfordshirePrimary Beckley CE Primary School Glory Farm Primary School Europa School UK Secondary Bartholomew School The Bicester School Blessed George Napier RC School Burford School Carterton Community College Cheney School Cherwell School Chipping Norton School Cooper School Didcot Girls' School Europa School UK Faringdon Community College Fitzharrys School Gillotts School Gosford Hill School Greyfriars Catholic School Henry Box School Icknield Community College John Mason School King Alfred's Academy Langtree School Larkmead School Lord Williams's School Maiden Erlegh Chiltern Edge Marlborough School Matthew Arnold School North Oxfordshire Academy The Oxford Academy Oxford Spires Academy St Birinus School Swan School UTC Oxfordshire Wallingford School The Warriner School Wheatley Park School Wood Green School Wykham Park Academy Independent (preparatory) Abingdon Preparatory School Christ Church Cathedral School Chandlings Cothill House Dragon School New College School The Oratory Preparatory School Rupert House School St Hugh's School Summer Fields School Independent Abingdon School Bloxham School Carfax College Cokethorpe School Cranford House School D'Overbroeck's College EF Education First Greene's Tutorial College Headington School Kingham Hill School King's School Magdalen College School The Oratory School Our Lady's Abingdon Oxford High School Oxford International College Oxford Montessori Schools Radley College Rye St Antony School St Clare's School St Edward's School St Helen and St Katharine Shiplake College Sibford School Tudor Hall School Wychwood School Special Bishopswood School Mulberry Bush School Swalcliffe Park School Further education Abingdon and Witney College Banbury and Bicester College City of Oxford College Denman College The Henley College Former Carmel College City of Oxford High School for Boys Drayton School European School, Culham Falconbury School Milham Ford School Oxford Military College Parklands Campus St Mary's School, Wantage Wallingford Grammar School Authority control databases ISNI

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Marston Ferry Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston_Ferry_Road"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"secondary modern school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_modern_school"},{"link_name":"comprehensive school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"North Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Grandpont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpont"},{"link_name":"New Hinksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hinksey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Academy in Oxford, Oxfordshire, EnglandThe Cherwell School is a secondary school with academy status on the Marston Ferry Road in Oxford, England. The current school site was built in 1963 as a secondary modern school, later becoming the main comprehensive school for North Oxford, with a catchment area extending down to the city centre, Grandpont, and New Hinksey. Along with later expansions, in 2003, and as part of a citywide reorganisation, it merged with the Frideswide Middle School, and is now a split site school of c.2,000 pupils aged between 11 and 18.[1][2]","title":"Cherwell School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The North site has recently undergone construction work, with the extension of the Sixth form common room. The original design, to accommodate only 100 pupils in years 12 and 13, became inadequate in recent years for the 300 or more pupils currently in the sixth form.[citation needed]The main building work was construction of a new building alongside the existing block, and then removing the internal wall to create a much larger space. On the second floor of the structure, the school library has been extended to include quiet study areas, each with computer and desk facilities.","title":"Recent changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bateman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joey Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"Sholto Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholto_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canice Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canice_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Crozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Crozer"},{"link_name":"Hannah England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_England"},{"link_name":"World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Rupert Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Friend"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Tim Goldsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Goldsworthy"},{"link_name":"Mo'Wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27Wax"},{"link_name":"Ramin Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin_Gray"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_Enormous_Extinct_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hope"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"James Lavelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lavelle"},{"link_name":"UNKLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNKLE"},{"link_name":"Mo'Wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27Wax"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"Simon Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Jack Letts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Letts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Morris_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tom Penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Penny"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Omid Scobie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Scobie"},{"link_name":"Rachel Seiffert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Seiffert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50years-5"},{"link_name":"Sophie Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Sumner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Miles Welch-Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Welch-Hayes"}],"text":"Cherwell School alumni are called Cherwellians:Tom Bateman, actor.\nJoey Beauchamp, footballer.\nSholto Carnegie, rower[3]\nCanice Carroll, footballer[4]\nMark Crozer, musician.\nHannah England, middle-distance runner and World Championship 1500m silver medallist.[5]\nRupert Friend, actor.[5]\nTim Goldsworthy, Record Producer, DJ and co-founder of Mo'Wax record label.\nRamin Gray, playwright.[5]\nOrlando Higginbottom, also known as Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Electro Producer and DJ.[5]\nBenjamin Hope, painter.\nAdam Hunt, chess International Master.[6][5]\nJames Lavelle, member of music group UNKLE, founder of Mo'Wax record label.\nYasmin Le Bon née Yasmin Parvaneh, model and wife of Simon Le Bon, singer in band Duran Duran.[5]\nJack Letts, jihadist.[7]\nMichael Morris, cricketer\nTom Penny, skateboarder.[5]\nOmid Scobie, journalist and writer.\nRachel Seiffert, novelist[5]\nSophie Sumner, model.[8]\nMiles Welch-Hayes, footballer - Oxford United","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Wilson_bibliography

Jacqueline Wilson bibliography

["1 Sequences","1.1 Tracy Beaker","1.2 The Werepuppy","1.3 Twin Tales","1.4 Adventure","1.5 Girls","1.6 Hetty Feather","1.7 World of Hetty Feather","1.8 Sleepovers","2 Standalone novels","3 Non-fiction works","4 Notes","5 References"]

Jacqueline Wilson in 2009. The following is a complete list of books published by Dame Jacqueline Wilson, an English novelist who writes for children's literature. Four of her books appear in the BBC's The Big Read poll of the 100 most popular books in the UK, and for her lifetime contribution as a children's writer, Wilson was a UK nominee for the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2014. Wilson is the author of many book series; her Tracy Beaker series, inaugurated in 1991 with The Story of Tracy Beaker, includes three sequels and has been adapted into six CBBC television series: The Story of Tracy Beaker, Tracy Beaker Returns, The Dumping Ground, The Tracy Beaker Survival Files, My Mum Tracy Beaker and The Beaker Girls. As of 2023, Wilson has written over 100 novels. Sequences Tracy Beaker Year Title Ref. 1991 The Story of Tracy Beaker 2000 The Dare Game 2006 Starring Tracy Beaker 2009 Tracy Beaker's Thumping Heart 2009 The Tracy Beaker Quiz Book 2012 The Tracy Beaker Trilogy 2014 Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends 2018 My Mum Tracy Beaker 2019 We Are the Beaker Girls The Werepuppy Year Title Ref. 1991 The Werepuppy 1995 The Werepuppy Goes on Holiday Twin Tales Year Title Ref. 1994 Twin Trouble 1996 Connie and the Water Babies Adventure Year Title Ref. 1995 Cliffhanger 1999 Buried Alive! 2001 Biscuit Barrel Girls Year Title Ref. 1997 Girls in Love 1998 Girls Under Pressure 1999 Girls out Late 2002 Girls in Tears 2024 Think Again Hetty Feather Year Title Ref. 2009 Hetty Feather 2011 Sapphire Battersea 2012 Emerald Star 2013 Diamond 2015 Little Stars 2017 Hetty Feather's Christmas World of Hetty Feather Year Title Ref. 2016 Clover Moon 2018 Rose Rivers Sleepovers Year Title Ref. 2001 Sleepovers 2023 The Best Sleepover in the World Standalone novels Year Title Ref. 1969 Ricky's Birthday. (In the Nippers series.) 1972 Hide and Seek 1973 Truth or Dare 1974 Snap 1976 Let's Pretend 1977 Making Hate 1982 Nobody's Perfect 1983 Waiting for the Sky to Fall 1984 The Killer Tadpole 1984 The Other Side 1984 The School Trip 1985 How to Survive Summer Camp 1986 Amber 1986 The Monster in the Cupboard 1987 The Power of the Shade 1987 Glubbslyme 1988 This Girl 1989 Falling Apart 1989 The Left Outs 1989 The Party in the Lift 1990 Take a Good Look 1991 The Dream Palace 1992 The Suitcase Kid 1992 Video Rose 1993 Deep Blue 1993 The Mum Minder 1994 The Bed and Breakfast Star 1995 The Dinosaur's Packed Lunch 1995 Double Act 1995 Jimmy Jelly 1995 Love from Katy 1995 My Brother Bernadette 1995 Sophie's Secret Diary 1996 Bad Girls 1996 Beauty and the Beast 1996 Mr. Cool 1997 The Lottie Project 1997 The Monster Story-Teller 1998 Rapunzel 1999 The Illustrated Mum 1999 Monster Eyeballs 2000 Lizzie Zipmouth 2000 Vicky Angel 2001 The Cat Mummy 2001 Dustbin Baby 2002 Secrets 2002 The Worry Website 2003 Lola Rose 2004 Midnight 2004 Best Friends 2004 The Diamond Girls 2005 Clean Break 2005 Love Lessons 2006 Candyfloss 2007 Kiss 2008 My Sister Jodie 2008 Cookie 2010 Little Darlings 2010 The Longest Whale Song 2011 Lily Alone 2011 Green Glass Beads 2012 The Worst Thing About My Sister 2012 Big Day Out 2013 Queenie 2012 Four Children and It 2014 Paws and Whiskers 2014 Opal Plumstead 2015 The Butterfly Club 2015 Katy 2016 Rent A Bridesmaid 2017 Wave Me Goodbye 2019 Dancing the Charleston 2020 Love Frankie 2021 The Runaway Girls 2021 The Primrose Railway Children 2022 Baby Love 2023 Project Fairy 2023 The Other Edie Trimmer 2024 The Girl Who Wasn't There 2024 Star of the Show Non-fiction works Year Title Notes Ref. 2002 The Jacqueline Wilson Quiz Book Trivia and quiz book 2005 The World of Jacqueline Wilson Information book 2007 Jacky Daydream Autobiography 2007 Totally Jacqueline Wilson Activity book 2010 My Secret Diary Autobiography 2011 My Summer Holiday Journal Journal 2016 The Jacqueline Wilson Colouring Book Colouring book Notes ^ The Tracy Beaker Trilogy contains The Story of Tracy Beaker, The Dare Game, and Starring Tracy Beaker. ^ Biscuit Barrel contains Cliffhanger and Buried Alive!. ^ (forthcoming) References ^ a b c "Kids interview Jacqueline Wilson". CBBC Newsround. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Tracy Beaker's Thumping Heart". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ The Tracy Beaker Quiz Book. Penguin Books. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ The Tracy Beaker Trilogy. Penguin Books. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends. Penguin Books. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Allardice, Lisa. "How Tracy Beaker turned out: Jacqueline Wilson on the return of her most famous creation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "New Tracy Beaker novel to be published in October". www.thebookseller.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ a b "The Werepuppy". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Twin Trouble by Jacqueline Wilson". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Connie and the Water Babies by Jacqueline Wilson". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Cliffhanger by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Buried Alive!. Penguin Books. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Jacqueline Wilson Biscuit Barrel. Penguin Books. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Eccleshare, Julia (3 October 2011). "Are we too young for Jacqueline Wilson's Girls in Love?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Girls Under Pressure". BookTrust. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Girls Out Late. Penguin Books. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Girls in Tears by Jacqueline Wilson: 9780307433459". Penguin Random House. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (12 September 2024). Think Again. ^ a b c d e f "All the Hetty Feather books in order". Toppsta. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Clover Moon". Historical Novel Society. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Rose Rivers. Penguin Books. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (13 March 2008). Sleepovers. Penguin. ISBN 9780552557832. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (17 August 2023). The Best Sleepover in the World. ^ "Ricky's Birthday". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "HIDE AND SEEK by Jacqueline Wilson". Kirkus Reviews. 14 September 1973. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Review : Truth or Dare, Jacqueline Wilson". Drizzle and Hurricane. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Jacqueline Wilson". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Suitcase Kid by Jacqueline Wilson – review". The Guardian. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Bed and Breakfast Star by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "My Brother Bernadette (review)". My Comfy Chair. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Children's Book Review: Bad Girls by Jacqueline Wilson". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Lottie Project by Jacqueline Wilson – review". The Guardian. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Monster Story-Teller". Summer Reading Challenge. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Illustrated Mum". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "'Lizzie Zipmouth' by Jacqueline Wilson". BBC Teach. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Vicky Angel". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Midnight by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Kellaway, Kate (27 March 2005). "The ring cycle revisited". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Eyre, Hermione (2 October 2005). "Jacqueline Wilson: 'Why does a girl in my book snog a teacher? Because that is what girls fantasise about'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Candyfloss by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Cookie by Jacqueline Wilson – review". The Guardian. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Rainbow, Butterfly (24 August 2011). "Little Darlings by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Book Review: The Longest Whale Song - Jacqueline Wilson". BBC News. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Lily Alone by Jacqueline Wilson - review". The Guardian. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-75815-5 ^ Flood, Allison (4 April 2020). "Jacqueline Wilson reveals publicly that she is gay". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Runaway Girls". Penguin Random House. Retrieved 10 February 2021. ^ Comerford, Ruth (18 November 2021). "PRH Children's signs Wilson's 'heart-breaking' YA novel about teen pregnancy". The Bookseller. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (22 June 2023). Project Fairy. Penguin. ISBN 9780241567166. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (1 February 2024). The Other Edie Trimmer. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (7 March 2024). The Girl Who Wasn't There. Penguin. ISBN 9780241684030. ^ Dean, Jacqueline Wilson,Rachael (8 August 2024). Star of the Show.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ The Jacqueline Wilson Quiz Book. Penguin Books. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ The World of Jacqueline Wilson. Penguin Books. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Jacky Daydream. Penguin Books. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Totally Jacqueline Wilson". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Wilson, Jacqueline (4 March 2010). My Secret Diary. Penguin. ^ "My Summer Holiday Journal". GoodReads. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ The Jacqueline Wilson Colouring Book. Penguin Books. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020. vteNovels by Jacqueline WilsonBibliography How to Survive Summer Camp (1985) Glubbslyme (1987) Take a Good Look (1990) The Story of Tracy Beaker (1991) The Suitcase Kid (1992) The Mum Minder (1993) The Bed and Breakfast Star (1994) Double Act (1995) Bad Girls (1996) The Lottie Project (1997) The Illustrated Mum (1999) Lizzie Zipmouth (2000) Vicky Angel (2000) Sleepovers (2001) Dustbin Baby (2001) Secrets (2002) The Worry Website (2002) Girls in Tears (2002) Midnight (2004) Best Friends (2004) The Diamond Girls (2004) Clean Break (2005) Love Lessons (2005) Candyfloss (2006) Kiss (2007) My Sister Jodie (2008) Cookie (2008) Hetty Feather (2009) Little Darlings (2010) The Longest Whale Song (2010) Lily Alone (2011) Sapphire Battersea (2011) The Worst Thing About My Sister (2012) Four Children and It (2012) Emerald Star (2012) Katy (2015) Love Frankie (2020) The Best Sleepover in the World (2023)

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacqueline_Wilson.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dame Jacqueline Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Wilson"},{"link_name":"children's literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Big Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Read"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Andersen Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award"},{"link_name":"Tracy Beaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Beaker"},{"link_name":"The Story of Tracy Beaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Tracy_Beaker"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC"},{"link_name":"The Story of Tracy Beaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Tracy_Beaker_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tracy Beaker Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Beaker_Returns"},{"link_name":"The Dumping Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dumping_Ground"},{"link_name":"The Tracy Beaker Survival Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tracy_Beaker_Survival_Files"},{"link_name":"My Mum Tracy Beaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Mum_Tracy_Beaker"},{"link_name":"The Beaker Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaker_Girls"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Wilson_bibliography&action=edit"}],"text":"Jacqueline Wilson in 2009.The following is a complete list of books published by Dame Jacqueline Wilson, an English novelist who writes for children's literature. Four of her books appear in the BBC's The Big Read poll of the 100 most popular books in the UK, and for her lifetime contribution as a children's writer, Wilson was a UK nominee for the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2014. Wilson is the author of many book series; her Tracy Beaker series, inaugurated in 1991 with The Story of Tracy Beaker, includes three sequels and has been adapted into six CBBC television series: The Story of Tracy Beaker, Tracy Beaker Returns, The Dumping Ground, The Tracy Beaker Survival Files, My Mum Tracy Beaker and The Beaker Girls. As of 2023[update], Wilson has written over 100 novels.","title":"Jacqueline Wilson bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tracy Beaker","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Werepuppy","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Twin Tales","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Adventure","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Girls","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hetty Feather","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World of Hetty Feather","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sleepovers","title":"Sequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Standalone novels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-fiction works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"}],"text":"^ The Tracy Beaker Trilogy contains The Story of Tracy Beaker, The Dare Game, and Starring Tracy Beaker.\n\n^ Biscuit Barrel contains Cliffhanger and Buried Alive!.\n\n^ (forthcoming)","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Jacqueline Wilson in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jacqueline_Wilson.JPG/220px-Jacqueline_Wilson.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"\"Kids interview Jacqueline Wilson\". CBBC Newsround. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_7880000/newsid_7886500/7886566.stm","url_text":"\"Kids interview Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_Newsround","url_text":"CBBC Newsround"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009195304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_7880000/newsid_7886500/7886566.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tracy Beaker's Thumping Heart\". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/tracy-beaker-s-thumping-heart.htm","url_text":"\"Tracy Beaker's Thumping Heart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022185248/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/tracy-beaker-s-thumping-heart.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Tracy Beaker Quiz Book. Penguin Books. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1085171/the-tracy-beaker-quiz-book/9780440868910.html","url_text":"The Tracy Beaker Quiz Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810060413/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1085171/the-tracy-beaker-quiz-book/9780440868910.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Tracy Beaker Trilogy. Penguin Books. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1082619/the-tracy-beaker-trilogy/9780440869979.html","url_text":"The Tracy Beaker Trilogy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814060819/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1082619/the-tracy-beaker-trilogy/9780440869979.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends. Penguin Books. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1087629/ask-tracy-beaker-and-friends/9780552569989.html","url_text":"Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814061257/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1087629/ask-tracy-beaker-and-friends/9780552569989.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allardice, Lisa. \"How Tracy Beaker turned out: Jacqueline Wilson on the return of her most famous creation\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/29/jacqueline-wilson-tracy-beaker-interview","url_text":"\"How Tracy Beaker turned out: Jacqueline Wilson on the return of her most famous creation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231204051/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/29/jacqueline-wilson-tracy-beaker-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Tracy Beaker novel to be published in October\". www.thebookseller.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/puffin-announces-new-tracy-beaker-novel-1022401","url_text":"\"New Tracy Beaker novel to be published in October\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714083210/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/puffin-announces-new-tracy-beaker-novel-1022401","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Werepuppy\". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/series/tw/the-werepuppy.html","url_text":"\"The Werepuppy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812155537/https://www.penguin.co.uk/series/tw/the-werepuppy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twin Trouble by Jacqueline Wilson\". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/twin-trouble.htm","url_text":"\"Twin Trouble by Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032932/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/twin-trouble.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Connie and the Water Babies by Jacqueline Wilson\". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/connie-and-water-babies.htm","url_text":"\"Connie and the Water Babies by Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024005257/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/connie-and-water-babies.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cliffhanger by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2012/aug/13/review-cliffhanger-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"Cliffhanger by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222015359/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2012/aug/13/review-cliffhanger-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buried Alive!. Penguin Books. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1004807/buried-alive-/9780440868569","url_text":"Buried Alive!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233842/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1004807/buried-alive-/9780440868569.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacqueline Wilson Biscuit Barrel. Penguin Books. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1005607/jacqueline-wilson-biscuit-barrel/9780440864639","url_text":"Jacqueline Wilson Biscuit Barrel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233842/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1005607/jacqueline-wilson-biscuit-barrel/9780440864639.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eccleshare, Julia (3 October 2011). \"Are we too young for Jacqueline Wilson's Girls in Love?\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/oct/03/book-doctor-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"Are we too young for Jacqueline Wilson's Girls in Love?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140814030819/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/oct/03/book-doctor-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Girls Under Pressure\". BookTrust. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booktrust.org.uk/book/g/girls-under-pressure/","url_text":"\"Girls Under Pressure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806062927/https://www.booktrust.org.uk/book/g/girls-under-pressure/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Girls Out Late. Penguin Books. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1004846/girls-out-late/9780552557481","url_text":"Girls Out Late"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233929/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1004846/girls-out-late/9780552557481.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Girls in Tears by Jacqueline Wilson: 9780307433459\". Penguin Random House. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/191912/girls-in-tears-by-jacqueline-wilson/","url_text":"\"Girls in Tears by Jacqueline Wilson: 9780307433459\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"Penguin Random House"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021195325/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/191912/girls-in-tears-by-jacqueline-wilson/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (12 September 2024). Think Again.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/461564/think-again-by-wilson-jacqueline/9781529930054","url_text":"Think Again"}]},{"reference":"\"All the Hetty Feather books in order\". Toppsta. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://toppsta.com/books/series/7536/hetty-feather","url_text":"\"All the Hetty Feather books in order\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233840/https://toppsta.com/books/series/7536/hetty-feather","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clover Moon\". Historical Novel Society. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicalnovelsociety.org/reviews/clover-moon/","url_text":"\"Clover Moon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Novel_Society","url_text":"Historical Novel Society"}]},{"reference":"Rose Rivers. Penguin Books. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1111182/rose-rivers/9780440871668","url_text":"Rose Rivers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233853/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1111182/rose-rivers/9780440871668.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (13 March 2008). Sleepovers. Penguin. ISBN 9780552557832.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/327022/sleepovers-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780552557832","url_text":"Sleepovers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780552557832","url_text":"9780552557832"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (17 August 2023). The Best Sleepover in the World.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/446636/the-best-sleepover-in-the-world-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780241567227","url_text":"The Best Sleepover in the World"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky's Birthday\". Fantastic Fiction. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/ricky-s-birthday.htm","url_text":"\"Ricky's Birthday\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024011509/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/jacqueline-wilson/ricky-s-birthday.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HIDE AND SEEK by Jacqueline Wilson\". Kirkus Reviews. 14 September 1973. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jacqueline-wilson-2/hide-and-seek-10/","url_text":"\"HIDE AND SEEK by Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233842/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/jacqueline-wilson-2/hide-and-seek-10/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review : Truth or Dare, Jacqueline Wilson\". Drizzle and Hurricane. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drizzleandhurricanebooks.com/2015/05/03/review-truth-or-dare-jacqueline-wilson/","url_text":"\"Review : Truth or Dare, Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200720164350/https://drizzleandhurricanebooks.com/2015/05/03/review-truth-or-dare-jacqueline-wilson/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacqueline Wilson\". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/search-results.html?tab=books&q=Jacqueline+Wilson&x9=author&q9=Jacqueline+Wilson&sort=publicationDate_desc","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233921/https://www.penguin.co.uk/search-results.html?tab=books&q=Jacqueline+Wilson&x9=author&q9=Jacqueline+Wilson&sort=publicationDate_desc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Suitcase Kid by Jacqueline Wilson – review\". The Guardian. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/mar/23/review-suitcase-kid-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"The Suitcase Kid by Jacqueline Wilson – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204226/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/mar/23/review-suitcase-kid-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bed and Breakfast Star by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/jul/06/bed-breakfast-star-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"The Bed and Breakfast Star by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233930/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/jul/06/bed-breakfast-star-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"My Brother Bernadette (review)\". My Comfy Chair. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mycomfychair.blogspot.com/2018/04/my-brother-bernadette-review.html","url_text":"\"My Brother Bernadette (review)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812232446/https://mycomfychair.blogspot.com/2018/04/my-brother-bernadette-review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Book Review: Bad Girls by Jacqueline Wilson\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-72916-1","url_text":"\"Children's Book Review: Bad Girls by Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612194102/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-72916-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lottie Project by Jacqueline Wilson – review\". The Guardian. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/mar/24/review-lottie-project-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"The Lottie Project by Jacqueline Wilson – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151104151411/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/mar/24/review-lottie-project-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Monster Story-Teller\". Summer Reading Challenge. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://summerreadingchallenge.org.uk/book/11068903","url_text":"\"The Monster Story-Teller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Reading_Challenge","url_text":"Summer Reading Challenge"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233850/https://summerreadingchallenge.org.uk/book/11068903","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Illustrated Mum\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/1999/may/11/educationalbooks.news","url_text":"\"The Illustrated Mum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140507201826/http://www.theguardian.com/education/1999/may/11/educationalbooks.news","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Lizzie Zipmouth' by Jacqueline Wilson\". BBC Teach. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/lizzie-zipmouth-by-jacqueline-wilson/zjy7pg8","url_text":"\"'Lizzie Zipmouth' by Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233845/https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/lizzie-zipmouth-by-jacqueline-wilson/zjy7pg8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vicky Angel\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-72920-8","url_text":"\"Vicky Angel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909030035/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-72920-8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Midnight by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/02/midnight-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"Midnight by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233845/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/02/midnight-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kellaway, Kate (27 March 2005). \"The ring cycle revisited\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/mar/27/booksforchildrenandteenagers.jacquelinewilson","url_text":"\"The ring cycle revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232039/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/mar/27/booksforchildrenandteenagers.jacquelinewilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eyre, Hermione (2 October 2005). \"Jacqueline Wilson: 'Why does a girl in my book snog a teacher? Because that is what girls fantasise about'\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jacqueline-wilson-why-does-a-girl-in-my-book-snog-a-teacher-because-that-is-what-girls-fantasise-316596.html","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Wilson: 'Why does a girl in my book snog a teacher? Because that is what girls fantasise about'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233847/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jacqueline-wilson-why-does-girl-my-book-snog-teacher-because-what-girls-fantasise-about-316596.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Candyfloss by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/oct/21/review-candyfloss-wilson","url_text":"\"Candyfloss by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216044946/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/oct/21/review-candyfloss-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/jun/25/review-jacqueline-wilson-my-sister-jodie","url_text":"\"My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704165308/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/jun/25/review-jacqueline-wilson-my-sister-jodie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cookie by Jacqueline Wilson – review\". The Guardian. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/dec/06/cookie-jacqueline-wilson-review","url_text":"\"Cookie by Jacqueline Wilson – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427081922/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/dec/06/cookie-jacqueline-wilson-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rainbow, Butterfly (24 August 2011). \"Little Darlings by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/aug/24/review-little-darlings-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"\"Little Darlings by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608025710/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/aug/24/review-little-darlings-jacqueline-wilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Review: The Longest Whale Song - Jacqueline Wilson\". BBC News. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_9040000/newsid_9041000/9041044.stm","url_text":"\"Book Review: The Longest Whale Song - Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111153325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_9040000/newsid_9041000/9041044.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lily Alone by Jacqueline Wilson - review\". The Guardian. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/mar/21/lily-alone-jacqueline-wilson-review","url_text":"\"Lily Alone by Jacqueline Wilson - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235631/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2011/mar/21/lily-alone-jacqueline-wilson-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Allison (4 April 2020). \"Jacqueline Wilson reveals publicly that she is gay\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/apr/04/jacqueline-wilson-reveals-publicly-she-is-a-lesbian-love-frankie","url_text":"\"Jacqueline Wilson reveals publicly that she is gay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200420084047/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/apr/04/jacqueline-wilson-reveals-publicly-she-is-a-lesbian-love-frankie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Runaway Girls\". Penguin Random House. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/665864/the-runaway-girls-by-jacqueline-wilson/9780857535986","url_text":"\"The Runaway Girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"Penguin Random House"}]},{"reference":"Comerford, Ruth (18 November 2021). \"PRH Children's signs Wilson's 'heart-breaking' YA novel about teen pregnancy\". The Bookseller.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/prh-childrens-bags-wilsons-latest-heart-breaking-ya-novel-1290169","url_text":"\"PRH Children's signs Wilson's 'heart-breaking' YA novel about teen pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (22 June 2023). Project Fairy. Penguin. ISBN 9780241567166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/446634/project-fairy-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780241567166","url_text":"Project Fairy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241567166","url_text":"9780241567166"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (1 February 2024). The Other Edie Trimmer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/446635/the-other-edie-trimmer-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780241567203","url_text":"The Other Edie Trimmer"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (7 March 2024). The Girl Who Wasn't There. Penguin. ISBN 9780241684030.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/458933/the-girl-who-wasnt-there-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780241684030","url_text":"The Girl Who Wasn't There"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241684030","url_text":"9780241684030"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Jacqueline Wilson,Rachael (8 August 2024). Star of the Show.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/460486/star-of-the-show-by-wilson-jacqueline/9780241684153","url_text":"Star of the Show"}]},{"reference":"The Jacqueline Wilson Quiz Book. Penguin Books. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1005633/jacqueline-wilson-quiz-book/9780440870937.html","url_text":"The Jacqueline Wilson Quiz Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233847/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1005633/jacqueline-wilson-quiz-book/9780440870937.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The World of Jacqueline Wilson. Penguin Books. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1005354/the-world-of-jacqueline-wilson/9781448120598.html","url_text":"The World of Jacqueline Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233932/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/100/1005354/the-world-of-jacqueline-wilson/9781448120598.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacky Daydream. Penguin Books. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/106/1067208/jacky-daydream/9780440867203.html","url_text":"Jacky Daydream"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233850/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/106/1067208/jacky-daydream/9780440867203.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Totally Jacqueline Wilson\". Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/106/1067589/totally-jacqueline-wilson/9780552559683.html","url_text":"\"Totally Jacqueline Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233850/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/106/1067589/totally-jacqueline-wilson/9780552559683.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jacqueline (4 March 2010). My Secret Diary. Penguin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/397492/my-secret-diary-by-jacqueline-wilson/9780552561563","url_text":"My Secret Diary"}]},{"reference":"\"My Summer Holiday Journal\". GoodReads. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12808046-my-summer-holiday-journal","url_text":"\"My Summer Holiday Journal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodReads","url_text":"GoodReads"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233852/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12808046-my-summer-holiday-journal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Jacqueline Wilson Colouring Book. Penguin Books. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1111513/the-jacqueline-wilson-colouring-book/9780552575522.html","url_text":"The Jacqueline Wilson Colouring Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117233932/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1111513/the-jacqueline-wilson-colouring-book/9780552575522.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere%C8%99ti

Berești

["1 Natives","2 References"]

Coordinates: 46°6′N 27°53′E / 46.100°N 27.883°E / 46.100; 27.883For other uses, see Berești (disambiguation). Town in Galați, RomaniaBereștiTownLocation in Galați CountyBereștiLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°6′N 27°53′E / 46.100°N 27.883°E / 46.100; 27.883CountryRomaniaCountyGalațiEstablished1484 (first mentioned)Government • Mayor (2020–2024) Mihai-Lucian Bejan (PNL)Area47.12 km2 (18.19 sq mi)Elevation140 m (460 ft)Population (2021-12-01)2,473 • Density52/km2 (140/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Postal code805100Vehicle reg.GL Historical populationYearPop.±%1977 4,155—    1992 3,948−5.0%2002 3,601−8.8%2011 2,853−20.8%2021 2,473−13.3%Source: Census data Berești is a town in Galați County, Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Western Moldavia. Natives Paul Bujor (1862–1952), zoologist Maria Grapini (b. 1954), businesswoman and politician References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berești. ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteGalați County, RomaniaCities Galați (county seat) Tecuci Towns Berești Târgu Bujor Communes Bălăbănești Bălășești Băleni Băneasa Barcea Berești-Meria Brăhășești Braniștea Buciumeni Cavadinești Cerțești Corni Corod Cosmești Costache Negri Cuca Cudalbi Cuza Vodă Drăgănești Drăgușeni Fârțănești Foltești Frumușița Fundeni Ghidigeni Gohor Grivița Independența Ivești Jorăști Liești Măstăcani Matca Movileni Munteni Nămoloasa Negrilești Nicorești Oancea Pechea Piscu Poiana Priponești Rădești Rediu Scânteiești Schela Șendreni Slobozia Conachi Smârdan Smulți Suceveni Suhurlui Țepu Tudor Vladimirescu Tulucești Umbrărești Valea Mărului Vânători Vârlezi Vlădești This Galați County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromm_Institute_for_Lifelong_Learning

Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning

["1 Origins","2 Program","3 Fromm Hall","4 Notes","5 Video documentary","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°46′46″N 122°27′07″W / 37.77944°N 122.45194°W / 37.77944; -122.45194Fromm Hall The Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning at the University of San Francisco (USF) offers noncredit courses with no assignments or grades for adults age 50 and over with no other objective than the love of learning. Organized in 1976 with support from Hanna and Alfred Fromm, the Institute’s program served as a model for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes that have been established at over 120 universities and colleges in the United States. Origins The Fromm Institute was founded by Hanna Fromm (1914 – 2003) and her husband Alfred Fromm (1905 – 1998), who had arrived in the United States as refugees from Germany in 1936. Born Hanna Gruenbaum to a prominent Jewish family in Nuremberg, she studied choreography and worked in the Paris fashion industry. Alfred Fromm, born in Kitzingen, Germany, was a fourth-generation winemaker. Hanna and Alfred married in 1936 and fled the Nazis, first to New York and then to California, where Alfred formed a partnership to distribute Christian Brothers wine and brandy. Alfred took over the Paul Masson vineyards in the 1950s, and began a commitment to philanthropy. Hanna became ardently committed to an active intellectual life for retirees, helping launch the Lifelong Learning program at USF with financial support and by serving as its volunteer executive director until the last months of her life. In 1979 the Fromms were awarded honorary doctorates of public service by USF. Program The Fromm Institute offers some 75 courses annually, spread over fall, winter, and spring terms. The program is strong on courses in the humanities, arts, and sciences. Courses meet once a week for eight weeks. Faculty are primarily emeriti professors from universities and colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area. The program has grown from 300 students members in 1976 to 1250 student members today. Student membership fees cover half the program costs, with the balance coming from gifts, grants, and endowment earnings. The Fromms established a sister program at Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1979. After Hanna Fromm’s death in 2003, former program director Robert Fordham was named executive director. The Institute publishes a monthly newsletter, From the Rooftop, during the academic year. The Fromm program caught the attention of another San Francisco philanthropist, Bernard Osher, who was inspired to spread the model to over 120 Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes that his foundation has funded at universities and colleges across the United States since 2001. Fromm Hall Fromm Hall, formerly a Jesuit faculty residence known as Xavier Hall, was renamed for Alfred and Hanna Fromm on October 24, 2003. The building was remodeled following a $10 million capital campaign by Friends of the Fromm Institute, with a lead gift from Hanna Fromm. In addition to the Fromm Institute’s administrative offices and four large classrooms, Fromm Hall also contains USF’s only all-female residence, housing 175 freshman and sophomore women, facilities for the fine arts program, a women’s institute, and the parish offices of St. Ignatius Church. Notes ^ "Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes". The Bernard Osher Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-13. ^ "Hanna Fromm, 89, Creator of Schools for Retirees". The New York Times. 2003-01-18. Retrieved 2009-03-09. ^ Lawrence M. Fisher (1998-07-08). "Alfred Fromm, 93, Early Leader in the California Wine Industry". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-09. ^ Abby Cohn (2003-01-10). "A pioneer of lifelong learning, Hanna Fromm dies at 89". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09. ^ Leslie Katz (1998-07-10). "Wine pioneer Alfred Fromm, S.F. philanthropist, dies at 93". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09. ^ "Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes". The Bernard Osher Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-13. ^ See Residence halls at the University of San Francisco. Video documentary "Old Enough to Know Better" is a documentary film directed by Ron Levaco on the Fromm Institute and its students. It was released in 2001 by Icarus Films. External links Official website 37°46′46″N 122°27′07″W / 37.77944°N 122.45194°W / 37.77944; -122.45194 vteUniversity of San FranciscoLocated in: San Francisco, CaliforniaAcademics School of Law School of Nursing St. Ignatius Institute Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning Swig Judaic studies program International Business Plan Competition Campus Saint Ignatius Church Residence Halls Lone Mountain College Athletics Men's basketball Women's basketball Men's soccer Football War Memorial Gymnasium Negoesco Stadium Dante Benedetti Diamond at Max Ulrich Field Student life San Francisco Foghorn KUSF People Alumni Faculty Presidents Anthony Maraschi

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Born Hanna Gruenbaum to a prominent Jewish family in Nuremberg, she studied choreography and worked in the Paris fashion industry.[2]\nAlfred Fromm, born in Kitzingen, Germany, was a fourth-generation winemaker. Hanna and Alfred married in 1936 and fled the Nazis, first to New York and then to California, where Alfred formed a partnership to distribute Christian Brothers wine and brandy. Alfred took over the Paul Masson vineyards in the 1950s, and began a commitment to philanthropy.[3] Hanna became ardently committed to an active intellectual life for retirees, helping launch the Lifelong Learning program at USF with financial support and by serving as its volunteer executive director until the last months of her life. In 1979 the Fromms were awarded honorary doctorates of public service by USF.[4]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts"},{"link_name":"sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bernard Osher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Osher"},{"link_name":"Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osher_Lifelong_Learning_Institutes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Fromm Institute offers some 75 courses annually, spread over fall, winter, and spring terms. The program is strong on courses in the humanities, arts, and sciences. Courses meet once a week for eight weeks. Faculty are primarily emeriti professors from universities and colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area. The program has grown from 300 students members in 1976 to 1250 student members today. Student membership fees cover half the program costs, with the balance coming from gifts, grants, and endowment earnings. The Fromms established a sister program at Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1979.[5]\nAfter Hanna Fromm’s death in 2003, former program director Robert Fordham was named executive director. The Institute publishes a monthly newsletter, From the Rooftop, during the academic year.The Fromm program caught the attention of another San Francisco philanthropist, Bernard Osher, who was inspired to spread the model to over 120 Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes that his foundation has funded at universities and colleges across the United States since 2001.[6]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"St. Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Fromm Hall, formerly a Jesuit faculty residence known as Xavier Hall, was renamed for Alfred and Hanna Fromm on October 24, 2003. The building was remodeled following a $10 million capital campaign by Friends of the Fromm Institute, with a lead gift from Hanna Fromm. In addition to the Fromm Institute’s administrative offices and four large classrooms, Fromm Hall also contains USF’s only all-female residence, housing 175 freshman and sophomore women, facilities for the fine arts program, a women’s institute, and the parish offices of St. Ignatius Church.[7]","title":"Fromm Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.osherfoundation.org/index.php?olli"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hanna Fromm, 89, Creator of Schools for Retirees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE6DF1730F93BA25752C0A9659C8B63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Alfred Fromm, 93, Early Leader in the California Wine Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E3D6103EF93BA35754C0A96E958260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"A pioneer of lifelong learning, Hanna Fromm dies at 89\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jweekly.com/article/full/19114/a-pioneer-of-lifelong-learning-hanna-fromm-dies-at-89/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Wine pioneer Alfred Fromm, S.F. philanthropist, dies at 93\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jweekly.com/article/full/8651/wine-pioneer-alfred-fromm-s-f-philanthropist-dies-at-93/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.osherfoundation.org/index.php?olli"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Residence halls at the University of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_halls_at_the_University_of_San_Francisco"}],"text":"^ \"Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes\". The Bernard Osher Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-13.\n\n^ \"Hanna Fromm, 89, Creator of Schools for Retirees\". The New York Times. 2003-01-18. Retrieved 2009-03-09.\n\n^ Lawrence M. Fisher (1998-07-08). \"Alfred Fromm, 93, Early Leader in the California Wine Industry\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-09.\n\n^ Abby Cohn (2003-01-10). \"A pioneer of lifelong learning, Hanna Fromm dies at 89\". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.\n\n^ Leslie Katz (1998-07-10). \"Wine pioneer Alfred Fromm, S.F. philanthropist, dies at 93\". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.\n\n^ \"Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes\". The Bernard Osher Foundation. Retrieved 2009-03-13.\n\n^ See Residence halls at the University of San Francisco.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Old Enough to Know Better\" is a documentary film directed by Ron Levaco on the Fromm Institute and its students. It was released in 2001 by Icarus Films.","title":"Video documentary"}]

[{"image_text":"Fromm Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fromm_Hall.jpg/360px-Fromm_Hall.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry_5:_Passionate_Patti_Does_a_Little_Undercover_Work

Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work

["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

1991 video gameLeisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover WorkDeveloper(s)Sierra On-LinePublisher(s)Sierra On-LineDirector(s)Al LoweBill Davis (creative)Producer(s)Guruka Singh KhalsaDesigner(s)Al LoweProgrammer(s)Brian K. HughesArtist(s)Jane CardinalComposer(s)Craig SafanSeriesLeisure Suit LarryEngineSCI1Platform(s)MS-DOS, Amiga, Macintosh, WindowsReleaseSeptember 7, 1991Genre(s)Adventure gameMode(s)Single-player Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work is a graphical adventure game developed and published by Sierra On-Line for the Amiga, DOS and Macintosh computers in 1991. It is the fourth entry in their Leisure Suit Larry series and the first Larry title to have 256-color graphics and a fully icon-based interface. Being an (in)direct sequel to 1989's Leisure Suit Larry 3, its title is misleading, as there is no Leisure Suit Larry 4. The game is followed by Leisure Suit Larry 6 in 1993. It was re-released in 2017 on Steam with Windows support. Gameplay Leisure Suit Larry 5 expands on the multi-character feature of the previous installment, with control periodically passing between the protagonists Larry and Patti. A difference in the interface is that it includes the "Zipper" icon, enabling the character to perform an erotic action. The overall difficulty is greatly reduced in comparison with past games; neither character can become trapped or die, and losing the game is impossible. Many of the items players collect on their journey are merely optional, only triggering alternative solutions and affecting the final score, but not the game's progress. Plot The absence of a Leisure Suit Larry 4 forms the basis of this newest installment, as Julius Biggs has stolen the "missing floppies" of the game and caused Larry Laffer to become amnesiac. Larry is now in the adult film industry, working for a Mafia-connected company known as PornProdCorp. His boss sends him across the United States to scout for models to appear in "America's Sexiest Home Videos". Meanwhile, Patti is recruited by the FBI to dig up incriminating evidence on two record companies which are suspected of hiding subliminal messages in their songs. At the same time, PornProdCorp schemes to eliminate the competition in their industry by donating money to CANE (Conservatives Against Nearly Everything). On his way back to Los Angeles, Larry is involved in an airplane incident, landing the plane safely and being greeted as a hero. He is invited to the White House by George H. W. Bush, where he is reunited with Patti, and Biggs's sinister role is revealed. Development Al Lowe has offered several reasons for the numbering discrepancy in the Leisure Suit Larry games, ranging from a scrapped sequel to an internal office prank. In truth, a multiplayer Leisure Suit Larry game was apparently in the works, designed to be played over Sierra On-Line's burgeoning online service. The project was canceled due to hardware difficulties, inspiring Lowe to skip the "4" title entirely. Reception Al Lowe has said that each game in the Leisure Suit Larry franchise, including Leisure Suit Larry 5, sold over 250,000 copies. According to Sierra, combined sales of the Larry series surpassed 1.4 million units by the end of March 1996, before the release of Leisure Suit Larry: Love for Sail! The total sales of the first five Leisure Suit Larry games had surpassed 2 million copies by the time of Love for Sale's launch. Computer Gaming World called Leisure Suit Larry 5 "a thoroughly enjoyable game". References ^ a b c d e f "Hardcore Gaming 101: Leisure Suit Larry". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2010. ^ Lowe, Al (19 March 1999). "The Death of Adventure Games". Al Lowe's Humor Site. Archived from the original on 3 February 2004. ^ Sierra On-Line Form 10-K (Report). Bellevue, Washington. 31 March 1996. pp. 7–9. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. ^ "Leisure Suit sets sail". Newsweek. 8 December 1996. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. ^ Lambright, J. D. (November 1991). "Uncovering Passionate Patti in Sierra's Leisure Suit Larry 5". Computer Gaming World. No. 88. pp. 94–95. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013. External links Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work at MobyGames Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work at IMDb vteLeisure Suit Larry seriesOriginal series The Land of the Lounge Lizards Goes Looking For Love (in Several Wrong Places) 3: Passionate Patti in Pursuit of the Pulsating Pectorals 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work 6: Shape Up or Slip Out! Love for Sail! Lovage series Magna Cum Laude Box Office Bust Replay Games Leisure Suit Larry: Reloaded CrazyBunch Wet Dreams Don't Dry Wet Dreams Dry Twice Other Larry Laffer Al Lowe Softporn Adventure vteAdventure games developed by Sierra EntertainmentHi-Res Adventures Mission Asteroid Mystery House Wizard and the Princess Cranston Manor Ulysses and the Golden Fleece Time Zone The Dark Crystal King's Quest I II III IV V VI VII Mask of Eternity Space Quest I II III IV V 6 Leisure Suit Larry Land of the Lounge Lizards Looking for Love (in Several Wrong Places) III: Passionate Patti in Pursuit of the Pulsating Pectorals 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work 6: Shape Up or Slip Out! Love for Sail! Police Quest In Pursuit of the Death Angel II: The Vengeance III: The Kindred Open Season SWAT Quest for Glory So You Want to Be a Hero II: Trial by Fire III: Wages of War Shadows of Darkness V: Dragon Fire Gabriel Knight Sins of the Fathers The Beast Within 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned Sierra Discovery SeriesMixed-Up Mixed-Up Mother Goose Mixed-Up Fairy Tales Dr. Brain Castle of Dr. Brain The Island of Dr. Brain The Lost Mind of Dr. Brain The Time Warp of Dr. Brain EcoQuest The Search for Cetus Lost Secret of the Rainforest Other Pepper's Adventures in Time Slater & Charlie Go Camping Other seriesDisney Donald Duck's Playground Mickey's Space Adventure Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood The Black Cauldron Manhunter New York 2: San Francisco Conquests Conquests of Camelot Conquests of the Longbow Laura Bow The Colonel's Bequest The Dagger of Amon Ra Phantasmagoria Phantasmagoria A Puzzle of Flesh Shivers Shivers II: Harvest of Souls Stand-alone titles Codename: ICEMAN The Bizarre Adventures of Woodruff and the Schnibble Freddy Pharkas: Frontier Pharmacist Gold Rush! The Last Dynasty Lost in Time Lighthouse: The Dark Being Playtoons The Prophecy Rama Sammy Lightfoot Stay Tooned! Softporn Adventure Torin's Passage Troll's Tale Urban Runner Staff Roberta Williams Ken Williams Al Lowe Scott Murphy Mark Crowe Jim Walls Mark Seibert The Coles Christy Marx Josh Mandel Bill Davis Jane Jensen Aubrey Hodges Lorelei Shannon Daryl F. Gates Guy Whitmore Eric Lengyel Chance Thomas

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry"},{"link_name":"256-color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/256-color"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry_3"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry#Leisure_Suit_Larry_4:_The_Missing_Floppies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry_6:_Shape_Up_or_Slip_Out!"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"text":"1991 video gameLeisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work is a graphical adventure game developed and published by Sierra On-Line for the Amiga, DOS and Macintosh computers in 1991. It is the fourth entry in their Leisure Suit Larry series and the first Larry title to have 256-color graphics and a fully icon-based interface. Being an (in)direct sequel to 1989's Leisure Suit Larry 3, its title is misleading, as there is no Leisure Suit Larry 4.[1] The game is followed by Leisure Suit Larry 6 in 1993. It was re-released in 2017 on Steam with Windows support.","title":"Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Laffer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"},{"link_name":"difficulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difficulty_level"},{"link_name":"trapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwinnable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"},{"link_name":"items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(game_terminology)#In_adventure_games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"}],"text":"Leisure Suit Larry 5 expands on the multi-character feature of the previous installment, with control periodically passing between the protagonists Larry and Patti.[1] A difference in the interface is that it includes the \"Zipper\" icon, enabling the character to perform an erotic action.The overall difficulty is greatly reduced in comparison with past games; neither character can become trapped or die, and losing the game is impossible.[1] Many of the items players collect on their journey are merely optional, only triggering alternative solutions and affecting the final score, but not the game's progress.[1]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry_4"},{"link_name":"Larry Laffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Laffer"},{"link_name":"amnesiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"adult film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_film"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"subliminal messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_message"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"}],"text":"The absence of a Leisure Suit Larry 4 forms the basis of this newest installment, as Julius Biggs has stolen the \"missing floppies\" of the game and caused Larry Laffer to become amnesiac. Larry is now in the adult film industry, working for a Mafia-connected company known as PornProdCorp. His boss sends him across the United States to scout for models to appear in \"America's Sexiest Home Videos\".Meanwhile, Patti is recruited by the FBI to dig up incriminating evidence on two record companies which are suspected of hiding subliminal messages in their songs. At the same time, PornProdCorp schemes to eliminate the competition in their industry by donating money to CANE (Conservatives Against Nearly Everything).On his way back to Los Angeles, Larry is involved in an airplane incident, landing the plane safely and being greeted as a hero. He is invited to the White House by George H. W. Bush, where he is reunited with Patti, and Biggs's sinister role is revealed.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry"},{"link_name":"prank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcgaming-1"}],"text":"Al Lowe has offered several reasons for the numbering discrepancy in the Leisure Suit Larry games, ranging from a scrapped sequel to an internal office prank.[1] In truth, a multiplayer Leisure Suit Larry game was apparently in the works, designed to be played over Sierra On-Line's burgeoning online service. The project was canceled due to hardware difficulties, inspiring Lowe to skip the \"4\" title entirely.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sierrasales-3"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry: Love for Sail!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:_Love_for_Sail!"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambright199111-5"}],"text":"Al Lowe has said that each game in the Leisure Suit Larry franchise, including Leisure Suit Larry 5, sold over 250,000 copies.[2] According to Sierra, combined sales of the Larry series surpassed 1.4 million units by the end of March 1996,[3] before the release of Leisure Suit Larry: Love for Sail! The total sales of the first five Leisure Suit Larry games had surpassed 2 million copies by the time of Love for Sale's launch.[4]Computer Gaming World called Leisure Suit Larry 5 \"a thoroughly enjoyable game\".[5]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histioteuthis_bonnellii

Histioteuthis bonnellii

["1 Distribution","2 Habitat","3 Description","4 Biology","5 Gallery","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]

Species of cephalopod Umbrella squid Museum model of Histioteuthis bonnellii Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Order: Oegopsida Family: Histioteuthidae Genus: Histioteuthis Species: H. bonnellii Binomial name Histioteuthis bonnellii(Férussac, 1834) Synonyms List Cranchia bonnelliiFérussac, 1835 Cranchia bonellianaFérussac, 1835 Histioteuthis bonellianaOrbigny, 1835 Histioteuthis ruppelliVérany, 1851 Histioteuthis collinsiVerrill, 1879 Histiopsis atlanticaHoyle, 1885 Histioteuthis bonnellii, the umbrella squid, is a species of cock-eyed squid belonging to the family Histioteuthidae. Distribution This species is distributed mostly in the Atlantic Ocean. It can be found off the coast of Argentina, South Africa, and the Tasman Sea. There is a population in the Mediterranean. There may be several subspecies that exist in the Atlantic Ocean. Habitat These squids can be found in mid water between 100 and 2200 m in depth. Juveniles usually inhabit the upper water column between 100 and 200 m, while larger individuals can be found between 200 and 800 m and most of mature specimens have been caught between 1000 and 2200 m in depth. Description Dorsal and ventral aspects H. bonnellii is one of the larger species in its genus, usually reaching 33 cm in mantle length and a total length of 119 cm. Mature males can reach a mantle length of 50–330 millimetres (2.0–13.0 in). Body of these small to medium sized squids have a purplish color. Moreover they have various luminous organs, especially on the mantle, the arms and the long tentacles. The tentacles are connected by a membrane. The eyes of this animal are not symmetrical and they differ per side of the head. Biology Histioteuthis bonnellii is able to change color. It moves forward by pumping water into its mantle and pushing it out again through the siphon. It is a carnivore and its food consists mainly of fish, crabs, lobsters and molluscs caught with its suckers. These cephalopods are predated by Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), Blue shark (Prionace glauca), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris). Gallery Illustration from Die Cephalopoden Histioteuthis bonnellii by Ernst Haeckel (as "Histioteuthis Rüppellii") Arms and tentacles Lower and upper parts of the beak Bibliography Clarke M.R. and N. MacLeod 1976. Cephalopods remains from the Sperm whales caught off Iceland. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 56 : pp. 733–749 Collins M.A., Lordan C., Flannery K., Quigley D.T.G. and F.G. Howard 1997. New records of cephalopods caught in Irish and Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, New York. 77 (2) : pp. 561–564 Santos M.B., Pierce G.J., Boyle P.R., Reid R.J., Ross H.M., Patterson I.A.P., Kinze C.C., Tougaard S., Lick R., Piatkowski U. and V, Hernández-García 1999. Stomach contents of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus stranded in the North Sea 1990-1996. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 183 : pp. 281–294 References ^ a b Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Histioteuthis bonnellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163073A968838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163073A968838.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Julian Finn (2016). "Histioteuthis bonnellii (Férussac, 1834)". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 6 March 2018. ^ a b c d Young, R.E. & M. Vecchione 2006. Histioteuthis bonnellii (Ferussac 1834). The Tree of Life Web Project. ^ Garibaldi, Fulvio; Podestà, Michela (September 2014). "Stomach contents of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) stranded in Italy (Ligurian Sea, north-western Mediterranean)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 94 (6): 1087–1091. doi:10.1017/S0025315413000428. ISSN 0025-3154. S2CID 86961833. ^ Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney & C.E. Nauen 1984. Cephalopods of the world. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. ^ Predators of Histioteuthis bonnellii on "CephBase " External links "CephBase: Histioteuthis bonnellii". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17. Taxon identifiersHistioteuthis bonnellii Wikidata: Q744574 ADW: Histioteuthis_bonnellii AFD: Histioteuthis_bonnellii BOLD: 776593 CoL: 3M5FM EoL: 493098 EUNIS: 60111 GBIF: 2290656 iNaturalist: 253716 IRMNG: 10892119 ITIS: 82501 IUCN: 163073 NatureServe: 2.1130742 NBN: NBNSYS0000175796 NCBI: 2816407 NZOR: 406887af-0f8a-4f0a-823c-9bf922906bde OBIS: 140111 Open Tree of Life: 5734725 SeaLifeBase: 58127 WoRMS: 140111 Cranchia bonnellii Wikidata: Q109578554 CoL: Z4RQ GBIF: 2290659 ITIS: 556119 WoRMS: 562160

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cock-eyed squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histioteuthis"},{"link_name":"Histioteuthidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histioteuthidae"}],"text":"Histioteuthis bonnellii, the umbrella squid, is a species of cock-eyed squid belonging to the family Histioteuthidae.","title":"Histioteuthis bonnellii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tasman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToL-3"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToL-3"}],"text":"This species is distributed mostly in the Atlantic Ocean. It can be found off the coast of Argentina, South Africa, and the Tasman Sea.[3] There is a population in the Mediterranean.[4] There may be several subspecies that exist in the Atlantic Ocean.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"}],"text":"These squids can be found in mid water between 100 and 2200 m in depth. Juveniles usually inhabit the upper water column between 100 and 200 m, while larger individuals can be found between 200 and 800 m and most of mature specimens have been caught between 1000 and 2200 m in depth.[1]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histioteuthis_bonnellii_Hoyle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorsal and ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToL-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToL-3"}],"text":"Dorsal and ventral aspectsH. bonnellii is one of the larger species in its genus, usually reaching 33 cm in mantle length[5] and a total length of 119 cm.[3] Mature males can reach a mantle length of 50–330 millimetres (2.0–13.0 in).[3]Body of these small to medium sized squids have a purplish color. Moreover they have various luminous organs, especially on the mantle, the arms and the long tentacles. The tentacles are connected by a membrane. The eyes of this animal are not symmetrical and they differ per side of the head.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyperoodon ampullatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperoodon_ampullatus"},{"link_name":"Physeter macrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physeter_macrocephalus"},{"link_name":"Prionace glauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionace_glauca"},{"link_name":"Xiphias gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphias_gladius"},{"link_name":"Ziphius cavirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziphius_cavirostris"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Histioteuthis bonnellii is able to change color. It moves forward by pumping water into its mantle and pushing it out again through the siphon. It is a carnivore and its food consists mainly of fish, crabs, lobsters and molluscs caught with its suckers.These cephalopods are predated by Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), Blue shark (Prionace glauca), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris).[6]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histioteuthis_bonellii1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histioteuthisbonnellii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernst Haeckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histioteuthis_bonnellii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arms and tentacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_limb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histioteuthis_bonellii_beak.jpg"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_beak"}],"text":"Illustration from Die Cephalopoden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistioteuthis bonnellii by Ernst Haeckel (as \"Histioteuthis Rüppellii\")\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms and tentacles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLower and upper parts of the beak","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New records of cephalopods caught in Irish and Scottish waters.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041215004312/http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/7772.pdf"}],"text":"Clarke M.R. and N. MacLeod 1976. Cephalopods remains from the Sperm whales caught off Iceland. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 56 : pp. 733–749\nCollins M.A., Lordan C., Flannery K., Quigley D.T.G. and F.G. Howard 1997. New records of cephalopods caught in Irish and Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, New York. 77 (2) : pp. 561–564\nSantos M.B., Pierce G.J., Boyle P.R., Reid R.J., Ross H.M., Patterson I.A.P., Kinze C.C., Tougaard S., Lick R., Piatkowski U. and V, Hernández-García 1999. Stomach contents of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus stranded in the North Sea 1990-1996. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 183 : pp. 281–294","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF

Canon EF lens mount

["1 History","2 Versatility","2.1 Third-party lenses","2.2 Third-party cameras","3 Controls and features","4 Related technologies","4.1 Ultrasonic motor drive","4.2 Stepping motor","4.3 Image stabilizer","4.4 Diffractive optics","4.5 L-series lenses","5 Timeline of innovations","6 Communication protocol","7 List of Canon EF lenses","7.1 Zoom","7.2 Prime","8 Exceptions","8.1 Special","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]

Standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family Not to be confused with Canon EF camera. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is written like a manual or guide. Please help rewrite this article and remove advice or instruction. (January 2020) This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (January 2020) This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Canon EF mountThe electronic contacts (gold-plated) of an EF mount lens.TypebayonetInner diameter54 mmFlange44 mmThe EF lens mount is the standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family of SLR film and digital cameras. EF stands for "Electro-Focus": automatic focusing on EF lenses is handled by a dedicated electric motor built into the lens. Mechanically, it is a bayonet-style mount, and all communication between camera and lens takes place through electrical contacts; there are no mechanical levers or plungers. The mount was first introduced in 1987. Canon claims to have produced its 100-millionth EF-series interchangeable lens on April 22, 2014. History Number of Canon EF lenses sold over time (red), compared with Nikon F mount lenses (blue) The EF mount replaces its predecessor, the FD mount. The standard autofocus lens mounting technology of the time used a motor in the camera body to drive the mechanics of the focus helicoid in the lens by using a transfer lever. The key innovation of the EF series was to use a motor inside the lens itself for focusing. This allowed for autofocusing lenses which did not require mechanical levers in the mount mechanism, only electrical contacts to supply power and instructions to the lens motor. The motors were designed for the particular lens they were installed in. The EF mount reversed the mechanical logic of the FD mount. The FD mount provided the three-eared bayonet fitting on the camera body, and each FD lens provided a breech-lock receptacle to register and fasten the lens to the bayonet. The EF mount reverses this logic, providing the bayonet on each lens, and a receptacle on the camera body. When the EF mount was introduced in 1987, it had the largest mount diameter (54 mm internal) among all 35 mm SLR cameras. The EF series includes over eighty lenses, encompassing focal lengths from 8 to 1200 mm. Many EF lenses include such features as Canon's ultrasonic motor (USM) drive, an image stabilization system (IS), diffractive optics (DO) and, particularly for L-series lenses, fluorite and aspherical lens elements. Versatility The EF mount of a Canon EOS 50 Electronics of an EF-S lens Its large diameter and relatively short flange focal distance of 44.0 mm allows mechanical adaptation of EF camera bodies to many types of non-EF lenses. It is possible to mount lenses using the Nikon F mount, Olympus OM, Leica R and universal M42 lens mounts (among others) by the use of a mechanical adapter without electronic control of the aperture or autofocus. In contrast, parfocal adaptation of EF lenses to non-EF camera bodies is not possible with only a mechanical adapter that does not contain optical elements. EF mount lenses are somewhat compatible with newer Canon bodies, though the reverse is not true: EF-S lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses without an adapter EF-M lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses with an EF-EOS M adapter RF mount cameras can mount EF lenses with a variety of adapters Lenses for the earlier Canon FD lens mount are not usable for general photography on an EF mount cameras, unless adapters with optical elements are used because they are made for a flange focal distance of only 42.0 mm. Most of these lenses require autofocus and aperture motors inside the body which isn't available in EOS bodies. Infinity focus would be lost with an adapter which lacks optical elements. The Canon FD-EOS adapter is rare and is only usable with certain FD telephoto lenses. With a manual connection, the aperture and focus controls of the lens cannot be controlled or read from the camera; the lens must be focused manually. Since the only possible metering is through-the-lens, the lens must be manually stopped down to accurately meter at anything less than full aperture. (This is called stop-down metering.) Third-party lenses Compatible third-party lenses with the EF lens mount are manufactured by Yongnuo, Samyang, Schneider, Sigma, Tamron, Tokina, Cosina and Carl Zeiss. The manufacturers of these lenses have reverse engineered the EOS electronics—except Zeiss, which does not have the rights to use the autofocus or the electronic aperture control of EOS cameras . The use of these third-party lenses is not supported by Canon. Sometimes compatibility problems arise, as no third party has access to Canon's specifications for camera-to-body communication. These compatibility issues mostly occur when using a newer body with an older third-party lens. Over time, most of these issues have been resolved by the major third-party brands. Third-party cameras Due to the high market penetration of EF-mount lenses, other camera manufacturers began to offer EF-mount cameras. Since the EF-mount was created for SLR cameras with their long focal flange distance, mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras can use EF lenses with a mechanical adaptor that bridges the distance. Red Digital Cinema Company offers various camera models that can be equipped with an electronic EF-mount. Many Blackmagic Design cameras are sold in EF-mount variants. For Sony E-mount various adaptors enable using EF-mount lenses with full electronic control. Controls and features An EF lens showing its different controls and features Canon EF lenses typically have a number of controls, switches and physical features, used by the photographer to control the lens. The types and number of the controls can vary from lens to lens. With the most basic lenses having only a few, to the most complex having over a dozen different controls and switches. This is a list of the different controls and switches found on most Canon EF lenses, along with a detailed description on what they are used for. Lens mount index: This raised, round red mark is found on all EF lenses. It is used for matching the EF lens mount to the mount on an EOS body, so one can connect the lens to the body quickly. Focusing ring: This control, found on most EF lenses, is used for focusing the lens. It is usually a ring on the lens body, that can be turned. Zoom ring: This control is found on most EF zoom lenses. It is used for changing the focal length of the lens. The zoom ring usually has certain, common, focal lengths marked on it. To set the zoom ring to any given focal length, one must turn the ring so that the marked focal length matches the zoom index. The zoom index is typically a white, or black, line found next to the zoom ring. Distance scale of an EF lens Distance scale window: This feature is found on many EF lenses. This feature, while not a control or switch, is useful to the photographer for determining, or setting, the lens's focus distance. It is used in conjunction with the Focusing ring. When rotated, the distance scale will also rotate to show the changing focus distance. On some lenses the distance scale also has an infrared index. These are shown as red markings below the distance scale. This is used for making focus adjustments when the photographer is doing infrared photography, as lenses typically focus infrared light at a different point than visible light, and therefore achieving correct focus using visible light will result in an out-of-focus infrared image. To make an adjustment, first focus the subject, then turn the Focusing ring so it matches the corresponding infrared index mark. Focus mode, and focusing range switches Focus mode switch: This switch is found on most EF lenses that have an autofocus feature. It is used for setting the lens to either autofocus mode, or manual focus. When set to autofocus mode (AF), the lens will autofocus when directed to by the camera. When set to manual focus (MF), the lens is focused using the Focusing ring. Some lenses support full-time manual focusing (FT-M), which allows the photographer to focus the lens manually even with the mode switch set to AF, without damaging the lens (as could happen if a lens without FT-M is manually focused while in AF mode). Focusing distance range limiter switch: This switch is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. It is used for limiting the focusing distance range of the lens when using it in autofocus mode. Most lenses have two settings; these are usually full focus range (from minimum focus distance to infinity), and distant focus range (from halfway point of focus range to infinity). Other lenses have three settings, with the additional setting usually being near focus range (from minimum focus distance to halfway point of focus range). Longer focal length lenses and macro lenses have a relatively long travel distance for the focusing mechanism inside the lens; this feature shortens the autofocus time. When the photographer knows they will not need a certain part of the focus distance range, limiting it will help shorten the autofocus time, and possibly prevent "focus hunting". Soft focus ring: This ring is found only on the 135 mm 'Soft Focus' prime lens, and enables a variable soft focus effect from completely sharp (0) to very soft (2), although it has little effect when used with apertures over f/5.6. Although the ring can be set to any position, two 'stops' are implemented at positions 1 and 2. Both types of image stabilizer switches Image stabilizer switch: This switch is found on all EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer. It is used for turning the image stabilizer "on"( | ), or "off"( o ). Image stabilizer mode switch: This switch is found on many EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer, particularly those of longer focal lengths. The switch has two settings on most lenses: Mode 1 and Mode 2. The newest IS Mark II versions of certain EF super telephoto lenses (the 300mm f/2.8L, 400mm f/2.8L, 500mm f/4L, and 600mm f/4L), plus the 200–400mm f/4L IS and 100–400mm f/4–5.6L IS II, have a third setting, Mode 3. Mode 1 is normal mode, used for typical photography, where the subject does not move. Mode 2 is used for panning; this is useful for sports or wildlife photography, where the subject moves constantly and one will need to pan. Mode 3, intended to track action, is similar to Mode 2 in that it ignores panning; however, it only applies stabilization when the shutter is released—the viewfinder image is not stabilized. One should not use Mode 1 for panning as this will typically cause blurred photographs; the image stabilizer will attempt to correct for all motion, including the panning motion, but cannot do so due to the limited range of motion of the IS mechanism. Older lenses that have an image stabilizer, but do not feature this switch, are permanently in Mode 1. Some newer lenses, such as the Canon EF-S 18-200mm lens, are able to detect if they are being panned in either axis and will automatically disable the stabilization for the axis parallel to movement and therefore do not require this switch. Autofocus stop buttons: These buttons are found on some super telephoto EF lenses, evenly spaced around the front collar of the lens. They are used for temporarily stopping the autofocus feature of the lens. Only one button needs to be pressed to activate the feature. To use this button, one must first have the autofocus active, then when one wishes to halt autofocus, one presses and holds the button. To resume autofocus, one releases the button. Some newer bodies allow these buttons to be assigned to perform other functions; for instance, the Canon EOS 7D allows the photographer to set these buttons to perform any of six functions. Focus preset: The focus preset feature is found on most super telephoto EF lenses. The focus preset feature uses one switch, one button, and one ring. It is used for presetting a given focus distance into memory, so that the photographer can quickly recall the focus distance, without the need for autofocus. The switch has three settings "off"( o ), "on"( | ), or "on with sound"( ((- ), and is used for turning on the feature, and deciding if sound is desired. The "set" button is used for saving the focus distance into memory. The focus preset ring is used for recalling the memory save point. It is a thin knurled ring, usually located in front of the Focusing ring. To use this feature, one must set the switch to either "on" or "on with sound", focus the lens to the desired distance, then press the "set" button. After this, when the feature is turned on, the photographer can turn the focus preset ring, and the lens will recall and focus quickly to the distance that was saved. This feature is useful for sports and birding photography (for instance, to allow rapid focusing on the goal or on a spot where the birds may perch). Rear gel filter holder on an EF lens Filter mounting: This mount is used for attaching filters to EF lenses. There are three types: front threaded mount, inner drop-in mount, and rear gelatin holders. Front threaded filters are used on most lenses, and are attached by threading and tightening the filter. Inner, drop-in filter mounts are used on super telephoto EF lenses. They are attached by first pressing the two buttons on the filter mount, and pulling it out. Then either a round threaded filter is attached, or one can use a gelatin filter. Rear gelatin filter holders are used by cutting out a sheet of gelatin, to the size shown on the back of the lens and then sliding it into the holder. Filter mounts are useful for all types of photography, and every EF lens has either one or two of the three types used. Lens hood mount: This feature is found on most EF lenses. This mount is used for attaching the lens hood. The hood mount is of a bayonet style on most EF lenses, though a clip-on style hood mount is used for a small selection of current lenses. Tripod collar: This feature is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. The tripod collar is used for attaching the tripod ring. There are two main styles of tripod rings. One type is opened up, placed on the lens' tripod collar, then closed and tightened. The other type does not open, but instead is slid up the lens from the mount end (which can only be done when the lens is not mounted on a camera body) and tightened. To set the tripod ring so that it is level with the lens, rotate the ring until the index mark on the tripod ring matches the index mark on the distance scale. The tripod ring is used for attaching a tripod/monopod near to the point of balance of the lens-body combination, more conveniently than the camera body. In the case of larger and heavier lenses, there is also less strain on the lens mount if the body is supported by the tripod-mounted lens than if the lens were to be supported by a tripod-mounted body. Related technologies Ultrasonic motor drive Ultrasonic logo Ultrasonic motor (USM) lenses appeared with the introduction of the EF 300 mm f/2.8L USM lens in 1987. Canon was the first camera maker to successfully commercialise the USM technology. EF lenses equipped with USM drives have fast, silent and precise autofocus operations, and consume less power compared to other AF drive motors. There are three types of USMs: ring-type USM, micromotor USM, and Nano USM. Ring-type USM allows for full-time manual focus (FT-M) operations without switching out of AF mode. Micromotor USM is used to bring down the cost of the lens. It is possible to implement FT-M even with micromotor USM; however, it requires additional mechanical components, and the vast majority of micro-USM lenses do not offer such capability. Nano USM was introduced in 2016 with the release of Canon's latest iteration of the EF-S 18–135mm lens. It is intended to offer the AF speed of ring-type USM with the quietness of STM mechanisms (see below). Some older USM lenses are identified with a gold ring and the word "Ultrasonic" printed in gold on the lens barrel. L lenses with USM don't have the gold ring, but they still have the word "Ultrasonic" printed on the lens barrel. Stepping motor Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM pancake lens Canon announced stepping motor (STM) lenses first in June 2012, alongside the EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i. Canon stated that this technology allows smooth and silent autofocus, and with compatible bodies (the first of which is the 650D) will provide continuous autofocus in live view and video. Unlike USM, STM lenses use focus-by-wire to enable full-time manual mode. Two main disadvantages are linked to focus-by-wire: First, the need to computationally process the input before the intended action is executed leads to a sometimes perceptible lag. Second, using the motor requires power, so when an STM lens is not connected to a camera or the camera is switched off, changing the focus is impossible. All stepping-motor lenses are marked with the letters "STM" on the front of the lens as part of the model designation. Image stabilizer The image-stabilized Canon EF 300mm f/4L IS USM lens The image stabilization (IS) technology detects handheld motion and optically corrects it. It only corrects handheld motion; if the subject of the photograph is moving, IS will not stop it. It also can only stabilize so much motion, ranging from two to five stops, depending on the specific IS in the lens. Canon has released several versions of the IS system, including the following: The first version, first used in the 75-300mm lens (1995), takes approximately one second to stabilize, provides approximately two stops of stability, is not suitable for use on a tripod, or for panning. The 300mm f/4L IS USM lens, released in 1997, adds IS Mode 2, which detects whether panning is taking place horizontally or vertically, and only compensates for vibration in the plane perpendicular to the plane of panning. In 1999, with the release of the IS super-telephoto lenses (300mm f/2.8L through 600mm f/4L), tripod detection was added, so that the lens could be used on a tripod with IS turned on. In 2001, a new version of the Image Stabilizer was created for the 70–200mm f/2.8L. This version takes approximately 0.5s and can be stabilized up to three stops. In 2006, the 70–200 mm f/4L IS USM was released with an Image Stabilizer which allows up to four stops of stabilization. In 2008, the 200mm f/2L IS USM was released with a new version of IS which allows up to five stops of stabilization. In 2009, the 100 mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM became the first Canon lens with a Hybrid Image Stabilizer. In addition to correcting angular movement, Hybrid IS also corrects for shift movement. In 2011, with the release of the 300mm f/2.8L IS II and 400mm f/2.8L IS II, IS Mode 3 was added. This mode is similar to Mode 2, except that stabilization is applied only when the shutter is released. Some newer lenses include an Image Stabilizer which can automatically detect whether the user is panning and respond accordingly, and therefore these lenses do not have an IS mode switch. All EF lenses that support IS have the words "Image Stabilizer" written on the lens. On some of Canon's larger telephoto lenses, the words "Image Stabilizer" are etched onto a metal plate affixed to the lens. Diffractive optics The green-ringed EF 70–300 mm f/4.5–5.6 DO IS USM Diffractive optics (DO) are special lens elements that are used in some lenses. DO lenses are usually smaller and lighter and are better at handling chromatic aberration, compared to conventional lenses of similar focal length and aperture value. They are more expensive to make. Only the EF 400 mm f/4 DO IS USM, its updated Mark II version, and the EF 70–300 mm f/4.5–5.6 DO IS USM contain DO elements. DO lenses have a green ring on the barrel. L-series lenses Main article: Canon L lens Top range Canon EF lenses are designated "L-series", or "Luxury" lenses. L series lenses are compatible with the full range of EF or EF-S mounts and, as they are aimed at the high-end user, most also include environmental or weather sealing and a constant maximum aperture. All L lenses are supplied complete with a hood and a pouch or case, which are not generally included with non-L lenses. Distinctive visual cues include a red ring around the lens and an off-white colour on longer-focal-length models. The latter also helps to reflect light and reduce heat absorption and subsequent internal expansion of lens components that can affect the image quality of long focal length lenses. All L lenses include at least one fluorite, ultra-low-dispersion glass element, super ultra-low-dispersion glass element, and/or certain types of aspherical elements. (Note that a number of non-L lenses also use aspherical elements, and at least one non-L lens has a Super UD element.) Most L lenses feature an ultrasonic motor (USM) for focusing. Timeline of innovations In 1987 Canon was the first to use USM (Ultra Sonic Motor) with the Canon EF 300mm f/2.8L USM. In 1989 Canon was the first to create a full frame f/1.0 AF (AutoFocus) lens and the only one until today with the Canon EF 50mm f/1.0L USM. In 1993 Canon was the first to create an interchangeable 10× superzoom lens for SLR cameras. That lens was Canon EF 35-350mm f/3.5-5.6L USM. In 1993 Canon created the first Super UD (Ultra low Dispersion) lens with the Canon EF 400mm f/5.6L USM. In 1995 Canon created the first lens with IS (Image Stabilization). That lens was the Canon EF 75-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM. Canon in 2001 was the first to create a lens with DO (multi layered Diffractive Optical element) element. That lens was the Canon EF 400mm f/4 DO IS USM. Canon in 2008 created the first lens with SWC technology (Subwavelength Structure Coating). That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM. Canon in 2009 created the first lens with Hybrid IS (Image Stabilization) which compensates both angle camera shake and shift camera shake with the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM. Canon in 2010 was the first to create a lens with Fluoride coating. That lens was the Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM. Canon in 2011 made the first fisheye zoom lens, both circular and rectangular. That lens was the Canon EF 8-15mm f/4L Fisheye USM. Canon in 2012 made the first wide angle lens with Image Stabilization. That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM. Canon in 2013 created the first telephoto with built-in 1.4× extender. That lens was Canon EF 200-400mm f/4L IS USM Extender 1.4x. Communication protocol The communication protocol between the camera and the lens is 8-data-bit, 1-stop-bit SPI (mode 3). The pins, from right to left on the lens, are: Canon EF mount pins Name Function Notes VBat +6 V to power internal lens focus motors Present on all EOS bodies and lenses P-Gnd Power ground P-Gnd VDD +5.5 V Digital logic power DCL Data from camera to the lens (MOSI) DLC Data from the lens to the camera (MISO) LCLK Camera body generated clock signal (SCLK, CPOL=1) D-GND Digital logic ground COM1 Teleconverter common Only on most L-series and some macro lenses EXT0 Short to COM1 for 'Life Size Converter' and 1.4× teleconverter EXT1 Short to COM1 for 2× and 1.4× teleconverter The information from the lens is used by the camera body for focusing and metering, and with digital camera bodies it is used to record the lens parameters in the Exif data in the images. All L series primes 135mm or longer, the 400mm DO, the 70–200mm zooms, the 100–400mm zooms, the 200–400mm zoom and the 50mm Compact Macro have three additional communication pins. These additional pins are used by the Canon Extender EF adapters and the Life-Size Converter EF to indicate to the lens the change in focal length so that it is able to report the correct focal length and aperture to the camera body when mounted on a teleconverter. The lens also reduces autofocus speed when a teleconverter is attached to improve autofocus accuracy. List of Canon EF lenses The "I", "II", "III" Roman numeral suffix after the focal length(s) indicates the generation number. While I is used in the table below, it is not used in official Canon model numbers; the original model lacks a Roman numeral and only the second and subsequent generations have them. Roman numerals are used only when the entire model designation—focal length(s), aperture, IS, DO, L status, and motor mechanism—is identical from one version to the next. This means, for example, that when Canon introduced IS to lenses whose prior versions lacked that feature (24mm, 28mm, 35mm IS primes in 2012, 16–35mm IS zoom in 2014), the first IS versions lacked Roman numerals. The EF lenses are grouped below by their focal lengths: Zoom: for zoom lenses that have a range of focal lengths Prime: for prime lenses that have a single focal length Zoom Canon EF 35–70 mm f/3.5–4.5 lens Focal length Aperture Introduction USM IS L-series DO Filter size 8–15 mm (fisheye) f/4 2010 Yes No Yes No rear 11–24 mm f/4 2015 Yes No Yes No rear 16–35 mm I f/2.8 2001 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 16–35 mm II f/2.8 2007 Yes No Yes No 82 mm 16–35 mm III f/2.8 2016 Yes No Yes No 82 mm 16–35 mm IS f/4 2014 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 17–35 mm f/2.8 1996 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 17–40 mm f/4 2003 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 20–35 mm f/2.8 1989 No No Yes No 72 mm 20–35 mm f/3.5–4.5 1993 Yes No No No 77 mm 22–55 mm f/4-5.6 1998 Yes No No No 58 mm 24–70 mm f/2.8 2002 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 24–70 mm II f/2.8 2012 Yes No Yes No 82 mm 24–70 mm f/4 2012 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 24–85 mm f/3.5-4.5 1996 Yes No No No 67 mm 24–105 mm f/4 2005 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 24–105 mm II f/4 2016 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 24–105 mm STM f/3.5-5.6 2014 No Yes No No 77 mm 28–70 mm f/2.8 1993 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 28–70 mm II f/3.5-4.5 1988 No No No No 52 mm 28–80 mm f/2.8-4 1989 Yes No Yes No 72 mm 28–80 mm f/3.5-5.6 1996 No No No No 58 mm 28–80 mm II f/3.5-5.6 1999 No No No No 58 mm 28–80 mm I f/3.5-5.6 1991 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–80 mm II f/3.5-5.6 1993 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–80 mm III f/3.5-5.6 1995 Yes No No No 58mm 28–80 mm IV f/3.5-5.6 1996 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–80 mm V f/3.5-5.6 1999 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–90 mm f/4-5.6 2000 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–90 mm II f/4-5.6 2003 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–90 mm III f/4-5.6 2004 No No No No 58 mm 28–105 mm f/3.5-4.5 1992 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–105 mm II f/3.5-4.5 2000 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–105 mm f/4-5.6 2002 Yes No No No 58 mm 28–135 mm f/3.5-5.6 1998 Yes Yes No No 72 mm 28–200 mm f/3.5-5.6 2000 Yes No No No 72 mm 28–200 mm f/3.5-5.6 2000 No No No No 72 mm 28–300 mm f/3.5-5.6 2004 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 35–70 mm f/3.5-4.5 1987 No No No No 52 mm 35–70 mm f/3.5-4.5A 1988 No No No No 52 mm 35–80 mm III f/4-5.6 1995 No No No No 52 mm 35–80 mm f/4-5.6 1992 Yes No No No 52 mm 35–80 mm Power Zoom f/4-5.6 1990 Yes No No No 52 mm 35–105 mm f/3.5-4.5 1987 No No No No 58 mm 35–105 mm f/4.5-5.6 1992 Yes No No No 58 mm 35–135 mm f/3.5-4.5 1988 No No No No 58 mm 35–135 mm f/4-5.6 1990 Yes No No No 58 mm 35–350 mm f/3.5-5.6 1993 Yes No Yes No 72 mm 38–76 mm f/4.5-5.6 1995 No No No No 52 mm 50–200 mm f/3.5-4.5 1987 No No No No 58 mm 50–200 mm f/3.5-4.5 1988 No No Yes No 58 mm 55–200 mm f/4.5-5.6 1998 Yes No No No 52 mm 55–200 mm II f/4.5-5.6 2003 Yes No No No 52 mm 70–200 mm f/2.8 2001 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 70–200 mm II f/2.8 2010 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 70–200 mm III f/2.8 2018 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 70–200 mm f/2.8 1995 Yes No Yes No 77 mm 70–200 mm f/4 2006 Yes Yes Yes No 67 mm 70–200 mm II f/4 2018 Yes Yes Yes No 72 mm 70–200 mm f/4 1999 Yes No Yes No 67 mm 70–210 mm f/3.5-4.5 1990 Yes No No No 58 mm 70–210 mm f/4 1987 No No No No 58 mm 70–300 mm f/4.5-5.6 2004 Yes Yes No Yes 58 mm 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 2005 Yes Yes No No 58 mm 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 2010 Yes Yes Yes No 67 mm 70–300  mm II f/4-5.6 2016 Yes Yes No No 67 mm 75–300 mm f/4-5.6 1991 Yes Yes No No 58 mm 75–300 mm II f/4-5.6 1995 No No No No 58 mm 75–300 mm III f/4-5.6 1999 Yes No No No 58 mm 80–200 mm f/2.8 1989 No No Yes No 72 mm 80–200 mm f/4.5-5.6 1992 Yes No No No 52 mm 80–200 mm II f/4.5-5.6 1990 No No No No 52 mm 90–300 mm f/4.5-5.6 2003 No No No No 58 mm 90–300 mm f/4.5-5.6 2002 Yes No No No 58 mm 100–200 mm f/4.5A 1988 No No No No 58 mm 100–300 mm f/4.5-5.6 1990 Yes No No No 58 mm 100–300 mm f/5.6 1987 No No No No 58 mm 100–300 mm f/5.6 1987 No No Yes No 58 mm 100–400 mm f/4.5-5.6 1998 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 100–400 mm II f/4.5-5.6 2014 Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 200–400 mm f/4 2013 Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear Two EF lenses and an EF-S lens (center). Prime Focal length Aperture Introduction Macro USM IS L-series DO Filter size 14 mm f/2.8 1991 No Yes No Yes No gel 14 mm II f/2.8 2007 No Yes No Yes No gel 15 mm (fisheye) f/2.8 1987 No No No No No gel 20 mm f/2.8 1992 No Yes No No No 72 mm 24 mm f/1.4 1997 No Yes No Yes No 77 mm 24 mm II f/1.4 2008 No Yes No Yes No 77 mm 24 mm f/2.8 1988 No No No No No 58 mm 24 mm IS f/2.8 2012 No Yes Yes No No 58 mm 28 mm f/1.8 1995 No Yes No No No 58 mm 28 mm f/2.8 1987 No No No No No 52 mm 28 mm IS f/2.8 2012 No Yes Yes No No 58 mm 35 mm f/1.4 1998 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 35 mm II f/1.4 2015 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 35 mm f/2 1990 No No No No No 52 mm 35 mm IS f/2 2012 No Yes Yes No No 67 mm 40 mm STM f/2.8 2012 No No No No No 52 mm 50 mm f/1 1989 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 50 mm f/1.2 2006 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 50 mm f/1.4 1993 No Yes No No No 58 mm 50 mm f/1.8 1987 No No No No No 52 mm 50 mm II f/1.8 1990 No No No No No 52 mm 50 mm STM f/1.8 2015 No No No No No 49 mm 50 mm f/2.5 1987 Yes No No No No 52 mm 65 mm f/2.8 1999 Yes No No No No 58 mm 85 mm f/1.2 1989 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 85 mm II f/1.2 2006 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 85 mm IS f/1.4 2017 No Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 85 mm f/1.8 1992 No Yes No No No 58 mm 100 mm f/2 1991 No Yes No No No 58 mm 100 mm f/2.8 1990 Yes No No No No 52 mm 100 mm f/2.8 2000 Yes Yes No No No 58 mm 100 mm f/2.8 2009 Yes Yes Yes Yes No 67 mm 135 mm f/2 1996 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 135 mm Soft Focus f/2.8 1987 No No No No No 52 mm 180 mm f/3.5 1996 Yes No No Yes No 72 mm 200 mm f/1.8 1988 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 200 mm f/2 2008 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 200 mm f/2.8 1991 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 200 mm II f/2.8 1996 No Yes No Yes No 72 mm 300 mm f/1.8 Unknown Un­known Yes Un­known Yes Un­known Unknown 300 mm f/2.8 1987 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 300 mm IS f/2.8 1999 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 300 mm IS II f/2.8 2010 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 300 mm f/4 1991 No Yes No Yes No 77 mm 300 mm IS f/4 1997 No Yes Yes Yes No 77 mm 400 mm f/2.8 1991 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 400 mm II f/2.8 1996 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 400 mm IS f/2.8 1999 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 400 mm IS II f/2.8 2011 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 400 mm IS III f/2.8 2018 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 400 mm f/4 2001 No Yes Yes No Yes 52 mm rear 400 mm II f/4 2014 No Yes Yes No Yes 52 mm rear 400 mm f/5.6 1993 No Yes No Yes No 77 mm 500 mm f/4.5 1992 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 500 mm IS f/4 1999 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 500 mm IS II f/4 2011 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 600 mm f/4 1988 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear 600 mm IS f/4 1999 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 600 mm IS II f/4 2011 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 600 mm IS III f/4 2018 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 800 mm f/5.6 2008 No Yes Yes Yes No 52 mm rear 1200 mm f/5.6 1993 No Yes No Yes No 48 mm rear ^ 0.5× magnification only. When paired with the "Life-Size Converter EF", a separate accessory, the lens provides up to 1.0× magnification but at the loss of infinity focus. Exceptions Canon has two further types of lenses compatible with the EF mount: Tilt-shift and the 1-5x Macro lens, which are not designated EF, but TS-E and MP-E respectively. TS stands for Tilt-shift while MP stands for macro-photo. These types of lenses are not designated EF as they are manual-focus only lenses. They do, however, retain electronic aperture control as well as focus confirmation. Special Focal length Aperture Introduction Macro USM IS L-series Tilt–Shift Filter size TS-E 17 mm f/4.0 2009 No No No Yes Yes none TS-E 24 mm f/3.5 1991 No No No Yes Yes 72 mm TS-E 24 mm II f/3.5 2009 No No No Yes Yes 82 mm TS-E 45 mm f/2.8 1991 No No No No Yes 72 mm TS-E 50 mm MACRO f/2.8 2017 Yes No No Yes Yes 77 mm MP-E 65 mm Macro f/2.8 1999 Yes No No No No 58 mm TS-E 90 mm f/2.8 1991 No No No No Yes 58 mm TS-E 90 mm Macro f/2.8 2017 Yes No No Yes Yes 77 mm TS-E 135 mm MACRO f/4.0 2017 Yes No No Yes Yes 82 mm See also Canon FD lens mount Canon EF-S lens mount Canon EF-M lens mount Canon RF lens mount Notes ^ Eric Reagan (30 April 2014). "Canon Surpasses 100 Million EF Lenses Produced". Photography Bay. ^ a b "History Hall 1987-1991". Canon Camera Museum. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ W.J. Markerink maintains an article on Camera Mounts & Registers which gives much more detail about flange focal distances and lens compatibility. ^ "Put Your Creativity into Motion with the New EOS M Digital Camera" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012. ^ NK Guy (6 January 2007). "Part III – Lenses". Canon EOS Beginners' FAQ. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. ^ Carnathan, Bryan (10 November 2011). "Canon EF 300mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Carnathan, Bryan. "Canon EF 400mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Carnathan, Bryan (26 September 2012). "Canon EF 500mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ a b Carnathan, Bryan (27 September 2012). "Canon EF 600mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Carnathan, Bryan (18 November 2013). "Canon EF 200-400mm f/4 L IS USM Extender 1.4x Lens Review". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ "Canon U.S.A. Introduces New Super-Telephoto Zoom Lens, The Compact And Highly Mobile Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM" (Press release). Canon U.S.A. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ "The New EOS Rebel T4i DSLR Camera Puts The Power And Creativity of DSLR Stills And Video at Your Fingertips" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ "EF70-200mm f/4L IS USM". Canon Camera Museum. Canon. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ "Canon Camera Museum 124; Technology Hall". Canon.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013. ^ "Canon announces the arrival of the first EF lens to feature Hybrid IS". Dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013. ^ "New Canon Hybrid IS world's first Image Stabilizer to compensate for two types of camera shake". Dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013. ^ Canon. "EF Lens System". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "Lenses: Black or white lenses?". Canon Europe. ^ a b "75 years of optics - Explore the world of Canon optics". glassfirst.usa.canon.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "Photo.net: Canon EF focusing protocol". Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ "Canon Extender EF 1.4x Parts Catalog" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ "Canon Extender EF 2.0x Parts Catalog" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ "Canon Life Size Converter Parts Catalog" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2009. ^ a b "Canon Updates Lineup of EF L-Series Telephoto Zoom Lenses With the Introduction of EF 70-200MM F/4L II USM and EF 70-200MM F/2.8L IS II USM". usa.canon.com. ^ Canon. "Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Specification". Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ Canon. "EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS II USM". Retrieved 16 September 2016. ^ "Canon U.S.A. Expands Its Lens Portfolio with the New EF 85mm F/1.4L IS USM Lens And Their First-Ever Macro Tilt-Shift Lenses" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017. References Markerink, Willem-Jan. Camera Mounts & Registers. Retrieved on 6 November 2005. tiffen.com. Lens To Filter Chart. For list of filter sizes. External links EF Lenses at the Canon Camera Museum Archived 5 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine List of all Canon SLR lenses with technical specifications vteCanon EF mount prime lenses timeline Focal Length Aperture 87 88 89 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 2010 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2020 21 22 14 mm f/2.8 EF 14mm f/2.8L USM EF 14mm f/2.8L II USM 15 mm f/2.8 EF 15mm f/2.8 Fisheye 17 mm f/4 TS-E 17mm f/4L 20 mm f/2.8 EF 20mm f/2.8 USM 24 mm f/1.4 EF 24mm f/1.4L USM EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM f/2.8 EF 24mm f/2.8 EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM f/3.5 TS-E 24mm f/3.5L TS-E 24mm f/3.5L II 28 mm f/1.8 EF 28mm f/1.8 USM f/2.8 EF 28mm f/2.8 EF 28mm f/2.8 IS USM 35 mm f/1.4 EF 35mm f/1.4L USM II f/2.0 EF 35mm f/2 EF 35mm f/2 IS USM 40 mm f/2.8 EF 40mm f/2.8 STM 45 mm f/2.8 TS-E 45mm f/2.8 50 mm f/1.0 EF 50mm f/1.0L USM f/1.2 EF 50mm f/1.2L USM f/1.4 EF 50mm f/1.4 USM f/1.8 EF 50mm f/1.8 EF 50mm f/1.8 II f/1.8 STM f/2.5 EF 50mm f/2.5 Compact Macro f/2.8 TS-E 50mm f/2.8L MACRO 65 mm f/2.8 MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro Photo 85 mm f/1.2 EF 85mm f/1.2L USM EF 85mm f/1.2L II USM f/1.4 EF 85mm f/1.4L IS USM f/1.8 EF 85mm f/1.8 USM 90 mm f/2.8 TS-E 90mm f/2.8 TS-E 90mm f/2.8L MACRO 100 mm f/2.0 EF 100mm f/2 USM f/2.8 EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM 135 mm f/2.0 EF 135mm f/2L USM f/2.8 EF 135mm f/2.8 Soft Focus f/4 TS-E 135mm f/4L MACRO 180 mm f/3.5 EF 180mm f/3.5L Macro USM 200 mm f/1.8 EF 200mm f/1.8L USM f/2.0 EF 200mm f/2L IS USM f/2.8 EF 200mm f/2.8L USM EF 200mm f/2.8L II USM 300 mm f/2.8 EF 300mm f/2.8L USM EF 300mm f/2.8L IS USM EF 300mm f/2.8L IS II USM f/4.0 EF 300mm f/4L USM EF 300mm f/4L IS USM 400 mm f/2.8 EF 400mm f/2.8L USM EF 400mm f/2.8L II USM EF 400mm f/2.8L IS USM EF 400mm f/2.8L IS II USM EF 400mm f/2.8L IS III USM f/4.0 EF 400mm f/4 DO IS USM II f/5.6 EF 400mm f/5.6L USM 500 mm f/4.0 EF 500mm f/4L IS USM EF 500mm f/4L IS II USM f/4.5 EF 500mm f/4.5L USM 600 mm f/4.0 EF 600mm f/4L USM EF 600mm f/4L IS USM EF 600mm f/4L IS II USM EF 600mm f/4L IS III USM 800 mm f/5.6 EF 800mm f/5.6L IS USM 1200 mm f/5.6 EF 1200mm f/5.6L USM   DO lenses   L lenses   USM lenses   STM lenses vteCanon EF mount zoom lenses timeline Type Focal length Aperture 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Fisheye 8-15 4.0 8-15mm Wide 11-24 4.0 11-24mm USM 17-40mm USM 16-35mm IS USM 16(17/20)-35 2.8 20-35mm 17-35mm USM 16-35mm USM 16-35mm II USM 16-35mm III USM 20-35 3.5-4.5 20-35mm f/3.5-4.5 22-55 4-5.6 22-55mm f/4-5.6 Universal 28-70(80) 2.8 (2.8-4.0) 28-80mm f/2.8-4L USM 28-70mm f/2.8L USM 24-70mm f/2.8L USM 24-70mm f/2.8L II USM 24-70 4.0 24-70mm f/4L IS USM 24-105 24-105mm f/4L IS USM 24-105mm f/4L IS II USM 24-85m 3.5-4.5 24-85mm f/3.5-4.5 USM 24-105 3.5-5.6 24-105mm f/3.5-5.6 STM 28-70 3.5-4.5 I II 28-80 3.5-5.6 I II III IV V I II 28-90 4-5.6 I II I II III 28-105 3.5-4.5 28-105mm f/3.5-4.5 USM 28-105mm f/3.5-4.5 II USM 28-105 4-5.6 28-105mm f/4-5.6 USM 28-105mm f/4-5.6 28-135 3.5-5.6 28-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM 35-70 3.5-4.5 I A 35-80 4-5.6 I USM II III PZ 35-105 3.5(4.5)-4.5(5.6) 35-105mm f/3.5-4.5 35-105mm f/4.5-5.6 35-105mm f/4.5-5.6 USM 35-135 3.5(4)-4.5(5.6) f/3.5-4.5 f/4-5.6 38-76 4.5-5.6 38-76mm f/4.5-5.6 Telephoto 70(80)-200 2.8 80-200mm f/2.8L 70-200mm f/2.8L USM 70-200 70-200mm f/2.8L IS USM 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM III 4 70-200mm f/4L USM 70-200mm f/4L IS USM II 200-400 200-400mm f/4L IS USM 1.4× 100-200 4.5 100-200mm f/4.5A 100-300 5.6 100-300mm f/5.6L 100-300mm f/5.6 50-200 3.5-4.5 f/3.5-4.5L 50-200mm f/3.5-4.5 55-200 4.5-5.6 55-200mm f/4.5-5.6 USM II 80-200 80-200mm f/4.5-5.6 II 80-200mm f/4.5-5.6 USM 70-210 4.0 70-210mm f/4 70-210mm f/3.5-4.5 USM 70-300 4(4.5)-5.6 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS 70-300mm f/4.5-5.6 DO IS USM 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS II USM 75-300 4-5.6 75-300mm f/4-5.6 75-300mm f/4-5.6 II 75-300mm f/4-5.6 III f/4-5.6 USM II USM 75-300mm f/4-5.6 III USM 75-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM 90-300 90-300mm f/4.5-5.6 90-300mm f/4.5-5.6 USM 100-300 100-300mm f/4.5-5.6 USM 100-400 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS USM II Super 28-200 3.5-5.6 28-200mm f/3.5-5.6 28-300 35-350mm f/3.5-5.6L USM 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6L IS USM 28-200mm f/3.5-5.6 USM Type Focal length Aperture 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22   DO lenses   L lenses   USM lenses   STM lenses vteCanon EF/EF-S/EF-M lensesEF-S zoom EF-S 10–18mm EF-S 10–22mm EF-S 15–85mm EF-S 17–55mm EF-S 17–85mm EF-S 18–55mm EF-S 18–135mm EF-S 18–200mm EF-S 55–250mm Ultra-wide zoom EF 11–24mm EF 16–35mm EF 17–40mm Standard zoom EF 24–70mm EF 24–105mm EF 28–135mm EF 28–300mm Telephoto zoom EF 70–200mm EF 70–300mm EF 75–300mm EF 100–400mm EF 200–400mm Wide-angle prime EF 14mm EF 20mm EF 24mm EF-S 24mm EF 28mm EF 35mm Standard prime EF 50mm Telephoto prime EF 85mm EF 100mm EF 135mm EF 200mm Super telephoto prime EF 300mm EF 400mm EF 500mm EF 600mm EF 800mm Distorting lens EF 8–15mm Fisheye Tilt-shift TS-E 17mm TS-E 24mm TS-E 45mm TS-E 50mm TS-E 90mm TS-E 135mm Macro EF-M 28mm Macro EF-S 35mm Macro EF 50mm Compact Macro TS-E 50mm MACRO EF-S 60mm Macro MP-E 65mm 1–5x Macro TS-E 90mm Macro EF 100mm Macro TS-E 135mm Macro EF 180mm Macro EF-M zoom EF-M 11–22mm EF-M 15–45mm EF-M 18–55mm EF-M 18–150mm EF-M 55–200mm EF-M prime EF-M 22mm EF-M 28mm Macro EF-M 32mm Lens accessories Extender EF Discontinued zoom EF 17–35mm EF 20–35mm EF 22–55mm EF 24–85mm EF 28–70mm EF 28–80mm EF 28–90mm EF 28–105mm EF 28–200mm EF 35–70mm EF 35–80mm EF 35–105mm EF 35–135mm EF 35–350mm EF 38–76mm EF 50–200mm EF 55–200mm EF 70–210mm EF 80–200mm EF 90–300mm EF 100–200mm EF 100–300mm Discontinued prime EF 15mm Fisheye EF 40mm EF 135mm with Softfocus EF 1200mm TS-E 45mm vteCanon SLR cameras and lens mounts (film)R Canonflex (1959) Canonflex R2000 (1960) Canonflex RP (1961) Canonflex RM (1962) EX EX EE (1969) EX AUTO (1972) FL FX (1964) FP (1964) Pellix (1965) FT QL (1966) Pellix QL (1966) TL (1968) FDFAmateur FTb (1971) FTbn (1973) EF (1973) TLb (1974) TX (1975) Professional F-1(1971) F-1n (1976) New F-1 (1981) A AE-1 (1976) AT-1 (1977) A-1 (1978) AV-1 (1979) AE-1 Program (1981) AL-1 (1982) T T50 (1983) T70 (1984) T80 (1985) T90 (1986) T60 (1990) EF1 EOS-1 (1989) EOS-1N (1994) EOS-1N RS (1995) EOS-1V (2000) EOS 650 (1987) EOS 620 (1987) EOS 750QD (1988) EOS 850QD (1988) EOS 630QD (1989) EOS RT (1989) EOS 700QD (1989) EOS 10sQD (1990) EOS 1000F (1990) EOS 100 (1991) EF-M (1991) EOS 5/5QD/A2/A2e (1992) EOS 1000FN (1992) EOS 500 (1993) EOS 888 (1993) EOS 50 (1995) EOS 500N (1996) EOS-3 (1998) EOS 88 (1999) EOS 300 (1999) EOS 30 (2000) EOS 3000N (2002) EOS 300V (2002) EOS 3000V (2003) EOS 30V (2004) EOS 300X (2004) IX EOS IX EOS IX Lite See also: Canon EOS digital cameras vteCanon EOS digital camera timeline Type Sensor Class 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DSLR Full-frame Flagship 1Ds 1Ds Mk II 1Ds Mk III 1D C 1D X 1D X Mk II T 1D X Mk III T APS-H 1D 1D Mk II 1D Mk II N 1D Mk III 1D Mk IV Full-frame Professional 5DS / 5DS R 5D x 5D Mk II x 5D Mk III 5D Mk IV T Advanced x 6D 6D Mk II AT APS-C x 7D 7D Mk II Mid-range 20Da 60Da A D30 D60 10D 20D 30D 40D x 50D x 60D A x 70D AT 80D AT 90D AT 760D AT 77D AT Entry-level 300D 350D 400D 450D x 500D x 550D x 600D A x 650D AT x 700D AT 750D AT 800D AT 850D AT x 100D T 200D AT 250D AT 1000D x 1100D x 1200D 1300D 2000D Value 4000D Early models Canon EOS DCS 5 (1995)Canon EOS DCS 3 (1995)Canon EOS DCS 1 (1995)Canon EOS D2000 (1998)Canon EOS D6000 (1998) Type Sensor Spec 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 PROCESSOR: Non-DIGIC | DIGIC | DIGIC II | DIGIC III | DIGIC 4 / 4+ | DIGIC 5 / 5+ | DIGIC 6 / 6+ | DIGIC 7 | DIGIC 8 | DIGIC X VIDEO: 720p | 1080p | Uncompressed 1080p | 4K | 5.5K | 8K   ⋅   SCREEN: Flip (tilt) F , Articulating A , Touchscreen T   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed SPECIALTY MODELS: Astrophotography a | Cinema EOS C | high resolution camera S | no AA filter effect R   ⋅   FIRMWARE ADD-ON: x Magic Lantern Support See also: Canon EOS film cameras vteCanon Cinema EOS camera timeline 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Standard C700 FF C700 C500 C500 MK II C300 C300 Mk II C300 Mk III C200 C100 C100 Mk II C70 MILC R5C DSLR 1D C Processor: Non-DIGIC DV | DIGIC DV | DIGIC DV II | DIGIC DV III | DIGIC DV4 | DIGIC DV 5 / 2×5 / 3x5 | DIGIC DV 2×6 | DIGIC DV 7 DIGIC 8 | DIGIC X See also: Canon EOS Digital Cameras vteCanon Inc.SubsidiariesCurrent Axis Communications Canon IT Solutions† Canon Medical Systems Corporation Canon Production Printing Canon Tokki Ohara Corporation‡ Former Canon Computer Systems ProductsCameras Canon 7 Canon A35F Canon AF35M Canon Canonflex Canon Cinema EOS Canon Digital IXUS Canon ELPH Canon EOS Canon FL Canon II Canon PowerShot Canon T series Canon VI-L Canon P Canonet Canonet G-III QL17 Lenses Canon EF lens mount Canon EF-M lens mount Canon EF-S lens mount Canon FD lens mount Canon FL lens mount Canon L lens Canon RF lens mount Other Camcorders Canon Cat EOS flash system V-20 NoteJet Wordtank Technologies DIGIC Digital Photo Professional People Fujio Mitarai Other Canon K.K. v Green Cartridge Co Canon Eagles Canon Open Canon Ōita Factory † Second-generation subsidiary ‡ Joint venture with Seiko Category Commons ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (12 April 2021). "Canon discontinues the EF 100mm f/2 USM and EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (30 March 2021). "Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM officially discontinued". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (31 March 2021). "Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L IS II USM & Canon EF 85mm f/1.2L USM II Discontinued". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon. "Recently Discontinued EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (12 April 2021). "Canon discontinues the EF 100mm f/2 USM and EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (19 March 2021). "Is the EF purge beginning? The EF 200mm f/2L IS USM is now listed as discontinued". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon. "Recently Discontinued EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon. "Recently Discontinued EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon. "Recently Discontinued EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon. "Recently Discontinued EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). "Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canon EF camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_camera"},{"link_name":"lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_mount"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS"},{"link_name":"bayonet-style mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet_mount"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Canon EF camera.The EF lens mount is the standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family of SLR film and digital cameras. EF stands for \"Electro-Focus\": automatic focusing on EF lenses is handled by a dedicated electric motor built into the lens. Mechanically, it is a bayonet-style mount, and all communication between camera and lens takes place through electrical contacts; there are no mechanical levers or plungers. The mount was first introduced in 1987.Canon claims to have produced its 100-millionth EF-series interchangeable lens on April 22, 2014.[1]","title":"Canon EF lens mount"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_vs_nikon_number_of_lenses.svg"},{"link_name":"FD mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_FD"},{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"helicoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canon-2"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor"},{"link_name":"image stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization"},{"link_name":"fluorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite"},{"link_name":"aspherical lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspherical_lens"}],"text":"Number of Canon EF lenses sold over time (red), compared with Nikon F mount lenses (blue)The EF mount replaces its predecessor, the FD mount.\nThe standard autofocus lens mounting technology of the time used a motor in the camera body to drive the mechanics of the focus helicoid in the lens by using a transfer lever. The key innovation of the EF series was to use a motor inside the lens itself for focusing. This allowed for autofocusing lenses which did not require mechanical levers in the mount mechanism, only electrical contacts to supply power and instructions to the lens motor. The motors were designed for the particular lens they were installed in.The EF mount reversed the mechanical logic of the FD mount. The FD mount provided the three-eared bayonet fitting on the camera body, and each FD lens provided a breech-lock receptacle to register and fasten the lens to the bayonet. The EF mount reverses this logic, providing the bayonet on each lens, and a receptacle on the camera body.When the EF mount was introduced in 1987, it had the largest mount diameter (54 mm internal) among all 35 mm SLR cameras.[2]The EF series includes over eighty lenses, encompassing focal lengths from 8 to 1200 mm. Many EF lenses include such features as Canon's ultrasonic motor (USM) drive, an image stabilization system (IS), diffractive optics (DO) and, particularly for L-series lenses, fluorite and aspherical lens elements.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_camera_mount.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_IMG_0067.JPG"},{"link_name":"flange focal distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange_focal_distance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markerink-3"},{"link_name":"Nikon F mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F_mount"},{"link_name":"Leica R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R_bayonet"},{"link_name":"M42 lens mounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M42_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"EF-S lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-S_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"EF-M lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-M_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOS_M_press_release-4"},{"link_name":"RF mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_RF_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"Canon FD lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_FD_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"Infinity focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_focus"},{"link_name":"stop-down metering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-down_metering"}],"text":"The EF mount of a Canon EOS 50Electronics of an EF-S lensIts large diameter and relatively short flange focal distance of 44.0 mm allows mechanical adaptation of EF camera bodies to many types of non-EF lenses.[3] It is possible to mount lenses using the Nikon F mount, Olympus OM, Leica R and universal M42 lens mounts (among others) by the use of a mechanical adapter without electronic control of the aperture or autofocus. In contrast, parfocal adaptation of EF lenses to non-EF camera bodies is not possible with only a mechanical adapter that does not contain optical elements.EF mount lenses are somewhat compatible with newer Canon bodies, though the reverse is not true:EF-S lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses without an adapter\nEF-M lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses with an EF-EOS M adapter[4]\nRF mount cameras can mount EF lenses with a variety of adaptersLenses for the earlier Canon FD lens mount are not usable for general photography on an EF mount cameras, unless adapters with optical elements are used because they are made for a flange focal distance of only 42.0 mm. Most of these lenses require autofocus and aperture motors inside the body which isn't available in EOS bodies. Infinity focus would be lost with an adapter which lacks optical elements. The Canon FD-EOS adapter is rare and is only usable with certain FD telephoto lenses. With a manual connection, the aperture and focus controls of the lens cannot be controlled or read from the camera; the lens must be focused manually. Since the only possible metering is through-the-lens, the lens must be manually stopped down to accurately meter at anything less than full aperture. (This is called stop-down metering.)","title":"Versatility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yongnuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongnuo"},{"link_name":"Samyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyang_Optics"},{"link_name":"Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Kreuznach"},{"link_name":"Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Tamron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamron"},{"link_name":"Tokina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokina"},{"link_name":"Carl Zeiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG"},{"link_name":"reverse engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineered"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Third-party lenses","text":"Compatible third-party lenses with the EF lens mount are manufactured by Yongnuo, Samyang, Schneider, Sigma, Tamron, Tokina, Cosina and Carl Zeiss. The manufacturers of these lenses have reverse engineered the EOS electronics—except Zeiss, which does not have the rights to use the autofocus or the electronic aperture control of EOS cameras [citation needed]. The use of these third-party lenses is not supported by Canon. Sometimes compatibility problems arise, as no third party has access to Canon's specifications for camera-to-body communication.[5] These compatibility issues mostly occur when using a newer body with an older third-party lens. Over time, most of these issues have been resolved by the major third-party brands.","title":"Versatility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera"},{"link_name":"Red Digital Cinema Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema_Camera_Company"},{"link_name":"Blackmagic Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmagic_Design"},{"link_name":"Sony E-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_E-mount"}],"sub_title":"Third-party cameras","text":"Due to the high market penetration of EF-mount lenses, other camera manufacturers began to offer EF-mount cameras. Since the EF-mount was created for SLR cameras with their long focal flange distance, mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras can use EF lenses with a mechanical adaptor that bridges the distance.Red Digital Cinema Company offers various camera models that can be equipped with an electronic EF-mount.\nMany Blackmagic Design cameras are sold in EF-mount variants.\nFor Sony E-mount various adaptors enable using EF-mount lenses with full electronic control.","title":"Versatility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_Nomenclature.jpg"},{"link_name":"focusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(optics)"},{"link_name":"zoom lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_lens_distance_scale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_lens_FDRLS_FMS.jpg"},{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_lens_ISS_ISMS.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnathan_600mm-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnathan_600mm-9"},{"link_name":"Canon EF-S 18-200mm lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-S_18-200mm_lens"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS 7D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_7D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_17-40mm_f4L_USM_lens_mount.jpg"},{"link_name":"lens hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_hood"}],"text":"An EF lens showing its different controls and featuresCanon EF lenses typically have a number of controls, switches and physical features, used by the photographer to control the lens. The types and number of the controls can vary from lens to lens. With the most basic lenses having only a few, to the most complex having over a dozen different controls and switches.This is a list of the different controls and switches found on most Canon EF lenses, along with a detailed description on what they are used for.Lens mount index: This raised, round red mark is found on all EF lenses. It is used for matching the EF lens mount to the mount on an EOS body, so one can connect the lens to the body quickly.Focusing ring: This control, found on most EF lenses, is used for focusing the lens. It is usually a ring on the lens body, that can be turned.Zoom ring: This control is found on most EF zoom lenses. It is used for changing the focal length of the lens. The zoom ring usually has certain, common, focal lengths marked on it. To set the zoom ring to any given focal length, one must turn the ring so that the marked focal length matches the zoom index. The zoom index is typically a white, or black, line found next to the zoom ring.Distance scale of an EF lensDistance scale window: This feature is found on many EF lenses. This feature, while not a control or switch, is useful to the photographer for determining, or setting, the lens's focus distance. It is used in conjunction with the Focusing ring. When rotated, the distance scale will also rotate to show the changing focus distance. On some lenses the distance scale also has an infrared index. These are shown as red markings below the distance scale. This is used for making focus adjustments when the photographer is doing infrared photography, as lenses typically focus infrared light at a different point than visible light, and therefore achieving correct focus using visible light will result in an out-of-focus infrared image. To make an adjustment, first focus the subject, then turn the Focusing ring so it matches the corresponding infrared index mark.Focus mode, and focusing range switchesFocus mode switch: This switch is found on most EF lenses that have an autofocus feature. It is used for setting the lens to either autofocus mode, or manual focus. When set to autofocus mode (AF), the lens will autofocus when directed to by the camera. When set to manual focus (MF), the lens is focused using the Focusing ring. Some lenses support full-time manual focusing (FT-M), which allows the photographer to focus the lens manually even with the mode switch set to AF, without damaging the lens (as could happen if a lens without FT-M is manually focused while in AF mode).Focusing distance range limiter switch: This switch is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. It is used for limiting the focusing distance range of the lens when using it in autofocus mode. Most lenses have two settings; these are usually full focus range (from minimum focus distance to infinity), and distant focus range (from halfway point of focus range to infinity). Other lenses have three settings, with the additional setting usually being near focus range (from minimum focus distance to halfway point of focus range). Longer focal length lenses and macro lenses have a relatively long travel distance for the focusing mechanism inside the lens; this feature shortens the autofocus time. When the photographer knows they will not need a certain part of the focus distance range, limiting it will help shorten the autofocus time, and possibly prevent \"focus hunting\".Soft focus ring: This ring is found only on the 135 mm 'Soft Focus' prime lens, and enables a variable soft focus effect from completely sharp (0) to very soft (2), although it has little effect when used with apertures over f/5.6. Although the ring can be set to any position, two 'stops' are implemented at positions 1 and 2.Both types of image stabilizer switchesImage stabilizer switch: This switch is found on all EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer. It is used for turning the image stabilizer \"on\"( | ), or \"off\"( o ).Image stabilizer mode switch: This switch is found on many EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer, particularly those of longer focal lengths. The switch has two settings on most lenses: Mode 1 and Mode 2. The newest IS Mark II versions of certain EF super telephoto lenses (the 300mm f/2.8L,[6] 400mm f/2.8L,[7] 500mm f/4L,[8] and 600mm f/4L[9]), plus the 200–400mm f/4L IS[10] and 100–400mm f/4–5.6L IS II,[11] have a third setting, Mode 3. Mode 1 is normal mode, used for typical photography, where the subject does not move. Mode 2 is used for panning; this is useful for sports or wildlife photography, where the subject moves constantly and one will need to pan. Mode 3, intended to track action, is similar to Mode 2 in that it ignores panning; however, it only applies stabilization when the shutter is released—the viewfinder image is not stabilized.[9] One should not use Mode 1 for panning as this will typically cause blurred photographs; the image stabilizer will attempt to correct for all motion, including the panning motion, but cannot do so due to the limited range of motion of the IS mechanism. Older lenses that have an image stabilizer, but do not feature this switch, are permanently in Mode 1. Some newer lenses, such as the Canon EF-S 18-200mm lens, are able to detect if they are being panned in either axis and will automatically disable the stabilization for the axis parallel to movement and therefore do not require this switch.Autofocus stop buttons: These buttons are found on some super telephoto EF lenses, evenly spaced around the front collar of the lens. They are used for temporarily stopping the autofocus feature of the lens. Only one button needs to be pressed to activate the feature. To use this button, one must first have the autofocus active, then when one wishes to halt autofocus, one presses and holds the button. To resume autofocus, one releases the button. Some newer bodies allow these buttons to be assigned to perform other functions; for instance, the Canon EOS 7D allows the photographer to set these buttons to perform any of six functions.Focus preset: The focus preset feature is found on most super telephoto EF lenses. The focus preset feature uses one switch, one button, and one ring. It is used for presetting a given focus distance into memory, so that the photographer can quickly recall the focus distance, without the need for autofocus. The switch has three settings \"off\"( o ), \"on\"( | ), or \"on with sound\"( ((- ), and is used for turning on the feature, and deciding if sound is desired. The \"set\" button is used for saving the focus distance into memory. The focus preset ring is used for recalling the memory save point. It is a thin knurled ring, usually located in front of the Focusing ring. To use this feature, one must set the switch to either \"on\" or \"on with sound\", focus the lens to the desired distance, then press the \"set\" button. After this, when the feature is turned on, the photographer can turn the focus preset ring, and the lens will recall and focus quickly to the distance that was saved. This feature is useful for sports and birding photography (for instance, to allow rapid focusing on the goal or on a spot where the birds may perch).Rear gel filter holder on an EF lensFilter mounting: This mount is used for attaching filters to EF lenses. There are three types: front threaded mount, inner drop-in mount, and rear gelatin holders. Front threaded filters are used on most lenses, and are attached by threading and tightening the filter. Inner, drop-in filter mounts are used on super telephoto EF lenses. They are attached by first pressing the two buttons on the filter mount, and pulling it out. Then either a round threaded filter is attached, or one can use a gelatin filter. Rear gelatin filter holders are used by cutting out a sheet of gelatin, to the size shown on the back of the lens and then sliding it into the holder. Filter mounts are useful for all types of photography, and every EF lens has either one or two of the three types used.Lens hood mount: This feature is found on most EF lenses. This mount is used for attaching the lens hood. The hood mount is of a bayonet style on most EF lenses, though a clip-on style hood mount is used for a small selection of current lenses.Tripod collar: This feature is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. The tripod collar is used for attaching the tripod ring. There are two main styles of tripod rings. One type is opened up, placed on the lens' tripod collar, then closed and tightened. The other type does not open, but instead is slid up the lens from the mount end (which can only be done when the lens is not mounted on a camera body) and tightened. To set the tripod ring so that it is level with the lens, rotate the ring until the index mark on the tripod ring matches the index mark on the distance scale. The tripod ring is used for attaching a tripod/monopod near to the point of balance of the lens-body combination, more conveniently than the camera body. In the case of larger and heavier lenses, there is also less strain on the lens mount if the body is supported by the tripod-mounted lens than if the lens were to be supported by a tripod-mounted body.","title":"Controls and features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_Ultrasonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Ultrasonic motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor"},{"link_name":"EF 300 mm f/2.8L USM lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_300mm_f/2.8L_USM"},{"link_name":"full-time manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full-time_manual&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EF-S 18–135mm lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-S_18%E2%80%93135mm_lens"}],"sub_title":"Ultrasonic motor drive","text":"Ultrasonic logoUltrasonic motor (USM) lenses appeared with the introduction of the EF 300 mm f/2.8L USM lens in 1987. Canon was the first camera maker to successfully commercialise the USM technology. EF lenses equipped with USM drives have fast, silent and precise autofocus operations, and consume less power compared to other AF drive motors.There are three types of USMs: ring-type USM, micromotor USM, and Nano USM. Ring-type USM allows for full-time manual focus (FT-M) operations without switching out of AF mode. Micromotor USM is used to bring down the cost of the lens. It is possible to implement FT-M even with micromotor USM; however, it requires additional mechanical components, and the vast majority of micro-USM lenses do not offer such capability. Nano USM was introduced in 2016 with the release of Canon's latest iteration of the EF-S 18–135mm lens. It is intended to offer the AF speed of ring-type USM with the quietness of STM mechanisms (see below).Some older USM lenses are identified with a gold ring and the word \"Ultrasonic\" printed in gold on the lens barrel. L lenses with USM don't have the gold ring, but they still have the word \"Ultrasonic\" printed on the lens barrel.","title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_40mm_STM_lens_(focus_stacked_version).jpg"},{"link_name":"Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_40mm_lens"},{"link_name":"pancake lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_lens"},{"link_name":"stepping motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor"},{"link_name":"EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_650D"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Stepping motor","text":"Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM pancake lensCanon announced stepping motor (STM) lenses first in June 2012, alongside the EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i.Canon stated that this technology allows smooth and silent autofocus, and with compatible bodies (the first of which is the 650D) will provide continuous autofocus in live view and video.[12] Unlike USM, STM lenses use focus-by-wire to enable full-time manual mode. Two main disadvantages are linked to focus-by-wire: First, the need to computationally process the input before the intended action is executed leads to a sometimes perceptible lag. Second, using the motor requires power, so when an STM lens is not connected to a camera or the camera is switched off, changing the focus is impossible.All stepping-motor lenses are marked with the letters \"STM\" on the front of the lens as part of the model designation.","title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_300mm_f4L_IS_USM_Label.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canon EF 300mm f/4L IS USM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_300mm_f/4L_IS_USM"},{"link_name":"image stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization"},{"link_name":"75-300mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_75-300mm_lens"},{"link_name":"300mm f/4L IS USM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_300mm_lens"},{"link_name":"300mm f/2.8L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_300mm_lens"},{"link_name":"600mm f/4L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_600mm_lens"},{"link_name":"70–200mm f/2.8L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_70-200mm_lens"},{"link_name":"70–200 mm f/4L IS USM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_70-200mm_lens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"200mm f/2L IS USM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_200mm_lens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"100 mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_100mm_lens"},{"link_name":"Hybrid Image Stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Image_Stabilizer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"300mm f/2.8L IS II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_300mm_lens"},{"link_name":"400mm f/2.8L IS II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_400mm_lens"}],"sub_title":"Image stabilizer","text":"The image-stabilized Canon EF 300mm f/4L IS USM lensThe image stabilization (IS) technology detects handheld motion and optically corrects it. It only corrects handheld motion; if the subject of the photograph is moving, IS will not stop it. It also can only stabilize so much motion, ranging from two to five stops, depending on the specific IS in the lens. Canon has released several versions of the IS system, including the following:The first version, first used in the 75-300mm lens (1995), takes approximately one second to stabilize, provides approximately two stops of stability, is not suitable for use on a tripod, or for panning.\nThe 300mm f/4L IS USM lens, released in 1997, adds IS Mode 2, which detects whether panning is taking place horizontally or vertically, and only compensates for vibration in the plane perpendicular to the plane of panning.\nIn 1999, with the release of the IS super-telephoto lenses (300mm f/2.8L through 600mm f/4L), tripod detection was added, so that the lens could be used on a tripod with IS turned on.\nIn 2001, a new version of the Image Stabilizer was created for the 70–200mm f/2.8L. This version takes approximately 0.5s and can be stabilized up to three stops.\nIn 2006, the 70–200 mm f/4L IS USM was released with an Image Stabilizer which allows up to four stops of stabilization.[13]\nIn 2008, the 200mm f/2L IS USM was released with a new version of IS which allows up to five stops of stabilization.[14]\nIn 2009, the 100 mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM became the first Canon lens with a Hybrid Image Stabilizer.[15] In addition to correcting angular movement, Hybrid IS also corrects for shift movement.[16]\nIn 2011, with the release of the 300mm f/2.8L IS II and 400mm f/2.8L IS II, IS Mode 3 was added. This mode is similar to Mode 2, except that stabilization is applied only when the shutter is released.\nSome newer lenses include an Image Stabilizer which can automatically detect whether the user is panning and respond accordingly, and therefore these lenses do not have an IS mode switch.All EF lenses that support IS have the words \"Image Stabilizer\" written on the lens. On some of Canon's larger telephoto lenses, the words \"Image Stabilizer\" are etched onto a metal plate affixed to the lens.","title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_70-300_DO_MG_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diffractive optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractive_optics"},{"link_name":"chromatic aberration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration"}],"sub_title":"Diffractive optics","text":"The green-ringed EF 70–300 mm f/4.5–5.6 DO IS USMDiffractive optics (DO) are special lens elements that are used in some lenses. DO lenses are usually smaller and lighter and are better at handling chromatic aberration, compared to conventional lenses of similar focal length and aperture value. They are more expensive to make. Only the EF 400 mm f/4 DO IS USM, its updated Mark II version, and the EF 70–300 mm f/4.5–5.6 DO IS USM contain DO elements. DO lenses have a green ring on the barrel.","title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"fluorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite_glass"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"aspherical elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspherical_lens"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor"}],"sub_title":"L-series lenses","text":"Top range Canon EF lenses are designated \"L-series\", or \"Luxury\" lenses.[17] L series lenses are compatible with the full range of EF or EF-S mounts and, as they are aimed at the high-end user, most also include environmental or weather sealing and a constant maximum aperture. All L lenses are supplied complete with a hood and a pouch or case, which are not generally included with non-L lenses. Distinctive visual cues include a red ring around the lens and an off-white colour on longer-focal-length models. The latter also helps to reflect light and reduce heat absorption and subsequent internal expansion of lens components that can affect the image quality of long focal length lenses.[18]All L lenses include at least one fluorite, ultra-low-dispersion glass element, super ultra-low-dispersion glass element, and/or certain types of aspherical elements. (Note that a number of non-L lenses also use aspherical elements, and at least one non-L lens has a Super UD element.) Most L lenses feature an ultrasonic motor (USM) for focusing.","title":"Related technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-19"}],"text":"In 1987 Canon was the first to use USM (Ultra Sonic Motor) with the Canon EF 300mm f/2.8L USM.[19]In 1989 Canon was the first to create a full frame f/1.0 AF (AutoFocus) lens and the only one until today with the Canon EF 50mm f/1.0L USM.In 1993 Canon was the first to create an interchangeable 10× superzoom lens for SLR cameras. That lens was Canon EF 35-350mm f/3.5-5.6L USM.In 1993 Canon created the first Super UD (Ultra low Dispersion) lens with the Canon EF 400mm f/5.6L USM.In 1995 Canon created the first lens with IS (Image Stabilization). That lens was the Canon EF 75-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM.Canon in 2001 was the first to create a lens with DO (multi layered Diffractive Optical element) element. That lens was the Canon EF 400mm f/4 DO IS USM.Canon in 2008 created the first lens with SWC technology (Subwavelength Structure Coating). That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM.Canon in 2009 created the first lens with Hybrid IS (Image Stabilization) which compensates both angle camera shake and shift camera shake with the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM.Canon in 2010 was the first to create a lens with Fluoride coating. That lens was the Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM.Canon in 2011 made the first fisheye zoom lens, both circular and rectangular. That lens was the Canon EF 8-15mm f/4L Fisheye USM.Canon in 2012 made the first wide angle lens with Image Stabilization. That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM.Canon in 2013 created the first telephoto with built-in 1.4× extender. That lens was Canon EF 200-400mm f/4L IS USM Extender 1.4x.[19]","title":"Timeline of innovations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus"},{"link_name":"Exif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif"},{"link_name":"L series primes 135mm or longer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_L_lens#Telephoto_2"},{"link_name":"400mm DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_400mm_lens"},{"link_name":"70–200mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_70%E2%80%93200mm_lens"},{"link_name":"100–400mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_100-400mm_lens"},{"link_name":"200–400mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_200%E2%80%93400mm_lens"},{"link_name":"50mm Compact Macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_50mm_f/2.5_Compact_Macro_lens"},{"link_name":"Canon Extender EF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Extender_EF"},{"link_name":"teleconverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleconverter"}],"text":"The communication protocol between the camera and the lens is 8-data-bit, 1-stop-bit SPI (mode 3). The pins, from right to left on the lens, are:The information from the lens is used by the camera body for focusing and metering, and with digital camera bodies it is used to record the lens parameters in the Exif data in the images.All L series primes 135mm or longer, the 400mm DO, the 70–200mm zooms, the 100–400mm zooms, the\n200–400mm zoom and the 50mm Compact Macro have three additional communication pins. These additional pins are used by the Canon Extender EF adapters and the Life-Size Converter EF to indicate to the lens the change in focal length so that it is able to report the correct focal length and aperture to the camera body when mounted on a teleconverter. The lens also reduces autofocus speed when a teleconverter is attached to improve autofocus accuracy.","title":"Communication protocol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zoom"},{"link_name":"zoom lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens"},{"link_name":"Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Prime"},{"link_name":"prime lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lens"}],"text":"The \"I\", \"II\", \"III\" Roman numeral suffix after the focal length(s) indicates the generation number. While I is used in the table below, it is not used in official Canon model numbers; the original model lacks a Roman numeral and only the second and subsequent generations have them. Roman numerals are used only when the entire model designation—focal length(s), aperture, IS, DO, L status, and motor mechanism—is identical from one version to the next. This means, for example, that when Canon introduced IS to lenses whose prior versions lacked that feature (24mm, 28mm, 35mm IS primes in 2012, 16–35mm IS zoom in 2014), the first IS versions lacked Roman numerals.The EF lenses are grouped below by their focal lengths:Zoom: for zoom lenses that have a range of focal lengths\nPrime: for prime lenses that have a single focal length","title":"List of Canon EF lenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_35-70mm_F3.5-4.5_lens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canon EF 35–70 mm f/3.5–4.5 lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF_35-70mm_lens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EF_lenses.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Zoom","text":"Canon EF 35–70 mm f/3.5–4.5 lensTwo EF lenses and an EF-S lens (center).","title":"List of Canon EF lenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"}],"sub_title":"Prime","text":"^ 0.5× magnification only. When paired with the \"Life-Size Converter EF\", a separate accessory, the lens provides up to 1.0× magnification but at the loss of infinity focus.","title":"List of Canon EF lenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1-5x Macro lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_MP-E_65mm_f/2.8_1-5x_Macro_lens"}],"text":"Canon has two further types of lenses compatible with the EF mount: Tilt-shift and the 1-5x Macro lens, which are not designated EF, but TS-E and MP-E respectively. TS stands for Tilt-shift while MP stands for macro-photo. These types of lenses are not designated EF as they are manual-focus only lenses. They do, however, retain electronic aperture control as well as focus confirmation.","title":"Exceptions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special","title":"Exceptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Surpasses 100 Million EF Lenses Produced\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.photographybay.com/2014/04/30/canon-surpasses-100-million-ef-lenses-produced/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-canon_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-canon_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"History Hall 1987-1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//global.canon/en/c-museum/history/story07.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-markerink_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EOS_M_press_release_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Put Your Creativity into Motion with the New EOS M Digital Camera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120922081807/http://www.usa.canon.com/cusa/consumer/news_events/press_releases?pageKeyCode=pressreldetail&docId=0901e024805d7bdb"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usa.canon.com/cusa/consumer/news_events/press_releases?pageKeyCode=pressreldetail&docId=0901e024805d7bdb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Part III – Lenses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111222143222/http://photonotes.org/articles/beginner-faq/lenses.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//photonotes.org/articles/beginner-faq/lenses.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 300mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-300mm-f-2.8-L-IS-II-USM-Lens-Review.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 400mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-400mm-f-2.8-L-IS-II-USM-Lens-Review.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 500mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-500mm-f-4-L-IS-II-USM-Lens-Review.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carnathan_600mm_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carnathan_600mm_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 600mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-600mm-f-4-L-IS-II-USM-Lens-Review.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 200-400mm f/4 L IS USM Extender 1.4x Lens Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-200-400mm-f-4-L-IS-USM-Extender-1.4x-Lens-Review.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Canon U.S.A. Introduces New Super-Telephoto Zoom Lens, The Compact And Highly Mobile Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usa.canon.com/cusa/about_canon?pageKeyCode=pressreldetail&docId=0901e02480d957ad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The New EOS Rebel T4i DSLR Camera Puts The Power And Creativity of DSLR Stills And Video at Your Fingertips\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usa.canon.com/cusa/about_canon?pageKeyCode=pressreldetail&docId=0901e0248057dd10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"EF70-200mm f/4L IS USM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//global.canon/en/c-museum/product/ef391.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Camera Museum 124; Technology Hall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120105153107/http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/tech/report/f_index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canon.com/camera-museum/tech/report/f_index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Canon announces the arrival of the first EF lens to feature Hybrid IS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpreview.com/news/0909/09090102canon100mmmacro.asp#press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"New Canon Hybrid IS world's first Image Stabilizer to compensate for two types of camera shake\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpreview.com/news/0907/09072207canonhybridis.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"EF Lens System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090218004639/http://web.canon.jp/Imaging/eos/system/ef_lens_system-e.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.canon.jp/Imaging/eos/system/ef_lens_system-e.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Lenses: Black or white lenses?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/infobank/lenses/black_or_white_lenses.do"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-web.archive.org_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-web.archive.org_19-1"},{"link_name":"\"75 years of optics - Explore the world of Canon optics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150208141517/http://glassfirst.usa.canon.com/heritage/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//glassfirst.usa.canon.com/heritage/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Photo.net: Canon EF focusing protocol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//photo.net/canon-eos-digital-camera-forum/005nXu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1.4%C3%97_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Extender EF 1.4x Parts Catalog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//f20c.com/stuff/canon/partslist/EXTENDER%20EF%201.4X.PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2%C3%97_22-0"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Extender EF 2.0x Parts Catalog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//f20c.com/stuff/canon/partslist/EXTENDER%20EF%202X.PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LSC_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Life Size Converter Parts Catalog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ozerki.net/photosight/PhotoDocs/Manuals/partlist/Lens/Life%20Size%20Converter%20EF.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_24-1"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Updates Lineup of EF L-Series Telephoto Zoom Lenses With the Introduction of EF 70-200MM F/4L II USM and EF 70-200MM F/2.8L IS II USM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/about/newsroom/press-releases/press-release-details/2018/20180607-lens/20180607-lens"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Specification\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151027201056/http://www.usa.canon.com/cusa/consumer/products/cameras/ef_lens_lineup/ef_70_300mm_f_4_5_6l_is_usm#Specifications"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usa.canon.com/cusa/consumer/products/cameras/ef_lens_lineup/ef_70_300mm_f_4_5_6l_is_usm#Specifications"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS II USM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/products/details/lenses/ef/telephoto-zoom/ef-70-300mm-f-4-5-6-is-ii-usm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Canon U.S.A. Expands Its Lens Portfolio with the New EF 85mm F/1.4L IS USM Lens And Their First-Ever Macro Tilt-Shift Lenses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170829123200/https://www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/about/newsroom/press-releases/press-release-details/2017/20170829-Lens/20170829-Lens"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/about/newsroom/press-releases/press-release-details/2017/20170829-Lens/20170829-Lens"}],"text":"^ Eric Reagan (30 April 2014). \"Canon Surpasses 100 Million EF Lenses Produced\". Photography Bay.\n\n^ a b \"History Hall 1987-1991\". Canon Camera Museum. Retrieved 23 June 2017.\n\n^ W.J. Markerink maintains an article on Camera Mounts & Registers which gives much more detail about flange focal distances and lens compatibility.\n\n^ \"Put Your Creativity into Motion with the New EOS M Digital Camera\" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.\n\n^ NK Guy (6 January 2007). \"Part III – Lenses\". Canon EOS Beginners' FAQ. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011.\n\n^ Carnathan, Bryan (10 November 2011). \"Canon EF 300mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review\". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.\n\n^ Carnathan, Bryan. \"Canon EF 400mm f/2.8 L IS II USM Lens Review\". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.\n\n^ Carnathan, Bryan (26 September 2012). \"Canon EF 500mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review\". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.\n\n^ a b Carnathan, Bryan (27 September 2012). \"Canon EF 600mm f/4 L IS II USM Lens Review\". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.\n\n^ Carnathan, Bryan (18 November 2013). \"Canon EF 200-400mm f/4 L IS USM Extender 1.4x Lens Review\". The-Digital-Picture.com. Retrieved 11 January 2014.\n\n^ \"Canon U.S.A. Introduces New Super-Telephoto Zoom Lens, The Compact And Highly Mobile Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM\" (Press release). Canon U.S.A. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.\n\n^ \"The New EOS Rebel T4i DSLR Camera Puts The Power And Creativity of DSLR Stills And Video at Your Fingertips\" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.\n\n^ \"EF70-200mm f/4L IS USM\". Canon Camera Museum. Canon. Retrieved 23 June 2017.\n\n^ \"Canon Camera Museum 124; Technology Hall\". Canon.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013.\n\n^ \"Canon announces the arrival of the first EF lens to feature Hybrid IS\". Dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013.\n\n^ \"New Canon Hybrid IS world's first Image Stabilizer to compensate for two types of camera shake\". Dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013.\n\n^ Canon. \"EF Lens System\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2008.\n\n^ \"Lenses: Black or white lenses?\". Canon Europe.\n\n^ a b \"75 years of optics - Explore the world of Canon optics\". glassfirst.usa.canon.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Photo.net: Canon EF focusing protocol\". Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n\n^ \"Canon Extender EF 1.4x Parts Catalog\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Canon Extender EF 2.0x Parts Catalog\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Canon Life Size Converter Parts Catalog\" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2009.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b \"Canon Updates Lineup of EF L-Series Telephoto Zoom Lenses With the Introduction of EF 70-200MM F/4L II USM and EF 70-200MM F/2.8L IS II USM\". usa.canon.com.\n\n^ Canon. \"Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Specification\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.\n\n^ Canon. \"EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS II USM\". Retrieved 16 September 2016.\n\n^ \"Canon U.S.A. Expands Its Lens Portfolio with the New EF 85mm F/1.4L IS USM Lens And Their First-Ever Macro Tilt-Shift Lenses\" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Number of Canon EF lenses sold over time (red), compared with Nikon F mount lenses (blue)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canon_vs_nikon_number_of_lenses.svg/220px-Canon_vs_nikon_number_of_lenses.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The EF mount of a Canon EOS 50","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canon_EF_camera_mount.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_camera_mount.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electronics of an EF-S lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Canon_EF_IMG_0067.JPG/220px-Canon_EF_IMG_0067.JPG"},{"image_text":"An EF lens showing its different controls and features","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Canon_EF_Nomenclature.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_Nomenclature.jpg"},{"image_text":"Distance scale of an EF lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Canon_EF_lens_distance_scale.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_lens_distance_scale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Focus mode, and focusing range switches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canon_EF_lens_FDRLS_FMS.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_lens_FDRLS_FMS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Both types of image stabilizer switches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Canon_EF_lens_ISS_ISMS.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_lens_ISS_ISMS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear gel filter holder on an EF lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canon_EF_17-40mm_f4L_USM_lens_mount.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_17-40mm_f4L_USM_lens_mount.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ultrasonic logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Canon_Ultrasonic.svg/220px-Canon_Ultrasonic.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM pancake lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canon_EF_40mm_STM_lens_%28focus_stacked_version%29.jpg/240px-Canon_EF_40mm_STM_lens_%28focus_stacked_version%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The image-stabilized Canon EF 300mm f/4L IS USM lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canon_EF_300mm_f4L_IS_USM_Label.JPG/220px-Canon_EF_300mm_f4L_IS_USM_Label.JPG"},{"image_text":"The green-ringed EF 70–300 mm f/4.5–5.6 DO IS USM","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canon_70-300_DO_MG_2020.jpg/220px-Canon_70-300_DO_MG_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canon EF 35–70 mm f/3.5–4.5 lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canon_EF_35-70mm_F3.5-4.5_lens.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_35-70mm_F3.5-4.5_lens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two EF lenses and an EF-S lens (center).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canon_EF_lenses.jpg/220px-Canon_EF_lenses.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Canon FD lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_FD_lens_mount"},{"title":"Canon EF-S lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-S_lens_mount"},{"title":"Canon EF-M lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EF-M_lens_mount"},{"title":"Canon RF lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_RF_lens_mount"}]

[{"reference":"Eric Reagan (30 April 2014). \"Canon Surpasses 100 Million EF Lenses Produced\". Photography Bay.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.photographybay.com/2014/04/30/canon-surpasses-100-million-ef-lenses-produced/","url_text":"\"Canon Surpasses 100 Million EF Lenses Produced\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Hall 1987-1991\". Canon Camera Museum. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.canon/en/c-museum/history/story07.html","url_text":"\"History Hall 1987-1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Put Your Creativity into Motion with the New EOS M Digital Camera\" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. 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Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829123200/https://www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/about/newsroom/press-releases/press-release-details/2017/20170829-Lens/20170829-Lens","url_text":"\"Canon U.S.A. Expands Its Lens Portfolio with the New EF 85mm F/1.4L IS USM Lens And Their First-Ever Macro Tilt-Shift Lenses\""},{"url":"https://www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/about/newsroom/press-releases/press-release-details/2017/20170829-Lens/20170829-Lens","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (12 April 2021). \"Canon discontinues the EF 100mm f/2 USM and EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-discontinues-the-ef-100mm-f-2-usm-and-ef-24mm-f-2-8-is-usm/","url_text":"\"Canon discontinues the EF 100mm f/2 USM and EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (30 March 2021). \"Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM officially discontinued\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-ef-40mm-f-2-8-stm-officially-discontinued/","url_text":"\"Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM officially discontinued\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (31 March 2021). \"Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L IS II USM & Canon EF 85mm f/1.2L USM II Discontinued\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. 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Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-discontinues-the-ef-100mm-f-2-usm-and-ef-24mm-f-2-8-is-usm/","url_text":"\"Canon discontinues the EF 100mm f/2 USM and EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (19 March 2021). \"Is the EF purge beginning? The EF 200mm f/2L IS USM is now listed as discontinued\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/is-the-ef-purge-beginning-the-ef-200mm-f-2l-is-usm-is-now-listed-as-discontinued/","url_text":"\"Is the EF purge beginning? The EF 200mm f/2L IS USM is now listed as discontinued\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon. \"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/recently-discontinued-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon. \"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/recently-discontinued-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon. \"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/recently-discontinued-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon. \"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/recently-discontinued-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Recently Discontinued EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]},{"reference":"Rumors, Canon (8 April 2021). \"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\". Canon Rumors - Your best source for Canon rumors, leaks and gossip. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canonrumors.com/canon-officially-discontinues-a-lot-more-ef-lenses/","url_text":"\"Canon officially discontinues a lot more EF lenses\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peck_(cricketer)

Michael Peck (cricketer)

["1 References","2 External links"]

English cricketer Michael PeckPersonal informationFull nameMichael John PeckBorn (1967-01-23) 23 January 1967 (age 57)Creeting St Mary, Suffolk, EnglandBattingRight-handedDomestic team information YearsTeam1988–1995Suffolk Career statistics Competition List A Matches 2 Runs scored 49 Batting average 24.50 100s/50s –/– Top score 49 Balls bowled – Wickets – Bowling average – 5 wickets in innings – 10 wickets in match – Best bowling – Catches/stumpings 1/–Source: Cricinfo, 5 July 2011 Michael John Peck (born 23 January 1967) is a former English cricketer. Peck was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Creeting St Mary, Suffolk. Peck made his debut for Suffolk in the 1988 Minor Counties Championship against Durham. Peck played Minor counties cricket for Suffolk from 1988 to 1995, which included 51 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 6 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Worcestershire in the 1990 NatWest Trophy. In this match he was dismissed for a duck by Ian Botham. He made a further List A appearance against Gloucestershire in the 1995 NatWest Trophy. In this match, he scored 49 runs from 106 balls, before being dismissed by David Boden. He is a cousin of the ethologist Jeremy Marchant Forde. References ^ "Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Michael Peck". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Michael Peck". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "Suffolk v Worcestershire, 1990 NatWest Trophy". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "List A Matches played by Michael Peck". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "Gloucestershire v Suffolk, 1995 NatWest Trophy". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 July 2011. External links Michael Peck at ESPNcricinfo Michael Peck at CricketArchive

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Welch

Ivo Welch

["1 References","2 External links"]

German economist Ivo WelchBorn (1963-10-04) October 4, 1963 (age 60)Schweinfurt, West GermanyNationalityAmericanGermanAlma materUniversity of Chicago, PhD 1991University of Chicago, MBA 1988Columbia University, BA 1985Known forFinancial economicsInformational CascadesScientific careerFieldsEconomistInstitutionsUCLA 2011-Brown University 2004-2011Yale University 2000-2005UCLA 1989-2000Doctoral advisorMilton Harris (thesis advisor) Ivo Welch, a German-born economist and finance academic. He is the J. Fred Weston Professor of Finance at UCLA Anderson School of Management. He completed his BA in computer science in 1985 at Columbia University, and both his MBA and PhD in finance at the University of Chicago. His research has focused on financial economics and informational cascades. Publications include articles in academic journals and the popular press, in addition to a self published Corporate Finance textbook. He was previously on the faculties of the Yale School of Management (Professor of Economics and Finance) and Brown University's economics department (Professor of Financial Economics). He is an National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Research Associate. He has been editor of the Critical Finance Review since inception. Professor Welch is a two-time recipient of the Michael Brennan Award. He ranked about 50th by downloads on SSRN. in 2014, but has since slipped to 100th (by 2021), both by downloads and by cites. In 2006, he ranked 54th on the Web of Science list of "Most-Cited Scientists in Economics & Business"; in 2007 (the last year of the rankings), he ranked 57th. On Google Scholar, his work had gathered about 53,000 cites in 2024, increasing by about 2,800 cites per year thereafter. In the German Handelsblatt VWL Rankings of economists with German background 2019, his life work was ranked second (behind Roman Inderst) for finance professors and sixth among all economics professor. He is a Humboldt Foundation 2015 fellow. References ^ "Ivo Welch". www.ivo-welch.info. ^ "Ivo Welch, Distinguished Professor of Finance, J. Fred Weston Chair in Finance". UCLA Anderson School of Management. Faculty Page. ^ Welch, Ivo (2008). "About the Author (Ivo Welch)". Corporate Finance: An Introduction. ISBN 978-0321277992. ^ Bikhchandani, Suchil; Hirshleifer, David; Welch, Ivo (1992). "A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades". Journal of Political Economy. 100 (5): 992–1026. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.578. doi:10.1086/261849. JSTOR 2138632. S2CID 7784814. ^ "Ivo Welch at IDEAS". IDEAS. Retrieved 8 August 2013. ^ Welch, Ivo. Corporate Finance (Latest ed.). ^ "Ivo Welch, Professor of Economics and Finance". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on 2004-08-14. ^ "Ivo Welch, Professor of Economics and Finance". Brown University. Archived from the original on 2004-08-12. Retrieved December 8, 2004. Archived Faculty Page. ^ "Ivo Welch". NBER.org. National Bureau of Economic Research. ^ "Ivo Welch". SSRN. Elsevier. Author Page. ^ "Most-Cited Scientists in Economics & Business". Web of Science. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2008-02-09. ^ "Most-Cited Scientists in Economics & Business". Web of Science. 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-06-09. ^ "VWL-Ranking 2019". Handelsblatt. Handelsblatt. External links Welch, Ivo. Corporate Finance (Latest ed.). Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics ORCID Publons ResearcherID This biography of an American economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Davis_Cup_team

Ghana Davis Cup team

["1 History","2 Current team (2022)","3 See also","4 External links"]

The Ghana Davis Cup team represents Ghana in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Ghana Tennis Association. They have not competed since 2015. They competed in Group I in 1990. History Ghana competed in its first Davis Cup in 1988. Current team (2022) Isaac Nortey Samuel Agbesi Osei Antwi Johnson Acquah Reginald Nii Okai Ocantey Frederick Egyir (Captain-player) See also Davis Cup External links Team page on DavisCup.com, the official website of the Davis Cup vte National sports teams of Ghana Badminton Baseball Basketball M M-U18 W Beach soccer Cricket M W Football M M-Local team M-U23 M-U20 M-U17 W W-U20 W-U17 Field hockey M W Futsal Handball M W Rugby league Rugby union Tennis Volleyball Olympics Paralympics Commonwealth Games vteDavis Cup Current champions (2023):  Italy Editions 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 World Groups / Finals 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 World Groups play-offs 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Qualifying rounds 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 2023 Davis Cup Finals teams  Australia  Canada  Chile  Croatia  Czech Republic  Finland  France  Great Britain  Italy  Netherlands  Serbia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden   Switzerland  United States Former World Group / Finals teams  Argentina  Austria  Belgium  Brazil  Belarus  Colombia  Cuba  Czechoslovakia  Denmark  Ecuador  Germany  Hungary  India  Indonesia  Ireland  Israel  Japan  Kazakhstan  Mexico  Morocco  New Zealand  Paraguay  Peru  Poland  Romania  Russia  Slovakia  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Zimbabwe Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Croatian Cuban Czech Czechoslovak Danish Dutch Ecuadorian Finnish French German Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Kazakhstani Korean Kosovar Mexican Montenegrin Moroccan New Zealand Peruvian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovakian South African Soviet Spanish Swedish Swiss Yugoslavian Zimbabwean List of champions Winning players This article about sport in Ghana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Davis Cup tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bep_van_Klaveren

Bep van Klaveren

["1 Biography","2 Gallery","3 Professional boxing record","4 References"]

Dutch boxer (1907–1992) In this Dutch name, the surname is van Klaveren, not Klaveren. Bep van KlaverenBep van Klaveren in Australia in 1935Personal informationFull nameLambertus van KlaverenNicknameThe Dutch WindmillNationality NetherlandsBorn(1907-09-26)26 September 1907Rotterdam, the NetherlandsDied12 February 1992(1992-02-12) (aged 84)Rotterdam, the NetherlandsHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight57 kg (126 lb)SportSportBoxingWeight classFeatherweightClubSchilperoord, Rotterdam Medal record Representing the  Netherlands Olympic Games 1928 Amsterdam Featherweight Lambertus "Bep" van Klaveren (26 September 1907 – 12 February 1992) was a Dutch boxer, who won the gold medal in the featherweight division at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Van Klaveren remains the only Dutch boxer to have won an Olympic gold medal. His younger brother Piet competed as a boxer at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Biography Born in Rotterdam as Lambertus Steenhorst, he adopted the name of his stepfather Pieter van Klaveren when he was eight. After primary school, he worked as a butcher's assistant and fought in his spare time. He seriously took up boxing aged 16, and around that time changed to a vegetarian diet believing it fits better for a boxer. In 1926 he won the national flyweight title and in 1927–29 the featherweight title. After his Olympic success in 1928, he received a hero’s welcome in his hometown Rotterdam and was presented to the Dutch Queen and her prince consort. In 1929 van Klaveren began a long career of professional boxer, which ended in 1956. In 1931 he became European champion in the lightweight division and in 1938 he won the same title in the middleweight division. During his professional tenure, van Klaveren fought on four continents and won fights against Ceferino Garcia and Kid Azteca. He also faced Hall of Famers Young Corbett III and Billy Petrolle. In 1935 van Klaveren married Margarite Olivera, daughter of a banker. He lost much money through her excessive lifestyle and through his boxing manager. Van Klaveren was sentenced for one year for assaulting Olivera. He was released on bail after three months and fled to Rotterdam, leaving behind all his possessions. During World War II van Klaveren served overseas with the Dutch army. He then moved to Australia with his second wife, an Australian nurse, and worked there as a sports teacher, dock worker, bouncer, and boxing instructor. He then returned to Rotterdam and retired in 1948, but returned to the ring in 1954 and won 11 out of 12 bouts. He retired for good in 1956 after an unsuccessful attempt to win the European welterweight title. The same year he married for the third time, and for several years ran a cigar shop with his wife, though with little success. He continued to train through all his life and did not smoke or drink alcohol. He died in 1992 in his native Rotterdam, aged 84. The same year a memorial statue of van Klaveren was installed in Rotterdam. The annual Bep van Klaveren boxing memorial was launched in 1993, and became the largest boxing competition in the Netherlands. Gallery The statue of Bep van Klaveren in Rotterdam Bep van Klaveren 1928 1932 match against Cleto Locatelli Bep van Klaveren vs Kid Pompeij in Amsterdam, 15 February 1954 Bep van Klaveren 1982 Professional boxing record 110 fights 80 wins 21 losses By knockout 21 4 By decision 59 15 By disqualification 0 2 Draws 9 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Age Location Notes 110 Loss 80–21–9 Werner Handtke TKO 5 (10) Mar 19, 1956 48 years, 172 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 109 Loss 80–20–9 Idrissa Dione PTS 15 Nov 28, 1955 48 years, 60 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands For European welterweight title 108 Win 80–19–9 Horst Garz PTS 10 Sep 26, 1955 47 years, 362 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 107 Win 79–19–9 Freddi Teichmann PTS 10 May 16, 1955 47 years, 229 days Kurzaal, Scheveningen, Netherlands 106 Win 78–19–9 Emil Koch PTS 10 Mar 21, 1955 47 years, 173 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 105 Win 77–19–9 Rafael da Silva PTS 10 Jan 17, 1955 47 years, 110 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 104 Win 76–19–9 Terry Ratcliffe TKO 8 (10) Nov 1, 1954 47 years, 33 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 103 Win 75–19–9 Jimmy Lyggett PTS 10 Oct 4, 1954 47 years, 5 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 102 Loss 74–19–9 Terry Ratcliffe TKO 4 (10) Sep 6, 1954 46 years, 342 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 101 Win 74–18–9 Herbert Glaser KO 2 (10) Jun 21, 1954 46 years, 265 days Ahoy'-hal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 100 Win 73–18–9 Santos Martins PTS 10 May 21, 1954 46 years, 234 days Kurzaal, Scheveningen, Netherlands 99 Win 72–18–9 Alois Dewulf PTS 10 Apr 15, 1954 46 years, 198 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 98 Win 71–18–9 Kit Pompey PTS 10 Feb 15, 1954 46 years, 139 days Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, Netherlands 97 Win 70–18–9 Tino Pierluigi PTS 8 Jan 7, 1954 46 years, 100 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 96 Win 69–18–9 Francois Blanchard TD 6 (10) Nov 30, 1948 41 years, 62 days RAI, Amsterdam, Netherlands The bout was halted after round 6 because of a cut over Blanchard's right eye 95 Win 68–18–9 Jean Wanes PTS 10 Nov 16, 1948 41 years, 48 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 94 Win 67–18–9 Albert Heyen TKO 1 (10) Nov 2, 1948 41 years, 34 days Rubenspaleis, Antwerpen, Belgium 93 Win 66–18–9 Hans Norbert KO 3 (10) Jul 28, 1948 40 years, 303 days RAI, Amsterdam, Netherlands 92 Win 65–18–9 Harry Bos TKO 5 (10) Jul 15, 1948 40 years, 290 days Apollohal, Amsterdam, Netherlands 91 Win 64–18–9 Harry Bos TKO 4 (10) Jun 22, 1948 40 years, 267 days Apollohal, Amsterdam, Netherlands 90 Loss 63–18–9 Luc van Dam PTS 15 May 15, 1948 40 years, 229 days Apollohal, Amsterdam, Netherlands For Dutch middleweight title 89 Win 63–17–9 Leon Fouquet PTS 10 Apr 21, 1948 40 years, 205 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 88 Win 62–17–9 Des Jones PTS 10 Apr 6, 1948 40 years, 190 days Apollohal, Amsterdam, Netherlands 87 Loss 61–17–9 Luc van Dam TD 9 (12) Sep 5, 1947 39 years, 341 days Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, Netherlands Lost Dutch middleweight title;The referee halted the fight because of a cut on Van Kleveren's cheek 86 Win 61–16–9 Luc van Dam TD 5 (15) Aug 10, 1947 39 years, 315 days Stadion Feijenoord, Rotterdam, Netherlands Won Dutch middleweight title;The referee halted the fight because of a cut on Van Dam's cheek 85 Win 60–16–9 George Posno TKO 5 (10) May 13, 1947 39 years, 226 days Rivièrahal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 84 Win 59–16–9 Jan Schoen KO 4 (10) Apr 15, 1947 39 years, 198 days Hotel Krasnapolsky, Amsterdam, Netherlands 83 Draw 58–16–9 Paul Altman PTS 6 Sep 15, 1942 34 years, 351 days Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US 82 Win 58–16–8 Mickey Daniels PTS 10 Sep 19, 1941 33 years, 355 days Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California, US 81 Loss 57–16–8 Milt Aaron UD 10 Mar 14, 1940 32 years, 167 days Coliseum, Chicago, Illinois, US 80 Draw 57–15–8 Augie Arellano PTS 8 Feb 24, 1940 32 years, 148 days Ridgewood Grove, New York City, New York, US 79 Win 57–15–7 Jay Macedon PTS 8 Jan 27, 1940 32 years, 120 days Ridgewood Grove, New York City, New York, US 78 Win 56–15–7 Ernie Vigh PTS 8 Jan 9, 1940 32 years, 102 days New York Coliseum, New York City, New York, US 77 Win 55–15–7 Cleto Locatelli PTS 10 Jul 24, 1939 31 years, 298 days Doelentuin, Rotterdam, Netherlands 76 Win 54–15–7 Assane Diouf PTS 10 Jun 25, 1939 31 years, 269 days Stadion Feijenoord, Rotterdam, Netherlands 75 Win 53–15–7 Al Baker PTS 10 May 14, 1939 31 years, 227 days Doelentuin, Rotterdam, Netherlands 74 Win 52–15–7 Victor Janas PTS 10 Apr 3, 1939 31 years, 186 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 73 Draw 51–15–7 Jupp Besselmann PTS 12 Mar 9, 1939 31 years, 161 days Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin, Nazi Germany 72 Win 51–15–6 Paddy Roche PTS 10 Feb 13, 1939 31 years, 137 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 71 Loss 50–15–6 Anton Christoforidis PTS 15 Nov 14, 1938 31 years, 46 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands Lost European middleweight title 70 Win 50–14–6 Henry Rothier PTS 10 Oct 17, 1938 31 years, 18 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 69 Win 49–14–6 Edouard Tenet PTS 15 Jul 17, 1938 30 years, 291 days Stadion Feijenoord, Rotterdam, Netherlands Won European middleweight title 68 Win 48–14–6 Anton Christoforidis PTS 10 May 23, 1938 30 years, 236 days Nenijtohal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 67 Win 47–14–6 Jean Simon PTS 10 Mar 21, 1938 30 years, 173 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 66 Win 46–14–6 Kid Tunero PTS 10 Feb 7, 1938 30 years, 131 days Nenijtohal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 65 Win 45–14–6 Pierre Stepanci PTS 10 Jan 10, 1938 30 years, 103 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 64 Win 44–14–6 Jack Ulrich RTD 3 (10) Dec 10, 1937 30 years, 72 days Hotel Krasnapolsky, Amsterdam, Netherlands 63 Win 43–14–6 Nestor Charlier PTS 10 Nov 8, 1937 30 years, 40 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 62 Win 42–14–6 Gilbert Jamsin TKO 4 (10) Oct 11, 1937 30 years, 12 days Hotel Krasnapolsky, Amsterdam, Netherlands 61 Loss 41–14–6 Gustav Eder KO 8 (10) Jul 11, 1937 29 years, 285 days Nenijtohal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 60 Win 41–13–6 Jomme Wegner TKO 6 (10) May 10, 1937 29 years, 223 days De Doelen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 59 Win 40–13–6 Charles Pernot PTS 10 Feb 8, 1937 29 years, 132 days Nenijtohal, Rotterdam, Netherlands 58 Loss 39–13–6 Glen Lee PTS 10 Nov 6, 1936 29 years, 38 days Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, US 57 Loss 39–12–6 Jack Carroll PTS 15 Feb 6, 1936 28 years, 130 days Sydney Sports Ground, Sydney, Australia 56 Loss 39–11–6 Jack Carroll PTS 15 Dec 26, 1935 28 years, 88 days Sydney Sports Ground, Sydney, Australia 55 Draw 39–10–6 Al Manfredo PTS 10 Jul 12, 1935 27 years, 286 days Frank Chance Field, Fresno, California, US 54 Win 39–10–5 Kid Azteca PTS 10 May 24, 1935 27 years, 237 days Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, US 53 Win 38–10–5 Carlos Salomon PTS 10 Apr 9, 1935 27 years, 192 days Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US 52 Loss 37–10–5 Young Corbett III PTS 10 Feb 22, 1935 27 years, 146 days Kezar Stadium, San Francisco, California, US 51 Loss 37–9–5 Young Corbett III PTS 10 Jan 28, 1935 27 years, 121 days Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California, US 50 Win 37–8–5 Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Dec 7, 1934 27 years, 69 days Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, US 49 Loss 36–8–5 Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Oct 30, 1934 27 years, 31 days Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US 48 Draw 36–7–5 Joe Rossi PTS 10 May 9, 1934 26 years, 222 days Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 47 Win 36–7–4 Eddie Shapiro TKO 7 (10) Apr 30, 1934 26 years, 213 days Carlin's Park, Baltimore, Maryland, US 46 Win 35–7–4 Frankie Petrolle PTS 10 Mar 16, 1934 26 years, 168 days 104th Regiment Armory, Baltimore, Maryland, US 45 Win 34–7–4 Phil Rafferty PTS 10 Jan 25, 1934 26 years, 118 days Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 44 Win 33–7–4 Benny Levine KO 3 (10) Jan 13, 1934 26 years, 106 days Ridgewood Grove, New York City, New York, US 43 Win 32–7–4 Tony Falco PTS 10 Jan 5, 1934 26 years, 98 days Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 42 Win 31–7–4 Stanislaus Loayza PTS 10 Nov 16, 1933 26 years, 48 days Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 41 Loss 30–7–4 Billy Petrolle RTD 4 (10) Jul 12, 1933 25 years, 286 days Polo Grounds, New York City, New York, US 40 Win 30–6–4 Herman Perlick PTS 10 Jun 5, 1933 25 years, 249 days Bonacker's Stadium, Rensselaer, New York, US 39 Win 29–6–4 Jimmy Phillips PTS 8 Mar 31, 1933 25 years, 183 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 38 Win 28–6–4 Baby Joe Gans PTS 8 Mar 17, 1933 25 years, 169 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 37 Win 27–6–4 Phil Rafferty PTS 10 Jan 9, 1933 25 years, 102 days St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 36 Win 26–6–4 Eddie Ran PTS 10 Nov 28, 1932 25 years, 60 days St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 35 Win 25–6–4 Paolo Villa PTS 8 Nov 21, 1932 25 years, 53 days St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 34 Loss 24–6–4 Cleto Locatelli PTS 15 Jul 17, 1932 24 years, 292 days Wielerbaan Kralingen, Rotterdam, Netherlands Lost European lightweight title 33 Win 24–5–4 Victor Deckmyn TKO 5 (10) Jun 5, 1932 24 years, 250 days Wielerbaan Kralingen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 32 Win 23–5–4 Len Tiger Smith PTS 10 May 2, 1932 24 years, 216 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 31 Draw 22–5–4 François Sybille SD 15 Mar 26, 1932 24 years, 179 days Palais des Sports, Schaerbeek, Belgium Retained European lightweight title 30 Loss 22–5–3 Louis Saerens SD 10 Jan 5, 1932 24 years, 98 days Rubenspaleis, Antwerpen, Belgium 29 Win 22–4–3 Henri Scillie TKO 4 (10) Dec 16, 1931 24 years, 78 days Palais des Sports, Schaerbeek, Belgium 28 Win 21–4–3 Henri Scillie SD 15 Nov 17, 1931 24 years, 49 days Gebouw van K&W, Den Haag, Netherlands Retained European lightweight title 27 Win 20–4–3 Harry Corbett PTS 15 Oct 21, 1931 24 years, 22 days Colston Hall, Bristol, England, UK Retained European lightweight title 26 Win 19–4–3 Jim Hunter KO 2 (15), 2:45 Oct 5, 1931 24 years, 6 days Gebouw van K&W, Den Haag, Netherlands 25 Win 18–4–3 François Sybille KO 2 (15), 2:45 Jul 19, 1931 23 years, 293 days Wielerbaan Kralingen, Rotterdam, Netherlands Won European lightweight title 24 Draw 17–4–3 Leen Sanders PTS 10 Apr 20, 1931 23 years, 203 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 23 Draw 17–4–2 Franz Dübbers PTS 8 Feb 17, 1931 23 years, 141 days Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin, Weimar Republic 22 Win 17–4–1 Paul Czirson KO 5 (10) Feb 9, 1931 23 years, 133 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 21 Win 16–4–1 Jakob Domgoergen PTS 10 Jan 8, 1931 23 years, 101 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 20 Draw 15–4–1 Paul Czirson PTS 10 Nov 7, 1930 23 years, 39 days Etablissement Sagebiel, Hamburg, Weimar Republic 19 Win 15–4 Henri Vuillamy PTS 10 Nov 3, 1930 23 years, 35 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 18 Loss 14–4 Len Tiger Smith PTS 12 Aug 2, 1930 22 years, 307 days City Hall, Johannesburg, South Africa 17 Win 14–3 George Purchase PTS 10 Jul 5, 1930 22 years, 279 days City Hall, Johannesburg, South Africa 16 Win 13–3 Charles van Rooyen PTS 10 Jun 14, 1930 22 years, 258 days City Hall, Johannesburg, South Africa 15 Win 12–3 Lucien Porthaels PTS 10 May 7, 1930 22 years, 220 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 14 Win 11–3 Charlie Mack PTS 10 Apr 28, 1930 22 years, 211 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 13 Loss 10–3 Harry Brooks PTS 15 Apr 1, 1930 22 years, 184 days Free Trade Hall, Manchester, England, UK 12 Win 10–2 Haydn Williams PTS 10 Mar 17, 1930 22 years, 169 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 11 Win 9–2 Leen Sanders PTS 15 Feb 18, 1930 22 years, 142 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands Won Dutch lightweight title 10 Win 8–2 Jack Hudson TKO 11 (15) Jan 28, 1930 22 years, 121 days Free Trade Hall, Manchester, England, UK 9 Win 7–2 Horace Barber PTS 15 Jan 13, 1930 22 years, 106 days Baths Hall, Swindon, England, UK 8 Win 6–2 Billy Streets PTS 15 Jan 8, 1930 22 years, 101 days Connaught Drill Hall, Portsmouth, England, UK 7 Win 5–2 Jack Dedheene TKO 3 (10) Dec 25, 1929 22 years, 87 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands 6 Win 4–2 George Peck PTS 15 Nov 30, 1929 22 years, 62 days Holmeside Stadium, Sunderland, England, UK 5 Win 3–2 Leo Nicolaas TKO 7 (10) Nov 18, 1929 22 years, 50 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 4 Loss 2–2 Young Lefevre DQ 8 (10) Oct 30, 1929 22 years, 31 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands Low blow 3 Win 2–1 Kid Robert KO 4 (10) Oct 14, 1929 22 years, 15 days Haagsche Zoo, Den Haag, Netherlands 2 Loss 1–1 Nicolas Wilk DQ 4 (10) Aug 26, 1929 21 years, 331 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands Low blow 1 Win 1–0 Jules Steyaert PTS 8 Jul 29, 1929 21 years, 303 days Gebouw van K&W, Rotterdam, Netherlands References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bep van Klaveren. ^ a b c d sports-reference ^ a b Boxing record for Bep van Klaveren from BoxRec (registration required) vteOlympic boxing champions – men's featherweight1904: 115–125 lb (52.2–56.7 kg) · 1908: 116–126 lb (52.6–57.2 kg) · 1920–1928: 118–126 lb (53.5–57.2 kg) · 1932–1936: 119–126 lb (54.0–57.2 kg) · 1948: 54–58 kg · 1952–2008: 54–57kg · 2020–: 53–57 kg 1904:  Oliver Kirk (USA) 1908:  Richard Gunn (GBR) 1912: not held 1920:  Paul Fritsch (FRA) 1924:  Jackie Fields (USA) 1928:  Bep van Klaveren (NED) 1932:  Carmelo Robledo (ARG) 1936:  Oscar Casanovas (ARG) 1948:  Ernesto Formenti (ITA) 1952:  Ján Zachara (TCH) 1956:  Vladimir Safronov (URS) 1960:  Francesco Musso (ITA) 1964:  Stanislav Stepashkin (URS) 1968:  Antonio Roldán (MEX) 1972:  Boris Kuznetsov (URS) 1976:  Ángel Herrera (CUB) 1980:  Rudi Fink (GDR) 1984:  Meldrick Taylor (USA) 1988:  Giovanni Parisi (ITA) 1992:  Andreas Tews (GER) 1996:  Somluck Kamsing (THA) 2000:  Bekzat Sattarkhanov (KAZ) 2004:  Aleksei Tishchenko (RUS) 2008:  Vasyl Lomachenko (UKR) 2012–2016: not held 2020:  Albert Batyrgaziev (ROC) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands People Netherlands

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Piet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_van_Klaveren"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"}],"text":"In this Dutch name, the surname is van Klaveren, not Klaveren.Lambertus \"Bep\" van Klaveren (26 September 1907 – 12 February 1992) was a Dutch boxer, who won the gold medal in the featherweight division at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Van Klaveren remains the only Dutch boxer to have won an Olympic gold medal. His younger brother Piet competed as a boxer at the 1952 Summer Olympics.\n[1]","title":"Bep van Klaveren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"Ceferino Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Kid Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Azteca"},{"link_name":"Young Corbett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Corbett_III"},{"link_name":"Billy Petrolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Petrolle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxrec-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxrec-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"}],"text":"Born in Rotterdam as Lambertus Steenhorst, he adopted the name of his stepfather Pieter van Klaveren when he was eight. After primary school, he worked as a butcher's assistant and fought in his spare time. He seriously took up boxing aged 16, and around that time changed to a vegetarian diet believing it fits better for a boxer. In 1926 he won the national flyweight title and in 1927–29 the featherweight title. After his Olympic success in 1928, he received a hero’s welcome in his hometown Rotterdam and was presented to the Dutch Queen and her prince consort.[1]In 1929 van Klaveren began a long career of professional boxer, which ended in 1956. In 1931 he became European champion in the lightweight division and in 1938 he won the same title in the middleweight division. During his professional tenure, van Klaveren fought on four continents and won fights against Ceferino Garcia and Kid Azteca. He also faced Hall of Famers Young Corbett III and Billy Petrolle.[2]In 1935 van Klaveren married Margarite Olivera, daughter of a banker. He lost much money through her excessive lifestyle and through his boxing manager. Van Klaveren was sentenced for one year for assaulting Olivera. He was released on bail after three months and fled to Rotterdam, leaving behind all his possessions.[1]During World War II van Klaveren served overseas with the Dutch army. He then moved to Australia with his second wife, an Australian nurse, and worked there as a sports teacher, dock worker, bouncer, and boxing instructor. He then returned to Rotterdam and retired in 1948, but returned to the ring in 1954 and won 11 out of 12 bouts. He retired for good in 1956 after an unsuccessful attempt to win the European welterweight title.[2] The same year he married for the third time, and for several years ran a cigar shop with his wife, though with little success. He continued to train through all his life and did not smoke or drink alcohol. He died in 1992 in his native Rotterdam, aged 84. The same year a memorial statue of van Klaveren was installed in Rotterdam. The annual Bep van Klaveren boxing memorial was launched in 1993, and became the largest boxing competition in the Netherlands.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bepvanklaveren1992right.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bep_van_Klaveren_(1928).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokswedstrijd_Amsterdam_Bep_van_Klaveren_(46_jaar)_tege_Kid_Pompeij,_Bestanddeelnr_906-2992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bep_van_Klaveren_(1982).jpg"}],"text":"The statue of Bep van Klaveren in Rotterdam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBep van Klaveren 1928\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1932 match against Cleto Locatelli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBep van Klaveren vs Kid Pompeij in Amsterdam, 15 February 1954\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBep van Klaveren 1982","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Alexander

Cyrus Alexander

["1 References"]

Cyrus AlexanderBorn(1805-03-15)March 15, 1805Tioga County, Pennsylvania, United StatesDiedDecember 27, 1872(1872-12-27) (aged 67)Rancho Sotoyome, Sonoma County, California, United StatesOccupationLandownerKnown forEarly settlement of Sonoma County, California Cyrus Alexander (1805–1872) was an early settler of Sonoma County, California. Cyrus Alexander was born in Pennsylvania, and his family soon moved to Illinois. In 1831, Alexander was in the Rocky Mountains trapping for the Sublette fur company. He arrived in San Diego in 1833, where he worked for Captain Henry D. Fitch and became a Mexican citizen. In 1840, Alexander embarked on a scouting expedition for a suitable tract of land for a cattle ranch for Fitch and came to the Russian River Valley. From 1841 to 1845, Alexander managed Fitch's Rancho Sotoyome grant under an agreement that at the end of four years, Alexander was to receive two square leagues of land and part of the ranch stock. In 1844, Alexander married Rufina Lucero (1830-1908), the sister of William Gordon's wife, Maria. In 1845, Moses Carson, brother of Kit Carson, took over management of Rancho Sotoyome. Alexander then settled on his tract in what is now called Alexander Valley and began construction of an adobe dwelling on the East side of the Russian River. Alexander filed a claim in 1853 for his 2 square leagues (part of Fitch's 1841 grant), but it was rejected by the Public Land Commission. Cyrus Alexander died on his ranch December 27, 1872. Rufina died there also on March 18, 1908. References ^ Hoover, Mildred B.; Hero & Ethel Rensch; William N. Abeloe (1966). Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4482-9. ^ Alexander, Charles (1967). The Life and Times of Cyrus Alexander. Los Angeles: Dawson's Bookshop. OCLC 1463554. ^ United States. District Court (California : Northern District) Land Case 266 ND ^ Cyrus Alexander and the Rancho Sotoyome Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto

Ventotene Manifesto

["1 Key text","1.1 Socialism and communism","2 Editions","3 Notes","4 External links"]

European federalism manifesto Spinelli when a prisoner in Ventotene, 1930s The Ventotene Manifesto (Italian: Manifesto di Ventotene), officially entitled For a Free and United Europe. A Draft Manifesto (Per un'Europa libera e unita. Progetto d'un manifesto), is a political statement written by Altiero Spinelli, Ernesto Rossi, and Eugenio Colorni, while they were imprisoned on the Italian islet Santo Stefano of the island of Ventotene during World War II. Completed in June 1941, the manifesto was circulated within the Italian Resistance, and it soon became the programme of the Movimento Federalista Europeo. It called for a socialist federation of Europe and the world. In the text, European federalism and world federalism are presented as a way to prevent future wars. Vayssière notes that the manifesto is widely seen as the birth of European federalism. Spinelli, who was later elected to the European Parliament within the Italian Communist Party lists, became a leader of the federalist movement due to his primary authorship of the Manifesto and his postwar advocacy. The manifesto called for a break with Europe's past to form a new political system through a restructuring of politics and extensive social reform. It was presented not as an ideal, but as the best option for Europe's postwar condition. Key text The Ventotene Manifestos key proposal was a federated European republic. Once this was established it would wait for the possibility of world federalism. The Manifesto criticised the "capitalist imperialism which our own generation has seen expand to the point of forming totalitarian states and to the unleashing of world wars". It took aim at the League of Nations which was described as useless and "even harmful". The League had no military force and therefore could not impose its decisions. The most important assessment was the assertion that "The dividing line between progressive and reactionary parties no longer follows the formal line of greater or lesser democracy, or of more or less socialism to be instituted; rather the division falls along the line, very new and substantial, that separates the party members into two groups. The first is made up of those who conceive the essential purpose and goal of struggle as the ancient one, that is, the conquest of national political power – and who, although involuntarily, play into the hands of reactionary forces, letting the incandescent lava of popular passions set in the old moulds, and thus allowing old absurdities to arise once again. The second are those who see the creation of a solid international State as the main purpose; they will direct popular forces toward this goal, and, having won national power, will use it first and foremost as an instrument for achieving international unity." Socialism and communism The document declared that "the European revolution must be socialist, that is it must have as its goal the emancipation of the working classes and the realization for them of more humane living conditions". However it opposed "doctrinaire" formulations of transitions to socialism and said "private property must be abolished, limited, corrected, extended: instance by instance, however, not dogmatically according to principle". It commended communists for being the most efficiently organised of political groupings, but said they had flaws in that they had a "dependence upon the Russian State" and possessed a sectarian nature which prevented them from working with others, which can weaken "the sum of the progressive forces". A movement should criticise "old, political statements" while knowing how to collaborate with other groups without becoming "ensnared by the political practices of any of these". Editions Il Manifesto di Ventotene / The Ventotene Manifesto, Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, preface by Eugenio Colorni. Foreword by Laura Boldrini, introductions by Lucio Levi and Pier Virgilio Dastoli. Editrice Ultima spiaggia, book series "Sand Grains" by Nicola Vallinoto, July 2016. Notes ^ "History and achievements". Union of European Federalists. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ Anonymous (16 June 2016). "The history of the European Union". European Union. ^ Bertrand Vayssière, "Le Manifeste de Ventotene (1941): Acte de Naissance du Federalisme Europeen," Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (Jan 2005), Vol. 55 Issue 217, pp69-76 ^ Arban, Erika (2023). Italian Regionalism and the Federal Challenge Reconciling Economic Regionalism and Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53. ^ The European Union and Its Political Leaders Understanding the Integration Process. Springer International Publishing. 2022. p. 143. ^ Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945. De Gruyter. 2019. p. 474. ^ Fundamental Perspectives on International Law. Cambridge University Press. 2022. p. 345. ^ "La linea di divisione fra i partiti progressisti e partiti reazionari cade perciò ormai, non lungo la linea formale della maggiore o minore democrazia, del maggiore o minore socialismo da istituire, ma lungo la sostanziale nuovissima linea che separa coloro che concepiscono, come campo centrale della lotta quello antico, cioè la conquista e le forme del potere politico nazionale, e che faranno, sia pure involontariamente il gioco delle forze reazionarie, lasciando che la lava incandescente delle passioni popolari torni a solidificarsi nel vecchio stampo e che risorgano le vecchie assurdità, e quelli che vedranno come compito centrale la creazione di un solido stato internazionale, che indirizzeranno verso questo scopo le forze popolari e, anche conquistato il potere nazionale, lo adopereranno in primissima linea come strumento per realizzare l'unità internazionale" ^ Wiesner, Claudia (2018). Inventing the EU as a Democratic Polity Concepts, Actors and Controversies. Springer International Publishing. p. 91. ^ The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2018. p. 114. ^ Altiero Spinelli and British Federalists Writings by Beveridge, Robbins and Spinelli 1937-1943. Bloomsbury Academic Publishing. 1998. pp. 78–9. ^ The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2018. p. 111. External links The Manifesto of Ventotene (English translation)

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A Draft Manifesto (Per un'Europa libera e unita. Progetto d'un manifesto), is a political statement written by Altiero Spinelli, Ernesto Rossi, and Eugenio Colorni,[1][2] while they were imprisoned on the Italian islet Santo Stefano of the island of Ventotene during World War II. Completed in June 1941, the manifesto was circulated within the Italian Resistance, and it soon became the programme of the Movimento Federalista Europeo. It called for a socialist federation of Europe and the world. In the text, European federalism and world federalism are presented as a way to prevent future wars. Vayssière notes that the manifesto is widely seen as the birth of European federalism. Spinelli, who was later elected to the European Parliament within the Italian Communist Party lists, became a leader of the federalist movement due to his primary authorship of the Manifesto and his postwar advocacy. The manifesto called for a break with Europe's past to form a new political system through a restructuring of politics and extensive social reform. It was presented not as an ideal, but as the best option for Europe's postwar condition.[3]","title":"Ventotene Manifesto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"world federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_federalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Ventotene Manifestos key proposal was a federated European republic.[4] Once this was established it would wait for the possibility of world federalism.[5]The Manifesto criticised the \"capitalist imperialism which our own generation has seen expand to the point of\nforming totalitarian states and to the unleashing of world wars\".[6] It took aim at the League of Nations which was described as useless and \"even harmful\". The League had no military force and therefore could not impose its decisions.[7]The most important assessment was the assertion that\"The dividing line between progressive and reactionary parties no longer follows the formal line of greater or lesser democracy, or of more or less socialism to be instituted; rather the division falls along the line, very new and substantial, that separates the party members into two groups. The first is made up of those who conceive the essential purpose and goal of struggle as the ancient one, that is, the conquest of national political power – and who, although involuntarily, play into the hands of reactionary forces, letting the incandescent lava of popular passions set in the old moulds, and thus allowing old absurdities to arise once again. The second are those who see the creation of a solid international State as the main purpose; they will direct popular forces toward this goal, and, having won national power, will use it first and foremost as an instrument for achieving international unity.\"[8]","title":"Key text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Socialism and communism","text":"The document declared that \"the European revolution must be socialist, that is it must have as its goal the emancipation of the working classes and the realization for them of more humane living conditions\".[9] However it opposed \"doctrinaire\" formulations of transitions to socialism and said \"private property must be abolished, limited, corrected, extended: instance by instance, however, not\ndogmatically according to principle\".[10]It commended communists for being the most efficiently organised of political groupings, but said they had flaws in that they had a \"dependence upon\nthe Russian State\" and possessed a sectarian nature which prevented them from working with others, which can weaken \"the sum of the progressive forces\".[11] A movement should criticise \"old, political statements\" while knowing how to collaborate with other groups without becoming \"ensnared by the political practices of any of these\".[12]","title":"Key text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editrice Ultima spiaggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.libreriaeditriceultimaspiaggia.it"}],"text":"Il Manifesto di Ventotene / The Ventotene Manifesto, Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, preface by Eugenio Colorni. Foreword by Laura Boldrini, introductions by Lucio Levi and Pier Virgilio Dastoli. Editrice Ultima spiaggia, book series \"Sand Grains\" by Nicola Vallinoto, July 2016. [Bilingual edition Italian and English]","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Union_of_European_Federalists_2023_q801_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"History and achievements\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//federalists.eu/history-and-achievements/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The history of the European Union\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ \"History and achievements\". Union of European Federalists. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.\n\n^ Anonymous (16 June 2016). \"The history of the European Union\". European Union.\n\n^ Bertrand Vayssière, \"Le Manifeste de Ventotene (1941): Acte de Naissance du Federalisme Europeen,\" Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (Jan 2005), Vol. 55 Issue 217, pp69-76\n\n^ Arban, Erika (2023). Italian Regionalism and the Federal Challenge Reconciling Economic Regionalism and Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53.\n\n^ The European Union and Its Political Leaders Understanding the Integration Process. Springer International Publishing. 2022. p. 143.\n\n^ Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945. De Gruyter. 2019. p. 474.\n\n^ Fundamental Perspectives on International Law. Cambridge University Press. 2022. p. 345.\n\n^ \"La linea di divisione fra i partiti progressisti e partiti reazionari cade perciò ormai, non lungo la linea formale della maggiore o minore democrazia, del maggiore o minore socialismo da istituire, ma lungo la sostanziale nuovissima linea che separa coloro che concepiscono, come campo centrale della lotta quello antico, cioè la conquista e le forme del potere politico nazionale, e che faranno, sia pure involontariamente il gioco delle forze reazionarie, lasciando che la lava incandescente delle passioni popolari torni a solidificarsi nel vecchio stampo e che risorgano le vecchie assurdità, e quelli che vedranno come compito centrale la creazione di un solido stato internazionale, che indirizzeranno verso questo scopo le forze popolari e, anche conquistato il potere nazionale, lo adopereranno in primissima linea come strumento per realizzare l'unità internazionale\"\n\n^ Wiesner, Claudia (2018). Inventing the EU as a Democratic Polity Concepts, Actors and Controversies. Springer International Publishing. p. 91.\n\n^ The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2018. p. 114.\n\n^ Altiero Spinelli and British Federalists Writings by Beveridge, Robbins and Spinelli 1937-1943. Bloomsbury Academic Publishing. 1998. pp. 78–9.\n\n^ The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2018. p. 111.","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_of_Gor

Minar (Firuzabad)

["1 Description and history","2 Purpose","3 Influence","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 28°51′10.3″N 52°31′56.7″E / 28.852861°N 52.532417°E / 28.852861; 52.532417Tower-like structure in Iran MinarمنارThe remaining core of the structure. The stairs and the dome are lost.MinarShown within IranAlternative nameTerbal, MinaretLocationGōr, Ardashir-Khwarrah, Pars, Sasanian Empire (near modern Firuzabad, Fars Province, Iran)Coordinates28°51′10.3″N 52°31′56.7″E / 28.852861°N 52.532417°E / 28.852861; 52.532417Length9 m (30 ft)20 m (66 ft) if the ruined stairs and outer wall are consideredHeight>30 m (98 ft)HistoryBuilderArdashir IMaterialgranite-mortar-masonryCulturesSasanian PersiaSite notesConditionruinedArchitectureArchitectural stylesSasanian The Minar was a staged, tower-like structure built in the center of the Sasanian circular city of Gōr (modern Firuzabad, Iran). Several theories have been proposed for its purpose. Only the core of the structure remains today. Description and history The structure is known as Minar (منار, literally "pillar") or Minaret (مناره) in New Persian, while the medieval Arabic-language Islamic sources referred to the structure as Terbal (طربال Ṭirbāl). Similar structures, i.e., staged tower with an outside ramp, have been recorded by ancient historians, including a tower mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus at the Nahar Malka (near the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon; he compared it to the Lighthouse of Alexandria), several towers at Pirisabora (al-Anbar) mentioned by Zosimus, and the Borsippa tower near Babylon. These in turn may have been based on the ziggurats of the ancient Near East. Ardashir I's new city of Gor had a circular plan with the official buildings located at the centre of an inner circle 950 metres (3,120 ft) in radius. The tower-like structure of Terbal was located at the very centre of this circle. Together with Takht-e Neshin, these are the only structures of the city that are made of granite-mortar-masonry. According to Iranica, these two structures may have been confused in medieval Islamic sources, and it is unclear that the names Aywān kiyākhurra (ایوان کیاخوره) (Istakhri), Gunbad-i Kīrmān (or Gīrmān; گنبد گیرمان) and Īrān Garda/Girda (ایران گرده) (Ibn al-Balkhi) mentioned in these sources refer to which structure. Terbal was a 9 metres (30 ft) square structure with more than 30 metres (98 ft) high and spiral in design. It was the core of a stair-tower, and was compared by Ibn Hawqal to a similar edifice at Balkh (a reference to a Buddhist stupa, or possibly a ziggurat). With the width of the destroyed stairs and outer walls added, its actual width is estimated to be about 20 metres (66 ft). The remaining structure is hollow, according to the Qajar period writer Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi. Ernst Herzfeld (1907) had described it as a tower of a square ground plan with a spiral outer ramp. According to Dieulafoy (in his L'Art Antique de la Perse), who had examined the structure, it was "composed above the platform, of four stages ... Each stage is square and recedes from the preceding one by a space equal to 1⁄10 of the base". Drawing by Eugène Flandin, who called the structure "the Fire temple (Ateshgah) of Firuzabad" Drawing by Pascal Coste, which contains further details A drawing of the Minar with traces of the outer stairs apparent Purpose An 1889 artistic impression of the Minar as a fire temple, with the outer stairs reconstructed and the Holy Fire (atar) at its top Among Western orientalists and travellers, the structure was first observed by Eugène Flandin and Pascal Coste, who noted its uniqueness in Iranian architecture. Prior to Ernst Herzfeld studies of the structure, Terbal was mistakenly thought to be a descendant of the ziggurat, while some thought it is a fire temple, with the Holy Fire (Atar) being put at its top to avoid contamination with dust. It is hypothesised that the structure may have been part of a government building and symbolised the divine and centralist kingship introduced by Ardashir I. It may have had practical military and civil uses as well, as the tower provided visual contact with some fortifications in the area, and/or may have been used as an observation tower to survey activities during the implementation of the planned scheme of the new city of Gor and the plain. In fact, this grand scheme was centred in Terbal and continued the concentric and radiant pattern of the town, with traces of canals, paths, walls and field borders found up to 10 km distant from this central tower. According to a newer study, the structure, as also described in medieval sources, may have functioned as a water tower, in such a way that water from nearby elevated sources would flow through tubes and Terbal's hollow core towards its dome, and from there it would be flowed to another tube to flow elsewhere in the town. It is argued that it was not the only purpose of the structure, but it was also part of a temple of Anahita, the divinity of the Waters (aban). Influence It is thought that the Terbal was the architectural predecessor of the unique minaret (known as the malwiya) of Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq, which was built in the Abbasid period. The minaret itself inspired that of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt, and recently Philip Johnson's design for the 1976 Chapel of Thanksgiving at Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas. The unique minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, the oldest surviving Muslim minaret. Minaret (the malwiya) of Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq Minaret of Abu Dulaf Mosque, also in Samarra, Iraq Minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Egypt, inspired by the malwiya Chapel of Thanksgiving at Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas, built in 1976, inspired by the malwiya Post-modern mosque with a spiral minaret near Enghelab Sport Complex in Tehran, Iran See also The Wonderful Barn References ^ a b Gottheil, Richard J. H. (1910). "The Origin and History of the Minaret". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 30 (2): 132–154. doi:10.2307/3087601. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3087601. ^ a b Strange, Guy Le (2014). Kennedy, Hugh (ed.). Collected works of Guy Le Strange: the medieval Islamic world. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781848856707. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (15 December 1986). "ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ a b c Huff, Dietrich (15 December 1999). "FĪRŪZĀBĀD". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ a b c مهرآفرین، رضا؛ خراشادی، سرور؛ جامه بزرگ، عباس؛ «اردشیر خوره: تختگاه اردشیر پاپکان», پیام باستان شناس, بهار و تابستان 1392 – شماره 19 علمی-پژوهشی (دانشگاه آزاد) (14 صص 107–120) ^ "von quadratischem Grundriß mit äußere Wendelrampe" ^ موسوی، سید احمد؛ «طربال تداوم معماری زیگورات», کیهان فرهنگی, دی 1367, شماره 58, صص 26–27 ^ مهرآفرين رضا، خراشادي سرور، جامه بزرگ عباس، «اردشير خوره: تختگاه اردشير پاپکان»، پيام باستان شناس: بهار و تابستان 1392، دوره 9، شماره 19، صص 107–120. ^ a b ارجح, اکرم. "جامع کبیر". rch.ac.ir (in Persian). دانشنامه جهان اسلام. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Self-Guided Tour – Guide to Thanks-Giving Square". www.thanksgiving.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Travel Tips: Thanks-Giving Chapel's Islamic Design a Visual, Spiritual Gem in Downtown Dallas". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ Schulze, Franz (1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 334. ISBN 9780226740584. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minar (Firuzabad). «طربال» in Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian) vte Towers in Iran A.S.P. Towers Akhangan Tower Aladdin Tower Aliabad Tower Azadi Tower Bank Markazi Tower Chamran Grand Hotel Firuzabad Tower Goldis Tower Gonbad-e Qabus (tower) Kashaneh Tower Lajim Tower Milad Tower Minar (Firuzabad) Pars El-Gölü Hotel Radkan Tower, Chenaran Radkan Tower, Kordkuy Resket Tower Sa'at Tower Sepehr Tower Shahran Tower Shebeli Tower Tabriz Fire Fighting Tower Tehran International Tower Toghrol Tower Tomb of Haydar Amuli World Trade Center Tabriz Zoroastrians Dakhmeh, Kerman Zoroastrians Dakhmeh, Yazd

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gōr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars"}],"text":"Tower-like structure in IranThe Minar was a staged, tower-like structure built in the center of the Sasanian circular city of Gōr (modern Firuzabad, Iran). Several theories have been proposed for its purpose. Only the core of the structure remains today.","title":"Minar (Firuzabad)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Ammianus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Nahar Malka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahar_Malka"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"Lighthouse of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"al-Anbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbar_(town)"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Borsippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsippa"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"ziggurats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottheil1910-1"},{"link_name":"Ardashir I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I"},{"link_name":"circular plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_plan"},{"link_name":"Takht-e Neshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takht-e_Neshin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranica"},{"link_name":"Istakhri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istakhri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange-2"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Balkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Balkhi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hawqal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"ziggurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ardasir-korra-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firuzabad-4"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsat-od-Dowleh_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehrafarin-5"},{"link_name":"Ernst Herzfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottheil1910-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ateshgah_Firouzabad_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Flandin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Flandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Flandin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firouz-abad_(F%C4%ABr%C5%ABz%C4%81b%C4%81d)._Vue_de_la_tour_(NYPL_b12482496-1542746).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pascal Coste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Coste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Media,_Babylon_and_Persia_-_including_a_study_of_the_Zend-Avesta_or_religion_of_Zoroaster,_from_the_fall_of_Nineveh_to_the_Persian_war_(1889)_(14778753704).jpg"}],"text":"The structure is known as Minar (منار, literally \"pillar\") or Minaret (مناره) in New Persian, while the medieval Arabic-language Islamic sources referred to the structure as Terbal (طربال Ṭirbāl).Similar structures, i.e., staged tower with an outside ramp, have been recorded by ancient historians, including a tower mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus at the Nahar Malka (near the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon; he compared it to the Lighthouse of Alexandria), several towers at Pirisabora (al-Anbar) mentioned by Zosimus, and the Borsippa tower near Babylon. These in turn may have been based on the ziggurats of the ancient Near East.[1]Ardashir I's new city of Gor had a circular plan with the official buildings located at the centre of an inner circle 950 metres (3,120 ft) in radius. The tower-like structure of Terbal was located at the very centre of this circle. Together with Takht-e Neshin, these are the only structures of the city that are made of granite-mortar-masonry. According to Iranica, these two structures may have been confused in medieval Islamic sources, and it is unclear that the names Aywān kiyākhurra (ایوان کیاخوره) (Istakhri), Gunbad-i Kīrmān (or Gīrmān; گنبد گیرمان) and Īrān Garda/Girda[2] (ایران گرده) (Ibn al-Balkhi) mentioned in these sources refer to which structure. Terbal was a 9 metres (30 ft) square structure with more than 30 metres (98 ft) high and spiral in design. It was the core of a stair-tower, and was compared by Ibn Hawqal to a similar edifice at Balkh (a reference to a Buddhist stupa, or possibly a ziggurat). With the width of the destroyed stairs and outer walls added, its actual width is estimated to be about 20 metres (66 ft).[3][4] The remaining structure is hollow, according to the Qajar period writer Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi.[5] Ernst Herzfeld (1907) had described it as a tower of a square ground plan with a spiral outer ramp.[6] According to Dieulafoy (in his L'Art Antique de la Perse), who had examined the structure, it was \"composed above the platform, of four stages ... Each stage is square and recedes from the preceding one by a space equal to 1⁄10 of the base\".[1]Drawing by Eugène Flandin, who called the structure \"the Fire temple (Ateshgah) of Firuzabad\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrawing by Pascal Coste, which contains further details\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA drawing of the Minar with traces of the outer stairs apparent","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Media,_Babylon_and_Persia_-_including_a_study_of_the_Zend-Avesta_or_religion_of_Zoroaster,_from_the_fall_of_Nineveh_to_the_Persian_war_(1889)_(14594614317).jpg"},{"link_name":"fire temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_temple"},{"link_name":"atar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atar"},{"link_name":"Eugène Flandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Flandin"},{"link_name":"Pascal Coste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Coste"},{"link_name":"Iranian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ernst Herzfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld"},{"link_name":"ziggurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"fire temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_temple"},{"link_name":"Atar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firuzabad-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keyhan-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehrafarin-5"},{"link_name":"divine and centralist kingship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shahanshahs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"observation tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_tower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firuzabad-4"},{"link_name":"water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"Anahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita"},{"link_name":"aban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehrafarin-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"An 1889 artistic impression of the Minar as a fire temple, with the outer stairs reconstructed and the Holy Fire (atar) at its topAmong Western orientalists and travellers, the structure was first observed by Eugène Flandin and Pascal Coste, who noted its uniqueness in Iranian architecture. Prior to Ernst Herzfeld studies of the structure, Terbal was mistakenly thought to be a descendant of the ziggurat, while some thought it is a fire temple, with the Holy Fire (Atar) being put at its top to avoid contamination with dust.[4][7][5]It is hypothesised that the structure may have been part of a government building and symbolised the divine and centralist kingship introduced by Ardashir I. It may have had practical military and civil uses as well, as the tower provided visual contact with some fortifications in the area, and/or may have been used as an observation tower to survey activities during the implementation of the planned scheme of the new city of Gor and the plain. In fact, this grand scheme was centred in Terbal and continued the concentric and radiant pattern of the town, with traces of canals, paths, walls and field borders found up to 10 km distant from this central tower.[4]According to a newer study, the structure, as also described in medieval sources, may have functioned as a water tower, in such a way that water from nearby elevated sources would flow through tubes and Terbal's hollow core towards its dome, and from there it would be flowed to another tube to flow elsewhere in the town. It is argued that it was not the only purpose of the structure, but it was also part of a temple of Anahita, the divinity of the Waters (aban).[5][2][8]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rch.ac.ir-9"},{"link_name":"Mosque of Ibn Tulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rch.ac.ir-9"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Thanks-Giving Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanks-Giving_Square"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiral_minaret_at_Abu_Dulaf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abu Dulaf Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dulaf_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosque of Ibn Tulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dallas_Chapel_of_Thanksgiving_2008_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thanks-Giving Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanks-Giving_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Postmodern_mosque_in_Tehran.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enghelab Sport Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enghelab_Sport_Complex"}],"text":"It is thought that the Terbal was the architectural predecessor of the unique minaret (known as the malwiya) of Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq, which was built in the Abbasid period.[9] The minaret itself inspired that of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt,[9] and recently Philip Johnson's design for the 1976 Chapel of Thanksgiving at Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas.[10][11][12]The unique minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, the oldest surviving Muslim minaret.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinaret (the malwiya) of Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinaret of Abu Dulaf Mosque, also in Samarra, Iraq\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Egypt, inspired by the malwiya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChapel of Thanksgiving at Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas, built in 1976, inspired by the malwiya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPost-modern mosque with a spiral minaret near Enghelab Sport Complex in Tehran, Iran","title":"Influence"}]

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[{"title":"The Wonderful Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Barn"}]

[{"reference":"Gottheil, Richard J. H. (1910). \"The Origin and History of the Minaret\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 30 (2): 132–154. doi:10.2307/3087601. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3087601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087601","url_text":"10.2307/3087601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279","url_text":"0003-0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087601","url_text":"3087601"}]},{"reference":"Strange, Guy Le (2014). Kennedy, Hugh (ed.). Collected works of Guy Le Strange: the medieval Islamic world. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781848856707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange","url_text":"Strange, Guy Le"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848856707","url_text":"9781848856707"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, C. E. (15 December 1986). \"ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-korra","url_text":"\"ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Huff, Dietrich (15 December 1999). \"FĪRŪZĀBĀD\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/firuzabad","url_text":"\"FĪRŪZĀBĀD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"ارجح, اکرم. \"جامع کبیر\". rch.ac.ir (in Persian). دانشنامه جهان اسلام. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=10224","url_text":"\"جامع کبیر\""}]},{"reference":"\"Self-Guided Tour – Guide to Thanks-Giving Square\". www.thanksgiving.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170526060458/http://www.thanksgiving.org/thanks-giving-square/visit/tour/","url_text":"\"Self-Guided Tour – Guide to Thanks-Giving Square\""},{"url":"http://www.thanksgiving.org/thanks-giving-square/visit/tour/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Travel Tips: Thanks-Giving Chapel's Islamic Design a Visual, Spiritual Gem in Downtown Dallas\". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonreport.me/2010-november/travel-tips-thanks-giving-chapel-s-islamic-design-a-visual-spiritual-gem-in-downtown-dallas.html","url_text":"\"Travel Tips: Thanks-Giving Chapel's Islamic Design a Visual, Spiritual Gem in Downtown Dallas\""}]},{"reference":"Schulze, Franz (1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 334. ISBN 9780226740584.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226740584","url_text":"9780226740584"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDFK_Ma%C5%A1inac_PZP_Ni%C5%A1

ŽFK Mašinac PZP Niš

["1 History","2 Titles","3 Current squad","4 Notable former players","5 Titles","5.1 Official","5.2 Invitational","6 References","7 External links"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "ŽFK Mašinac PZP Niš" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football clubMašinac PZPFull nameŽenski fudbalski klub Mašinac PZPFounded1970GroundMašinac stadium, NišCapacity5,000Chairman Milutin GaševićManager Perica KrstićLeagueSuper Liga2023–248th, Super Liga Home colours Away colours ŽFK Mašinac PZP (Serbian Cyrillic: ЖФК Maшинaц ПЗП) is a women's football club based in Niš, Serbia. The club was the most successful women's football club of SFR Yugoslavia, FR Yugoslavia and Serbia. They play at Mašinac Stadium, in Delijski Vis neighborhood in Niš. History Mašinac was founded 1970. In 1987, the club moved to a new stadium in Delijski Vis, Niš. In 1990, they made sponsorship an agreement with Niš Tobacco Factory. The team manager Perica Krstić, has been the first coach of the Yugoslav women's national team since 1974, and has been the coach of the Yugoslav women's national team for over 20 years. Titles Mašinac is the most successful women's football club of FR Yugoslavia and Serbia, winning 19 Yugoslav titles and 10 Yugoslav Cups. The club succeeded to organize a school of football (over 150 players) with its own stadium and side fields. Current squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  SRB Dragana Mitić 2 DF  SRB Marija Nikolić 3 DF  SRB Maja Trajković 4 DF  SRB Maja Dimitijević 6 MF  SRB Ivana Zdravković 7 MF  SRB Milica Stanković 8 DF  SRB Danijela Trajković 9 MF  SRB Milena Pesić 10 MF  SRB Indira Ilić 11 FW  SRB Tamara Stojanovic 12 GK  SRB Ana Marinković 13 FW  SRB Kristina Krstić No. Pos. Nation Player 14 DF  SRB Aleksandra Ristić 15 DF  SRB Jovana Mitrović 16 FW  SRB Milena Cvetković 17 FW  SRB Marija Radoičić 18 MF  SRB Ana Lilic 19 MF  SRB Milica Stojanović 20 FW  SRB Jovana Sretenović 21 GK  SRB Nevena Stojaković 31 DF  SRB Aleksandra Dobrosavljević 35 FW  SRB Biljana Bradić Notable former players Jovana Sretenović Christina Sampanidis Aricca Vitanza Catiana Vitanza Titles Official National championships (24) Champion of Yugoslavia: 1983/84, 1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2000/01, 2001/02 Champion of Serbia and Montenegro: 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06 Champion of Serbia: 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10 National cup (15) Cup of Yugoslavia: 1982/83, 1983/84, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1998/99 Cup of Serbia and Montenegro: 2002/03 Serbian Women's Cup: 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11 Invitational Menton Tournament (1): 1989 References ^ "Portuguese side CA Ouriense Feminino sign Rosemary Ampem on two-year deal". GhanaSoccernet. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Portuguese side CA Ouriense Feminino sign Rosemary Ampem on two-year deal". GhanaSoccernet. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Znate li ko su svjetske sile u ženskom fudbalu?". BN. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ Yugoslavia/Serbia (Women) – Champions ^ Yugoslavia (Women) – Cup Winners External links Official website (in Serbian) vte Football in Serbia Football Association of Serbia List of venues Overview Clubs Venues Champions Players Coaches Referees Awards Players Coaches Foreigners National teamsMen Serbia U21 U20 U19 U17 Beach Soccer Futsal Yugoslavia Women Serbia U19 U17 League competitionsMen SuperLiga First League Serbian League Belgrade East Vojvodina West Zone League Belgrade Centre East South West Vojvodina East Vojvodina North Vojvodina South Kolubara-Mačva Podunavlje-Šumadija Šumadija-Raška West Morava District League Belgrade Bor Braničevo Jablanica Niš Nišava Pčinja Pirot Podunavlje Toplica Zaječar Novi Sad Pančevo Sombor Sremska Mitrovica Subotica Zrenjanin Kolubara Kragujevac Mačva Moravica Pomoravlje Rasina Raška Šumadija Zlatibor Kosovo Kosovo-Pomoravlje Kosovska Mitrovica Women SuperLiga First League Second League North South Cup competitionsMen Cup Women Cup

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClean_Lake_mine

McClean Lake mine

["1 External links"]

Coordinates: 58°15′40″N 103°48′09″W / 58.26111°N 103.80250°W / 58.26111; -103.80250Uranium mine in Saskatchewan, Canada McClean Lake MineLocationMcClean Lake MineLocation in SaskatchewanLocationAthabasca BasinProvinceSaskatchewanCountryCanadaCoordinates58°15′40″N 103°48′09″W / 58.26111°N 103.80250°W / 58.26111; -103.80250ProductionProductsUraniumHistoryDiscovered1979Opened1999OwnerCompanyAREVA (77.5%), Denison Mines (22.5%)Year of acquisition1979 (Discovery)This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "McClean Lake mine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The McClean Lake mine is a uranium mine and milling operation located west of Wollaston Lake, about 700 kilometres north of Saskatoon, in the Athabasca Basin region of Saskatchewan, Canada. The McClean ore body was discovered in 1979, followed by the discovery of the JEB ore body in 1982. From 1985 to 1990, a cluster of deposits named Sue A, Sue B and Sue C were discovered. Production from the JEB and Sue C open pits commenced in 1999. Upon depletion, the JEB pit was converted to a Tailings Management Facility (TMF). The Sue C pit will be converted to a TMF for the disposal of waste from the McLean Lake and Cigar Lake operations. Production from the Sue A mine and development of the Sue E mine, commenced in mid-2005. After the tailings from the milling operations and waste rock from the mining operations are chemically treated to precipitate arsenic and nickel they are pumped into the TMF. There they form a consolidated mass of much lower permeability than the surrounding sandstone. As a result, the groundwater flow is diverted around the tailings. By these means the water quality in adjacent Fox and Pat Lakes is expected to be maintained within Saskatchewan Surface Water Quality Objectives over the long term (10,000 years). This expectation has to be confirmed by monitoring subject to oversight by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). External links "McClean Lake - quality and productivity". AREVA. "McClean Lake and Mill Project". Denison Mines. vteNuclear power in Canada Energy policy of Canada Electricity sector in Canada Nuclear industry in Canada Power plantsActive Bruce Darlington Pickering Point Lepreau Closed Douglas Point Gentilly Nuclear Power Demonstration Pickering (A2/A3) Reactor typesPower plant reactors PHWR CANDU reactor SGHWR Research, experimentaland prototype reactors Advanced CANDU IMSR MAPLE MNR MTF NRX NRU PTR STOR-M SLOWPOKE ZED-2 ZEEP Research locations Chalk River Laboratories McMaster University Whiteshell Laboratories Plasma Physics Laboratory Fuel cycle locations Uranium mining in Canada McClean Lake mine Cluff Lake mine McArthur River uranium mine Rabbit Lake mine Cigar Lake mine Nuclear Waste Management Organization Deep Geologic Repository Organizations Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Bruce Power Cameco Canadian Nuclear Association Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Candu Energy Natural Resources Canada Ontario Power Generation Orano Canada Public discourse Anti-nuclear movement in Canada Category This Saskatchewan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(EP)

Coma (EP)

["1 Reception","2 Track listings","3 Charts","4 References"]

1994 single by Max Sharam"Coma"Single by Max Sharamfrom the album A Million Year Girl Released24 October 1994 (1994-10-24)Length3:35LabelEastWestSongwriter(s)Max SharamProducer(s)Daniel DenholmMax Sharam singles chronology "Coma" (1994) "Be Firm" (1995) Max Sharam EPs chronology I'm Occupied(1984) Coma(1994) The Gods Envy(2015) "Coma" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Max Sharam. In 1992, she performed the song on Australian talent show New Faces, which led to an extended play album being released in October 1994 and as the lead single from her debut studio album A Million Year Girl (1995). The song peaked at number 14 in Australia. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1995, the song was nominated for three awards: ARIA Award for Single for the Year, Song for the Year and Breakthrough Artist – Single. Reception Anthony Horan said "A five track EP, it's a remarkable piece of work that sounds quite unlike anything else you'll hear this year. While the title track, courtesy of a very radio-friendly mix, has just been added to the playlists of chart-fodder radio stations after a large amount of play on Triple J, there's a lot more to Max than meets the eye. The EP's brief journey takes in everything from twisted jazz-pop to searing acoustic emotion to very, very strange and rather wonderful operatic experimentation." Track listings Extended play (4509976752) "Coma (A Million Year Girl)" – 3:46 "Hunting Ground" – 4:33 "U Cradle Me" – 3:46 "Is It Ok...?" – 2:59 "Crash Landing" – 4:24 CD single (4509993912) "Coma (A Million Year Girl)" – 3:46 "U Cradle Me" – 3:46 "Crash Landing" – 4:24 Charts Chart (1995) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 14 References ^ a b "New Release Summary – Product Available from: 24/10/94 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 245)". Retrieved 19 September 2016 – via Imgur. ^ "1995 ARIA Awards Winners". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 27 September 2023. ^ "An Aquatic Interview with Max Sharam". Ariel. 1994. Retrieved 6 January 2019. ^ "Max Sharam – Coma". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 6 January 2019.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Old_Boys_(Randy_Newman_album)

Good Old Boys (Randy Newman album)

["1 Genesis","2 Singles","3 Reception","4 Track listing","4.1 2002 Reissue","5 Personnel","6 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Good Old Boys" Randy Newman album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1974 studio album by Randy NewmanGood Old BoysStudio album by Randy NewmanReleasedSeptember 10, 1974Recorded1972–74StudioWarner Bros. Studios, North Hollywood, CaliforniaGenreRoots rock, country rockLength33:28LabelRepriseProducerLenny Waronker, Russ TitelmanRandy Newman chronology Sail Away(1972) Good Old Boys(1974) Little Criminals(1977) Good Old Boys is the fourth studio album by American musician Randy Newman, released on September 10, 1974 on Reprise Records, catalogue number 2193. It was Newman's first album to obtain major commercial success, peaking at number 36 on the Billboard 200 and number 58 in Canada. The premiere live performance of the album took place on October 5, 1974, at the Symphony Hall in Atlanta, Georgia, with guest Ry Cooder and Newman conducting the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Genesis Good Old Boys was initially envisioned as a concept album about a character named Johnny Cutler, an everyman of the Deep South. Newman made a demo of these songs on February 1, 1973: they were released as the bonus disc for the 2002 reissue, titled Johnny Cutler's Birthday. The kernel of this concept survived into the released album, although as Newman's take on viewpoints from the inhabitants of the Deep South in general, rather than from a single individual character. As on his previous release, Newman addressed generally taboo topics such as slavery and racism, most stringently on the opening song "Rednecks", a simultaneous satire on institutional racism in the Deep South and the hypocrisy of the northern states in response. Newman also incorporates actual historical events into the album, remarking upon the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 on "Louisiana 1927". Preceding an original song ("Kingfish") recounting achievements and slogans of Louisiana politician Huey "The Kingfish" Long, Newman performs with members of the Eagles on a song written by Long himself, "Every Man a King". As with all of Newman's early albums, some material Newman wrote had been previously recorded by other artists. In this case, "Guilty" had been initially recorded and released by Bonnie Raitt on her 1973 album Takin' My Time. A lengthy analysis of Good Old Boys, including a detailed description of the Dick Cavett Show broadcast that inspired "Rednecks", is included in Steven Hart's essay "He May Be a Fool But He's Our Fool: Lester Maddox, Randy Newman, and the American Culture Wars", included in the collection Let the Devil Speak: Articles, Essays, and Incitements. In 2014, Turntable Publishing released the ebook Song of the South: Randy Newman's Good Old Boys, by David Kastin, a full-length critical study of the album's sources, evolution, and reception. In the Sixth Edition of his classic Mystery Train, Greil Marcus cited Kastin's book as an "effectively-illustrated...excavation of the entire severed corpus of the work and a deep dive into the history—musical, social economic, sectional, and water-born—Newman both drew from and recast." Singles On the same day as the album, the track "Guilty" was released as Reprise single 1324, with "Naked Man" on the B-side, and on January 29, 1975, the track "Louisiana 1927" was released as Reprise single 1387, with "Marie" on the flip. Neither single appeared on the Billboard Hot 100. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideAPitchfork9.3/10Rolling StoneEncyclopedia of Popular MusicTom HullA− Robert Christgau gave the album an A rating upon release, and in retrospective reviews both the 1992 edition of the Rolling Stone Album Guide and AllMusic gave it a five-star rating. In 2012, the album was ranked number 394 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2000 it was voted number 902 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. It spent two weeks in the top 40 of the Billboard 200 in late 1974, with an overall 21-week tenure. It also earned a gold record in the Netherlands. On May 21, 2002, an expanded edition of the album was issued by Rhino Records on compact disc, including a bonus track demo of "Marie" and a second disc containing the February, 1973 demos entitled Johnny Cutler's Birthday. Included in these demo recordings are Newman's verbal descriptions of sound effects and other characters, the songs as a whole describing a narrative in the vein of integrated musicals dating from the 1940s. "Doctor, Doctor" is an early version of "Back on My Feet Again". The song "Marie" was used in the family film Paulie in 1998. All tracks were written and arranged by Randy Newman (with the exception of "Every Man a King"); strings arranged by Nick DeCaro on "Marie" and "Rollin'"; Moog and ARP synthesizers programmed by Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff. Track listing All tracks are written by Randy Newman except where notedSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Rednecks"3:072."Birmingham"2:453."Marie"3:074."Mr. President (Have Pity on the Working Man)"2:455."Guilty"2:30 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length6."Louisiana 1927" 2:547."Every Man a King"Huey Long, Castro Carazo1:028."Kingfish" 2:429."Naked Man" 3:0610."A Wedding in Cherokee County" 3:0711."Back on My Feet Again" 3:3012."Rollin'" 2:53 2002 Reissue Disc one: Good Old Boys "Rednecks" "Birmingham" "Marie" "Mr. President (Have Pity on the Working Man)" "Guilty" "Louisiana 1927" "Every Man a King" "Kingfish" "Naked Man" "A Wedding in Cherokee County" "Back on My Feet Again" "Rollin'" "Marie" (demo, bonus track) Disc two: Johnny Cutler's Birthday "Rednecks" "If We Didn't Have Jesus" "Birmingham" "The Joke" "Louisiana" "My Daddy Knew Dixie Howell" "Shining" "Marie" "Good Morning" "Birmingham Redux" "Doctor, Doctor" "Albanian Anthem" "Rolling" Personnel Randy Newman – arranger, conductor, piano, Fender Rhodes, ARP, synthesizer, vocals Ry Cooder – guitar on "Back on My Feet Again" John Platania – electric guitar Ron Elliott, Dennis Budimir – acoustic guitar Al Perkins – pedal steel guitar Russ Titelman, Willie Weeks, Red Callender – bass guitar Jim Keltner, Andy Newmark – drums Bobbye Hall – percussion Milt Holland – drums, percussion Glenn Frey – backing vocals Don Henley – backing vocals Bernie Leadon – backing vocals Nick DeCaro - accordion, string arrangements, conductor on "Marie" and "Rollin'" Malcolm Cecil, Robert Margouleff - ARP, synthesizer, programming Technical Judy Maizel, Trudy Portch - production coordination Lee Herschberg - engineer, mixing Donn Landee - additional engineer, mixing Mike Salisbury - cover design, photography Shepard Sherbell - liner photography References ^ "RPM Top 100 Albums - December 7, 1974" (PDF). ^ Mark Deming. "Good Old Boys - Randy Newman | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-08-29. ^ Cook-Wilson, Winston (October 16, 2016). "Randy Newman: Good Old Boys". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 16, 2016. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: N". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 8, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Davis, Stephen (1997-01-21). "Good Old Boys". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-08-29. ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734. ^ Hull, Tom (April 1975). "The Rekord Report: Second Card". Overdose. Retrieved June 26, 2020 – via tomhull.com. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2019. ^ Colin Larkin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 276. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6. vteRandy NewmanStudio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top: The Best of Randy Newman Guilty: 30 Years of Randy Newman The Best of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman's Faust Soundtracks Avalon Toy Story James and the Giant Peach A Bug's Life Toy Story 2 Meet the Parents Monsters, Inc. Cars The Princess and the Frog Toy Story 3 Cars 3 Toy Story 4 Marriage Story Songs "Mama Told Me Not to Come" "I Think It's Going to Rain Today" "Sail Away" "He Gives Us All His Love" "Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear" "Political Science" "You Can Leave Your Hat On" "Louisiana 1927" "Rednecks" "Short People" "I Love L.A." "You've Got a Friend in Me" "When She Loved Me" "If I Didn't Have You" "It's a Jungle Out There" "Our Town" "When We're Human" "Friends on the Other Side" "Down in New Orleans" "Almost There" "We Belong Together" "The Ballad of the Lonesome Cowboy" Related Discography Accolades Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Symphony_Orchestra"}],"text":"1974 studio album by Randy NewmanGood Old Boys is the fourth studio album by American musician Randy Newman, released on September 10, 1974 on Reprise Records, catalogue number 2193. It was Newman's first album to obtain major commercial success, peaking at number 36 on the Billboard 200 and number 58 in Canada.[1] The premiere live performance of the album took place on October 5, 1974, at the Symphony Hall in Atlanta, Georgia, with guest Ry Cooder and Newman conducting the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.","title":"Good Old Boys (Randy Newman album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"everyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"previous release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_Away_(Randy_Newman_album)"},{"link_name":"taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"Rednecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednecks_(song)"},{"link_name":"institutional racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism"},{"link_name":"northern states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Great Mississippi Flood of 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_1927"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Huey \"The Kingfish\" Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Every Man a King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"link_name":"Takin' My Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takin%27_My_Time"},{"link_name":"Dick Cavett Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cavett_Show"},{"link_name":"Greil Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greil_Marcus"}],"text":"Good Old Boys was initially envisioned as a concept album about a character named Johnny Cutler, an everyman of the Deep South. Newman made a demo of these songs on February 1, 1973: they were released as the bonus disc for the 2002 reissue, titled Johnny Cutler's Birthday.The kernel of this concept survived into the released album, although as Newman's take on viewpoints from the inhabitants of the Deep South in general, rather than from a single individual character. As on his previous release, Newman addressed generally taboo topics such as slavery and racism, most stringently on the opening song \"Rednecks\", a simultaneous satire on institutional racism in the Deep South and the hypocrisy of the northern states in response.Newman also incorporates actual historical events into the album, remarking upon the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 on \"Louisiana 1927\". Preceding an original song (\"Kingfish\") recounting achievements and slogans of Louisiana politician Huey \"The Kingfish\" Long, Newman performs with members of the Eagles on a song written by Long himself, \"Every Man a King\".As with all of Newman's early albums, some material Newman wrote had been previously recorded by other artists. In this case, \"Guilty\" had been initially recorded and released by Bonnie Raitt on her 1973 album Takin' My Time.A lengthy analysis of Good Old Boys, including a detailed description of the Dick Cavett Show broadcast that inspired \"Rednecks\", is included in Steven Hart's essay \"He May Be a Fool But He's Our Fool: Lester Maddox, Randy Newman, and the American Culture Wars\", included in the collection Let the Devil Speak: Articles, Essays, and Incitements.In 2014, Turntable Publishing released the ebook Song of the South: Randy Newman's Good Old Boys, by David Kastin, a full-length critical study of the album's sources, evolution, and reception. In the Sixth Edition of his classic Mystery Train, Greil Marcus cited Kastin's book as an \"effectively-illustrated...excavation of the entire severed corpus of the work and a deep dive into the history—musical, social economic, sectional, and water-born—Newman both drew from and recast.\"","title":"Genesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"}],"text":"On the same day as the album, the track \"Guilty\" was released as Reprise single 1324, with \"Naked Man\" on the B-side, and on January 29, 1975, the track \"Louisiana 1927\" was released as Reprise single 1387, with \"Marie\" on the flip. Neither single appeared on the Billboard Hot 100.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Album Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"the 500 greatest albums of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Colin Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin"},{"link_name":"All Time Top 1000 Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Top_1000_Albums"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-9"},{"link_name":"Rhino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Records"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"bonus track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_track"},{"link_name":"integrated musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Paulie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulie"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"Moog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"ARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Instruments,_Inc."},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Robert Margouleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Margouleff"}],"text":"Robert Christgau gave the album an A rating upon release, and in retrospective reviews both the 1992 edition of the Rolling Stone Album Guide and AllMusic gave it a five-star rating. In 2012, the album was ranked number 394 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[8] In 2000 it was voted number 902 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.[9] It spent two weeks in the top 40 of the Billboard 200 in late 1974, with an overall 21-week tenure. It also earned a gold record in the Netherlands.On May 21, 2002, an expanded edition of the album was issued by Rhino Records on compact disc, including a bonus track demo of \"Marie\" and a second disc containing the February, 1973 demos entitled Johnny Cutler's Birthday. Included in these demo recordings are Newman's verbal descriptions of sound effects and other characters, the songs as a whole describing a narrative in the vein of integrated musicals dating from the 1940s. \"Doctor, Doctor\" is an early version of \"Back on My Feet Again\". The song \"Marie\" was used in the family film Paulie in 1998.All tracks were written and arranged by Randy Newman (with the exception of \"Every Man a King\"); strings arranged by Nick DeCaro on \"Marie\" and \"Rollin'\"; Moog and ARP synthesizers programmed by Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rednecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednecks_(song)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_1927"},{"link_name":"Every Man a King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_(song)"},{"link_name":"Huey Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Randy Newman except where notedSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Rednecks\"3:072.\"Birmingham\"2:453.\"Marie\"3:074.\"Mr. President (Have Pity on the Working Man)\"2:455.\"Guilty\"2:30Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length6.\"Louisiana 1927\" 2:547.\"Every Man a King\"Huey Long, Castro Carazo1:028.\"Kingfish\" 2:429.\"Naked Man\" 3:0610.\"A Wedding in Cherokee County\" 3:0711.\"Back on My Feet Again\" 3:3012.\"Rollin'\" 2:53","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2002 Reissue","text":"Disc one: Good Old Boys\n\n\"Rednecks\"\n\"Birmingham\"\n\"Marie\"\n\"Mr. President (Have Pity on the Working Man)\"\n\"Guilty\"\n\"Louisiana 1927\"\n\"Every Man a King\"\n\"Kingfish\"\n\"Naked Man\"\n\"A Wedding in Cherokee County\"\n\"Back on My Feet Again\"\n\"Rollin'\"\n\"Marie\" (demo, bonus track)\n\n\nDisc two: Johnny Cutler's Birthday\n\n\"Rednecks\"\n\"If We Didn't Have Jesus\"\n\"Birmingham\"\n\"The Joke\"\n\"Louisiana\"\n\"My Daddy Knew Dixie Howell\"\n\"Shining\"\n\"Marie\"\n\"Good Morning\"\n\"Birmingham Redux\"\n\"Doctor, Doctor\"\n\"Albanian Anthem\"\n\"Rolling\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fender Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_piano"},{"link_name":"ARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_synthesizers"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"John Platania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Platania"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"Ron Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Elliott_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Budimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Budimir"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"Al Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Perkins"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Russ Titelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Titelman"},{"link_name":"Willie Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Red Callender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Callender"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Jim Keltner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keltner"},{"link_name":"Andy Newmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Newmark"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Bobbye Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbye_Hall"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Milt Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Holland"},{"link_name":"Glenn Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Frey"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Robert Margouleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Margouleff"}],"text":"Randy Newman – arranger, conductor, piano, Fender Rhodes, ARP, synthesizer, vocals\nRy Cooder – guitar on \"Back on My Feet Again\"\nJohn Platania – electric guitar\nRon Elliott, Dennis Budimir – acoustic guitar\nAl Perkins – pedal steel guitar\nRuss Titelman, Willie Weeks, Red Callender – bass guitar\nJim Keltner, Andy Newmark – drums\nBobbye Hall – percussion\nMilt Holland – drums, percussion\nGlenn Frey – backing vocals\nDon Henley – backing vocals\nBernie Leadon – backing vocals\nNick DeCaro - accordion, string arrangements, conductor on \"Marie\" and \"Rollin'\"\nMalcolm Cecil, Robert Margouleff - ARP, synthesizer, programmingTechnicalJudy Maizel, Trudy Portch - production coordination\nLee Herschberg - engineer, mixing\nDonn Landee - additional engineer, mixing\nMike Salisbury - cover design, photography\nShepard Sherbell - liner photography","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Hacke

Werner Hacke

["1 Graduation","2 Research","3 Awards and honors","4 Publications","5 Personal life","6 References"]

Professor of neurology This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Werner Hacke" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (January 2022) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Werner HackeBorn1948 Duisburg, GermanyNationalityGermanOccupationProfessor at the University of HeidelbergPredecessorHeinz GänshirtSuccessorWolfgang WickSpouseMonikaChildren2 Werner Hacke, born 1948 in Duisburg, Germany, was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, from 1987 to 2014 and holds now a Senior Professorship of Neurology at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. Graduation He graduated from the Klinikum Aachen Medical School of the RWTH Aachen and holds also a Master's degree in Psychology. He is a board certified neurologist, psychiatrist, and neurocritical care specialist. He received his neurology training at the RWTH Aachen medical school, Germany, and Berne, Switzerland. After spending almost one year of research at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, California, he was elected to the chair position of Neurology at the University of Heidelberg, at that time being the youngest chairman of Neurology ever elected in Germany. In 2014, after 27 years as chair and head of the department he stepped down from his clinical duties and is now the first Senior Professor of Medicine at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. Research Hacke is involved with many clinical studies, both industry-supported and investigator-driven. Recently he led studies including ECASS I-IV AbESTT I and II, DIAS I and II, CHARISMA, DESTINY, DESTINY II and SPACE 1 and 2, only to name a few, as chair or co-chair of the steering committee. Awards and honors Hacke was the recipient of the Yamanouchi Europe research award, the first non-US recipient of the Feinberg Award for excellence in stroke research, given by the American Stroke Association (1998), and the first recipient of the Karolinska Stroke Award, Stockholm, Sweden in 2004, Recipient of the Mihara Award 2009 (Tokyo, Japan) and the Max Jarecki Award (New York, USA) in 2009. In 2013 he was awarded the Wepfer Award by the European stroke conference. In 2018 he received the ESO science award. In 2020 he received the WSO Leadership in Stroke Award. He is an honorary member of the Austrian and the Hungarian Stroke Society, the French Neurological Society, Pan-Russian Neurological Association, the American Neurological Association (ANA, Honorary Fellow), The Brasilian Neurological Society and is an honorary president of the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS). Hacke has been named an honorary member of the German Neurological Society, the German Stroke Society, the German Society of Neuroradiology, and the German Society of Neurosurgery, being the first Neurologist to receive this honor for more than 100 years. Hacke holds an honorary doctor degree given by the State University of Georgia, Tbilisi, and an honorary doctor degree by the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Hacke holds honorary professorships by the University of Tbilisi, Georgia and the Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Publications He was on the editorial board of many international journals, European editor of "Stroke" and author of more than 800 peer-reviewed papers in high impact journals. He is the Editor in Chief of the German language specialty journal "Der Nervenarzt" and the Founding Editor in Chief of a new English Language Journal "Neurological Research and Practice", an official open-access journal published by BMC and the German Society of Neurology. He is co-author of the leading German-language textbook of neurology (Neurologie), together with his teacher Prof Klaus Poeck, and several other books on stroke, intensive care, and general neurology. In 2015 he edited the 14th edition of this leading German Neurology Textbook. Hacke has published more than 500 articles listed in PubMed and Google Scholar citations. His h-index is 140 Google Scholar citations and his number of citations are over 120,000 Google Scholar citations. He is a top-ranked author for publications in stroke and stroke therapy both by number and by citations in the last decade.Clavariate; Web of Science. He his on the list of "highly cited researchers" for several years.Clavariate; Web of Science . Personal life Hacke is married to Monika Hacke, and they have two daughters. References ^ Home Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Academics Google Scholar Other IdRef

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He received his neurology training at the RWTH Aachen medical school, Germany, and Berne, Switzerland. After spending almost one year of research at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, California, he was elected to the chair position of Neurology at the University of Heidelberg, at that time being the youngest chairman of Neurology ever elected in Germany. In 2014, after 27 years as chair and head of the department he stepped down from his clinical duties and is now the first Senior Professor of Medicine at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.","title":"Graduation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hacke is involved with many clinical studies, both industry-supported and investigator-driven. Recently[when?] he led studies including ECASS I-IV AbESTT I and II, DIAS I and II, CHARISMA, DESTINY, DESTINY II and SPACE 1 and 2, only to name a few, as chair or co-chair of the steering committee.[citation needed]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Stroke Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stroke_Association"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"}],"text":"Hacke was the recipient of the Yamanouchi Europe research award, the first non-US recipient of the Feinberg Award for excellence in stroke research, given by the American Stroke Association (1998), and the first recipient of the Karolinska Stroke Award, Stockholm, Sweden in 2004, Recipient of the Mihara Award 2009 (Tokyo, Japan) and the Max Jarecki Award (New York, USA) in 2009. In 2013 he was awarded the Wepfer Award by the European stroke conference. In 2018 he received the ESO science award. In 2020 he received the WSO Leadership in Stroke Award.He is an honorary member of the Austrian and the Hungarian Stroke Society, the French Neurological Society, Pan-Russian Neurological Association, the American Neurological Association (ANA, Honorary Fellow), The Brasilian Neurological Society and is an honorary president of the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS).Hacke has been named an honorary member of the German Neurological Society, the German Stroke Society, the German Society of Neuroradiology, and the German Society of Neurosurgery, being the first Neurologist to receive this honor for more than 100 years.Hacke holds an honorary doctor degree given by the State University of Georgia, Tbilisi, and an honorary doctor degree by the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Hacke holds honorary professorships by the University of Tbilisi, Georgia and the Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago de Chile, Chile.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klaus Poeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Poeck"},{"link_name":"PubMed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar"},{"link_name":"h-index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index"},{"link_name":"Clavariate; Web of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavariate;_Web_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clavariate; Web of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavariate;_Web_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He was on the editorial board of many international journals, European editor of \"Stroke\" and author of more than 800 peer-reviewed papers in high impact journals. He is the Editor in Chief of the German language specialty journal \"Der Nervenarzt\" and the Founding Editor in Chief of a new English Language Journal \"Neurological Research and Practice\", an official open-access journal published by BMC and the German Society of Neurology. He is co-author of the leading German-language textbook of neurology (Neurologie), together with his teacher Prof Klaus Poeck, and several other books on stroke, intensive care, and general neurology. In 2015 he edited the 14th edition of this leading German Neurology Textbook.Hacke has published more than 500 articles listed in PubMed and Google Scholar citations. His h-index is 140 Google Scholar citations and his number of citations are over 120,000 Google Scholar citations. He is a top-ranked author for publications in stroke and stroke therapy both by number and by citations in the last decade.Clavariate; Web of Science. He his on the list of \"highly cited researchers\" for several years.Clavariate; Web of Science .","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hacke is married to Monika Hacke, and they have two daughters.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/Z_Records

C/Z Records

["1 History","2 Releases","3 Notable bands","4 References","5 External links"]

Seattle record label This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "C/Z Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) C/Z RecordsFounded1985 (1985)FounderChris HanzsekTina CasaleDefunct2001 (2001)GenrePunk rock,alternative rock,grungeCountry of originUnited StatesLocationSeattle, WashingtonLos Angeles, CaliforniaOfficial websiteczrecords.com C/Z Records was a Seattle-based punk rock record label established in early 1985 by Chris Hanzsek and Tina Casale. It started with the release of Deep Six, which collected early recordings of what later came to be known as grunge. After Deep Six proved commercially unsuccessful, Hanzsek and Casale sold the label to Daniel House. History The label was first founded in early 1985 by Chris Hanzsek and Tina Casale. The label's first release in March 1986 was Deep Six (CZ001), a compilation LP featuring early grunge bands Soundgarden, Melvins, Green River, Skin Yard, Malfunkshun, and The U-Men. The record was commercially unsuccessful, and after around 18 months, Hanzsek and Casale decided to sell the label. Daniel House, bass player for Skin Yard, who was recording the band's first album at the time, took over the operation of C/Z records. Over the following years, C/Z Records became an outlet for many unsigned Seattle bands. In 1989, House began working as director of sales for newly-formed Seattle independent record label Sub Pop. Eventually he left C/Z Records, and subsequently released early albums and singles by The Presidents of the United States of America, Melvins, Built to Spill, 7 Year Bitch, The Gits, Silkworm and Hammerbox. In 1993, C/Z entered into a production and distribution deal with Sony-owned RED Distribution. The deal had a negative impact on the label,, which was forced to downsize, and did not issue any new releases for over a year. In 1996, BMG-owned Zoo Entertainment partnered with C/Z, providing an operating and recording budget and assisting in the development of new artists. In 1997, Zoo was purchased by Volcano Entertainment and all third party ventures were dropped. Daniel House subsequently returned C/Z to part-time status, releasing only occasional records on an infrequent basis. Releases In 2002, C/Z released a collection of unreleased and unavailable Skin Yard material, Start at the Top. C/Z released several Teriyaki Asthma compilations, one of which contained Nirvana's track "Mexican Seafood". Nirvana also released their version of "Do You Love Me?" on C/Z's Kiss tribute album Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation. Notable bands Notable bands who released music through C/Z Records included: 10 Minute Warning 7 Year Bitch Alcohol Funnycar Built To Spill Caustic Resin Coffin Break Hammerbox Huevos Rancheros Hullabaloo Love Battery Melvins Monks of Doom Moonshake Pain Teens Presidents Of The USA Rhythm Pigs Rollins / Hard-Ons Silkworm Skin Yard The Gits The Lemons The Semibeings Tone Dogs Treepeople Wreck References ^ Huey, Steve. "Skin Yard Biography". AllMusic. ^ McMurray, Jacob (2013). Taking Punk to the Masses: From Nowhere to Nevermind. Fantagraphics Books. p. 195. ISBN 9781606994337. ^ "C/Z Records | Discography". www.czrecords.com. Retrieved May 22, 2022. External links Official site Authority control databases MusicBrainz label

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It started with the release of Deep Six, which collected early recordings of what later came to be known as grunge.[1] After Deep Six proved commercially unsuccessful, Hanzsek and Casale sold the label to Daniel House.[2]","title":"C/Z Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Hanzsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hanzsek"},{"link_name":"Deep Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Six_(album)"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(band)"},{"link_name":"Skin Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Yard"},{"link_name":"Malfunkshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfunkshun"},{"link_name":"The U-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_U-Men"},{"link_name":"Daniel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_House_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Skin Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Yard"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"The Presidents of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Built to Spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Spill"},{"link_name":"7 Year Bitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Year_Bitch"},{"link_name":"The Gits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gits"},{"link_name":"Silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hammerbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbox"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"RED Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RED_Distribution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Zoo Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_Entertainment_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Volcano Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_Entertainment"}],"text":"The label was first founded in early 1985 by Chris Hanzsek and Tina Casale. The label's first release in March 1986 was Deep Six (CZ001), a compilation LP featuring early grunge bands Soundgarden, Melvins, Green River, Skin Yard, Malfunkshun, and The U-Men. The record was commercially unsuccessful, and after around 18 months, Hanzsek and Casale decided to sell the label.Daniel House, bass player for Skin Yard, who was recording the band's first album at the time, took over the operation of C/Z records. Over the following years, C/Z Records became an outlet for many unsigned Seattle bands. In 1989, House began working as director of sales for newly-formed Seattle independent record label Sub Pop. Eventually he left C/Z Records, and subsequently released early albums and singles by The Presidents of the United States of America, Melvins, Built to Spill, 7 Year Bitch, The Gits, Silkworm and Hammerbox.In 1993, C/Z entered into a production and distribution deal with Sony-owned RED Distribution. The deal had a negative impact on the label,[citation needed], which was forced to downsize, and did not issue any new releases for over a year.In 1996, BMG-owned Zoo Entertainment partnered with C/Z, providing an operating and recording budget and assisting in the development of new artists. In 1997, Zoo was purchased by Volcano Entertainment and all third party ventures were dropped.Daniel House subsequently returned C/Z to part-time status, releasing only occasional records on an infrequent basis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skin Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Yard"},{"link_name":"Start at the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_at_the_Top"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Seafood"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_to_Believe:_Kiss_Covers_Compilation"}],"text":"In 2002, C/Z released a collection of unreleased and unavailable Skin Yard material, Start at the Top.C/Z released several Teriyaki Asthma compilations, one of which contained Nirvana's track \"Mexican Seafood\". Nirvana also released their version of \"Do You Love Me?\" on C/Z's Kiss tribute album Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation.","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"10 Minute Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Minute_Warning"},{"link_name":"7 Year Bitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Year_Bitch"},{"link_name":"Alcohol Funnycar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_Funnycar"},{"link_name":"Built To Spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_To_Spill"},{"link_name":"Caustic Resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_Resin"},{"link_name":"Coffin Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_Break"},{"link_name":"Hammerbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbox"},{"link_name":"Huevos Rancheros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huevos_Rancheros_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hullabaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullabaloo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Love Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Battery"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Monks of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"Moonshake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshake"},{"link_name":"Pain Teens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_Teens"},{"link_name":"Presidents Of The USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rhythm Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_Pigs"},{"link_name":"Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Hard-Ons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-Ons"},{"link_name":"Silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_(band)"},{"link_name":"Skin Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Yard"},{"link_name":"The Gits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gits"},{"link_name":"The Lemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lemons"},{"link_name":"The Semibeings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semibeings"},{"link_name":"Tone Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Treepeople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treepeople"},{"link_name":"Wreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_(band)"}],"text":"Notable bands who released music through C/Z Records included:[3]10 Minute Warning\n7 Year Bitch\nAlcohol Funnycar\nBuilt To Spill\nCaustic Resin\nCoffin Break\nHammerbox\nHuevos Rancheros\nHullabaloo\nLove Battery\nMelvins\nMonks of Doom\nMoonshake\nPain Teens\nPresidents Of The USA\nRhythm Pigs\nRollins / Hard-Ons\nSilkworm\nSkin Yard\nThe Gits\nThe Lemons\nThe Semibeings\nTone Dogs\nTreepeople\nWreck","title":"Notable bands"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Huey, Steve. \"Skin Yard Biography\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/skin-yard-mn0000026637/biography","url_text":"\"Skin Yard Biography\""}]},{"reference":"McMurray, Jacob (2013). Taking Punk to the Masses: From Nowhere to Nevermind. Fantagraphics Books. p. 195. ISBN 9781606994337.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9iFmDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Taking Punk to the Masses: From Nowhere to Nevermind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606994337","url_text":"9781606994337"}]},{"reference":"\"C/Z Records | Discography\". www.czrecords.com. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.czrecords.com/discography.html","url_text":"\"C/Z Records | Discography\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Chikiu

Cape Chikiu

["1 Overview","2 Green space of Cape Chkiu","3 Facilities","4 Access","5 References"]

Coordinates: 42°18′06″N 141°00′07″E / 42.30167°N 141.00194°E / 42.30167; 141.00194Cape in Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan Cape Chikiu チキウ岬CapeCape Chikiu LighthouseCape ChikiuLocation of Cape Chikiu in HokkaidoShow map of HokkaidoCape ChikiuCape Chikiu (Japan)Show map of JapanCoordinates: 42°18′06″N 141°00′07″E / 42.30167°N 141.00194°E / 42.30167; 141.00194LocationMuroran, Japan Cape Chikiu (チキウ岬, Chikiumisaki) is a cape facing the Pacific Ocean in Muroran City, Hokkaido, Japan. It is derived from "ci-ke-p" in Ainu language, which means "cliff" is accented and commonly referred to as Cape Chikiyu (地球岬, Chikiyumisaki). Overview The Pacific side of the Etomo Peninsula is a scenic spot with cliffs rising 100 meters (330 ft) above sea level extending for about 14 kilometers (8.7 mi). Many people come to the cape to see the first sunrise on the new year to see the curvature of the horizon. Cape Chikiu was placed first in the "100 best natural spots of Hokkaido" list published by the Asahi Shimbun in 1985. It was also included in the list of "Favorite Hokkaido scenic spots" by the Hokkaido Post Office in 1986 and the "100 new Japan sightseeing spots" by the Yomiuri Shimbun in 1987. Cape Chikiu named "The Etomo peninsula outer Coast" with "Harkaramoi, Masuich beach, Tokkarisho" and designated as a national scenic spot "Pirikanoka" (it means "Beautiful shape" in Ainu people Language) in 2012. Chikiu Lighthouse was first turned on in 1920, and was selected as one of the "50 lighthouses of Japan". It was also dubbed by the Japan Society of Civil Engineers as part of the country's "civil engineering heritage". Green space of Cape Chkiu Area from Cape Chikiu to Charatsunay where is located on west side where is a green area of about fifty hectares based on urban planning and has a walking path. You can see flowers such as Katakuri, Ezokawaranadeshiko, Ōbaki violet in the spring. The surrounding area is on a migratory birds route and is also known as Peregrine falcon nesting site for aim migratory birds. In addition, woodpeckers and other wild birds can be observed, so citizen bird-watching event is held. The waterway which is located almost in the center of the green space is a valuable place for breeding of Hokkaido salamanders. Facilities This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Observatory Restrooms Stands Parking lot Access This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) From Bokoi Station on the JR Hokkaido Muroran Main Line take the Donan Bus bound for Cape Chikiu housing complex and get off there. At a distance of 1.1 kilometers (0.68 mi) away, it takes about 14 minutes on foot to reach Cape Chikiu Observatory from there. References ^ アイヌ語地名リスト P71-80 (PDF). アイヌ語地名リスト (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ 景勝地 (PDF). 室蘭市 (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ 名勝ピリカノカ 絵鞆半島外海岸 . City of Muroran (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ 日本の灯台50選 . Tokokai (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ チキウ岬灯台 . Japan Society of Civil Engineers (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ a b c むろらんの森と散策路 (PDF). City of Muroran (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3, 2015.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uamh_an_Claonaite

Uamh an Claonaite

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 58°6′16″N 4°56′9″W / 58.10444°N 4.93583°W / 58.10444; -4.93583Cave in Assynt, Highlands, Scotland, UK Uamh an ClaonaiteLocationAssyntDepth110 metres (360 ft)Length2.868 kilometres (1.782 mi)Cave surveywww.darkanddeep.co.uk Uamh an Claonaite (Scottish Gaelic: Cave of the sloping rock) is the longest cave in Scotland. It consists of a series of dry passages and a series of at least six sumps which have been dived over the years. The attempt by members of the Grampian Speleological Group to excavate a nearby sinkhole, Rana Hole, and connect into the final chambers from above achieved its aim in December 2007. The length of the cave is 2.868 kilometres (1.782 mi) and the vertical range is 110 metres (360 ft). References ^ a b c Search results for Uamh An Claonaite ^ Peter Glanvill - Photography, Caving, Diving ^ ANUS Cave ^ New digs in Assynt ^ Rana Connected to Claonaite! External links http://www.wirralcavinggroup.uk.eu.org/trips/uac.html http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/arb/scotland/assynt.html http://www.darkanddeep.co.uk/caving_scotland.asp vteRecreational dive sitesReef diving regions Akumal Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Amed (Bali) Anilao Apo Island Apo Reef Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Bay of Pigs Belize Barrier Reef Biscayne National Park Bohol Sea Bowie Seamount Bunaken Bunaken National Park Cahuita National Park Calve Island Capurganá Ċirkewwa Cliff Villa Peninsula Cozumel Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park Edmonds Underwater Park El Ikhwa Islands False Bay Għar Qawqla Gili Islands Great Barrier Reef Great Southern Reef Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve Haql Hol Chan Marine Reserve iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Sodwana Bay John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Kadmat Island Ko Tao Lighthouse Reef Mantanani Islands Malapascua Martin's Haven Marsa Alam Molasses Reef Molokini Neptune Islands Osprey Reef Palancar Reef Panglao, Bohol Pescador Island Petit Saint Vincent Poor Knights Islands Porteau Cove Provincial Park Puerto Galera Punta Cana Ras Muhammad National Park Rondo Island Rottnest Island San Andrés (island) San Pedro Nolasco Island Shaʽb Abu Nuħas Shadwan Island Similan Islands Sipadan Socorro Island Sound of Mull St. Crispin's Reef Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Taganga Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area Tubbataha Reef Utila Wakatobi Regency Weh Island Reef dive sites Azure Window Cod Hole Daedalus Reef Darwin's Arch Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Elphinstone Reef Eyemouth Fanadir Frederiksted Pier French Reef Fowey Rocks Light Gamul Kebir Hillsea Point Rock Inland Sea, Gozo Kennack Sands The Manacles Magic Point Octopus Hole Pope's Eye Portsea Hole Second Valley Sund Rock St Abbs Stingray City, Grand Cayman Wolf Rock Artificial reefs Edithburgh jetty Gibraltar Artificial Reef Merkanti Reef Port Hughes jetty Port Noarlunga jetty Rapid Bay jetty Shark River Reef South Channel Fort Osborne Reef Underwater artworks Cancún Underwater Museum Christ of the Abyss Circle of Heroes Kristu tal-Baħħara Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park Snorkelling sites Fungus Rock Wreck diving regions Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District Calve Island Chuuk Lagoon Coron Bay Edmonds Underwater Park Shipwrecks of Isle Royale Loch Long Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan Michigan Underwater Preserves Pearl and Hermes Atoll Porteau Cove Provincial Park Robben Island Marine Protected Area Scapa Flow Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Tulagi Tulamben Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Ve Skerries Wardang Island Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve Wreck Alley, San Diego Wreck dive sites 115 (barge) A HMS A1 HMS A3 USS Aaron Ward Abessinia USS Accokeek HMAS Adelaide SS Admiral Sampson MV Adolphus Busch Aeolian Sky USS Aeolus Agat World War II Amtrac SS Ajax Albert C. Field USS Algol SS Algoma Al Munassir Amaryllis SS America USS Anderson Andrea Doria Antilla Antilles USS Apogon SS Appomattox Aquila Aratama Maru Arctic USS Arkansas SS Arratoon Apcar USS Arthur W. Radford SS Atlanta USS Atlanta (CL-51) SS Australasia B HMAS Bayonet SS Ben Doran SS Benwood Bianca C. USCGC Bibb SS Binnendijk USS Blenny HMS Boadicea Booya HMSAS Bloemfontein Breda Brian Davis HMAS Brisbane HMHS Britannic Bud Bar Bungsberg Byron C HMAS Canberra HMCS Cape Breton USCGC Cape Henlopen Captain Keith Tibbetts Carl D. Bradley USS Carlisle Carnatic Carthaginian II SS Cayuga SS Cedarville Christina Nilsson City of Bangor SS City of Everett SS City of Launceston HMCS Chaudière ROCS Chen Hai Chester A. Congdon SS Clan Ranald SS Clifton USCGC Comanche SS Comet Constandis HMAS Coogee Cormoran Cornelia B. Windiate HMS Coronation Crusader PS Cumberland USS Curb USCGC Cuyahoga D MV Dania Daniel Lyons David Tucker SMS Dresden SS D.R. Hanna USCGC Duane Dunraven SS Dwight L. Moody E Eagle Eastfield SS Eber Ward SS Edgar E. Clark HMT Elk Ellengowan USS Emmons SS Emperor RMS Empress of Ireland SS Erie L. Hackley SS Espagne SS Etruria F HMS Falmouth Fifi Fleetwing SS Francisco Morazan SS Francis Hinton SS Frank O'Connor F.T. Barney Fujikawa Maru Fumizuki G Gallinipper SATS General Botha USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg George A. Marsh SS George Dewey George M. Cox Georg Thiele HMS Ghurka USS Gilliam SS Glenlyon Glen Strathallan SAS Good Hope HMAS Goorangai Gothenburg Grace A. Channon SS Grecian Green Bay MV Gregory Poole Gunilda H MT Haven SS Henry Chisholm MT Hephaestus Hermann Künne HMS Hermes Herzogin Cecilie SS Hesper Hilma Hooker Hispania Home HMS Hood HMAS Hobart I Igara USS Indra SS Ironsides SS Isaac M. Scott Island City J HMAS J1 HMAS J2 HMAS J4 HMAS J5 James Eagan Layne J.S. Seaverns SS John B. Cowle John M. Osborn SS John Mitchell Jura K SS Kamloops Kashi Maru PS Keystone State King Cruiser USS Kittiwake Kizugawa Maru SMS Kronprinz Kyarra Kyle Spangler L PS Lady Elgin Lady Thetis HMS Laforey SS Lakeland USS Lamson USAT Liberty SS Louisiana Louis Sheid SS L.R. Doty USS LST-507 Lumberman M HMS M2 HMCS Mackenzie Madeira SMS Markgraf SS Marquette Mayflower (scow) Mikhail Lermontov Maine Maloja HMS Maori SS Maori SS Margaret Olwill Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi MV Mercedes I USCGC Mesquite Metamora SS Midland City USS Mindanao Minnedosa SS Miowera SS Milwaukee USS Mizpah Miztec USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia SS Monarch SS Monrovia HMS Montagu SS M.M. Drake MV RMS Mulheim USS Muliphen SS Myron N Nagato Niagara Niagara (tug) HMCS Nipigon SS Norman Northerner O Oceana SS Onoko USS Oriskany Oslofjord Ozone P P29 P31 SS Panay SS Papoose Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth SS Pewabic SAS Pietermaritzburg USS Pilotfish Piłsudski SS Pioneer USCGC Point Swift Pool Fisher SS Port Kembla HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge HMS Prince of Wales Q PS Queen Victoria R SS R.P. Resor Radaas USS Rankin Rainbow Warrior SS Regina HMS Repulse RMS Rhone Riva Palacio Robert C. Pringle SS Robert Wallace USS Rochester Rondo Rosehill Rosinco Rotorua Rouse Simmons Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi SS Russia S HMS Safari Sagamore HMCS Saguenay Sakawa Salem Express SS Samuel Mather Samuel P. Ely Sanko Harvest USS Saratoga HMCS Saskatchewan SS S.C. Baldwin USS Schurz USS Scuffle USS Scrimmage HMS Scylla SS Selah Chamberlain HMS Sidon USCGC Spar South Australian USS Spiegel Grove Sport Stanegarth Stanwood Stella SS Stepas Darius HMS St Lawrence SS Superior City HMAS Swan Sweepstakes T SS Tahoe USCGC Tamaroa USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Thomas Friant Thomas Wilson Thunderbolt Wreck Toa Maru HMAS Tobruk Tokai Maru Torrey Canyon SAS Transvaal MV Treasure HMNZS Tui U U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud V Varvassi USS Vermilion SS Vernon SS Vienna W HMNZS Waikato Walter L M Russ Washingtonian (1913) PS Waubuno HMNZS Wellington SS Wexford SS William C. Moreland SS Wisconsin USS Wilkes-Barre Y USS Yancey YO-257 Yongala HMCS Yukon Z Zenobia Zealandia Zingara Cave dive sitesCave diving regions of the world Cave dive sites: Blauhöhle Blue hole Blue Hole (Red Sea) Great Blue Hole Blue Hole (Guam) Boesmansgat Cenote Dzibilchaltun Chinhoyi Caves Cocklebiddy, Western Australia Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Cave Fossil Cave Hranice Abyss Jordbrugrotta Kilsby sinkhole Molnár János Cave Nereo Cave Piccaninnie Ponds Pluragrotta Pollatoomary Ricks Spring The Shaft Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Huautla Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Uamh an Claonaite Vortex Spring Wakulla Springs Wondergat ZacatónFreshwater dive sites Blue Hole (New Mexico) Blue Lake (Utah) Dinorwic quarry Dorothea quarry Dutch Springs Ewens Ponds Homestead caldera Little Blue Lake Logue Brook Dam Ponce de Leon Spring Rum Jungle Silfra Vortex Spring Wast Water Wazee Lake Training sites Blue Abyss Capernwray Dive Centre Deep Dive Dubai Deepspot Eccleston Quarry Hotel Terme Millepini National Diving and Activity Centre Nemo 33 Seacrest Cove 2 Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall Stoney Cove Swanage Pier Related topics Black-water diving Blue-water diving Low impact diving Recreational diving Scuba diving Scuba diving tourism Underwater archaeology Underwater diving Wall diving Outline of recreational dive sites Category: Underwater diving sites Commons: Category:Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites  Portal:Underwater diving 58°6′16″N 4°56′9″W / 58.10444°N 4.93583°W / 58.10444; -4.93583 This caving-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Highland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Easley

Margaret Easley

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Acting","3.2 Writing","4 References","5 External links"]

American actress and television writer Margaret EasleyAlma materSanta Barbara City College (A.A.)University of California, Santa Barbara (B.A.)Occupation(s)Actress, voice actress, television writer, television producerYears active1997–present Margaret Easley is an American actress and television writer and producer. Early life Easley received an Associate of Arts degree from Santa Barbara City College and a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Career She has worked in the theater, television and films and voice-overs and commercials. She has done commercials for Home Depot, McDonald's and DirecWay. She is alum of The Groundlings. She also works as a screenwriter and television producer, contributing to The Mysteries of Laura, Life Sentence and Manifest. Filmography Acting Assassin's Creed Valhalla (2020) (Videogame) — Gunlod The Listing Agent (2014) (Short film) — Wendy Brown Infamous Second Son (2014) (Videogame) — Female pedestrian Modern Family ("The Wow Factor", 2013) — Rachel The Thundermans (2013) - Fiona Campbell Assassin's Creed III (2012) (Videogame) — Minerva Starhawk (2012) (Videogame) — Automated Voice, Crowd iCarly (2011) — Mrs. Dershlit The Closer (2010) — Joan Marku Assassin's Creed II (2009) (Videogame) — Minerva Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 (2009) (Videogame) — Maria Hill 90210 (2009) — Sister Mary Elisabeth Me, You, a Bag & Bamboo (2009) (Short film) — Clifford's Mother Sizzle: A Global Warming Comedy (2008) — Janet Sanders Ghost Whisperer (2008) — Brenda Lost: Via Domus (2008) (Videogame) — Juliet Burke Moonlight (2008) — Dr Alison Lin Dan's Detour of Life (2008) (TV movie) — Caroline Kirkland Neverwinter Nights 2: Mask of the Betrayer (2007) (Videogame) — Katya, Kazimika Vadoi, NPC Female Merchant NCIS (2007) — Sara Nelson Big Love (2006–2010) — April Blessing Driver '76 (2007) (Videogame) — Mrs Thompson Andy Barker, P.I. (2007) — Wendy Halverson The Singles Table (2007) — Makeup Artist Family Guy (2005–2006) — Various, Hand #2 (voices) Neverwinter Nights 2 (2006) (Videogame) — Katya, Kazimika Vadoi Cold Case (2006) — Stella Bobker Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006) — Constance Gower Pepper Dennis (2006) — Alice The King of Queens (2006) — Nancy The Night of the Falcon (2005) (Short film) — Margaret Mrs. Harris (2005) (TV movie) — Carol Potts Alias (2005) — Tammy Miller/Yelena Vasya Peep Show (2005) (TV movie) — Erin Huff (2004) — Sheila Connelly Without a Trace (2004) — Sonya Trammel Six Feet Under (2004) — Young Woman in Elevator Scrubs (2004) — J.D.'s Mother The D.A. (2004) — Laura Rainer The District (2004) — Katherine Lustig 24 (2004) — President's Aide What I Like About You (2003) — Martha Looney Tunes: Stranger Than Fiction (2003) (Video) — Additional voices Looney Tunes: Reality Check (2003) (Video) — Additional voices June & Orlando (2003) (Short film) — Amanda Gilmore Girls (2003) — Helen Thompson Less than Perfect (2003) — Cassidy Slackers (2002) — Receptionist Passions (2001) — Nora Randall Charmed (2001) — News Director Once and Again (2001) — Marlys We Married Margo (2000) — Woman Dumped By Margo Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1999) — Curator Introducing Dorothy Dandridge (1999) (TV movie) — Ring-a-ding Girl Sunset Beach (1997) — Stewardess Writing Manifest (2018-2021) Life Sentence (2018) Lethal Weapon (2017) The Mysteries of Laura (2014-2016) References ^ Das, Alex (July 8, 2020). "A Profile on Alumni Margaret Easley". Santa Barbara City College. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ Riley, Jenelle (August 5, 2005). "Test Flight". Backstage. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ "1000 Questions: Margaret Easley". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2012-01-25. ^ Sumo Digital; Ubisoft Reflections. Driver 76. Ubisoft. Scene: Ending credits, 2:32:11 in, Voice Actors.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Margaret Easley at IMDb Margaret Easley at AllMovie

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III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"Starhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk_(2012_video_game)"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"The Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closer"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Ultimate_Alliance_2"},{"link_name":"Maria Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Hill"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Me, You, a Bag & Bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me,_You,_a_Bag_%26_Bamboo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sizzle: A Global Warming Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sizzle:_A_Global_Warming_Comedy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghost Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer"},{"link_name":"Lost: Via Domus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost:_Via_Domus"},{"link_name":"Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dan's Detour of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%27s_Detour_of_Life&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neverwinter Nights 2: Mask of the Betrayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverwinter_Nights_2:_Mask_of_the_Betrayer"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Driver '76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver_%2776"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andy Barker, P.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Barker,_P.I."},{"link_name":"The Singles 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Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)#American_versions"},{"link_name":"Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huff_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Without a Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_a_Trace"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The D.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D.A._(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_District"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"What I Like About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_I_Like_About_You_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes: Stranger Than Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Looney_Tunes:_Stranger_Than_Fiction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes: Reality Check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Looney_Tunes:_Reality_Check&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"June & Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_%26_Orlando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Less than Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_Perfect"},{"link_name":"Slackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Once and Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_and_Again"},{"link_name":"We Married Margo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Married_Margo"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer"},{"link_name":"Introducing Dorothy Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introducing_Dorothy_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"Sunset Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Beach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Easley&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Manifest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lethal Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mysteries of Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Laura"}],"text":"Acting[edit]\nAssassin's Creed Valhalla (2020) (Videogame) — Gunlod\nThe Listing Agent (2014) (Short film) — Wendy Brown\nInfamous Second Son (2014) (Videogame) — Female pedestrian\nModern Family (\"The Wow Factor\", 2013) — Rachel\nThe Thundermans (2013) - Fiona Campbell\nAssassin's Creed III (2012) (Videogame) — Minerva\nStarhawk (2012) (Videogame) — Automated Voice, Crowd\niCarly (2011) — Mrs. Dershlit\nThe Closer (2010) — Joan Marku\nAssassin's Creed II (2009) (Videogame) — Minerva\nMarvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 (2009) (Videogame) — Maria Hill\n90210 (2009) — Sister Mary Elisabeth\nMe, You, a Bag & Bamboo (2009) (Short film) — Clifford's Mother\nSizzle: A Global Warming Comedy (2008) — Janet Sanders\nGhost Whisperer (2008) — Brenda\nLost: Via Domus (2008) (Videogame) — Juliet Burke\nMoonlight (2008) — Dr Alison Lin\nDan's Detour of Life (2008) (TV movie) — Caroline Kirkland\nNeverwinter Nights 2: Mask of the Betrayer (2007) (Videogame) — Katya, Kazimika Vadoi, NPC Female Merchant\nNCIS (2007) — Sara Nelson\nBig Love (2006–2010) — April Blessing\nDriver '76 (2007) (Videogame) — Mrs Thompson[4]\nAndy Barker, P.I. (2007) — Wendy Halverson\nThe Singles Table (2007) — Makeup Artist\nFamily Guy (2005–2006) — Various, Hand #2 (voices)\nNeverwinter Nights 2 (2006) (Videogame) — Katya, Kazimika Vadoi\nCold Case (2006) — Stella Bobker\nStudio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006) — Constance Gower\nPepper Dennis (2006) — Alice\nThe King of Queens (2006) — Nancy\nThe Night of the Falcon (2005) (Short film) — Margaret\nMrs. Harris (2005) (TV movie) — Carol Potts\nAlias (2005) — Tammy Miller/Yelena Vasya\nPeep Show (2005) (TV movie) — Erin\nHuff (2004) — Sheila Connelly\nWithout a Trace (2004) — Sonya Trammel\nSix Feet Under (2004) — Young Woman in Elevator\nScrubs (2004) — J.D.'s Mother\nThe D.A. (2004) — Laura Rainer\nThe District (2004) — Katherine Lustig\n24 (2004) — President's Aide\nWhat I Like About You (2003) — Martha\nLooney Tunes: Stranger Than Fiction (2003) (Video) — Additional voices\nLooney Tunes: Reality Check (2003) (Video) — Additional voices\nJune & Orlando (2003) (Short film) — Amanda\nGilmore Girls (2003) — Helen Thompson\nLess than Perfect (2003) — Cassidy\nSlackers (2002) — Receptionist\nPassions (2001) — Nora Randall\nCharmed (2001) — News Director\nOnce and Again (2001) — Marlys\nWe Married Margo (2000) — Woman Dumped By Margo\nBuffy the Vampire Slayer (1999) — Curator\nIntroducing Dorothy Dandridge (1999) (TV movie) — Ring-a-ding Girl\nSunset Beach (1997) — Stewardess\n\n\nWriting[edit]\nManifest (2018-2021)\nLife Sentence (2018)\nLethal Weapon (2017)\nThe Mysteries of Laura (2014-2016)","title":"Filmography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Das, Alex (July 8, 2020). \"A Profile on Alumni Margaret Easley\". Santa Barbara City College. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210212165528/https://www.sbcc.edu/theatrearts/alumni/margaret-easley.php","url_text":"\"A Profile on Alumni Margaret Easley\""},{"url":"https://www.sbcc.edu/theatrearts/alumni/margaret-easley.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Riley, Jenelle (August 5, 2005). \"Test Flight\". Backstage. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210212171941/https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/test-flight-26445/","url_text":"\"Test Flight\""},{"url":"https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/test-flight-26445/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1000 Questions: Margaret Easley\". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2012-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170729011654/http://www.briandunning.com/1000questions/margaret-easley.shtml","url_text":"\"1000 Questions: Margaret Easley\""},{"url":"http://www.briandunning.com/1000questions/margaret-easley.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sumo Digital; Ubisoft Reflections. Driver 76. Ubisoft. Scene: Ending credits, 2:32:11 in, Voice Actors.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_Digital","url_text":"Sumo Digital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Reflections","url_text":"Ubisoft Reflections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft","url_text":"Ubisoft"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Irwin

Ashley Irwin

["1 Career","1.1 Society of Composer and Lyricists","1.2 APRA","2 Recognition","3 References","4 External links"]

Film score composer from Australia Ashley IrwinBirth nameAshley John IrwinGenres Soundtrack (Film score) Contemporary classical Occupation(s)Composer, arranger, orchestrator, conductorWebsitehttp://www.ashleyirwin.com/Musical artist Ashley Irwin is an Australian born composer, conductor, orchestrator, arranger and music producer. Irwin has composed, conducted, arranged, and orchestrated music for numerous movie soundtracks. He has collaborated with Clint Eastwood, Bill Conti, and has scored for silent films including Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog. He has an Emmy award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction, and two Emmy nominations. Irwin is currently serving his third term as the President of the Society of Composers and Lyricists. Career Ashley Irwin began his career arranging for records and commercials in Australia. He was one of six arrangers commissioned to orchestrate the ill-fated 1988 Australian bicentennial musical, Manning Clark's History of Australia – The Musical. After writing music for theatre, records, advertising and television, Irwin moved to the United States in 1990, composing and orchestrating for feature films. In the late 90s, Irwin scored the silent classics The White Hell of Piz Palü directed by German director Arnold Fanck, and Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog. Irwin was recommended to Clint Eastwood after his arranger retired, which led to Irwin's collaboration with Eastwood on films Hereafter, J. Edgar, Jersey Boys, and The 15:17 to Paris. He also worked on independent films including The Pardon starring John Hawkes and Jaime King. Irwin was one of the writers for the 2011 Australian musical "Pyjamas in Paradise''. Irwin has arranged and composed for 21 Academy Awards shows, several Emmy, Grammy, and other TV variety shows. His credits as music director include NBC's Screen Actors Guild Awards, American Giving Awards, and the Screen Musical Awards. Society of Composer and Lyricists Ashley Irwin has served as the president of the Society of Composers and Lyricists since 2013. Irwin has moderated numerous interviews, among them are six-time Oscar nominee Alexandre Desplat, Christophe Beck, Bruce Broughton, and Randy Edelman. He is a frequent speaker and presenter at SCL hosted events and award shows. APRA Irwin is an official APRA Ambassador. He was the Music Director for APRA's Screen Music Awards between 2013 and 2016. Recognition Ashley Irwin was awarded an Emmy in 1992 for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction for the 64th annual Academy Awards. He has previously been nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction in 1990 and 1991. The Australian Guild of Screen Composers recognized Irwin for his score to The White Hell of Piz Palü and The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog, awarding him the Best Feature Film Score in both 1998 and 1999. Irwin was given a G.A.N.G. award for his work in The Godfather video game in 2006. He was nominated for AACTA and APRA awards for his recreated songs in the mini-series Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door. References ^ a b c d e f "Ashley Irwin". The Society of Composers and Lyricists. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ a b "Ashley Irwin". Television Academy. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ a b c d e f g "Screen composer Ashley Irwin discusses the Oscars, Clint Eastwood, and next week's Screen Music Awards". The Music Network. 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ Ashley Irwin: Writing and Arrangement. Discogs ^ a b c d e f "Ashley Irwin". www.musiccreatorsna.org. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "European Film Philharmonic Institute". ^ "Screen Composers Guild of Canada :: A national association of professional music composers and producers for film, television and media". Screen Composers Guild of Canada. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Pyjamas in Paradise | Stage Whispers". www.stagewhispers.com.au. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Pyjamas in Paradise - Gold Coast Australia". www.goldcoastaustralia.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "'Philomena' Composer Alexandre Desplat at Polo Lounge: Ban Temp Tracks, 'Capture the Soul of a Film'". The Hollywood Reporter. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "BMI Attends SCL Holiday Party in NY to Honor Award-Winning Composer David Yazbek". BMI.com. 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ Burlingame, Jon (2020-01-08). "Women Win Big at Inaugural Society of Composers & Lyricists Awards". Variety. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "The Los Angeles Film School and SCL present: Musical Anatomy of Animation". The Los Angeles Film School. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Fruitful discussions at the Creators' Roundtable in L.A." ECSA-Composer Alliance (Press release). 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Top Composers' Org to Begin Hosting Annual Film and TV Music Awards (EXCLUSIVE)". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Broughton, Edelman honored by Society of Composers & Lyricists - by Jon Burlingame". www.filmmusicsociety.org. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Oscars: A Recap of the Long, Rainy, Party-Packed Weekend Leading Up to Sunday Night". The Hollywood Reporter. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1990". Television Academy. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1991". Television Academy. Retrieved 2020-05-26. External links Official website Ashley Irwin at IMDb

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Bill Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Conti"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Musical artistAshley Irwin is an Australian born composer, conductor, orchestrator, arranger and music producer. Irwin has composed, conducted, arranged, and orchestrated music for numerous movie soundtracks. He has collaborated with Clint Eastwood, Bill Conti, and has scored for silent films including Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog.[1] He has an Emmy award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction, and two Emmy nominations.[2]Irwin is currently serving his third term as the President of the Society of Composers and Lyricists.[1]","title":"Ashley Irwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Australian bicentennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_bicentennial"},{"link_name":"Manning Clark's History of Australia – The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Clark%27s_History_of_Australia_%E2%80%93_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"The White Hell of Piz Palü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Hell_of_Pitz_Palu_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Fanck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Fanck"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Ashley Irwin began his career arranging for records and commercials in Australia.[3] He was one of six arrangers commissioned to orchestrate the ill-fated 1988 Australian bicentennial musical, Manning Clark's History of Australia – The Musical.[4] After writing music for theatre, records, advertising and television, Irwin moved to the United States in 1990, composing and orchestrating for feature films.[3][5]In the late 90s, Irwin scored the silent classics The White Hell of Piz Palü directed by German director Arnold Fanck, and Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog.[6][1][5]Irwin was recommended to Clint Eastwood after his arranger retired, which led to Irwin's collaboration with Eastwood on films Hereafter, J. Edgar, Jersey Boys, and The 15:17 to Paris.[3][5][7] He also worked on independent films including The Pardon starring John Hawkes and Jaime King.[3] Irwin was one of the writers for the 2011 Australian musical \"Pyjamas in Paradise''.[8][9]Irwin has arranged and composed for 21 Academy Awards shows, several Emmy, Grammy, and other TV variety shows.[5] His credits as music director include NBC's Screen Actors Guild Awards, American Giving Awards, and the Screen Musical Awards.[1][3][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscars"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Desplat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat"},{"link_name":"Christophe Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Beck"},{"link_name":"Bruce Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Randy Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Edelman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Society of Composer and Lyricists","text":"Ashley Irwin has served as the president of the Society of Composers and Lyricists since 2013.[3]Irwin has moderated numerous interviews, among them are six-time Oscar nominee Alexandre Desplat, Christophe Beck, Bruce Broughton, and Randy Edelman. He is a frequent speaker and presenter at SCL hosted events and award shows.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_AMCOS"}],"sub_title":"APRA","text":"Irwin is an official APRA Ambassador. He was the Music Director for APRA's Screen Music Awards between 2013 and 2016.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Australian Guild of Screen Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Guild_of_Screen_Composers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"AACTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Ashley Irwin was awarded an Emmy in 1992 for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction for the 64th annual Academy Awards.[2][5] He has previously been nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction in 1990 and 1991.[18][19]The Australian Guild of Screen Composers recognized Irwin for his score to The White Hell of Piz Palü and The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog, awarding him the Best Feature Film Score in both 1998 and 1999.[3]Irwin was given a G.A.N.G. award for his work in The Godfather video game in 2006.[1]He was nominated for AACTA and APRA awards for his recreated songs in the mini-series Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door.[1]","title":"Recognition"}]

[]

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Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-composers-org-begin-hosting-170024777.html","url_text":"\"Top Composers' Org to Begin Hosting Annual Film and TV Music Awards (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broughton, Edelman honored by Society of Composers & Lyricists - by Jon Burlingame\". www.filmmusicsociety.org. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmmusicsociety.org/news_events/features/2017/121117.html","url_text":"\"Broughton, Edelman honored by Society of Composers & Lyricists - by Jon Burlingame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oscars: A Recap of the Long, Rainy, Party-Packed Weekend Leading Up to Sunday Night\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscars-2014-a-recap-long-684872","url_text":"\"Oscars: A Recap of the Long, Rainy, Party-Packed Weekend Leading Up to Sunday Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1990\". Television Academy. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1990/outstanding-music-direction","url_text":"\"Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1991\". Television Academy. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1991/outstanding-music-direction","url_text":"\"Outstanding Music Direction Nominees / Winners 1991\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottisford

Cottisford

["1 Manor","2 Other estates","3 Parish church","4 Social and economic history","5 References","6 Sources and further reading"]

Coordinates: 51°58′44″N 1°08′24″W / 51.979°N 1.140°W / 51.979; -1.140 Human settlement in EnglandCottisfordSt. Mary the Virgin parish churchCottisfordLocation within OxfordshireArea11.73 km2 (4.53 sq mi)Population216 (parish, including Juniper Hill and parish of Hardwick with Tusmore) (2011 Census)• Density18/km2 (47/sq mi)OS grid referenceSP5831Civil parishCottisfordDistrictCherwellShire countyOxfordshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBrackleyPostcode districtNN13Dialling code01280PoliceThames ValleyFireOxfordshireAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentBicester and Woodstock List of places UK England Oxfordshire 51°58′44″N 1°08′24″W / 51.979°N 1.140°W / 51.979; -1.140 Cottisford is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of Brackley in neighbouring Northamptonshire. The parish's northern and northwestern boundaries form part of the boundary between the two counties. The parish includes the hamlet of Juniper Hill about 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Cottisford. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 216. The village stands beside Crowell Brook, which is a stream that passes the villages of Hethe, Fringford and Godington before entering Buckinghamshire where it becomes part of Padbury Brook, a tributary of the Great Ouse. Cottisford's toponym refers to a former ford across Crowell Brook. In the 13th century the village was called Wolfheysford or Urlfesford. Manor The Domesday Book records that in 1086 Hugh de Grandmesnil was feudal overlord of Cottisford Manor and his son-in-law Roger d'Ivry was the lord of the manor. After d'Ivry's death his widow Adeline gave Cottisford to the Benedictine Abbey of Bec in Normandy. Bec Abbey owned Ogbourne Priory in Wiltshire, which administered many of the abbey's English manors including Cottisford. Ogbourne was an alien priory, i.e. it belonged to an abbey outside the English realm. In 1404 Henry IV was planning a military campaign in France so he granted Ogbourne Priory and all its manors jointly to his son John of Lancaster, the churchman Thomas Langley and the Prior of Ogbourne: William de Saint Vaast. The Prior died soon afterwards; in 1414 Henry V suppressed the priory and by 1422 Thomas Langley had surrendered his share of the rights to the manors to John of Lancaster, whom Henry V had made Duke of Bedford. In 1435 the Duke died and in 1438 Henry VI granted Cottisford to his uncle Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. However, in 1440 Henry VI founded Eton College and the following year he granted Cottisford to the new school. For several centuries the school leased out the manor to successive tenants who were lords of the manor. In 1885 the school sold the manor house and Warren Farm, and in 1921–22 it sold the remainder of its Cottisford estate. By the late part of the 14th century Ogbourne Priory was leasing out Cottisford Manor. Eton College continued the practice, commonly granting leases of 21 or 20 years. Richard Eyre, a son of the Reverend Richard Eyre, Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral 1710–45, obtained a lease on the manor in 1739 and renewed it in 1752. The younger Richard had spent 28 years working for the East India Company and became "a power in the village life" at Cottisford. In 1760, the year before Richard junior died, the school granted a lease to Thomas Bramston from Skreens in Essex and Richard junior's nephew Sir James Eyre. Bramston was a barrister at the Middle Temple in London; Sir James was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. However Richard Eyre's widow Martha Eyre remained at the manor house until her death in 1772, and the following year the lease was sold by order of her executors. The buyer was the Reverend John Russell Greenhill, Rector of Fringford, who held the lease until his death in 1813. His son Robert Greenhill-Russell, Member of Parliament for Thirsk, inherited the lease but gave it up in 1825. A succession of tenants then owned the lease until 1885, when the school sold the freehold of the manor house and Warren Farm to its tenant, Edwards Rousby. His son FR Rousby inherited the estate but later sold it to Robert Brooke-Popham. Manor Farm is a 14th century manor house built of rubble masonry. Surviving 14th century details include two windows and an octagonal chimneystack. Four more windows date from the 15th century. The house has a solar and originally had a medieval hall, but in the 16th century an intermediate floor was inserted to create upstairs rooms. Also in the 16th century a south wing containing a parlour was added. The house was enlarged again in the 19th century. A 12th-century window in the north gable of the house is not original to the house and must have been salvaged from a building elsewhere. The house is a Grade I listed building. On Crowell Brook just below Manor Farm is a set of fishponds, the earliest record of which is from 1325. Cottisford House is a newer manor house built before 1707. It is of coursed rubble with ashlar quoins and has a hipped roof with attic dormers. William Turner, who leased the house from 1825, had the house altered and enlarged in about 1830. In its grounds is a square dovecote. Other estates The Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives owned one hide of land at Cottisford until 1237, when it granted the estate to the Cistercian Biddlesden Abbey in Buckinghamshire. Some time after 1266 Biddlesden quitclaimed the hide to the Abbey of Bec, which continued to let it separately from the main manor that it controlled through Ogbourne Priory. In 1527 a member of the Fermor family of Somerton bought six yardlands of land at Cottisford. The land was later sold but Thomas Fermor (died 1580), lord of the manor of Hardwick retained grazing rights on the land after its sale. Anthony Cope of Hanwell Castle owned the estate by 1606, in which year he also bought another 360 acres (150 ha) of land at Cottisford. At some point the Cope baronets sold their land at Cottisford, and by the early part of the 18th century the Fermors, then living at adjacent Tusmore Park, owned 23 yardlands at Cottisford including the former Cope estate. When Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham bought the Fermors' Tusmore estate in 1857 it included the land at Cottisford. His heir Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham died in 1898, and between then and 1920 Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham broke up and sold the estate at Cottisford. Parish church Monumental brass in St Mary's commemorating James Samewell and his wife, circa 1500 It has been suggested that parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Mary the Virgin may be Saxon. It has proportions like those of a Saxon church: long and narrow, and taller than it is wide. The quoins at all four corners of the building are a puzzle. On the one hand they are a mixture of long flat slabs and tall narrow blocks, like Saxon quoins in many other buildings. On the other hand, the quoins are not laid in the strict long-and-short alternation diagnostic of Saxon work. All the windows are certainly later work, but in the nave the windows in the west wall and in the western parts of the north and south walls are high up, in positions similar to where Saxon windows would have been positioned. Low down in the east wall is a blocked arch very roughly made of uneven stones. It is of such rough workmanship that it could be from any period, but if it were Saxon it would be the wall of a porticus. Cottisford certainly had a parish church by 1081, when Hugh de Grandmesnil gave it, along with its tithe income and a hide of land, to the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche. In 1167 St. Evroul Abbey transferred its property, tithes and land at Cottisford to Bec Abbey, which by then owned the manor of Cottisford. St. Mary's was rebuilt in the 13th century. It is a small building with only a nave, chancel and south porch. The porch is Early English Gothic and has a sundial. The east window of the chancel dates from about 1300. The Gothic Revival architect Charles Buckeridge restored the building in 1861 and the present font was added at the same time. There is no bell tower but there is a belfry in the apex of the roof. The church had two bells in the 16th century. These have not remained but the church now has two bells cast in 1710 and 1858 and a small 17th century sanctus bell. In the churchyard are the base and shaft of a medieval stone cross. St. Mary's is a Grade II* listed building. St. Mary's is now part of the Shelswell group of parishes. Social and economic history Wall plaque in St Mary's commemorating Flora Thompson A watermill was built in about 1230, presumably on Crowell Brook. In 1292 the parish had both the watermill and a windmill. Neither mill's fate is clear, but by the second half of the 18th century the estate seems to have been using a mill at Fringford instead. An open field system of farming prevailed in the parish until 1854. Attempts by successive lords of the manor to get Parliament to pass an inclosure act for Cottisford's common lands were defeated in 1761, 1777 and 1809. Parliament finally passed an enclosure act for the parish in 1848 but the enclosure award to redistribute the land was not settled until 1854. The enclosure award included setting aside a plot of land for a village school. In 1856 the school and adjoining schoolmistress's cottage were built with funds provided by Eton College. The parish church ran it as a National School until it closed in 1920. Oxfordshire County Council reopened it as a county school in 1924 and reorganised it as a junior school in 1929. It was still open in 1954 but has since been closed. The author Flora Thompson (1876–1947) grew up in Juniper Hill and was a pupil at Cottisford School. She wrote the Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy of novels, in which she modelled the village of "Fordlow" on Cottisford. References ^ "Area: Cottisford (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lobel, 1959, pages 103–116 ^ Horn 1986, pp. 93–105. ^ a b c d Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 558–559. ^ Historic England. "Old Manor Farmhouse (1046440)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 January 2012. ^ a b Milnes-Walker 1978, p. 255–256. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary (1046439)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 January 2012. ^ Shelswell Group of Parishes: St Mary the Virgin church, Cottisford Archived 7 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Friends of Flora Thompson Sources and further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cottisford. Blomfield, James Charles (1887). Deanery of Bicester. Vol. Part III: History of Cottisford, Hardwick and Tusmore. Bristol: JW Arrowsmith. Horn, Joyce M (1986). Volume 6, Salisbury Diocese. Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ 1541–1857. pp. 93–105. Lobel, Mary D, ed. (1959). A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 6: Ploughley Hundred. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 103–116. Milnes-Walker, H (1978). "A Saxon Church at Cottisford?". Oxoniensia. XLIII. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society: 255–256. Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 558–559. ISBN 0-14-071045-0. vteThe District of Cherwell Oxfordshire County Council elections District Council elections Banbury County Constituency Bicester and Woodstock County Constituency Towns Banbury Bicester Large villages Adderbury Ambrosden Arncott Bloxham Bodicote Caversfield Deddington (Clifton Hempton) Hook Norton Kidlington Launton Upper Heyford Yarnton Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets) Ardley (Fewcott) Barford St. John and St. Michael (Barford St. Michael Barford St. John) Begbroke Blackthorn Bletchingdon (Enslow) Bourton (Great Bourton Little Bourton) Broughton Bucknell Charlton-on-Otmoor Chesterton (Little Chesterton) Claydon with Clattercot (Claydon Clattercote) Cottisford (Juniper Hill) Cropredy Drayton Duns Tew Epwell Fencott and Murcott (Fencott Murcott) Finmere Fringford Fritwell Godington Gosford and Water Eaton (Gosford Water Eaton) Hampton Gay and Poyle (Hampton Gay Hampton Poyle) Hanwell Hardwick with Tusmore (Hardwick Tusmore) Hethe (Willaston) Heyford Park Horley Hornton Horton-cum-Studley Islip Kirtlington (Northbrook) Lower Heyford (Caulcott) Merton Middle Aston Middleton Stoney Milcombe Milton Mixbury Mollington Newton Purcell with Shelswell (Newton Purcell Shelswell) Noke North Aston North Newington Oddington Piddington Prescote Shenington with Alkerton (Shenington Alkerton) Shipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp (Shipton-on-Cherwell Thrupp) Shutford Sibford Ferris Sibford Gower (Burdrop) Somerton Souldern South Newington Steeple Aston Stoke Lyne (Bainton) Stratton Audley Swalcliffe Tadmarton Wardington (Lower Wardington Upper Wardington) Wendlebury Weston-on-the-Green Wigginton Wroxton (Balscote) Former districtsand boroughs Municipal Borough of Banbury Banbury Rural District Bicester Urban District Ploughley Rural District Bicester Rural District Formerconstituencies Oxfordshire County Constituency Mid Oxfordshire or Woodstock County Constituency Mid Oxfordshire County Constituency List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire List of places in Oxfordshire List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire

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The parish's northern and northwestern boundaries form part of the boundary between the two counties. The parish includes the hamlet of Juniper Hill about 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Cottisford. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 216.[1]The village stands beside Crowell Brook, which is a stream that passes the villages of Hethe, Fringford and Godington before entering Buckinghamshire where it becomes part of Padbury Brook, a tributary of the Great Ouse. Cottisford's toponym refers to a former ford across Crowell Brook. 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After d'Ivry's death his widow Adeline gave Cottisford to the Benedictine Abbey of Bec in Normandy. Bec Abbey owned Ogbourne Priory in Wiltshire, which administered many of the abbey's English manors including Cottisford.[2]Ogbourne was an alien priory, i.e. it belonged to an abbey outside the English realm. In 1404 Henry IV was planning a military campaign in France so he granted Ogbourne Priory and all its manors jointly to his son John of Lancaster, the churchman Thomas Langley and the Prior of Ogbourne: William de Saint Vaast. The Prior died soon afterwards; in 1414 Henry V suppressed the priory and by 1422 Thomas Langley had surrendered his share of the rights to the manors to John of Lancaster, whom Henry V had made Duke of Bedford.[2]In 1435 the Duke died and in 1438 Henry VI granted Cottisford to his uncle Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. However, in 1440 Henry VI founded Eton College and the following year he granted Cottisford to the new school. For several centuries the school leased out the manor to successive tenants who were lords of the manor. In 1885 the school sold the manor house and Warren Farm, and in 1921–22 it sold the remainder of its Cottisford estate.[2]By the late part of the 14th century Ogbourne Priory was leasing out Cottisford Manor. Eton College continued the practice, commonly granting leases of 21 or 20 years. Richard Eyre, a son of the Reverend Richard Eyre, Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral 1710–45,[3] obtained a lease on the manor in 1739 and renewed it in 1752. The younger Richard had spent 28 years working for the East India Company and became \"a power in the village life\" at Cottisford. In 1760, the year before Richard junior died, the school granted a lease to Thomas Bramston from Skreens in Essex and Richard junior's nephew Sir James Eyre. Bramston was a barrister at the Middle Temple in London; Sir James was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. However Richard Eyre's widow Martha Eyre remained at the manor house until her death in 1772, and the following year the lease was sold by order of her executors.[2]The buyer was the Reverend John Russell Greenhill, Rector of Fringford, who held the lease until his death in 1813. His son Robert Greenhill-Russell, Member of Parliament for Thirsk, inherited the lease but gave it up in 1825. A succession of tenants then owned the lease until 1885, when the school sold the freehold of the manor house and Warren Farm to its tenant, Edwards Rousby. His son FR Rousby inherited the estate but later sold it to Robert Brooke-Popham.[2]Manor Farm is a 14th century manor house built of rubble masonry. Surviving 14th century details include two windows and an octagonal chimneystack. Four more windows date from the 15th century. The house has a solar and originally had a medieval hall, but in the 16th century an intermediate floor was inserted to create upstairs rooms. Also in the 16th century a south wing containing a parlour was added. The house was enlarged again in the 19th century. A 12th-century window in the north gable of the house is not original to the house and must have been salvaged from a building elsewhere.[4] The house is a Grade I listed building.[5] On Crowell Brook just below Manor Farm is a set of fishponds, the earliest record of which is from 1325.[2]Cottisford House is a newer manor house built before 1707. It is of coursed rubble with ashlar quoins and has a hipped roof with attic dormers. William Turner, who leased the house from 1825,[2] had the house altered and enlarged in about 1830.[4] In its grounds is a square dovecote.[2]","title":"Manor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Biddlesden Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biddlesden_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"quitclaimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitclaim_deed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"Fermor family of Somerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerton,_Oxfordshire#The_Fermors"},{"link_name":"yardlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgate"},{"link_name":"Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Anthony Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cope,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Hanwell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwell_Castle"},{"link_name":"Cope baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope_baronets"},{"link_name":"Tusmore Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusmore,_Oxfordshire#Tusmore_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Howard,_2nd_Earl_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Howard,_4th_Earl_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"}],"text":"The Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives owned one hide of land at Cottisford until 1237, when it granted the estate to the Cistercian Biddlesden Abbey in Buckinghamshire. Some time after 1266 Biddlesden quitclaimed the hide to the Abbey of Bec, which continued to let it separately from the main manor that it controlled through Ogbourne Priory.[2]In 1527 a member of the Fermor family of Somerton bought six yardlands of land at Cottisford. The land was later sold but Thomas Fermor (died 1580), lord of the manor of Hardwick retained grazing rights on the land after its sale. Anthony Cope of Hanwell Castle owned the estate by 1606, in which year he also bought another 360 acres (150 ha) of land at Cottisford. At some point the Cope baronets sold their land at Cottisford, and by the early part of the 18th century the Fermors, then living at adjacent Tusmore Park, owned 23 yardlands at Cottisford including the former Cope estate. When Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham bought the Fermors' Tusmore estate in 1857 it included the land at Cottisford. His heir Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham died in 1898, and between then and 1920 Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham broke up and sold the estate at Cottisford.[2]","title":"Other estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cottisford_SamewellBrass.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monumental brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_brass"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Church of England parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"link_name":"quoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"long-and-short alternation diagnostic of Saxon work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture#Diagnostic_features_for_Anglo-Saxon_church_architecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilnes-Walker1978255%E2%80%93256-6"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"porticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porticus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilnes-Walker1978255%E2%80%93256-6"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"tithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"Early English Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_Period"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Charles Buckeridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Buckeridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwoodPevsner1974558%E2%80%93559-4"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"sanctus bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell#Types"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwoodPevsner1974558%E2%80%93559-4"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Categories_of_listing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shelswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelswell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Monumental brass in St Mary's commemorating James Samewell and his wife, circa 1500It has been suggested [by whom?] that parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Mary the Virgin may be Saxon. It has proportions like those of a Saxon church: long and narrow, and taller than it is wide. The quoins at all four corners of the building are a puzzle. On the one hand they are a mixture of long flat slabs and tall narrow blocks, like Saxon quoins in many other buildings. On the other hand, the quoins are not laid in the strict long-and-short alternation diagnostic of Saxon work.[6]All the windows are certainly later work, but in the nave the windows in the west wall and in the western parts of the north and south walls are high up, in positions similar to where Saxon windows would have been positioned. Low down in the east wall is a blocked arch very roughly made of uneven stones. It is of such rough workmanship that it could be from any period, but if it were Saxon it would be the wall of a porticus.[6]Cottisford certainly had a parish church by 1081, when Hugh de Grandmesnil gave it, along with its tithe income and a hide of land, to the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche. In 1167 St. Evroul Abbey transferred its property, tithes and land at Cottisford to Bec Abbey, which by then owned the manor of Cottisford.[2]St. Mary's was rebuilt in the 13th century. It is a small building with only a nave, chancel and south porch. The porch is Early English Gothic and has a sundial. The east window of the chancel dates from about 1300. The Gothic Revival architect Charles Buckeridge restored the building in 1861[4] and the present font was added at the same time.[2] There is no bell tower but there is a belfry in the apex of the roof. The church had two bells in the 16th century.[2] These have not remained but the church now has two bells cast in 1710 and 1858 and a small 17th century sanctus bell. In the churchyard are the base and shaft of a medieval stone cross.[4] St. Mary's is a Grade II* listed building.[7]St. Mary's is now part of the Shelswell group of parishes.[8]","title":"Parish church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cottisford_FloraThompson.JPG"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"open field system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_field_system"},{"link_name":"inclosure act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Acts"},{"link_name":"common lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"National School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"},{"link_name":"Flora Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lark Rise to Candleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_Rise_to_Candleford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobel-2"}],"text":"Wall plaque in St Mary's commemorating Flora ThompsonA watermill was built in about 1230, presumably on Crowell Brook. In 1292 the parish had both the watermill and a windmill. Neither mill's fate is clear, but by the second half of the 18th century the estate seems to have been using a mill at Fringford instead.[2]An open field system of farming prevailed in the parish until 1854. Attempts by successive lords of the manor to get Parliament to pass an inclosure act for Cottisford's common lands were defeated in 1761, 1777 and 1809. Parliament finally passed an enclosure act for the parish in 1848 but the enclosure award to redistribute the land was not settled until 1854.[2]The enclosure award included setting aside a plot of land for a village school. In 1856 the school and adjoining schoolmistress's cottage were built with funds provided by Eton College. The parish church ran it as a National School until it closed in 1920. Oxfordshire County Council reopened it as a county school in 1924 and reorganised it as a junior school in 1929. It was still open in 1954[2] but has since been closed.The author Flora Thompson[9] (1876–1947) grew up in Juniper Hill and was a pupil at Cottisford School. She wrote the Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy of novels, in which she modelled the village of \"Fordlow\" on Cottisford.[2]","title":"Social and economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cottisford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cottisford"},{"link_name":"Lobel, Mary D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lobel"},{"link_name":"A History of the County of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol6/pp103-116"},{"link_name":"Victoria County History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Institute of Historical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"The Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-071045-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cherwell"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cherwell"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_(district)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"County Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_local_elections"},{"link_name":"District Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Banbury County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bicester and Woodstock County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester_and_Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"Bicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OxfordshireCherwell.png"},{"link_name":"Adderbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderbury"},{"link_name":"Ambrosden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosden"},{"link_name":"Arncott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arncott"},{"link_name":"Bloxham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloxham"},{"link_name":"Bodicote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodicote"},{"link_name":"Caversfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caversfield"},{"link_name":"Deddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deddington"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hempton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hook Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_Norton"},{"link_name":"Kidlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidlington"},{"link_name":"Launton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launton"},{"link_name":"Upper Heyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Heyford,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Yarnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnton"},{"link_name":"Ardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardley,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Barford St. John and St. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barford_St._John_and_St._Michael"},{"link_name":"Barford St. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barford_St._Michael"},{"link_name":"Barford St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barford_St._John"},{"link_name":"Begbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begbroke"},{"link_name":"Blackthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackthorn,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Bletchingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingdon"},{"link_name":"Enslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enslow"},{"link_name":"Bourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourton,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Great Bourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bourton"},{"link_name":"Little Bourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Bourton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Bucknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Charlton-on-Otmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton-on-Otmoor"},{"link_name":"Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Little Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Chesterton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claydon with Clattercot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claydon_with_Clattercot"},{"link_name":"Claydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claydon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Clattercote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clattercote"},{"link_name":"Cottisford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Juniper Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Hill"},{"link_name":"Cropredy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropredy"},{"link_name":"Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Duns Tew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Tew"},{"link_name":"Epwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epwell"},{"link_name":"Fencott and Murcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencott_and_Murcott"},{"link_name":"Fencott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencott"},{"link_name":"Murcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcott,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Finmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finmere"},{"link_name":"Fringford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringford"},{"link_name":"Fritwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritwell"},{"link_name":"Godington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godington"},{"link_name":"Gosford and Water Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_and_Water_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Gosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Water Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Eaton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hampton Gay and Poyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Gay_and_Poyle"},{"link_name":"Hampton Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Gay"},{"link_name":"Hampton Poyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Poyle"},{"link_name":"Hanwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwell,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hardwick with Tusmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick_with_Tusmore"},{"link_name":"Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Tusmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusmore,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethe"},{"link_name":"Willaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willaston,_Oxfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heyford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyford_Park"},{"link_name":"Horley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horley,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornton"},{"link_name":"Horton-cum-Studley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton-cum-Studley"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Kirtlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtlington"},{"link_name":"Northbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbrook,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Lower Heyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Heyford"},{"link_name":"Caulcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caulcott,_Oxfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Middle Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Aston"},{"link_name":"Middleton Stoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleton_Stoney"},{"link_name":"Milcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcombe"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Mixbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixbury"},{"link_name":"Mollington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollington,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Newton Purcell with Shelswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Purcell_with_Shelswell"},{"link_name":"Newton Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Shelswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelswell"},{"link_name":"Noke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noke,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"North Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Aston"},{"link_name":"North Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Newington"},{"link_name":"Oddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddington,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Piddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piddington,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Prescote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescote"},{"link_name":"Shenington with Alkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenington_with_Alkerton"},{"link_name":"Shenington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenington"},{"link_name":"Alkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkerton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Shipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipton-on-Cherwell_and_Thrupp"},{"link_name":"Shipton-on-Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipton-on-Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Thrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrupp,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Shutford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutford"},{"link_name":"Sibford Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibford_Ferris"},{"link_name":"Sibford Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibford_Gower"},{"link_name":"Burdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdrop"},{"link_name":"Somerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Souldern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souldern"},{"link_name":"South Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Newington"},{"link_name":"Steeple Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeple_Aston"},{"link_name":"Stoke Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Lyne"},{"link_name":"Bainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Stratton Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Audley"},{"link_name":"Swalcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swalcliffe"},{"link_name":"Tadmarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmarton"},{"link_name":"Wardington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardington"},{"link_name":"Lower Wardington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Wardington"},{"link_name":"Upper Wardington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Wardington"},{"link_name":"Wendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendlebury"},{"link_name":"Weston-on-the-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston-on-the-Green"},{"link_name":"Wigginton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigginton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Wroxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxton"},{"link_name":"Balscote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balscote"},{"link_name":"Municipal Borough of Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Borough_of_Banbury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banbury Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Bicester Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicester_Urban_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ploughley Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughley_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Bicester Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicester_Rural_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid Oxfordshire or Woodstock County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid Oxfordshire County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"List of places in Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cottisford.Blomfield, James Charles (1887). Deanery of Bicester. Vol. Part III: History of Cottisford, Hardwick and Tusmore. Bristol: JW Arrowsmith.\nHorn, Joyce M (1986). Volume 6, Salisbury Diocese. Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ 1541–1857. pp. 93–105.\nLobel, Mary D, ed. (1959). A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 6: Ploughley Hundred. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 103–116.\nMilnes-Walker, H (1978). \"A Saxon Church at Cottisford?\". Oxoniensia. XLIII. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society: 255–256.\nSherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 558–559. ISBN 0-14-071045-0.vteThe District of Cherwell\nOxfordshire\nCounty Council elections\nDistrict Council elections\nBanbury County Constituency\nBicester and Woodstock County Constituency\nTowns\nBanbury\nBicester\nLarge villages\nAdderbury\nAmbrosden\nArncott\nBloxham\nBodicote\nCaversfield\nDeddington (Clifton\nHempton)\nHook Norton\nKidlington\nLaunton\nUpper Heyford\nYarnton\nOther civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets)\nArdley (Fewcott)\nBarford St. John and St. Michael (Barford St. Michael\nBarford St. John)\nBegbroke\nBlackthorn\nBletchingdon (Enslow)\nBourton (Great Bourton\nLittle Bourton)\nBroughton\nBucknell\nCharlton-on-Otmoor\nChesterton (Little Chesterton)\nClaydon with Clattercot (Claydon\nClattercote)\nCottisford (Juniper Hill)\nCropredy\nDrayton\nDuns Tew\nEpwell\nFencott and Murcott (Fencott\nMurcott)\nFinmere\nFringford\nFritwell\nGodington\nGosford and Water Eaton (Gosford\nWater Eaton)\nHampton Gay and Poyle (Hampton Gay\nHampton Poyle)\nHanwell\nHardwick with Tusmore (Hardwick\nTusmore)\nHethe (Willaston)\nHeyford Park\nHorley\nHornton\nHorton-cum-Studley\nIslip\nKirtlington (Northbrook)\nLower Heyford (Caulcott)\nMerton\nMiddle Aston\nMiddleton Stoney\nMilcombe\nMilton\nMixbury\nMollington\nNewton Purcell with Shelswell (Newton Purcell\nShelswell)\nNoke\nNorth Aston\nNorth Newington\nOddington\nPiddington\nPrescote\nShenington with Alkerton (Shenington\nAlkerton)\nShipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp (Shipton-on-Cherwell\nThrupp)\nShutford\nSibford Ferris\nSibford Gower (Burdrop)\nSomerton\nSouldern\nSouth Newington\nSteeple Aston\nStoke Lyne (Bainton)\nStratton Audley\nSwalcliffe\nTadmarton\nWardington (Lower Wardington\nUpper Wardington)\nWendlebury\nWeston-on-the-Green\nWigginton\nWroxton (Balscote)\nFormer districtsand boroughs\nMunicipal Borough of Banbury\nBanbury Rural District\nBicester Urban District\nPloughley Rural District\nBicester Rural District\nFormerconstituencies\nOxfordshire County Constituency\nMid Oxfordshire or Woodstock County Constituency\nMid Oxfordshire County Constituency\n\nList of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire\nList of places in Oxfordshire\nList of civil parishes in Oxfordshire","title":"Sources and further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Monumental brass in St Mary's commemorating James Samewell and his wife, circa 1500","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cottisford_SamewellBrass.JPG/220px-Cottisford_SamewellBrass.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wall plaque in St Mary's commemorating Flora Thompson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cottisford_FloraThompson.JPG/255px-Cottisford_FloraThompson.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"\"Area: Cottisford (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11122366&c=Cottisford&d=16&e=62&g=6458551&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1447191064312&enc=1","url_text":"\"Area: Cottisford (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_Statistics","url_text":"Neighbourhood Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Old Manor Farmhouse (1046440)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1046440","url_text":"\"Old Manor Farmhouse (1046440)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Mary (1046439)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1046439","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary (1046439)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Blomfield, James Charles (1887). Deanery of Bicester. Vol. Part III: History of Cottisford, Hardwick and Tusmore. Bristol: JW Arrowsmith.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Horn, Joyce M (1986). Volume 6, Salisbury Diocese. Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ 1541–1857. pp. 93–105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lobel, Mary D, ed. (1959). A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 6: Ploughley Hundred. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 103–116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lobel","url_text":"Lobel, Mary D"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol6/pp103-116","url_text":"A History of the County of Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research","url_text":"Institute of Historical Research"}]},{"reference":"Milnes-Walker, H (1978). \"A Saxon Church at Cottisford?\". Oxoniensia. XLIII. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society: 255–256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society"}]},{"reference":"Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 558–559. ISBN 0-14-071045-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0","url_text":"0-14-071045-0"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wooster_Group

The Wooster Group

["1 Founding members[5]","2 Current company[5]","3 Awards and honors","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]

Experimental theater company, NY, NY, US (since 1975) The Wooster GroupThe Performing Garage in 2014Formation1975TypeTheatre groupLocationNew York City, New York, United StatesArtistic director(s)Elizabeth LeCompteWebsitethewoostergroup.org The Wooster Group is a New York City-based experimental theater company known for creating numerous original dramatic works. It gradually emerged from Richard Schechner's The Performance Group (1967–1980) during the period from 1975 to 1980, and took its name in 1980; the independent productions of 1975–1980 are retroactively attributed to the Group. The ensemble is directed by Elizabeth LeCompte and has launched the careers of many actors, including founding member Willem Dafoe. The Group's home is the Performing Garage at 33 Wooster Street between Grand and Broome Streets in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan. As of 2014, the company consists of 16 members. In addition, there are 29 "Associates". The Wooster Group is a not-for-profit theater company that relies on grants and donations from supporters. It has received multiple grants from the Carnegie Corporation. The Wooster Group are characterized by their extremely experimental style, often incorporating aspects of audiovisual such as interactive video art, live stream, recorded sound and pre-recorded video into their performance work. Their performances are often of classic texts such as Brecht, Shakespeare, Chekhov and Eugene O'Neill. Past collaborators with the group include Ken Kobland, Jim Strahs, Richard Foreman, Trisha Brown, John Lurie, Bruce Odland, Jennifer Tipton, Frances McDormand, Hans Peter Kuhn, and Amir ElSaffar, among others. Founding members Elizabeth LeCompte Willem Dafoe Jim Clayburgh Spalding Gray (d. 2004) Peyton Smith Kate Valk Ron Vawter (d. 1994) Current company Alexandre Artaud Mike Farry Ari Fliakos Clay Hapaz Cynthia Hedstrom Jonathan Hull Yudam Hyung Seok Jeon Elizabeth LeCompte Cynthia Hedstrom Elizabeth LeCompte Bona Lee Andrew Maillet Tavish Miller Michaela Murphy Scott Shepherd Eric Sluyter Kate Valk Monika Wunderer Awards and honors The Wooster Group has won nine Obie Awards, six Bessie Awards, and the 1985 National Endowment for the Arts Ongoing Ensembles Grant. Further reading Gordon, David (January 2020). " The Forty-Year Rehearsal – The Wooster Group's endless work in progress". Harper's. Vol. 340, no. 2036. New York, NY, US: Harper's Magazine Foundation. pp. 53–64. ISSN 0017-789X. Retrieved 21 August 2022. Quick, Andrew. The Wooster Group Workbook, London: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-35334-2 Savran, David. Breaking the Rules: The Wooster Group. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1990. ISBN 0-930452-82-8 References Theatre portalNew York City portalUnited States portal ^ Wooster Group, "Production History since 1975". ^ a b "Ron Vawter Papers, 1963-1994". New York Public Library. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (2016-09-28). "Elizabeth LeCompte of the Wooster Group Wins the Gish Prize". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-14. ^ a b "History:Selected Awards" on the Wooster Group website ^ a b "About the Company:Founding and Original Members" on the Wooster Group website External links Wikiversity has learning resources about Performance art Official website Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz

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It gradually emerged from Richard Schechner's The Performance Group (1967–1980) during the period from 1975 to 1980, and took its name in 1980; the independent productions of 1975–1980 are retroactively attributed to the Group.[1]The ensemble is directed by Elizabeth LeCompte and has launched the careers of many actors, including founding member Willem Dafoe. The Group's home is the Performing Garage at 33 Wooster Street between Grand and Broome Streets in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan. As of 2014, the company consists of 16 members. In addition, there are 29 \"Associates\".[2]The Wooster Group is a not-for-profit theater company that relies on grants and donations from supporters. It has received multiple grants from the Carnegie Corporation. The Wooster Group are characterized by their extremely experimental style, often incorporating aspects of audiovisual such as interactive video art, live stream, recorded sound and pre-recorded video into their performance work. Their performances are often of classic texts such as Brecht, Shakespeare, Chekhov and Eugene O'Neill.[3]Past collaborators with the group include Ken Kobland, Jim Strahs, Richard Foreman, Trisha Brown, John Lurie, Bruce Odland, Jennifer Tipton, Frances McDormand, Hans Peter Kuhn, and Amir ElSaffar, among others.[4]","title":"The Wooster Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth LeCompte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_LeCompte"},{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Jim Clayburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clayburgh"},{"link_name":"Spalding Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding_Gray"},{"link_name":"Kate Valk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Valk"},{"link_name":"Ron Vawter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Vawter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"}],"text":"Elizabeth LeCompte\nWillem Dafoe\nJim Clayburgh\nSpalding Gray (d. 2004)\nPeyton Smith\nKate Valk\nRon Vawter (d. 1994)[2]","title":"Founding members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Shepherd_(actor)"}],"text":"Alexandre Artaud\nMike Farry\nAri Fliakos\nClay Hapaz\nCynthia Hedstrom\nJonathan Hull\nYudam Hyung Seok Jeon\nElizabeth LeCompte\nCynthia Hedstrom\nElizabeth LeCompte\nBona Lee\nAndrew Maillet\nTavish Miller\nMichaela Murphy\nScott Shepherd\nEric Sluyter\nKate Valk\nMonika Wunderer","title":"Current company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obie_Award"},{"link_name":"Bessie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Award"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"The Wooster Group has won nine Obie Awards, six Bessie Awards, and the 1985 National Endowment for the Arts Ongoing Ensembles Grant.[4]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gordon_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"\"[Letter from SoHo] The Forty-Year Rehearsal – The Wooster Group's endless work in progress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//harpers.org/archive/2020/01/the-forty-year-rehearsal-wooster-group-elizabeth-lecompte/"},{"link_name":"Harper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0017-789X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-789X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-35334-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35334-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-930452-82-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930452-82-8"}],"text":"Gordon, David (January 2020). \"[Letter from SoHo] The Forty-Year Rehearsal – The Wooster Group's endless work in progress\". Harper's. Vol. 340, no. 2036. New York, NY, US: Harper's Magazine Foundation. pp. 53–64. ISSN 0017-789X. Retrieved 21 August 2022.\nQuick, Andrew. The Wooster Group Workbook, London: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-35334-2\nSavran, David. Breaking the Rules: The Wooster Group. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1990. ISBN 0-930452-82-8","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-based_computing

Pen computing

["1 General techniques","1.1 Pointing/locator input","1.2 Handwriting recognition","1.3 Direct manipulation","1.4 Gesture recognition","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Samsung Galaxy Note phablets include a stylus, called "S-Pen".Uses a stylus and tablet/touchscreen Pen computing refers to any computer user-interface using a pen or stylus and tablet, over input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse. Pen computing is also used to refer to the usage of mobile devices such as tablet computers, PDAs and GPS receivers. The term has been used to refer to the usage of any product allowing for mobile communication. An indication of such a device is a stylus or digital pen, generally used to press upon a graphics tablet or touchscreen, as opposed to using a more traditional interface such as a keyboard, keypad, mouse or touchpad. Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator and RAND Tablet systems of the 1950s and early 1960s. General techniques User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways. Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques. Pointing/locator input The tablet and stylus are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a relative pointing device (one uses the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen), a tablet is an absolute pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear). There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting "double-click" input from a mouse. A finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a touchscreen. Handwriting recognition The tablet and stylus can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes: Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above. On-line Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as an "electronic ink" by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard. Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g. by writing in separate areas of the tablet for pointing mode and for handwriting-recognition mode. by pressing a special button on the side of the stylus to change modes. by context, such as treating any marks not recognized as text as pointing input. by recognizing a special gesture mark. The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time digitizing tablet for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper. Direct manipulation Further information: Direct manipulation The stylus is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang Freestyle system is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes. Gesture recognition This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command. For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted. With Apple's Newton OS, text could be deleted by scratching in a zig-zag pattern over it. Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of Multi-touch gestures. The PenPoint OS was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications or text processing. History See also: History of tablet computers Pen computing has very deep historical roots. The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the telautograph, was granted in 1888. What is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915. Around 1954 Douglas T Ross, working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the "first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer". The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956. In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s: Pencept, Communications Intelligence Corporation, and Linus were among the best known of a crowded field. Later, GO Corp. brought out the PenPoint OS operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO corporation was the subject of recent infringement lawsuit concerning the Tablet PC operating system. The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history: Before 1950 1888: U.S. Patent granted to Elisha Gray on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting. 1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus. 1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input. 1945: Vannevar Bush proposes the Memex, a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay titled As We May Think. 1950s Tom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition. Early 1960s RAND Tablet invented. Late 1960s Alan Kay of Xerox PARC proposed an idea for a notebook called Dynabook that used pen input. However, no physical device was created. 1971 Touchscreen interface developed at SLAC. 1979 Fairlight CMI, an early commercial digital sampling workstation 1982 Pencept of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen. 1985: Pencept and CIC both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is MS-DOS. 1989 The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the GRiDPad 1900 from GRiD Systems, released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS. Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating system was MS-DOS. 1991 The Momenta Pentop was released. GO Corp announced a dedicated operating system, called PenPoint OS, featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes. Gestures included "flick" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others. Portia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the PenPoint OS to be on the order of $500 Million. NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows. The Apple Newton entered development; although it ultimately became a PDA, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC. Sam Tramiel of Atari Corp. presented the "ST-Pad" (codenamed "STylus") at the CeBIT '91 in Hanover, Germany. The computer never went into production. 1992 GO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2125 pen computer (the first IBM model named "ThinkPad") in April. Microsoft releases Windows for Pen Computing as a response to the PenPoint OS. 1993 IBM releases the ThinkPad, IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the IBM ThinkPad 750P and 360P Apple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus. Amstrad release the "PenPad" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success. AT&T introduced the EO Personal Communicator combining PenPoint with wireless communications. BellSouth released the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email features. 1999 The "QBE" pen computer created by Aqcess Technologies wins Comdex Best of Show. 2000 The "QBE Vivo" pen computer created by Aqcess Technologies ties for Comdex Best of Show. 2001 Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of Windows XP Tablet PC Edition) at Comdex. Wacom introduces the Cintiq pen-based tablet platform for professional artists. 2003 FingerWorks develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple iPhone. 2005 LeapFrog Enterprises releases the Fly pentop. 2006 Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP. 2008 In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems. Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit. HP releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the HP TouchSmart tx2z. 2011 Samsung releases the Samsung Galaxy Note hybrid smartphone/tablet ("phablet") which includes a stylus. 2012 Microsoft releases the Microsoft Surface Pro hybrid tablet/laptop with an optional Surface Pen. 2013 Lenovo introduces the ThinkPad Helix hybrid tablet/laptop which includes a Wacom stylus. 2015 Apple releases the Apple Pencil for the iPad Pro which includes pressure sensitivity and angle detection. 2021 Samsung releases the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to bring the S Pen support found in the Samsung Galaxy Note Series, alongside the release of the S Pen Pro as the separate high-end stylus to have a compatible with the smartphones, tablets and PCs that supports the S Pen. In August 2021, as the discontinuation of the entire Samsung Galaxy Note Series, Samsung releases the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3, the first Galaxy Z Fold foldable phone to bring the S Pen support, alongside the release of the S Pen Fold Edition as the separate stylus to have exclusively compatible with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 onwards to avoid taking the screen damage rather than using the other stylus pens and the S Pen Pro without the Z Fold compatibility. See also Stylus (computing) Gesture recognition Handwriting movement analysis Handwriting recognition Interactive whiteboard Laser pointer (e.g. highlighting) Graffiti Lighting Light pen Sketch recognition Tablet computer References ^ Dimond, T.L. (1957-12-01), Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237 ^ Groner, G.F. (August 1966), Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text, Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA, RAND Corporation ^ WANG Freestyle demo, Wang Laboratories, 1989, retrieved 2008-09-22 ^ Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual, Applicon Incorporated, 1973-09-01 ^ Newman, W.M. (1973-09-01), The Ledeen Character Recognizer, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, pp. 575–582 ^ Coleman, Michael L. (1969), Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols, from Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics, University of Illinois Press ^ a b Gray, Elisha (1888-07-31), Telautograph (PDF), United States Patent 386,815 (full image) ^ a b Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28), Controller (PDF), United States Patent 1,117,184 (full image) ^ Ross, Doug (1989), Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics (PDF), SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings, pp. 27–28 ^ a b Dimond, Tom (1957-12-01), Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237, retrieved 2008-08-23 ^ a b Mintz, Jessica (2008-04-04), Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling, The Associated Press, retrieved 2008-09-04 ^ Gray (1888-07-31), Telautograph, United States Patent 386,815 ^ Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28), Controller, United States Patent 1,117,184 ^ Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27), Telautograph System, United States Patent 2,269,599 ^ Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27), Telautograph System (PDF), United States Patent 2,269,599 (full image) ^ Bush, Vannevar (1945-07-15), As We May Think, The Atlantic Monthly ^ RAND Tablet, 1961-09-01 ^ 50 Years of Looking Forward, RAND Corporation, 1998-09-01, archived from the original on 2009-05-07 ^ Fryberger, D. (March 1972), An Innovation in Control Panels for Large Computer Control Systems, Proc. 4th IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago IL USA, March 1..3, 1971, pp. 414–417 ^ Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature, Pencept, Inc., 1982-08-15 ^ Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal, Cadre Systems Limited, England, 1982-08-15 ^ Users Manual for Penpad 320, Pencept, Inc., 1984-06-15 ^ Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen, Pencept, Inc., 1985, retrieved 2009-05-21 ^ Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000, Communication Intelligence Corporation, 1985-01-15 ^ The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad, BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1, 1990-01-12, p. 285 ^ Wang Laboratories (1989), The Wang Freestyle System, WANG Laboratories ^ Lempesis, Bill (May 1990), What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing, Flat Panel Display News ^ "Momenta Corporation 1/40 Pentop Computer - RICM". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2020-06-04. ^ Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13), Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus, United States Patent 5,347,295 ^ Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13), Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus (PDF), United States Patent 5,347,295 (full image) ^ NCR announces pen-based computer press release, archived from the original on 2008-05-02, retrieved 2007-04-20 ^ Penpoint OS shipping press release, archived from the original on 2007-08-30, retrieved 2007-04-20 ^ "The history of ThinkPad". Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. ^ Amstrad PenPad PDA600. Computing History (2011-10-21). Retrieved on 2013-12-09. ^ Trends at COMDEX Event 1999, retrieved 2008-08-11 ^ Microsoft (2005), Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements, www.microsoft.com, retrieved 2009-03-14 ^ "Annual Report 2009" (PDF). Wacom. ^ Fingerworks, Inc. (2003), iGesture Game Mode Guide, www.fingerworks.com, retrieved 2009-04-30 ^ MacEssentials (2007-08-02), Rubrik Apple: Das Lexikon der Fingersprache, www.mac-essentials.de, retrieved 2009-05-16 ^ Druin, Allison (2009-03-16). Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-08-095409-7. ^ Fried, Ina (July 6, 2005). "Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft". CNET. ^ A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft. Groklaw (2005-07-04). Retrieved on 2013-12-09. ^ HP TouchSmart tx2z, HP, retrieved 2008-11-28 External links The Unknown History of Pen Computing contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992. Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing A number of links to pen computing resources. Digital Ink, Breakthrough Technology in Tablet PC, Brings the Power of the Pen to the Desktop Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (Youtube) vtePensTypes Active Ballpoint Brush Demonstrator Digital Dip Fountain Gel Light Marker dry erase highlighter paint permanent UV Qalam Quill Rastrum Reed Rollerball Ruling Skin Stylus Technical Parts and tools Blotting paper Ink blotter Inkwell Nib flex nib Penknife Pounce Inks Alizarine Fountain pen India Iron gall Stark's Other Ballpoint pen artwork Ballpoint pen knife Counterfeit banknote Birmingham pen trade Pen Museum Pen computing Penmanship Pen painting Pen spinning Retipping Related Calligraphy Cartooning Comics Inking Lettering List of types, brands and companies Pencil Mechanical pencil Narayam

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The term has been used to refer to the usage of any product allowing for mobile communication. An indication of such a device is a stylus or digital pen, generally used to press upon a graphics tablet or touchscreen, as opposed to using a more traditional interface such as a keyboard, keypad, mouse or touchpad.Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator[1] and RAND Tablet[2] systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.","title":"Pen computing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways. Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.","title":"General techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"}],"sub_title":"Pointing/locator input","text":"The tablet and stylus are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a relative pointing device (one uses the mouse to \"push the cursor around\" on a screen), a tablet is an absolute pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear).There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. 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The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard.Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.by writing in separate areas of the tablet for pointing mode and for handwriting-recognition mode.\nby pressing a special button on the side of the stylus to change modes.\nby context, such as treating any marks not recognized as text as pointing input.\nby recognizing a special gesture mark.The term \"on-line handwriting recognition\" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time digitizing tablet for input, as contrasted to \"off-line handwriting recognition\", which is optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper.","title":"General techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direct manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation"},{"link_name":"stylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwservices_a-3"}],"sub_title":"Direct manipulation","text":"Further information: Direct manipulationThe stylus is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang Freestyle system[3] is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic \"ink\" for adding handwritten notes.","title":"General techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_OS"},{"link_name":"Multi-touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch"},{"link_name":"PenPoint OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPoint_OS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Gesture recognition","text":"This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.For example, a \"pig-tail\" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a \"delete\" operation. 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Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush"},{"link_name":"Memex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex"},{"link_name":"As We May Think","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_We_May_Think"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwservices-10"},{"link_name":"RAND Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Tablet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alan Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kay"},{"link_name":"Dynabook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynabook"},{"link_name":"SLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fairlight CMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight_CMI"},{"link_name":"Pencept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencept"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Pencept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencept"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"GRiDPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRiDPad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GRiD Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRiD_Systems"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"GO Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GO_Corp."},{"link_name":"PenPoint OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPoint_OS"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"PenPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPoint"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Apple Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton"},{"link_name":"PDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant"},{"link_name":"Sam Tramiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Tramiel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atari Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari"},{"link_name":"ST-Pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"CeBIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeBIT"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows for Pen Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing"},{"link_name":"ThinkPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinkPad"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"ThinkPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinkPad"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Amstrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad"},{"link_name":"PenPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PenPad"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"EO Personal Communicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EO_Personal_Communicator"},{"link_name":"IBM Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Simon"},{"link_name":"Aqcess Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqcess_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comdex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comdex"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Aqcess Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqcess_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comdex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comdex"},{"link_name":"Windows XP Tablet PC Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP_Tablet_PC_Edition"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Comdex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comdex"},{"link_name":"Cintiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacom_(company)#Cintiq_and_Cintiq_Pro"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"FingerWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FingerWorks"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"LeapFrog Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeapFrog_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(pentop_computer)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"GO Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GO_Corp."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-11"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"HP TouchSmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchSmart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_(original)"},{"link_name":"smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"phablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phablet"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Surface"},{"link_name":"Surface Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Pen"},{"link_name":"Lenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo"},{"link_name":"ThinkPad Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinkPad_Helix"},{"link_name":"Wacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacom"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc"},{"link_name":"Apple Pencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pencil"},{"link_name":"iPad Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Pro"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S21"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Note Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Note Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Fold_3"},{"link_name":"foldable phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldable_smartphone"}],"text":"See also: History of tablet computersPen computing has very deep historical roots.The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the telautograph, was granted in 1888.[7]\nWhat is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915.[8]\nAround 1954 Douglas T Ross, working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the \"first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer\".[9]\nThe first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.[10]In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s: Pencept, Communications Intelligence Corporation, and Linus\nwere among the best known of a crowded field. Later, GO Corp. brought out the PenPoint OS operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO corporation was the subject of recent infringement lawsuit concerning the Tablet PC operating system.[11]The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history:Before 1950\n1888: U.S. Patent granted to Elisha Gray on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.[7][12]\n1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.[8][13]\n1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.[14][15]\n1945: Vannevar Bush proposes the Memex, a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay titled As We May Think.[16]\n1950s\nTom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition.[10]\nEarly 1960s\nRAND Tablet invented.[17][18]Late 1960s\nAlan Kay of Xerox PARC proposed an idea for a notebook called Dynabook that used pen input. However, no physical device was created.\n1971\nTouchscreen interface developed at SLAC.[19]1979\nFairlight CMI, an early commercial digital sampling workstation\n1982\nPencept of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.[20]\nCadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.[21]\n1985:\nPencept[22][23] and CIC[24] both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is MS-DOS.1989\nThe first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the GRiDPad 1900[25] from GRiD Systems, released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS.\nWang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating system was MS-DOS.[26]\n1991\nThe Momenta Pentop was released.[27][28]\nGO Corp announced a dedicated operating system, called PenPoint OS, featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes.[29][30] Gestures included \"flick\" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others.\nPortia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the PenPoint OS to be on the order of $500 Million.\nNCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.[31]\nThe Apple Newton entered development; although it ultimately became a PDA, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.\nSam Tramiel of Atari Corp. presented the \"ST-Pad\" (codenamed \"STylus\") at the CeBIT '91 in Hanover, Germany. The computer never went into production.\n1992\nGO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2125 pen computer (the first IBM model named \"ThinkPad\") in April.[32]\nMicrosoft releases Windows for Pen Computing as a response to the PenPoint OS.\n1993\nIBM releases the ThinkPad, IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the IBM ThinkPad 750P and 360P[33]\nApple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus.\nAmstrad release the \"PenPad\" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success.[34]\nAT&T introduced the EO Personal Communicator combining PenPoint with wireless communications.\nBellSouth released the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email features.\n1999\nThe \"QBE\" pen computer created by Aqcess Technologies wins Comdex Best of Show.[35]\n2000\nThe \"QBE Vivo\" pen computer created by Aqcess Technologies ties for Comdex Best of Show.\n2001\nBill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of Windows XP Tablet PC Edition)[36] at Comdex.\nWacom introduces the Cintiq pen-based tablet platform for professional artists.[37]\n2003\nFingerWorks[38] develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple iPhone.[39]2005\nLeapFrog Enterprises releases the Fly pentop.[40]\n2006\nWindows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.\n2008\nIn April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.[11] Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit.[41][42]\nHP releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the HP TouchSmart tx2z.[43]2011\nSamsung releases the Samsung Galaxy Note hybrid smartphone/tablet (\"phablet\") which includes a stylus.\n2012\nMicrosoft releases the Microsoft Surface Pro hybrid tablet/laptop with an optional Surface Pen.\n2013\nLenovo introduces the ThinkPad Helix hybrid tablet/laptop which includes a Wacom stylus.\n2015\nApple releases the Apple Pencil for the iPad Pro which includes pressure sensitivity and angle detection.\n2021\nSamsung releases the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to bring the S Pen support found in the Samsung Galaxy Note Series, alongside the release of the S Pen Pro as the separate high-end stylus to have a compatible with the smartphones, tablets and PCs that supports the S Pen.\nIn August 2021, as the discontinuation of the entire Samsung Galaxy Note Series, Samsung releases the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3, the first Galaxy Z Fold foldable phone to bring the S Pen support, alongside the release of the S Pen Fold Edition as the separate stylus to have exclusively compatible with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 onwards to avoid taking the screen damage rather than using the other stylus pens and the S Pen Pro without the Z Fold compatibility.","title":"History"}]

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[{"title":"Stylus (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"title":"Gesture recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture_recognition"},{"title":"Handwriting movement analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting_movement_analysis"},{"title":"Handwriting recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting_recognition"},{"title":"Interactive whiteboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboard"},{"title":"Laser pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pointer"},{"title":"Graffiti Lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_painting"},{"title":"Light pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pen"},{"title":"Sketch recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_recognition"},{"title":"Tablet computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"}]

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Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429123812/http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html","url_text":"\"The history of ThinkPad\""},{"url":"http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trends at COMDEX Event 1999, retrieved 2008-08-11","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guiart.fi/gobr01en.htm","url_text":"Trends at COMDEX Event 1999"}]},{"reference":"Microsoft (2005), Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements, www.microsoft.com, retrieved 2009-03-14","urls":[{"url":"http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio10.html#Microsoft06i","url_text":"Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2009\" (PDF). Wacom.","urls":[{"url":"http://investors.wacom.com/media/files/investor-relations/2009-english/20090626annualreport2009.pdf?vs=1&d=00010101T000000","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Fingerworks, Inc. 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ISBN 978-0-08-095409-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv18x3wIVzIC&pg=PA177","url_text":"Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-095409-7","url_text":"978-0-08-095409-7"}]},{"reference":"Fried, Ina (July 6, 2005). \"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft\". CNET.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/go-files-antitrust-suit-against-microsoft/","url_text":"\"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft\""}]},{"reference":"HP TouchSmart tx2z, HP, retrieved 2008-11-28","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shopping.hp.com/webapp/shopping/computer_can_series.do?storeName=computer_store&category=notebooks&a1=Category&v1=Mobility&series_name=tx2z_series","url_text":"HP TouchSmart tx2z"}]}]

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RICM\""},{"Link":"http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio95.html#Agulnick94","external_links_name":"Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus"},{"Link":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5347295.pdf","external_links_name":"Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502135338/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1991_June_24/ai_10957018","external_links_name":"NCR announces pen-based computer press release"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1991_June_24/ai_10957018","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070830050237/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1992_April_17/ai_12165379","external_links_name":"Penpoint OS shipping press release"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1992_April_17/ai_12165379","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429123812/http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html","external_links_name":"\"The history of ThinkPad\""},{"Link":"http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/5046/Amstrad-PenPad-PDA600/","external_links_name":"Amstrad PenPad PDA600"},{"Link":"http://www.guiart.fi/gobr01en.htm","external_links_name":"Trends at COMDEX Event 1999"},{"Link":"http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio10.html#Microsoft06i","external_links_name":"Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements"},{"Link":"http://investors.wacom.com/media/files/investor-relations/2009-english/20090626annualreport2009.pdf?vs=1&d=00010101T000000","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2009\""},{"Link":"http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio05.html#Fingerworks03","external_links_name":"iGesture Game Mode Guide"},{"Link":"http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio10.html#MacEssentials07a","external_links_name":"Rubrik Apple: Das Lexikon der Fingersprache"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv18x3wIVzIC&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/go-files-antitrust-suit-against-microsoft/","external_links_name":"\"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft\""},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050704045343631","external_links_name":"A New Antitrust Lawsuit - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A7y

Bình Thủy district

["1 Administrative divisions","2 Notable landmarks","3 References"]

Coordinates: 10°03′42″N 105°43′17″E / 10.06167°N 105.72139°E / 10.06167; 105.72139Urban district in Cần Thơ, VietnamBình Thủy district Quận Bình ThủyUrban districtNam Nhã TempleCountry VietnamProvinceCần ThơArea • Total27 sq mi (69 km2)Population (2018) • Total172,317Time zoneUTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) Bình Thủy is a district of Cần Thơ in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 87,665. The district covers an area of 69 km2. Administrative divisions The district is divided into 8 wards (phường): Trà Nóc: 712 ha, 10,513 people (2007) Trà An: 565.67 ha, 5,339 people (2007) An Thới: 384.83 ha, 14,445 people (2007) Bùi Hữu Nghĩa: 637.12 ha, 11,185 people (2007) Thới An Đông: 1,167.56 ha, 9,438 people (2004) Bình Thuỷ Long Tuyền: 1,413.55 ha, 13,250 people (2004) Long Hoà: 1,395.08 ha, 13,471 people (2004). Notable landmarks Đình Bình Thủy Long Quang Pagoda References ^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 13, 2009. vteDistricts of the Mekong DeltaCần Thơ city Urban districts Bình Thủy Cái Răng Ninh Kiều※ Ô Môn Thốt Nốt Cờ Đỏ Phong Điền Thới Lai Vĩnh Thạnh An Giang province Châu Đốc city Long Xuyên city※ Tân Châu town An Phú Châu Phú Châu Thành Chợ Mới Phú Tân Thoại Sơn Tịnh Biên Tri Tôn Bạc Liêu province Bạc Liêu city※ Giá Rai town Đông Hải Hòa Bình Hồng Dân Phước Long Vĩnh Lợi Bến Tre province Bến Tre city※ Ba Tri Bình Đại Châu Thành Chợ Lách Giồng Trôm Mỏ Cày Bắc Mỏ Cày Nam Thạnh Phú Cà Mau province Cà Mau city※ Cái Nước Đầm Dơi Năm Căn Ngọc Hiển Phú Tân Thới Bình Trần Văn Thời U Minh Đồng Tháp province Cao Lãnh city※ Hồng Ngự city Sa Đéc city Cao Lãnh Châu Thành Hồng Ngự Lai Vung Lấp Vò Tân Hồng Tam Nông Thanh Bình Tháp Mười Hậu Giang province Ngã Bảy city Vị Thanh city※ Long Mỹ town Châu Thành Châu Thành A Long Mỹ Phụng Hiệp Vị Thủy Kiên Giang province Hà Tiên city Rạch Giá city※ Phú Quốc Island city An Biên An Minh Châu Thành Giang Thành Giồng Riềng Gò Quao Hòn Đất Kiên Hải Island Kiên Lương Tân Hiệp U Minh Thượng Vĩnh Thuận Long An province Tân An city※ Kiến Tường town Bến Lức Cần Đước Cần Giuộc Châu Thành Đức Hòa Đức Huệ Mộc Hóa Tân Hưng Tân Thạnh Tân Trụ Thạnh Hóa Thủ Thừa Vĩnh Hưng Sóc Trăng province Sóc Trăng city※ Ngã Năm town Vĩnh Châu town Châu Thành Cù Lao Dung Kế Sách Long Phú Mỹ Tú Mỹ Xuyên Thạnh Trị Trần Đề Tiền Giang province Mỹ Tho city※ Cai Lậy town Gò Công town Cái Bè Cai Lậy Châu Thành Chợ Gạo Gò Công Đông Gò Công Tây Tân Phú Đông Tân Phước Trà Vinh province Trà Vinh city※ Duyên Hải town Càng Long Cầu Kè Cầu Ngang Châu Thành Duyên Hải Tiểu Cần Trà Cú Vĩnh Long province Vĩnh Long city※ Bình Minh town Bình Tân Long Hồ Mang Thít Tam Bình Trà Ôn Vũng Liêm ※ denotes provincial seat. Authority control databases NARA 10°03′42″N 105°43′17″E / 10.06167°N 105.72139°E / 10.06167; 105.72139 This article about a location in Cần Thơ, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"\"Districts of Vietnam\". Statoids. Retrieved March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statoids.com/yvn.html","url_text":"\"Districts of Vietnam\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangystennin

Llangystennin

["1 Notable people"]

Coordinates: 53°17′49″N 3°46′08″W / 53.297°N 3.769°W / 53.297; -3.769 This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Llangystennin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human settlement in WalesLlangystenninSaint Cystennin's church at LlangwstenninLlangystenninLocation within ConwyOS grid referenceSH766688CommunityLlandudnoPrincipal areaConwyCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLLANDUDNO JUNCTIONPostcode districtLL31Dialling code01492PoliceNorth WalesFireNorth WalesAmbulanceWelsh UK ParliamentAberconwySenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentAberconwy List of places UK Wales Conwy 53°17′49″N 3°46′08″W / 53.297°N 3.769°W / 53.297; -3.769 Llangystennin (sometimes spelt Llangwstennin) is a rural parish to the south-east of Llandudno and Llanrhos in Conwy County Borough, north Wales. Llangystennin includes Llangwstennin Hall, the villages of Mochdre, Pabo and Bryn Pydew and the small town of Llandudno Junction. The parish takes its name from St. Cystennin (Constantine) who is said to be a son of St. Helen of Caernarfon (Elen Luyddog) together with whom and with his brother St. Peblig he is credited with introducing into Wales in the 5th century the Celtic form of monasticism from Gaul. Notable people Margaret Lloyd (Moravian) (1709-1762) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Llangystennin. This Conwy County Borough location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Part

That Part

["1 Accolades","2 Music video","3 Live performances","4 Black Hippy remix","5 Commercial performance","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References","10 External links"]

2016 single by Schoolboy Q featuring Kanye West"That Part"Single by Schoolboy Q featuring Kanye Westfrom the album Blank Face LP ReleasedMay 13, 2016Recorded2016GenreHip hopLength4:38 (single version)5:13 (album version)LabelTop DawgInterscopeSongwriter(s)Quincy HanleyKanye WestRonald LaTourDaveon JacksonKevin GomringerTim GomringerMark SpearsProducer(s)CardoYung ExclusiveCubeatzSounwaveSchoolboy Q singles chronology "Bitches N Marijuana" (2015) "That Part" (2016) "Overtime" (2016) Kanye West singles chronology "Figure It Out"(2016) "That Part"(2016) "Father Stretch My Hands"(2016) Music video"That Part" on YouTube "That Part" (stylized as "THat Part") is a hip hop song by American hip hop recording artist Schoolboy Q featuring Kanye West. It was released on May 13, 2016 by Top Dawg Entertainment and Interscope Records, as the lead single from Schoolboy Q's fourth album Blank Face LP, and was produced by Cardo, Yung Exclusive, Cubeatz and Sounwave. The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. HipHopDX named it the ninth best hip-hop song of 2016. Accolades German magazine Juice named it the fourth best international rap song of 2016. Music video The song's music video, directed by Colin Tilley, was released on June 2, 2016. As of September 2020, the music video has accumulated over 187 million views, making it his most viewed video on his Vevo channel. Live performances In June 2016, Schoolboy Q performed a live rendition of "That Part", in a medley with "Groovy Tony", on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Black Hippy remix "That Part" was later remixed, featuring new verses from Schoolboy Q and his Black Hippy cohorts Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and Ab-Soul, which was released on July 8, 2016. The remix was later released for purchase via digital distribution on July 16. It would also become the final official Black Hippy song recorded and/or released as the group disbanded in 2022 following Kendrick Lamar's departure from Top Dawg. Commercial performance In the US, on the Billboard chart dated June 4, 2016, "That Part" made a debut at number 92 on the chart. The following week, the single completely fell off of the chart, however, on the chart dated July 2, the song re-entered at a new peak of number 76, due to the announcement and anticipation of his then-upcoming album Blank Face LP. In the following weeks, the song climbed up, eventually reaching a new peak of number 40, becoming his second top 40 hit as a lead artist and fourth overall, and his second highest position behind 2014's "Studio", which peaked at number 38, two years earlier. The record has thus charted for 13 weeks by far for the date ending September 17. In New Zealand, the single failed to crack the top 40, however, it peaked at number six on the Heatseekers chart, making it his first appearance as a lead artist in that country with the debut coming from the release and chart debut of his sophomore album with another song titled "By Any Means", also charting in the same chart at number eight. After the song reached number 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, Kanye West surpassed Michael Jackson with his fortieth top 40 hit on the chart. Charts Weekly charts Chart (2016) Peakposition Belgium Urban (Ultratop Flanders) 43 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 51 New Zealand Heatseekers (Recorded Music NZ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 13 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 25 Year-end charts Chart (2016) Position US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 45 US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) 29 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format Label Ref. United States May 13, 2016 Digital download Top DawgInterscope References ^ "HipHopDX's 50 Best Songs Of 2016". HipHopDX. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019. ^ "Die internationalen Raptracks des Jahres 2016". Juice (in German). 25 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ "Watch the trippy music video for Kanye West and ScHoolboy Q's 'THat Part' collab". 3 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ "Kanye West, Schoolboy Q Go Wild in Mesmerizing 'THat Part' Video". 2 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ "ScHoolboy Q performs "THat Part" on Colbert -- watch". 30 June 2016. ^ "Watch Schoolboy Q do an Intense "THat Part" on Colbert". 30 June 2016. ^ "Kendrick Lamar, Ab-Soul & Jay Rock Join ScHoolboy Q on the Black Hippy Remix of 'THat Part'". ^ "THat Part (Black Hippy Remix) - Single by ScHoolboy Q". ^ Cutsforth, Ross (2022-02-21). "TDE president, Punch, talks why the Black Hippy album never happened". Tone Deaf. Retrieved 2024-02-08. ^ "What happened to Black Hippy? HipHopMadness breaks it down". HipHopCanada. 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2024-02-08. ^ Small, TeeJay (2024-01-03). "Black Hippy: Where Are They Now?". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved 2024-02-08. ^ Mansell, Henry (May 28, 2016). "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2016. ^ Mansell, Henry (May 28, 2016). "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2016. ^ Mansell, Henry (July 13, 2016). "NZ Top 40". NZ Charts. Retrieved July 13, 2016. ^ "Kanye West Surpasses Michael Jackson with 40th Top 40 Hit". ^ "Kanye West feat. Rihanna & Swizz Beatz – Famous" (in Dutch). Ultratop Urban. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ "Schoolboy Q Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016. ^ "Schoolboy Q Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "Schoolboy Q Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "Schoolboy Q Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved September 16, 2016. ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ^ "Hot Rap Songs - Year End Chart 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2019. ^ "American single certifications – Schoolboy Q – That Part". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "iTunes - Music - THat Part (feat. Kanye West) by ScHoolboy Q". iTunes.apple.com. Retrieved May 13, 2016. External links Lyrics of this song at Genius vteSchoolboy Q Discography Studio albums Setbacks (2011) Habits & Contradictions (2012) Oxymoron (2014) Blank Face LP (2016) Crash Talk (2019) Blue Lips (2024) Singles "Hands on the Wheel" "Yay Yay" "Collard Greens" "Man of the Year" "Break the Bank" "Studio" "Hell of a Night" "That Part" "Numb Numb Juice" "Chopstix" "Floating" "Yeern 101" Featured singles "White Walls" "2 On" "The Illest" "Bitches N Marijuana" "Rockabye Baby" "Pac-Man" Other songs "PMW (All I Really Need)" "What They Want" "Electric Body" Related articles Black Hippy vteKanye West songs Singles discography Songs The College Dropout "All Falls Down" "Spaceship" "Jesus Walks" "Never Let Me Down" "The New Workout Plan" "Slow Jamz" "Two Words" "Through the Wire" Late Registration "Heard 'Em Say" "Touch the Sky" "Gold Digger" "Drive Slow" "Diamonds from Sierra Leone (Remix)" "Hey Mama" "Gone" "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" Graduation "Good Morning" "Champion" "Stronger" "I Wonder" "Good Life" "Can't Tell Me Nothing" "Flashing Lights" "Everything I Am" "Homecoming" "Big Brother" 808s & Heartbreak "Say You Will" "Welcome to Heartbreak" "Heartless" "Amazing" "Love Lockdown" "Paranoid" "RoboCop" "Street Lights" "See You in My Nightmares" "Coldest Winter" My Beautiful DarkTwisted Fantasy "Dark Fantasy" "Gorgeous" "Power" "All of the Lights" "Monster" "So Appalled" "Devil in a New Dress" "Runaway" "Hell of a Life" "Blame Game" "Lost in the World" "See Me Now" Watch the Throne "No Church in the Wild" "Lift Off" "Niggas in Paris" "Otis" "Gotta Have It" "Welcome to the Jungle" "Who Gon Stop Me" "Murder to Excellence" "Made in America" "Why I Love You" Deluxe "Illest Motherfucker Alive" "H•A•M" Cruel Summer "Clique" "Mercy" "New God Flow" "Cold" "Don't Like.1" Yeezus "On Sight" "Black Skinhead" "I Am a God" "New Slaves" "Hold My Liquor" "I'm in It" "Blood on the Leaves" "Guilt Trip" "Send It Up" "Bound 2" The Life of Pablo "Ultralight Beam" "Father Stretch My Hands" "Famous" "Feedback" "Low Lights" "Highlights" "Freestyle 4" "I Love Kanye" "Waves" "FML" "Real Friends" "Wolves" "Frank's Track" "30 Hours" "No More Parties in LA" "Facts (Charlie Heat Version)" "Fade" "Saint Pablo" Ye "I Thought About Killing You" "Yikes" "All Mine" "Wouldn't Leave" "No Mistakes" "Ghost Town" "Violent Crimes" Kids See Ghosts "Feel the Love" "Fire" "4th Dimension" "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" "Reborn" "Kids See Ghosts" "Cudi Montage" Jesus Is King "Selah" "Follow God" "Closed on Sunday" "On God" "Everything We Need" "Water" "God Is" "Hands On" "Use This Gospel" "Jesus Is Lord" Donda "Donda Chant" "Jail" "God Breathed" "Off the Grid" "Hurricane" "Praise God" "Jonah" "Ok Ok" "Believe What I Say" "24" "Remote Control" "Moon" "Keep My Spirit Alive" "New Again" "Tell the Vision" "Pure Souls "Come to Life" "No Child Left Behind" "Jail pt 2" "Ok Ok pt 2" Deluxe "Life of the Party" "Up from the Ashes" "Remote Control pt 2" Donda 2 "City of Gods" "Eazy" "True Love" Vultures 1 "Stars" "Talking / Once Again" "Back to Me" "Burn" "Fuk Sumn" "Vultures" "Carnival" "Good (Don't Die)" Other singles "Impossible" "Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)" "Forever" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Christmas in Harlem" "Only One" "FourFiveSeconds" "All Day" "Champions" "Lift Yourself" "Ye vs. the People" "XTCY" "I Love It" "Wash Us in the Blood" "Nah Nah Nah" Featured singles "This Way" "Talk About Our Love" "The Food" "I Changed My Mind" "Down and Out" "The Corner" "Go!" "Number One" "Extravaganza" "Brand New" "Grammy Family" "Number One" "Wouldn't Get Far" "I Still Love H.E.R." "Pro Nails" "Finer Things" "American Boy" "Put On" "Stay Up! (Viagra)" "Swagga Like Us" "Go Hard" "Knock You Down" "Kinda Like a Big Deal" "Walkin' on the Moon" "Supernova" "Maybach Music 2" "Make Her Say" "Run This Town" "Whatever U Want" "Live Fast, Die Young" "Erase Me" "Deuces" (Remix) "Start It Up" "Hurricane 2.0" "E.T." "Marvin & Chardonnay" "Pride N Joy" "I Wish You Would" "Birthday Song" "Thank You" "I Won" "Blessings" "U Mad" "One Man Can Change the World" "Pop Style" "Figure It Out" "That Part" "Friends" "Ballin" "Castro" "Feel Me" "Love Yourself" "Glow" "Watch" "Take Me to the Light" "Ego Death" "Keep It Burnin" "Hot Shit" "No Face" Promotional singles "Facts" Other songs "Champions" "Us Placers" "Beat Goes On" "Billie Jean 2008" "Everyone Nose (All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom)" (Remix) "Therapy" "Ego" (Remix) "Blazin'" "Welcome to the World" "Sanctified" "Drunk in Love" (Remix) "All Your Fault" "Smuckers" "Jukebox Joints" "All We Got" "Pussy Print" "Cops Shot the Kid" "Kanga" "Mama" "One Minute" "Mixed Personalities" "Go2DaMoon" Unreleased songs "Brothers" "LA Monster" "New Body" "Can U Be" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Schoolboy Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolboy_Q"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Top Dawg Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Dawg_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Blank Face LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_Face_LP"},{"link_name":"Cardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardo_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Cubeatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeatz"},{"link_name":"Sounwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounwave"},{"link_name":"Best Rap Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Performance"},{"link_name":"59th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"HipHopDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"That Part\" (stylized as \"THat Part\") is a hip hop song by American hip hop recording artist Schoolboy Q featuring Kanye West. It was released on May 13, 2016 by Top Dawg Entertainment and Interscope Records, as the lead single from Schoolboy Q's fourth album Blank Face LP, and was produced by Cardo, Yung Exclusive, Cubeatz and Sounwave. The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. HipHopDX named it the ninth best hip-hop song of 2016.[1]","title":"That Part"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_(German_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"German magazine Juice named it the fourth best international rap song of 2016.[2]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Colin Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"}],"text":"The song's music video, directed by Colin Tilley, was released on June 2, 2016.[3][4] As of September 2020, the music video has accumulated over 187 million views, making it his most viewed video on his Vevo channel.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In June 2016, Schoolboy Q performed a live rendition of \"That Part\", in a medley with \"Groovy Tony\", on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[5][6]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Black Hippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hippy"},{"link_name":"Jay Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Rock"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Ab-Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab-Soul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"\"That Part\" was later remixed, featuring new verses from Schoolboy Q and his Black Hippy cohorts Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and Ab-Soul, which was released on July 8, 2016.[7] The remix was later released for purchase via digital distribution on July 16.[8] It would also become the final official Black Hippy song recorded and/or released as the group disbanded in 2022 following Kendrick Lamar's departure from Top Dawg.[9][10][11]","title":"Black Hippy remix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chart1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chart2-13"},{"link_name":"Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_(song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales-14"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In the US, on the Billboard chart dated June 4, 2016, \"That Part\" made a debut at number 92 on the chart.[12] The following week, the single completely fell off of the chart, however, on the chart dated July 2, the song re-entered at a new peak of number 76, due to the announcement and anticipation of his then-upcoming album Blank Face LP.[13] In the following weeks, the song climbed up, eventually reaching a new peak of number 40, becoming his second top 40 hit as a lead artist and fourth overall, and his second highest position behind 2014's \"Studio\", which peaked at number 38, two years earlier. The record has thus charted for 13 weeks by far for the date ending September 17. In New Zealand, the single failed to crack the top 40, however, it peaked at number six on the Heatseekers chart, making it his first appearance as a lead artist in that country with the debut coming from the release and chart debut of his sophomore album with another song titled \"By Any Means\", also charting in the same chart at number eight.[14]After the song reached number 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, Kanye West surpassed Michael Jackson with his fortieth top 40 hit on the chart.[15]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"HipHopDX's 50 Best Songs Of 2016\". HipHopDX. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.3599/title.hiphopdxs-50-best-songs-of-2016","url_text":"\"HipHopDX's 50 Best Songs Of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die internationalen Raptracks des Jahres 2016\". Juice (in German). 25 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://juice.de/die-internationalen-raptracks-des-jahres-juice-jahrescharts/","url_text":"\"Die internationalen Raptracks des Jahres 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218212847/https://juice.de/die-internationalen-raptracks-des-jahres-juice-jahrescharts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch the trippy music video for Kanye West and ScHoolboy Q's 'THat Part' collab\". 3 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/watch-the-trippy-music-video-for-kanye-west-and-schoolboy-q-s-that-part-collab-a7063781.html","url_text":"\"Watch the trippy music video for Kanye West and ScHoolboy Q's 'THat Part' collab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West, Schoolboy Q Go Wild in Mesmerizing 'THat Part' Video\". 2 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye-west-schoolboy-q-go-wild-in-mesmerizing-that-part-video-20160602","url_text":"\"Kanye West, Schoolboy Q Go Wild in Mesmerizing 'THat Part' Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"ScHoolboy Q performs \"THat Part\" on Colbert -- watch\". 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/06/schoolboy-q-performs-that-part-on-colbert-watch/","url_text":"\"ScHoolboy Q performs \"THat Part\" on Colbert -- watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Schoolboy Q do an Intense \"THat Part\" on Colbert\". 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereogum.com/1885634/watch-schoolboy-q-do-an-intense-that-part-on-colbert/video/","url_text":"\"Watch Schoolboy Q do an Intense \"THat Part\" on Colbert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kendrick Lamar, Ab-Soul & Jay Rock Join ScHoolboy Q on the Black Hippy Remix of 'THat Part'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7431097/kendrick-lamar-ab-soul-jay-rock-schoolboy-q-black-hippy-that-part-remix","url_text":"\"Kendrick Lamar, Ab-Soul & Jay Rock Join ScHoolboy Q on the Black Hippy Remix of 'THat Part'\""}]},{"reference":"\"THat Part (Black Hippy Remix) - Single by ScHoolboy Q\".","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/that-part-black-hippy-remix/id1135129967","url_text":"\"THat Part (Black Hippy Remix) - Single by ScHoolboy Q\""}]},{"reference":"Cutsforth, Ross (2022-02-21). \"TDE president, Punch, talks why the Black Hippy album never happened\". Tone Deaf. Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/punch-talks-black-hippy-album-kendrick-lamar/","url_text":"\"TDE president, Punch, talks why the Black Hippy album never happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"What happened to Black Hippy? HipHopMadness breaks it down\". HipHopCanada. 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopcanada.com/what-happened-to-black-hippy/","url_text":"\"What happened to Black Hippy? HipHopMadness breaks it down\""}]},{"reference":"Small, TeeJay (2024-01-03). \"Black Hippy: Where Are They Now?\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/749951-black-hippy-where-are-they-now","url_text":"\"Black Hippy: Where Are They Now?\""}]},{"reference":"Mansell, Henry (May 28, 2016). \"Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2016-06-04","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Mansell, Henry (May 28, 2016). \"Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2016-07-02.","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Mansell, Henry (July 13, 2016). \"NZ Top 40\". NZ Charts. Retrieved July 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4254","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West Surpasses Michael Jackson with 40th Top 40 Hit\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/kanye-west-surpasses-michael-jackson-with-40th-top-40-hit-news.23324.html","url_text":"\"Kanye West Surpasses Michael Jackson with 40th Top 40 Hit\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4254","url_text":"\"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Rap Songs - Year End Chart 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-rap-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Rap Songs - Year End Chart 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Schoolboy Q – That Part\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Schoolboy+Q&ti=That+Part&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Schoolboy Q – That Part\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - THat Part (feat. Kanye West) by ScHoolboy Q\". iTunes.apple.com. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/that-part-feat.-kanye-t/id1112764699","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - THat Part (feat. Kanye West) by ScHoolboy Q\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Aerts

Conny Aerts

["1 Biography","2 Research","3 Outreach","4 Prizes and recognition","5 References"]

Belgian astronomer and astrophysicist Conny Clara AertsAerts presenting in 2023Born (1966-01-26) 26 January 1966 (age 58)BrasschaatNationalityBelgianAwardsFrancqui PrizeKavli PrizeCrafoord PrizeAcademic backgroundEducationUniversity of AntwerpAlma materKU LeuvenAcademic workDisciplineAstrophysicsSub-disciplineAstroseismologyInstitutionsKU LeuvenRadboud University Conny Clara Aerts, born 26 January 1966, is a Belgian (Flemish) professor in astrophysics. She specialises in asteroseismology. She is associated with KU Leuven and Radboud University, where she leads the Chair in the Astroseismology group. In 2012, she became the first woman to be awarded the Francqui Prize in the category of Science & Technology. In 2022, she became the third woman to be awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics for her work in asteroseismology. Biography Aerts was born in Brasschaat, Belgium. She received her Bachelor and Master in Mathematics from the University of Antwerp. She participated in the International Astronomical Youth Camp in 1987 and 1988. She then went on to complete her PhD in 1993 at KU Leuven. After completing she spent several months doing research at the University of Delaware. She was a postdoctoral fellow with the Fund for Scientific Research from 1993 to 2001, when she was appointed lecturer at KU Leuven. She became first associate professor in 2004, and then full professor in 2007 at KU Leuven. Research In her research, she uses the star oscillations to determine the internal rotation profile of stars. The oscillations are obtained from both ground and space-based telescopes. In her PROSPERITY project, she used data obtained from the CoRoT satellite and the NASA Kepler satellite. She is currently the Belgian principal investigator on the PLATO mission. Aerts developed methodology using Gaussian mixture classification to analyse the data. She uses this to determine the star structure and inform stellar models within stellar evolution theory. With these techniques she has made a number of discoveries, including that of non-non-rigid rotation in giant stars. The theoretical models she develops based on the star oscillations also allow her determine the age of stars with a high accuracy. Aerts has twice been awarded an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council (ERC): in 2008 for PROSPERITY, and again in 2015 for a project entitled MAMSIE (Mixing and Angular Momentum Transport of Massive Stars). Outreach Aerts is Vice-Dean of Communication & Outreach at the Faculty of Science at KU Leuven. She is outspoken about the need to increase gender equality in the sciences, and is a member of the International Astronomical Union Women in Astronomy Working Group. Prizes and recognition In 2010 she was elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 2011 she was elected Member of the Royal Flemish Academy for Sciences and Arts. In 2012 she won the Francqui prize. In 2016 she received the title of Commander of the Order of Leopold. In 2017 she was awarded the Hintze Lecture at Oxford University, delivering also a public lecture entitled "Starquakes expose stellar heartbeats". In 2018 she was awarded the ESA Lodewijk Woltjer Lecture for her work in the field of asteroseismology. In 2019, asteroid 413033 Aerts was named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114955). In 2020 she was awarded the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) Excellence Prize in Exact Sciences. In 2022 she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics. In 2024 she received the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy. References ^ a b ingevoerd, Geen OWMS velden. "Search for people or departments". Radboud University. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b c "Conny Aerts – ESF – ESSC". www.essc.esf.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "2012 – Rapport Jury Conny Aerts – Fondation Francqui – Stichting". www.francquifoundation.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "Kavli Prize Laureates". Kavli Prize. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ "Report of Jury Conny Aerts" (PDF). www.francquifoundation.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b c d "CONNY AERTS". fys.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "Conny Aerts". Interseismology. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b c "Astronomer wins prestigious Francqui Prize". Expat Guide to Belgium | Expatica. 11 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "ERC ADVANCED GRANT". fys.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b PLATOMission (3 May 2018). "Conny Aerts". Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "Conny Aerts". fys.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "MAMSIE project". 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b "Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias – IAC – Educational Outreach". www.iac.es. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "IAU Working Group on Women in Astronomy". astronomy.swin.edu.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ a b "Face of Flanders | Flanders Today". www.flanderstoday.eu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "The week in brief: 25 July | Flanders Today". www.flanderstoday.eu. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "413033 Aerts (2000 XU53)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ "Laureates FWO-Excellence prizes". FWO. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ "Kavli Prize Announcement 2022". Kavli Prize. June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ Crafoord Prize 2024 vteKavli Prize laureatesAstrophysics Maarten Schmidt, Donald Lynden-Bell (2008) Jerry E. Nelson, Raymond N. Wilson, Roger Angel (2010) David C. Jewitt, Jane Luu, Michael E. Brown (2012) Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Alexei Starobinsky (2014) Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss (2016) Ewine van Dishoeck (2018) Andrew Fabian (2020) Roger Ulrich, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Conny Aerts (2022) Sara Seager, David Charbonneau (2024) Nanoscience Louis E. Brus, Sumio Iijima (2008) Donald Eigler, Nadrian Seeman (2010) Mildred Dresselhaus (2012) Thomas Ebbesen, Stefan Hell, John Pendry (2014) Gerd Binnig, Christoph Gerber, Calvin Quate (2016) Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna, Virginijus Šikšnys (2018) Harald Rose, Maximilian Haider, Knut Urban, Ondrej Krivanek (2020) Jacob Sagiv, Ralph G. Nuzzo, David L. Allara, George M. Whitesides (2022) Robert S. Langer, Armand Paul Alivisatos, Chad A. Mirkin (2024) Neuroscience Sten Grillner, Thomas Jessell, Pasko Rakic (2008) Richard Scheller, Thomas C. Südhof, James Rothman (2010) Cornelia Bargmann, Winfried Denk, Ann Graybiel (2012) Brenda Milner, John O'Keefe, Marcus Raichle (2014) Eve Marder, Michael Merzenich, Carla J. Shatz (2016) A. James Hudspeth, Robert Fettiplace, Christine Petit (2018) David Julius, Ardem Patapoutian (2020) Jean-Louis Mandel, Harry T. Orr, Christopher A. Walsh, Huda Zoghbi (2022) Nancy Kanwisher, Winrich Freiwald, Doris Ying Tsao (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics Google Scholar MathSciNet ORCID Scopus zbMATH Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asteroseismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroseismology"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Radboud University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingevoerd-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.essc.esf.org-2"},{"link_name":"Francqui Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francqui_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.essc.esf.org-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kavli Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize"},{"link_name":"asteroseismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroseismology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Conny Clara Aerts, born 26 January 1966, is a Belgian (Flemish) professor in astrophysics. She specialises in asteroseismology. She is associated with KU Leuven and Radboud University, where she leads the Chair in the Astroseismology group.[1][2] In 2012, she became the first woman to be awarded the Francqui Prize in the category of Science & Technology.[2][3] In 2022, she became the third woman to be awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics for her work in asteroseismology.[4]","title":"Conny Aerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brasschaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasschaat"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Youth Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Youth_Camp"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fys.kuleuven.be-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fys.kuleuven.be-6"}],"text":"Aerts was born in Brasschaat, Belgium. She received her Bachelor and Master in Mathematics from the University of Antwerp. She participated in the International Astronomical Youth Camp in 1987 and 1988. She then went on to complete her PhD in 1993 at KU Leuven. After completing she spent several months doing research at the University of Delaware.[5] She was a postdoctoral fellow with the Fund for Scientific Research from 1993 to 2001, when she was appointed lecturer at KU Leuven.[6] She became first associate professor in 2004, and then full professor in 2007 at KU Leuven.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expat_Guide_to_Belgium_|_Expatica-2012-8"},{"link_name":"CoRoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRoT"},{"link_name":"Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PLATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLATOMission-2018-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"stellar evolution theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.essc.esf.org-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fys.kuleuven.be-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingevoerd-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expat_Guide_to_Belgium_|_Expatica-2012-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In her research, she uses the star oscillations to determine the internal rotation profile of stars.[7] The oscillations are obtained from both ground and space-based telescopes.[8] In her PROSPERITY project, she used data obtained from the CoRoT satellite and the NASA Kepler satellite.[9] She is currently the Belgian principal investigator on the PLATO mission.[10]Aerts developed methodology using Gaussian mixture classification to analyse the data.[11] She uses this to determine the star structure and inform stellar models within stellar evolution theory. With these techniques she has made a number of discoveries, including that of non-non-rigid rotation in giant stars.[2][6]The theoretical models she develops based on the star oscillations also allow her determine the age of stars with a high accuracy.[1][8]Aerts has twice been awarded an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council (ERC): in 2008 for PROSPERITY, and again in 2015 for a project entitled MAMSIE[12] (Mixing and Angular Momentum Transport of Massive Stars).","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.iac.es-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.iac.es-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Aerts is Vice-Dean of Communication & Outreach at the Faculty of Science at KU Leuven.[13] She is outspoken about the need to increase gender equality in the sciences,[13] and is a member of the International Astronomical Union Women in Astronomy Working Group.[14]","title":"Outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.flanderstoday.eu-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.flanderstoday.eu-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expat_Guide_to_Belgium_|_Expatica-2012-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fys.kuleuven.be-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLATOMission-2018-10"},{"link_name":"413033 Aerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/413033_Aerts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-object-17"},{"link_name":"naming citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_413001%E2%80%93414000#033"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"M.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kavli Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Crafoord Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafoord_Prize"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 2010 she was elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.[15]\nIn 2011 she was elected Member of the Royal Flemish Academy for Sciences and Arts.[15]\nIn 2012 she won the Francqui prize.[8]\nIn 2016 she received the title of Commander of the Order of Leopold.[16]\nIn 2017 she was awarded the Hintze Lecture at Oxford University, delivering also a public lecture entitled \"Starquakes expose stellar heartbeats\".[6]\nIn 2018 she was awarded the ESA Lodewijk Woltjer Lecture for her work in the field of asteroseismology.[10]\nIn 2019, asteroid 413033 Aerts was named in her honor.[17] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114955).[18]\nIn 2020 she was awarded the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) Excellence Prize in Exact Sciences.[19]\nIn 2022 she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics.[20]\nIn 2024 she received the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy.[21]","title":"Prizes and recognition"}]

[]

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Expat Guide to Belgium | Expatica. 11 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190103060102/https://www.expatica.com/be/astronomer-wins-prestigious-francqui-prize/","url_text":"\"Astronomer wins prestigious Francqui Prize\""},{"url":"https://www.expatica.com/be/astronomer-wins-prestigious-francqui-prize/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ERC ADVANCED GRANT\". fys.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fys.kuleuven.be/ster/research-projects/prosperity/welcome","url_text":"\"ERC ADVANCED GRANT\""}]},{"reference":"PLATOMission (3 May 2018). \"Conny Aerts\". Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://platomission.com/2018/05/03/connie-aerts/","url_text":"\"Conny Aerts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conny Aerts\". fys.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fys.kuleuven.be/ster/staff/conny-aerts/conny-aerts","url_text":"\"Conny Aerts\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAMSIE project\". 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fys.kuleuven.be/ster/research-projects/mamsie","url_text":"\"MAMSIE project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias – IAC – Educational Outreach\". www.iac.es. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iac.es/divulgacion.php?op1=16&op2=402&id=122&lang=en","url_text":"\"Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias – IAC – Educational Outreach\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAU Working Group on Women in Astronomy\". astronomy.swin.edu.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. 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Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fwo.be/en/news/news/laureates-fwo-excellence-prizes/","url_text":"\"Laureates FWO-Excellence prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kavli Prize Announcement 2022\". Kavli Prize. June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kavliprize.org/events/kavli-prize-announcement-2022","url_text":"\"Kavli Prize Announcement 2022\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_records_in_athletics

List of European records in athletics

["1 Key to tables","2 Outdoor","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","2.3 Mixed","3 Indoor","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","4 European best (outdoor) for non-standard events","4.1 Men","4.2 Women","5 European best (indoor) for non-standard events","5.1 Men","5.2 Women","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

European records in the sport of athletics are ratified by the European Athletic Association. Records are kept for all events contested at the Olympic Games and some others. Unofficial records for some other events are kept by track and field statisticians. Records are kept for events in track and field, road running, and racewalking. Key to tables Key:   Pending ratification   Record not kept by European Athletics   Not ratified or later rescinded by European Athletics + = en route to longer distance h = hand timing A = affected by altitude Wo = women only race # = not recognised by European Athletics or/and World Athletics X = unratified due to no doping control OT = oversized track (> 200m in circumference) a = aided road course according to World Athletics rule 31.21.3 (separation between start and finish points more than 50% of race distance or the decrease in elevation greater than one in a thousand) est = estimate WB = world best Outdoor Men Jakob Ingebrigtsen holds the Two miles world record along with the 1,500m 2,000m 3,000m and 5,000m European records Steve Cram holds the mile record and also shares the 4×800 metres relay record with Sebastian Coe. Sergey Bubka's world and European records in pole vault have dominated the sport, marking him as one of the world's best athletes. Jonathan Edwards broke the triple jump world record three times. Marcell Jacobs set the European record in the 100 metres winning the gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 100 m 9.80 (+0.1 m/s) Marcell Jacobs  Italy 1 August 2021 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan 150 m (straight) 14.66 (+0.3 m/s) Zharnel Hughes  Great Britain 18 May 2024 Atlanta City Games Atlanta, United States 200 m 19.72 A (+1.8 m/s) Pietro Mennea  Italy 12 September 1979 Universiade Mexico City, Mexico 400 m 44.26 Matthew Hudson-Smith  Great Britain 22 August 2023 World Championships 44.07 Matthew Hudson-Smith  Great Britain 30 May 2024 Bislett Games Oslo, Norway 800 m 1:41.11 Wilson Kipketer  Denmark 24 August 1997 Weltklasse in Köln Cologne, Germany 1000 m 2:12.18 Sebastian Coe  Great Britain 11 July 1981 Bislett Games Oslo, Norway 1500 m 3:27.14 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 16 July 2023 Kamila Skolimowska Memorial Chorzów, Poland Mile 3:43.73 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 16 September 2023 Prefontaine Classic Eugene, United States Mile (road) 3:56.41 Callum Elson  Great Britain 1 October 2023 World Road Running Championships Riga, Latvia 2000 m 4:43.13 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 8 September 2023 Memorial Van Damme Brussels, Belgium 3000 m 7:23.63 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 17 September 2023 Prefontaine Classic Eugene, United States Two miles 7:54.10 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 9 June 2023 Meeting de Paris Paris, France 5000 m 12:45.01 Mohamed Katir  Spain 21 July 2023 Herculis Monaco, Monaco 5 km (road) 13:12 Jimmy Gressier  France 12 February 2023 Monaco Run – 5 km Herculis Monaco Dominic Lobalu   Switzerland 31 December 2023 Cursa dels Nassos Barcelona, Spain 10000 m 26:46.57 Mo Farah  Great Britain 3 June 2011 Prefontaine Classic Eugene, United States 10 km (road) 27:13 Julien Wanders   Switzerland 12 January 2020 10K Valencia Ibercaja Valencia, Spain Dominic Lobalu   Switzerland 14 January 2024 10K Valencia Ibercaja Valencia, Spain 27:07 Jimmy Gressier  France 17 March 2024 10K Route de Lille Lille, France 15 km (road) 41:56+ Julien Wanders   Switzerland 8 February 2019 RAK Half Marathon Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 10 miles 45:57 Emile Cairess  Great Britain 4 March 2023 Podium Breaking 10 Barrowford Barrowford, United Kingdom 20,000 m (track) 56:20.02+ Bashir Abdi  Belgium 4 September 2020 Memorial Van Damme Brussels, Belgium 20 km (road) 56:03+ Julien Wanders   Switzerland 8 February 2019 RAK Half Marathon Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates Half marathon 59:13 Julien Wanders   Switzerland 8 February 2019 RAK Half Marathon Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 59:07 a Mo Farah  Great Britain 8 September 2019 Great North Run Newcastle upon Tyne-South Shields, United Kingdom One hour 21330 m Mo Farah  Great Britain 4 September 2020 Memorial van Damme Brussels, Belgium 25,000 m (track) 1:12:46.5 h Sondre Nordstad Moen  Norway 11 June 2020 Bislett Impossible Games Oslo, Norway 25 km (road) 1:13:25+ Bashir Abdi  Belgium 1 March 2020 Tokyo Marathon Tokyo, Japan 30,000 m (track) 1:31:30.4 h Jim Alder  Great Britain 5 September 1970 London, United Kingdom 30 km (road) 1:27:53 + Bashir Abdi  Belgium 24 October 2021 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, The Netherlands Marathon 2:03:36 Bashir Abdi  Belgium 24 October 2021 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, The Netherlands 50 km (track) 3:01:51+ Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 23 April 2022 Centurion RC 100 Bedford, United Kingdom 50 km (road) 2:53:51 Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 3 July 2022 Alytus, Lithuania 50 miles (track) 4:51:49 Don Ritchie  Great Britain 12 March 1983 Road Runners Club Track 50 Miles London, United Kingdom 6 hours (track) 98.496 km+ Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 23 April 2022 Centurion RC 100 Bedford, United Kingdom 100 km (track) 6:05:41 Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 23 April 2022 Centurion RC 100 Bedford, United Kingdom 100 km (road) 6:05:35 Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 14 May 2023 Nord Security World’s Fastest Run Vilnius, Lithuania 150 km (track) 10:27:48+ Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 24 April 2021 Centurion Running Track 100 Mile Ashford, United Kingdom 100 miles (track) 11:14:56+ Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 24 April 2021 Centurion Running Track 100 Mile Ashford, United Kingdom 100 miles (road) 10:51:39+ Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 6 January 2022 Spartanion Race Tel Aviv, Israel 12 hours (track) 170.309 km Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 24 April 2021 Centurion Running Track 100 Mile Ashford, United Kingdom 12 hours (road) 177.410 km Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 6 January 2022 Spartanion Race Tel Aviv, Israel 24 hours (road) 319.614 km Aleksandr Sorokin  Lithuania 18 September 2022 IAU 24 Hour European Championships Verona, Italy 110 m hurdles 12.91 (+0.5 m/s) Colin Jackson  Great Britain 20 August 1993 World Championships Stuttgart, Germany 300 m hurdles 33.78 Karsten Warholm  Norway 11 June 2020 Impossible Games Oslo, Norway 400 m hurdles 45.94 Karsten Warholm  Norway 3 August 2021 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan 2000 m steeplechase 5:10.68 WB Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad  France 30 June 2010 Alma Athlé Tour Reims, France 3000 m steeplechase 8:00.09 Mahiedine Mekhissi Benabbad  France 6 July 2013 Meeting Areva Saint-Denis, France High jump 2.42 m Patrik Sjöberg  Sweden 30 June 1987 BAUHAUS-galan Stockholm, Sweden Bohdan Bondarenko  Ukraine 14 June 2014 Adidas Grand Prix New York City, United States Pole vault 6.23 m Armand Duplantis  Sweden 17 September 2023 Prefontaine Classic Eugene, United States 6.24 m Armand Duplantis  Sweden 20 April 2024 Xiamen Diamond League Xiamen, China Long jump 8.86 m A (+1.9 m/s) Robert Emmiyan  Soviet Union 22 May 1987 Tsaghkadzor, Soviet Union Triple jump 18.29 m (+1.3 m/s) Jonathan Edwards  Great Britain 7 August 1995 World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden Shot put 23.06 m Ulf Timmermann  East Germany 22 May 1988 Chania, Greece Discus throw 74.08 m Jürgen Schult  East Germany 6 June 1986 Neubrandenburg, East Germany 74.35 m Mykolas Alekna  Lithuania 14 April 2024 Oklahoma Throws Series World Invitational Ramona, United States Hammer throw 86.74 m Yuriy Sedykh  Soviet Union 30 August 1986 European Championships Stuttgart, West Germany Javelin throw 98.48 m (Current design) Jan Železný  Czech Republic 25 May 1996 Jena, Germany 104.80 m (Old design) Uwe Hohn  East Germany 20 July 1984 Berlin, Germany Decathlon 9126 pts Kevin Mayer  France 15–16 September 2018 Décastar Talence, France 100m (wind) Long jump (wind) Shot put High jump 400m 110H (wind) Discus Pole vault Javelin 1500m 10.55 (+0.3 m/s) 7.80 m (+1.2 m/s) 16.00 m 2.05 m 48.42 13.75 (-1.1 m/s) 50.54 m 5.45 m 71.90 m 4:36.11 3000 m walk (track) 10:43.84 Tom Bosworth  Great Britain 21 July 2018 Diamond League London, United Kingdom 5000 m walk (track) 19:00.73 Tom Bosworth  Great Britain 5 July 2015 British Championships Birmingham, United Kingdom 5 km walk (road) 18:21 Robert Korzeniowski  Poland 15 September 1990 Bad Salzdetfurth, Germany 10000 m walk (track) 37:53:09 Paquillo Fernández  Spain 27 July 2008 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 10 km walk (road) 37:11 Roman Rasskazov  Russia 28 May 2000 Saransk, Russia 20000 m walk (track) 1:18:35.2 Stefan Johansson  Sweden 15 May 1992 Bergen, Norway 20 km walk (road) 1:17:02 Yohann Diniz  France 8 March 2015 French Championships Arles, France 1:16:43 Sergey Morozov  Russia 8 June 2008 Saransk, Russia 2 hours walk (track) 29572 m + Maurizio Damilano  Italy 3 October 1992 Cuneo, Italy 30000 m walk (track) 2:01:44.1 Maurizio Damilano  Italy 3 October 1992 Cuneo, Italy 35 km walk (road) 2:23:14 Massimo Stano  Italy 24 July 2022 World Championships Eugene, United States 2:21:31 Vladimir Kanaykin  Russia 19 February 2006 Russian Winter Race Walking Championships Adler, Russia 50000 m walk (track) 3:35:27.20 Yohann Diniz  France 12 March 2011 Reims, France 50 km walk (road) 3:32:33 Yohann Diniz  France 15 August 2014 European Championships Zürich, Switzerland 4×100 m relay 37.36 Adam GemiliZharnel HughesRichard KiltyNethaneel Mitchell-Blake  Great Britain 5 October 2019 World Championships Doha, Qatar 4×200 m relay 1:20.66 Christophe LemaitreYannick FonsatBen BassawKen Romain  France 24 May 2014 IAAF World Relays Nassau, Bahamas 4×400 m relay 2:56.60 Iwan ThomasJamie BaulchMark RichardsonRoger Black  Great Britain 3 August 1996 Olympic Games Atlanta, United States 4×800 m relay 7:03.89 Peter ElliottGarry CookSteve CramSebastian Coe  Great Britain 30 August 1982 London, United Kingdom Distance medley relay 9:24.07 Mateusz Demczyszak (1200 m)Łukasz Krawczuk (400 m)Adam Kszczot (800 m)Marcin Lewandowski (1600 m)  Poland 3 May 2015 IAAF World Relays Nassau, Bahamas 4×1500 m relay 14:38.8 h Thomas WessinghageHarald HudakMichael LedererKarl Fleschen  West Germany 17 August 1977 Cologne, West Germany Marathon road relay (Ekiden) 2:02.34 Yuriy Abramov (13:47)Yevgeny Rybakov (28:29)Pavel Naumov (14:19)Dmitry Maksimov (29:47)Sergey Ivanov (14:30)Anatoly Rybakov (21:42)  Russia 23 November 2005 International Chiba Ekiden Chiba, Japan Women Only American, Ivorian and Jamaican sprinters have run faster than Christine Arron's 100 metres record. Paula Radcliffe has two world records and three European records to her name in the long distance events. Yelena Isinbayeva has broken her own world and European pole vault record numerous times. Barbora Špotáková broke her national record, then the European record, then finally the world record in the javelin throw. Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 100 m 10.73 (+2.0 m/s) Christine Arron  France 19 August 1998 European Championships Budapest, Hungary 150 m (bend) 16.56 (+0.6 m/s) Dafne Schippers  Netherlands 8 September 2020 Golden Spike Ostrava Ostrava, Czech Republic 200 m 21.63 (+0.2 m/s) Dafne Schippers  Netherlands 28 August 2015 World Championships Beijing, China 400 m 47.60 Marita Koch  East Germany 6 October 1985 World Cup Canberra, Australia 800 m 1:53.28 Jarmila Kratochvílová  Czechoslovakia 26 July 1983 Munich, West Germany 1000 m 2:28.98 Svetlana Masterkova  Russia 23 August 1996 Memorial Van Damme Brussels, Belgium 1500 m 3:51.95 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 5 October 2019 World Championships Doha, Qatar Mile run 4:12.33 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 12 July 2019 Diamond League Monaco, Monaco Mile (road) 4:34.12 Wo Marta Pérez  Spain 1 October 2023 World Road Running Championships Riga, Latvia 2000 m 5:25.36 Sonia O'Sullivan  Ireland 8 July 1994 Edinburgh, United Kingdom 3000 m 8:18.49 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 30 June 2019 Prefontaine Classic Stanford, United States Two miles 9:16.73 Konstanze Klosterhalfen  Germany 27 May 2022 Prefontaine Classic Eugene, United States 5000 m 14:13.42 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 23 July 2023 Anniversary Games London, United Kingdom 5 km (road) 14:44 Wo Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 17 February 2019 5 km Herculis Monaco 14:41 Mx Beth Potter  Great Britain 3 April 2021 Podium 5k Sub-15.30 Barrowford, United Kingdom 10000 m 29:06.82 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 6 June 2021 FBK Games Hengelo, Netherlands 10 km (road) 30:21 Mx Paula Radcliffe  Great Britain 23 February 2003 San Juan, Puerto Rico 30:19 Wo Eilish McColgan  Great Britain 22 May 2022 Great Manchester Run Manchester, United Kingdom 30:05 Mx Lonah Chemtai Salpeter  Israel 1 September 2019 Tilburg 10 Miles Tilburg, Netherlands 15 km (road) 46:25+ Wo Melat Yisak Kejeta  Germany 17 October 2020 World Half Marathon Championships Gdynia, Poland 46:09+ Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 16 September 2018 Copenhagen Half Marathon Copenhagen, Denmark 10 miles (road) 50:43 Eilish McColgan  Great Britain 17 October 2021 Great South Run Portsmouth, United Kingdom One hour 18930 m Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 4 September 2020 Memorial van Damme Brussels, Belgium 20000 m (track) 1:06:55.5 Rosa Mota  Portugal 14 May 1983 Lisbon, Portugal 20 km (road) 1:02:04+ Wo Melat Yisak Kejeta  Germany 17 October 2020 World Half Marathon Championships Gdynia, Poland 1:01:56+ Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 16 September 2018 Copenhagen Half Marathon Copenhagen, Denmark Half marathon 1:05:18 Wo Melat Yisak Kejeta  Germany 17 October 2020 World Half Marathon Championships Gdynia, Poland 1:05:15 Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 16 September 2018 Copenhagen Half Marathon Copenhagen, Denmark 25000 m (track) 1:28:22.60 Helena Javornik  Slovenia 19 July 2006 Maribor, Slovenia 25 km (road) 1:18:06+ Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 8 October 2023 Chicago Marathon Chicago, United States 30000 m (track) 1:47:05.6 Karolina Szabó  Hungary 22 April 1988 Budapest, Hungary 30 km (road) 1:34:00+ Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 8 October 2023 Chicago Marathon Chicago, United States Marathon 2:13:44Mx Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 8 October 2023 Chicago Marathon Chicago, United States 2:17:42 Wo Paula Radcliffe  Great Britain 17 April 2005 London Marathon London, United Kingdom 50 km 3:07:20 Alyson Dixon  Great Britain 1 September 2019 50 km World Championships Brasov, Romania 50 Miles 5:55:41+ Valentina Liakhova  Russia 28 September 1996 100 km Track Trophy Nantes, France 100 km (road) 7:04:03 Mx Floriane Hot  France 27 August 2022 IAU 100 km World Championships Berlin, Germany 100 Miles (track) 14:25:45+ Edit Bérces  Hungary 21–22 September 2002 Verona 24 Hour Verona, Italy 12-hour run (road) 153.600 km Satu Lipiäinen  Finland 20 May 2023 Ultra run Kokkola, Finland 24-hour run (road) 258.339 km Patrycja Bereznowska  Poland 2 July 2017 IAU 24 Hour World Championship Belfast, United Kingdom 48-hour run (road) 411.458 km Joasia Zakrzewski  Great Britain 12 February 2023 Taipei 24-Hour Taipei, Taiwan 100 m hurdles 12.21 (+0.7 m/s) Yordanka Donkova  Bulgaria 20 August 1988 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 200 m hurdles (bend) 24.8 h (+0.4 m/s) Yadisleidy Pedroso  Italy 6 April 2013 Caserta, Italy 25.82 (+1.7 m/s) Patricia Girard  France 22 September 1999 Nantes, France 25.6 h (-0.7 m/s) 23 August 2001 Nantes, France 200 m hurdles (straight) 25.05 (+1.0 m/s) Meghan Beesley  Great Britain 17 May 2014 Manchester City Games Manchester, United Kingdom 300 m hurdles 36.86 Femke Bol  Netherlands 31 May 2022 Golden Spike Ostrava Ostrava, Czech Republic 400 m hurdles 51.45 Femke Bol  Netherlands 23 July 2023 Anniversary Games London, United Kingdom 2000 m steeplechase 5:52.80 Gesa Felicitas Krause  Germany 1 September 2019 ISTAF Berlin Berlin, Germany 3000 m steeplechase 8:58.81 Gulnara Samitova-Galkina  Russia 17 August 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China High jump 2.09 m Stefka Kostadinova  Bulgaria 30 August 1987 World Championships Rome, Italy Pole vault 5.06 m Yelena Isinbayeva  Russia 28 August 2009 Weltklasse Zürich Zürich, Switzerland Long jump 7.52 m (+1.4 m/s) Galina Chistyakova  Soviet Union 11 June 1988 Leningrad, Soviet Union Triple jump 15.50 m (+0.9 m/s) Inessa Kravets  Ukraine 10 August 1995 World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden Shot put 22.63 m Natalya Lisovskaya  Soviet Union 7 June 1987 Moscow, Soviet Union Discus throw 76.80 m Gabriele Reinsch  East Germany 9 July 1988 Neubrandenburg, East Germany Hammer throw 82.98 m Anita Włodarczyk  Poland 28 August 2016 Skolimowska Memorial Warsaw, Poland Javelin throw 72.28 m (Current design) Barbora Špotáková  Czech Republic 13 September 2008 World Athletics Final Stuttgart, Germany 80.00 m (old design) Petra Felke  East Germany 9 September 1988 Potsdam, East Germany Heptathlon 7032 pts Carolina Klüft  Sweden 25–26 August 2007 World Championships Osaka, Japan 13.15 (+0.1 m/s) (100 m hurdles), 1.95 m (high jump), 14.81 m (shot put), 23.38 (+0.3 m/s) (200 m) / 6.85 m (+1.0 m/s) (long jump), 47.98 m (javelin), 2:12.56 (800 m) 5000 m walk (track) 20:01.80 Eleonora Giorgi  Italy 18 May 2014 Italian Clubs League Meet Misterbianco, Italy 5 km walk (road) 19:46 Kjersti Plätzer  Norway 27 August 2006 Internationaler Geher-Cup Hildesheim, Germany 10000 m walk (track) 41:56.23 Nadezhda Ryashkina  Soviet Union 24 July 1990 Seattle, United States 10 km walk (road) 41:04 Yelena Nikolayeva  Russia 20 April 1996 Sochi, Russia 20000 m walk (track) 1:26:52.3 Olimpiada Ivanova  Russia 6 September 2001 Brisbane, Australia 20 km walk (road) 1:25:02 Elena Lashmanova  Russia 11 August 2012 Olympic Games London, United Kingdom 1:23:39 Elena Lashmanova  Russia 9 June 2018 Russian Race Walking Championships Cheboksary, Russia 1:24:31 Elena Lashmanova  Russia 18 February 2019 Russian Winter Race Walking Championships Sochi, Russia 1:24:47 Elmira Alembekova  Russia 27 February 2015 Russian Race Walking Championships Sochi, Russia 1:24:50 X Olimpiada Ivanova  Russia 4 March 2001 Adler, Russia 1:24:56 Olga Kaniskina  Russia 28 February 2009 Adler, Russia 1:24:58 Elena Lashmanova  Russia 25 June 2016 Russian Race Walking Championships Cheboksary, Russia 35 km walk (road) 2:37:15 María Pérez  Spain 21 May 2023 European Race Walking Team Championships Poděbrady, Czech Republic 50 km walk (road) 4:04:50 Eleonora Giorgi  Italy 19 May 2019 European Cup Alytus, Lithuania 3:57:08 # Klavdiya Afanasyeva  Russia 15 June 2019 Russian Race Walking Championships Cheboksary, Russia 4×100 m relay 41.37 Silke GladischSabine RiegerIngrid AuerswaldMarlies Göhr  East Germany 6 October 1985 World Cup Canberra, Australia 4×200 m relay 1:28.15 Marlies GöhrRomy Schneider-MüllerBärbel Eckert-WöckelMarita Koch  East Germany 9 August 1980 Jena, East Germany 4×400 m relay 3:15.17 Tatyana LedovskayaOlga NazarovaMariya PiniginaOlga Bryzgina  Soviet Union 1 October 1988 Olympic Games Seoul, South Korea 4×800 m relay 7:50.17 Nadezhda OlizarenkoLyubov GurinaLyudmila BorisovaIrina Podyalovskaya  Soviet Union 5 August 1984 Moscow, Soviet Union Distance medley relay 10:45.32 Katarzyna Broniatowska (1200 m)Monika Szczęsna (400 m)Angelika Cichocka (800 m)Sofia Ennaoui (1600 m)  Poland 2 May 2015 IAAF World Relays Nassau, Bahamas 4×1500 m relay 17:09.09 Maria LynchElaine FitzgeraldPauline ThomSonia O'Sullivan  Ireland 24 June 2000 London, United Kingdom Marathon road relay (Ekiden) 2:14:51 Liliya ShobukhovaInga AbitovaOlesya SyrevaLidiya GrigoryevaGalina BogomolovaMariya Konovalova  Russia 23 November 2006 International Chiba Ekiden Chiba, Japan Mixed Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref 4×400 m relay 3:09.87 Kajetan DuszyńskiNatalia KaczmarekJustyna Święty-ErseticKarol Zalewski  Poland 31 July 2021 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan Indoor Men Marcell Jacobs ran 60 metres European record. Colin Jackson's European and world record in the 60 metre hurdles remains unbeaten. Kenyan-born Wilson Kipketer dominated the 800 metres records indoors and outdoors. Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 50 m 5.61 Manfred Kokot  East Germany 4 February 1973 East Berlin, East Germany 5.61+ Jason Gardener  Great Britain 16 February 2000 Madrid, Spain 60 m 6.41 Marcell Jacobs  Italy 19 March 2022 World Championships Belgrade, Serbia 200 m 20.25 Linford Christie  Great Britain 19 February 1995 Meeting Pas de Calais Liévin, France 400 m 45.05 Thomas Schönlebe  East Germany 5 February 1988 Sindelfingen, West Germany Karsten Warholm  Norway 2 March 2019 European Championships Glasgow, United Kingdom 800 m 1:42.67 Wilson Kipketer  Denmark 9 March 1997 World Championships Paris, France 1000 m 2:14.96 Wilson Kipketer  Denmark 20 February 2000 Aviva Indoor Grand Prix Birmingham, United Kingdom 1500 m 3:30.60 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 17 February 2022 Meeting Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais Liévin, France Mile 3:49.78 Eamonn Coghlan  Ireland 27 February 1983 East Rutherford, United States 3:49.46 Neil Gourley  Great Britain 11 February 2023 Millrose Games New York City, United States 3:48.87 Josh Kerr  Great Britain 27 February 2022 Boston University Last Chance Meet Boston, United States 3000 m 7:24.68 Mohamed Katir  Spain 15 February 2023 Meeting Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais Liévin, France Two miles 8:00.67 Josh Kerr  Great Britain 11 February 2024 Millrose Games New York City, United States 5000 m 12:57.08 Marc Scott  Great Britain 12 February 2022 BU David Hemery Valentine International Boston, United States 50 m hurdles 6.36+ Ladji Doucouré  France 26 February 2005 Meeting Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais Liévin, France 60 m hurdles 7.30 Colin Jackson  Great Britain 6 March 1994 Sindelfingen, Germany High jump 2.42 m Carlo Thränhardt  West Germany 26 February 1988 West Berlin, West Germany 2.42 m X Ivan Ukhov  Russia 25 February 2014 Prague Indoor Prague, Czech Republic Pole vault 6.22 m Armand Duplantis  Sweden 25 February 2023 All Star Perche Clermont-Ferrand, France Long jump 8.71 m Sebastian Bayer  Germany 8 March 2009 European Championships Turin, Italy Triple jump 17.92 m (2nd jump) Teddy Tamgho  France 6 March 2011 European Championships Paris, France 17.92 m (4th jump) Shot put 22.55 m Ulf Timmermann  East Germany 11 February 1989 Senftenberg, East Germany Heptathlon 6479 pts Kevin Mayer  France 4–5 March 2017 European Championships Belgrade, Serbia 60m Long jump Shot put High jump 60m H Pole vault 1000m 6.95 7.54m 15.66m 2.10m 7.88 5.40m 2:41.08 5000 m walk 18:07.08 Mikhail Shchennikov  Russia 14 February 1995 Russian Winter Meeting Moscow, Russia 4×200 m relay 1:22.11 Linford ChristieDarren BraithwaiteAde MafeJohn Regis  Great Britain 3 March 1991 Glasgow, United Kingdom 4×400 m relay 3:01.77 Karol ZalewskiRafał OmelkoŁukasz KrawczukJakub Krzewina  Poland 4 March 2018 World Championships Birmingham, United Kingdom 4×800 m relay 7:17.8 h Valeriy TaratynovStanislav MeshcherskikhAleksey TaranovViktor Semyashkin  Soviet Union 14 March 1971 Sofia, Bulgaria 7:15.77 Moskovskaya RegionRoman TrubetskoyDmitriy BukreyevDmitriy BogdanovYuriy Borzakovskiy  Russia 10 February 2008 Moscow, Russia Women Susanna Kallur set the 60 metre hurdles world record in 2008. Kajsa Bergqvist broke an indoor high jump world record that had lasted over a decade. World indoor triple jump record holder Tatyana Lebedeva has medalled in the last 3 Olympics. Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 50 m 5.96+ Irina Privalova  Russia 9 February 1995 Madrid, Spain 60 m 6.92 Irina Privalova  Russia 11 February 1993 Madrid, Spain 9 February 1995 Madrid, Spain 200 m 22.10 Irina Privalova  Russia 19 February 1995 Meeting Pas de Calais Liévin, France 400 m 49.26 Femke Bol  Netherlands 19 February 2023 Dutch Championships Apeldoorn, Netherlands 49.24 Femke Bol  Netherlands 18 February 2024 Dutch Championships Apeldoorn, Netherlands 49.17 Femke Bol  Netherlands 2 March 2024 World Championships Glasgow, United Kingdom 800 m 1:55.82 Jolanda Čeplak  Slovenia 3 March 2002 European Championships Vienna, Austria 1000 m 2:31.93 Laura Muir  Great Britain 18 February 2017 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix Birmingham, United Kingdom 1500 m 3:57.91 Abeba Aregawi  Sweden 6 February 2014 XL Galan Stockholm, Sweden 3:57.71 X Yelena Soboleva  Russia 9 March 2008 World Championships Valencia, Spain Mile 4:17.14 Doina Melinte  Romania 9 February 1990 East Rutherford, United States 3000 m 8:26.41 Laura Muir  Great Britain 4 February 2017 Weltklasse in Karlsruhe Karlsruhe, Germany Two miles 9:04.84 Laura Muir  Great Britain 11 February 2024 Millrose Games New York City, United States 5000 m 14:30.79 Konstanze Klosterhalfen  Germany 27 February 2020 BU Last Chance Invitational Boston, United States 50 m hurdles 6.58 Cornelia Oschkenat  East Germany 20 February 1988 Berlin, East Germany 60 m hurdles 7.68 Susanna Kallur  Sweden 10 February 2008 BW-Bank Meeting Karlsruhe, Germany 7.68 X Lyudmila Narozhilenko  Russia 2 March 1993 San Sebastián, Spain 7.66 X 4 March 1993 Seville, Spain 7.63 X 4 March 1993 Seville, Spain High jump 2.08 m Kajsa Bergqvist  Sweden 4 February 2006 Hochsprung mit Musik Arnstadt, Germany Pole vault 5.01 m Yelena Isinbayeva  Russia 23 February 2012 XL Galan Stockholm, Sweden Long jump 7.37 m Heike Drechsler  East Germany 13 February 1988 Vienna, Austria Triple jump 15.36 m Tatyana Lebedeva  Russia 6 March 2004 World Championships Budapest, Hungary Shot put 22.50 m Helena Fibingerová  Czechoslovakia 19 February 1977 Jablonec, Czechoslovakia Pentathlon 5055 pts Nafissatou Thiam  Belgium 3 March 2023 European Championships Istanbul, Turkey 60m H High jump Shot put Long jump 800m 8.23 1.92 m 15.54 m 6.59 m 2:13.60 Mile walk 6:16.72 WB Sada Eidikytė  Soviet Union 24 February 1990 Kaunas, Soviet Union 3000 m walk 11:40.33 Claudia Stef  Romania 30 January 1999 Bucharest, Romania 11:35.34 Gillian O'Sullivan  Ireland 15 February 2003 Belfast, United Kingdom Two miles walk 13:11.88 WB Ileana Salvador  Italy 14 February 1990 Genoa, Italy 5000 m walk 20:10.3 WB Vera Sokolova  Russia 30 December 2010 Mordovian Championships Saransk, Russia 10000 m walk 43:54.63 WB Yelena Ginko  Belarus 22 February 2008 Belarusian Championships Mogilev, Belarus 4×200 m relay 1:32.41 Yekaterina KondratyevaIrina KhabarovaYuliya PechonkinaYuliya Gushchina  Russia 29 January 2005 Aviva International Match Glasgow, United Kingdom 4×400 m relay 3:23.37 Yuliya GushchinaOlga KotlyarovaOlga ZaytsevaOlesya Krasnomovets  Russia 28 January 2006 Aviva International Match Glasgow, United Kingdom 4×800 m relay 8:06.24 Team MoscowAleksandra BulanovaYekaterina MartynovaYelena KofanovaAnna Balakshina  Russia 18 February 2011 Russian Championships Moscow, Russia European best (outdoor) for non-standard events Men Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref 100 y 9.30 (+1.6 m/s) Linford Christie  Great Britain 8 July 1994 Edinburgh, Great Britain 150 m (bend) 14.93+ (+0.3 m/s) John Regis  Great Britain 20 August 1993 World Championships Stuttgart, Germany 14.8 h Pietro Mennea  Italy 3 September 1979 Cassino, Italy 200 m straight 20.48 (-0.6 m/s) Solomon Bockarie  Netherlands 4 September 2016 Urban Memorial Van Damme Brussels, Belgium 300 m 31.56 Douglas Walker  Great Britain 19 July 1998 Gateshead, United Kingdom 500 m (track) 1:00.08 Donato Sabia  Italy 26 May 1984 Busto Arsizio, Italy 500 m (road) 57.91 Mark English  Ireland 10 September 2016 Great North CityGames Newcastle, United Kingdom 600 m 1:13.21 Pierre-Ambroise Bosse  France 5 June 2016 British Grand Prix Birmingham, United Kingdom 200 m hurdles "curve" 22.55 WB Laurent Ottoz  Italy 31 May 1995 Milan, Italy 22.5 h Martin Lauer  West Germany 7 July 1959 Zürich, Switzerland 100000 m (track) 6:10:20 Don Ritchie  Great Britain 28 October 1978 London, United Kingdom 200 m Hurdles "straight" 22.10 (+2.0 m/s) WB Andy Turner  Great Britain 15 May 2011 Manchester City Games Manchester, United Kingdom 1500 m walk (track) 5:12.0+ WB Antanas Grigaliūnas  Lithuania 12 May 1990 Vilnius, Lithuania Mile walk (track) 5:31.08 WB Tom Bosworth  Great Britain 9 July 2017 London Grand Prix London, United Kingdom 50-mile walk (road) 7:44:47.2 WB Shaul Ladany  Israel 1972 New Jersey, United States 4×mile relay 15:49.08 Eamonn CoghlanRay FlynnFrank O'MaraMarcus O'Sullivan  Ireland 17 August 1985 Dublin, Ireland Women Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 100 y 10.45+ (+1.5 m/s) Yevgeniya Polyakova  Russia 27 May 2010 Golden Spike Ostrava Ostrava, Czech Republic 150 m (straight) 16.57 (+1.1 m/s) Desiree Henry  Great Britain 10 September 2016 Great North CityGames Newcastle, United Kingdom 200 m (straight) 23.29 (+0.2 m/s) Emily Freeman  Great Britain 16 May 2010 Manchester City Games Manchester, United Kingdom 300 m 34.14+ Marita Koch  East Germany 6 October 1985 World Cup Canberra, Australia 35.46 Kathy Cook  Great Britain 18 August 1984 London, United Kingdom 500 m 1:05.9 WB Tatana Kocembova  Czechoslovakia 2 August 1984 Ostrava, Czechoslovakia 600 m 1:23.78 Natalya Khrushchelyova  Russia 2 September 2003 Meeting de Liége Naimette-Xhovémont, Belgium Decathlon 8358 pts WB Austra Skujytė  Lithuania 14–15 April 2005 Columbia, United States 12.49 (100 m), 46.19 m (discus), 3.10 m (pole vault), 48.78 m (javelin), 57.19 (400 m) / 14.22 (100 m hurdles), 6.12 m (long jump), 16.42 m (shot put), 1.78 m (high jump), 5:15.86 (1500 m) 3000 m walk (track) 11:48.24 WB Ileana Salvador  Italy 29 August 1993 Padua, Italy European best (indoor) for non-standard events Men Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 55 m 6.13 A Frank Emmelmann  East Germany 3 February 1984 Albuquerque, United States 150 m 15.53 OT Rytis Sakalauskas  Lithuania 11 February 2010 Botnia Games Korsholm, Finland 300 m 32.15 Pavel Maslák  Czech Republic 9 February 2014 Indoor Flanders Meeting Ghent, Belgium 500 m 1:00.36 Pavel Maslák  Czech Republic 25 February 2014 Prague Indoor Prague, Czech Republic 600 m 1:15.12 Nico Motchebon  Germany 28 February 1999 Sindelfingen, Germany 2000 m 4:52.90 Sergio Sánchez  Spain 23 January 2010 Oviedo, Spain 10000 m 28:12.4 (ht) Emiel Puttemans  Belgium 22 February 1975 Pantin, France 55 m hurdles 7.01 Stéphane Caristan  France 27 February 1987 USA Championships New York City, United States 300 m hurdles 34.26 OT Karsten Warholm  Norway 10 February 2018 Avoimet Pirkanmaan Tampere, Finland 400 m hurdles 50.21 Richard Yates  Great Britain 19 February 2011 Aviva Indoor Grand Prix Birmingham, United Kingdom 2000 m steeplechase 5:21.56 Andrei Farnosov  Russia 14 February 2010 Indoor Flanders Meeting Ghent, Belgium 3000 m steeplechase 8:17.46 Aleksandr Zagoruyko  Soviet Union 21 February 1982 Moscow, Soviet Union Weight throw 25.68 m Libor Charfreitag  Slovakia 5 March 2005 Sterling, United States Discus throw 69.51 m Gerd Kanter  Estonia 22 March 2009 World Record Indoor Challenge Växjö, Sweden Javelin throw 85.78 m (Current design) Matti Närhi  Finland 3 March 1996 Kajaani, Finland Mile walk 5:34.45 Andreas Gustafson  Sweden 15 February 2014 Millrose Games New York City, United States 3000 m walk 10:30.28 Tom Bosworth  Great Britain 25 February 2018 Glasgow Grand Prix Glasgow, United Kingdom Two Miles walk 11:54.50 Valdas Kazlauskas  Soviet Union 24 February 1990 Kaunas, Soviet Union 15000 m walk 1:00:03.9 Valdas Kazlauskas  Soviet Union 24 January 1987 Kaunas, Soviet Union 20000 m walk 1:20:40.0 OT Ronald Weigel  East Germany 27 January 1980 Senftenberg, East Germany Women Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Meet Place Ref Video 55 m 6.62 Marlies Göhr  East Germany 28 February 1986 New York City, United States 100 y 10.67 Heather Hunte  Great Britain 17 February 1978 Senftenberg, East Germany 100 m 11.15 WB Marita Koch  East Germany 12 January 1980 East Berlin, East Germany 300 m 35.45 WB Irina Privalova  Russia 17 January 1993 Moscow, Russia 500 m 1:05.63 WB Femke Bol  Netherlands 4 February 2023 New Balance Indoor Grand Prix Boston, United States 600 m 1:23.41 WB Keely Hodgkinson  Great Britain 28 January 2023 Manchester World Indoor Tour Manchester, United Kingdom 2000 m 5:30.53 Gabriela Szabo  Romania 8 March 1998 Sindelfingen, Germany Marathon 2:42:30 Laura Manninen  Finland 25 March 2017 The Armory Indoor Marathon New York City, United States 55 m hurdles 7.37 Cornelia Oschkenat  East Germany 27 February 1987 USA Championships New York City, United States 300 m hurdles 40.09 OT WB Stine Tomb  Norway 5 February 2011 Finland-Sweden-Norway Indoor Match Tampere, Finland 400 m hurdles 56.66 Sara Slott Petersen  Denmark 18 February 2012 Meeting National Val-de-Reuil, France 2000 m steeplechase 5:47.79 Maruša Mišmaš  Slovenia 19 February 2020 Meeting Hauts de France Pas de Calais Liévin, France 3000 m steeplechase 9:07.00 WB Tatyana Petrova  Russia 17 February 2006 Moscow, Russia 9:54.2 WB Marcela Lustigova  Czech Republic 11 February 2010 Botnia Games Korsholm, Finland Weight throw 23.73 m Ida Storm  Sweden 15 February 2017 Malmö, Sweden Discus throw 65.23 m Mx WB Shanice Craft  Germany 10 February 2023 ISTAF Indoor Berlin, Germany Javelin throw 57.75 m (Current design) Anna Wessman  Sweden 10 March 2012 World Indoor Throwing Växjö, Sweden 64.68 m (Old design) Mikaela Ingberg  Finland 5 March 1995 Kajaani, Finland 4×100 m relay 44.39 Anne-Kathrin ElbeAnne MöllingerCathleen TschirchMarion Wagner  Germany 31 January 2010 BW-Bank Meeting Karlsruhe, Germany See also Sport of athletics portal Notes ^ Not ratified because it did not fulfil the criteria of having the required three international judges present. ^ Only performances after 1 January 2022 can be accepted as official records by European Athletics in this distance. ^ Not ratified due to lack of doping control. ^ Not ratified due to lack of international judges. ^ Not ratified by World Athletics due to lack of international judges. ^ Athlete failed a doping test. ^ No international judges. ^ Converted from a time for the slightly shorter 60 yards by adding 0.01 ^ This is the fastest indoor steeplechase with a water-jump. 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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of European records in athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"en route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en_route"}],"text":"Key:\n  Pending ratification\n  Record not kept by European Athletics\n  Not ratified or later rescinded by European Athletics+ = en route to longer distance\n\nh = hand timing\n\nA = affected by altitude\n\nWo = women only race\n\n# = not recognised by European Athletics or/and World Athletics\n\nX = unratified due to no doping control\n\nOT = oversized track (> 200m in circumference)\n\na = aided road course according to World Athletics rule 31.21.3 (separation between start and finish\npoints more than 50% of race distance or the decrease in elevation greater than one in a thousand)\n\nest = estimate\n\nWB = world best","title":"Key to tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outdoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Outdoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Outdoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Outdoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Indoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Indoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Indoor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European best (outdoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"European best (outdoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"European best (outdoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European best (indoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"European best (indoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"European best (indoor) for non-standard events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35km_55-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NoDoping_70-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NoIntJudges_71-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-142"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-182"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-195"}],"text":"^ Not ratified because it did not fulfil the criteria of having the required three international judges present.\n\n^ Only performances after 1 January 2022 can be accepted as official records by European Athletics in this distance.\n\n^ Not ratified due to lack of doping control.\n\n^ Not ratified due to lack of international judges.\n\n^ Not ratified by World Athletics due to lack of international judges.\n\n^ Athlete failed a doping test.\n\n^ No international judges.\n\n^ Converted from a time for the slightly shorter 60 yards by adding 0.01\n\n^ This is the fastest indoor steeplechase with a water-jump.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Jakob Ingebrigtsen holds the Two miles world record along with the 1,500m 2,000m 3,000m and 5,000m European records","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jakob_Ingebrigtsen_%28NOR%29_2018.jpg/150px-Jakob_Ingebrigtsen_%28NOR%29_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steve Cram holds the mile record and also shares the 4×800 metres relay record with Sebastian Coe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SteveCram.jpg/150px-SteveCram.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sergey Bubka's world and European records in pole vault have dominated the sport, marking him as one of the world's best athletes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sergei_Bubka_%282007%29_cropped.jpg/150px-Sergei_Bubka_%282007%29_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jonathan Edwards broke the triple jump world record three times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jonathan_Edwards_olympics_2000.jpg/150px-Jonathan_Edwards_olympics_2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marcell Jacobs set the European record in the 100 metres winning the gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Marcell_Jacobs.jpg/150px-Marcell_Jacobs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Only American, Ivorian and Jamaican sprinters have run faster than Christine Arron's 100 metres record.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Osaka07_D2M_Christine_Arron.jpg/150px-Osaka07_D2M_Christine_Arron.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paula Radcliffe has two world records and three European records to her name in the long distance events.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paula_Brooklyn_NYCM_2007_cropped.jpg/150px-Paula_Brooklyn_NYCM_2007_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yelena Isinbayeva has broken her own world and European pole vault record numerous times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Osaka07_D4A_Isinbayeva_Interviewed.jpg/150px-Osaka07_D4A_Isinbayeva_Interviewed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbora Špotáková broke her national record, then the European record, then finally the world record in the javelin throw.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Barbora_%C5%A0pot%C3%A1kov%C3%A1.jpg/150px-Barbora_%C5%A0pot%C3%A1kov%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marcell Jacobs ran 60 metres European record.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Marcell_Jacobs.jpg/150px-Marcell_Jacobs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colin Jackson's European and world record in the 60 metre hurdles remains unbeaten.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Colin_Jackson.jpg/150px-Colin_Jackson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kenyan-born Wilson Kipketer dominated the 800 metres records indoors and outdoors.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Asv-koeln-1997-wilson-kipketer.jpg/150px-Asv-koeln-1997-wilson-kipketer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Susanna Kallur set the 60 metre hurdles world record in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ISTAF_Berlin_2007_Susanna_Kallur.jpg/150px-ISTAF_Berlin_2007_Susanna_Kallur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kajsa Bergqvist broke an indoor high jump world record that had lasted over a decade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bergqvist-Stuttgart2006.jpeg/150px-Bergqvist-Stuttgart2006.jpeg"},{"image_text":"World indoor triple jump record holder Tatyana Lebedeva has medalled in the last 3 Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Osaka07_D4A_Tatyana_Lebedeva_interviewed.jpg/150px-Osaka07_D4A_Tatyana_Lebedeva_interviewed.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Sport of athletics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sport_of_athletics"}]

[{"reference":"\"Men's 100m Final Results\" (PDF). olympics.com. 1 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801131634/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHM100M--------------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's 100m Final Results\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHM100M--------------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta City Games 2024 Results\". adidasatlantacitygames.com/. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.adidasatlantacitygames.com/","url_text":"\"Atlanta City Games 2024 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"400m Semifinal Results Summary\" (PDF). World Athletics. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-400-M-sf----.RS4.pdf","url_text":"\"400m Semifinal Results Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"400m Result\" (PDF). swisstiming.com. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ps-cache.web.swisstiming.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/OSLO_2024/PDF_ATHM400M----DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73B1.PDF?h=XiR2NMkRb/kmzTyqcudN4Ave6eM=","url_text":"\"400m Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ingebrigtsen, Rojas and Barshim break meeting records in Silesia\". World Athletics. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/news/report/silesia-skolimowska-memorial-2023-ingebrigtsen-rojas-barshim","url_text":"\"Ingebrigtsen, Rojas and Barshim break meeting records in Silesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mile Run Results\" (PDF). sportresult.com. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/EUGENE2023/PDF_ATHM1MILE---DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73C1.PDF?h=rOh661VYD/g66E5EYaa4e1ZV0PY=/","url_text":"\"Mile Run Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road Mile Run Results\" (PDF). World Athletics. 1 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7174065/AT-MILER-M-f----.RS6.pdf","url_text":"\"Road Mile Run Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000m Result\" (PDF). sportresult.com. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/BRUSSELS2023/PDF_ATHM2000M---DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73C1.PDF?h=XXmMI2Va2XOWC/DVzVBUO3abgxQ=/","url_text":"\"2000m Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"3000m Results\" (PDF). sportresult.com. 17 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/EUGENE2023/PDF_ATHM3000M---DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73C1.PDF?h=N5wUI6TXCGmoXLLMnsBDQ36kK/8=/","url_text":"\"3000m Results\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Mulkeen (9 June 2023). \"Kipyegon, Girma and Ingebrigtsen make history in Paris\". World Athletics. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/paris-kipyegon-girma-ingebrigtsen-5000m-steeplechase-two-miles-world-record-best","url_text":"\"Kipyegon, Girma and Ingebrigtsen make history in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"5000m Results\" (PDF). sportresult.com. 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/MONACO2023/PDF_ATHM5000M---DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73C1.PDF?h=qyUYotdBeRZNW06UZgVrWiyhOao=","url_text":"\"5000m Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tola and Dida win Dubai Marathon, Gressier runs area 5km record in Monaco\". World Athletics. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/tola-dida-dubai-marathon-gressier-5km-monaco","url_text":"\"Tola and Dida win Dubai Marathon, Gressier runs area 5km record in Monaco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics","url_text":"World Athletics"}]},{"reference":"Emeterio Valiente (31 December 2023). \"Chebet breaks world 5km record with 14:13 in Barcelona\". World Athletics. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/beatrice-chebet-world-5km-record-barcelona-cursa-dels-nassos","url_text":"\"Chebet breaks world 5km record with 14:13 in Barcelona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mo Farah sets a new British and European 10,000m record\". www.bbc.co.uk. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/13628072.stm","url_text":"\"Mo Farah sets a new British and European 10,000m record\""}]},{"reference":"European Athletics (12 January 2020). \"Wanders lowers European 10km record to 27:13 in Valencia\". European Athletics. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=wanders-lowers-european-10km-record-valencia/index.html","url_text":"\"Wanders lowers European 10km record to 27:13 in Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ngetich smashes world 10km record with 28:46 in Valencia\". World Athletics. 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/agnes-ngetich-world-10km-record-2846-valencia","url_text":"\"Ngetich smashes world 10km record with 28:46 in Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"10K Result\". World Athletics. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7206580?eventId=10229507","url_text":"\"10K Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Julien Wanders RAK Half Marathon 2019 Result\". evochip.hu. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evochip.hu/results/result.php?eventid=RAK19DAd&category=none&timepoint=none&pid=17&lang=en&css=https://www.premieronline.com/layout/css/rak_live.css&iframe=1&distance=21km&mobile=0&viewport=device-width","url_text":"\"Julien Wanders RAK Half Marathon 2019 Result\""}]},{"reference":"Jason Henderson (4 March 2023). \"Emile Cairess breaks European record for 10 miles\". athleticsweekly.com. Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://athleticsweekly.com/athletics-news/emile-cairess-breaks-euro-record-for-10-miles-1039965765/","url_text":"\"Emile Cairess breaks European record for 10 miles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hassan and Farah smash world one hour records in Brussels\". European Athletics. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=hassan-and-farah-smash-world-one-hour-records-brussels/index.html","url_text":"\"Hassan and Farah smash world one hour records in Brussels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Julien Wanders RAK Half Marathon 2019 Result\". evochip.hu. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evochip.hu/results/result.php?eventid=RAK19DAd&category=none&timepoint=none&pid=17&lang=en&css=https://www.premieronline.com/layout/css/rak_live.css&iframe=1&distance=21km&mobile=0&viewport=device-width","url_text":"\"Julien Wanders RAK Half Marathon 2019 Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Julien Wanders (59:13) Shatters European Record\". Letsrun.com. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letsrun.com/news/2019/02/julien-wanders-5913-shatters-european-record-stephen-kiprop-5842-and-senbere-teferi-6545-win-2019-rak-half/","url_text":"\"Julien Wanders (59:13) Shatters European Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great North Run: Mo Farah wins record sixth straight title\". BBC. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/49625993","url_text":"\"Great North Run: Mo Farah wins record sixth straight title\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Rowbottom (4 September 2020). \"Hassan and Farah break one-hour world records in Brussels\". World Athletics. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/brussels-diamond-league-farah-hassan-one-hour","url_text":"\"Hassan and Farah break one-hour world records in Brussels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warholm and Jakob Ingebrigtsen smash records at the Impossible Games\". European Athletics. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=warholm-and-jakob-ingebrigtsen-smash-records-the-impossible-games/index.html","url_text":"\"Warholm and Jakob Ingebrigtsen smash records at the Impossible Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletics","url_text":"European Athletics"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Tokyo Marathon – Men's Results\" (PDF). marathon.tokyo. 1 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marathon.tokyo/en/media/press-release/pdf/24949fe1d63c5fd6c4ca30dd36a648fa.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Tokyo Marathon – Men's Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bashir Abdi Rotterdam Marathon 2021 Result\". sporthive.com. 24 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.sporthive.com/events/6855879561074155264/races/480016/bib/3","url_text":"\"Bashir Abdi Rotterdam Marathon 2021 Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abdi smashes European marathon record with 2:03:36 for victory in Rotterdam\". European Athletics. 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://european-athletics.com/news/abdi-smashes-european-marathon-record-with-2-03-35-for-victory-in-rotterdam","url_text":"\"Abdi smashes European marathon record with 2:03:36 for victory in Rotterdam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brown and Boling among athletes to make a statement with speedy sprint times\". World Athletics. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/news/report/brown-boling-track-field-round-up","url_text":"\"Brown and Boling among athletes to make a statement with speedy sprint times\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Run Alytus Results\". d-u-v.org. Retrieved 28 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.d-u-v.org/getresultevent.php?event=88514","url_text":"\"2022 Run Alytus Results\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Smythe (26 April 2022). \"Aleksandr Sorokin runs world 100km best – weekly round-up\". athleticsweekly.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/aleksandr-sorokin-339-kilos-for-100-km-1039955971/","url_text":"\"Aleksandr Sorokin runs world 100km best – weekly round-up\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Smythe (26 April 2022). \"Aleksandr Sorokin runs world 100km best – weekly round-up\". athleticsweekly.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/aleksandr-sorokin-339-kilos-for-100-km-1039955971/","url_text":"\"Aleksandr Sorokin runs world 100km best – weekly round-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sorokin breaks world 100km record\". World Athletics. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/news/report/aleksandr-sorokin-breaks-world-100km-record-vilnius","url_text":"\"Sorokin breaks world 100km record\""}]},{"reference":"Meghan Hicks (26 April 2021). \"Aleksandr Sorokin, 100-Mile and 12-Hour World Record Holder, Interview\". irunfar.com. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irunfar.com/2021/04/aleksandr-sorokin-150-kilometer-100-mile-and-12-hour-world-record-holder-interview.html","url_text":"\"Aleksandr Sorokin, 100-Mile and 12-Hour World Record Holder, Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Potter (6 January 2022). \"Running 100 Miles in Under 11 Hours? Aleksandr Sorokin Breaks the 100-Mile and 12-Hour World Records Again\". irunfar.com. Retrieved 18 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irunfar.com/aleksandr-sorokin-100-mile-12-hour-world-records-2022-spartanion-israel","url_text":"\"Running 100 Miles in Under 11 Hours? Aleksandr Sorokin Breaks the 100-Mile and 12-Hour World Records Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 IAU 24 European Championships – Men's Results\" (PDF). iau-ultramarathon.org. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://iau-ultramarathon.org/Men%20individual%20results%202022%20IAU%2024H%20EC.pdf","url_text":"\"2022 IAU 24 European Championships – Men's Results\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Byrne (11 June 2020). \"Warholm smashes 300m hurdles world best in Oslo\". World Athletics. Retrieved 13 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/warholm-300m-hurdles-oslo-impossible-games","url_text":"\"Warholm smashes 300m hurdles world best in Oslo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's 400m Hurdles Results\" (PDF). olympics.com. 3 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210803042807/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHM400MHURD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's 400m Hurdles Results\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHM400MHURD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2000m Steeple World best falls again, this time to Mekhissi-Benabbad in Reims; Robles hurdles 13.09\". IAAF. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=57229.html","url_text":"\"2000m Steeple World best falls again, this time to Mekhissi-Benabbad in Reims; Robles hurdles 13.09\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"3000 Metres Steeplechase Results\" (PDF). Diamond League. Omega Timing. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005030437/http://diamondleague.com/Results/Paris/re0290040.pdf","url_text":"\"3000 Metres Steeplechase Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_League","url_text":"Diamond League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_SA","url_text":"Omega Timing"},{"url":"http://diamondleague.com/Results/Paris/re0290040.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"High Jump Results\". IAAF. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/results/diamond-league-meetings/2014/adidas-grand-prix-5390/men/high-jump/final/series","url_text":"\"High Jump Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"Pole Vault Results\" (PDF). sportresult.com. 17 September 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgannwg_(journal)

Morgannwg (journal)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Academic journalMorgannwgDisciplineHistoryLanguageEnglish and WelshEdited byLisa Tallis and Madeleine GrayPublication detailsHistory1957–presentPublisherGlamorgan History Society (United Kingdom)FrequencyAnnualStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4MorgannwgIndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0959-4655OCLC no.746297241Links Journal homepage Morgannwg: Transactions of the Glamorgan Local History Society is the annual English-language scholarly journal of the Glamorgan History Society, published since 1957, containing historical essays, archaeological reports and book reviews. It also contains society notes and meeting reports. The title comes from the Welsh word for Glamorgan (one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales). Glamorgan Local History Society (Cymdeithas Hanes Morgannwg) was founded in 1950 to promote the study of the history of the county of Glamorgan; in 1966 it changed its name to Glamorgan History Society. The journal has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales. References ^ Morgannwg. Glamorgan History Society. 2006. p. 110. ^ "About the Glamorgan History Society". Glamorgan History Society. Retrieved 22 September 2019. External links Glamorgan History Society publications Morgannwg at Welsh Journals Online This article about mass media in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This British magazine or academic journal–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a history journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladytron_(song)

Ladytron (song)

["1 Personnel","2 Notes"]

1972 song by Roxy Music"Ladytron"Song by Roxy Musicfrom the album Roxy Music Released16 June 1972RecordedCommand Studios, London 15 March 1972GenreArt rock, glam rockLength4:26LabelE.G. RecordsSongwriter(s)Bryan FerryProducer(s)Peter Sinfield "Ladytron" is a song by Bryan Ferry, recorded by his band Roxy Music and appearing on their eponymous debut album. The British electronic band Ladytron took their name from this song. The song has distinctive instrumentation, including an oboe solo, liberal use of the mellotron's famous "three violins" tape set, and much processing of the other instruments by Brian Eno via his VCS3 synthesizer and tape echo. The sound in the start of the song was created by Brian Eno, after Bryan Ferry asked him to produce something reminiscent of the Lunar Landing. Lyrically, it presents Ferry as a Casanova-style seducer of women, whilst being simultaneously enraptured by them. Another interpretation is that the Ladytron is a female robot (hence the name), being seduced by Ferry. In 2006, The Times described "Ladytron" as one of Roxy Music's "best loved songs." The haunting oboe melody heard in the intro is reminiscent of a passage in the first movement of Sergei Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 3 in C, Op. 26. Personnel Bryan Ferry – Hohner Pianet electric piano, Mellotron, vocals Andy MacKay – oboe, saxophone Brian Eno – VCS3 synthesiser, tape effects Graham Simpson – bass guitar Paul Thompson – drums Phil Manzanera – electric guitar Notes ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir; et al. (2002). All music guide to rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 638. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ^ Ground and Sky review Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Sinclair, David (July 24, 2006). "Roxy Music". The Times. vteRoxy Music Bryan Ferry Andy Mackay Paul Thompson Phil Manzanera Graham Simpson Brian Eno Roger Bunn Dexter Lloyd David O'List Rik Kenton John Porter Eddie Jobson John Gustafson Sal Maida John Wetton Rick Wills Studio albums Roxy Music For Your Pleasure Stranded Country Life Siren Manifesto Flesh + Blood Avalon Live albums Viva! The High Road Heart Still Beating Concert Classics Concerto Live Compilation albums Greatest Hits Street Life: 20 Great Hits The Ultimate Collection More than This: The Best of Bryan Ferry + Roxy Music The Thrill of It All The Best of Roxy Music Singles "Virginia Plain" "Pyjamarama" "Do the Strand" "Street Life" "All I Want Is You" "The Thrill of It All" "Love Is the Drug" "Both Ends Burning" "Trash" "Dance Away" "Angel Eyes" "Over You" "Oh Yeah" "Same Old Scene" "In the Midnight Hour" "Jealous Guy" "More Than This" "Avalon" Other songs "If There Is Something" "2HB" "The Bob (Medley)" "In Every Dream Home a Heartache" "Beauty Queen" "Amazona" "Like a Hurricane" Related articles Discography List of Roxy Music members Alan Spenner Gary Tibbs Paul Carrack Andy Newmark Neil Hubbard vteCasanova mediaHistoricalFilm Casanova (1918) The Mysterious Rider (1948) Giacomo Casanova: Childhood and Adolescence (1969) Fellini's Casanova (1976) Casanova (2005) Television Casanova (1971) Casanova (2005) Opera Casanova's Homecoming Literature Histoire de ma vie (1798) RetellingsFilm Casanova Brown (1944) Adventures of Casanova (1948) Corny Casanovas (1952) Casanova's Big Night (1954) Le avventure di Giacomo Casanova (1955) Casanova 70 (1965) Casanova & Co. (1977) That Night in Varennes (1982) California Casanova (1991) The Return of Casanova (1992) Un novio para mi mujer (2008) All About My Wife (2012) Casanovva (2012) Television Casanova '73 (1973) Casanova (1987) Goodbye Casanova (2000) Casanova sin Amor (2010) Animation Casanova Cat (1951) Songs "Ladytron" (1972) "Casanova" (1977) "Casanova" (1979) "Casanova" (1987) "Baila Casanova" (2003) "Casanova" (2008) "Cowboy Casanova" (2008) Albums Country Casanova (1973) Casanova (1996) Literature Casanova (1996) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work

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The British electronic band Ladytron took their name from this song.[1]The song has distinctive instrumentation, including an oboe solo, liberal use of the mellotron's famous \"three violins\" tape set, and much processing of the other instruments by Brian Eno via his VCS3 synthesizer and tape echo. The sound in the start of the song was created by Brian Eno, after Bryan Ferry asked him to produce something reminiscent of the Lunar Landing.Lyrically, it presents Ferry as a Casanova-style seducer of women, whilst being simultaneously enraptured by them. Another interpretation is that the Ladytron is a female robot (hence the name), being seduced by Ferry.[2]In 2006, The Times described \"Ladytron\" as one of Roxy Music's \"best loved songs.\"[3]The haunting oboe melody heard in the intro is reminiscent of a passage in the first movement of Sergei Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 3 in C, Op. 26.[citation needed]","title":"Ladytron (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Hohner Pianet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohner_Pianet"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"Andy MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_MacKay"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"VCS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMS_VCS_3"},{"link_name":"Graham Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Simpson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Paul Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thompson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Manzanera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Manzanera"}],"text":"Bryan Ferry – Hohner Pianet electric piano, Mellotron, vocals\nAndy MacKay – oboe, saxophone\nBrian Eno – VCS3 synthesiser, tape effects\nGraham Simpson – bass guitar\nPaul Thompson – drums\nPhil Manzanera – electric guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMGR1_1-0"},{"link_name":"Hal Leonard Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87930-653-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-653-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ground and Sky 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Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Eyes_(Roxy_Music_song)"},{"link_name":"Over You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_You_(Roxy_Music_song)"},{"link_name":"Oh Yeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Yeah_(Roxy_Music_song)"},{"link_name":"Same Old Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_Old_Scene"},{"link_name":"In the Midnight Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Midnight_Hour#Roxy_Music_version"},{"link_name":"Jealous Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealous_Guy#Roxy_Music_version"},{"link_name":"More Than This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_This_(Roxy_Music_song)"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Roxy_Music_song)"},{"link_name":"If There Is Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_There_Is_Something"},{"link_name":"2HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2HB"},{"link_name":"The Bob (Medley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_(Medley)"},{"link_name":"In 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Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_avventure_di_Giacomo_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Casanova 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_70"},{"link_name":"Casanova & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"That Night in Varennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Night_in_Varennes"},{"link_name":"California Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Casanova"},{"link_name":"The Return of Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Un novio para mi mujer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_novio_para_mi_mujer"},{"link_name":"All About My Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_My_Wife"},{"link_name":"Casanovva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanovva"},{"link_name":"Casanova '73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_%2773"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Casanova Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_Cat"},{"link_name":"\"Ladytron\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"\"Casanova\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(Anita_Skorgan_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Casanova\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(Luv%27_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Casanova\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(LeVert_song)"},{"link_name":"Baila Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baila_Casanova"},{"link_name":"\"Casanova\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(Gisela_song)"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Country Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(The_Divine_Comedy_album)"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16995828#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/aac22b8c-58d9-371c-809f-a6a2ddea3ffd"}],"text":"^ Bogdanov, Vladimir; et al. (2002). All music guide to rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 638. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3.\n\n^ Ground and Sky review Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Sinclair, David (July 24, 2006). \"Roxy Music\". The Times.vteRoxy Music\nBryan Ferry\nAndy Mackay\nPaul Thompson\nPhil Manzanera\nGraham Simpson\nBrian Eno\nRoger Bunn\nDexter Lloyd\nDavid O'List\nRik Kenton\nJohn Porter\nEddie Jobson\nJohn Gustafson\nSal Maida\nJohn Wetton\nRick Wills\nStudio albums\nRoxy Music\nFor Your Pleasure\nStranded\nCountry Life\nSiren\nManifesto\nFlesh + Blood\nAvalon\nLive albums\nViva!\nThe High Road\nHeart Still Beating\nConcert Classics\nConcerto\nLive\nCompilation albums\nGreatest Hits\nStreet Life: 20 Great Hits\nThe Ultimate Collection\nMore than This: The Best of Bryan Ferry + Roxy Music\nThe Thrill of It All\nThe Best of Roxy Music\nSingles\n\"Virginia Plain\"\n\"Pyjamarama\"\n\"Do the Strand\"\n\"Street Life\"\n\"All I Want Is You\"\n\"The Thrill of It All\"\n\"Love Is the Drug\"\n\"Both Ends Burning\"\n\"Trash\"\n\"Dance Away\"\n\"Angel Eyes\"\n\"Over You\"\n\"Oh Yeah\"\n\"Same Old Scene\"\n\"In the Midnight Hour\"\n\"Jealous Guy\"\n\"More Than This\"\n\"Avalon\"\nOther songs\n\"If There Is Something\"\n\"2HB\"\n\"The Bob (Medley)\"\n\"In Every Dream Home a Heartache\"\n\"Beauty Queen\"\n\"Amazona\"\n\"Like a Hurricane\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nList of Roxy Music members\nAlan Spenner\nGary Tibbs\nPaul Carrack\nAndy Newmark\nNeil HubbardvteCasanova mediaHistoricalFilm\nCasanova (1918)\nThe Mysterious Rider (1948)\nGiacomo Casanova: Childhood and Adolescence (1969)\nFellini's Casanova (1976)\nCasanova (2005)\nTelevision\nCasanova (1971)\nCasanova (2005)\nOpera\nCasanova's Homecoming\nLiterature\nHistoire de ma vie (1798)\nRetellingsFilm\nCasanova Brown (1944)\nAdventures of Casanova (1948)\nCorny Casanovas (1952)\nCasanova's Big Night (1954)\nLe avventure di Giacomo Casanova (1955)\nCasanova 70 (1965)\nCasanova & Co. (1977)\nThat Night in Varennes (1982)\nCalifornia Casanova (1991)\nThe Return of Casanova (1992)\nUn novio para mi mujer (2008)\nAll About My Wife (2012)\nCasanovva (2012)\nTelevision\nCasanova '73 (1973)\nCasanova (1987)\nGoodbye Casanova (2000)\nCasanova sin Amor (2010)\nAnimation\nCasanova Cat (1951)\nSongs\n\"Ladytron\" (1972)\n\"Casanova\" (1977)\n\"Casanova\" (1979)\n\"Casanova\" (1987)\n\"Baila Casanova\" (2003)\n\"Casanova\" (2008)\n\"Cowboy Casanova\" (2008)\nAlbums\nCountry Casanova (1973)\nCasanova (1996)\nLiterature\nCasanova (1996)Authority control databases \nMusicBrainz work","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Nathan

Vivian Nathan

["1 Early years","2 Stage","3 Film","4 Television","5 Death","6 Awards and honors","7 Filmography","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

American actress (1916–2015) Vivian NathanBornVivian FirkoOctober 26, 1916New York City, U.S.DiedApril 3, 2015 (aged 98)Englewood, New Jersey U.S.OccupationActressSpouseNathan Schwalb (1944-2000, his death) Vivian Nathan (born Vivian Firko, October 26, 1916 – April 3, 2015) was an American actress and founding member of the Actors Studio, which opened in 1947. She served on the Actors Studio's board of directors until 1999. She appeared in the original Broadway debut productions of The Rose Tattoo (1951) and Camino Real (1953). Her film credits included Klute. Early years Nathan was born in Manhattan on October 26, 1916, to Hipolit and Anna Firko. The family soon relocated to Maspeth, Queens, where Vivian attended Holy Cross Parochial School. She later attended the St. Nicholas school on Manhattan's Lower East Side. Stage In 1944, Vivian caught the eye of John Golden, a theater producer who was auditioning aspiring stage actors. Still performing under the name Firko, she made her Broadway debut under Elia Kazan's direction in 1948, in the Actors Studio production of Bessie Breuer's Sundown Beach. The decision to employ her husband Nathan Schwalb's given name as Firko's stage name appears to have taken place sometime between casting and opening night in the 1949 production of Montserrat, Lillian Hellman's adaptation of the Emmanuel Roblès play. Nathan became an original member of the Actors Studio when it was founded in 1947 by Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg. She also worked as acting instructor and session moderator at the Studio. Her students included the late actress, Kim Stanley. Vivian Nathan served on the Actor Studio's board of directors until 1999, alongside Ellen Burstyn, Lee Grant, Paul Newman, Al Pacino, and Estelle Parsons. In 1951, Nathan was cast in the original Broadway opening of Tennessee Williams' The Rose Tattoo, co-starring together with Martin Balsam, Maureen Stapleton, and Eli Wallach. She re-teamed with Martin Balsam for 1953's Camino Real, directed by Elia Kazan. Nathan received a Clarence Derwent Award in 1955 for her role as the Charwoman in Anastasia. Roughly one week after that play's Broadway opening, entertainment writer Ed Sullivan devoted several paragraphs of his syndicated column to a profile of Nathan, which concluded with the actress stating: I think that whatever small success I've had is because of my great good fortune in having lived among the old Polish men and women of peasant stock. All of them had deep faith in their religion and they were simple, believing people. The roles in which I have done best are exactly that type. I understand those characterizations because they made me familiar with their accaptance of sorrow and tragedy. Nathan portrayed a Holocaust survivor in The Investigation in 1966. In 1977, Nathan co-starred opposite Anne Bancroft in the play Golda, directed by Arthur Penn. Her other Broadway credits include The Watering Place, Semi-Detached, and The Lovers. Film Nathan made her film debut in the 1958 romantic comedy Teacher's Pet, starring Clark Gable. She appeared in the crime drama The Young Savages and The Outsider, in which she played Tony Curtis' mother. She gave a notable performance as Jane Fonda's psychiatrist in the 1971 crime thriller Klute. Television Nathan appeared in The Investigation, in The Last Summer episode of Studio One, two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and in the Journey To The Day and The Violent Heart episodes of Playhouse 90. Death Nathan died at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey on April 3, 2015, at the age of 98. Her late husband, Nathan Schwalb, whom she had been married to for more than 50 years, died in 2000. Nathan's memorial service was held at Riverside Memorial Chapel on the Upper West Side of Manhattan on April 12, 2015. Awards and honors 1955: Clarence Derwent Award for her portrayal of the Charwoman in Anastasia, directed by Alan Schneider Filmography Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 29: "Fatal Figures") as Margaret Goames Teacher's Pet (1958) as Edna Kovac Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 36: "Final Arrangements") as Elise 'Elsie' Thompson The Young Savages (1961) as Mrs. Escalante The Outsider (1961) as Nancy Hayes Klute (1971) as Psychiatrist References ^ New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957. FamilySearch. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ "Vivian Nathan, 98". Classic Images (488): 51. February 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Barnes, Mike (2015-04-10). "Vivian Nathan, Original Member of The Actors Studio, Dies at 98". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-04-25. ^ a b "Vivian Nathan obituary". New York Times. 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2015-04-25. ^ a b c Sullivan, Ed (January 20, 1955). "New York: Behind the Scenes". New York Daily News. p. C16. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ "Glendale, Maspeth and Middle Village". June 14, 1924. The Chat. p. 32. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ "Catholic School Honor Roll for the First Quarter of 1925-1926". The Tablet. p. 12. Retrieved June 13, 2021 ^ Pollock, Arthur (April 8, 1944). "Theater: John Golden's Auditions for Unknowns Turn Up a Number of Promising Kids". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 14. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ Chapman, John (September 8, 1948). "Actors Studio Makes Bow with 'Sundown Beach,' a Diffuse Play". New York Daily News. p. 81. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ Allen, Kelcey (September 12, 1949). "Amusements: 'Montserrat' Begins Rehearsals". Women's Wear Daily. p. 40. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ Murdoch, Henry T. (October 14, 1949). "Montserrat Opens as a Tense Drama". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 58. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ "Vivian Nathan". Playbill. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "(TV listing)". California, Fremont. The Argus. April 13, 1967. p. 16. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "(TV listing)". Oregon, Salem. The Oregon Statesman. August 3, 1958. p. 12. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "(TV listing)". New York, Oneonta. The Oneonta Star. April 16, 1960. p. 7. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "(TV listing)". Oregon, Salem. The Oregon Statesman. February 2, 1958. p. 18. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. Further reading Catholic Schools, Diocese of Brooklyn (January 9, 1926). "Diocesan Honor Roll of the Elementary Schools; To Appear in 'The Tablet': Regulations'" The Tablet. Hirschfeld, Al (October 23, 1949). "Montserrat Tableau". The New York Times. Sec. 2, p. 1. Sullivan, Ed (January 20, 1955). "New York: Behind the Scenes". New York Daily News. p. C16. Deaths: Anglim, Paule; Charles, Rav; Constantine, Spiro; Edmunds, Margaret; Franck, Nancy; Galpin, Stephen; Gotbaum, Victor; Gottfried, Jean, Greif, Roger; Nathan, Vivian; Siegel, Susan; Smith, Alan; Wantman, Carol; Witzig, Naomi; Wright, Mary Jane". The New York Times. April 9, 2015. p. B19. External links Vivian Nathan at IMDb Vivian Firko at the Internet Broadway Database Vivian Nathan at the Internet Broadway Database Vivian Nathan at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Actors Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors_Studio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"The Rose Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo"},{"link_name":"Camino Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_Real_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Klute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klute"}],"text":"Vivian Nathan (born Vivian Firko, October 26, 1916 – April 3, 2015) was an American actress and founding member of the Actors Studio, which opened in 1947. She served on the Actors Studio's board of directors until 1999.[3] She appeared in the original Broadway debut productions of The Rose Tattoo (1951) and Camino Real (1953).[3] Her film credits included Klute.","title":"Vivian Nathan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-4"},{"link_name":"Maspeth, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspeth,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Parochial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESreVN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Kirche_(New_York_City)#Later_years"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESreVN-5"}],"text":"Nathan was born in Manhattan on October 26, 1916, to Hipolit and Anna Firko.[4] The family soon relocated to Maspeth, Queens, where Vivian attended Holy Cross Parochial School.[5][6][7] She later attended the St. Nicholas school on Manhattan's Lower East Side.[5]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Golden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Actors Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors_Studio"},{"link_name":"Bessie Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Sundown Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_Beach"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lillian Hellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Hellman"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Roblès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Robl%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lee Strasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Strasberg"},{"link_name":"Kim Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Ellen Burstyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn"},{"link_name":"Lee Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Grant"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Estelle Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Rose Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo"},{"link_name":"Martin Balsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Balsam"},{"link_name":"Maureen Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Camino Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_Real_(play)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Derwent Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Derwent_Award"},{"link_name":"Ed Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESreVN-5"},{"link_name":"The Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investigation_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Anne Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Golda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golda_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"The Watering Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watering_Place"},{"link_name":"Semi-Detached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Detached_(play)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1944, Vivian caught the eye of John Golden, a theater producer who was auditioning aspiring stage actors.[8] Still performing under the name Firko, she made her Broadway debut under Elia Kazan's direction in 1948, in the Actors Studio production of Bessie Breuer's Sundown Beach.[9] The decision to employ her husband Nathan Schwalb's given name as Firko's stage name appears to have taken place sometime between casting and opening night in the 1949 production of Montserrat, Lillian Hellman's adaptation of the Emmanuel Roblès play.[10][11]Nathan became an original member of the Actors Studio when it was founded in 1947 by Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg. She also worked as acting instructor and session moderator at the Studio. Her students included the late actress, Kim Stanley.[3] Vivian Nathan served on the Actor Studio's board of directors until 1999, alongside Ellen Burstyn, Lee Grant, Paul Newman, Al Pacino, and Estelle Parsons.[3]In 1951, Nathan was cast in the original Broadway opening of Tennessee Williams' The Rose Tattoo, co-starring together with Martin Balsam, Maureen Stapleton, and Eli Wallach.[3] She re-teamed with Martin Balsam for 1953's Camino Real, directed by Elia Kazan.Nathan received a Clarence Derwent Award in 1955 for her role as the Charwoman in Anastasia. Roughly one week after that play's Broadway opening, entertainment writer Ed Sullivan devoted several paragraphs of his syndicated column to a profile of Nathan, which concluded with the actress stating:I think that whatever small success I've had is because of my great good fortune in having lived among the old Polish men and women of peasant stock. All of them had deep faith in their religion and they were simple, believing people. The roles in which I have done best are exactly that type. I understand those characterizations because they made me familiar with their accaptance of sorrow and tragedy.[5]Nathan portrayed a Holocaust survivor in The Investigation in 1966.[3] In 1977, Nathan co-starred opposite Anne Bancroft in the play Golda, directed by Arthur Penn.[3] Her other Broadway credits include The Watering Place, Semi-Detached, and The Lovers.[12]","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teacher's Pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Pet_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"The Young Savages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Savages"},{"link_name":"The Outsider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Tony Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Curtis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"Jane Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Klute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"}],"text":"Nathan made her film debut in the 1958 romantic comedy Teacher's Pet, starring Clark Gable.[3] She appeared in the crime drama The Young Savages and The Outsider, in which she played Tony Curtis' mother.[3] She gave a notable performance as Jane Fonda's psychiatrist in the 1971 crime thriller Klute.[3]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Studio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Studio_One"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Nathan appeared in The Investigation,[13] in The Last Summer episode of Studio One,[14] two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and in the Journey To The Day[15] and The Violent Heart episodes of Playhouse 90.[16]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lillian Booth Actors Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Booth_Actors_Home"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"}],"text":"Nathan died at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey on April 3, 2015, at the age of 98. Her late husband, Nathan Schwalb, whom she had been married to for more than 50 years, died in 2000. Nathan's memorial service was held at Riverside Memorial Chapel on the Upper West Side of Manhattan on April 12, 2015.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Derwent Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Derwent_Awards"},{"link_name":"Charwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charwoman"},{"link_name":"Alan Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-4"}],"text":"1955: Clarence Derwent Award for her portrayal of the Charwoman in Anastasia, directed by Alan Schneider[3][4]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"Teacher's Pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Pet_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"The Young Savages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Savages"},{"link_name":"The Outsider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Klute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klute"}],"text":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 29: \"Fatal Figures\") as Margaret Goames\nTeacher's Pet (1958) as Edna Kovac\nAlfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 36: \"Final Arrangements\") as Elise 'Elsie' Thompson\nThe Young Savages (1961) as Mrs. Escalante\nThe Outsider (1961) as Nancy Hayes\nKlute (1971) as Psychiatrist","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Diocesan Honor Roll of the Elementary Schools; To Appear in 'The Tablet': Regulations'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=79484627"},{"link_name":"Hirschfeld, Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld"},{"link_name":"\"Montserrat Tableau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediafire.com/view/37wok85xbush07f"},{"link_name":"Sullivan, Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"\"New York: Behind the Scenes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediafire.com/view/2k9fuvp0szmtqem"},{"link_name":"Deaths: Anglim, Paule; Charles, Rav; Constantine, Spiro; Edmunds, Margaret; Franck, Nancy; Galpin, Stephen; Gotbaum, Victor; Gottfried, Jean, Greif, Roger; Nathan, Vivian; Siegel, Susan; Smith, Alan; Wantman, Carol; Witzig, Naomi; Wright, Mary Jane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediafire.com/view/upzf31atw06sw91"}],"text":"Catholic Schools, Diocese of Brooklyn (January 9, 1926). \"Diocesan Honor Roll of the Elementary Schools; To Appear in 'The Tablet': Regulations'\" The Tablet.\nHirschfeld, Al (October 23, 1949). \"Montserrat Tableau\". The New York Times. Sec. 2, p. 1.\nSullivan, Ed (January 20, 1955). \"New York: Behind the Scenes\". New York Daily News. p. C16.\nDeaths: Anglim, Paule; Charles, Rav; Constantine, Spiro; Edmunds, Margaret; Franck, Nancy; Galpin, Stephen; Gotbaum, Victor; Gottfried, Jean, Greif, Roger; Nathan, Vivian; Siegel, Susan; Smith, Alan; Wantman, Carol; Witzig, Naomi; Wright, Mary Jane\". The New York Times. April 9, 2015. p. B19.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios_Papadakis

Antonios Papadakis

["1 Childhood","2 Education and career","3 Return to Athens","4 Death, bequest and endowments","5 Sources","6 External links"]

Antonios Papadakis (Greek: Αντώνιος Παπαδάκης; 1810–1878) was a Greek merchant from Lassithi Plateau on the island of Crete. He left his entire huge fortune to the University of Athens which proclaimed him its greatest benefactor. Every year “Antonios Papadakis Scholarships” enable outstanding university students to pursue their studies. Childhood Antonios Papadakis was born in Psychro, Lassithi Plateau, Crete when Crete was under Ottoman rule. He was a son of Fragios Papadakis, priest of Psychro. As a child Antonios experienced many struggles and tragic events. These included Also the wars to stifle the Greek War of Independence on Crete in 1823, arrests, abductions and the slaughter of his custodian father. In 1823, Antonios together with his two brothers, Emmanouil and Andreas were abducted by the Ottomans. The three orphaned boys were sold as slaves: Antonios, aged thirteen, to Constantinople; Emmanouil, fourteen, and the younger Andreas, to Alexandria, Egypt, where both converted to Islam. Later, in Alexandria, the two brothers pursued military careers where they reached very high-ranking positions. Emmanouil became a major general and then Minister of Military Affairs of Egypt, where he was known as Ismail Selim Pasha. The younger brother, Andreas, became the chief of Constabulary in Alexandria. Education and career Antonios remained in Constantinople for six years as a slave. In 1829 he escaped to Odessa where, with the help of Alexandru Sturdza, he found employment in a Greek printing shop for some time. He also learned and improved his skills in the Greek language and was soon enrolled at the College of Agriculture and Agronomics in Odessa. After graduating in 1833, Antonios worked in Sturdza family estates where he cultivated land and also learned how to organize, maintain and trade livestock. He acquired skills that made him an excellent merchant. Later he was appointed director of Roxandra Sturdza’s vast estates in Bessarabia. In this position he expanded his knowledge in cattle-raising, animal husbandry and trade. He became a visionary businessman of discernment and wisdom. Living a simple life, he acquired large tracts of land and real estate to become a very wealthy man. Return to Athens In 1848, settled permanently in Athens, Antonios acquired Greek citizenship and continued his profitable import-export and trade activities, where his assets increased enormously. He was actively involved in many social issues and numerous committees: the Educational Society, the Board of the National Bank of Greece, Charities, supporting orphanages and schools by allocating large sums of money to education and other national purposes. He also supported the Cretan war for independence from the Ottomans and aided Cretans in their fight for a free homeland. Death, bequest and endowments He died on December 27, 1878. His will bequeathed to the University of Athens all of his tangible and intangible assets: real estate properties, including his homes and buildings, bonds, bank shares and accounts along with very large sums of money, all of which was invested to produce revenues which are still used for scholarships given to outstanding students every year and for the entire period of their studies in the University of Athens. Until the present day, more than three thousand “Antonios Papadakis Scholarships” have been administered from revenues that come from this bequest. The University of Athens, in honor of its greatest benefactor, erected a marble bust and a plaque in two of its historic buildings and the name of Antonios Papadakis has been engraved under that of its founder, King Otto. A marble mausoleum has also been erected in the First Cemetery of Athens. Sources Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 61 volumes Encyclopedia CHARI PATSI "The benefactors of the University of Athens" by Dimitrios A. Dimitriadis External links Media related to Antonios Papadakis at Wikimedia Commons http://www.patris.gr/articles/92418?PHPSESSID=#.VcYLn6Qw_mS http://www.krassanakis.gr/Venizelos.htm Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

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These included Also the wars to stifle the Greek War of Independence on Crete in 1823, arrests, abductions and the slaughter of his custodian father.In 1823, Antonios together with his two brothers, Emmanouil and Andreas were abducted by the Ottomans. The three orphaned boys were sold as slaves: Antonios, aged thirteen, to Constantinople; Emmanouil, fourteen, and the younger Andreas, to Alexandria, Egypt, where both converted to Islam. Later, in Alexandria, the two brothers pursued military careers where they reached very high-ranking positions. Emmanouil became a major general and then Minister of Military Affairs of Egypt, where he was known as Ismail Selim Pasha. The younger brother, Andreas, became the chief of Constabulary in Alexandria.","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Sturdza"},{"link_name":"Sturdza family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdza_family"},{"link_name":"Roxandra Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxandra_Sturdza"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"}],"text":"Antonios remained in Constantinople for six years as a slave. In 1829 he escaped to Odessa where, with the help of Alexandru Sturdza, he found employment in a Greek printing shop for some time. He also learned and improved his skills in the Greek language and was soon enrolled at the College of Agriculture and Agronomics in Odessa.After graduating in 1833, Antonios worked in Sturdza family estates where he cultivated land and also learned how to organize, maintain and trade livestock. He acquired skills that made him an excellent merchant. Later he was appointed director of Roxandra Sturdza’s vast estates in Bessarabia. In this position he expanded his knowledge in cattle-raising, animal husbandry and trade. He became a visionary businessman of discernment and wisdom. Living a simple life, he acquired large tracts of land and real estate to become a very wealthy man.","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Greece"}],"text":"In 1848, settled permanently in Athens, Antonios acquired Greek citizenship and continued his profitable import-export and trade activities, where his assets increased enormously. He was actively involved in many social issues and numerous committees: the Educational Society, the Board of the National Bank of Greece, Charities, supporting orphanages and schools by allocating large sums of money to education and other national purposes. He also supported the Cretan war for independence from the Ottomans and aided Cretans in their fight for a free homeland.","title":"Return to Athens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"First Cemetery of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cemetery_of_Athens"}],"text":"He died on December 27, 1878. His will bequeathed to the University of Athens all of his tangible and intangible assets: real estate properties, including his homes and buildings, bonds, bank shares and accounts along with very large sums of money, all of which was invested to produce revenues which are still used for scholarships given to outstanding students every year and for the entire period of their studies in the University of Athens.Until the present day, more than three thousand “Antonios Papadakis Scholarships” have been administered from revenues that come from this bequest. The University of Athens, in honor of its greatest benefactor, erected a marble bust and a plaque in two of its historic buildings and the name of Antonios Papadakis has been engraved under that of its founder, King Otto. A marble mausoleum has also been erected in the First Cemetery of Athens.","title":"Death, bequest and endowments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papyrus Larousse Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Larousse_Britannica"}],"text":"Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 61 volumes\nEncyclopedia CHARI PATSI\n\"The benefactors of the University of Athens\" by Dimitrios A. Dimitriadis","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa

Al-Kameliyah Madrasa

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 36°11′16″N 37°9′38″E / 36.18778°N 37.16056°E / 36.18778; 37.16056Madrasa in Aleppo, Syria al-Kamiliyah Madrasaالْمَدْرَسَة الْكَامِلِيَّةLocationAleppoSyriaInformationTypeMadrassahEstablished1237CampusUrbanAffiliationIslamic Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa (Arabic: الْمَدْرَسَة الْكَامِلِيَّة, romanized: al-Madrasa al-Kāmilīyah) is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria. See also Al-Firdaws Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa Ancient City of Aleppo Khusruwiyah Mosque References ^ Kamiliyya Madrasa Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library. vteMadrasas in SyriaAleppo Al-Ahmadiyah Al-Firdaws Al-Halawiyah Al-Kameliyah Al-Muqaddamiyah Al-Shadbakhtiyah Al-Sharafiyah Al-Sultaniyah Al-Turantaiyah Al-Uthmaniyah Al-Zahiriyah Damascus Al-Adiliyah Al-Fathiyah Al-Mujahidiyah Nur al-Din Madrasa Al-Qilijiyah Al-Rukniyah Al-Sahiba Madrasa Al-Salimiyah Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Al-Sibaiyah Al-Zahiriyah 36°11′16″N 37°9′38″E / 36.18778°N 37.16056°E / 36.18778; 37.16056 This Syria school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lewinski

Thomas Lewinski

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References"]

American architect Ashland, the Henry Clay estate Thomas Lewinski (abt. 1800—September 18, 1882) was an architect in Kentucky, United States. Born in England, he immigrated to the United States. For his work at Allenhurst and elsewhere, Lewinski was known in his day as one of the leading architects of the Greek Revival style. He designed many architecturally significant buildings that survive and are listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. Early life and education Lewinski trained for the Catholic priesthood and later studied architecture in England and emigrated to the United States before 1838 when he is listed as an instructor in language at the University of Louisville. He moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1842 to begin his architectural practice. Career Lewinski was active as an architect in the nineteenth century, particularly in his Greek Revival designs of plantation houses, elite residences, schools, churches and public buildings in and near Lexington, Kentucky. It was the prominent, wealthy city of the Bluegrass Region of Central Kentucky. Works include: Allenhurst, Cane Run Pike west of Georgetown, Kentucky, (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas); built 1850. Ashland, 2 mi. southeast of Lexington on Richmond Rd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) James Burnie Beck House, 209 E. High St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Bell Place, Sayre Ave., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas and Stewart, William) Christ Church Episcopal, Church and Market streets, Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Elmwood (property located on State Route South 55), Springfield, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Maj. Thomas) Jacobs Hall, Kentucky School for the Deaf, S. 3rd St., Danville, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Thomas January House, 437 W. 2nd St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Kinkead House, 362 N. Martin Luther King Blvd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Madison County Courthouse, Main St. between N. 1st and N. 2nd Sts., Richmond, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Major Thomas) Mansfield, Richmond Rd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Maj. Thomas) Sayre Female Institute, 194 N. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Vinewood, 4 mi. northeast of Winchester on U.S. 60, Winchester, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Major Thomas) Ward Hall, 1782 Frankfort Pike, Georgetown, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) Whitehall, 7 mi. north of Richmond on Clay Lane off U.S. 25, Richmond, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas) References ^ Bevins, Ann Bolton (1989). A History of Scott County as Told by Selected Buildings. Georgetown, Kentucky. pp. 196–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF Artists Musée d'Orsay ULAN This article about a United States architect or architectural firm is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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It was the prominent, wealthy city of the Bluegrass Region of Central Kentucky.Works include:Allenhurst, Cane Run Pike west of Georgetown, Kentucky, (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2]); built 1850.\nAshland, 2 mi. southeast of Lexington on Richmond Rd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nJames Burnie Beck House, 209 E. High St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nBell Place, Sayre Ave., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas and Stewart, William[2])\nChrist Church Episcopal, Church and Market streets, Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nElmwood (property located on State Route South 55), Springfield, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Maj. Thomas[2])\nJacobs Hall, Kentucky School for the Deaf, S. 3rd St., Danville, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nThomas January House, 437 W. 2nd St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nKinkead House, 362 N. Martin Luther King Blvd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nMadison County Courthouse, Main St. between N. 1st and N. 2nd Sts., Richmond, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Major Thomas[2])\nMansfield, Richmond Rd., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Maj. Thomas[2])\nSayre Female Institute, 194 N. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nVinewood, 4 mi. northeast of Winchester on U.S. 60, Winchester, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Major Thomas[2])\nWard Hall, 1782 Frankfort Pike, Georgetown, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])\nWhitehall, 7 mi. north of Richmond on Clay Lane off U.S. 25, Richmond, Kentucky (NRHP-listed with credit to Lewinski, Thomas[2])","title":"Career"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_12:47

Matthew 12:47

["1 Content","2 Analysis","3 Commentary from the Church Fathers","4 References","5 External links"]

Bible verse Matthew 12:47← 12:4612:48 →BookGospel of MatthewChristian Bible partNew Testament Matthew 12:47 is the 47th verse in the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Εἶπε δέ τις αὐτῷ, Ἰδού, ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἔξω ἑστήκασι, ζητοῦντές σοι λαλῆσαι. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee. The New International Version translates the passage as: Someone told him, "Your mother and brothers are standing outside, wanting to speak to you." Analysis This person is believed to have been the messenger whom the brothers of Christ sent to call Him out. Commentary from the Church Fathers Jerome: "He that delivers this message, seems to me not to do it casually and without meaning, but as setting a snare for Him, whether He would prefer flesh and blood to the spiritual work; and thus the Lord refused to go out, not because He disowned His mother and His brethren, but that He might confound him that had laid this snare for Him." References ^ Cornelius Cornelii a Lapide; Thomas Wimberly Mossman The great commentary of Cornelius à Lapide, London: J. Hodges, 1889-1896. ^ "Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas". This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External links Other translations of Matthew 12:47 at BibleHub Preceded byMatthew 12:46 Gospel of MatthewChapter 12 Succeeded byMatthew 12:48 vteGospel of Matthew chapter 12Verse Matthew 12:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-16 17-18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-32 33 34 35 36-37 38 39 40 41 42 43-45 46 47 48 49-50 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Martha Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Terms Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← chapter 11 Gospel of Matthew chapter 13 → vteGospel of MatthewBible(New Testament)Chapters Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verses Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13:1–3 14 15 16:2b–3,19 27:1–12; 52–66 28 Eventsand phrases Jesus' birth Star of Bethlehem Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return to Nazareth Kingdom of heaven Baptism Temptation Galilean ministry Fishers of men Behold the bridegroom Sermon on the Mount Beatitudes Lord's Prayer Golden rule Jesus preaches in a ship Calming the storm Feeding the multitude Walking on water Transfiguration Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Ten Virgins Anointing Passion of Jesus Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Burial Empty tomb Resurrection Great Commission People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee Related Q source M source Gospel of Mark Textual variants Augustinian hypothesis Two-gospel hypothesis Matthean Posteriority Genealogy of Jesus Five Discourses of Matthew Calling of Matthew Kingdom of heaven Immanuel Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew Rabbinical translations Shem Tob Joseph Smith–Matthew In culture St Matthew Passion (Bach, 1727/29) Structure The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964 film) Godspell (1971 musical) Godspell (1973 film) The Visual Bible: Matthew (1993 film) Manuscripts Papyrus 1 4 19 21 25 35 37 44 45 53 62 70 71 73 77 83 86 96 101 102 103 104 105 110 Magdalen papyrus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi (chapter 4) Bible portal Christianity portal Gospel of Mark (chapter 1) →

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Bearer_of_Justice

Gonfaloniere of Justice

["1 History","1.1 Prelude","1.2 After the Ordinances","2 References","3 Bibliography"]

Senior Florentine official Gonfaloniere di GiustiziaPalazzo della Signoria, seat of the Gonfaloniere di Giustizia and of the Priory of the ArtsResidencePalazzo VecchioFormation1293First holderGiano della BellaFinal holderAlessandro de' MediciAbolished1532 For similar offices in other Italian city states, see Gonfaloniere. Gonfaloniere of Justice (Gonfaloniere di Giustizia) was a post in the government of medieval and early Renaissance Florence. Like Florence's Priori, it was introduced in 1293 when Giano Della Bella's Ordinances of Justice came into force. He was one of the nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months, who formed the government, or Signoria. As Gonfaloniere di Giustizia he was the temporary standard-bearer of the Republic of Florence and custodian of the city's banner, which was displayed from the yardarm of a portable cross. Along with the voting rights of the other Priori, he was also in charge of the internal security forces and the maintenance of public order. To distinguish him from his other eight colleagues, his crimson coat, lined with ermine, was further embroidered with golden stars. Each of Florence's neighborhoods, or rioni, had its own priore who might be selected to serve on the council, and its own gonfaloniere di compagnia selected from the first families of each quarter. History The body of a dead woman is brought before the Gonfaloniere of Justice in 1425, the legendary origin of the Compagnia della Misericordia, by Eleuterio Pagliano Prelude Arms of the families that have held the Gonfaloniere The gonfaloniere di giustizia in 1366 was Niccolo Brunetti. 13th century Italy was a "land of cities" and Florence was one of the richest and most politically restless among them. The most obvious signs of this prosperity and economic power were its striking of 3.5 gram gold florins and the presence of the city's large mercantile and financier companies right across Europe and Africa. These companies' leaders demanded increasing involvement in the city's political life, claiming equal or greater dignity than the old noble families who held now unproductive rural land outside the town. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Arti Maggiori would be key to the city's economic ascent and the middle class's revenge on the feudal nobility. This state of affairs would last until at least 1347, when the English monarchy's bankruptcy due to its high military expenditure in the Hundred Years' War dragged even the Bardi and Peruzzi businesses (the latter alone owed around 600,000 guilders) into ruin. After the Ordinances The post of Gonfaloniere survived practically until the abolition of the Republican constitution by the Medici on their return to the city in 1530. Indeed, in the 15th century the post was given to many members of the Medici family and their neighbouring and allied families, giving them a kind of recognised power within the republican framework and de facto (though never de jure) allowing them to take over the powers of the other old magistracies. After the expulsion of Piero the Unfortunate in 1494 and during the brief rule of Girolamo Savonarola (executed in 1498), the Florentine families tried to reorganise the city government on the model of the old communal magistracies. Pier Soderini was in 1502 appointed gonfaloniere for life, but only held it until the end of 1512, when the Medici returned and Piero decided to abandon the city. During his tenure, Soderini held more direct political responsibility than either Cosimo de' Medici or Lorenzo de' Medici. Machiavelli served as his secretary. Although many of the Ottimati or aristocrats had supported Soderini's candidacy for Gonfaloniere a Vita, believing he would support their interests, they turned against him when his popular leanings became clear. In 1512, after fierce resistance to imperial troops under Charles V and Pope Julius II, it was finally forced to surrender. This marked the end of the republican dream and its offices, with the start of the ascent of the grand-ducal Medici dynasty. References ^ "Gonfaloniere di giustizia | medieval Italian official | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-30. ^ John M. Najemy, A History of Florence, 1200–1575 (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008), 84–85. ^ "GONFALONIERE in "Enciclopedia Italiana"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-30. ^ a b Chiarugi, Alberto (2022-10-18). "Gonfaloniere di giustizia". FlorenceCity-Rivista Fiorentina (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-30. ^ Najemy (2008), 405–9. Bibliography Franco Cardini, Firenze, la città delle torri, Milano, Fenice, 1995–2000. I. Caliari, I protagonisti della civiltà, Edizioni Futuro, 1981. Marcello Vannucci, Storia di Firenze, Roma, Newton & Compton, 1992.

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Each of Florence's neighborhoods, or rioni, had its own priore who might be selected to serve on the council, and its own gonfaloniere di compagnia selected from the first families of each quarter.[3]","title":"Gonfaloniere of Justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origine_della_Compagnia_della_Misericordia_in_Firenze.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eleuterio Pagliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuterio_Pagliano"}],"text":"The body of a dead woman is brought before the Gonfaloniere of Justice in 1425, the legendary origin of the Compagnia della Misericordia, by Eleuterio Pagliano","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cappugi_605.jpg"},{"link_name":"florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Prelude","text":"Arms of the families that have held the GonfaloniereThe gonfaloniere di giustizia in 1366 was Niccolo Brunetti. 13th century Italy was a \"land of cities\" and Florence was one of the richest and most politically restless among them. The most obvious signs of this prosperity and economic power were its striking of 3.5 gram gold florins and the presence of the city's large mercantile and financier companies right across Europe and Africa. These companies' leaders demanded increasing involvement in the city's political life, claiming equal or greater dignity than the old noble families who held now unproductive rural land outside the town. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Arti Maggiori would be key to the city's economic ascent and the middle class's revenge on the feudal nobility. This state of affairs would last until at least 1347, when the English monarchy's bankruptcy due to its high military expenditure in the Hundred Years' War dragged even the Bardi and Peruzzi businesses (the latter alone owed around 600,000 guilders) into ruin.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Piero the Unfortunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate"},{"link_name":"Girolamo Savonarola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola"},{"link_name":"Pier Soderini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Soderini"},{"link_name":"Cosimo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II"}],"sub_title":"After the Ordinances","text":"The post of Gonfaloniere survived practically until the abolition of the Republican constitution by the Medici on their return to the city in 1530. Indeed, in the 15th century the post was given to many members of the Medici family and their neighbouring and allied families, giving them a kind of recognised power within the republican framework and de facto (though never de jure) allowing them to take over the powers of the other old magistracies.[4]After the expulsion of Piero the Unfortunate in 1494 and during the brief rule of Girolamo Savonarola (executed in 1498), the Florentine families tried to reorganise the city government on the model of the old communal magistracies. Pier Soderini was in 1502 appointed gonfaloniere for life, but only held it until the end of 1512, when the Medici returned and Piero decided to abandon the city. During his tenure, Soderini held more direct political responsibility than either Cosimo de' Medici or Lorenzo de' Medici. Machiavelli served as his secretary. Although many of the Ottimati or aristocrats had supported Soderini's candidacy for Gonfaloniere a Vita, believing he would support their interests, they turned against him when his popular leanings became clear.[5] In 1512, after fierce resistance to imperial troops under Charles V and Pope Julius II, it was finally forced to surrender. This marked the end of the republican dream and its offices, with the start of the ascent of the grand-ducal Medici dynasty.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Franco Cardini, Firenze, la città delle torri, Milano, Fenice, 1995–2000.\nI. Caliari, I protagonisti della civiltà, Edizioni Futuro, 1981.\nMarcello Vannucci, Storia di Firenze, Roma, Newton & Compton, 1992.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Georges_Emile_Lebacq

List of paintings by Georges Lebacq

["1 Belgian period","2 Provençal period at Cagnes sur Mer","3 Back in Belgium during the Great War","4 Vaux le Pénil near Melun (Seine et Marne)","5 Move to Chamant (Oise) near Senlis (France)","6 Sojourn in Brittany at St Jacut de la Mer near St Malo","7 Quercynoise period at Gourdon (France) and Carennac (France)","8 Still lifes","9 Portraits","10 Miscellaneous","11 Gallery","12 References","13 External links"]

This list is a non-exhaustive list of paintings by Georges Lebacq. Certain paintings or drawings have disappeared. Others are in Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, and the Museum of Hunting in Senlis, France. Belgian period Georges Émile Lebacq, 1919 Neige à Bruges Petite dune (Wenduyne sur mer – Flandre) Une Ferme en Flandre Pignon à Reninghe (Flandre) La rue du Corbeau (Bruges – Flandre) Neige (Bruges – Flandre) Sketch, private Collection Chaland à Bruges (Bruges – Flandre) Drawing Canal à Bruges (Bruges – Flandre) Drawing, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) A Knocke (Knocke – Flandre) Drawing Provençal period at Cagnes sur Mer Rochers – Matinée, La Bocca (Alpes Maritimes), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) L'Olivier – Cros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes), Musée de Cagnes sur Mer (Château Grimaldi) Sous les Oliviers – Cros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes) La Jarre Bleue – Cagnes sur Mer (Alpes Maritimes) Cros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes), private Collection Lumière d'été à Cagnes sur Mer (Alpes Maritimes), private Collection Nuit (St Paul du Var) Drawing and Charcoal, private Collection Back in Belgium during the Great War Painter joins the general staff at La Panne as army painter with, in particular, the Belgium painter Alfred Bastien as companion. Many paintings and, especially, very gloomy charcoals, showing ruins and damages at the front of Yser. Ruines à Reninghe 1917 (Flandre), private Collection Front de l'Yser en 1917 (Flandre), private Collection Vaux le Pénil near Melun (Seine et Marne) Georges Émile Lebacq, 1924 – Inondation (Flooding) – La Seine à Vaux le Pénil (Seine et Marne), oil on wood panel, 27 x 35 cm L'inondation – La Seine à Vaux le Pénil (Seine et Marne), private Collection Le Chemin de la Mare des Champs (Vaux le Pénil) Saint Liesne (Vaux le Pénil) Coin de Parc (Vaux le Pénil), Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique) La rue Couvet (Vaux le Pénil) Sketch Soir (Vaux le Pénil) Move to Chamant (Oise) near Senlis (France) Georges Émile Lebacq, 1928 Meules à Chamant (Oise) en Hiver Abandon (Chamant – Oise), private Collection La Meule – Temps Gris à Chamant (Chamant – Oise) Rue – (Chamant – Oise), private Collection La Mare Forêt d'Halatte (Oise), private Collection A la Corne du Parc – Soir à Chamant (Chamant – Oise) Meules au soleil (Chamant – Oise) Conte de Fées – Forêt d'Halatte (Oise) Route – Balagny (Oise) Le Miroir d'eau – Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise), collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) Silence – Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Poème d'Automne dans le Parc du Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Effet de Neige (Chamant – Oise) Le Braconnier (Forêt d'Halatte) Place de Saint Frambourg (Senlis – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) La Rue de la Tonnellerie (Senlis – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) Escalier dans le parc d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) Meules et chemin à Chamant Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) Escalier dans le jardin d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Drawing, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise) Sojourn in Brittany at St Jacut de la Mer near St Malo Pointe de la Goule aux Fées (Saint Enogat – Ille et Vilaine), private Collection Vaguelettes – Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine Le Port de Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine Les Ebiens – Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine Quercynoise period at Gourdon (France) and Carennac (France) Georges Émile Lebacq, vers 1935 Chemin à Carennac (Lot) Chemin à (Carennac – Lot), private Collection Le Cloître (Carennac – Lot), private Collection Le Pont de Carennac (Lot) Le Vieil escalier (Carennac – Lot), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) L'Hôte invisible (Carennac – Lot), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) Dordogne – Vue sur Castelnau Bretenoux (Lot), private Collection Une Rue à Gourdon (Lot) Décoration de la Basilique de Rocamadour (Lot), personages de l'histoire de France : Roland, Saint Louis, Jean le Bon, Charles le Bel, Philippe d'Alsace, Henri II, Blanche de Castille, Louis XI, Marie de Luxembourg Vitraux de l'Eglise de Creysse Lot Vitraux de l'Eglise de Goudou Lot Still lifes Georges Émile Lebacq, 1921 Fruits La Théière bleue Cuivre et Pommes La Théière Noire Le Monstre, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) La Nappe à carreaux Pâtissons Courges et Aubergines Pommes (Coin de Table) Deux Pommes La Pie morte, private Collection La Belle Pêche Le Confiturier ancien Fruits, private Collection Pommes et Fèves Portraits Georges Émile Lebacq, Melle H. Lebacq, 1926 The blue Portrait, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) Portrait (Study) Portrait of M.M., Canon of Assises, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium) Autoportrait, private Collection Autoportrait, in his atelier with his palette and his mock, Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique) Portrait of Mme Georges Lebacq, private Collection Portrait of Mademoiselle Lebacq, Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique) Portrait of Georges Lebacq (Son) child, private Collection Portrait of Georges Lebacq (Son) child (charcoal), private collection Portrait of Henri Lebacq (Son), private Collection Portrait of the Painter, private Collection Miscellaneous Illustration des "Contes à la Nichée" de Hubert Stiernet 1909 Illustration des "Petits Contes en sabot" de Louis Delattre 1923 Fresque allégorique: les Fleuves (1937) pour l'Exposition Internationale de Paris de 1937 (Pavillon de la Ville de Paris Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) Gallery References ^ Inventaire du fonds français après 1800 Volume 13 – Page 124 Bibliothèque nationale (France). Cabinet des estampes, Jean Laran – 1965 "Exposition rétrospective des Œuvres de Georges Lebacq, 1876–1950. Dessins, aquarelles, tableaux du 5 au 23 octobre 1955 chez Véronèse (portr. de Lebacq, 1934), lithogr. en camaïeu, affiche, CID, 1955" La Revue Moderne (15 novembre 1921) Salon des Artistes Français de 1927 La Revue Moderne (15 janvier 1924) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (25 mars 1924) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (15 juin 1927) La Revue Moderne (30 juin 1927) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (25 juillet 1927) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°51 (septembre 1927) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (1er octobre 1927) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (15 avril 1928) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (1er juin 1928) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (10 juin 1928) La Revue Moderne (15 juin 1928) Le Nord Littéraire et Artistique (juillet-août 1928) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°62 (août-septembre 1928) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (15 mai 1929) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (10 juin 1929) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°71 (juin 1929) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (10 juillet 1930) La Revue du Vrai et du Beau (28 juin 1931) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°123 (novembre 1933) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°130 (août 1934) Bulletin de Notre-Dame de Rocamadour N°142 (septembre 1935) Les Artistes d'aujourd'hui (1er juillet 1936) La Revue des Arts (juillet 1936) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georges Émile Lebacq. Musée de Cagnes sur mer (Château Grimaldi) Musée de la Vénerie à Senlis (Oise) Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mons (Belgique) Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique) Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris (MAM) Georges Émile Lebacq dans la *base joconde vteLists of paintingsBy gallery/collection Accademia Carrara, Bergamo Art Institute of Chicago El Greco Museum, Toledo Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem Frick Collection, New York Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples Hampton Court Palace, London Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent Indianapolis Museum of Art Louvre Museum, Paris Musée d'Orsay Museum of Modern Art, New York National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. National Gallery, London Los Angeles County Museum of Art Palatine Gallery, Florence Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Ukrainian Museums Web Gallery of Art, Internet By artist Pieter Coecke van Aelst Ivan Albright Albrecht Altdorfer Sophie Gengembre Anderson Sofonisba Anguissola Francis Bacon Giacomo Balla Banksy Jean-Michel Basquiat Frédéric Bazille Giovanni Bellini Frank Weston Benson Gian Lorenzo Bernini Albert Bierstadt Joseph Blackburn Arnold Böcklin Giovanni Boldini Hieronymus Bosch Sandro Botticelli François Boucher Eugène Boudin Valentin de Boulogne Ford Madox Brown Bronzino Pieter Bruegel the Elder Edward Burne-Jones Guido Cagnacci Gustave Caillebotte Canaletto Caravaggio Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall William Merritt Chase Gaetano Chierici Frederic Edwin Church Thomas Cole John Constable Adriaen Coorte Terence Cuneo John Steuart Curry Salvador Dalí Edward Thomas Daniell Jacques-Louis David Edgar Degas Marcel Duchamp Carolus-Duran Albrecht Dürer Anthony van Dyck Thomas Eakins James Ensor Jan van Eyck Caspar David Friedrich Fujishima Takeji Paul Gauguin Orazio Gentileschi Artemisia Gentileschi Luca Giordano Albert Gleizes Hugo van der Goes Vincent van Gogh Francisco Goya El Greco Hans Gude Frans Hals Bartholomeus van der Helst Catharina van Hemessen William Hogarth Hans Holbein the Younger Pieter de Hooch Edward Hopper Edward Robert Hughes John Ingleby Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Johan Jongkind Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Paul Klee Gustav Klimt Peder Severin Krøyer Philip de László Georges Lebacq Leonardo da Vinci Judith Leyster August Macke René Magritte Édouard Manet Masaccio Henri Matisse Victor Meirelles Jean Metzinger Michelangelo John Middleton Pierre Mignard John Everett Millais Claude Monet Water Lilies Alphonse Mucha Edvard Munch Elizabeth Murray Mikhail Nesterov Clara Peeters Robert Antoine Pinchon Camille Pissarro Giambattista Pittoni Frans Post Nicolas Poussin Raphael Rembrandt Guido Reni Pierre-Auguste Renoir Diego Rivera Suze Robertson Dante Gabriel Rossetti François Rude Jacob van Ruisdael Charles Marion Russell Rachel Ruysch John Singer Sargent Thérèse Schwartze De Es Schwertberger Georges Seurat Sharaku Alfred Sisley Matthias Stom August Strindberg Titian J. M. W. Turner Suzanne Valadon Diego Velázquez Johannes Vermeer George Vincent John William Waterhouse Michaelina Wautier J. Alden Weir Rogier van der Weyden Eugenio Zampighi Erotic works by Thomas Rowlandson By type Gold-glass portraits Haunted paintings National Treasures of Japan May paintings Most expensive On Soviet postage stamps On United States postage stamps Pre-Raphaelite paintings Stolen paintings Stone Age paintings Related 100 Great Paintings (1980 BBC series) 120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum Still life paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Lebacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Emile_Lebacq"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Senlis, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senlis_Oise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This list is a non-exhaustive list of paintings by Georges Lebacq. Certain paintings or drawings have disappeared. Others are in Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, and the Museum of Hunting in Senlis, France.[1]","title":"List of paintings by Georges Lebacq"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, 1919 Neige à BrugesPetite dune (Wenduyne sur mer – Flandre)\nUne Ferme en Flandre\nPignon à Reninghe (Flandre)\nLa rue du Corbeau (Bruges – Flandre)\nNeige (Bruges – Flandre) Sketch, private Collection\nChaland à Bruges (Bruges – Flandre) Drawing\nCanal à Bruges (Bruges – Flandre) Drawing, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nA Knocke (Knocke – Flandre) Drawing","title":"Belgian period"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rochers – Matinée, La Bocca (Alpes Maritimes), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nL'Olivier – Cros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes), Musée de Cagnes sur Mer (Château Grimaldi)\nSous les Oliviers – Cros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes)\nLa Jarre Bleue – Cagnes sur Mer (Alpes Maritimes)\nCros de Cagnes (Alpes Maritimes), private Collection\nLumière d'été à Cagnes sur Mer (Alpes Maritimes), private Collection\nNuit (St Paul du Var) Drawing and Charcoal, private Collection","title":"Provençal period at Cagnes sur Mer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Painter joins the general staff at La Panne as army painter with, in particular, the Belgium painter Alfred Bastien as companion. Many paintings and, especially, very gloomy charcoals, showing ruins and damages at the front of Yser.Ruines à Reninghe 1917 (Flandre), private Collection\nFront de l'Yser en 1917 (Flandre), private Collection","title":"Back in Belgium during the Great War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inondation_-_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Vaux_le_P%C3%A9nil_-_Seine_et_Marne_1924.jpg"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, 1924 – Inondation (Flooding) – La Seine à Vaux le Pénil (Seine et Marne), oil on wood panel, 27 x 35 cmL'inondation – La Seine à Vaux le Pénil (Seine et Marne), private Collection\nLe Chemin de la Mare des Champs (Vaux le Pénil)\nSaint Liesne (Vaux le Pénil)\nCoin de Parc (Vaux le Pénil), Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique)\nLa rue Couvet (Vaux le Pénil) Sketch\nSoir (Vaux le Pénil)","title":"Vaux le Pénil near Melun (Seine et Marne)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meules_%C3%A0_Chamant_en_Hiver-1933.jpg"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, 1928 Meules à Chamant (Oise) en HiverAbandon (Chamant – Oise), private Collection\nLa Meule – Temps Gris à Chamant (Chamant – Oise)\nRue – (Chamant – Oise), private Collection\nLa Mare Forêt d'Halatte (Oise), private Collection\nA la Corne du Parc – Soir à Chamant (Chamant – Oise)\nMeules au soleil (Chamant – Oise)\nConte de Fées – Forêt d'Halatte (Oise)\nRoute – Balagny (Oise)\nLe Miroir d'eau – Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise), collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)\nSilence – Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise)\nPoème d'Automne dans le Parc du Château d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise)\nEffet de Neige (Chamant – Oise)\nLe Braconnier (Forêt d'Halatte)\nPlace de Saint Frambourg (Senlis – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)\nLa Rue de la Tonnellerie (Senlis – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)\nEscalier dans le parc d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)\nMeules et chemin à Chamant Dessin, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)\nEscalier dans le jardin d'Ognon (Ognon – Oise) Drawing, collections du Musée de la Vénerie (Senlis, Oise)","title":"Move to Chamant (Oise) near Senlis (France)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pointe de la Goule aux Fées (Saint Enogat – Ille et Vilaine), private Collection\nVaguelettes – Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine\nLe Port de Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine\nLes Ebiens – Saint Jacut -Ille et Vilaine","title":"Sojourn in Brittany at St Jacut de la Mer near St Malo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemin-Carennac.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rocamadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocamadour"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, vers 1935 Chemin à Carennac (Lot)Chemin à (Carennac – Lot), private Collection\nLe Cloître (Carennac – Lot), private Collection\nLe Pont de Carennac (Lot)\nLe Vieil escalier (Carennac – Lot), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nL'Hôte invisible (Carennac – Lot), BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nDordogne – Vue sur Castelnau Bretenoux (Lot), private Collection\nUne Rue à Gourdon (Lot)\nDécoration de la Basilique de Rocamadour (Lot), personages de l'histoire de France : Roland, Saint Louis, Jean le Bon, Charles le Bel, Philippe d'Alsace, Henri II, Blanche de Castille, Louis XI, Marie de Luxembourg\nVitraux de l'Eglise de Creysse Lot\nVitraux de l'Eglise de Goudou Lot","title":"Quercynoise period at Gourdon (France) and Carennac (France)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nature-morte_%C3%A0_la_Serviette,_by_Georges-%C3%89mile_Lebacq,_1921.jpg"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, 1921 FruitsLa Théière bleue\nCuivre et Pommes\nLa Théière Noire\nLe Monstre, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nLa Nappe à carreaux\nPâtissons\nCourges et Aubergines\nPommes (Coin de Table)\nDeux Pommes\nLa Pie morte, private Collection\nLa Belle Pêche\nLe Confiturier ancien\nFruits, private Collection\nPommes et Fèves","title":"Still lifes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melle-H-Lebacq-1926-OK.jpg"}],"text":"Georges Émile Lebacq, Melle H. Lebacq, 1926The blue Portrait, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nPortrait (Study)\nPortrait of M.M., Canon of Assises, BAM (Beaux-Arts Museum of Mons (Belgium)\nAutoportrait, private Collection\nAutoportrait, in his atelier with his palette and his mock, Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique)\nPortrait of Mme Georges Lebacq, private Collection\nPortrait of Mademoiselle Lebacq, Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgique)\nPortrait of Georges Lebacq (Son) child, private Collection\nPortrait of Georges Lebacq (Son) child (charcoal), private collection\nPortrait of Henri Lebacq (Son), private Collection\nPortrait of the Painter, private Collection","title":"Portraits"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Illustration des \"Contes à la Nichée\" de Hubert Stiernet 1909\nIllustration des \"Petits Contes en sabot\" de Louis Delattre 1923\nFresque allégorique: les Fleuves (1937) pour l'Exposition Internationale de Paris de 1937 (Pavillon de la Ville de Paris Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris)","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_Morte_1918.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cagnes-1910.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cougnac-1945.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cagnes_sur_mer-1910.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poivrons_et_Aubergines-1922.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunes_(Flandre).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Maison_Bombard%C3%A9e_(Front_de_Flandre_1917).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Arbre,_Balagny_(Oise).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Mare-1926.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitrail-Goudou-St_Jean-Baptiste.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye%27s_Massachusetts_Regiment

Massachusetts Line

["1 History","2 Non-line units","3 1775 establishment","4 1776 establishment","4.1 Disbanded 1775 units","5 1777 establishment","5.1 Disbanded 1776 units","5.2 1778-1779 reorganization","5.3 1781 reorganization","5.4 Peace negotiations","5.5 1783 reorganization","6 Demobilization","7 First American Regiment of 1784","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

American Revolutionary War Armed Forces United States Continental Army → Commander-in-Chief → Regional departments → Units (1775, 1776, 1777–1784) → Manual Continental Navy Continental Marines State forces → List of militia units → List of state navies → Maritime units Great Britain List of British units France List of French units Related topics List of battles Military leadership vte The Massachusetts Line was those units within the Continental Army that were assigned to Massachusetts at various times by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. Line regiments were assigned to a particular state, which was then financially responsible for the maintenance (staffing and supplying) of the regiment. The concept of the line was also particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state. The size of the Massachusetts Line varied from as many as 27 active regiments (at the outset of the war) to four (at its end). For most of the war after the siege of Boston (April 1775 to March 1776) almost all of these units were deployed outside Massachusetts, serving as far north as Quebec City, as far west as present-day central Upstate New York, and as far south as Yorktown, Virginia. Massachusetts line troops were involved in most of the war's major battles north of Chesapeake Bay, and were present at the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781. General officers of the line included Major Generals Artemas Ward, William Heath, and Benjamin Lincoln, and Brigadier Generals John Glover and John Nixon. History The line's history began in the immediate aftermath of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, after which the Massachusetts Provincial Congress raised 27 regiments as a provincial army. These units, which were mostly organized by mid-May, were adopted into the first establishment of the Continental Army in June 1775. These units were generally referred to by the names of their colonels, and were numbered one way by the state and another by the Continental Army. At the end of 1775 the army was reorganized into its second establishment; a number of Massachusetts units were disbanded, but some were retained and others established. In the 1776 establishment regiments from the northern states identified as Continental regiments. At the end of 1776 the army was again reorganized. The third establishment restored a state-based regimental numbering scheme which was retained until the end of the war. After two major reorganizations (at the start of 1781 and 1783) the army was almost completely disbanded in November 1783, leaving a single regiment under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson. Non-line units Not all Continental infantry regiments raised were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These "dictatorial powers" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large. Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Henley of Massachusetts, who accepted. Henley had been adjutant general on the staffs of Generals William Heath and Joseph Spencer, and was briefly lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment. Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to William Raymond Lee of Massachusetts, who accepted. In 1776, Lee had been the major of John Glover's famous Marblehead regiment, the 14th Continental Regiment. Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Henry Jackson of Massachusetts, who accepted. These three regiments were raised in Massachusetts in the spring of 1777. Much of the recruiting for them was done in the Boston area, which until then had been unable to raise troops because of the British occupation. Henley's and Lee's Regiments were consolidated into Jackson's Regiment on April 9, 1779. Jackson's Regiment was allotted to the Massachusetts Line on July 24, 1780, and officially designated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. The 16th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. Colonel Jackson remained in service until 1784, leading the last remaining regiment in the Continental Army. 1775 establishment On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force of 13,600 men, and it called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army of 30,000 men. The Massachusetts provincials were raised in the spring of 1775 and were eventually formed into twenty-six infantry regiments. Massachusetts also took responsibility for a twenty-seventh regiment, originally raised in New Hampshire. Massachusetts regiments had an official establishment of 599 officers and men in ten companies (but five regiments had an eleventh company). The troops were enlisted to serve until December 31, 1775. The commissions of all Massachusetts officers were dated May 19, 1775. Subsequently, the regiments were numbered, although in Massachusetts the regiment was commonly identified by the name of its colonel. The New England delegates to the Continental Congress urged that the Congress assume responsibility for the provincial troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that were blockading Boston. This was done on June 14, 1775, and these troops were designated the Continental Army. George Washington was selected as commander in chief of this force, and all other Continental Army troops, the following day. In an effort to weld the separate New England armies into a single "Continental" Army, on August 5, 1775, General Washington ordered that a board be convened to determine the rank of the regiments at Boston. The board was to consist of a brigadier general as moderator and six field officers as members. It completed its task on August 20, 1775, and reported its decision to Washington. The regiments of infantry in the Continental Army were accordingly numbered without reference to their colony of origin. There were thirty-nine "Regiments of Foot in the Army of the United Colonies." In General Orders, Washington often referred to his regiments by these numbers; and they appear in the strength reports compiled by Adjutant General Horatio Gates. Name Colonel Massachusetts Number Continental Number Summary Ward's Artemas WardJonathan Ward 1st 32nd This regiment was initially commanded by General Artemas Ward of Shrewsbury, who was the commanding general of the Massachusetts Bay provincial forces. His general authority over the troops from the other New England colonies was acknowledged, and he commanded the patriot army at Boston until the arrival of George Washington at Cambridge on July 3, 1775. On June 17, 1775, Ward was made a major general in the Continental Army - the first appointment in that grade. Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Ward, of Southborough, who was promoted to the rank of colonel on that date. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 21st Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Thomas'Bailey's John ThomasJohn Bailey 2nd 35th This regiment was initially commanded by General John Thomas, of Kingston, who was the lieutenant general (second in command) of the Massachusetts Bay provincial forces. Thomas was made a Continental brigadier general on June 22, 1775. The regiment's lieutenant colonel, John Bailey, of Hanover, then assumed command. Bailey was promoted to the rank of colonel on July 1, 1775, and the regiment became Bailey's Regiment. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 23rd Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Walker's Timothy Walker 3rd 22nd This regiment was commanded by Colonel Timothy Walker, of Rehoboth, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was merged into Read's Regiment in December 1775. Cotton's Theophilus Cotton 4th 16th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Theophilus Cotton, of Plymouth, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was disbanded at the end of 1775, when its companies were divided amongst other Massachusetts regiments. Cotton continued to serve in the Massachusetts militia. Whitcomb's Asa Whitcomb 5th 23rd This regiment contained eleven companies and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Asa Whitcomb, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Whitcomb took command of the 6th Continental Regiment in 1776. Read's Joseph Read 6th 20th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Joseph Read, of Uxbridge, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 13th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Mansfield's John Mansfield 7th 19th This regiment was commanded by Colonel John Mansfield, of Lynn, who left the service on September 15, 1775. From then until the end of the year the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Israel Hutchinson, of Danvers. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 27th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Danielson's Timothy Danielson 8th 18th This regiment contained eleven companies and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Timothy Danielson, of Brimfield, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Most of the regiment was consolidated into Learned's Regiment, which became the 3rd Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Prescott's William Prescott 9th 10th This regiment contained eleven companies and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel William Prescott, of Pepperell, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 7th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Frye's James Frye 10th 1st This regiment was commanded by Colonel James Frye, of Andover, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Bridge's Ebenezer Bridge 11th 27th This regiment contained eleven companies and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Ebenezer Bridge, of Billerica, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Paterson's John Paterson 12th 26th This regiment contained eleven companies and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel John Paterson, of Lenox, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 15th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Scammon's James Scammon 13th 30th This regiment was commanded by Colonel James Scammon. His regiment was raised in what were then known as the "eastern counties," the present state of Maine. Scammon served as colonel of the regiment until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Its companies were then divided among three other regiments, principally the 18th Continental Regiment. Learned's Ebenezer Learned 14th 4th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Ebenezer Learned, of Oxford, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 3rd Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Gardner'sBond's Thomas GardnerWilliam Bond 15th 37th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Thomas Gardner. He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, and died July 3, 1775. On that date the regiment's commander, Lieutenant Colonel William Bond, was promoted to the rank of colonel. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 25th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Nixon's John Nixon 16th 5th This regiment was commanded by Colonel John Nixon, of Framingham and Sudbury, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 4th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Fellows' John Fellows 17th 8th This regiment was commanded by Colonel John Fellows, of Sheffield, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Most of its companies were consolidated into Ward's Regiment, which became the 21st Continental Regiment. Doolittle's Ephraim Doolittle 18th 24th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Ephraim Doolittle, who left the service in October 1775. Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Holden, of Princeton. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. J. Brewer's Jonathan Brewer 19th 6th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Jonathan Brewer, of Waltham, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 6th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. D. Brewer's David Brewer 20th 9th This regiment was commanded by Colonel David Brewer, of Palmer, who was dismissed from the service on October 24, 1775. The next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Rufus Putnam, of Brookfield, assumed command of the regiment and served until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment at the end of 1775. Most of its companies were consolidated into Read's Regiment, which became the 13th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Heath'sGreaton's William HeathJohn Greaton 21st 36th This regiment was commanded by Colonel William Heath, of Roxbury. Heath was made a Continental brigadier general on June 22, 1775, and command of the regiment passed to Lieutenant Colonel John Greaton. Greaton was promoted to the rank of colonel on July 1, 1775, and the regiment became Greaton's Regiment. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 24th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Woodbridge's Benjamin RugglesWoodbridge 22nd 25th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge, of South Hadley, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until the end of 1775, when it left Continental service. Woodbridge and his regiment remained active in the Massachusetts militia, serving (among other actions) in the 1777 Saratoga campaign. Glover's John Glover 23rd 21st This regiment was commanded by Colonel John Glover, of Marblehead, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston until its disbandment. In December 1775, Glover's Regiment was stationed at Beverly to defend the naval base located there. The regiment was designated the 14th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Little's Moses Little 24th 17th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Moses Little, of Newbury, who served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 12th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Gerrish's Samuel Gerrish 25th 38th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Samuel Gerrish, of Newbury, who was dismissed from the service on August 19, 1775. Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 26th Continental Regiment (with Baldwin promoted to colonel) in the 1776 establishment. Phinney's Edmund Phinney 26th 31st This regiment was commanded by Colonel Edmund Phinney, whose regiment was raised in the present state of Maine. Phinney served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 18th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. Sargent's Paul Dudley Sargent 27th 28th This regiment was commanded by Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent, of Amherst, New Hampshire. Sargent served as colonel until the end of the year. It served in the siege of Boston, and was designated the 16th Continental Regiment in the 1776 establishment. 1776 establishment On November 4, 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that on January 1, 1776, the Continental Army, exclusive of artillery and extra regiments, was to consist of 27 infantry regiments. The troops were to be enlisted to serve until December 31, 1776. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 1 from Pennsylvania, 3 from New Hampshire, 16 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, and 5 from Connecticut. Each regiment was to have an official establishment of 728 officers and men in eight companies. The regiments were to receive numbers instead of names. For the campaign of 1776 Massachusetts was to provide the 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Continental Regiments. The reduction of the Massachusetts Line from an establishment of 16,468 officers and men in 275 companies to an establishment of 11,648 officers and men in 128 companies required a difficult reorganization. The numbered Continental regiments raised in Massachusetts were widely scattered in the campaign of 1776. In April, following the British evacuation of Boston, five regiments (the 6th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 27th) were ordered to remain in Massachusetts, four of them occupying Boston. Three of these regiments (the 14th, 16th, and 27th) joined the Main Army in July. The 6th and 18th regiments joined the Northern Army in August, and never rejoined the Main Army. Of the eleven regiments that moved to New York City in April, three regiments (the 15th, 24th, and 25th) were ordered to Canada as reinforcements. One of these regiments (the 15th) rejoined the Main Army in November, and served at Trenton and Princeton. The 24th and 25th regiments, that had served in the Northern theater, also rejoined the Main Army in November, but marched directly to the army's winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Finally, the 7th Continental Regiment, which served in Parsons' Brigade, was assigned to the Highlands Department in November. Name Colonel Summary 3rd Continental Ebenezer LearnedWilliam Shepard This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Danielson's Regiment, and the remnant of Wood's Company, Cotton's Regiment, with the remnant of Learned's Regiment. Colonel Ebenezer Learned commanded this regiment from January until May 1776, when he resigned due to poor health. The regiment was then commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Shepard for the remainder of the year, but Shepard was not appointed Colonel until October. As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights Learned's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. Under Shepard's command, it served at the battles of Pell's Point, Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 4th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 4th Continental John NixonThomas Nixon This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Thompson's Company, Danielson's Regiment, with the remnant of Nixon's Regiment. Colonel John Nixon commanded this regiment until August 9, 1776, the date on which he was promoted to brigadier general. On that date the regiment's next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Nixon, assumed command with the rank of colonel. Nixon's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 6th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 6th Continental Asa Whitcomb This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Soul's Company, Fellows' Regiment, and Danforth's Company, David Brewer's Regiment, with the remnant of Jonathan Brewer's Regiment. However, Jonathan Brewer left the service, and command of this regiment was given to Colonel Asa Whitcomb, whose old regiment was disbanded. As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. Whitcomb's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. In August it was ordered to northern New York to oppose Carleton's counteroffensive, and never rejoined the Main Army. It was designated the 13th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 7th Continental William Prescott This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Darby's and Nowell's Companies, Scammon's Regiment, and the remnant of Morse's Company, Paterson's Regiment, with the remnant of Prescott's Regiment. Colonel William Prescott commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Prescott's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In November it was stationed in the Hudson Highlands. It was disbanded at the end of 1776, with some remnants joining the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment. 12th Continental Moses Little This regiment was formed by reducing Little's Regiment from ten companies to eight. Colonel Moses Little commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Little's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was disbanded afterward. 13th Continental Joseph Read This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Walker's Regiment and David Brewer's Regiment with the remnant of Read's Regiment. Colonel Joseph Read commanded this regiment throughout 1776. As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish work details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. Read's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was disbanded afterward. 14th Continental John Glover This regiment was formed from by reducing Glover's Regiment from ten companies to eight. Colonel John Glover commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Glover's regiment continued to be stationed at Beverly until July, when it was ordered to join the Main Army at New York City. The regiment served at Trenton, and played significant roles in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island and George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River. It was disbanded at the end of 1776. 15th Continental John Paterson This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Sayer's and Sullivan's Companies, Scammon's Regiment, with the remnant of Paterson's Regiment (less the remnants of Morse's and Watkins' Companies). Colonel John Paterson commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Paterson's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. In November the regiment rejoined the Main Army and served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 1st Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 16th Continental Paul Dudley Sargent This regiment was formed by reducing Sargent's Regiment from ten companies to eight. Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Sargent's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. It was ordered to join the Main Army at New York City in July. The regiment served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 8th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 18th Continental Edmund Phinney This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Scammon's Regiment and Watkins' Company, Paterson's Regiment, with the remnant of Phinney's Regiment. Colonel Edmund Phinney commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Phinney's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. In August it was ordered to northern New York to oppose Carleton's counteroffensive, and never rejoined the Main Army. It was designated the 12th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 21st Continental Jonathan Ward This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Fellows' Regiment, and the remnants of Benson's and Bradford's Companies, Cotton's Regiment, with the remnant of Ward's Regiment. Colonel Jonathan Ward commanded this regiment throughout 1776. As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. Ward's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was disbanded afterward. 23rd Continental John Bailey This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Cotton's Regiment (less the remnants of Benson's, Bradford's, Mayhew's, and Wood's Companies) with the remnant of Bailey's Regiment. Colonel John Bailey commanded this regiment throughout 1776. As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. Bailey's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 24th Continental John Greaton This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Crafts' Company, Bond's Regiment, with the remnant of Greaton's Regiment. Colonel John Greaton commanded this regiment throughout 1776. Greaton's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. The regiment rejoined the Main Army in November, marching directly to Morristown. It was designated the 3rd Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 25th Continental William BondIchabod Alden This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Mayhew's Company, Cotton's Regiment, and Egery's Company, Danielson's Regiment, with the remnant of Bond's Regiment (less the remnant of Crafts' Company). Colonel William Bond commanded this regiment until his death on August 31, 1776. The regiment's next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ichabod Alden, held command until the end of the year. Bond's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. The regiment rejoined the Main Army in November, marching directly to Morristown. The regiment was disbanded at the end of 1776. 26th Continental Loammi Baldwin This regiment was formed from by reducing Gerrish's Regiment from ten companies to eight. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Loammi Baldwin, who was promoted to that rank on January 1, 1776. Baldwin's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 9th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. 27th Continental Israel Hutchinson This regiment was formed from by reducing Mansfield's Regiment from ten companies to eight. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Israel Hutchinson, who was promoted to that rank on January 1, 1776. Hutchinson's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton. It was designated the 5th Massachusetts Regiment in the 1777 establishment. Disbanded 1775 units The remnants of the regiments of Asa Whitcomb, James Frye, Ebenezer Bridge, Ephraim Doolittle, and Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge were disbanded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 31, 1775. 1777 establishment During 1776, the Continental Congress gradually overcame its ideological objections to a standing army, and, on September 16, 1776, it resolved that, on January 1, 1777, the Continental Line was to consist of 88 infantry regiments, to be maintained for the duration of the war. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 4 from New York, 4 from New Jersey, 12 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 15 from Virginia, 9 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. The quotas for states outside New England included regiments that had been on the Continental establishment earlier, but the term Continental Line was now broadened to include the lines of all the states. Name Colonels Summary 1st Massachusetts Joseph Vose This regiment (also sometimes referred to as Vose's Regiment) was formed by consolidating two companies from the 6th Continental Regiment, and two companies formed from the 18th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 15th Continental Regiment. The commanding officer, Colonel Joseph Vose, had been the major of Greaton's Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel of the 24th Continental Regiment in 1776. As the 15th Continental Regiment, reorganizing as the 1st Massachusetts Regiment, it served in St. Clair's Brigade at Princeton. Reorganization was completed in the spring of 1777, and the regiment was ordered to Peekskill in the Highlands. On July 10, 1777, it was assigned to the 2d Massachusetts Brigade under Brigadier General Glover. The regiment served in the Saratoga campaign, then marched south to join Washington in the Middle Department. It served in the Philadelphia campaign and wintered at Valley Forge. In 1778 it served in the Monmouth campaign, then at Rhode Island. Following Rhode Island the regiment was stationed in the Highlands, but in 1781 its light company was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Vose's Battalion, Corps of Light Infantry, which served in the Yorktown campaign. The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York, on November 3, 1783. 2nd Massachusetts John Bailey This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of the 7th Continental Regiment; Peters' Company, 13th Continental Regiment; and Clap's Company, 21st Continental Regiment; with the remnant of the 23d Continental Regiment. (Peters' and Clap's Companies were reorganized, respectively, as Warren's and Dunham's Companies, Bailey's Regiment). The commanding officer, Colonel John Bailey, had been the lieutenant colonel, later the colonel, of Thomas's Regiment in 1775 and colonel of the 23rd Continental Regiment in 1776. As the 23rd Continental Regiment, reorganizing as the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment, it served in Glover's Brigade at Princeton. Reorganization was completed in the spring of 1777, and the regiment was ordered to the Northern Department. In the summer of 1777 it was assigned to the 4th Massachusetts Brigade under Brigadier General Learned. The regiment retreated toward Saratoga after the American evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga in July, and marched under Arnold to the relief of Fort Stanwix in August. Following the Saratoga campaign the regiment marched south to join Washington in the Middle Department. It served in the Philadelphia campaign and wintered at Valley Forge. In 1778 it served in the Monmouth campaign. After November 1778 the regiment was stationed in the Highlands, but in 1781 its light company was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Vose's Battalion, Corps of Light Infantry, which served in the Yorktown campaign. The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York, on November 3, 1783. 3rd Massachusetts John Greaton This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of the 25th Continental Regiment with the remnant of the 24th Continental Regiment (less the remnants of Bent's and Whiting's Companies; the latter were reorganized as Fairfield's and Pillsbury's Companies, Wigglesworth's Regiment). The commanding officer, John Greaton, had been the lieutenant colonel of Heath's Regiment, and its commander, in 1775. In 1776 he commanded the 24th Continental Regiment. The regiment was disbanded on November 5, 1783. 4th Massachusetts William Shepard This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of King's Company, 21st Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 3rd Continental Regiment. (King's Company was redesignated Alvord's Company). The commanding officer, William Shepard, had been the lieutenant colonel of Danielson's Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel and later colonel of the 3rd Continental Regiment in 1776. He was wounded at the Battle of Pell's Point on October 18, 1776. The regiment was disbanded on November 5, 1783. 5th Massachusetts Rufus Putnam This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Walbridge's Company, 13th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 27th Continental Regiment. (Walbridge's Company was reorganized as Goodale's Company). The commanding officer, Rufus Putnam, had been the lieutenant colonel of David Brewer's Regiment in 1775. The regiment was furloughed on June 12, 1783, and disbanded without reforming on November 15, 1783. 6th Massachusetts Thomas NixonBenjamin Tupper This regiment was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 4th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration. The commanding officer, Thomas Nixon, had been the lieutenant colonel of John Nixon's Regiment in 1775 and lieutenant colonel of the 4th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was promoted to colonel on August 9, 1776. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment from January 1, 1783, until June 12, 1783. The regiment was furloughed on June 12, 1783, and disbanded without reforming on November 15, 1783. 7th Massachusetts Ichabod Alden This regiment was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776. The commanding officer, Ichabod Alden, had been the lieutenant colonel of Cotton's Regiment in 1775 and lieutenant colonel of the 25th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was killed at Cherry Valley, New York, on November 10, 1778, and his lieutenant colonel, William Stacy was taken prisoner. The regiment was furloughed on June 12, 1783, and disbanded without reforming on November 15, 1783. 8th Massachusetts Michael Jackson This regiment was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 16th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration. The commanding officer had been the major of Gardner's Regiment in 1775, and was wounded on June 17, 1775, at the Battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 he was lieutenant colonel of the 16th Continental Regiment and was wounded at Montresor's Island on September 24, 1776. The regiment was furloughed on June 12, 1783, and disbanded without reforming on November 15, 1783. 9th Massachusetts James Wesson This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of the 21st Continental Regiment (less the remnants of Clap's and King's Companies) with the remnant of the 26th Continental Regiment. The commanding officer, James Wesson, had been the major of Gerrish's Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel of the 26th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was wounded on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1783. 10th Massachusetts Thomas MarshallBenjamin Tupper This regiment was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776. The commanding officer, Thomas Marshall, had been an officer in the Massachusetts militia. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from January 1, 1781, until January 1, 1783, when the regiment was disbanded. 11th Massachusetts Ebenezer FrancisBenjamin Tupper This regiment was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776. The regiment's first commander, Colonel Ebenezer Francis, had been a captain of Mansfield's Regiment in 1775. Colonel Francis was killed at the Battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, on July 7, 1777, and was succeeded by Benjamin Tupper. Tupper was colonel of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment from July 7, 1777, until it was disbanded on January 1, 1781. 12th Massachusetts Samuel Brewer This regiment was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 18th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration (less two companies consolidated with the 15th Continental Regiment, which became the 1st Massachusetts Regiment). Colonel Samuel Brewer was dismissed from the service on September 17, 1778. For the remainder of its existence the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Sproat (aka Sprout), who had been the major of Cotton's Regiment in 1775 and the major of the 3rd Continental Regiment in 1776. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. 13th Massachusetts Edward Wigglesworth This regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Bent's and Whiting's Companies, 24th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 6th Continental Regiment (less two companies consolidated with the 15th Continental Regiment, which became the 1st Massachusetts Regiment. The commanding officer, Colonel Edward Wigglesworth, had been a militia officer in 1776. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. 14th Massachusetts Gamaliel Bradford This regiment was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776. The commanding officer, Gamaliel Bradford, had been a militia officer in 1776. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. 15th Massachusetts Timothy Bigelow This regiment was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776. It was organized by Colonel Timothy Bigelow at Boston, Massachusetts. The regiment would see action at the Battles of Saratoga, Monmouth and Rhode Island. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York. 16th Massachusetts Henry Jackson This regiment was originally named Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment. On July 24, 1780, it was officially added to the Massachusetts Line and redesignated the 16th Massachusetts. It was disbanded on January 1, 1781. Disbanded 1776 units The remnant of the 12th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Moses Little, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey in February 1777. The remnant of the 13th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Joseph Read, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777. However, the remnant of Peters' Company was consolidated with Bailey's Regiment and reorganized as Warren's Company; and the remnant of Walbridge's Company was consolidated with Putnam's Regiment and reorganized as Goodale's Company. The remnant of the 14th Continental Regiment, under Colonel John Glover, was disbanded in eastern Pennsylvania on December 31, 1776. Glover later returned to the Continental service as a general officer and commanded one of the Continental Army's Massachusetts brigades. His third in command, Major William Raymond Lee, became the colonel of Lee's Additional Continental Regiment. 1778-1779 reorganization While the Main Army, that portion of Washington's army under his immediate command, was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the Congress acted to reduce the size and increase the tactical efficiency of the Continental Army. On May 27, 1778, it resolved that the number of infantry regiments be reduced from 88 to 80. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 5 from New York, 3 from New Jersey, 11 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 11 from Virginia, 6 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was unchanged. The official establishment of a regiment was reduced to 582 officers and men. Each regiment was to consist of nine rather than eight companies. The ninth company was to be a company of light infantry, and was to be kept up to strength by drafting men from the regiment's eight other companies if necessary. During the campaigning season, the light infantry companies of the regiments in a field army were to be combined into a special corps of light infantry. Because the Continental Congress passed this resolve at the beginning of the campaigning season, it was nearly a year before this reorganization was completed. The reorganization of the Continental Line was finalized on March 9, 1779. On July 24, 1780, Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment was officially redesignated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. 1781 reorganization In October 1780, the Continental Congress, in consultation with General Washington, passed resolutions providing for what would be the last reorganization of the Continental Army before its final disbandment. The Congress determined that on January 1, 1781, the Continental Line was to be reduced from 80 regiments to 50. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 2 from New Hampshire, 10 from Massachusetts, 1 from Rhode Island, 5 from Connecticut, 2 from New York, 2 from New Jersey, 6 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 5 from Maryland, 8 from Virginia, 4 from North Carolina, 2 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. In addition, 1 regiment (Colonel Moses Hazen's Canadian Regiment) was to be raised at large. Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was reduced from fifteen regiments to ten. Accordingly, the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Massachusetts Regiments were disbanded on January 1, 1781. The official establishment of an infantry regiment was increased to 717 officers and men. Each regiment continued to have nine companies, including a light infantry company, but the companies were made larger. For the first time, each regiment was to have a permanent recruiting party of 1 lieutenant, 1 drummer, and 1 fifer. Thus, there were to be ten recruiting parties in Massachusetts to systematically find and forward recruits to the Massachusetts regiments in the field. Peace negotiations The prolonged period of peace negotiations following the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, presented the Continental Congress with the dilemma of keeping up a military force until the definitive peace treaty was signed, even though the national finances were exhausted. On August 7, 1782, the Continental Congress resolved that the states should reduce their lines on January 1, 1783. Each regiment retained in service was then to contain not less than 500 rank and file. The preliminary peace treaty was signed on November 30, 1782. 1783 reorganization On January 1, 1783, the 9th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at West Point and the 10th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at Verplanck's Point, New York, reducing the Massachusetts Line to eight regiments. Great Britain signed preliminary articles of peace with France and Spain on January 20, 1783, and, on February 4, 1783, Britain announced the cessation of hostilities. The Continental Congress received the text of the preliminary peace treaty on March 13, 1783, and proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on April 11, 1783. It ratified the preliminary peace treaty on April 15, 1783. In General Orders issued at Newburgh, New York, April 18, 1783, Washington announced that the armistice would go into effect at noon, April 19, 1783 - the eighth anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord. Demobilization The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were placed on furlough on June 12, 1783, and were never recalled to active duty. The final treaty of peace was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. On October 18, 1783, the Continental Congress proclaimed that Continental troops on furlough were to be discharged on November 3, 1783. The Main Army, with the exception of a small observation force in the Hudson Highlands under the command of General Henry Knox, was disbanded on November 3, 1783. The disbanded units included the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Massachusetts Regiments. After this date no part of the Massachusetts Line remained in the field, although the four furloughed regiments were still not formally disbanded. The Northern Army was disbanded on November 5, 1783, and the Southern Army was disbanded on November 15, 1783. On the latter date the furloughed 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were formally disbanded, and the Massachusetts Line ceased to exist. New York City was evacuated by British troops on November 25, 1783. The British fleet left New York City on December 4, 1783, and on the same day Washington bid farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern. First American Regiment of 1784 After November 3, 1783, the Continental Line was reduced to a handful of units. These disbanded in November and December. The single regiment remaining in service after the new year began was under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson, and was known as the 1st American Regiment. The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and the United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784. The 1st American was disbanded at West Point, New York, on June 2, 1784. Notes ^ Wright, Continental Army; 98, 99fn. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 1170-1171. Wright, Continental Army, 98-99. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 285. Wright, Continental Army; 99, 215. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 346. Wright, Continental Army, 99; 216. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 99; 215-216. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 315. Wright, Continental Army, 215-216. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 13. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 15fn. ^ Wright, Continental Army, table, 13. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 15. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 2-3. Wright, Continental Army, illustration, 31. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 23. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 25. ^ Peterson, Continental Soldier, 256. ^ Fitzpatrick, Writings: III:448, 465, 472, 489, 496; IV:20, 30, 39, 64. ^ Force, American Archives, S4, V3; 253, 853. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 13, 15, 17, 18. ^ a b Heitman, Historical Register, 9. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:535. ^ a b c d e Heitman, Historical Register, 36. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XV:598. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:453-454. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:485. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:12-13. ^ a b c Heitman, Historical Register, 32. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 223. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XIII:21. ^ a b c d e f Heitman, Historical Register, 35. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, X:199. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 34, 378. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:587. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 221, ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:417. ^ Heitman, "Historical Register," 33. ^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 216. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XII:753-754. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:136. ^ a b Heitman, Historical Register, 33. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 221. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:484. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:1025. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:602. ^ Heitman, "Historical Register," 34. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 110, 243. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:480. ^ a b c Heitman, Historical Register, 34. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, V:595. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 200, 295. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:97-98. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:467. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:463. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:875-876. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 32, 119. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 9, 34. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 259. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVII:798-800. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:508. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 12. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:870. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:368. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 83, 246. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:521. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XIII:817-818. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 46. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 47. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 46, 47. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 52. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-224. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 343. Wright, Continental Army, 206; 221. Washington, The Papers of George Washington: July–September 1778, 432. ^ a b c d e Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 207. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 10. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 415. Wright, Continental Army; 208, 221. ^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 208. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 119, 585. Wright, Continental Army; 213, 220, 222, 223. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 213. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 452. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 216-217, 223. ^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 217. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 353. Wright, Continental Army, 217. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 460. Wright, Continental Army, 217-218, 220, 223. ^ a b c d Wright, Continental Army, 218. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 250. Wright, Continental Army, 218. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 429. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 223. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 204. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 481. Wright, Continental Army, 209-210. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 210. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 440. Wright, Continental Army, 203, 212, 223. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 568. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221, 222. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 219. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 81. Wright, Continental Army; 204, 221. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 205. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 259. Wright, Continental Army; 205, 219. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 206. ^ a b Carrington, Battles, 276. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 110. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 23. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 83. Wright, Continental Army, 210. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 211. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 312. Wright, Continental Army, 207. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 220-224. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 212, 213. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 167. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 204, 218, 219. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 43. ^ Wright, Continental Army, gives August 13, 1777 as the date on which the 2d, 8th, and 9th Massachusetts Regiments were assigned to the 4th Massachusetts Brigade. Lesser, Sinews, prints a return from July 1777 in which Learned's Brigade was stationed at Moses Creek, N.Y. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 602. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 206, 219. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 207, 218. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 208, ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 209. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 210. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 210, 219. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 211. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 212. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 203, 212. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 205, 213. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army; 93, 214. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 215. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 119. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 126. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 146. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 157. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 212-214. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 158. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 171. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 176. ^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 848. ^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 847. ^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 849. ^ Carrington, Battles, 658. ^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 207-210. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-206. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 356. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 181. References Boatner, Mark M. III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: David McKay Co., Inc. (Bicentenniel Edition, 1974. Originally Published, 1966). Carrington, Henry B. Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Promontory Press (Reprint Edition. Originally Published, 1877). Chamberlain, George Walter. "Soldiers of the American revolution of Lebanon Maine" Fitzpatrick, John C. Editor. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Available from the University of Virginia website. Force, Peter. American Archives. Available, in part, from the Northern Illinois University website. Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967 (Originally published, 1914). Lesser, Charles H. Editor. The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976. Martyn, Charles. The Life of Artemas Ward, First Commander-in-Chief of the American Revolution. New York: Artemas Ward, 1921. Massachusetts. Office of the Secretary of State. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. A compilation from the archives, prepared and published by the Secretary of the Commonwealth in accordance with chapter 100, resolves of 1891. 17 vols. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1896–1908. Online at Peterson, Harold L. The Book of the Continental Soldier. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968. Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1983. Available online External links Bibliography of the Continental Army in Massachusetts compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 4 1898 Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 10 1902 Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 14 1906 vteThe Massachusetts Line and Militia in the American Revolutionary War1775 named units Ward's Thomas'/Bailey's Walker's Cotton's Whitcomb's Read's Mansfield's Danielson's Prescott's Frye's Bridge's Paterson's Scammon's Learned's Gardner's/Bond's Nixon's Fellows' Doolittle's J. Brewer's D. Brewer's Heath's/Greaton's Woodbridge's Glover's (Marblehead) Little's Gerrish's Phinney's Sargent's 1776 "Continental" units 3rd 4th 6th 7th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 18th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 1777 "Massachusetts" units 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Other Massachusetts-relatedContinental units Continental Artillery Regiment Henley's Additional Continental Regiment Lee's Additional Continental Regiment Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment 1st American Regiment (1783–1784) Major generals Artemas Ward John Thomas William Heath Benjamin Lincoln Henry Knox John Paterson Brigadier generals Joseph Frye Ebenezer Learned John Glover John Nixon Rufus Putnam Henry Jackson Michael Jackson Benjamin Tupper Militia units Ashley's Bucks of America Bullard's Cogswell's Cushing's Gage's Gill's Holman's Johnson's Porter's vteThe Continental Army of the American Revolutionary WarDepartmentsUnitsBy State Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia By Year 1775 1776 1777–1784 Extra Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments Other units 1st Canadian 2nd Canadian Ottendorf's Corps Militia units that participated alongside Other Cavalry Units 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Armand's Pulaski's Artillery Regiments Knox's 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Events Conway Cabal Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Line Mutiny Pompton Mutiny Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Manual Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (1779) Related Board of War George Washington in the American Revolution

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"siege of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Upstate New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York"},{"link_name":"Yorktown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)"},{"link_name":"Artemas Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemas_Ward"},{"link_name":"William Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heath"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"John Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glover_(general)"},{"link_name":"John Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nixon_(Continental_Army_general)"}],"text":"The Massachusetts Line was those units within the Continental Army that were assigned to Massachusetts at various times by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. Line regiments were assigned to a particular state, which was then financially responsible for the maintenance (staffing and supplying) of the regiment. The concept of the line was also particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.[1]The size of the Massachusetts Line varied from as many as 27 active regiments (at the outset of the war) to four (at its end). For most of the war after the siege of Boston (April 1775 to March 1776) almost all of these units were deployed outside Massachusetts, serving as far north as Quebec City, as far west as present-day central Upstate New York, and as far south as Yorktown, Virginia. Massachusetts line troops were involved in most of the war's major battles north of Chesapeake Bay, and were present at the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781. General officers of the line included Major Generals Artemas Ward, William Heath, and Benjamin Lincoln, and Brigadier Generals John Glover and John Nixon.","title":"Massachusetts Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battles of Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Provincial Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress"},{"link_name":"first establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1775)"},{"link_name":"second establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1776)"},{"link_name":"third establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1777-1783)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a single regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_American_Regiment_(1783-1784)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_(Continental_Army_general)"}],"text":"The line's history began in the immediate aftermath of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, after which the Massachusetts Provincial Congress raised 27 regiments as a provincial army. These units, which were mostly organized by mid-May, were adopted into the first establishment of the Continental Army in June 1775. These units were generally referred to by the names of their colonels, and were numbered one way by the state and another by the Continental Army.At the end of 1775 the army was reorganized into its second establishment; a number of Massachusetts units were disbanded, but some were retained and others established. In the 1776 establishment regiments from the northern states identified as Continental regiments. At the end of 1776 the army was again reorganized. The third establishment restored a state-based regimental numbering scheme which was retained until the end of the war. After two major reorganizations (at the start of 1781 and 1783) the army was almost completely disbanded in November 1783, leaving a single regiment under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Continental_regiments_and_Additional_Continental_regiments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"one of these additional regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"David Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Henley"},{"link_name":"William Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heath"},{"link_name":"Joseph Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"an additional regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"John Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glover_(general)"},{"link_name":"14th Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"an additional regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Massachusetts_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"16th Massachusetts Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Massachusetts_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not all Continental infantry regiments raised were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These \"dictatorial powers\" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.[2]Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Henley of Massachusetts, who accepted. Henley had been adjutant general on the staffs of Generals William Heath and Joseph Spencer, and was briefly lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment.[3]Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to William Raymond Lee of Massachusetts, who accepted. In 1776, Lee had been the major of John Glover's famous Marblehead regiment, the 14th Continental Regiment.[4]Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Henry Jackson of Massachusetts, who accepted. These three regiments were raised in Massachusetts in the spring of 1777. Much of the recruiting for them was done in the Boston area, which until then had been unable to raise troops because of the British occupation.[5]Henley's and Lee's Regiments were consolidated into Jackson's Regiment on April 9, 1779. Jackson's Regiment was allotted to the Massachusetts Line on July 24, 1780, and officially designated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. The 16th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. Colonel Jackson remained in service until 1784, leading the last remaining regiment in the Continental Army.[6]","title":"Non-line units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Provincial Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_15-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_15-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Horatio Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Gates"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force of 13,600 men, and it called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army of 30,000 men.[7] The Massachusetts provincials were raised in the spring of 1775 and were eventually formed into twenty-six infantry regiments. Massachusetts also took responsibility for a twenty-seventh regiment, originally raised in\nNew Hampshire.[8] Massachusetts regiments had an official establishment of 599 officers and men in ten companies[9] (but five regiments had an eleventh company). The troops were enlisted to serve until December 31, 1775.[10] The commissions of all Massachusetts officers were dated May 19, 1775.[10] Subsequently, the regiments were numbered, although in Massachusetts the regiment was commonly identified by the name of its colonel.[11]The New England delegates to the Continental Congress urged that the Congress assume responsibility for the provincial troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that were blockading Boston. This was done on June 14, 1775, and these troops were designated the Continental Army.[12] George Washington was selected as commander in chief of this force, and all other Continental Army troops, the following day.[13]In an effort to weld the separate New England armies into a single \"Continental\" Army, on August 5, 1775, General Washington ordered that a board be convened to determine the rank of the regiments at Boston. The board was to consist of a brigadier general as moderator and six field officers as members. It completed its task on August 20, 1775, and reported its decision to Washington. The regiments of infantry in the Continental Army were accordingly numbered without reference to their colony of origin. There were thirty-nine \"Regiments of Foot in the Army of the United Colonies.\"[14] In General Orders, Washington often referred to his regiments by these numbers;[15] and they appear in the strength reports compiled by Adjutant General Horatio Gates.[16]","title":"1775 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton"},{"link_name":"Morristown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Parsons'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Holden_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"On November 4, 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that on January 1, 1776, the Continental Army, exclusive of artillery and extra regiments, was to consist of 27 infantry regiments. The troops were to be enlisted to serve until December 31, 1776.[62] The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 1 from Pennsylvania, 3 from New Hampshire, 16 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, and 5 from Connecticut.[63]Each regiment was to have an official establishment of 728 officers and men in eight companies.[64] The regiments were to receive numbers instead of names. For the campaign of 1776 Massachusetts was to provide the 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Continental Regiments.The reduction of the Massachusetts Line from an establishment of 16,468 officers and men in 275 companies to an establishment of 11,648 officers and men in 128 companies required a difficult reorganization.[65]The numbered Continental regiments raised in Massachusetts were widely scattered in the campaign of 1776. In April, following the British evacuation of Boston, five regiments (the 6th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 27th) were ordered to remain in Massachusetts, four of them occupying Boston. Three of these regiments (the 14th, 16th, and 27th) joined the Main Army in July. The 6th and 18th regiments joined the Northern Army in August, and never rejoined the Main Army. Of the eleven regiments that moved to New York City in April, three regiments (the 15th, 24th, and 25th) were ordered to Canada as reinforcements. One of these regiments (the 15th) rejoined the Main Army in November, and served at Trenton and Princeton. The 24th and 25th regiments, that had served in the Northern theater, also rejoined the Main Army in November, but marched directly to the army's winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Finally, the 7th Continental Regiment, which served in Parsons' Brigade, was assigned to the Highlands Department in November.[66]","title":"1776 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggles_Woodbridge"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Disbanded 1775 units","text":"The remnants of the regiments of Asa Whitcomb, James Frye, Ebenezer Bridge, Ephraim Doolittle, and Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge were disbanded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 31, 1775.[98]","title":"1776 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"During 1776, the Continental Congress gradually overcame its ideological objections to a standing army, and, on September 16, 1776, it resolved that, on January 1, 1777, the Continental Line was to consist of 88 infantry regiments, to be maintained for the duration of the war. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 4 from New York, 4 from New Jersey, 12 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 15 from Virginia, 9 from North Carolina, 6 from\nSouth Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. The quotas for states outside New England included regiments that had been on the Continental establishment earlier, but the term Continental Line was now broadened to include the lines of all the states.","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Little"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_217-76"},{"link_name":"Joseph Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Read"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_218-79"},{"link_name":"John Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glover_(general)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_218-79"},{"link_name":"Lee's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"}],"sub_title":"Disbanded 1776 units","text":"The remnant of the 12th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Moses Little, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey in February 1777.[76]The remnant of the 13th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Joseph Read, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777. However, the remnant of Peters' Company was consolidated with Bailey's Regiment and reorganized as Warren's Company; and the remnant of Walbridge's Company was consolidated with Putnam's Regiment and reorganized as Goodale's Company.[79]The remnant of the 14th Continental Regiment, under Colonel John Glover, was disbanded in eastern Pennsylvania on December 31, 1776.[79] Glover later returned to the Continental service as a general officer and commanded one of the Continental Army's Massachusetts brigades. His third in command, Major William Raymond Lee, became the colonel of Lee's Additional Continental Regiment.","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"light infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_215-116"}],"sub_title":"1778-1779 reorganization","text":"While the Main Army, that portion of Washington's army under his immediate command, was in winter quarters at Valley Forge,[117] the Congress acted to reduce the size and increase the tactical efficiency of the Continental Army. On May 27, 1778, it resolved that the number of infantry regiments be reduced from 88 to 80. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 5 from New York, 3 from New Jersey, 11 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 11 from Virginia, 6 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was unchanged.The official establishment of a regiment was reduced to 582 officers and men. Each regiment was to consist of nine rather than eight companies. The ninth company was to be a company of light infantry, and was to be kept up to strength by drafting men from the regiment's eight other companies if necessary. During the campaigning season, the light infantry companies of the regiments in a field army were to be combined into a special corps of light infantry.[118]Because the Continental Congress passed this resolve at the beginning of the campaigning season, it was nearly a year before this reorganization was completed. The reorganization of the Continental Line was finalized on March 9, 1779.[119]On July 24, 1780, Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment was officially redesignated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment.[116]","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"1781 reorganization","text":"In October 1780, the Continental Congress, in consultation with General Washington, passed resolutions providing for what would be the last reorganization of the Continental Army before its final disbandment. The Congress determined that on January 1, 1781, the Continental Line was to be reduced from 80 regiments to 50. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 2 from New Hampshire, 10 from Massachusetts, 1 from Rhode Island, 5 from Connecticut, 2 from New York, 2 from New Jersey, 6 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 5 from Maryland, 8 from Virginia, 4 from North Carolina, 2 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. In addition, 1 regiment (Colonel Moses Hazen's Canadian Regiment) was to be raised at large.[120]Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was reduced from fifteen regiments to ten. Accordingly, the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Massachusetts Regiments were disbanded on January 1, 1781.[121]The official establishment of an infantry regiment was increased to 717 officers and men. Each regiment continued to have nine companies, including a light infantry company, but the companies were made larger. For the first time, each regiment was to have a permanent recruiting party of 1 lieutenant, 1 drummer, and 1 fifer.[122] Thus, there were to be ten recruiting parties in Massachusetts to systematically find and forward recruits to the Massachusetts regiments in the field.","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"preliminary peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"}],"sub_title":"Peace negotiations","text":"The prolonged period of peace negotiations following the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, presented the Continental Congress with the dilemma of keeping up a military force until the definitive peace treaty was signed, even though the national finances were exhausted.[123] On August 7, 1782, the Continental Congress resolved that the states should reduce their lines on January 1, 1783. Each regiment retained in service was then to contain not less than 500 rank and file.[124]The preliminary peace treaty was signed on November 30, 1782.","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright211-96"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_848-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_847-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_848-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_847-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_849-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"1783 reorganization","text":"On January 1, 1783, the 9th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at West Point and the 10th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at Verplanck's Point, New York, reducing the Massachusetts Line to eight regiments.[96]Great Britain signed preliminary articles of peace with France and Spain on January 20, 1783,[125] and, on February 4, 1783, Britain announced the cessation of hostilities.[126] The Continental Congress received the text of the preliminary peace treaty on March 13, 1783,[125] and proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on April 11, 1783.[126] It ratified the preliminary peace treaty on April 15, 1783.[127]In General Orders issued at Newburgh, New York, April 18, 1783, Washington announced that the armistice would go into effect at noon, April 19, 1783 - the eighth anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord.[128]","title":"1777 establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright207_10-129"},{"link_name":"treaty of peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"Henry Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright207_10-129"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Fraunces Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were placed on furlough on June 12, 1783, and were never recalled to active duty.[129]The final treaty of peace was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. On October 18, 1783, the Continental Congress proclaimed that Continental troops on furlough were to be discharged on November 3, 1783. The Main Army, with the exception of a small observation force in the Hudson Highlands under the command of General Henry Knox, was disbanded on November 3, 1783. The disbanded units included the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Massachusetts Regiments.[130] After this date no part of the Massachusetts Line remained in the field, although the four furloughed regiments were still not formally disbanded.The Northern Army was disbanded on November 5, 1783, and the Southern Army was disbanded on November 15, 1783. On the latter date the furloughed 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were formally disbanded, and the Massachusetts Line ceased to exist.[129]New York City was evacuated by British troops on November 25, 1783.[131] The\nBritish fleet left New York City on December 4, 1783, and on the same day Washington bid farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern.[132]","title":"Demobilization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_(Continental_Army_general)"},{"link_name":"1st American Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_American_Regiment_(1783%E2%80%931784)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_216-34"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Encyclopedia,_849-127"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_Continental_Army,_216-34"}],"text":"After November 3, 1783, the Continental Line was reduced to a handful of units. These disbanded in November and December. The single regiment remaining in service after the new year began was under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson, and was known as the 1st American Regiment.[34]The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and the United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784.[127] The 1st American was disbanded at West Point, New York, on June 2, 1784.[34]","title":"First American Regiment of 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Wright, Continental Army; 98, 99fn.\n\n^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 1170-1171. Wright, Continental Army, 98-99.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 285. Wright, Continental Army; 99, 215.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 346. Wright, Continental Army, 99; 216.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 99; 215-216.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 315. Wright, Continental Army, 215-216.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 13.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 15fn.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, table, 13.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 15.\n\n^ Lesser, Sinews, 2-3. Wright, Continental Army, illustration, 31.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 23.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 25.\n\n^ Peterson, Continental Soldier, 256.\n\n^ Fitzpatrick, Writings: III:448, 465, 472, 489, 496; IV:20, 30, 39, 64.\n\n^ Force, American Archives, S4, V3; 253, 853.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 13, 15, 17, 18.\n\n^ a b Heitman, Historical Register, 9.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:535.\n\n^ a b c d e Heitman, Historical Register, 36.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XV:598.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:453-454.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:485.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:12-13.\n\n^ a b c Heitman, Historical Register, 32.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 223.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XIII:21.\n\n^ a b c d e f Heitman, Historical Register, 35.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, X:199.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 34, 378. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:587.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 221,\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:417.\n\n^ Heitman, \"Historical Register,\" 33.\n\n^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 216.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XII:753-754.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:136.\n\n^ a b Heitman, Historical Register, 33.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 221.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:484.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 203.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:1025.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:602.\n\n^ Heitman, \"Historical Register,\" 34.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 110, 243.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:480.\n\n^ a b c Heitman, Historical Register, 34.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, V:595.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 200, 295. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:97-98.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:467.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:463.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:875-876.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 32, 119.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 9, 34.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 259.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVII:798-800.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:508.\n\n^ Lesser, Sinews, 12.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:870.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:368.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 83, 246. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:521.\n\n^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XIII:817-818.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 46.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 47.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 46, 47.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 52.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-224.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 343. Wright, Continental Army, 206; 221. Washington, The Papers of George Washington: July–September 1778, 432.\n\n^ a b c d e Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 207.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 10.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 415. Wright, Continental Army; 208, 221.\n\n^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 208.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 119, 585. Wright, Continental Army; 213, 220, 222, 223.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 213.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 452. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 216-217, 223.\n\n^ a b c Wright, Continental Army, 217.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 353. Wright, Continental Army, 217.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 460. Wright, Continental Army, 217-218, 220, 223.\n\n^ a b c d Wright, Continental Army, 218.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 250. Wright, Continental Army, 218.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 429. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 223.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 204.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 481. Wright, Continental Army, 209-210.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 210.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 440. Wright, Continental Army, 203, 212, 223.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 568. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221, 222.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 219.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 81. Wright, Continental Army; 204, 221.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 205.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 259. Wright, Continental Army; 205, 219.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 206.\n\n^ a b Carrington, Battles, 276.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 110.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register, 23. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 83. Wright, Continental Army, 210.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 211.\n\n^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 312. Wright, Continental Army, 207.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 220-224.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 212, 213.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 167.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 204, 218, 219.\n\n^ Lesser, Sinews, 43.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, gives August 13, 1777 as the date on which the 2d, 8th, and 9th Massachusetts Regiments were assigned to the 4th Massachusetts Brigade. Lesser, Sinews, prints a return from July 1777 in which Learned's Brigade was stationed at Moses Creek, N.Y.\n\n^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 602.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 206, 219.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 207, 218.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 208,\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 209.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 210.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 210, 219.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 211.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 212.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 203, 212.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 205, 213.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army; 93, 214.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 215.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 119.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 126.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 146.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 157.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army; 212-214.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 158.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 171.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 176.\n\n^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 848.\n\n^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 847.\n\n^ a b Boatner, Encyclopedia, 849.\n\n^ Carrington, Battles, 658.\n\n^ a b Wright, Continental Army, 207-210.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-206.\n\n^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 356.\n\n^ Wright, Continental Army, 181.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/264px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca_(1956_film)

Tosca (1956 film)

["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

1956 Italian filmToscaDirected byCarmine GalloneWritten byGiuseppe Giacosa (libretto) Luigi Illica (libretto) Victorien Sardou (play)Produced byGiulio Fiaschi Carmine Gallone Guido Luzzatto Manlio MorelliStarringFranca Duval Franco Corelli Vito De Taranto Afro PoliCinematographyGiuseppe RotunnoEdited byNiccolò LazzariMusic byGiacomo Puccini (opera)ProductioncompanyProduzione GalloneDistributed byCEI IncomRelease date 26 August 1956 (1956-08-26) Running time110 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Tosca is a 1956 Italian musical melodrama film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Franca Duval, Afro Poli and Franco Corelli. It is based on the 1900 opera Tosca by Giacomo Puccini, which was adapted from the 1887 play by Victorien Sardou. It was made at Cinecittà in Rome. Cast Franca Duval as Floria Tosca Franco Corelli as Mario Cavaradossi Afro Poli as Baron Scarpia, chief of police Vito De Taranto  as The Sacristan Fernando Alfieri as Spoletta, police official Antonio Sacchetti as Cesare Angelotti Aldo Corelli as Sciarrone, a gendarme Dino Conti as The Jailkeeper Maria Caniglia as Tosca (singing voice) Giangiacomo Guelfi as Scarpia (singing voice) References ^ Goble p. 988 Bibliography Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. External links Tosca (1956) at IMDb vteFilms directed by Carmine Gallone Il bacio di Cirano (1913) The Naked Truth (1914) Senza colpa! (1915) Flower of Evil (1915) The Wedding March (1915) Sotto le tombe (1915) Avatar (1916) La falena (1916) Malombra (1917) The Thirteenth Man (1917) La storia di un peccato (1918) Redemption (1919) A Doll Wife (1919) The Sea of Naples (1919) On with the Motley (1920) The Faces of Love (1924) The Fiery Cavalcade (1925) The Last Days of Pompeii (1926) The City of a Thousand Delights (1927) Pawns of Passion (1928) Land Without Women (1929) Ship in Distress (1929) The Singing City (1930) City of Song (1931) My Cousin from Warsaw (1931) A Son from America (1932) Sailor's Song (1932) Going Gay (1933) My Heart Calls You (1934) Two Hearts in Waltz Time (1934) My Heart Is Calling You (1934) My Heart is Calling (1935) Casta Diva (1935) If It Were Not for Music (1935) The Divine Spark (1935) Thank You, Madame (1936) Mother Song (1937) Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal (1937) Giuseppe Verdi (1938) Marionette (1939) The Dream of Butterfly (1939) Eternal Melodies (1940) Love Me, Alfredo! (1940) Manon Lescaut (1940) Beyond Love (1940) The Secret Lover (1941) First Love (1941) The Two Orphans (1942) The Queen of Navarre (1942) Odessa in Flames (1942) Harlem (1943) Sad Loves (1943) The Song of Life (1945) Biraghin (1946) Before Him All Rome Trembled (1946) The Lady of the Camellias (1947) The Legend of Faust (1949) The Force of Destiny (1950) Night Taxi (1950) Messalina (1951) We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952) Fatal Desire (1953) Puccini (1953) Madame Butterfly (1954) House of Ricordi (1954) Casta Diva (1954) Mata Hari's Daughter (1954) Don Camillo's Last Round (1955) Michel Strogoff (1956) Tosca (1956) Carthage in Flames (1960) Don Camillo: Monsignor (1961) Carmen di Trastevere (1962) La monaca di Monza (1962) vteGiacomo PucciniList of compositionsOperas Le Villi (1884) Edgar (1889) Manon Lescaut (1893) La bohème (1896) discography Tosca (1900) discography Madama Butterfly (1904) discography La fanciulla del West (1910) La rondine (1917) Il trittico (1918) Il tabarro Suor Angelica Gianni Schicchi discography Turandot (1924) discography Arias "Torna ai felici dì" "Donna non vidi mai" "Quando me'n vo'" "E lucevan le stelle" "Recondita armonia" "Vissi d'arte" "Ch'ella mi creda" "O mio babbino caro" "In questa reggia" "Nessun dorma" "Non piangere, Liù" "Tu che di gel sei cinta" "Signore, ascolta!" "O soave fanciulla" "Che gelida manina" "Un bel dì, vedremo" Other works Messa di Gloria (1880) Film adaptations La Bohème (1926 film) Tosca (1956 film) La Bohème (1965 film) La Bohème (1988 film) La Bohème (2008 film) Tosca (2001 film) Family Jacopo Puccini (great-great-grandfather) Domenico Puccini (grandfather) Simonetta Puccini (granddaughter) Related articles Festival Puccini Giulio Ricordi Puccini Spur Villa Puccini Category Audio This article related to an Italian film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a musical drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_(film)"},{"link_name":"melodrama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama_film"},{"link_name":"Carmine Gallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Gallone"},{"link_name":"Franca Duval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Duval"},{"link_name":"Afro Poli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Poli"},{"link_name":"Franco Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Corelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"the 1887 play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tosca"},{"link_name":"Victorien Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorien_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Cinecittà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0"}],"text":"Tosca is a 1956 Italian musical melodrama film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Franca Duval, Afro Poli and Franco Corelli.[1] It is based on the 1900 opera Tosca by Giacomo Puccini, which was adapted from the 1887 play by Victorien Sardou. It was made at Cinecittà in Rome.","title":"Tosca (1956 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franca Duval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Duval"},{"link_name":"Franco Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Corelli"},{"link_name":"Afro Poli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Poli"},{"link_name":"Vito De Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vito_De_Taranto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_De_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Maria Caniglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Caniglia"},{"link_name":"Giangiacomo Guelfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giangiacomo_Guelfi"}],"text":"Franca Duval as Floria Tosca\nFranco Corelli as Mario Cavaradossi\nAfro Poli as Baron Scarpia, chief of police\nVito De Taranto [it] as The Sacristan\nFernando Alfieri as Spoletta, police official\nAntonio Sacchetti as Cesare Angelotti\nAldo Corelli as Sciarrone, a gendarme\nDino Conti as The Jailkeeper\nMaria Caniglia as Tosca (singing voice)\nGiangiacomo Guelfi as Scarpia (singing voice)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Buckingham

Vic Buckingham

["1 Career","2 Personal life","2.1 Managerial statistics","3 Managerial honours","4 References","5 External links"]

English footballer and manager (1915–1995) Vic Buckingham Buckingham in 1960Personal informationFull name Victor Frederick BuckinghamDate of birth (1915-10-23)23 October 1915Place of birth Greenwich, EnglandDate of death 26 January 1995(1995-01-26) (aged 79)Place of death Chichester, EnglandHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) Wing-halfSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1934–1935 Northfleet United 1935–1949 Tottenham Hotspur 204 (1)Managerial career1950–1951 Pegasus1951–1953 Bradford Park Avenue1953–1959 West Bromwich Albion1959–1961 Ajax1961–1964 Sheffield Wednesday1964–1965 Ajax1965–1968 Fulham1968–1969 Ethnikos Piraeus1969–1971 Barcelona1972 Sevilla1973–1975 Ethnikos Piraeus1975–1976 Olympiacos1979–1980 Rodos *Club domestic league appearances and goals Victor Frederick Buckingham (23 October 1915 – 26 January 1995) was an English football player and manager. He played for Second Division side Tottenham Hotspur. As manager he won the 1954 FA Cup final with West Bromwich Albion and finished runners-up in the First Division. He had two periods as manager of Ajax, leading the side to the Dutch Championship of 1960. In 1964, Johan Cruyff made his league debut under him. In 1971, Buckingham's Barcelona side finished as league runners-up and won the Spanish Cup. He also held manager positions with Fulham, Sheffield Wednesday and in Greece. Buckingham is considered to have been a pioneer of the footballing philosophy known as Total Football, later further developed by his protégé Johan Cruyff. Career Buckingham joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1934 and played the first season (1934–35) for Tottenham Hotspur nursery club Northfleet United. After that single season he returned to Tottenham, then playing in the Second Division, where he accumulated 230 matches as a defensive midfielder and later defender before leaving in 1949. He started his managerial career at Oxford University 1949–50. After this, he headed the joint amateur team of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, Pegasus, with which he won in 1951 the FA Amateur Cup, defeating Bishop Auckland in the final 2–1 in front of a crowd of 100,000 at Wembley Stadium, playing an "attractive push-and-run style of football where they worked hard for one another, kept it simple and passed the ball quickly". Between 1951 and 1953, he managed Bradford Park Avenue, then playing in the Third Division North of the Football, reaching upper midtable places. In 1953, he was hired at West Bromwich Albion as successor to Jesse Carver, who returned to Italy. He became the club's longest-serving post-war manager, almost leading them to the "double" in 1954 when they won the FA Cup, defeating Preston North End 3–2, and finished second in the league. In 1959, he became manager of Ajax, succeeding the Austrian Karl Humenberger in the dugout. There he won the 1959–60 Eredivisie. For personal reasons he left the club at the end of May 1960, a couple of weeks before the end of the 1960–61 season. With the only 28-year-old Keith Spurgeon, who was recommended to Ajax by the English FA, another Englishman, the sixth in the history of the club, became trainer of Ajax. He would stay until the end of the following season. Initially, it was rumored Buckingham might join Plymouth Argyle, but he ended up at Sheffield Wednesday, runners-up in the 1960–61 First Division, where he replaced Harry Catterick, who was lured to Everton two games before the end of the season. Under Buckingham's management, Sheffield Wednesday finished in sixth place in three consecutive seasons. On 9 April 1964, he was sacked from his £3,000 a year job with the club. Jack Mansell, who was suspended by Buckingham from the first team's coaching staff, replaced him as caretaker manager. Buckingham was never thought to be personally involved in the British betting scandal of 1964, which was revealed on 12 April 1964, however the club management alleged in the aftermath, that lax discipline under him may have played a role. Three of his players at Wednesday – Peter Swan, Tony Kay and David Layne – were accused of taking bribes to fix a match with Ipswich Town on 1 December 1962 and betting on their team to lose, which then lost 2–0. For the 1964–65 season he returned to Ajax. This time, the only success was the league debut of the 17-year-old Johan Cruijff in November. Poor results, including a 9–4 defeat in Rotterdam to Feijenoord, saw Ajax just three points above the relegation zone. By January 1965, Buckingham had left the club. In Amsterdam, this was the beginning of the era of Rinus Michels. In later years, Johan Cruijff would speak about Vic Buckingham and Keith Spurgeon: "They were open-minded but, tactically, you have to see where we were at that time. Football in Holland then was good but it was not really professional. They gave us some professionalism because they were much further down the road. But the tactical thinking came later with Michels. It started then." Back in England, Buckingham joined First Division side Fulham in January 1965. The club was struggling at the time and were later relegated in 1968. It is said that the purchase of Allan Clarke from Walsall was one of his best decisions in that time. With 45 goals in 86 matches until 1968, Clarke contributed to the club staying up as long as it did and after relegation he was sold for £150,000, then the record British transfer fee. After a brief stint in Greece, he was hired in 1969 by Barcelona in Spain. There, he won the Spanish Cup, the Copa del Generalísimo of 1970–71, in a 4–3 win after extra time against Valencia in the final. In the same season, Barcelona were runner up in the league, behind Valencia. They were equal on points, but Valencia prevailed due to the results of the matches against each other: Barça lost 2–0 at home and drew 1–1 away. After this season, it was once more that Rinus Michels replaced him. Amongst the stars of this Barcelona side were Joaquim Rifé, Carles Rexach, Josep Maria Fusté and Juan Manuel Asensi. In February 1972, he joined Sevilla, but was unable to avoid relegation with the club. Thereafter, he had two more engagements in Greece. When he was hired by Greek champions Olympiacos in 1975, he finished the season to 1976 in third place and did not gain an extension to his contract. His last job was with Rodos, another Greek First Division side, where he joined at the beginning of the 1979–80 season. The team was relegated at the end of the season. Personal life Buckingham was born in Greenwich, the son of Annie Elizabeth Jenkins and William George Buckingham. He was married to Lilian Emma King and had three children. He died aged 79 in Chichester, England. Managerial statistics As of match played on 26 December 2020 Team From To Record G W D L Win % Bradford Park Avenue 8 July 1951 5 July 1953 100 42 26 32 042.00 West Bromwich Albion 1 February 1953 3 June 1959 301 130 78 93 043.19 Ajax 3 June 1959 7 June 1961 76 51 13 12 067.11 Sheffield Wednesday 10 June 1961 9 April 1964 134 63 47 24 047.01 Ajax 9 April 1964 6 January 1965 28 9 5 14 032.14 Fulham 13 Αpril 1965 10 January 1968 142 45 33 64 031.69 Ethnikos Piraeus 7 July 1968 24 December 1969 39 13 11 15 033.33 Barcelona 24 December 1969 8 July 1971 65 33 16 16 050.77 Sevilla 5 March 1972 30 September 1972 16 5 5 6 031.25 Ethnikos Piraeus 2 August 1973 16 March 1975 58 28 10 20 048.28 Olympiacos 8 July 1975 24 June 1976 36 20 11 5 055.56 Rodos 19 July 1979 22 June 1980 35 5 9 21 014.29 Enosis Neon Paralimni 7 July 1982 26 December 1982 13 5 5 3 038.46 Total 1,043 449 269 325 043.05 Managerial honours West Bromwich Albion Football League First Division runner-up: 1953–54 FA Cup: 1954 FA Charity Shield: 1954 (shared with Wolverhampton Wanderers) Ajax Eredivisie: 1959–60; runner-up 1960–61 Barcelona Copa del Generalísimo: 1970–71 Primera División runner-up: 1970–71 References ^ "'Spurs. The Hall-mark of soccer". Sunday Dispatch Football Guide. London. 23 August 1936. p. vi – via Newspapers.com. ^ Andrew Ward, John Williams: "Football Nation : Sixty Years of the Beautiful Game", Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2009, p. 42. ^ a b "Vic Buckingham 1965-1968". www.fulhamfc.com. ^ "Spurgeon trainer van Ajax", De Volkskrant, 1961-05-01, p. 10 ^ Davies, John. "Wednesday sack Buckingham." Daily Mail, 10 April 1964, p. 20 ^ Netherlands 1964/65 rsssf.com ^ Donald McRae Interview: Johan Cruyff: 'Johan Cruyff: 'Everyone can play football but those values are being lost. We have to bring them back' The Guardian, 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Victor Frederick Buckingham". Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Retrieved 28 February 2022. ^ Ivan Ponting (30 January 1995). "OBITUARIES:Vic Buckingham". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. ^ "Tony Pulis at 1,000 games: Footballers are film stars now". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ "League Managers Association - VIC BUCKINGHAM". www.leaguemanagers.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vic Buckingham. If not indicated differently, club movements, league positions, results, etc. were taken from the profile page of Vic Buckingham on worldfootball.net and pages linked from there as available on 2020-03-01. Further information was taken from "Obituaries: Vic Buckingham". The Independent. 30 January 1995. Short biography from the Sheffield Wednesday archive Vic Buckingham management career statistics at Soccerbase vteFA Cup winning managers 1872: Alcock 1873: Alcock 1874: Unknown 1875: Unknown 1876: Kenrick 1877: Kenrick 1878: Kenrick 1879: Unknown 1880: Unknown 1881: Unknown 1882: Unknown 1883: Hunter 1884: Fielding 1885: Fielding 1886: Fielding 1887: Ramsay 1888: Ford 1889: Sudell 1890: Mitchell 1891: Mitchell 1892: Ford 1893: Addenbrooke 1894: Harris 1895: Ramsay 1896: Dickinson 1897: Ramsay 1898: Hallam 1899: J. Nicholson 1900: Hamer 1901: Cameron 1902: J. Nicholson 1903: Hamer 1904: Maley 1905: Ramsay 1906: Cuff 1907: Dickinson 1908: Addenbrooke 1909: Mangnall 1910: Watt 1911: O'Rourke 1912: Fairclough 1913: Ramsay 1914: Haworth 1915: J. Nicholson 1920: Ramsay 1921: McWilliam 1922: Chapman 1923: Foweraker 1924: Watt 1925: J. Nicholson 1926: Foweraker 1927: Stewart 1928: Crompton 1929: Foweraker 1930: Chapman 1931: Everiss 1932: Cunningham 1933: McIntosh 1934: Wild 1935: Walker 1936: Allison 1937: Cochrane 1938: Taylor 1939: Tinn 1946: McMillan 1947: Seed 1948: Busby 1949: Cullis 1950: Whittaker 1951: Seymour 1952: Seymour 1953: Smith 1954: Buckingham 1955: Livingstone 1956: McDowall 1957: Houghton 1958: Ridding 1959: Walker 1960: Cullis 1961: B. Nicholson 1962: B. Nicholson 1963: Busby 1964: Greenwood 1965: Shankly 1966: Catterick 1967: B. Nicholson 1968: Ashman 1969: Mercer 1970: Sexton 1971: Mee 1972: Revie 1973: Stokoe 1974: Shankly 1975: Lyall 1976: McMenemy 1977: Docherty 1978: Robson 1979: Neill 1980: Lyall 1981: Burkinshaw 1982: Burkinshaw 1983: Atkinson 1984: Kendall 1985: Atkinson 1986: Dalglish 1987: Sillett 1988: Gould 1989: Dalglish 1990: Ferguson 1991: Venables 1992: Souness 1993: Graham 1994: Ferguson 1995: Royle 1996: Ferguson 1997: Gullit 1998: Wenger 1999: Ferguson 2000: Vialli 2001: Houllier 2002: Wenger 2003: Wenger 2004: Ferguson 2005: Wenger 2006: Benítez 2007: Mourinho 2008: Redknapp 2009: Hiddink 2010: Ancelotti 2011: Mancini 2012: Di Matteo 2013: Martínez 2014: Wenger 2015: Wenger 2016: Van Gaal 2017: Wenger 2018: Conte 2019: Guardiola 2020: Arteta 2021: Rodgers 2022: Klopp 2023: Guardiola 2024: Ten Hag vteCopa del Rey winning managers 1903–14: Unknown 1915: Barnes 1916: Barnes 1917: Johnson 1918: Unknown 1919: Jáuregui 1920: Greenwell 1921: Barnes 1922: Greenwell 1923: Pentland 1924: Bloomer 1925: Poszony 1926: Kirby 1927: Emery 1928: Forns 1929: Greenwell 1930: Pentland 1931: Pentland 1932: Pentland 1933: Pentland 1934: Bru 1935: Encinas 1936: Bru 1939: Brand 1940: Caicedo 1941: Encinas 1942: Nogués 1943: Urquizu 1944: Urquizu 1945: Urquizu 1946: Quincoces 1947: Albéniz 1948: Caicedo 1949: Quincoces 1950: Iraragorri 1951: Daučík 1952: Daučík 1953: Daučík 1954: Quincoces 1955: Daučík 1956: Daučík 1957: Balmanya 1958: Albéniz 1959: Herrera 1960: Villalonga 1961: Villalonga 1962: M. Muñoz 1963: Gonzalvo 1964: Belló 1965: Bumbel 1966: Daučík 1967: Suárez 1968: Artigas 1969: Iriondo 1970: M. Muñoz 1971: Buckingham 1972: Merkel 1973: Pavić 1974: Molowny 1975: Miljanić 1976: Aragonés 1977: Iriondo 1978: Michels 1979: Pasieguito 1980: Boškov 1981: Herrera 1982: Molowny 1983: Menotti 1984: Clemente 1985: Aragonés 1986: Costa 1987: Toshack 1988: Aragonés 1989: Beenhakker 1990: Cruyff 1991: Ovejero 1992: Aragonés 1993: Floro 1994: Fernández 1995: Iglesias 1996: Antić 1997: Robson 1998: Van Gaal 1999: Ranieri 2000: Flores 2001: Costa 2002: Irureta 2003: Manzano 2004: V. Muñoz 2005: Ferrer 2006: Lotina 2007: Ramos 2008: Koeman 2009: Guardiola 2010: Álvarez 2011: Mourinho 2012: Guardiola 2013: Simeone 2014: Ancelotti 2015: Luis Enrique 2016: Luis Enrique 2017: Luis Enrique 2018: Valverde 2019: Marcelino 2020: Alguacil 2021: Koeman 2022: Pellegrini 2023: Ancelotti 2024: Valverde vteEredivisie winning managers 1957: Humenberger 1958: Gruber 1959: Neville 1960: Buckingham 1961: Sobotka 1962: Fuchs 1963: Appel 1964: Talbot 1965: Kment 1966: Michels 1967: Kment 1968: Michels 1969: Michels 1970: Michels 1971: Happel 1972: Kovács 1973: Kovács 1974: Coerver 1975: Rijvers 1976: Rijvers 1977: Ivić 1978: Rijvers 1979: Brom 1980: Beenhakker 1981: Keßler 1982: Linder 1983: De Mos 1984: Libregts 1985: De Mos 1986: Reker 1987: Hiddink 1988: Hiddink 1989: Hiddink 1990: Beenhakker 1991: Robson 1992: Robson 1993: Van Hanegem 1994: Van Gaal 1995: Van Gaal 1996: Van Gaal 1997: Advocaat 1998: Olsen 1999: Beenhakker 2000: Gerets 2001: Gerets 2002: Koeman 2003: Hiddink 2004: Koeman 2005: Hiddink 2006: Hiddink 2007: Koeman 2008: Vergoossen 2009: Van Gaal 2010: McClaren 2011: De Boer 2012: De Boer 2013: De Boer 2014: De Boer 2015: Cocu 2016: Cocu 2017: Van Bronckhorst 2018: Cocu 2019: Ten Hag 2020: None 2021: Ten Hag 2022: Ten Hag 2023: Slot 2024: Bosz Vic Buckingham managerial positions vteBradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. – managers Halliday (1907–08) Maley (1911–24) O'Rourke (1924–25) Ingram (1925–34) Hardy (1934–36) Steele (1936–43) Buckingham (1951–53) Kirkman (1953–54) Breedon (1955) Corkhill (1956) Scoular (1960–64) McCalman (1968) Brown (1968–69) McCalman (1969–70) Leighton (1970–73) Mackay (1989–93) Rayner (1993–97) Storton (1997–2004) Shutt (2004–05) Brook (2005–06) Sharpe (2006–07) Phillips (2007–08) Cameron (2008) Marsh and Stokes (2008) Deacey (2008–09) Sinnott (2009) Deacey (2009–10) Collins (2010) Deacey (2010–15) Drury (2015–16) Edmondson (2016) Meechan (2016) Bower (2016–19) Thompson (2019) Bower (2019–23) Whitaker (2023–) vteWest Bromwich Albion F.C. – managers Ford (1890–92) Jackson (1892–94) Stephenson (1894–95) Keys (1895–96) Heaven (1896–1902) Everiss (1902–48) J. Smith (1948–52) Carver (1952–53) Buckingham (1953–59) Clark (1959–61) Macaulay (1961–63) Hagan (1963–67) Ashman (1967–71) Howe (1971–75) Whitehousec (1975) Giles (1975–77) Allen (1977) Wilec (1977–78) Atkinson (1978–81) Allen (1981–82) Wylie (1982–84) Giles (1984–85) Stiles (1985–86) Saunders (1986–87) Atkinson (1987–88) Talbot (1988–91) S. Pearsonc (1991) Gould (1991–92) Ardiles (1992–93) Burkinshaw (1993–94) Buckley (1994–97) Mannc (1997) Harford (1997) Barkerc (1997) Trewickc (1997) D. Smith (1997–99) Gorman & Regisc (1999) Little (1999–2000) Evans & Regisc (2000) Megson (2000–04) Burrowsc (2004) Robson (2004–06) N. Pearsonc (2006) Shakespearec (2006) Mowbray (2006–09) Di Matteo (2009–11) Appletonc (2011) Hodgson (2011–12) Clarke (2012–13) Downingc (2013–14) Mel (2014) Irvine (2014) Kellyc (2014–15) Pulis (2015–17) Megsonc (2017) Pardew (2017–18) Moore (2018–19) Shanc (2019) Bilić (2019–20) Allardyce (2020–21) Ismaël (2021–22) Bruce (2022) Bealec (2022) Corberán (2022–) (c) = caretaker manager vteAFC Ajax – managers Kirwan (1910–15) Reynolds (1915–25) Rose (1925–26) Castle (1927–28) Reynolds (1928–40) Distelbrink (a.i.) (1940) Halpern (1940–41) Volkers (1941–42) Van Kol (1942–45) Reynolds (1945–47) Smith (1947–48) Crook (1948–50) Thomson (1950–53) Stejskal (a.i.) (1953) Crook (1953–54) Humenberger (1954–59) Buckingham (1959–61) Spurgeon (1961–62) Gruber (1962–63) Rowley (1963–64) Buckingham (1964–65) Michels (1965–71) Kovács (1971–73) Knobel (1973–74) Haarms (a.i.) (1974) Kraay (1974–75) Michels (1975–76) Ivić (1976–78) Brom (1978–79) Beenhakker (1979–81) De Mos (1981) Linder (1981–82) De Mos (1982–85) Kohn, Bruins Slot & Van der Hart (1985) Cruijff (1985–88) Kohn (1988) Linder (1988) Kohn, Haarms & Hulshoff (1988–89) Beenhakker (1989–91) Van Gaal (1991–97) Olsen (1997–98) Wouters (1998–2000) Westerhof (2000) Adriaanse (2000–01) Koeman (2001–05) Blind (2005–06) Ten Cate (2006–07) Koster (2007–08) Van Basten (2008–09) Van 't Schip (a.i.) (2009) Jol (2009–10) De Boer (2010–16) Bosz (2016–17) Keizer (2017) Reiziger (a.i.) (2017) Ten Hag (2017–22) Schreuder (2022–23) Heitinga (2023) Steijn (2023) Maduro (a.i.) (2023) Van 't Schip (a.i.) (2023–24) Farioli (2024–) vteSheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers Dickinson (1891–1920) R. Brown (1920–33) Walker (1933–37) McMullan (1937–42) Taylor (1942–58) Catterick (1958–61) Buckingham (1961–64) A. Brown (1964–68) Marshall (1968–69) Williams (1969–71) Dooley (1971–73) Burtenshaw (1974–75) McAnearneyc (1975) Ashurst (1975–77) Charlton (1977–83) Settersc (1983) Wilkinson (1983–88) Eustace (1988–89) Atkinson (1989–91) Francis (1991–95) Pleat (1995–97) Shreevesc (1997) Atkinson (1997–98) Wilson (1998–2000) Shreevesc (2000) Jewell (2000–01) Shreeves (2001) Yorath (2001–02) Greenc (2002) Turner (2002–04) Smithc (2004) Sturrock (2004–06) McAuleyc (2006) Laws (2006–09) McAuleyc (2009–10) Irvine (2010–11) Megson (2011–12) Jones (2012–13) Gray (2013–15) Carvalhal (2015–17) Bullenc (2017–18) Luhukay (2018) Bullenc (2018–19) Agnew & Clemencec (2019) Bruce (2019) Bullenc (2019) Monk (2019–20) Pulis (2020) Thompsonc (2020–2021) Moore (2021–23) Muñoz (2023) Thompsonc (2023) Röhl (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFulham F.C. – managers H. Bradshaw (1904–09) Kelso (1909–24) Ducat (1924–26) J. Bradshaw (1926–29) Liddle (1929–31) McIntyre (1931–34) Edelstonc (1934) Hogan (1934) Edelstonc (1934–35) Peart (1935–48) Osborne (1948–49) Dodgin, Sr. (1949–53) Osborne (1953–56) Livingstone (1956–58) Jezzard (1958–64) Buckingham (1965–68) Robson (1968) Haynesc (1968) Dodgin, Jr. (1969–72) Stock (1972–76) Campbell (1976–80) Macdonald (1980–84) Harford (1984–86) Lewington (1986–90) Dicks (1990–91) Mackay (1991–94) Branfoot (1994–96) Adams (1996–97) Wilkins (1997–98) Keegan (1998–99) Bracewell (1999–2000) Riedlec (2000) Tigana (2000–03) Coleman (2003–07) Sanchez (2007) Lewingtonc (2007) Hodgson (2007–10) Lewingtonc (2010) Hughes (2010–11) Jol (2011–13) Meulensteen (2013–14) Magath (2014) Symons (2014–15) Grantc (2015) Grayc (2015) Jokanović (2015–18) Ranieri (2018–19) Parker (2019–21) Silva (2021–) (c) = caretaker manager vteEthnikos Piraeus F.C. – managers Trevisan (1959–60) Aurednik (1962–63) Markovic (1967–68) Buckingham (1968–69) Zeković (1969–70) Eggleston (1970–71) Mortimore (1971–73) Buckingham (1973–75) Tsakosc (1975) Antonatosc (1976) Mariani (1976–77) Antonatosc (1977) Birch (1977–79) Chatziioannidisc (1979) Blunstone (1979–80) Chatziioannidisc (1980) Sasía (1980) Houghton (1980) Höher (1980) Manolov (1981) Stribelis (1981–82) Dicks (1982–83) Vasović (1983) Antonatosc (1983) Górski (1983–85) Barker (1985–86) Packert (1986–88) Georgiadis (1988–89) Packert (1989) Houwaart (1989–90) Skocik (1991) Antonatos (1991–92) Petropoulos (1992) Starovlah (1994) Kyrastas (1994–95) Tsagalidis (1995) Gmoch (1995–96) Chatziioannidisc (1996) Zahnleiter (1996) Pathiakakis (1997) Stathopoulos (1997) Veselinović (1997–98) Alefantos (1998) Ioakimidis (1998) Papachristou (1998) Georgamlisc (1998) Kendall (1998–99) Alexopoulos (1999) Bonić (1999) Stathopoulos (1999) Tomarasc (1999) Babović (1999–2000) Alexopoulosc (2000) Theofanis (2000–01) Moutasc (2001) Papadakis (2001) Meidanis (2001) Zikos (2001) Kostikos (2001–02) Meidanis (2002) Seitaridis (2002) Katsikogiannis (2002) Meidanis (2002) Katsikogiannis (2002–03) Gaitatzis (2004) Eleftheriadisc (2004) Goulis (2004–06) Georgamlis (2006) Dreliasc (2006) Goulis (2007–08) Topoliatisc (2008) Manikas (2008) Eurico Gomes (2008–09) Grigoriou (2009–10) Goulis (2010) Dimosc (2010) Pantelidis (2010–11) Tsirimokos (2011) Pantelis (2011) Arnaoutis (2012) Chatzialexis (2012–14) Georgoulis (2014–17) Nentidis (2017–18) Kourbanas (2018) Karadimos (2018–19) Goulis (2019) Terezopoulos (2019) Seropian (2019–21) Konstantakopoulos (2021) Kalyvas (2021–22) Dimitriou (2022) Kalyvas (2022) Tzoumerkiotis (2022) Chantes (2022–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFC Barcelona – managers Lambe (1912) Barron (1912) Alderson (1913) Greenwell (1913–23) Spouncer (1923–24) Poszony (1924) Kirby (1924–26) Domby (1926–27) Forns (1927–29) Bellamy (1929–31) Greenwell (1931–33) Domby (1933–34) Plattkó (1934–35) O'Connell (1935–40) Planas (1940–41) Guzmán (1941–42) Nogués (1942–44) Samitier (1944–47) Fernández (1947–50) Llorens (1950) Daučík (1950–54) Puppo (1954–55) Plattkó (1955–56) Balmanya (1956–58) Herrera (1958–60) Rabassa (1960) Broćić (1960–61) Orizaola (1961) Miró (1961) Kubala (1961–63) Gonzalvo (1963) Rodríguez (1963–64) Sasot (1964–65) Olsen (1965–67) Artigas (1967–69) Seguerc (1969) Buckingham (1969–71) Michels (1971–75) Weisweiler (1975–76) Ruizc (1976) Michels (1976–78) Muller (1978–79) Rifé (1979–80) Herrera (1980) Kubala (1980) Herrera (1980–81) Lattek (1981–83) Romeroc (1983) Menotti (1983–84) Venables (1984–87) Aragonés (1987–88) Cruijff (1988–91) Rexachc (1991) Cruijff (1991–96) Robson (1996–97) Van Gaal (1997–2000) Serra Ferrer (2000–01) Rexach (2001–02) Van Gaal (2002–03) De la Cruzc (2003) Antić (2003) Rijkaard (2003–08) Guardiola (2008–12) Vilanova (2012–13) Rourac (2012–13) Martino (2013–14) Luis Enrique (2014–17) Valverde (2017–20) Setién (2020) Koeman (2020–21) Barjuánc (2021) Xavi (2021–24) Flick (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteSevilla FC – managers Valenzuela (1908–10) Eizaguirre (1910–17) Brand (1917–21) Ostos (1921–23) O'Hagan (1923–24) Villagrán (1924–27) Hertzka (1927–30) Quirante (1930–33) Encinas (1933–36) Brand (1939–41) Santos (1941–42) Brand (1942) O'Connell (1942–45) Encinas (1945–47) Caicedo (1947–48) Encinas (1948–49) Campanal (1949–53) Herrera (1953–56) Campanal (1957) Grech (1957) Villalonga (1957–58) Kálmár (1958) Ipiña (1958–59) Campanal (1959) Encinas (1959) Miró (1959–61) Villalonga (1961) Barrios (1961–63) Busto (1963) Bumbel (1963–64) Daučík (1964–65) Eizaguirre (1965–66) Arza (1966) Barinaga (1966) Arza (1966–67) Barrios (1967) Arza (1967–69) Merkel (1969–71) Villalonga (1971) Georgiadis (1971–1972) Villalonga (1972) Buckingham (1972) Arza (1972–73) Artigas (1973) Happel (1973–74) Bedoya & Buqué (1974) Olsen (1974–76) Carriega (1976–79) Muñoz (1979–81) Cardo (1981–86) Wallace (1986–87) Azkargorta (1987–89) Ortega (1989) Olsen (1989) Cantatore (1989–91) Espárrago (1991–92) Bilardo (1992–93) Aragonés (1993–95) Toni (1995) Juan Carlos (1995–96) Camacho (1996–97) Bilardo (1997) Rubio (1997) Miera (1997) Juan Carlos (1997–98) Castro Santos (1998–99) Alonso (1999–2000) Juan Carlos (2000) Caparrós (2000–05) Ramos (2005–07) Jiménez (2007–10) Álvarez (2010) Manzano (2010–11) Marcelino (2011–12) Míchel (2012–13) Emery (2013–16) Sampaoli (2016–17) Berizzo (2017) Montella (2017–18) Caparrósc (2018) Machín (2018–19) Caparrósc (2019) Lopetegui (2019–22) Sampaoli (2022–23) Mendilibar (2023) Alonso (2023) Flores (2023–24) Gª Pimienta (2024–) vteOlympiacos F.C. – managers Andrianopoulos (1925–27) Kopřiva (1927–30) Kovács (1930–32) Esser (1932–33) Kopřiva (1933–34) Pispaloou (1934–35) Panopoulos (1935–36) Kopsiva (1936–37) Lantz (1937–38) Esser (1938–1941) Asderis (1945–47) Symeonidis (1948–50) V. Chelmis (1950–53) Symeonidis (1953–55) Negrepontis (1955) G. Chelmis (1956) Dragićević (1956–57) Kemény (1957–58) Vale (1958–60) Simonovski (1960–62) Chatzistavridis (1962) G. Chelmis (1962–63) Dolgos (1963–64) Cserna (1964–65) Bukovi (1965–67) Kinley (1967–68) Spajić (1968–69) Bebisc (1969) Bobek (1969–70) Yfantisc (1970) Georgiadis (1970–71) Darivasc (1971) Petropoulosc (1971) Ashman (1972) Petropoulos (1972–75) Darivas (1975) Buckingham (1975–76) Darivas (1976) Shannon (1976–77) Veselinović (1977–80) Górski (1980–81) Senekowitsch (1981) Panagoulias (1981–83) Górski (1983) Höher (1983) Bebisc (1983) Alefantos (1983–84) Bebisc (1984) Keßler (1984–85) Bebisc (1985) Georgiadis (1985–86) Panagoulias (1986–87) Grigoriadisc (1987) Libregts (1987–88) Grigoriadisc (1988) Gmoch (1988–89) Papamalisc (1989) Gounarisc (1989) Papapostolou (1989) Komora (1989–90) Blokhin (1990–93) Georgiadis (1993) Filisc (1993) Petrović (1993) Polychroniou (1993–94) Alefantos (1994) Gioutsosc (1994) Libregts (1994–95) Diamantopoulos (1995–96) Persias (1996) Bajević (1996–99) Bigon (1999–00) Mantzourakis (2000) Lemonis (2000–02) Kolliasc (2002) Katanec (2002–03) Protasov (2003–04) Gogićc (2004) Alefantos (2004) Bajević (2004–05) Sollied (2005–06) Lemonis (2006–08) Segurac (2008) Valverde (2008–09) Ketsbaia (2009) Bandovićc (2009) Zico (2009–10) Bandovićc (2010) Lienen (2010) Valverde (2010–12) Jardim (2012–13) Nikopolidisc (2013) Míchel (2013–15) Pereira (2015) Silva (2015–16) Víctor (2016) Bento (2016–17) Vouzasc (2017) Lemonis (2017–18) García (2018) Kontisc (2018) Martins (2018–22) Corberán (2022) Míchel (2022–23) Anigoc (2023) Martínez (2023) Carvalhal (2023–24) Mendilibar (2024–) (c) = Caretaker Manager

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"1954 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Dutch Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spanish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Total Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Football"}],"text":"Victor Frederick Buckingham (23 October 1915 – 26 January 1995) was an English football player and manager.He played for Second Division side Tottenham Hotspur. As manager he won the 1954 FA Cup final with West Bromwich Albion and finished runners-up in the First Division. He had two periods as manager of Ajax, leading the side to the Dutch Championship of 1960. In 1964, Johan Cruyff made his league debut under him.In 1971, Buckingham's Barcelona side finished as league runners-up and won the Spanish Cup. He also held manager positions with Fulham, Sheffield Wednesday and in Greece. Buckingham is considered to have been a pioneer of the footballing philosophy known as Total Football, later further developed by his protégé Johan Cruyff.","title":"Vic Buckingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bishop Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"push-and-run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_and_run"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bradford Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_(Park_Avenue)_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jesse Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Carver"},{"link_name":"double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"second in the league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcf-3"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Karl Humenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Humenberger"},{"link_name":"1959–60 Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Keith Spurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Spurgeon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harry Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Catterick"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jack Mansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mansell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British betting scandal of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_British_football_match-fixing_scandal"},{"link_name":"Peter Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Swan_(footballer,_born_1936)"},{"link_name":"Tony Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kay"},{"link_name":"David Layne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Layne"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1964–65 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruijff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruijff"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Feijenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rinus Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_Michels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Allan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Clarke_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcf-3"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo of 1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"runner up in the league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Rinus Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_Michels"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Rifé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Rif%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Carles Rexach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Rexach"},{"link_name":"Josep Maria Fusté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Maria_Fust%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Asensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Asensi"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rodos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.E._Rodos"}],"text":"Buckingham joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1934 and played the first season (1934–35) for Tottenham Hotspur nursery club Northfleet United. After that single season he returned to Tottenham, then playing in the Second Division, where he accumulated 230 matches as a defensive midfielder and later defender before leaving in 1949.He started his managerial career at Oxford University 1949–50. After this, he headed the joint amateur team of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, Pegasus, with which he won in 1951 the FA Amateur Cup, defeating Bishop Auckland in the final 2–1 in front of a crowd of 100,000 at Wembley Stadium, playing an \"attractive push-and-run style of football where they worked hard for one another, kept it simple and passed the ball quickly\".[2]Between 1951 and 1953, he managed Bradford Park Avenue, then playing in the Third Division North of the Football, reaching upper midtable places.In 1953, he was hired at West Bromwich Albion as successor to Jesse Carver, who returned to Italy. He became the club's longest-serving post-war manager, almost leading them to the \"double\" in 1954 when they won the FA Cup, defeating Preston North End 3–2, and finished second in the league.[3]In 1959, he became manager of Ajax, succeeding the Austrian Karl Humenberger in the dugout. There he won the 1959–60 Eredivisie. For personal reasons he left the club at the end of May 1960, a couple of weeks before the end of the 1960–61 season. With the only 28-year-old Keith Spurgeon, who was recommended to Ajax by the English FA, another Englishman, the sixth in the history of the club, became trainer of Ajax.[4] He would stay until the end of the following season.Initially, it was rumored Buckingham might join Plymouth Argyle, but he ended up at Sheffield Wednesday, runners-up in the 1960–61 First Division, where he replaced Harry Catterick, who was lured to Everton two games before the end of the season. Under Buckingham's management, Sheffield Wednesday finished in sixth place in three consecutive seasons. On 9 April 1964, he was sacked from his £3,000 a year job with the club. Jack Mansell, who was suspended by Buckingham from the first team's coaching staff, replaced him as caretaker manager.[5]Buckingham was never thought to be personally involved in the British betting scandal of 1964, which was revealed on 12 April 1964, however the club management alleged in the aftermath, that lax discipline under him may have played a role. Three of his players at Wednesday – Peter Swan, Tony Kay and David Layne – were accused of taking bribes to fix a match with Ipswich Town on 1 December 1962 and betting on their team to lose, which then lost 2–0.[citation needed]For the 1964–65 season he returned to Ajax. This time, the only success was the league debut of the 17-year-old Johan Cruijff in November. Poor results, including a 9–4 defeat in Rotterdam to Feijenoord, saw Ajax just three points above the relegation zone.[6] By January 1965, Buckingham had left the club. In Amsterdam, this was the beginning of the era of Rinus Michels.In later years, Johan Cruijff would speak about Vic Buckingham and Keith Spurgeon:\"They were open-minded but, tactically, you have to see where we were at that time. Football in Holland then was good but it was not really professional. They gave us some professionalism because they were much further down the road. But the tactical thinking came later with Michels. It started then.\"[7]Back in England, Buckingham joined First Division side Fulham in January 1965. The club was struggling at the time and were later relegated in 1968. It is said that the purchase of Allan Clarke from Walsall was one of his best decisions in that time. With 45 goals in 86 matches until 1968, Clarke contributed to the club staying up as long as it did and after relegation he was sold for £150,000, then the record British transfer fee.[3]After a brief stint in Greece, he was hired in 1969 by Barcelona in Spain. There, he won the Spanish Cup, the Copa del Generalísimo of 1970–71, in a 4–3 win after extra time against Valencia in the final. In the same season, Barcelona were runner up in the league, behind Valencia. They were equal on points, but Valencia prevailed due to the results of the matches against each other: Barça lost 2–0 at home and drew 1–1 away. After this season, it was once more that Rinus Michels replaced him. Amongst the stars of this Barcelona side were Joaquim Rifé, Carles Rexach, Josep Maria Fusté and Juan Manuel Asensi.In February 1972, he joined Sevilla, but was unable to avoid relegation with the club. Thereafter, he had two more engagements in Greece. When he was hired by Greek champions Olympiacos in 1975, he finished the season to 1976 in third place and did not gain an extension to his contract. His last job was with Rodos, another Greek First Division side, where he joined at the beginning of the 1979–80 season. The team was relegated at the end of the season.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AK-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AK-8"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Buckingham was born in Greenwich, the son of Annie Elizabeth Jenkins and William George Buckingham.[8] He was married to Lilian Emma King and had three children.[8] He died aged 79 in Chichester, England.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Managerial statistics","text":"As of match played on 26 December 2020[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Football_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_La_Liga"}],"text":"West Bromwich AlbionFootball League First Division runner-up: 1953–54\nFA Cup: 1954[11]\nFA Charity Shield: 1954 (shared with Wolverhampton Wanderers)AjaxEredivisie: 1959–60; runner-up 1960–61BarcelonaCopa del Generalísimo: 1970–71\nPrimera División runner-up: 1970–71","title":"Managerial honours"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csopak

Csopak

["1 Economy","2 Twin towns – sister cities","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 46°58′42″N 17°55′08″E / 46.97829°N 17.91877°E / 46.97829; 17.91877You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (September 2010) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hungarian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|hu|Csopak}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Place in Veszprém, HungaryCsopakAerial view of Csopak FlagCoat of armsCsopakLocation of CsopakCoordinates: 46°58′42″N 17°55′08″E / 46.97829°N 17.91877°E / 46.97829; 17.91877Country HungaryCountyVeszprémArea • Total23.98 km2 (9.26 sq mi)Population (2017) • Total1,752Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8229Area code87Websitehttps://csopak.hu/ Csopak is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary at Lake Balaton. There is a beach in the village. Economy Csopak is famous for its wine, usually and traditionally made of olaszrizling: since July 2020, Csopak or Csopaki wine has become a European protected designation of origin (PDO). For folklore and tourism purposes, the wine days are celebrated each year in August. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary Csopak is twinned with: Kavarna, Bulgaria Myślenice, Poland Ortovero, Italy Sovata, Romania References ^ Csopak, KSH ^ "Testvérvárosi 2018 Program" (PDF). csopak.hu (in Hungarian). Csopak. 2018. Retrieved 2021-04-09. External links Photos of Csopak vteTowns and villages of Balatonfüred DistrictTown (1) Balatonfüred (district seat) Villages (21) Alsóörs Aszófő Balatonakali Balatoncsicsó Balatonszepezd Balatonszőlős Balatonudvari Csopak Dörgicse Lovas Monoszló Óbudavár Örvényes Paloznak Pécsely Szentantalfa Szentjakabfa Tagyon Tihany Vászoly Zánka vteVeszprém CountyCity with county rights Veszprém (county seat) Towns Ajka Badacsonytomaj Balatonalmádi Balatonfüred Balatonfűzfő Balatonkenese Berhida Devecser Herend Pápa Sümeg Tapolca Várpalota Zirc Large villages Pétfürdő Révfülöp Villages Ábrahámhegy Adásztevel Adorjánháza Alsóörs Apácatorna Aszófő Badacsonytördemic Bakonybél Bakonyjákó Bakonykoppány Bakonynána Bakonyoszlop Bakonypölöske Bakonyság Bakonyszentiván Bakonyszentkirály Bakonyszücs Bakonytamási Balatonakali Balatonakarattya Balatoncsicsó Balatonederics Balatonfőkajár Balatonhenye Balatonrendes Balatonszepezd Balatonszőlős Balatonudvari Balatonvilágos Bánd Barnag Bazsi Béb Békás Bodorfa Borszörcsök Borzavár Csabrendek Csajág Csehbánya Csesznek Csetény Csögle Csopak Csót Dabronc Dabrony Dáka Doba Döbrönte Dörgicse Dudar Egeralja Egyházaskesző Eplény Farkasgyepű Felsőörs Ganna Gecse Gic Gógánfa Gyepükaján Gyulakeszi Hajmáskér Halimba Hárskút Hegyesd Hegymagas Hetyefő Hidegkút Homokbödöge Hosztót Iszkáz Jásd Kamond Kapolcs Karakószörcsök Káptalanfa Káptalantóti Kékkút Kemeneshőgyész Kemenesszentpéter Kerta Királyszentistván Kisapáti Kisberzseny Kiscsősz Kislőd Kispirit Kisszőlős Kolontár Köveskál Kővágóörs Külsővat Küngös Kup Lesencefalu Lesenceistvánd Lesencetomaj Litér Lókút Lovas Lovászpatona Magyargencs Magyarpolány Malomsok Marcalgergelyi Marcaltő Márkó Megyer Mencshely Mezőlak Mihályháza Mindszentkálla Monostorapáti Monoszló Nagyacsád Nagyalásony Nagydém Nagyesztergár Nagygyimót Nagypirit Nagytevel Nagyvázsony Nemesgörzsöny Nemesgulács Nemeshany Nemesszalók Nemesvámos Nemesvita Németbánya Nóráp Noszlop Nyárád Nyirád Olaszfalu Óbudavár Öcs Oroszi Örvényes Öskü Ősi Paloznak Pápadereske Pápakovácsi Pápasalamon Pápateszér Papkeszi Pécsely Pénzesgyőr Porva Pula Pusztamiske Raposka Rigács Salföld Sáska Somlójenő Somlószőlős Somlóvásárhely Somlóvecse Sóly Sümegprága Szápár Szentantalfa Szentbékkálla Szentgál Szentimrefalva Szentjakabfa Szentkirályszabadja Szigliget Szőc Tagyon Takácsi Taliándörögd Tés Tihany Tótvázsony Tüskevár Ugod Ukk Úrkút Uzsa Vanyola Várkesző Városlőd Várpalota Vaszar Vászoly Veszprémfajsz Veszprémgalsa Vid Vigántpetend Vilonya Vinár Vöröstó Zalaerdőd Zalagyömörő Zalahaláp Zalameggyes Zalaszegvár Zánka Other topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Tourism vteHungary's most flowery settlementsTownsand cities Budapest (1989) Kecskemét (1990) Eger (1991) Veszprém (1992) Balatonföldvár (1993) Sárvár (1994) Székesfehérvár (1995) Siófok (1996) Hévíz (1997) Tata (1998) Sárospatak (1999) Győr (2000) Paks (2001) Zalakaros (2002) Kaposvár (2003) Makó (2004) Nagyatád (2005) Eger (2006) Gyula (2007) Szombathely (2008) Sopron (2009) Balatonfüred (2010) Százhalombatta (2011) Hévíz (2012) Gyula (2013) Siófok (2014) Mosonmagyaróvár (2015) Kaposvár (2016) Villages Balatongyörök (1989) Császártöltés (1990) Noszvaj (1991) Szigliget (1992) Kecskéd (1993) Ozora (1994) Pácsony (1995) Pusztamérges (1996) Csemő (1997) Bük (1998) Dombrád (1999) Velence (2000) Géderlak (2001) Ivánc (2002) Balatonszárszó (2003) Ruzsa (2004) Orfű (2005) Noszvaj (2006) Tápiógyörgye (2007) Gelse (2008) Lipót (2009) Paloznak (2010) Lövő (2011) Csopak (2012) Zebegény (2013) Balatongyörök (2014) Dunakiliti (2015) Tihany (2016) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This Veszprém county location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veszprém county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m_(county)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Lake Balaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balaton"}],"text":"Place in Veszprém, HungaryCsopak is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary at Lake Balaton. There is a beach in the village.","title":"Csopak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"olaszrizling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaszrizling"}],"text":"Csopak is famous for its wine, usually and traditionally made of olaszrizling: since July 2020, Csopak or Csopaki wine has become a European protected designation of origin (PDO). For folklore and tourism purposes, the wine days are celebrated each year in August.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%ADszk%C3%BAt.jpg"},{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Myślenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_My%C5%9Blenice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ortovero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortovero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Sovata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovata"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in HungaryCsopak is twinned with:[2]Kavarna, Bulgaria\n Myślenice, Poland\n Ortovero, Italy\n Sovata, Romania","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAbdisho%CA%BF_bar_Brikha

Abdisho bar Berika

["1 Works","2 References"]

Church of the East bishop (died 1318) Abdisho bar Berika or Ebedjesu (Classical Syriac: ܥܒܕܝܫܘܥ ܕܨܘܒܐ) (died 1318), also known as Mar Odisho or St. Odisho in English, was a Syriac writer. He was born in Nusaybin. Abdisho was first bishop of Shiggar (Sinjar) and the province of Bet 'Arbaye (Arbayestan) around 1285 and from before 1291 metropolitan of Nisibis and Armenia. He was the author of the Marganitha (The Book of the Jewel), one of the most important ecclesiastical texts of the Assyrian Church of the East, a kind of theological encyclopaedia. He wrote biblical commentaries in Syriac, as well as polemical treatises against heresy and dogmatic and legal writings. He also wrote texts in metrical form including an author catalogue, which an important role in Syrian literary history . Works The "book of the jewel" or Marganitha (1298) Catalogue of biblical and ecclesiastical books. Paradise of Eden. References ^ Zammit, Martin. 'Enbe men Karmo Suryoyo (Bunches of Grapes from the Syriac Vineyard). ^ Earl, George (1944). History of the Christian Arabic literature. Vol. 1. ^ Lavenant, René (1919). Abdīšō Berika bar. Vol. 3. ^ Baumstark, Anton (1922). History of Syriac literature with exclusion of the Palestinian Christian texts. p. 632. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Daniel_Sullivan

Timothy Daniel Sullivan

["1 Politician","2 Publicist","3 Family","4 References","5 Further reading","6 Notes","7 External links"]

Irish nationalist, journalist, politician and poet For other people named Timothy Sullivan, see Timothy Sullivan (disambiguation). Timothy Daniel SullivanLord Mayor of DublinIn office4 July 1886 – 15 July 1888Preceded byJohn O'ConnorSucceeded byThomas SextonMP for West DonegalIn office7 July 1892 – 25 October 1900Preceded byJames Joseph DaltonSucceeded byJames BoyleMP for Dublin College GreenIn office1 December 1885 – 5 July 1892Preceded byNew officeSucceeded byJoseph Edward KennyMP for WestmeathIn office1 April 1880 – 25 November 1885Preceded byPatrick James SmythLord Robert MontaguSucceeded byOffice abolished Personal detailsBornTimothy Daniel Sullivan(1827-05-29)29 May 1827Bantry, County Cork, IrelandDied14 March 1914(1914-03-14) (aged 86)Dublin, IrelandPolitical partyIrish Parliamentary PartySpouse(s)Catherine (Kate) Healy(m. 1856; d. 1914)RelationsAlexander Martin Sullivan (Brother)Kevin O'Higgins (Grandson)Tom O'Higgins (Great-Grandson)Michael O'Higgins (Brother-in-law)Tim Healy (Brother-in-law)Children3Alma materTrinity College Dublin Timothy Daniel Sullivan (29 May 1827 – 31 March 1914) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, politician and poet who wrote the Irish national hymn "God Save Ireland", in 1867. He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1886 to 1888 and a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1900. Politician Sullivan was a member of the Home Rule League, supporting Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880 general election, being "convinced that without self-government there could never be peace, prosperity or contentment in Ireland". He joined the Irish Parliamentary Party when it was established in 1882. When the party split in 1891, he became an Anti-Parnellite until the Nationalist factions were reunited in 1900. Sullivan represented a number of constituencies in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was elected as an MP for Westmeath in 1880 and served until 1885. In 1885, he was elected to the newly created constituency of Dublin College Green. He joined the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation in 1891, and was defeated by a Parnellite in the 1892 general election. Four days later he was returned unopposed for West Donegal which he represented until he retired in 1900. He was Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1886 and 1887. Publicist He owned and edited a number of publications (The Nation, Dublin Weekly News and Young Ireland). In December 1887, he published reports of meetings by the Irish National League. As a result, he was convicted and imprisoned for two months under the Crimes Act. As well as writing the Irish national hymn "God Save Ireland", he wrote the adopted anthem of the All-for-Ireland League: "All for Ireland! One for all! and popular pieces such as Dear Old Ireland, "Song from the Backwoods" and "Michael Dwyer". Family He was married to Catherine (Kate) Healy who was the sister of Tim Healy, the first Governor General of the Irish Free State in 1922. A number of his descendants were people of outstanding distinction. His son Timothy was Chief Justice of Ireland from 1936 to 1946. His daughter Frances was an Irish-language activist in Craobh an Chéitinnigh, the Keating branch of the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) and a lecturer in Irish. His daughter Anne (who had sixteen children) was the mother of politician Kevin O'Higgins, one of the dominant political figures of the 1920s. Sullivan's great-grandson Tom O'Higgins served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 1974 to 1985. His brother, Alexander Martin Sullivan, author of New Ireland and a fervent constitutional and cultural nationalist, was the owner and editor of The Nation after Gavan Duffy, and prior to Timothy Daniel Sullivan. References ^ a b c d McCarthy, Justin; Egan, Maurice Francis; Hyde, Douglas; Gregory, Lady; Roche, James Jeffrey; Welsh, Charles (Eds.)(1904). In Irish Literature, Vol. IX. Philadelphia: John D. Morris & Co. p. 3333. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 30 March 2011. ^ "Lord Mayors of Dublin 1665–2021" (PDF). Dublin City Council. June 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024. ^ Dunboy, and Other Poems, Dublin, 1861 ^ De Vere White, Terence (1948). Kevin O'Higgins. London: Methuen and Co. ^ Sullivan, Timothy Daniel (1885). A.M. Sullivan: A Memoir. Dublin: 90 Middle Abbey Street. pp. 10–15. Further reading Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Timothy Sullivan 1911 census return. Who's Who of British members of parliament: Vol. II 1886–1918, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1978) Walker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Royal Irish Academy. Notes Sullivan, T.D. (1905) Recollections of Troubled Times in Irish Politics. Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker; M.H. Gills & Son, Ltd. Retrieved on 30 March 2011. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Timothy Daniel Sullivan Works by Timothy Daniel Sullivan at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Timothy Daniel Sullivan at Internet Archive Dunboy, and Other Poems by Timothy Daniel O'Sullivan. Fowler, Dublin. 1861 Irish National Poems, Timothy Daniel O'Sullivan (Ed.) Gill & Sons, Dublin, 1911 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byPatrick James Smyth Lord Robert Montagu Member of Parliament for Westmeath 1880 – 1885 With: Henry Gill 1880–1883Timothy Harrington 1883–1885 Constituency divided New constituency Member of Parliament for Dublin College Green 1885 – 1892 Succeeded byJoseph Edward Kenny Preceded byJames Joseph Dalton Member of Parliament for West Donegal 1892 – 1900 Succeeded byJames Boyle Civic offices Preceded byJohn O'Connor Lord Mayor of Dublin 1886–1888 Succeeded byThomas Sexton vteIrish rebel songsGaelic Ireland Óró sé do bheatha abhaile Follow Me up to Carlow O'Donnell Abú United Irishmen The Wind that Shakes the Barley The Rising of the Moon Kelly from Killanne Boolavogue The Wearing of the Green The Croppy Boy The Boys of Wexford Come All You Warriors Tone's Grave Famine & Young Ireland The Fields of Athenry Skibbereen Back Home in Derry God Save Ireland A Nation Once Again Join the British Army The Peeler and the Goat The Black Velvet Band 1916 & War of Independence Amhrán na bhFiann Come Out, Ye Black and Tans The Foggy Dew Down by the Glenside (The Bold Fenian Men) The Boys of the Old Brigade The Valley of Knockanure Tri-Colored Ribbon The Broad Black Brimmer Rifles of the IRA Who Is Ireland's Enemy? Man from the Daily Mail Grand Old Dame Britannia Erin Go Bragh Kevin Barry Johnston's Motor Car Pat of Mullingar Banna Strand Dying Rebel Civil War & Anti-Treaty Take It Down from the Mast The Patriot Game Sean South from Garryowen The Troubles The Men Behind the Wire The Ballad of Joe McDonnell Only Our Rivers Run Free The People's Own MP Little Armalite Roll of Honour Writers Patrick Joseph McCall Timothy Daniel Sullivan Peadar Kearney Patrick Pearse Seán O'Casey Brian O'Higgins Bryan MacMahon Paddy McGuigan Dominic Behan Pete St. John Derek Warfield Mickey MacConnell Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Ireland Trove Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Sullivan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Sullivan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"God Save Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILv9-1"}],"text":"For other people named Timothy Sullivan, see Timothy Sullivan (disambiguation).Timothy Daniel Sullivan (29 May 1827 – 31 March 1914) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, politician and poet who wrote the Irish national hymn \"God Save Ireland\", in 1867. He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1886 to 1888 and a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1900.[1]","title":"Timothy Daniel Sullivan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home Rule League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_League"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"1880 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"Anti-Parnellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Federation"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmeath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dublin College Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_College_Green_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Irish National Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Federation"},{"link_name":"Parnellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_League"},{"link_name":"1892 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"West Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Donegal_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILv9-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILv9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sullivan was a member of the Home Rule League, supporting Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880 general election, being \"convinced that without self-government there could never be peace, prosperity or contentment in Ireland\". He joined the Irish Parliamentary Party when it was established in 1882. When the party split in 1891, he became an Anti-Parnellite until the Nationalist factions were reunited in 1900.Sullivan represented a number of constituencies in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was elected as an MP for Westmeath in 1880 and served until 1885. In 1885, he was elected to the newly created constituency of Dublin College Green. He joined the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation in 1891, and was defeated by a Parnellite in the 1892 general election. Four days later he was returned unopposed for West Donegal which he represented until he retired in 1900.[1]He was Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1886 and 1887.[1][2]","title":"Politician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Irish National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_League"},{"link_name":"Crimes Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILv9-1"},{"link_name":"God Save Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_Ireland"},{"link_name":"All-for-Ireland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League"},{"link_name":"All for Ireland! One for all!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League#League's_Anthem"},{"link_name":"Dear Old Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Old_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He owned and edited a number of publications (The Nation, Dublin Weekly News and Young Ireland). In December 1887, he published reports of meetings by the Irish National League. As a result, he was convicted and imprisoned for two months under the Crimes Act.[1]As well as writing the Irish national hymn \"God Save Ireland\", he wrote the adopted anthem of the All-for-Ireland League: \"All for Ireland! One for all! and popular pieces such as Dear Old Ireland, \"Song from the Backwoods\" and \"Michael Dwyer\".[3]","title":"Publicist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Sullivan_(Irish_judge)"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gaelic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_League"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Tom O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Martin_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He was married to Catherine (Kate) Healy who was the sister of Tim Healy, the first Governor General of the Irish Free State in 1922. A number of his descendants were people of outstanding distinction. His son Timothy was Chief Justice of Ireland from 1936 to 1946. His daughter Frances was an Irish-language activist in Craobh an Chéitinnigh, the Keating branch of the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) and a lecturer in Irish. His daughter Anne (who had sixteen children) was the mother of politician Kevin O'Higgins, one of the dominant political figures of the 1920s. Sullivan's great-grandson Tom O'Higgins served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 1974 to 1985.[4]His brother, Alexander Martin Sullivan, author of New Ireland and a fervent constitutional and cultural nationalist, was the owner and editor of The Nation after Gavan Duffy, and prior to Timothy Daniel Sullivan.[5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"contributions in Parliament by Timothy Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-timothy-sullivan"},{"link_name":"1911 census return.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Dublin/Rotunda/Belvidere_Place/29832/"}],"text":"Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Timothy Sullivan\n1911 census return.\nWho's Who of British members of parliament: Vol. II 1886–1918, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1978)\nWalker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Royal Irish Academy.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recollections of Troubled Times in Irish Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/recollectionstr00sullgoog"}],"text":"Sullivan, T.D. (1905) Recollections of Troubled Times in Irish Politics. Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker; M.H. Gills & Son, Ltd. Retrieved on 30 March 2011.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Boyer

Ernest L. Boyer

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Reports","4 Awards","5 Works","6 References","7 External links"]

American educator Ernest BoyerUnited States Commissioner of EducationIn officeMarch 31, 1977 – June 30, 1979PresidentJimmy CarterPreceded byEdward AguirreSucceeded byWilliam Smith Personal detailsBornErnest LeRoy Boyer(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928Dayton, Ohio, U.S.DiedDecember 8, 1995(1995-12-08) (aged 67)Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.EducationMessiah CollegeGreenville College (BA)Ohio State UniversityUniversity of Southern California (MA, PhD) Ernest LeRoy Boyer (September 13, 1928 – December 8, 1995) was an American educator who most notably served as Chancellor of the State University of New York, United States Commissioner of Education, and President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Boyer was recipient of numerous awards, including over 140 honorary doctorates. Early life and education Boyer was born on September 13, 1928, in Dayton, Ohio, to Clarence and Ethel Boyer. He was one of three males in his family. His father worked in the basement of their home managing a wholesale book store and running a mail-order greeting-card and office-supply. William Boyer, Ernest’s paternal grandfather, was said to be the most influential figure in his younger years. William Boyer was head of the Dayton Mission of the Brethren in Christ Church and directed Ernest toward "a people-centered life." He taught Ernest, primarily through his own life, that service to others was a high calling and obligation. Boyer believed deeply in the connectedness of all things. That was a primary reason why he would later propose the connection of teaching, service, and research in Scholarship Reconsidered. He worried that research had trumped the roles of teaching and service in the university and that faculty roles were lesser for it. Boyer attended Messiah College where he met his future wife and the mother of his four children, Kathryn Garis Tyson; in subsequent years, he would return to Messiah to serve as chairman and as a member of its board of trustees. After two years at Messiah College he transferred to and graduated from Greenville College. He began graduate studies at the Ohio State University, but left for the University of Southern California, where he earned his master's and doctoral degrees in speech pathology and audiology. He was a post-doctoral member in medical audiology at the University of Iowa Hospital. Career He began his teaching career at Loyola Marymount University in California while a graduate student, and then served as a professor of speech pathology and audiology at Upland College. At Upland College, he introduced the idea of a program that would give students a period in which they would not attend class during the mid-year term, and the students would take on individual projects. When he was at Upland, he decided that he wanted to devote his career to educational administration. In 1960 Boyer accepted a position with the Western College Association, as director of the Commission to Improve the Education of Teachers. Two years later he became the director of the Center for Coordinated Education at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In this position Boyer was free to administer projects for the improvement of the California education system, from kindergarten to college. In 1965, he moved east to join the State University of New York system as its first executive dean. He became Chancellor of the institution five years later. In his seven-year term, he founded the Empire State College at Saratoga Springs and four other locations as non-campus SUNY schools in which adults could study for degrees without attending classes. He also set up an experimental three-year Bachelor of Arts program; established a new rank, Distinguished Teaching Professor, to reward faculty members of educational distinction as well as research, and established one of the first student-exchange programs with the Soviet Union. Dr. Boyer served on commissions to advise President Richard M. Nixon and President Gerald R. Ford. In 1977, he was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to lead the United States as Commissioner of Education. Toward the end of the Carter Administration, Dr. Boyer followed Alan Pifer as president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He expanded his position to go beyond the study of higher education bringing more attention to education at every level with concentration on the earliest years of a child’s education. In the power struggle for control of college sports Dr. Boyer advised the NCAA Presidents Commission, "There are presidents whose institutions are so deeply involved in athletics that their own institutional and personal futures hang in the balance. They feel they must resist such change because athletics are bigger than they are." He served the Foundation from 1979 to his death in 1995. Dr. Boyer died on December 8, 1995. During his three-year struggle with cancer, he never stopped working. He took telephone calls the day before he died. Reports One of Boyer's major accomplishments was creating a dialogue between teachers and administrators about teaching methods and programs. He wrote many reports that changed the face of education during his time at the Carnegie Foundation. Boyer addressed issues of secondary and primary education and created discussions about issues in education reform. After working on a fifteen-month study of the nation’s high schools, Boyer wrote High School: A Report on Secondary Education in America (1983). Boyer recommended adopting a "core curriculum" for all students and tougher foreign language and English requirements. He stressed the need for community service before graduation and excellence for all students and teachers. Boyer's next report stated how many faculty members of undergraduate institutions put more emphasis on research than on actual teaching. His report College: The Undergraduate Experience in America, was published in 1987. Boyer declared that the students were not getting the full attention of their instructors, stressing the importance of directing more resources into undergraduate education programs, expanding orientation and faculty mentoring for new students, and creating community service programs for students. Boyer connects teachers with students and professors in both high school and college on a more personal basis. Community service programs with high schools and college benefit all who are involved. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate challenged the then current views of faculty priorities and the true meaning of scholarship. Boyer classified four kinds of scholarship: discovery, integration, application, and teaching. This report has created debates around the country and has influenced many colleges and universities to evaluate their faculty differently. In Ready to Learn: A Mandate for the Nation (1991), Boyer makes a strong point about the importance of preparing young children for school. Education of the parents of preschoolers was essential so that they might know "all of the forces that have such a profound impact on the children's lives and shape their readiness to learn." This study led to landmark legislation such as the Ready to Learn Act of 1994. In 1995 the Carnegie Foundation published, The Basic School: A Community for Learning. This report talked about the importance of the first years of formal learning. The main point of the report was to help the public understand that the school is a community with a vision, "teachers as leaders and parents as partners." He also wanted a "powerful voice for the arts in education." This report led to the Basic School Network. The trial program was made up of sixteen schools, public and private. Boyer worked with school administrators and staff on the beliefs of the Basic School. This included new ways to create a curriculum, the importance of language and the arts, and the involvement of parents. The Basic School Network now has centers and affiliates around the country and is successful in improving elementary education. Awards Awards and recognitions of Ernest Boyer include: Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities, 1994 (Presidential Award) James B. Conant Education Award, 1994 President's Medal, Tel Aviv University Distinguished Service Medal, Teachers College, Columbia University Horatio Alger Award Educator of the Year, 1990, U.S. News & World Report Medalist, New York Academy of Public Education Friend of Education Award, National Education Association 1995 Education Leadership Award, Council for Advancement of Private Education Britannica Achievement in Life Award The Harold W. McGraw, Jr., Prize in Education Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College. Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1984 Works The Basic School: A Community for Learning. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1995 College: The Undergraduate Experience in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. High School: A Report on Secondary Education in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1983. Ready to Learn: A Mandate for the Nation. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1991. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990. Boyer, Ernest L., Philip G. Altbach, and Mary Jean Whitelaw. The Academic Profession: An International Perspective. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1994. Boyer, Ernest L. and Fred M. Hechinger. Higher Learning in the Nation's Service. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981. Boyer, Ernest L. and Arthur Levine. A Quest for Common Learning: The Aims of General Education. A Carnegie Foundation Essay. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981. Boyer, Ernest L. and Lee D. Mitgang. Building Community: A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1996. References ^ William H. Honan (9 December 1995). "Ernest Boyer, National Leader In Education, Dies at 67". New York Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ Gale Group (2003), "Ernest Boyer", in Guthrie, James W. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Education (2 ed.), New York, New York: Macmillan Reference, OCLC 55976558 ^ The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (1996), Annual Report (91 ed.), Princeton, New Jersey, OCLC 53693460, archived from the original on 2008-05-11, retrieved 2008-04-03{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Carter's Education Nominee; Ernest Leroy Boyer", The New York Times, p. B5, 1977-03-16 ^ "Boyer, State U. Head, Named U.S. Education Commissioner; Black Lawyer to Lead Army", The New York Times, p. 31, 1977-01-20 ^ Rose, Laurence M. "College Presidents and the NCAA Presidents ' Commission: All Bark and No Bite". repository.law.miami.edu. University of Miami. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Honorary Degrees | Whittier College". www.whittier.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. External links The Boyer Center at Messiah College Appearances on C-SPAN Academic offices Preceded bySamuel Gould Chancellor of the State University of New York 1970–1977 Succeeded byClifton Wharton Political offices Preceded byEdward Aguirre United States Commissioner of Education 1977–1979 Succeeded byWilliam Smith Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ernest_Boyer_Death_NYT-1"},{"link_name":"educator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educator"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States Commissioner of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commissioner_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ernest LeRoy Boyer (September 13, 1928 – December 8, 1995)[1] was an American educator who most notably served as Chancellor of the State University of New York, United States Commissioner of Education, and President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.[2] Boyer was recipient of numerous awards, including over 140 honorary doctorates.","title":"Ernest L. Boyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Brethren in Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church"},{"link_name":"Messiah College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_College"},{"link_name":"Greenville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s"},{"link_name":"doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Hospitals_and_Clinics"}],"text":"Boyer was born on September 13, 1928, in Dayton, Ohio, to Clarence and Ethel Boyer.\nHe was one of three males in his family. His father worked in the basement of their home managing a wholesale book store and running a mail-order greeting-card and office-supply. William Boyer, Ernest’s paternal grandfather, was said to be the most influential figure in his younger years. William Boyer was head of the Dayton Mission of the Brethren in Christ Church and directed Ernest toward \"a people-centered life.\" He taught Ernest, primarily through his own life, that service to others was a high calling and obligation. Boyer believed deeply in the connectedness of all things. That was a primary reason why he would later propose the connection of teaching, service, and research in Scholarship Reconsidered. He worried that research had trumped the roles of teaching and service in the university and that faculty roles were lesser for it.Boyer attended Messiah College where he met his future wife and the mother of his four children, Kathryn Garis Tyson; in\nsubsequent years, he would return to Messiah to serve as chairman and as a member of its board of trustees.\nAfter two years at Messiah College he transferred to and graduated from Greenville College.[3] He began graduate studies at the Ohio State University, but left for the University of Southern California, where he earned his master's and doctoral degrees in speech pathology and audiology. He was a post-doctoral member in medical audiology at the University of Iowa Hospital.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loyola Marymount University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University"},{"link_name":"Upland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_College"},{"link_name":"Western College Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_College_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"Empire State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_College"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"Gerald R. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Commissioner_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carter Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Administration"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching"},{"link_name":"NCAA Presidents Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Presidents_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He began his teaching career at Loyola Marymount University in California while a graduate student, and then served as a professor of speech pathology and audiology at Upland College. At Upland College, he introduced the idea of a program that would give students a period in which they would not attend class during the mid-year term, and the students would take on individual projects. When he was at Upland, he decided that he wanted to devote his career to educational administration.In 1960 Boyer accepted a position with the Western College Association, as director of the Commission to Improve the Education of Teachers. Two years later he became the director of the Center for Coordinated Education at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In this position Boyer was free to administer projects for the improvement of the California education system, from kindergarten to college.In 1965, he moved east to join the State University of New York system as its first executive dean.[4] He became Chancellor of the institution five years later.In his seven-year term, he founded the Empire State College at Saratoga Springs and four other locations as non-campus SUNY schools in which adults could study for degrees without attending classes. He also set up an experimental three-year Bachelor of Arts program; established a new rank, Distinguished Teaching Professor, to reward faculty members of educational distinction as well as research, and established one of the first student-exchange programs with the Soviet Union.Dr. Boyer served on commissions to advise President Richard M. Nixon and President Gerald R. Ford. In 1977, he was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to lead the United States as Commissioner of Education.[5]Toward the end of the Carter Administration, Dr. Boyer followed Alan Pifer as president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He expanded his position to go beyond the study of higher education bringing more attention to education at every level with concentration on the earliest years of a child’s education. In the power struggle for control of college sports Dr. Boyer advised the NCAA Presidents Commission, \"There are presidents whose institutions are so deeply involved in athletics that their own institutional and personal futures hang in the balance. They feel they must resist such change because athletics are bigger than they are.\"[6] He served the Foundation from 1979 to his death in 1995. Dr. Boyer died on December 8, 1995. During his three-year struggle with cancer, he never stopped working. He took telephone calls the day before he died.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"core curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum#Core_curriculum"},{"link_name":"foreign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"preschoolers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"}],"text":"One of Boyer's major accomplishments was creating a dialogue between teachers and administrators about teaching methods and programs. He wrote many reports that changed the face of education during his time at the Carnegie Foundation. Boyer addressed issues of secondary and primary education and created discussions about issues in education reform.After working on a fifteen-month study of the nation’s high schools, Boyer wrote High School: A Report on Secondary Education in America (1983). Boyer recommended adopting a \"core curriculum\" for all students and tougher foreign language and English requirements. He stressed the need for community service before graduation and excellence for all students and teachers.Boyer's next report stated how many faculty members of undergraduate institutions put more emphasis on research than on actual teaching. His report College: The Undergraduate Experience in America, was published in 1987. Boyer declared that the students were not getting the full attention of their instructors, stressing the importance of directing more resources into undergraduate education programs, expanding orientation and faculty mentoring for new students, and creating community service programs for students. Boyer connects teachers with students and professors in both high school and college on a more personal basis. Community service programs with high schools and college benefit all who are involved.Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate challenged the then current views of faculty priorities and the true meaning of scholarship. Boyer classified four kinds of scholarship: discovery, integration, application, and teaching. This report has created debates around the country and has influenced many colleges and universities to evaluate their faculty differently.In Ready to Learn: A Mandate for the Nation (1991), Boyer makes a strong point about the importance of preparing young children for school. Education of the parents of preschoolers was essential so that they might know \"all of the forces that have such a profound impact on the children's lives and shape their readiness to learn.\" This study led to landmark legislation such as the Ready to Learn Act of 1994.In 1995 the Carnegie Foundation published, The Basic School: A Community for Learning. This report talked about the importance of the first years of formal learning. The main point of the report was to help the public understand that the school is a community with a vision, \"teachers as leaders and parents as partners.\" He also wanted a \"powerful voice for the arts in education.\" This report led to the Basic School Network. The trial program was made up of sixteen schools, public and private. Boyer worked with school administrators and staff on the beliefs of the Basic School. This included new ways to create a curriculum, the importance of language and the arts, and the involvement of parents. The Basic School Network now has centers and affiliates around the country and is successful in improving elementary education.","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Frankel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frankel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Whittier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Awards and recognitions of Ernest Boyer include:Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities, 1994 (Presidential Award)\nJames B. Conant Education Award, 1994\nPresident's Medal, Tel Aviv University\nDistinguished Service Medal, Teachers College, Columbia University\nHoratio Alger Award\nEducator of the Year, 1990, U.S. News & World Report\nMedalist, New York Academy of Public Education\nFriend of Education Award, National Education Association\n1995 Education Leadership Award, Council for Advancement of Private Education\nBritannica Achievement in Life Award\nThe Harold W. McGraw, Jr., Prize in Education\nHonorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College.[7]\nGolden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1984[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Basic School: A Community for Learning. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1995\nCollege: The Undergraduate Experience in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.\nHigh School: A Report on Secondary Education in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.\nReady to Learn: A Mandate for the Nation. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1991.\nScholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990.\nBoyer, Ernest L., Philip G. Altbach, and Mary Jean Whitelaw. The Academic Profession: An International Perspective. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1994.\nBoyer, Ernest L. and Fred M. Hechinger. Higher Learning in the Nation's Service. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981.\nBoyer, Ernest L. and Arthur Levine. A Quest for Common Learning: The Aims of General Education. A Carnegie Foundation Essay. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981.\nBoyer, Ernest L. and Lee D. Mitgang. Building Community: A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1996.","title":"Works"}]

[]

[{"reference":"William H. Honan (9 December 1995). \"Ernest Boyer, National Leader In Education, Dies at 67\". New York Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Honan","url_text":"William H. Honan"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/09/nyregion/ernest-boyer-national-leader-in-education-dies-at-67.html","url_text":"\"Ernest Boyer, National Leader In Education, Dies at 67\""}]},{"reference":"Gale Group (2003), \"Ernest Boyer\", in Guthrie, James W. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Education (2 ed.), New York, New York: Macmillan Reference, OCLC 55976558","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-boyer","url_text":"\"Ernest Boyer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York","url_text":"New York, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55976558","url_text":"55976558"}]},{"reference":"The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (1996), Annual Report (91 ed.), Princeton, New Jersey, OCLC 53693460, archived from the original on 2008-05-11, retrieved 2008-04-03","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511192137/http://www.messiah.edu/boyer_center/about_boyer/","url_text":"Annual Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Princeton, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53693460","url_text":"53693460"},{"url":"http://www.messiah.edu/boyer_center/about_boyer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter's Education Nominee; Ernest Leroy Boyer\", The New York Times, p. B5, 1977-03-16","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Boyer, State U. Head, Named U.S. Education Commissioner; Black Lawyer to Lead Army\", The New York Times, p. 31, 1977-01-20","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Laurence M. \"College Presidents and the NCAA Presidents ' Commission: All Bark and No Bite\". repository.law.miami.edu. University of Miami. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1237&context=fac_articles","url_text":"\"College Presidents and the NCAA Presidents ' Commission: All Bark and No Bite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Degrees | Whittier College\". www.whittier.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary","url_text":"\"Honorary Degrees | Whittier College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ferranti

Marie Ferranti

["1 Works","2 External links"]

French writer For other uses, see Ferranti. This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Marie Ferranti, real name Marie-Dominique Mariotti (French pronunciation: ; born 1962, in Lento, Haute-Corse), is a French writer. She chose the patronym of her maternal great-grandmother as a literary pseudonym. Her novel La Princesse de Mantoue won the Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française. She was discovered by Pascal Quignard at éditions Gallimard. She lives and works in the town of Saint-Florent, in the Haute-Corse. Works 1995: Les Femmes de San Stefano, novel, (crowned by the Académie française) 1996: La Chambre des défunts, novel 2000: La Fuite aux Agriates, novel 2002: La Princesse de Mantoue, novel, Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française 2002: Le Paradoxe de l'ordre, essai sur l'œuvre romanesque de Michel Mohrt 2004: La Chasse de nuit, novel 2006: Lucie de Syracuse, novel 2006: La Cadillac des Montadori, novel 2012: Une haine de Corse. Histoire véridique de Napoléon Bonaparte et de Charles-André Pozzo di Borgo, Grand Prix du Mémorial de la ville d'Ajaccio 2013: Marguerite et les grenouilles. Saint Florent, chroniques, portraits et autres histoires, récits 2014: Les Maîtres de chant, narration External links Entretien avec Marie Ferranti - Marguerite et les grenouilles on La Cause Littéraire Marie Ferranti présente "Les maîtres de chant" on Corse net.infos Marie Ferranti raconte une haine de Corse on Corse-Matin (27 March 2012) Marie Ferranti on the site of éditions Gallimard La Cadillac des Montadori on Babelio Les maîtres de chant par Marie Ferranti on Babelio vteLaureates of the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française1915–1925 1915 Paul Acker 1916 Louis de Blois  1917 Charles Géniaux  1918 Camille Mayran  1919 Pierre Benoit 1920 André Corthis 1921 Pierre Villetard  1922 Francis Carco 1923 Alphonse de Châteaubriant 1924 Émile Henriot 1925 François Duhourcau 1926–1950 1926 François Mauriac 1927 Joseph Kessel 1928 Jean Balde  1929 André Demaison  1930 Jacques de Lacretelle 1931 Henri Pourrat 1932 Jacques Chardonne 1933 Roger Chauviré 1934 Paule Régnier 1935 Albert Touchard 1936 Georges Bernanos 1937 Guy de Pourtalès 1938 Jean de La Varende 1939 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 1940 Édouard Peisson  1941 Robert Bourget-Pailleron 1942 Jean Blanzat 1943 Joseph-Henri Louwyck  1944 Pierre Lagarde  1945 Marc Blancpain  1946 Jean Orieux  1947 Philippe Hériat 1948 Yves Gandon  1949 Yvonne Pagniez 1950 Joseph Jolinon 1951–1975 1951 Bernard Barbey  1952 Henri Castillou  1953 Jean Hougron 1954 Pierre Moinot / Paul Mousset  1955 Michel de Saint Pierre  1956 Paul Guth 1957 Jacques de Bourbon Busset 1958 Henri Queffélec 1959 Gabriel d'Aubarède 1960 Christian Murciaux  1961 Phạm Văn Ký  1962 Michel Mohrt 1963 Robert Margerit 1964 Michel Droit 1965 Jean Husson  1966 François Nourissier 1967 Michel Tournier 1968 Albert Cohen 1969 Pierre Moustiers 1970 Bertrand Poirot-Delpech 1971 Jean d'Ormesson 1972 Patrick Modiano 1973 Michel Déon 1974 Kléber Haedens 1975 1976–2000 1976 Pierre Schoendoerffer 1977 Camille Bourniquel 1978 Pascal Jardin 1979 Henri Coulonges 1980 Louis Gardel 1981 Jean Raspail 1982 Vladimir Volkoff 1983 Liliane Guignabodet  1984 Jacques-Francis Rolland  1985 Patrick Besson 1986 Pierre-Jean Rémy 1987 Frédérique Hébrard 1988 François-Olivier Rousseau 1989 Geneviève Dormann 1990 Paule Constant 1991 François Sureau 1992 Franz-Olivier Giesbert 1993 Philippe Beaussant 1994 Frédéric Vitoux 1995 Alphonse Boudard 1996 Calixthe Beyala 1997 Patrick Rambaud 1998 Anne Wiazemsky 1999 François Taillandier / Amélie Nothomb 2000 Pascal Quignard 2001–present 2001 Éric Neuhoff 2002 Marie Ferranti 2003 Jean-Noël Pancrazi 2004 Bernard du Boucheron 2005 Henriette Jelinek  2006 Jonathan Littell 2007 Vassilis Alexakis 2008 Marc Bressant  2009 Pierre Michon 2010 Éric Faye  2011 Sorj Chalandon 2012 Joël Dicker 2013 Christophe Ono-dit-Biot  2014 Adrien Bosc  2015 Hédi Kaddour / Boualem Sansal 2016 Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre 2017 Daniel Rondeau 2018 Camille Pascal 2019 Laurent Binet 2020 Étienne de Montety 2021 François-Henri Désérable 2022 Giuliano da Empoli Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a French novelist born in the 20th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elspeth_B._Cypher

Elspeth B. Cypher

["1 Biography","2 Judicial career","2.1 Massachusetts Appeals Court","2.2 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court","3 Academic career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American judge (born 1959) Elspeth B. CypherJustice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial CourtIn officeMarch 31, 2017 – January 12, 2024Appointed byCharlie BakerPreceded byMargot BotsfordSucceeded byBessie DewarAssociate Justice of the Massachusetts Appeals CourtIn officeDecember 27, 2000 – March 31, 2017Appointed byPaul CellucciSucceeded byDalila Argaez Wendlandt Personal detailsBorn (1959-02-26) February 26, 1959 (age 65)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseSharon LevesqueEducationEmerson College (BA)Suffolk University (JD) Elspeth B. Cypher (born February 26, 1959) is a former justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts who served from 2017 to 2024. She is also a former justice of the Massachusetts Appeals Court, where she served from 2000 to 2017. Biography Cypher was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 26, 1959. She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Emerson College in 1980 and her Juris Doctor from Suffolk University Law School in 1986. She began her legal career as an associate with the law firm Grayer, Brown and Dilday. She left the firm in 1988 to become an assistant district attorney in Bristol County. In 1993, she became the chief of the appellate division of this office and served in this capacity until her appointment to the appeals court. Cypher and her wife, Sharon Levesque, live in Assonet, Massachusetts, and have one son. Judicial career Massachusetts Appeals Court Cypher was an associate justice on the Massachusetts Appeals Court. She was appointed to by Governor Paul Cellucci and took the bench on December 27, 2000. She served in that capacity until her elevation to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on March 31, 2017. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court She was appointed to the Supreme Judicial Court in February 2017 by Governor Charlie Baker to succeed retiring Justice Margot Botsford. She was confirmed by the Governor's Council on March 8, 2017. She was sworn into office on March 31, 2017. She was ceremonially sworn in on May 18, 2017. She retired from active service on January 12, 2024. Academic career Cypher was an adjunct professor at Southern New England School of Law (now the University of Massachusetts School of Law - Dartmouth), where she taught courses on legal writing; criminal procedure; criminal law; and women, law, and the legal system. See also List of LGBT state supreme court justices in the United States List of LGBT jurists in the United States References ^ a b c d "Associate Justice Elspeth B. Cypher". Retrieved April 5, 2018. ^ "Newly Confirmed SJC Justice Cypher '80 to Speak at Emerson". Emerson News & Events. Emerson College. March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2020. ^ a b "Supreme Judicial Court Justices". ^ Lannan, Katie (March 8, 2017). "Former Bristol County prosecutor confirmed to state supreme court". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved April 5, 2018. ^ Towne, Shaun (February 8, 2017). "Gov. Baker nominates appeals judge to state's highest court". wpri.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018. ^ "At Ceremonial Swearing In, Supreme Judicial Court Justice Cypher Says, "I am grateful to the women before me who broke down those barriers"". May 19, 2017. ^ Lisinski, Chris (June 12, 2023). "Mass. SJC Justice Cypher's surprise retirement gives Healey first high court pick". www.wbur.org. Retrieved January 13, 2024. External links Official Biography on Supreme Court website Elspeth B. Cypher at Ballotpedia Legal offices Preceded byMargot Botsford Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 2017–2024 Succeeded byBessie Dewar vteJustices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial CourtChief justices (1692–present) Stoughton Winthrop Addington Winthrop Samuel Sewall Lynde Sr. Dudley Stephen Sewall T. Hutchinson Lynde Jr. Oliver Adams Cushing Sargent Dana Parsons Sewall Parker Shaw Bigelow Chapman Gray Morton W. Field Holmes Knowlton Rugg F. Field Qua R. Wilkins Tauro Hennessey Liacos H. Wilkins Marshall Ireland Gants Budd Provincial periodAssociate justices (1692–1775) Danforth Richards Samuel Sewall Winthrop Cooke Walley Saffin Hathorne Leverett Curwin Lynde Sr. Thomas Davenport Quincy Dudley J. Cushing Sr. Remington Saltonstall Graves Stephen Sewall Hubbard Lynde Jr. J. Cushing Jr. Russell Oliver Trowbridge F. Hutchinson Ropes W. Cushing Brown Revolutionary periodAssociate justices (1775–80) Sargent Reed Paine Warren Foster Sullivan D. Sewall Commonwealth periodAssociate justices (1780–present) Sumner Dana N. Cushing Paine Dawes Bradbury Sewall Strong Thatcher Sedgwick Parker Jackson D. Dewey Putnam Wilde C. Dewey Lincoln M. Morton Sr. Hubbard Fletcher Forbes Metcalf Bigelow C. Cushing Merrick Thomas Hoar Chapman Gray Colt Foster Ames Wells M. Morton Jr. Devens Endicott Lord Soule W. Allen Devens W. Field C. Allen Colburn Holmes Gardner Knowlton J. Morton Barker Lathrop Hammond Loring Braley Sheldon Rugg DeCourcy Crosby Pierce Carroll Jenney Wait Sanderson F. Field Donahue Lummus Qua Cox Dolan Ronan Spalding R. Wilkins Williams Counihan Whittemore Cutter Kirk Jacob Spiegel Reardon Quirico Braucher Hennessey Kaplan H. Wilkins Liacos Abrams Lynch Nolan O'Connor Greaney Fried Marshall Ireland Cowin Spina Sosman Cordy Botsford Gants Duffly Lenk Hines Gaziano Lowy Budd Cypher Kafker Wendlandt Georges Jr. Dewar Wolohojian Italics indicate individuals who were offered seats on the court, but refused

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[]

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[{"reference":"\"Associate Justice Elspeth B. Cypher\". Retrieved April 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/service-details/associate-justice-elspeth-b-cypher","url_text":"\"Associate Justice Elspeth B. Cypher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newly Confirmed SJC Justice Cypher '80 to Speak at Emerson\". Emerson News & Events. Emerson College. March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.emerson.edu/news-events/emerson-college-today/newly-confirmed-sjc-justice-cypher-speak-emerson#.X8hnTufRXtQ","url_text":"\"Newly Confirmed SJC Justice Cypher '80 to Speak at Emerson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College","url_text":"Emerson College"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Judicial Court Justices\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/service-details/supreme-judicial-court-justices","url_text":"\"Supreme Judicial Court Justices\""}]},{"reference":"Lannan, Katie (March 8, 2017). \"Former Bristol County prosecutor confirmed to state supreme court\". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved April 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patriotledger.com/news/20170308/former-bristol-county-prosecutor-confirmed-to-state-supreme-court","url_text":"\"Former Bristol County prosecutor confirmed to state supreme court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger","url_text":"The Patriot Ledger"}]},{"reference":"Towne, Shaun (February 8, 2017). \"Gov. Baker nominates appeals judge to state's highest court\". wpri.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/gov-baker-nominates-appeals-judge-to-states-highest-court/1044165573","url_text":"\"Gov. Baker nominates appeals judge to state's highest court\""}]},{"reference":"\"At Ceremonial Swearing In, Supreme Judicial Court Justice Cypher Says, \"I am grateful to the women before me who broke down those barriers\"\". May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialaw.com/blog/news-and-noteworthy/2017/05/19/at-ceremonial-swearing-in-supreme-judicial-court-justice-cypher-says-i-am-grateful-to-the-women-before-me-who-broke-down-those-barriers","url_text":"\"At Ceremonial Swearing In, Supreme Judicial Court Justice Cypher Says, \"I am grateful to the women before me who broke down those barriers\"\""}]},{"reference":"Lisinski, Chris (June 12, 2023). \"Mass. SJC Justice Cypher's surprise retirement gives Healey first high court pick\". www.wbur.org. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/06/12/massachusetts-supreme-judicial-court-cypher-healey","url_text":"\"Mass. SJC Justice Cypher's surprise retirement gives Healey first high court pick\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.mass.gov/service-details/associate-justice-elspeth-b-cypher","external_links_name":"\"Associate Justice Elspeth B. Cypher\""},{"Link":"https://www2.emerson.edu/news-events/emerson-college-today/newly-confirmed-sjc-justice-cypher-speak-emerson#.X8hnTufRXtQ","external_links_name":"\"Newly Confirmed SJC Justice Cypher '80 to Speak at Emerson\""},{"Link":"https://www.mass.gov/service-details/supreme-judicial-court-justices","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Judicial Court Justices\""},{"Link":"http://www.patriotledger.com/news/20170308/former-bristol-county-prosecutor-confirmed-to-state-supreme-court","external_links_name":"\"Former Bristol County prosecutor confirmed to state supreme court\""},{"Link":"http://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/gov-baker-nominates-appeals-judge-to-states-highest-court/1044165573","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Baker nominates appeals judge to state's highest court\""},{"Link":"http://www.socialaw.com/blog/news-and-noteworthy/2017/05/19/at-ceremonial-swearing-in-supreme-judicial-court-justice-cypher-says-i-am-grateful-to-the-women-before-me-who-broke-down-those-barriers","external_links_name":"\"At Ceremonial Swearing In, Supreme Judicial Court Justice Cypher Says, \"I am grateful to the women before me who broke down those barriers\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/06/12/massachusetts-supreme-judicial-court-cypher-healey","external_links_name":"\"Mass. SJC Justice Cypher's surprise retirement gives Healey first high court pick\""},{"Link":"https://www.mass.gov/service-details/supreme-judicial-court-justices","external_links_name":"Official Biography on Supreme Court website"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Elspeth_Cypher","external_links_name":"Elspeth B. Cypher"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonial_Age

Postcolonial Age

["1 Overview by country","2 See also","2.1 Historical concepts","2.2 Historical overviews","2.3 Postcolonial movements and concepts","2.4 Postcolonial national movements and conflicts","3 References"]

End of Western empires after 1945 The post-colonial age refers to the period since 1945, when numerous colonies and possessions of major Western countries began to gain independence, in the wake of the end of World War II. The process of decolonization has occurred all throughout modern history of the Western world; namely any time a colonial possession achieves independence or sovereignty, or some form of greater autonomy, that is a valid occurrence of decolonization; however the period since 1945 is particularly notable, largely due to the breakup of colonial empires held by many major European powers. The period following World War I was somewhat parallel, since it involved the breakup of the colonial empires previously held by the nations which were the losing side in that conflict. However, the period after 1945 was highly notable and arguably unique, since it involved the breakup of colonial possessions of virtually all European powers, including very much the nations who had been the victors in World War II. Overview by country Many European countries owned overseas possessions and colonies, all of these gained independence as fully sovereign nations during the decade British Empire. Some of the nations formed after 1945 from former British colonies include: India, Pakistan, Jordan, Palestine, Kenya, and numerous countries within Africa. France. Algeria was one major country which was previously a French colony. Belgium. Congo was a Belgian colony. Leopold II of Belgium enslaved indigenous people to work in the mines and exploited the land of its natural resources. Netherlands. Indonesia was a former colony of the Netherlands, which became a country. Portugal. The Portuguese Colonial War also known in Portugal as the Overseas War, or also known as the Angolan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican War of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese ultraconservative regime at the time, the Estado Novo, was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa, surrounding nations, and mainland Portugal. The former Portuguese territories in Africa became sovereign states, with Agostinho Neto in Angola, Samora Machel in Mozambique, Luís Cabral in Guinea-Bissau, Manuel Pinto da Costa in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Aristides Pereira in Cape Verde as the heads of state. . United States of America. The Philippines became a full-fledged sovereign nation after World War II. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas. See also Historical concepts Imperialism Colonialism Postcolonialism Third World New Imperialism Neocolonialism Historical overviews Wars of national liberation Decolonization of Africa Decolonization of Asia Decolonization of the Americas Postcolonial movements and concepts Inversion in postcolonial theory Linguistic imperialism Nation-building Postcolonial anarchism Postcolonial feminism Postcolonial theology Post-communism Cultural hegemony Neocolonial dependence Postcolonial theorists Paulo Freire Postcolonial national movements and conflicts Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence References ^ Abbott, Peter and Rodrigues, Manuel, Modern African Wars 2: Angola and Mozambique 1961–74, Osprey Publishing (1998), p. 35 ^ Bühler, Konrad G. (February 8, 2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 38–41. ISBN 9789041115539. ^ Philippines (1946). Treaty of General Relations and Protocol with the Republic of the Philippines: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, Signed at Manila on July 4, 1946. U.S. Government Printing Office. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 1152. ISBN 9781576077702.

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However, the period after 1945 was highly notable and arguably unique, since it involved the breakup of colonial possessions of virtually all European powers, including very much the nations who had been the victors in World War II.","title":"Postcolonial Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Leopold II of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Colonial War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War"},{"link_name":"Portugal's military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_military_history"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"coup in 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"ideological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"Lusophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone"},{"link_name":"Agostinho Neto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Neto"},{"link_name":"Samora Machel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel"},{"link_name":"Luís Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Cabral"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pinto da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pinto_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Aristides Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides_Pereira"},{"link_name":"heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott_1998_p._35-1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BChler-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treaty_of_Manila-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Many European countries owned overseas possessions and colonies, all of these gained independence as fully sovereign nations during the decadeBritish Empire. Some of the nations formed after 1945 from former British colonies include: India, Pakistan, Jordan, Palestine, Kenya, and numerous countries within Africa.\nFrance. Algeria was one major country which was previously a French colony.\nBelgium. Congo was a Belgian colony. Leopold II of Belgium enslaved indigenous people to work in the mines and exploited the land of its natural resources.\nNetherlands. Indonesia was a former colony of the Netherlands, which became a country.\nPortugal. The Portuguese Colonial War also known in Portugal as the Overseas War, or also known as the Angolan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican War of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese ultraconservative regime at the time, the Estado Novo, was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa, surrounding nations, and mainland Portugal. The former Portuguese territories in Africa became sovereign states, with Agostinho Neto in Angola, Samora Machel in Mozambique, Luís Cabral in Guinea-Bissau, Manuel Pinto da Costa in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Aristides Pereira in Cape Verde as the heads of state. .[1]\nUnited States of America. The Philippines became a full-fledged sovereign nation after World War II. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas.[2] [3][4]","title":"Overview by country"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(series_1)

Underbelly series 1

["1 Synopsis","1.1 Overview","2 Episodes","3 Cast and characters","3.1 Main","3.2 Recurring","3.3 Guests","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Marketing","4.3 Franchise","5 Impact","5.1 Critical reception","5.2 Australian Family Association's reaction","5.3 Ratings","5.4 Awards","6 Legal issues","6.1 Supreme Court writ threat","6.2 Supreme Court suppression","7 Underbelly: Uncut (2011 Victorian Broadcast Version)","8 Sequel","9 Distribution","9.1 International distribution","9.2 Illegal distribution","9.3 Merchandise","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Season of television series UnderbellySeason 1No. of episodes13ReleaseOriginal networkNine NetworkOriginal release13 February (2008-02-13) –7 May 2008 (2008-05-07)Series chronologyNext →A Tale of Two Cities List of episodes First season of the Australian crime drama The first series of Australian crime television drama series Underbelly originally aired from 13 February 2008 to 7 May 2008 on the Nine Network and is loosely based on the real events of the 1995–2004 gangland war in Melbourne. It depicts the key players in Melbourne's criminal underworld, including the Carlton Crew and their rival, Carl Williams. The series is based on the book Leadbelly: Inside Australia's Underworld, by journalists John Silvester and Andrew Rule, and borrows its name from the successful Underbelly true crime anthology book series also authored by Silvester and Rule. An alternative and significantly updated tie-in novel, Underbelly: The Gangland War, was released as their 13th book in the series. The series is produced by the Australian Film Finance Corporation, in association with Film Victoria. The executive producers are Des Monaghan and Jo Horsburgh. The lead-up to Underbelly involved a heavy marketing campaign which covered radio, print, billboards and an increased online presence, including the use of social networking tools. At a reported cost of $500,000, both this marketing investment and potentially millions of dollars in advertising revenue were claimed to be put at risk by the Victorian Supreme Court's injunction, as the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers in Victoria alone. The injunction was put in place to ensure that upcoming criminal trials were not unfair to the accused, because the series contained fictionalised re-enactments of several disputed events. Underbelly began screening on 13 February 2008 on the Nine Network in all states and territories except Victoria and some regional parts of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory. An edited version of the series premiered in Victoria on 14 September 2008 after the injunction was partially lifted, although only the first five episodes were shown. In 2011, the injunction was partially lifted and the series was screened as "Underbelly: Uncut". This rebroadcast included scenes from the original DVD release, as well as several significant changes that were made to keep the show current, including a newly recorded final voiceover and the crediting of several characters that were previously uncredited (allowable due to the ending of related trials). Some previously named characters in the final episode however are now unable to be named, resulting in a continued banning of the sale of the video release in Victoria. Underbelly was a critical and ratings success, being described as "Australia's best ever crime drama". Despite this critical success, the series has been the target of controversy due to its glamourised depiction of crime and violence. The opening double episodes, which aired on 13 February, attracted an average of 1,320,000 viewers nationally, minus Victoria. Every episode of the 13-part series was soon made available for download on a range of sites, with the Nine Network saying it was considering legal action. The legal DVD of Underbelly was released on 8 May 2008, a day after the final episode was aired on television. Due to the legal suppression, the release was not able to be distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet. The ban remains in place in 2013, due to legal issues involving the final episode of the show. It was the first in a continuing series, and was later followed by Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, Underbelly: The Golden Mile, Underbelly: Razor, Underbelly: Badness, Underbelly: Squizzy and the sequel to the first series Fat Tony & Co., as well as multiple spin-offs and four television films released as Underbelly Files. Synopsis Overview A promotional image of the cast of Channel Nine's Underbelly. From left to right: Jason Moran (Les Hill), Roberta Williams (Kat Stewart), Carl Williams (Gyton Grantley), Alphonse Gangitano (Vince Colosimo), Danielle McGuire (Madeleine West) and Steve Owen (Rodger Corser). Underbelly is a fictionalised account of the Melbourne gangland war (1995–2004). In the first episode, the Carlton Crew crime syndicate is introduced, comprising stand-over man Alphonse Gangitano (Vince Colosimo), Domenic "Mick" Gatto (Simon Westaway), loanshark Mario Condello (Martin Sacks), retired bank robber Graham Kinniburgh (Gerard Kennedy) and drug-dealing siblings Jason and Mark Moran (Les Hill, Callan Mulvey) and their father Lewis (Kevin Harrington). Jason Moran's seemingly harmless and half-witted driver Carl Williams (Gyton Grantley) is also introduced, along with two police characters; Steve Owen (Rodger Corser) and Jacqui James (Caroline Craig), the most prominent members of Task Force Purana. Alphonse Gangitano, the self-styled "Black Prince of Lygon Street", kills a man at a party over a small debt and with Jason injures 13 innocent people. During his trial, Gangitano is murdered by Jason, although the killing goes unsolved. The Moran brothers buy a pill press and employ Carl Williams to produce their drugs. Carl secretly begins making his own supply and forms an alliance with Moran rival Tony Mokbel (Robert Mammone). When Carl is busted by the police, Jason discovers his double-cross and shoots him in the stomach, before Jason is arrested. Mark Moran takes over the drug business, selling Tony Mokbel out to a corrupt officer from the drug squad. Carl kills Mark with the assistance of drug dealer Dino Dibra (Daniel Amalm) and L (Ian Bliss), who establish a false alibi. Lewis Moran hires Andrew "Benji" Veniamin (Damian Walshe-Howling) to avenge his stepson, believing the killer to be Dibra. Benji kills Dibra then offers his services to Carl and becomes his bodyguard, although Carl is eventually jailed. Carl's wife, Roberta (Kat Stewart), is forced to run the business and she begins an affair with Benji. Carl is released from jail and Jason Moran is given special parole conditions to allow him to move to London. Moran rival Nik "The Russian" Radev (Don Hany) becomes a liability and Carl has him murdered by Benji and T. (Alex Dimitriades). Jason returns from London and a concerned Lewis offers to run the business but is arrested during a bust. With Benji under constant police observation, Carl asks L. and T. to murder Jason, who is killed in front of his children. Carl orders a hit on small-time dealer Willie Thompson, who turns out to be a friend of Tony Mokbel. Tony blames another small-time dealer, Michael Marshall and asks Carl to kill him. L. and T. shoot Marshall and are immediately arrested but the police are unable to prove Carl's involvement in the crime. When Graham Kinniburgh is murdered, Carl agrees to end the violence and asks Benji to murder Gatto. Gatto instead kills Benji and is arrested, although he is later acquitted. A new thug, Keith Faure (Kym Gyngell) (only named in the 2011 "Uncut" broadcast), offers to join Carl but wants to take over. Several days later, Faure kills Lewis Moran in a crowded bar. Consumed by revenge for Benji's death, his friend, the convicted killer Lewis Caine (Marcus Graham), decides to kill Condello, the last survivor of the Carlton Crew. Caine is double-crossed by his accomplices and is murdered beforehand. Detective Owen has Condello's bodyguard "Tibor" arrested. They turn Tibor to record Condello ordering a hit on Carl. Carl's jailed associates testify against him. In the series finale, Task Force Purana and Owen arrest Carl at a family barbecue. A voice-over by police officer Jacqui James, reveals that Mick Gatto is eventually acquitted for the killing of Andrew Veniamin and that Mario Condello is killed while awaiting trial on attempted murder charges. The final voice-over was rerecorded during the production of Underbelly: Razor in preparation for the 2011 airing of the show in Victoria to also include information on Carl Williams' murder and Tony Mokbel's arrest in a "cheap wig" in Greece. Episodes See also: List of Underbelly episodes No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"The Black Prince"Tony TilsePeter Gawler13 February 2008 (2008-02-13) The Carlton Crew crime syndicate is introduced: Mick Gatto, Mario Condello, Alphonse Gangitano, Graham Kinniburgh and Lewis, Mark and Jason Moran. Gangitano kills a man at a party over a small debt, and using fear convinces key witnesses to flee the country. With Jason Moran's assistance, he then smashes up an inner city nightclub injuring thirteen innocent people. 22"Sorcerer's Apprentice"Tony TilsePeter Gawler13 February 2008 (2008-02-13) Alphonse pleads guilty in his assault case, but his associates intimidate the witnesses, frustrating the police trying to convict Jason. Alphonse tries to redeem himself and decides to leave the criminal world, but is murdered by Jason over a stripper they both were having an affair with. 33"I Still Pray"Geoff BennettFelicity Packard20 February 2008 (2008-02-20) The Moran brothers buy a pill press from a bikie gang. Jason's driver Carl Williams secretly begins making his own supply and forms an alliance with Moran rival Tony Mokbel. When one of the bikies kills two people, his ex-wife Tracey Seymour, a former girlfriend of both Jason Moran and Alphonse Gangitano is convinced by Det. James to testify against him, only to be murdered as a result. 44"Cocksure"Geoff BennettGreg Haddrick27 February 2008 (2008-02-27) Carl's cheap drugs throw the city's trade into chaos. Drug dealer Dino Dibra's plan to extort money from the Morans and their rival Nik Radev goes wrong when he kidnaps a junkie no one wants to pay the ransom for. When Carl is busted, the Morans discover the double-cross and Jason shoots him in the stomach. Meanwhile, Detective Owen convince a foreign national to testify in Jason's assault case, allowing them to put him behind bars. 55"The Good, the Bad, the Ugly"Peter AndrikidisPeter Gawler5 March 2008 (2008-03-05) With Jason in prison, Mark Moran takes over the family business, turning Tony Mokbel in to a corrupt officer from the drug squad. Carl asks Dino Dibra to kill Mark, but Dibra refuses and instead teaches him how to do the job himself with assistance from another thug, the rapist Mr. L. As Jason stews in jail, Carl kills Mark outside his home and, with Mr. L's help, establishes a perfect false alibi. 66"Luv U 4 Eva"Peter AndrikidisGreg Haddrick12 March 2008 (2008-03-12) Mark and Jason's father Lewis hires Mick Gatto's associate Andrew "Benji" Veniamin to avenge his stepson, believing the killer to be Dibra. As Dibra is a close friend, Benji hesitates until Dino incriminates himself. However, after Tony Mokbel is viciously beaten in a confrontation Gatto does nothing to prevent, Benji offers his services to Carl. 77"Wise Monkeys"Peter AndrikidisFelicity Packard19 March 2008 (2008-03-19) Carl is jailed for drug offenses, leaving his wife Roberta to run the business. Roberta is furious when rival dealer Paul Kallipolitis successfully extorts money from her. Kallipolitis makes the mistake of betraying his old friend Benji, who murders him. 88"Earning a Crust"Peter AndrikidisPeter Gawler26 March 2008 (2008-03-26) Under financial pressure caused by the Williams' trade, Carlton Crew loanshark Mario Condello begins calling in his debts. Jason Moran is given special parole conditions to allow him to move to London and be safe from harm. Nik Radev becomes a liability to Carl and Tony and is murdered by Benji and Mr. T., a friend Carl made in prison. When Carl's young neighbour falls foul of Condello and kills himself in shame, Carl becomes even more determined to wipe out his rivals. Through a listening device in the Williams' home, Det. James discovers Benji's identity as he and Roberta begin an affair. 99"Suffer the Children"Grant BrownFelicity Packard2 April 2008 (2008-04-02) Jason Moran returns from London. Concerned for his safety, his father Lewis offers to take over the day to day running of the business but is arrested during a bust. With Benji under police observation, Carl offers the contract to Mr. L and Mr. T. In a city park in front of his children, Jason and his minder are executed. 1010"Scratched"Grant BrownGreg Haddrick16 April 2008 (2008-04-16) Carl orders a hit on Willie Thompson, unaware he was a friend of Tony Mokbel. Ignorant of the perpetrator, Tony blames another small time dealer Michael Marshall and asks Carl to take care of it. Carl's hitmen Mr. L and Mr. T shoot Marshall in the street while under police surveillance and are immediately arrested. 1111"Barbarians at the Gate"Tony TilsePeter Gawler23 April 2008 (2008-04-23) Carl publicly accuses Detective Owen of corruption. Graham Kinniburgh and Mick Gatto fear for each other's safety. When Kinniburgh is murdered, Gatto suspects Benji. Carl agrees to end the violence but calls Benji's loyalty into question. Gatto calls Benji to a meeting and kills him, where he is subsequently arrested. 1212"Best Laid Plans"Tony TilseFelicity Packard30 April 2008 (2008-04-30) Consumed by a desire for vengeance over Benji's death, former Carlton Crew lackey Lewis Caine pushes Carl to take out a contract on Mario Condello. Meanwhile, Lewis Moran is gunned down in a crowded bar. As Caine moves on Condello, his double-crossing accomplices murder him. 1313"Team Purana"Tony TilsePeter Gawler7 May 2008 (2008-05-07) As Carl makes plans to have Condello killed, Detectives Owen and James convince his jailed associates Mr. L and Mr. T to testify against him, finally getting the evidence they need to arrest him and bringing the war to an end. In the epilogue, it is revealed that Carl and Roberta divorce while Mick Gatto is cleared of any wrong doing and is released from prison. Cast and characters Underbelly features four regular cast members, with 27 actors who recur throughout the series. Main Rodger Corser as Detective Steve Owen Caroline Craig as Detective Jacqui James Gyton Grantley as Carl Williams Kat Stewart as Roberta Williams (Carl's wife) Recurring Frankie J. Holden as Garry Butterworth Les Hill as Jason Moran Callan Mulvey as Mark Moran Vince Colosimo as Alphonse Gangitano Simon Westaway as Mick Gatto Damian Walshe-Howling as Andrew "Benji" Veniamin Martin Sacks as Mario Condello Kevin Harrington as Lewis Moran Caroline Gillmer as Judy Moran Gerard Kennedy as Graham "Munster" Kinniburgh Don Hany as Nik "The Russian" Radev Robert Mammone as Tony Mokbel Marcus Graham as Lewis Caine Daniel Amalm as Dino Dibra Andrew Gilbert as Victor Peirce Kim Gyngell as Keith Faure (uncredited in original broadcast) Alex Dimitriades as Victor Brincat (Mr.T in original broadcast) Ian Bliss as Thomas Hentschel (Mr.L in original broadcast) George Kapiniaris as Lawyer (George Defteros) Neil Melville as Todd McDonald Ryan Johnson as Rocco Arico Robert Rabiah as Paul "PK" Kallipolitis Eliza Szonert as Trish Moran Madeleine West as Danielle McGuire Jane Harber as Susie Money Lauren Clair as Tracey Seymour (Vicki Jacobs) Dan Wyllie as "Mad" Richard Mladenich Brett Swain as Tibor "Goose" Cassadae Nathaniel Dean as Sidney Martin (Gerald Preston) Lliam Amor as Greg Workman Guests Nicholas Bell as Colin Production Development Underbelly is based on the book Leadbelly: Inside Australia's Underworld, by Age journalists John Silvester and Andrew Rule. As the Nine Network was interested in creating local and world-class television, they decided to invest in a drama series that told the story of the Melbourne gangland killings. Jo Horsburgh, Nine Network Head of Drama, stated that the network was "100 percent committed to bringing Underbelly to the small screen". Des Monaghan, executive producer for Screentime, called the series "one of the most exciting and challenging drama projects ever shot in ". The script took 12 months to write, beginning in June 2006, with the main writers, Greg Haddrick, Peter Gawler and Felicity Packard putting together an entire episode themselves before their scripts were edited. Haddrick, Screentime's Head of Drama, felt that the challenge for the writing team was to "capture the essential truth of these extraordinary events in a compelling and coherent manner". Underbelly was filmed in Melbourne, at locations around the city where the real-life events occurred. Filming took over 82 days, from 2 July to 19 October 2007, with 150 inner urban locations utilised and 450 locations surveyed making the series as close to life as possible. Parts of the series were filmed in the Essendon area, near many of the houses and schools associated with the "Underworld". Many of the Carlton scenes were filmed in North Melbourne, primarily around Errol Street. All La Porcella filming was done at Rubicon Restaurant Errol Street, and jail visit sequences were filmed in the dressing rooms at the Telstra Dome. Marketing Underbelly advertisement on a Melbourne Tram The Nine Network spent more than fifteen million dollars producing and promoting Underbelly. The lead-up resulted in a heavy marketing campaign which covered radio, print, billboards and an increased online presence, including the use of social networking tools. When the CEO of the Nine Network, David Gyngell noted the need to up its online presence, and embrace social networking as a valuable marketing tool, the official website was launched. The original website was launched on 15 January 2008, with only a 3-minute trailer; while the full site, with all its features, launched on 1 February 2008. It was announced that the full first episode would be available for download on the site on 10 February, three days before the show premieres on television, but this option was made unavailable due to the Supreme court suppression case. This intention follows a similar strategy used for the launch of Sea Patrol in 2007. The site was "poised to become" the biggest and most detailed website the Nine Network has hosted for a show so far, including features such as behind the scenes footage, profiles, visitor interactivity and the use of social networking tools. Due to the court injunction, the Nine Network was ordered to remove character profiles from its official website in Victoria. According to its marketing, Underbelly "uses the framework of the murderous war between the two gangs, and the bigger moral war between the gangs and the Purana Task Force, to explore a complex array of individual stories and relationships—some touching, some incredible, all breathtaking—it is a mini-series that examines the kaleidoscopic nature of loyalty, love, revenge and pride when the normal and identifiable emotions of human attachment are moved from the context of social decency to social indecency." Franchise The series' first prequel, Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, revolves around the organised crime groups that stemmed from the Griffith-based dope trade. The series follows the lives of two late infamous drug lords, "Aussie Bob" Trimbole and Terry "Mr Asia" Clark, portrayed by Roy Billing and Matthew Newton respectively. Filming took place in both Sydney and Melbourne until March 2009. Sydney locations Richmond, Bondi Beach and Warwick Farm were used to portray Griffith in the 1970s. Writers Peter Gawler and Greg Haddrick admitted that there was more nudity and sex than the original. The prequel premiered on 9 February 2009 to 2.5 million viewers, making it the highest rated non-sporting program in the history of Australian television ratings. The second prequel, titled Underbelly: The Golden Mile, began airing on 11 April 2010. A telemovie trilogy known as The Underbelly Files was made and then aired in early 2011. The three telemovies Infiltration, The Man Who Got Away, and Tell Them Lucifer Was Here. The fourth series, Underbelly: Razor, began airing on 21 August 2011 and was mostly concerned with telling the story of 1920s criminal matriarchs Tilly Devine and Kate Leigh. It was also therefore a prequel to the original series. A New Zealand version titled Underbelly NZ: Land of the Long Green Cloud aired in 2011. The fifth series, Underbelly: Badness which tells the story of modern Sydney underworld figure Anthony Perish first aired on 13 August 2012. The current production, Underbelly: Squizzy, is set to air in late 2013 and is a biography of Squizzy Taylor. Impact Critical reception The first episode of the series was screened privately to media on 17 January 2008, prior the media had been treated with extracts and trailers promoting the series. On 3 January 2008, The Sydney Morning Herald's critic Michael Idato declared the series "The Blue Murder of its time", referring to the critically acclaimed 1995 ABC TV drama Blue Murder, considered by many to be the finest crime drama ever produced in Australia. In a review on his blog on 17 January 2008, David Knox, stated that Underbelly "is our own Sopranos", and awarded it 4.5 out of 5. He also commented "If there are any criticisms to be found with Underbelly, they are few. One or two shots give away that period Melbourne was actually shot in 2007. And while watching these gangsters thrive on power with ballsy disdain, it was hard not to think of the behaviour of some television executives in recent history. This aside, Underbelly looks set to be one of the highlights of the 2008 television year." A review appeared in the Herald Sun on 18 January 2008, in which critic Paul Anderson quoted: "Whether you followed the Melbourne gangland war or not, there's a fair chance you will be blown away by the coming TV series Underbelly. is a slick, violent and sexually charged dramatisation backed by a ripping soundtrack." In an article appearing on 31 January 2008, The Daily Telegraph's TV editor, Marcus Casey, said of Underbelly after viewing the first four episodes: "If the quality is maintained then, while not perfect, Underbelly should equal, if not better, Australia's best ever crime dramas – the Phoenix series and Blue Murder." Australian Family Association's reaction On 11 February 2008 the Australian Family Association (AFA), was publicly outraged that Underbelly would be screening at 8:30 pm, well within reach of children, after clips of the series were leaked onto the internet. The clips highlighted the use of extreme profanities, and scenes that show a violent bashing, a cold-blooded murder, and a sexual encounter. The Nine Network defended the timeslot and the M classification, saying the clips, leaked from the Network's production department, were indeed from the series, but not all of them made the final cut. The Network set its own classification, under the accepted rules of the Australian Commercial Television Code of Conduct. The Australian Family Association threatened to take the matter to Communications Minister Stephen Conroy if the content of the show was anything near that of an unauthorised promotional clip leaked from Nine's production department. Ratings The opening double episodes, which aired on 13 February, attracted an average of 1,320,000 viewers nationally, minus Victoria, making it the third most-watched show of the night. In Victoria alone, the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers, which would have put Underbelly figures over the 2 million mark. The replacement movie for Underbelly in Victoria, The Shawshank Redemption, managed only 271,000 viewers. The third episode, which aired on 20 February, managed to hold most of its viewers from its premiere, attracting 1,273,000 viewers nationally, a decline of only 50,000 viewers. The fourth episode, which aired on 27 February, managed to hold nearly all of its viewers from the previous episode, attracting 1,250,000 viewers nationally, a decline of only 23,000 viewers. Although leaked copies of all the episodes became available online, the show continued to attract "huge television audiences". Underbelly averaged 1.26 million viewers for all 13 episodes. Episode Original air date Viewers(millions) Nightly rank 1 "The Black Prince" 13 February 2008 1.249 7 2 "Sorcerer's Apprentice" 1.324 4 3 "I Still Pray" 20 February 2008 1.273 4 4 "Cocksure" 27 February 2008 1.249 7 5 "The Good, the Bad, the Ugly" 5 March 2008 1.224 4 6 "Luv U 4 Eva" 12 March 2008 1.233 4 7 "Wise Monkeys" 19 March 2008 1.271 4 8 "Earning a Crust" 26 March 2008 1.195 7 9 "Suffer the Children" 2 April 2008 1.219 6 10 "Scratched" 16 April 2008 1.247 6 11 "Barbarians at the Gate" 23 April 2008 1.237 6 12 "Best Laid Plans" 30 April 2008 1.344 4 13 "Team Purana" 7 May 2008 1.417 4 Awards Underbelly was nominated for eight awards at the 2008 AFI Awards, winning six. The awards won were: Best Drama Series; Best Director (Peter Andrikidis, for episode 7); Best Lead Actor (Gyton Grantley); Best Lead Actress (Kat Stewart); Best Guest or Supporting Actor (Damian Walshe-Howling, for episode 7); and Best Guest or Supporting Actress (Madeleine West, for episode 7). The series was also nominated for Best Screenplay (Peter Gawler); and Best Guest or Supporting Actor (Vince Colosimo, for episode 2). At the 2008 Screen Music Awards, composer Burkhard Dallwitz won two awards for best television theme and best music for a television series. The show was also nominated for nine Logie Awards. It won three awards from the nominations of Most Outstanding Drama Series, Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series (Gyton Grantley) and Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series (Kat Stewart). The other six nominations were from the categories of Most Outstanding Actor (Vince Colosimo and Damian Walshe-Howling), Most Outstanding New Talent (Lauren Clair), Most Popular Drama Series, Most Popular Actor (Gyton Grantley) and Most Popular Actress (Kat Stewart). Legal issues Supreme Court writ threat George Defteros, a high-profile lawyer, against whom criminal charges were dropped because the prosecution did not have enough evidence, disrupted the lead-up to the series' launch, when he threatened the Nine Network with a Supreme Court writ on 26 January 2008. Defteros, said to be portrayed by George Kapiniaris, engaged a top Melbourne defamation specialist, saying: "Any attempt to depict me as a lawyer of low impropriety and unethical behaviour will be met with legal proceedings instituted by my lawyers, I regard the depiction of the gangland wars, in particular my role as a lawyer acting for parties, as nothing more than farcical and pure pantomime. We'll be watching it very closely."— George Defteros Nine Network had subsequently said there would now be no direct reference to Defteros, despite earlier publicity. A spokeswoman for the network said "There is no lawyer called Defteros in Underbelly", but Defteros said he could still be defamed by implication, noting "it's already been advertised as me". The case was dropped by Director of Public Prosecutions Paul Coghlan, QC, due to a lack of evidence. Supreme Court suppression One of the many pages sporting a "This functionality is not available due to current legal restrictions" notice. The screening of Underbelly in Victoria was put into jeopardy after last-minute legal proceedings were instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions, Jeremy Rapke, QC. Rapke secured an urgent viewing of the series, after which he decided to seek an injunction stopping its broadcast in Victoria. A Supreme Court judge called prosecutors and defence lawyers together after serious concerns were raised about whether the show could prejudice the jury in the trial of Evangelos Goussis, who had pleaded not guilty to the 2004 gangland killing of Lewis Moran. Although Goussis was not named in the series, there were concerns the show could hurt his chance of a fair trial. The Supreme Court hearing took place on 11 February 2008 – only two days before the series was due to premiere. The Nine Network was ordered by a DPP subpoena to hand over tapes of all 13 episodes, as well as outlines and story lines, to the Victorian Supreme Court by 10 am on that date. The Nine Network refused to voluntarily hand over the tapes, saying they were incomplete and that the network's lawyers were closely supervising production. It was willing to comply with any Court order and took the matter very seriously. The Network was also adamant that the series makes no assertions about the guilt of the accused killer. At the hearing, which took place at the Geelong Supreme Court, Justice Betty King gave prosecution and defence lawyers 24 hours to view the series and return to court the following day to decide whether it had the potential to affect the forthcoming trial. Justice King issued a suppression order on 12 February banning the Nine Network from broadcasting the series in the state of Victoria and on the internet until after the murder trial was completed. The Nine Network offered to air a heavily edited version in Victoria, but the offer was rejected by Justice King. It was initially planned that an alternative program, Underbelly: A Special Announcement, discussing the subject matter of the series, would air in Victoria instead of the series premiere. This idea was scrapped, and the movie The Shawshank Redemption was aired in Victoria instead. The Nine Network declared their intention to appeal the decision, and Network lawyers stated that they would exercise all legal options. The injunction also affected national audiences receiving transmissions from Imparja Television, a Nine Network affiliate, because its single national satellite distribution signal is retransmitted in some parts of Victoria. Alternative programming was to be shown until the restriction was lifted. The appeal began on 29 February 2008 in the Victorian Court of Appeal. Nine Network lawyers argued that the network should be allowed to broadcast the first three episodes of the series, arguing Justice King had erred in her decision to suppress the series because she had viewed the unedited version, rather than the final edited cut that was to be shown to audiences. The network believed the first three episodes, which depicted events from the beginning of the underworld war in 1995, would have no potential to prejudice any part of the trial. Goussis's murder trial was due to begin on 31 March 2008. The judges overseeing the appeal retired to decide their verdict on 3 March 2008. Their decision on 26 March 2008 upheld Justice King's ruling that the series was not to be broadcast or distributed in or out of Victoria. During the appeal the Nine Network had proposed to screen the first three episodes immediately after any successful appeal, and would give the court seven days written notice of its intention to show any further episodes that it believed would not prejudice the murder trial. The Court of Appeal had dismissed the network's application to appeal, and the network was compelled to comply with the suppression order issued by Justice King until the offending trial was complete. The ban expired the week ending 30 May 2008, with the conviction of Goussis for the murder of Lewis Moran, paving the way for Nine to begin screening episodes; however, Andrew Rule, who co-wrote the book on which the series is based, says Underbelly will not be seen in Victoria anytime soon, saying "the problem now will be that Tony Mokbel is back in Australia and ready to stand trial on very serious charges. That will effectively prevent the series being screened in Victoria until that trial is held ... That could be some time. I'm not sure about several , but it might be two years." However, Underbelly was legally shown in Victoria in September 2008, after a court ruled that the network could air the first five episodes. Supreme Court Justice Peter Vickery gave the network permission to air the specially edited episodes, but said screening the sixth episode could prejudice the upcoming trials of an accused criminal. The edited versions had whole scenes cut out, and Tony Mokbel's face was pixelated. Reactions from viewers were not favourable, mainly because most had already seen the entire series. Underbelly: Uncut (2011 Victorian Broadcast Version) The suppression order was partially lifted after Mokbel's trial in April 2011, after which the series was broadcast in Victoria. A 9:30 pm timeslot allowed the airing of the 'Uncut' edition, based on the episodes as they appeared in the DVD/Blu-ray release, and a few further alterations were made to update the show's significantly outdated summary of current events. The final voice over of the series, in the episode "Purana", was rerecorded (during production of Underbelly: Razor) to include events that occurred up to, and including, 2011 (such as Carl Williams' murder and Tony Mokbel's arrest). It is almost a minute longer than the original voice over summary. Other episodes contained less significant changes to the original voice over summaries, indicating they had also been rerecorded. Kym Gyngell (Keith Faure), Alex Dimitriades (Victor Brincat) and Ian Bliss (Thomas Hentschel) are now fully credited in the episodes in which they starred, with the textual explanation given that their characters could not be named at the time of production but can now be named as of 2011, due to the end of their related trials. They are still unnamed in the dialog of each episode. The show, however, is still not allowed to be sold on DVD/Blu-ray in Victoria, because a character in the "Purana" episode that was named in the original broadcast and DVD/Blu-ray release, was not allowed to be named at the time of the rebroadcast due to a pending court case and subsequently had their name edited out. Because the DVD/Blu-ray release is based on the original 2008 broadcast and not the 2011 "Uncut" broadcast, it is still not allowed to be sold in Victoria until the suppression order is fully lifted, or the alternative version is released. Sequel Fat Tony & Co. was confirmed on 3 August 2013, with series production beginning on 5 August 2013. It was not branded as Underbelly due to changes in funding with Screen Australia, but chronologically acts as a direct sequel to the first series of the show, with most of the same cast playing the same characters with only one or two exceptions. Based on Tony Mokbel, the series covers the manhunt for Mokbel that lasted 18 months, and dismantled his drug empire. It was filmed in Greece. It first aired on 23 February at 8:40 pm on Channel 9. Distribution International distribution Underbelly began airing in New Zealand on TV3 on Sunday at 9:30 pm, but the network put the series on hiatus after three episodes because it was "not performing as expected in the time slot". Due to a public outcry, TV3 reversed their decision 48 hours later, saying it was "bowing to the pressure of angry fans". TV3 reinstated the series in its old timeslot, but rescheduled it to 11:15 pm on Tuesday evenings just weeks later. TV3 senior publicist Nicole Wood said the show had failed to win new viewers in the Sunday slot, and even though they were "inundated with fans" when they took it off air, it "still didn't rate" on its second showing. The series was brought back to primetime in July 2009, after the sequel series performed well in New Zealand. Beginning with episode 1, the series is currently playing every Thursday at 9:30 pm. In April 2008, the Nine Network signed an international distribution deal with Fox International Channels and Portman Film & Television. The series will be broadcast in Scandinavia, Canada, France, the UK, Italy (Rai 4), Balkans, Korea, Pan-Asia, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and Germany. Gyngell said, "to say we are pleased is an understatement – we are delighted that the series will gain international audiences and global recognition". Scottish commercial broadcaster STV have signed up to broadcast the series. Series 3 is now broadcasting after the good reception of the first two series. U.S. satellite-only service DirecTV will broadcast the entire trilogy, beginning in February 2010, on its channel "The 101". Season 1 airs in the Republic of Ireland on free-to-air channel TV3 Ireland from Thursday, 23 September 2010 at 10 pm. The series is also available on Stan. Illegal distribution Despite the ban on broadcasting the series in Victoria, Victorians were still able to access episodes via illegal online distribution. The first episode was made available on torrent sites within 20 minutes of it concluding in New South Wales. The Nine Network reportedly obtained the IP address of the first person to upload the show, and network lawyers were considering legal action. The Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT) was investigating the matter, and was expected to make a list of recommendations to Victoria Police. Fears of inside leaks were aroused when advance screener versions of the first eight episodes were posted online. Every episode of the 13-part series was soon available for download on a range of sites. It was reported that on mininova.org more than 3,000 users were attempting to download episode seven late on the afternoon of 27 February 2008. The Nine Network said it was considering legal action, and was looking into how copies got into the hands of underworld figures in Victoria, including Roberta Williams, the former wife of gangland kingpin Carl Williams. Unauthorised copies of the entire series were also made available to the public. People were offered a 4-disc DVD set for between A$10 and $80 in public places such as carparks and building sites. The episodes were commercial-free and came with introductory station countdowns, suggesting a major leak from inside the network's production department. Two network employees had been questioned by the network over the matter, but both denied distributing any copies of the series. Unlicensed DVDs containing the first nine episodes of Underbelly were seized in a raid by police on a business in Melbourne's western suburbs on 11 March 2008. The 41-year-old man arrested faced charges of copyright infringement and of breaking the court order banning broadcast of the program in Victoria. Along with the Underbelly DVDs, more than 7000 other unlicensed DVDs were uncovered, as well as eight printers and 70 new DVD burners. The group of ingringers contained several members, some of whom had been arrested for offences in the months prior. Merchandise The legal Underbelly DVD was released 8 May 2008 by Roadshow Entertainment, a day after the final episode was aired on television. In accordance with the legal suppression, the release was not distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet. Roadshow Entertainment has confirmed that all box sets and point of sale displays will carry a sticker or stamp reminding buyers the series is not for sale, distribution or exhibition in Victoria. Legal experts said Victorians who bought the box set interstate and watched it themselves at home would likely not fall foul of the law, but anyone who showed it more widely could be charged with contempt. The DVD has sold 265,000 copies around Australia. In September 2008, a Limited Edition DVD was released, containing a numbered steel case and an extra disc with a documentary entitled Carl Williams – A Day of Reckoning. The Underbelly soundtrack was released on 29 March 2008, both as a CD and online. It features elements of the score by Burkhard Dallwitz in addition to music tracks that were featured in the series. Underbelly was released on Blu-ray on 5 August 2010. See also List of Australian television series References ^ a b c "Underbelly Not Dead Yet – TV & Radio – Entertainment". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ a b c d "Projects 2006/2007 – Adult Television Drama". 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Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 8". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 9". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 10". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 11". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 12". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ a b "Underbelly: Series 1 Ep 13". Australian Television. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ "Underbelly slays them at AFIs". ninemsn. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008. ^ "The Black Balloon and Underbelly claim music honours". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008. ^ "Complete list of Logie winners". Herald Sun. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. ^ a b Michael, Warner (26 January 2008). "TV drama Underbelly under fire". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. ^ Buttler, Mark; Dunn, Mark (7 February 2008). "Underbelly waits for DPP all-clear". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. ^ "Underbelly under Supreme Court scrutiny". ninemsn. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. ^ a b "Grave doubts over 'Underbelly': court". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008. ^ "Nine told to hand over Underbelly tapes". LIVENEWS.com.au. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008. ^ Fogarty, Daniel (11 February 2008). "Underbelly Victorian premiere still uncertain". AAP News. ^ Ari, Sharp; Ziffer, Daniel (14 February 2008). "Pirate screening exposed". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008. ^ Markham, Shelley (29 February 2008). "Dramatic parallel in Nine crime series, court hears". AAP News. ^ Rout, Milanda (4 March 2008). "Nine vows not to air Belly during trial". The Australian. ^ Power, Emily (27 March 2008). "Screen it and I'll act – DPP". Herald Sun. ^ Power, Emily (11 June 2008). "Channel Nine handed Underbelly legal bill". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 June 2008. ^ "Victorians unlikely to see Underbelly soon". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008. ^ a b Metlikovec, Jane (15 September 2008). "Nine suffers a Belly ache". Herald Sun. p. 21. ISSN 1038-3433. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008. ^ Coster, Alice; Vickery, Colin (20 April 2011). "Underbelly actor sees the upside". Herald Sun (1 ed.). p. 10. ISSN 1038-3433. ^ "Fat Tony & Co". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013. ^ "Aussie gangster show Underbelly pulled". stuff.co.nz. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ "Network flips on Underbelly "flop"". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ Gibson, Eloise (13 May 2008). "Gang drama 'Underbelly' shunted into late time slot". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 June 2008. ^ Idato, Michael (28 February 2008). "The Age: Networking". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008. ^ "Power fails, Underbelly thrives". The Daily Telegraph. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008. ^ "STV announces range of new programmes". STV. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ "DIRECTV's The 101 Network To Bring Award-Winning Series 'Underbelly' From February 10, 2010". Satellite Television News. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2010. ^ Henri Paget (14 February 2008). "'Underbelly' pirates could be tracked down". ninemsn. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008. ^ Ziffer, Dan (21 February 2008). "The Age Blogs: Entertainment – Illegal Underbelly DVDs Firing Up". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ Dowsley, Anthony (22 February 2008). "Nine probes Underbelly leaks". Herald Sun. Retrieved 2 July 2008. ^ Mark Buttler (11 March 2008). "Underbelly DVDs seized in raids". Herald Sun. Retrieved 16 May 2008. ^ "Underbelly – Uncut: Limited Edition (5 Disc SteelBook)". EzyDVD. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2009. ^ Cashmere, Paul (29 March 2008). "Undercover – Banned Underbelly Has An Unbanned Soundtrack". Undercover.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008. External links Underbelly at the Australian Television Information Archive Underbelly at stv.tv Underbelly at The TV IV Mediasearch at the Underbelly launch in February 2008 Underbelly at IMDb UnderBelly The online Australian Crime Game Underbelly Series 1 Cast & Real Comparison The official Underbelly DVD Uk Release at underbelly-dvd.co.uk. Underbelly - Season 1 at Australian Screen Online vteUnderbellySeries Underbelly A Tale of Two Cities The Golden Mile Razor Badness Squizzy Vanishing Act Underbelly Files Tell Them Lucifer Was Here Infiltration The Man Who Got Away Chopper Related articles Soundtrack Underbelly NZ: Land of the Long Green Cloud Fat Tony & Co. Informer 3838 vteAACTA Award for Best Television Drama Series Embassy (1991) Phoenix (1992) Home and Away/Phoenix (1993) The Damnation of Harvey McHugh/Heartland (1994) Home and Away/Frontline (1995) Home and Away/Frontline (1996) Neighbours/Frontline (1997) Home and Away/Wildside (1998) All Saints/Wildside (1999) All Saints/Grass Roots (2000) Something in the Air/SeaChange (2001) Kath & Kim (2002) MDA (2003) Stingers (2004) Love My Way (2005) Love My Way (2006) Love My Way (2007) Underbelly (2008) East West 101 (2009) Rush (2010) East West 101 (2011) Puberty Blues (2012) Redfern Now (2013) The Code (2014) Glitch (2015) Wentworth (2016) Top of the Lake: China Girl (2017) Mystery Road (2018) Total Control (2019) Mystery Road (2020) The Newsreader (2021) Mystery Road: Origin (2022) vteLogie Award for Most Outstanding Drama Series Shadow of a Pale Horse (1961) Consider Your Verdict (1962) The One Day of the Year (1963) Homicide (1965) Homicide (1966) Homicide (1967) Homicide (1968) Homicide (1969) Division 4 (1970) Homicide (1971) Division 4 (1972) Homicide (1973) Number 96 (1974) Number 96 (1975) Number 96 (1976) Come In Spinner (1991) G.P. (1992) Phoenix (1993) Phoenix (1994) Janus (1995) Blue Murder (1996) Water Rats (1997) Frontline (1998) SeaChange (1999) SeaChange (2000) SeaChange (2001) The Secret Life of Us (2002) The Secret Life of Us (2003) The Secret Life of Us (2004) Love My Way (2005) Love My Way (2006) Love My Way (2007) Curtin (2008) Underbelly (2009) East West 101 (2010) Underbelly: The Golden Mile (2011) The Slap (2012) Redfern Now (2013) Redfern Now (2014) Wentworth (2015) Glitch (2016) A Place to Call Home (2017) Wentworth (2018) Wentworth (2019) The Newsreader (2022) The Twelve (2023) Logie Awards

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Underbelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"gangland war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings"},{"link_name":"Carlton Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Crew"},{"link_name":"Carl Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Williams_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"John Silvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Silvester_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellyageref-1"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"tie-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-in"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicunder-3"},{"link_name":"executive producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffc-2"},{"link_name":"social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_marketing-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Devlyn-5"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Devlyn-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_predictions-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suppression_order-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undervictshown-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellyageref-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyrev-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_1_and_2_ratings-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underbelly_leaked-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_dvd-13"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: The Golden Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_The_Golden_Mile"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Razor"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Badness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Badness"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Squizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Squizzy"},{"link_name":"Fat Tony & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Tony_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Underbelly Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(TV_series)#Underbelly:_Files_telemovies"}],"text":"Season of television seriesFirst season of the Australian crime dramaThe first series of Australian crime television drama series Underbelly originally aired from 13 February 2008 to 7 May 2008 on the Nine Network and is loosely based on the real events of the 1995–2004 gangland war in Melbourne. It depicts the key players in Melbourne's criminal underworld, including the Carlton Crew and their rival, Carl Williams. The series is based on the book Leadbelly: Inside Australia's Underworld, by journalists John Silvester and Andrew Rule,[1] and borrows its name from the successful Underbelly true crime anthology book series also authored by Silvester and Rule. An alternative and significantly updated tie-in novel, Underbelly: The Gangland War, was released as their 13th book in the series. The series is produced by the Australian Film Finance Corporation,[2] in association with Film Victoria.[3] The executive producers are Des Monaghan and Jo Horsburgh.[2]The lead-up to Underbelly involved a heavy marketing campaign which covered radio, print, billboards and an increased online presence, including the use of social networking tools.[4] At a reported cost of $500,000,[5] both this marketing investment and potentially millions of dollars in advertising revenue were claimed to be put at risk by the Victorian Supreme Court's injunction,[5] as the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers in Victoria alone.[6] The injunction was put in place to ensure that upcoming criminal trials were not unfair to the accused, because the series contained fictionalised re-enactments of several disputed events. Underbelly began screening on 13 February 2008 on the Nine Network in all states and territories except Victoria and some regional parts of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory.[7] An edited version of the series premiered in Victoria on 14 September 2008 after the injunction was partially lifted, although only the first five episodes were shown.[8] In 2011, the injunction was partially lifted and the series was screened as \"Underbelly: Uncut\". This rebroadcast included scenes from the original DVD release, as well as several significant changes that were made to keep the show current, including a newly recorded final voiceover and the crediting of several characters that were previously uncredited (allowable due to the ending of related trials). Some previously named characters in the final episode however are now unable to be named, resulting in a continued banning of the sale of the video release in Victoria.Underbelly was a critical and ratings success,[1] being described as \"Australia's best ever crime drama\".[9] Despite this critical success, the series has been the target of controversy due to its glamourised depiction of crime and violence.[10] The opening double episodes, which aired on 13 February, attracted an average of 1,320,000 viewers nationally, minus Victoria.[11] Every episode of the 13-part series was soon made available for download on a range of sites, with the Nine Network saying it was considering legal action.[12] The legal DVD of Underbelly was released on 8 May 2008, a day after the final episode was aired on television. Due to the legal suppression, the release was not able to be distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet. The ban remains in place in 2013, due to legal issues involving the final episode of the show.[13] It was the first in a continuing series, and was later followed by Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, Underbelly: The Golden Mile, Underbelly: Razor, Underbelly: Badness, Underbelly: Squizzy and the sequel to the first series Fat Tony & Co., as well as multiple spin-offs and four television films released as Underbelly Files.","title":"Underbelly series 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnderbellyCast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jason Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Les Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Hill"},{"link_name":"Kat Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Carl Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Williams_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Gyton Grantley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyton_Grantley"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Gangitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Gangitano"},{"link_name":"Vince Colosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Colosimo"},{"link_name":"Madeleine West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_West"},{"link_name":"Rodger Corser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Corser"},{"link_name":"Melbourne gangland war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings"},{"link_name":"Carlton Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Crew"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Gangitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Gangitano"},{"link_name":"Vince Colosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Colosimo"},{"link_name":"Domenic \"Mick\" Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenic_Gatto"},{"link_name":"Simon Westaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Westaway"},{"link_name":"Mario Condello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Condello"},{"link_name":"Martin Sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sacks"},{"link_name":"Graham Kinniburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kinniburgh"},{"link_name":"Gerard Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Mark Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Les Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Hill"},{"link_name":"Callan Mulvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Mulvey"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Moran"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harrington_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carl Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Williams_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Gyton Grantley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyton_Grantley"},{"link_name":"Rodger Corser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Corser"},{"link_name":"Caroline Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Craig"},{"link_name":"Task Force Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Purana"},{"link_name":"Tony Mokbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios_Mokbel"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"},{"link_name":"Dino Dibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Dibra"},{"link_name":"Daniel Amalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Amalm"},{"link_name":"Ian Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Veniamin"},{"link_name":"Damian Walshe-Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Walshe-Howling"},{"link_name":"Kat Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Nik \"The Russian\" Radev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Radev"},{"link_name":"Don Hany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hany"},{"link_name":"Alex Dimitriades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dimitriades"},{"link_name":"Keith Faure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Faure"},{"link_name":"Kym Gyngell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kym_Gyngell"},{"link_name":"Lewis Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Caine"},{"link_name":"Marcus Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Graham"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"A promotional image of the cast of Channel Nine's Underbelly. From left to right: Jason Moran (Les Hill), Roberta Williams (Kat Stewart), Carl Williams (Gyton Grantley), Alphonse Gangitano (Vince Colosimo), Danielle McGuire (Madeleine West) and Steve Owen (Rodger Corser).Underbelly is a fictionalised account of the Melbourne gangland war (1995–2004). In the first episode, the Carlton Crew crime syndicate is introduced, comprising stand-over man Alphonse Gangitano (Vince Colosimo), Domenic \"Mick\" Gatto (Simon Westaway), loanshark Mario Condello (Martin Sacks), retired bank robber Graham Kinniburgh (Gerard Kennedy) and drug-dealing siblings Jason and Mark Moran (Les Hill, Callan Mulvey) and their father Lewis (Kevin Harrington). Jason Moran's seemingly harmless and half-witted driver Carl Williams (Gyton Grantley) is also introduced, along with two police characters; Steve Owen (Rodger Corser) and Jacqui James (Caroline Craig), the most prominent members of Task Force Purana.Alphonse Gangitano, the self-styled \"Black Prince of Lygon Street\", kills a man at a party over a small debt and with Jason injures 13 innocent people. During his trial, Gangitano is murdered by Jason, although the killing goes unsolved. The Moran brothers buy a pill press and employ Carl Williams to produce their drugs. Carl secretly begins making his own supply and forms an alliance with Moran rival Tony Mokbel (Robert Mammone). When Carl is busted by the police, Jason discovers his double-cross and shoots him in the stomach, before Jason is arrested. Mark Moran takes over the drug business, selling Tony Mokbel out to a corrupt officer from the drug squad. Carl kills Mark with the assistance of drug dealer Dino Dibra (Daniel Amalm) and L (Ian Bliss), who establish a false alibi. Lewis Moran hires Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin (Damian Walshe-Howling) to avenge his stepson, believing the killer to be Dibra. Benji kills Dibra then offers his services to Carl and becomes his bodyguard, although Carl is eventually jailed. Carl's wife, Roberta (Kat Stewart), is forced to run the business and she begins an affair with Benji.Carl is released from jail and Jason Moran is given special parole conditions to allow him to move to London. Moran rival Nik \"The Russian\" Radev (Don Hany) becomes a liability and Carl has him murdered by Benji and T. (Alex Dimitriades). Jason returns from London and a concerned Lewis offers to run the business but is arrested during a bust. With Benji under constant police observation, Carl asks L. and T. to murder Jason, who is killed in front of his children. Carl orders a hit on small-time dealer Willie Thompson, who turns out to be a friend of Tony Mokbel. Tony blames another small-time dealer, Michael Marshall and asks Carl to kill him. L. and T. shoot Marshall and are immediately arrested but the police are unable to prove Carl's involvement in the crime.When Graham Kinniburgh is murdered, Carl agrees to end the violence and asks Benji to murder Gatto. Gatto instead kills Benji and is arrested, although he is later acquitted. A new thug, Keith Faure (Kym Gyngell) (only named in the 2011 \"Uncut\" broadcast), offers to join Carl but wants to take over. Several days later, Faure kills Lewis Moran in a crowded bar. Consumed by revenge for Benji's death, his friend, the convicted killer Lewis Caine (Marcus Graham), decides to kill Condello, the last survivor of the Carlton Crew. Caine is double-crossed by his accomplices and is murdered beforehand. Detective Owen has Condello's bodyguard \"Tibor\" arrested. They turn Tibor to record Condello ordering a hit on Carl. Carl's jailed associates testify against him. In the series finale, Task Force Purana and Owen arrest Carl at a family barbecue. A voice-over by police officer Jacqui James, reveals that Mick Gatto is eventually acquitted for the killing of Andrew Veniamin and that Mario Condello is killed while awaiting trial on attempted murder charges. The final voice-over was rerecorded during the production of Underbelly: Razor in preparation for the 2011 airing of the show in Victoria to also include information on Carl Williams' murder and Tony Mokbel's arrest in a \"cheap wig\" in Greece.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Underbelly episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Underbelly_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Underbelly episodes","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_cast2-14"}],"text":"Underbelly features four regular cast members, with 27 actors who recur throughout the series.[14]","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodger Corser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Corser"},{"link_name":"Caroline Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Craig"},{"link_name":"Gyton Grantley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyton_Grantley"},{"link_name":"Carl Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Williams_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Kat Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Stewart"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Rodger Corser as Detective Steve Owen\nCaroline Craig as Detective Jacqui James\nGyton Grantley as Carl Williams\nKat Stewart as Roberta Williams (Carl's wife)","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankie J. Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_J._Holden"},{"link_name":"Les Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jason Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Callan Mulvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Mulvey"},{"link_name":"Mark Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Vince Colosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Colosimo"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Gangitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Gangitano"},{"link_name":"Simon Westaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Westaway"},{"link_name":"Mick Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenic_Gatto"},{"link_name":"Damian Walshe-Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Walshe-Howling"},{"link_name":"Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Veniamin"},{"link_name":"Martin Sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sacks"},{"link_name":"Mario Condello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Condello"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harrington_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Moran"},{"link_name":"Caroline Gillmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Gillmer"},{"link_name":"Judy Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Moran"},{"link_name":"Gerard Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Graham \"Munster\" Kinniburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kinniburgh"},{"link_name":"Don Hany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hany"},{"link_name":"Nik \"The Russian\" Radev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Radev"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"},{"link_name":"Tony Mokbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mokbel"},{"link_name":"Marcus Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Graham"},{"link_name":"Lewis Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Caine"},{"link_name":"Daniel Amalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Amalm"},{"link_name":"Dino Dibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Dibra"},{"link_name":"Andrew Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Victor Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Kim Gyngell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gyngell"},{"link_name":"Keith Faure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Faure"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credited-15"},{"link_name":"Alex Dimitriades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dimitriades"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credited-15"},{"link_name":"Ian Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bliss"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credited-15"},{"link_name":"George Kapiniaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kapiniaris"},{"link_name":"Neil Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Melville"},{"link_name":"Ryan Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Johnson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Rabiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rabiah"},{"link_name":"Eliza Szonert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Szonert"},{"link_name":"Madeleine West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_West"},{"link_name":"Danielle McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Jane Harber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Harber"},{"link_name":"Lauren Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Clair"},{"link_name":"Dan Wyllie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wyllie"},{"link_name":"Brett Swain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Swain_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Dean"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underbelly_series_1&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bell"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Frankie J. Holden as Garry Butterworth\nLes Hill as Jason Moran\nCallan Mulvey as Mark Moran\nVince Colosimo as Alphonse Gangitano\nSimon Westaway as Mick Gatto\nDamian Walshe-Howling as Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin\nMartin Sacks as Mario Condello\nKevin Harrington as Lewis Moran\nCaroline Gillmer as Judy Moran\nGerard Kennedy as Graham \"Munster\" Kinniburgh\nDon Hany as Nik \"The Russian\" Radev\nRobert Mammone as Tony Mokbel\nMarcus Graham as Lewis Caine\n\n\n\n\nDaniel Amalm as Dino Dibra\nAndrew Gilbert as Victor Peirce\nKim Gyngell as Keith Faure (uncredited in original broadcast)[15]\nAlex Dimitriades as Victor Brincat (Mr.T in original broadcast)[15]\nIan Bliss as Thomas Hentschel (Mr.L in original broadcast)[15]\nGeorge Kapiniaris as Lawyer (George Defteros)\nNeil Melville as Todd McDonald\nRyan Johnson as Rocco Arico\nRobert Rabiah as Paul \"PK\" Kallipolitis\nEliza Szonert as Trish Moran\nMadeleine West as Danielle McGuire\nJane Harber as Susie Money\nLauren Clair as Tracey Seymour (Vicki Jacobs)\nDan Wyllie as \"Mad\" Richard Mladenich\nBrett Swain as Tibor \"Goose\" Cassadae\nNathaniel Dean as Sidney Martin (Gerald Preston)\nLliam Amor as Greg Workman\nGuests[edit]\nNicholas Bell as Colin","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellyageref-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underprod-16"},{"link_name":"Screentime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentime"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underprod-16"},{"link_name":"Greg Haddrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Haddrick"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underprod-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmunder-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_cast2-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvunder-19"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undersecond2n-20"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Telstra Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra_Dome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmingunder-21"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Underbelly is based on the book Leadbelly: Inside Australia's Underworld, by Age journalists John Silvester and Andrew Rule.[1] As the Nine Network was interested in creating local and world-class television, they decided to invest in a drama series that told the story of the Melbourne gangland killings. Jo Horsburgh, Nine Network Head of Drama, stated that the network was \"100 percent committed to bringing Underbelly to the small screen\".[16] Des Monaghan, executive producer for Screentime, called the series \"one of the most exciting and challenging drama projects ever shot in [Australia]\".[16] The script took 12 months to write, beginning in June 2006, with the main writers, Greg Haddrick, Peter Gawler and Felicity Packard putting together an entire episode themselves before their scripts were edited.[17] Haddrick, Screentime's Head of Drama, felt that the challenge for the writing team was to \"capture the essential truth of these extraordinary events in a compelling and coherent manner\".[16]Underbelly was filmed in Melbourne, at locations around the city where the real-life events occurred.[18] Filming took over 82 days, from 2 July to 19 October 2007,[14] with 150 inner urban locations utilised and 450 locations surveyed making the series as close to life as possible.[19] Parts of the series were filmed in the Essendon area, near many of the houses and schools associated with the \"Underworld\".[20] Many of the Carlton scenes were filmed in North Melbourne, primarily around Errol Street. All La Porcella filming was done at Rubicon Restaurant Errol Street, and jail visit sequences were filmed in the dressing rooms at the Telstra Dome.[21]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Underbelly-melbtram.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellymarketprod-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_marketing-4"},{"link_name":"David Gyngell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gyngell"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine_2008_launch-23"},{"link_name":"official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080115072345/http://www.underbellytv.com/"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_launch-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_online_launch-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sea Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Patrol_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_online_launch-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_marketing-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banned-27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffc-2"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"Underbelly advertisement on a Melbourne TramThe Nine Network spent more than fifteen million dollars producing and promoting Underbelly.[22] The lead-up resulted in a heavy marketing campaign which covered radio, print, billboards and an increased online presence, including the use of social networking tools.[4] When the CEO of the Nine Network, David Gyngell noted the need to up its online presence, and embrace social networking as a valuable marketing tool,[23] the official website was launched. The original website was launched on 15 January 2008, with only a 3-minute trailer; while the full site, with all its features, launched on 1 February 2008.[24] It was announced that the full first episode would be available for download on the site on 10 February, three days before the show premieres on television,[25] but this option was made unavailable due to the Supreme court suppression case.[26] This intention follows a similar strategy used for the launch of Sea Patrol in 2007.[25] The site was \"poised to become\" the biggest and most detailed website the Nine Network has hosted for a show so far, including features such as behind the scenes footage, profiles, visitor interactivity and the use of social networking tools.[4] Due to the court injunction, the Nine Network was ordered to remove character profiles from its official website in Victoria.[27]According to its marketing, Underbelly \"uses the framework of the murderous war between the two gangs, and the bigger moral war between the gangs and the Purana Task Force, to explore a complex array of individual stories and relationships—some touching, some incredible, all breathtaking—it is a mini-series that examines the kaleidoscopic nature of loyalty, love, revenge and pride when the normal and identifiable emotions of human attachment are moved from the context of social decency to social indecency.\"[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prequelanna-28"},{"link_name":"\"Aussie Bob\" Trimbole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trimbole"},{"link_name":"Terry \"Mr Asia\" Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_John_Clark"},{"link_name":"Roy Billing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Billing"},{"link_name":"Matthew Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Newton"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preprod-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preprod-29"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bondi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Beach,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Warwick Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Farm,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underfinalratings-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: The Golden Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_The_Golden_Mile"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Razor"},{"link_name":"Tilly Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilly_Devine"},{"link_name":"Kate Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Underbelly NZ: Land of the Long Green Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_NZ:_Land_of_the_Long_Green_Cloud"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Badness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Badness"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: Squizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_Squizzy"},{"link_name":"Squizzy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squizzy_Taylor"}],"sub_title":"Franchise","text":"The series' first prequel, Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, revolves around the organised crime groups that stemmed from the Griffith-based dope trade.[28] The series follows the lives of two late infamous drug lords, \"Aussie Bob\" Trimbole and Terry \"Mr Asia\" Clark, portrayed by Roy Billing and Matthew Newton respectively.[29] Filming took place in both Sydney and Melbourne until March 2009.[29] Sydney locations Richmond, Bondi Beach and Warwick Farm were used to portray Griffith in the 1970s. Writers Peter Gawler and Greg Haddrick admitted that there was more nudity and sex than the original.[30] The prequel premiered on 9 February 2009 to 2.5 million viewers, making it the highest rated non-sporting program in the history of Australian television ratings.[31] The second prequel, titled Underbelly: The Golden Mile, began airing on 11 April 2010.[32] A telemovie trilogy known as The Underbelly Files was made and then aired in early 2011. The three telemovies Infiltration, The Man Who Got Away, and Tell Them Lucifer Was Here.[33] The fourth series, Underbelly: Razor, began airing on 21 August 2011 and was mostly concerned with telling the story of 1920s criminal matriarchs Tilly Devine and Kate Leigh. It was also therefore a prequel to the original series. A New Zealand version titled Underbelly NZ: Land of the Long Green Cloud aired in 2011. The fifth series, Underbelly: Badness which tells the story of modern Sydney underworld figure Anthony Perish first aired on 13 August 2012. The current production, Underbelly: Squizzy, is set to air in late 2013 and is a biography of Squizzy Taylor.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Blue Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Murder_(mini-series)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michael_idato-34"},{"link_name":"Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyrev-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The first episode of the series was screened privately to media on 17 January 2008, prior the media had been treated with extracts and trailers promoting the series. On 3 January 2008, The Sydney Morning Herald's critic Michael Idato declared the series \"The Blue Murder of its time\", referring to the critically acclaimed 1995 ABC TV drama Blue Murder, considered by many to be the finest crime drama ever produced in Australia.[34] In a review on his blog on 17 January 2008, David Knox, stated that Underbelly \"is our own Sopranos\", and awarded it 4.5 out of 5. He also commented \"If there are any criticisms to be found with Underbelly, they are few. One or two shots give away that period Melbourne was actually shot in 2007. And while watching these gangsters thrive on power with ballsy disdain, it was hard not to think of the behaviour of some television executives in recent history. This aside, Underbelly looks set to be one of the highlights of the 2008 television year.\"[35] A review appeared in the Herald Sun on 18 January 2008, in which critic Paul Anderson quoted: \"Whether you followed the Melbourne gangland war or not, there's a fair chance you will be blown away by the coming TV series Underbelly. [It] is a slick, violent and sexually charged dramatisation backed by a ripping soundtrack.\"[36] In an article appearing on 31 January 2008, The Daily Telegraph's TV editor, Marcus Casey, said of Underbelly after viewing the first four episodes: \"If the quality is maintained then, while not perfect, Underbelly should equal, if not better, Australia's best ever crime dramas – the Phoenix series and Blue Murder.\"[9]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"profanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanities"},{"link_name":"Stephen Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Conroy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFA_outrage-37"}],"sub_title":"Australian Family Association's reaction","text":"On 11 February 2008 the Australian Family Association (AFA), was publicly outraged that Underbelly would be screening at 8:30 pm, well within reach of children, after clips of the series were leaked onto the internet. The clips highlighted the use of extreme profanities, and scenes that show a violent bashing, a cold-blooded murder, and a sexual encounter. The Nine Network defended the timeslot and the M classification, saying the clips, leaked from the Network's production department, were indeed from the series, but not all of them made the final cut. The Network set its own classification, under the accepted rules of the Australian Commercial Television Code of Conduct. The Australian Family Association threatened to take the matter to Communications Minister Stephen Conroy if the content of the show was anything near that of an unauthorised promotional clip leaked from Nine's production department.[37]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_1_and_2_ratings-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_predictions-6"},{"link_name":"The Shawshank Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shawshank_Redemption"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_1_and_2_ratings-11"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellyinside-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_4_ratings-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underfinalratings-30"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"The opening double episodes, which aired on 13 February, attracted an average of 1,320,000 viewers nationally, minus Victoria, making it the third most-watched show of the night.[11] In Victoria alone, the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers,[6] which would have put Underbelly figures over the 2 million mark. The replacement movie for Underbelly in Victoria, The Shawshank Redemption, managed only 271,000 viewers.[11] The third episode, which aired on 20 February, managed to hold most of its viewers from its premiere, attracting 1,273,000 viewers nationally,[38] a decline of only 50,000 viewers. The fourth episode, which aired on 27 February, managed to hold nearly all of its viewers from the previous episode, attracting 1,250,000 viewers nationally, a decline of only 23,000 viewers. Although leaked copies of all the episodes became available online, the show continued to attract \"huge television audiences\".[39] Underbelly averaged 1.26 million viewers for all 13 episodes.[30]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFI Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute_Awards"},{"link_name":"Peter Andrikidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Andrikidis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Screen Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(Australia)#Screen_Music_Awards_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Logie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Underbelly was nominated for eight awards at the 2008 AFI Awards, winning six. The awards won were: Best Drama Series; Best Director (Peter Andrikidis, for episode 7); Best Lead Actor (Gyton Grantley); Best Lead Actress (Kat Stewart); Best Guest or Supporting Actor (Damian Walshe-Howling, for episode 7); and Best Guest or Supporting Actress (Madeleine West, for episode 7). The series was also nominated for Best Screenplay (Peter Gawler); and Best Guest or Supporting Actor (Vince Colosimo, for episode 2).[53] At the 2008 Screen Music Awards, composer Burkhard Dallwitz won two awards for best television theme and best music for a television series.[54]The show was also nominated for nine Logie Awards. It won three awards from the nominations of Most Outstanding Drama Series, Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series (Gyton Grantley) and Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series (Kat Stewart). The other six nominations were from the categories of Most Outstanding Actor (Vince Colosimo and Damian Walshe-Howling), Most Outstanding New Talent (Lauren Clair), Most Popular Drama Series, Most Popular Actor (Gyton Grantley) and Most Popular Actress (Kat Stewart).[55]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"writ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defteros-56"},{"link_name":"Director of Public Prosecutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defteros-56"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court writ threat","text":"George Defteros, a high-profile lawyer, against whom criminal charges were dropped because the prosecution did not have enough evidence, disrupted the lead-up to the series' launch, when he threatened the Nine Network with a Supreme Court writ on 26 January 2008. Defteros, said to be portrayed by George Kapiniaris, engaged a top Melbourne defamation specialist, saying:\"Any attempt to depict me as a lawyer of low impropriety and unethical behaviour will be met with legal proceedings instituted by my lawyers, I regard the depiction of the gangland wars, in particular my role as a lawyer acting for parties, as nothing more than farcical and pure pantomime. We'll be watching it very closely.\"— George Defteros[56]Nine Network had subsequently said there would now be no direct reference to Defteros, despite earlier publicity. A spokeswoman for the network said \"There is no lawyer called Defteros in Underbelly\", but Defteros said he could still be defamed by implication, noting \"it's already been advertised as me\". The case was dropped by Director of Public Prosecutions Paul Coghlan, QC, due to a lack of evidence.[56]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnderbellyWebsite.jpg"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Evangelos Goussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelos_Goussis"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPP_review-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hearing-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapes_review-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapes_review-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-court-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogarty-61"},{"link_name":"suppression order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_order"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suppression_order-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banned-27"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_1_and_2_ratings-11"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banned-27"},{"link_name":"Imparja Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imparja_Television"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ageimpar-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markham-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rout-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ban_lifted-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlikely-67"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undervictshown-8"},{"link_name":"Tony Mokbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mokbel"},{"link_name":"pixelated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelated"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfavourable-68"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court suppression","text":"One of the many pages sporting a \"This functionality is not available due to current legal restrictions\" notice.The screening of Underbelly in Victoria was put into jeopardy after last-minute legal proceedings were instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions, Jeremy Rapke, QC. Rapke secured an urgent viewing of the series, after which he decided to seek an injunction stopping its broadcast in Victoria. A Supreme Court judge called prosecutors and defence lawyers together after serious concerns were raised about whether the show could prejudice the jury in the trial of Evangelos Goussis, who had pleaded not guilty to the 2004 gangland killing of Lewis Moran. Although Goussis was not named in the series, there were concerns the show could hurt his chance of a fair trial.[57][58]The Supreme Court hearing took place on 11 February 2008 – only two days before the series was due to premiere.[59] The Nine Network was ordered by a DPP subpoena to hand over tapes of all 13 episodes, as well as outlines and story lines, to the Victorian Supreme Court by 10 am on that date.[59][60] The Nine Network refused to voluntarily hand over the tapes, saying they were incomplete and that the network's lawyers were closely supervising production. It was willing to comply with any Court order and took the matter very seriously. The Network was also adamant that the series makes no assertions about the guilt of the accused killer. At the hearing, which took place at the Geelong Supreme Court, Justice Betty King gave prosecution and defence lawyers 24 hours to view the series and return to court the following day to decide whether it had the potential to affect the forthcoming trial.[61]Justice King issued a suppression order on 12 February banning the Nine Network from broadcasting the series in the state of Victoria and on the internet until after the murder trial was completed.[7] The Nine Network offered to air a heavily edited version in Victoria, but the offer was rejected by Justice King. It was initially planned that an alternative program, Underbelly: A Special Announcement, discussing the subject matter of the series, would air in Victoria instead of the series premiere.[27] This idea was scrapped, and the movie The Shawshank Redemption was aired in Victoria instead.[11] The Nine Network declared their intention to appeal the decision, and Network lawyers stated that they would exercise all legal options.[27]The injunction also affected national audiences receiving transmissions from Imparja Television, a Nine Network affiliate, because its single national satellite distribution signal is retransmitted in some parts of Victoria. Alternative programming was to be shown until the restriction was lifted.[62]The appeal began on 29 February 2008 in the Victorian Court of Appeal. Nine Network lawyers argued that the network should be allowed to broadcast the first three episodes of the series, arguing Justice King had erred in her decision to suppress the series because she had viewed the unedited version, rather than the final edited cut that was to be shown to audiences. The network believed the first three episodes, which depicted events from the beginning of the underworld war in 1995, would have no potential to prejudice any part of the trial.[63] Goussis's murder trial was due to begin on 31 March 2008. The judges overseeing the appeal retired to decide their verdict on 3 March 2008.[64] Their decision on 26 March 2008 upheld Justice King's ruling that the series was not to be broadcast or distributed in or out of Victoria. During the appeal the Nine Network had proposed to screen the first three episodes immediately after any successful appeal, and would give the court seven days written notice of its intention to show any further episodes that it believed would not prejudice the murder trial. The Court of Appeal had dismissed the network's application to appeal, and the network was compelled to comply with the suppression order issued by Justice King until the offending trial was complete.[65]The ban expired the week ending 30 May 2008, with the conviction of Goussis for the murder of Lewis Moran, paving the way for Nine to begin screening episodes;[66] however, Andrew Rule, who co-wrote the book on which the series is based, says Underbelly will not be seen in Victoria anytime soon, saying \"the problem now will be that Tony Mokbel is back in Australia and ready to stand trial on very serious charges. That will effectively prevent the series being screened in Victoria until that trial is held ... That could be some time. I'm not sure about several [years], but it might be two years.\"[67] However, Underbelly was legally shown in Victoria in September 2008, after a court ruled that the network could air the first five episodes. Supreme Court Justice Peter Vickery gave the network permission to air the specially edited episodes, but said screening the sixth episode could prejudice the upcoming trials of an accused criminal.[8] The edited versions had whole scenes cut out, and Tony Mokbel's face was pixelated. Reactions from viewers were not favourable, mainly because most had already seen the entire series.[68]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"The suppression order was partially lifted after Mokbel's trial in April 2011,[69] after which the series was broadcast in Victoria. A 9:30 pm timeslot allowed the airing of the 'Uncut' edition, based on the episodes as they appeared in the DVD/Blu-ray release, and a few further alterations were made to update the show's significantly outdated summary of current events. The final voice over of the series, in the episode \"Purana\", was rerecorded (during production of Underbelly: Razor) to include events that occurred up to, and including, 2011 (such as Carl Williams' murder and Tony Mokbel's arrest). It is almost a minute longer than the original voice over summary. Other episodes contained less significant changes to the original voice over summaries, indicating they had also been rerecorded.Kym Gyngell (Keith Faure), Alex Dimitriades (Victor Brincat) and Ian Bliss (Thomas Hentschel) are now fully credited in the episodes in which they starred, with the textual explanation given that their characters could not be named at the time of production but can now be named as of 2011, due to the end of their related trials. They are still unnamed in the dialog of each episode.The show, however, is still not allowed to be sold on DVD/Blu-ray in Victoria, because a character in the \"Purana\" episode that was named in the original broadcast and DVD/Blu-ray release, was not allowed to be named at the time of the rebroadcast due to a pending court case and subsequently had their name edited out. Because the DVD/Blu-ray release is based on the original 2008 broadcast and not the 2011 \"Uncut\" broadcast, it is still not allowed to be sold in Victoria until the suppression order is fully lifted, or the alternative version is released.","title":"Underbelly: Uncut (2011 Victorian Broadcast Version)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fat Tony & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Tony_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Fat Tony & Co. was confirmed on 3 August 2013, with series production beginning on 5 August 2013. It was not branded as Underbelly due to changes in funding with Screen Australia, but chronologically acts as a direct sequel to the first series of the show, with most of the same cast playing the same characters with only one or two exceptions. Based on Tony Mokbel, the series covers the manhunt for Mokbel that lasted 18 months, and dismantled his drug empire. It was filmed in Greece.[70] It first aired on 23 February at 8:40 pm on Channel 9.","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffc-2"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Fox International Channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Rai 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_4"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"STV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"TV3 Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"International distribution","text":"Underbelly began airing in New Zealand on TV3 on Sunday at 9:30 pm,[2] but the network put the series on hiatus after three episodes because it was \"not performing as expected in the time slot\".[71] Due to a public outcry, TV3 reversed their decision 48 hours later, saying it was \"bowing to the pressure of angry fans\".[72] TV3 reinstated the series in its old timeslot, but rescheduled it to 11:15 pm on Tuesday evenings just weeks later. TV3 senior publicist Nicole Wood said the show had failed to win new viewers in the Sunday slot, and even though they were \"inundated with fans\" when they took it off air, it \"still didn't rate\" on its second showing. The series was brought back to primetime in July 2009, after the sequel series performed well in New Zealand. Beginning with episode 1, the series is currently playing every Thursday at 9:30 pm.[73] In April 2008, the Nine Network signed an international distribution deal with Fox International Channels and Portman Film & Television. The series will be broadcast in Scandinavia, Canada, France,[74] the UK, Italy (Rai 4), Balkans, Korea, Pan-Asia, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and Germany. Gyngell said, \"to say we are pleased is an understatement – we are delighted that the series will gain international audiences and global recognition\".[75] Scottish commercial broadcaster STV have signed up to broadcast the series. Series 3 is now broadcasting after the good reception of the first two series.[76]\nU.S. satellite-only service DirecTV will broadcast the entire trilogy, beginning in February 2010, on its channel \"The 101\".[77]Season 1 airs in the Republic of Ireland on free-to-air channel TV3 Ireland from Thursday, 23 September 2010 at 10 pm.The series is also available on Stan.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Victoria Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-downloads_2-78"},{"link_name":"screener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screener_(promotional)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbellyinside-38"},{"link_name":"mininova.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininova.org"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underbelly_leaked-12"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underdvdillegal-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaks-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piracy_raid-81"}],"sub_title":"Illegal distribution","text":"Despite the ban on broadcasting the series in Victoria, Victorians were still able to access episodes via illegal online distribution. The first episode was made available on torrent sites within 20 minutes of it concluding in New South Wales. The Nine Network reportedly obtained the IP address of the first person to upload the show, and network lawyers were considering legal action. The Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT) was investigating the matter, and was expected to make a list of recommendations to Victoria Police.[78] Fears of inside leaks were aroused when advance screener versions of the first eight episodes were posted online.[38]Every episode of the 13-part series was soon available for download on a range of sites. It was reported that on mininova.org more than 3,000 users were attempting to download episode seven late on the afternoon of 27 February 2008. The Nine Network said it was considering legal action, and was looking into how copies got into the hands of underworld figures in Victoria, including Roberta Williams, the former wife of gangland kingpin Carl Williams.[12] Unauthorised copies of the entire series were also made available to the public. People were offered a 4-disc DVD set for between A$10 and $80 in public places such as carparks and building sites. The episodes were commercial-free and came with introductory station countdowns, suggesting a major leak from inside the network's production department.[79]Two network employees had been questioned by the network over the matter, but both denied distributing any copies of the series.[80] Unlicensed DVDs containing the first nine episodes of Underbelly were seized in a raid by police on a business in Melbourne's western suburbs on 11 March 2008. The 41-year-old man arrested faced charges of copyright infringement and of breaking the court order banning broadcast of the program in Victoria. Along with the Underbelly DVDs, more than 7000 other unlicensed DVDs were uncovered, as well as eight printers and 70 new DVD burners. The group of ingringers contained several members, some of whom had been arrested for offences in the months prior.[81]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roadshow Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Roadshow_Limited"},{"link_name":"point of sale displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale_display"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underbelly_dvd-13"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfavourable-68"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Underbelly soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Burkhard Dallwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Dallwitz"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"The legal Underbelly DVD was released 8 May 2008 by Roadshow Entertainment, a day after the final episode was aired on television. In accordance with the legal suppression, the release was not distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet. Roadshow Entertainment has confirmed that all box sets and point of sale displays will carry a sticker or stamp reminding buyers the series is not for sale, distribution or exhibition in Victoria. Legal experts said Victorians who bought the box set interstate and watched it themselves at home would likely not fall foul of the law, but anyone who showed it more widely could be charged with contempt.[13] The DVD has sold 265,000 copies around Australia.[68] In September 2008, a Limited Edition DVD was released, containing a numbered steel case and an extra disc with a documentary entitled Carl Williams – A Day of Reckoning.[82] The Underbelly soundtrack was released on 29 March 2008, both as a CD and online. It features elements of the score by Burkhard Dallwitz in addition to music tracks that were featured in the series.[83] Underbelly was released on Blu-ray on 5 August 2010.","title":"Distribution"}]

[{"image_text":"A promotional image of the cast of Channel Nine's Underbelly. From left to right: Jason Moran (Les Hill), Roberta Williams (Kat Stewart), Carl Williams (Gyton Grantley), Alphonse Gangitano (Vince Colosimo), Danielle McGuire (Madeleine West) and Steve Owen (Rodger Corser).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/UnderbellyCast.jpg/350px-UnderbellyCast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Underbelly advertisement on a Melbourne Tram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Underbelly-melbtram.jpg/220px-Underbelly-melbtram.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the many pages sporting a \"This functionality is not available due to current legal restrictions\" notice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/UnderbellyWebsite.jpg/200px-UnderbellyWebsite.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of Australian television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_television_series"}]

[{"reference":"\"Underbelly Not Dead Yet – TV & Radio – Entertainment\". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232100/http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/theres-life-in-the-old-gangsters-yet/2008/05/05/1209839531122.html","url_text":"\"Underbelly Not Dead Yet – TV & Radio – Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/theres-life-in-the-old-gangsters-yet/2008/05/05/1209839531122.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Projects 2006/2007 – Adult Television Drama\". Film Finance Corporation Australia Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080329011552/http://www.ffc.gov.au/projects/2007/ffc_content_projects_adult.asp?print=yes","url_text":"\"Projects 2006/2007 – Adult Television Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Finance_Corporation_Australia_Ltd","url_text":"Film Finance Corporation Australia Ltd"},{"url":"http://www.ffc.gov.au/projects/2007/ffc_content_projects_adult.asp?print=yes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Attachment to a Production\". Film Victoria. 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080419022740/http://film.vic.gov.au/www/html/592-attachment-to-a-production.asp","url_text":"\"Attachment to a Production\""},{"url":"http://film.vic.gov.au/www/html/592-attachment-to-a-production.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (15 January 2008). \"Underbelly site launches\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 30 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/underbelly-site-launches.html","url_text":"\"Underbelly site launches\""}]},{"reference":"Devlyn, Darren; Power, Emily (13 February 2008). \"Underbelly Whack: Court Ruling could Cost Nine Millions\". Herald Sun. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 9 scramble to replace gaps left by Underbelly\". Herald Sun. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23206544-2902,00.html","url_text":"\"Channel 9 scramble to replace gaps left by Underbelly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Steve (12 February 2008). \"Nine Challenges Underbelly Ban\". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080316211142/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/judge-bans-underbelly/2008/02/12/1202760255184.html","url_text":"\"Nine Challenges Underbelly Ban\""},{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/judge-bans-underbelly/2008/02/12/1202760255184.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rout, Milanda (8 September 2008). \"Edited Underbelly episodes to air in Victoria\". The Australian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080916103503/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24311017-2702,00.html","url_text":"\"Edited Underbelly episodes to air in Victoria\""},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24311017-2702,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Casey, Marcus (31 January 2008). \"Butterflies in the Underbelly for gang show on Channel Nine\". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23132962-5006009,00.html","url_text":"\"Butterflies in the Underbelly for gang show on Channel Nine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unerbelly gangster glamour wears off\". The Daily Telegraph. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/underbelly-gangster-glamour-wears-off/story-e6frewt0-1225817656611","url_text":"\"Unerbelly gangster glamour wears off\""}]},{"reference":"Ziffer, Daniel (14 February 2008). \"Underbelly Wins Ratings War\". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624054803/http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/controversial-underbelly-tops-ratings/2008/02/14/1202760445201.html","url_text":"\"Underbelly Wins Ratings War\""},{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/controversial-underbelly-tops-ratings/2008/02/14/1202760445201.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katherine Field (27 February 2008). \"Advance copies of Underbelly leaked online\". News Limited. Retrieved 29 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,23285426-5014239,00.html","url_text":"\"Advance copies of Underbelly leaked online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited","url_text":"News Limited"}]},{"reference":"Pountney, Michelle (6 May 2008). \"Extraordinary security for Underbelly DVD in Victoria\". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 6 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23651807-5007132,00.html","url_text":"\"Extraordinary security for Underbelly DVD in Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Main Cast\". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 11 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australiantelevision.net/underbelly/index.html","url_text":"\"Main Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (2 July 2007). \"First shots fired in Underbelly\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 2 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2007/07/first-shots-fired-in-underbelly.html","url_text":"\"First shots fired in Underbelly\""}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Neil (7 March 2008). \"Killer script Underbelly's secret\". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080311004028/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23335272-5003422,00.html","url_text":"\"Killer script Underbelly's secret\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23335272-5003422,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Fiona (1 July 2007). \"Filming Kicks Off on Gangland Feud\". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080131145039/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21995251-5006022,00.html","url_text":"\"Filming Kicks Off on Gangland Feud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21995251-5006022,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Underbelly\". TV3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_in_Bellwoods

Friends in Bellwoods

["1 Track listing","1.1 Disc One","1.2 Disc Two","2 References","3 External links"]

2007 compilation album by Various ArtistsFriends in BellwoodsCompilation album by Various ArtistsReleased2007Genreindie rockLabelOut of This SparkVarious Artists chronology Friends in Bellwoods(2007) Friends in Bellwoods II(2009) Friends in Bellwoods is a compilation album, released in 2007. It was the first release on Out of This Spark, through a distribution deal with Sonic Unyon Records. The album is named for a house on Bellwoods Avenue in Toronto, shared by two members of the band Ohbijou, which NOW has written "might just be the new epicentre of T.O.'s indie rock community". All of the featured artists are members or friends and collaborators of Ohbijou, and many of the tracks on the album were recorded in the house itself. The album is a benefit for Toronto's Daily Bread Food Bank. The album was officially released across Canada on February 12, 2007, although it was available for sale in some venues in Toronto in mid-January. A second edition, Friends in Bellwoods II, was released in August 2009. Track listing Disc One The Bellwoods Crew, "Carry On" Snailhouse, "Salvation Army (In Four)" Friday Morning's Regret, "Wooden Sky" Bry Webb and Casey Mecija, "Oh! Sweet Nuthin'" We're Marching On, "Shithead Kids" The D'Urbervilles, "We Are the Hunters" Forest City Lovers, "Don't Go, Please" Jonas Bonnetta, "French Toast" Bahai Cassette, "SNIT...yada" Germans, "Nature's Mouth" Telefauna, "turbulence!" The Nuts, "vb for jb" Kids on TV, "Breakdance Hunx (PSBEUYS PNP Mix)" Katie Stelmanis, "You'll Fall" Jeremy Gara, "Thieves" Alight, "cardinal + moon" Nina Nielsen, "Cloudberry Mountain" Tim Ford, "The Brantford Song" Disc Two Sebastien Grainger, "Young Mothers" Barzin, "Queen Jane" The Rural Alberta Advantage, "The Air" Tusks, "Mothers vs. Sons" Water Colour, "Hidden Sound" Gentleman Reg, "Over My Head (4 track)" Ohbijou, "The Otherside (Remix)" The Acorn, "Brokered Heart" Mantler, "Searching for a Song" The Dinghies, "Barkskin" Grand Mouse House, "Archways, Tunnels, Dotted Lines" Allan Graham, "Waking Up in the Trees" Oak Oak, "Now and Then" Violence, "Self Defense" The Meligrove Band, "Feversleep" Nich Worby, "All Blind Mice" Purple Hill, "Death Rides This Winters Wind" Scott Remila, "On Their Own" References ^ "FRIENDS IN BELLWOODS; What started as an artistic hub in a Toronto home has become a new wave of artists who hail from small-town scenes across Ontario. Those bands have come together to forge one of the best Canadian compilations in recent memory". Guelph Mercury, January 11, 2007. ^ "NOW Magazine - Music in Toronto, JANUARY 11 - 17, 2007". Archived from the original on 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2007-02-27. ^ "Friends in Bellwoods". Broken Pencil, Issue 37 (2006). External links Friends in Bellwoods Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This article on a 2000s compilation album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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The album is named for a house on Bellwoods Avenue in Toronto, shared by two members of the band Ohbijou, which NOW has written \"might just be the new epicentre of T.O.'s indie rock community\".[2] All of the featured artists are members or friends and collaborators of Ohbijou, and many of the tracks on the album were recorded in the house itself.[3]The album is a benefit for Toronto's Daily Bread Food Bank.The album was officially released across Canada on February 12, 2007, although it was available for sale in some venues in Toronto in mid-January.A second edition, Friends in Bellwoods II, was released in August 2009.","title":"Friends in Bellwoods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snailhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snailhouse"},{"link_name":"Friday Morning's Regret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Morning%27s_Regret"},{"link_name":"Bry Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Webb"},{"link_name":"Casey Mecija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mecija"},{"link_name":"The D'Urbervilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D%27Urbervilles"},{"link_name":"Forest City Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_City_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Jonas Bonnetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Bonnetta"},{"link_name":"Bahai Cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahai_Cassette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_(band)"},{"link_name":"Telefauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefauna"},{"link_name":"The Nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nuts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kids on TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_on_TV"},{"link_name":"PSBEUYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Zealley"},{"link_name":"Katie Stelmanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Stelmanis"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Gara"},{"link_name":"Alight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alight_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nina Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ford_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Disc One","text":"The Bellwoods Crew, \"Carry On\"\nSnailhouse, \"Salvation Army (In Four)\"\nFriday Morning's Regret, \"Wooden Sky\"\nBry Webb and Casey Mecija, \"Oh! Sweet Nuthin'\"\nWe're Marching On, \"Shithead Kids\"\nThe D'Urbervilles, \"We Are the Hunters\"\nForest City Lovers, \"Don't Go, Please\"\nJonas Bonnetta, \"French Toast\"\nBahai Cassette, \"SNIT...yada\"\nGermans, \"Nature's Mouth\"\nTelefauna, \"turbulence!\"\nThe Nuts, \"vb for jb\"\nKids on TV, \"Breakdance Hunx (PSBEUYS PNP Mix)\"\nKatie Stelmanis, \"You'll Fall\"\nJeremy Gara, \"Thieves\"\nAlight, \"cardinal + moon\"\nNina Nielsen, \"Cloudberry Mountain\"\nTim Ford, \"The Brantford Song\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastien Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Barzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzin"},{"link_name":"The Rural Alberta Advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rural_Alberta_Advantage"},{"link_name":"Tusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tusks_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Water Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Colour_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Reg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Reg"},{"link_name":"Ohbijou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohbijou"},{"link_name":"The Acorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Acorn_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mantler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mantler_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Dinghies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dinghies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Mouse House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Mouse_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Graham_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oak Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak_Oak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Meligrove Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meligrove_Band"},{"link_name":"Nich Worby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nich_Worby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purple Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Hill"},{"link_name":"Scott Remila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Remila"}],"sub_title":"Disc Two","text":"Sebastien Grainger, \"Young Mothers\"\nBarzin, \"Queen Jane\"\nThe Rural Alberta Advantage, \"The Air\"\nTusks, \"Mothers vs. Sons\"\nWater Colour, \"Hidden Sound\"\nGentleman Reg, \"Over My Head (4 track)\"\nOhbijou, \"The Otherside (Remix)\"\nThe Acorn, \"Brokered Heart\"\nMantler, \"Searching for a Song\"\nThe Dinghies, \"Barkskin\"\nGrand Mouse House, \"Archways, Tunnels, Dotted Lines\"\nAllan Graham, \"Waking Up in the Trees\"\nOak Oak, \"Now and Then\"\nViolence, \"Self Defense\"\nThe Meligrove Band, \"Feversleep\"\nNich Worby, \"All Blind Mice\"\nPurple Hill, \"Death Rides This Winters Wind\"\nScott Remila, \"On Their Own\"","title":"Track listing"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantrell_and_Cochrane

C&C Group

["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 C&C Television Corporation","1.3 2000s","1.4 2010s","1.5 2020s","2 Sponsorship","3 Production operations","4 References","5 External links"]

Irish drink manufacturer and distributor C&C Group plcCompany typePublic limited companyTraded asLSE: CCRIndustryBeveragesFoundedBelfast, Ireland (1852)HeadquartersDublin, IrelandKey peopleRalph Findlay OBE (Chairman)Patrick McMahon (CEO)ProductsAlcoholic drinks, soft drinksRevenue €2,060.7 million (2023)Operating income €84.1 million (2023)Net income €51.9 million (2023)Websitecancgroupplc.com C&C Group plc (known prior to its flotation as Cantrell & Cochrane Limited) is an Irish manufacturer, marketer and distributor of alcoholic drinks, particularly cider, and soft drinks. It has production facilities across Ireland, Great Britain and the United States, and its products are sold around the world. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. History Early history Illustration of Cantrell and Cochrane factory, Nassau Place, Dublin 2 c1870 The company was founded by Dr Thomas Cantrell, who opened a shop in Belfast in 1852 selling soft drinks; he went into partnership with Alderman Henry Cochrane in Dublin in 1868, thereafter trading as Cantrell & Cochrane Limited. Cochrane was appointed a baronet in 1903. For several decades its main Dublin factory was based at Nassau Place between Kildare Street and South Frederick Street. A particularly famous product in Ireland is C&C Club Orange, a carbonated orange soft drink developed in the 1930s. Other flavours were subsequently developed, such as Club Lemon and Club Rock Shandy (an orange and lemon blend). With C&C's increasing emphasis on alcoholic beverages, the Club range of soft drinks and bottled water was sold to Britvic Ireland in 2007. In 1937, William Magner in Clonmel acquired the rights to produce the Bulmer's Cider brand in the Republic of Ireland from H. P. Bulmer. C&C introduced Magners cider in 1999, as they only held rights to Bulmers in the Republic of Ireland and wanted to expand into the United Kingdom. C&C Television Corporation In America the company saw a chance to challenge soft-drink giants Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola with its own C&C Cola. An elaborate marketing scheme was launched in 1955, in connection with the television revival of theatrical motion pictures produced by RKO Radio Pictures. In December 1955 film executive Matty Fox arranged the $15,200,000 purchase of the RKO film backlog from studio owner General Teleradio. C&C paid $12,200,000 immediately, with the remaining $3,000,000 to be paid within three years. C&C's broadcast activity became C&C Television Corporation, with Fox as president and Erwin H. Ezzes as vice president and general sales manager; Fox and Ezzes had been executives at Motion Pictures for Television, a major syndicator of the early 1950s. Fox invited 250 TV-station managers to Atlantic City, New Jersey, at his expense, to be his guests at a giant tradeshow. At this sales convention, Fox formally announced the availability of the C&C film library, and invited station representatives to sign contracts for their local markets. C&C Television reprinted the entire RKO library dating back to 1929, comprising 740 feature films and 924 short subjects, for nationwide syndication in the United States. All of the features now began with a "C&C Movietime" title card, and TV stations showing the films would interrupt the telecasts for commercial mentions of C&C Cola. Although the broadcast rights to the RKO library now belong to WarnerMedia, licenses to the C&C prints were granted in perpetuity. Stations that bought 16mm prints of the C&C films in the 1950s continue to show them today. 2000s The company changed its name to C&C Group and then launched itself on the Irish Stock Exchange in 2004. Introduced in 2003, the Oliver & Greg's flagship range was launched "to provide a quality drinking experience without pretentiousness or complicated wine language." The company started selling Magner's Irish Cider, which is their Bulmer's Irish Cider rebranded initially for the United Kingdom market, in Northern Ireland, then in London, and then in the rest of Great Britain, Spain and Bavaria. Sales exploded in 2005 and 2006, and the company had to bring forward expansion plans to meet forecast demand. H. P. Bulmer, seeing their market share in the U.K. decline, relaunched their Bulmer's cider in packaging similar to Magner's and sold it to be served over ice, a concept introduced by C&C. As a result of better distribution and better pricing, H.P. Bulmer regained some lost ground. C&C acquired the Tennent's lager brand and Wellpark Brewery in August 2009 from InBev. Tennent's is the largest lager brand in Scotland. Tennent's also has a large share of the lager market in Ulster (chiefly in Northern Ireland and County Donegal) in the north of Ireland, and it was intended this would strengthen the position of Magner's, as Tennent's and Magner's would share distribution. As part of the acquisition, C&C will also exclusively distribute InBev brands on the island of Ireland, with the exception of Budweiser, which has been distributed historically by Diageo. In 2009, Magner's had about 12% of the U.K. cider market. C&C cut production and laid off staff at Annerville, just outside Clonmel, in 2009 due to overcapacity. In late 2009, C&C bought the Gaymer Cider Company, giving them a large production facility in Somerset and a distribution warehouse in Bristol. 2010s C&C sold its portfolio of spirits brands in May 2010. The largest of these was Tullamore Dew, the world's second largest selling Irish whiskey after Jameson, Other brands are Carolans Irish Cream, Irish Mist and Frangelico, which are exported to over 80 international markets. In April 2010, C&C announced it was selling its Spirits & Liqueurs division to Scottish distillers William Grant & Sons for €300m. This would be used to pay down debt built up from the Tennent's and Gaymer's purchases. The division's 57 staff, it was announced, would transfer with the business on disposal. It was also revealed that William Grant, whose brands include Glenfiddich Scotch Whisky and Hendrick's Gin, would operate the division's packaging facility located at the group's manufacturing site in Annerville, on the outskirts of Clonmel, County Tipperary. In October 2012, C&C bought the largest cider maker in the U.S., Vermont Hard Cider, for $305 million. C&C purchased the majority of the Gleeson Group in November 2012, extending its distribution reach and returning it to the soft drinks and bottled water markets, which it had previously exited in 2007. They did not purchase the Gleeson Groups cider or liqueur businesses. In December 2015, C&C announced that Pabst Brewing Company would be taking over distribution of its cider brands in the U.S.. Pabst Brewing Company also gained the option to acquire C&C's two U.S. cider brands, Woodchuck and Vermont. In January 2016, further retrenchment was announced with the closure announced of the company's Shepton Mallett factory. The factory was sold to Brothers Drinks Co. in October and some C&C brands will continue to be produced there. In April 2021, C&C sold Vermont Cider Company to Vermont-based Northeast Drinks Group. On 4 April 2018, C&C announced the acquisition of Matthew Clark and Bibendum PLB, the wholesaling arm of the troubled Conviviality, which five days earlier had announced its intention to enter administration. The acquisition was supported by AB-InBev, and was for a nominal sum, with C&C and AB-InBev injecting capital to fund the rescued business to working capital resources of £102 million. Due to an increased volume of UK based shareholders, C&Cs stock market listing moved entirely to the London Stock Exchange in October 2019, delisting entirely from the Euronext Dublin (formerly the Irish Stock Exchange) bourse, and changing the quotation currency to GBP (pound sterling). 2020s On 16 January 2020, it was announced that CEO Stephen Glancey was stepping down from his position as CEO. Sponsorship Like many alcohol companies, C&C invests heavily in sports sponsorship. Production operations Clonmel's cider factory Production takes place at: Clonmel, the home of Magner's Irish Cider, and main cider production facility. Wellpark Brewery in Glasgow, the historic home of Tennent's lager, acquired in August 2009 from InBev. References ^ a b c "Annual Report 2023" (PDF). C&C Group. Retrieved 12 February 2024. ^ "Market Operation - C&C Group". Candcgroupplc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Beverage Council of Ireland". Beveragecouncilofireland.ie. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012. ^ Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003. ^ "History – CC". Retrieved 20 October 2022. ^ "An Irishman's Diary". The Irish Times. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2022. ^ "Our brands". Britvic. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ "C&C sells soft drinks unit for €249m". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 September 2018. ^ "History - C&C Group". Candcgroupplc.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Bulmers to take on Magners in a cider decider". The Guardian. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Television Digest with Electronics Reports, Jan. 7, 1956, p. 3. ^ Motion Picture Herald, "RKO Library in 40 Spots," May 19, 1956, p. 46. ^ Broadcasting/Telecasting, "C&C Appointments Announced by Fox," January 23, 1956, p. 40. ^ "C&C Television Corporation". Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Ireland's C&C Group readies IPO 27 April 2004 ^ "Wine and Spirits - C&C Group". www.candcgroupplc.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ Finance (31 August 2006). "Sales of Magners cider triple". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ Wilson, Amy (9 October 2008). "C&C chief Maurice Pratt quits after Magners cider loses its fizz". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "CA clears C&C takeover of Tennents - Hospitality News on". Barkeeper.ie. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "UK | Scotland | Cider maker buys Tennent's lager". BBC News. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Bulmers to shed 103 jobs in Clonmel - RTÉ News". Rte.ie. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Babycham Gaymers Shepton Mallet |this is shepton mallet". This is Somerset. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Sat, Dec 12, 2009 - Crack open something sweet". The Irish Times. 12 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ Everest in panoramic HD. "Plan to sell spirits division sends C&C shares soaring - Irish, Business". Independent.ie. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ Peacock, Louisa (23 October 2012). "Magners maker to buy US firm Vermont amid weak UK sales". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ This week's Sunday Independent. "Shares in C&C surge after company announces €234m Vermont Hard Cider acquisition - Irish, Business". Independent.ie. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ a b Ciaran Hancock (23 November 2012). "C&C deal nets Cooneys €12.4m". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "C&C signs distribution deal with US brewer Pabst". The Irish Times. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ Kollewe, Julia (12 January 2016). "Shepton Mallet cider mill to close". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "Shepton Mallet cider mill saved after buyout". Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "Northeast Drinks Group completes purchase of Vermont Cider Company | Vermont Business Magazine". vermontbiz.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021. ^ Rovnik, Naomi (29 March 2018). "Retailer Conviviality to file for administration". Financial Times. ^ Robinson, Nicholas. "C&C Group buys Matthew Clark and Bibendum". Morningadvertiser.co.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Eoin Burke-Kennedy (10 September 2019). "C&C to switch listing from Dublin to London next month". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "C&C hunts for new chief executive as Stephen Glancey retires". Irish Times. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ The best apps of 2012. "C&C to raise sponsorship spend on Scottish sports - European, Business". Independent.ie. Retrieved 22 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "C&C Group to cut 180 jobs as competition bites". Just Drinks. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2019. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"FTSE 250 Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_250_Index"}],"text":"C&C Group plc (known prior to its flotation as Cantrell & Cochrane Limited) is an Irish manufacturer, marketer and distributor of alcoholic drinks, particularly cider, and soft drinks. It has production facilities across Ireland, Great Britain and the United States, and its products are sold around the world.[2] It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.","title":"C&C Group"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantrell_and_Cochrane_,_Nassau_Place,_Dublin_2.png"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinks"},{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_baronets"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nassau Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Kildare Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare_Street"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Club Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Orange"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Britvic Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britvic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"H. P. Bulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Bulmer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Magners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magners"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Illustration of Cantrell and Cochrane factory, Nassau Place, Dublin 2 c1870The company was founded by Dr Thomas Cantrell, who opened a shop in Belfast in 1852 selling soft drinks; he went into partnership with Alderman Henry Cochrane in Dublin in 1868, thereafter trading as Cantrell & Cochrane Limited.[3] Cochrane was appointed a baronet in 1903.[4][5] For several decades its main Dublin factory was based at Nassau Place between Kildare Street and South Frederick Street.[6]A particularly famous product in Ireland is C&C Club Orange, a carbonated orange soft drink developed in the 1930s.[7] Other flavours were subsequently developed, such as Club Lemon and Club Rock Shandy (an orange and lemon blend). With C&C's increasing emphasis on alcoholic beverages, the Club range of soft drinks and bottled water was sold to Britvic Ireland in 2007.[8]In 1937, William Magner in Clonmel acquired the rights to produce the Bulmer's Cider brand in the Republic of Ireland from H. P. Bulmer.[9] C&C introduced Magners cider in 1999, as they only held rights to Bulmers in the Republic of Ireland and wanted to expand into the United Kingdom.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Pepsi-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola"},{"link_name":"RKO Radio Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WarnerMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"C&C Television Corporation","text":"In America the company saw a chance to challenge soft-drink giants Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola with its own C&C Cola. An elaborate marketing scheme was launched in 1955, in connection with the television revival of theatrical motion pictures produced by RKO Radio Pictures. In December 1955 film executive Matty Fox arranged the $15,200,000 purchase of the RKO film backlog from studio owner General Teleradio.[11] C&C paid $12,200,000 immediately, with the remaining $3,000,000 to be paid within three years. C&C's broadcast activity became C&C Television Corporation, with Fox as president and Erwin H. Ezzes as vice president and general sales manager; Fox and Ezzes had been executives at Motion Pictures for Television, a major syndicator of the early 1950s.[12] Fox invited 250 TV-station managers to Atlantic City, New Jersey, at his expense, to be his guests at a giant tradeshow. At this sales convention, Fox formally announced the availability of the C&C film library, and invited station representatives to sign contracts for their local markets.[13]C&C Television reprinted the entire RKO library dating back to 1929, comprising 740 feature films and 924 short subjects, for nationwide syndication in the United States. All of the features now began with a \"C&C Movietime\" title card, and TV stations showing the films would interrupt the telecasts for commercial mentions of C&C Cola. Although the broadcast rights to the RKO library now belong to WarnerMedia, licenses to the C&C prints were granted in perpetuity. Stations that bought 16mm prints of the C&C films in the 1950s continue to show them today.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_&_Greg%E2%80%99s-16"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"H. P. Bulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Bulmer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tennent's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennent%27s"},{"link_name":"Wellpark Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellpark_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InBev"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gaymer Cider Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaymer_Cider_Company"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"The company changed its name to C&C Group and then launched itself on the Irish Stock Exchange in 2004.[15]Introduced in 2003, the Oliver & Greg's flagship range was launched \"to provide a quality drinking experience without pretentiousness or complicated wine language.\"[16] The company started selling Magner's Irish Cider, which is their Bulmer's Irish Cider rebranded initially for the United Kingdom market, in Northern Ireland, then in London, and then in the rest of Great Britain, Spain and Bavaria. Sales exploded in 2005 and 2006, and the company had to bring forward expansion plans to meet forecast demand.[17] H. P. Bulmer, seeing their market share in the U.K. decline, relaunched their Bulmer's cider in packaging similar to Magner's and sold it to be served over ice, a concept introduced by C&C. As a result of better distribution and better pricing, H.P. Bulmer regained some lost ground.[18]C&C acquired the Tennent's lager brand and Wellpark Brewery in August 2009 from InBev.[19] Tennent's is the largest lager brand in Scotland. Tennent's also has a large share of the lager market in Ulster (chiefly in Northern Ireland and County Donegal) in the north of Ireland, and it was intended this would strengthen the position of Magner's, as Tennent's and Magner's would share distribution. As part of the acquisition, C&C will also exclusively distribute InBev brands on the island of Ireland, with the exception of Budweiser, which has been distributed historically by Diageo.[20]In 2009, Magner's had about 12% of the U.K. cider market. C&C cut production and laid off staff at Annerville, just outside Clonmel, in 2009 due to overcapacity.[21] In late 2009, C&C bought the Gaymer Cider Company, giving them a large production facility in Somerset and a distribution warehouse in Bristol.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tullamore Dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullamore_Dew"},{"link_name":"Irish whiskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskey"},{"link_name":"Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Irish_Whiskey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Carolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolans"},{"link_name":"Irish Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Mist"},{"link_name":"Frangelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangelico"},{"link_name":"William Grant & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grant_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Glenfiddich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfiddich"},{"link_name":"Hendrick's Gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick%27s_Gin"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S."},{"link_name":"Vermont Hard Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchuck_Hard_Cider"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooneys-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooneys-27"},{"link_name":"Pabst Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Pabst Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Shepton Mallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepton_Mallett"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Matthew Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Clark"},{"link_name":"Conviviality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviviality"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"AB-InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-InBev"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Euronext Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext_Dublin"},{"link_name":"GBP (pound sterling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"C&C sold its portfolio of spirits brands in May 2010. The largest of these was Tullamore Dew, the world's second largest selling Irish whiskey after Jameson,[23] Other brands are Carolans Irish Cream, Irish Mist and Frangelico, which are exported to over 80 international markets. In April 2010, C&C announced it was selling its Spirits & Liqueurs division to Scottish distillers William Grant & Sons for €300m. This would be used to pay down debt built up from the Tennent's and Gaymer's purchases. The division's 57 staff, it was announced, would transfer with the business on disposal. It was also revealed that William Grant, whose brands include Glenfiddich Scotch Whisky and Hendrick's Gin, would operate the division's packaging facility located at the group's manufacturing site in Annerville, on the outskirts of Clonmel, County Tipperary.[24]In October 2012, C&C bought the largest cider maker in the U.S., Vermont Hard Cider, for $305 million.[25][26]C&C purchased the majority of the Gleeson Group in November 2012, extending its distribution reach and returning it to the soft drinks and bottled water markets, which it had previously exited in 2007.[27] They did not purchase the Gleeson Groups cider or liqueur businesses.[27]In December 2015, C&C announced that Pabst Brewing Company would be taking over distribution of its cider brands in the U.S.. Pabst Brewing Company also gained the option to acquire C&C's two U.S. cider brands, Woodchuck and Vermont.[28] In January 2016, further retrenchment was announced with the closure announced of the company's Shepton Mallett factory.[29] The factory was sold to Brothers Drinks Co. in October and some C&C brands will continue to be produced there.[30] In April 2021, C&C sold Vermont Cider Company to Vermont-based Northeast Drinks Group.[31]On 4 April 2018, C&C announced the acquisition of Matthew Clark and Bibendum PLB, the wholesaling arm of the troubled Conviviality, which five days earlier had announced its intention to enter administration.[32] The acquisition was supported by AB-InBev, and was for a nominal sum, with C&C and AB-InBev injecting capital to fund the rescued business to working capital resources of £102 million.[33]Due to an increased volume of UK based shareholders, C&Cs stock market listing moved entirely to the London Stock Exchange in October 2019, delisting entirely from the Euronext Dublin (formerly the Irish Stock Exchange) bourse, and changing the quotation currency to GBP (pound sterling).[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"On 16 January 2020, it was announced that CEO Stephen Glancey was stepping down from his position as CEO.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Like many alcohol companies, C&C invests heavily in sports sponsorship.[36]","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulmers_factory_clonmel.png"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"Magner's Irish Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magners"},{"link_name":"Wellpark Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellpark_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InBev"}],"text":"Clonmel's cider factoryProduction takes place at:[37]Clonmel, the home of Magner's Irish Cider, and main cider production facility.\nWellpark Brewery in Glasgow, the historic home of Tennent's lager, acquired in August 2009 from InBev.","title":"Production operations"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2023\" (PDF). C&C Group. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://candcgroupplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/CC_Annual_Report_2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Market Operation - C&C Group\". Candcgroupplc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.candcgroupplc.com/about/market-operation","url_text":"\"Market Operation - C&C Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beverage Council of Ireland\". Beveragecouncilofireland.ie. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521110338/http://beveragecouncilofireland.ie/","url_text":"\"Beverage Council of Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.beveragecouncilofireland.ie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History – CC\". Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://candcgroupplc.com/history/","url_text":"\"History – CC\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Irishman's Diary\". The Irish Times. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-1.784708","url_text":"\"An Irishman's Diary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our brands\". Britvic. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britvic.ie/en/Our-brands/Club-Orange.aspx","url_text":"\"Our brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"C&C sells soft drinks unit for €249m\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/c-c-sells-soft-drinks-unit-for-249m-1.1205898","url_text":"\"C&C sells soft drinks unit for €249m\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"History - C&C Group\". Candcgroupplc.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. 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Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/c-c-signs-distribution-deal-with-us-brewer-pabst-1.2462974","url_text":"\"C&C signs distribution deal with US brewer Pabst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Kollewe, Julia (12 January 2016). \"Shepton Mallet cider mill to close\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/12/shepton-mallet-cider-mill-to-close","url_text":"\"Shepton Mallet cider mill to close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shepton Mallet cider mill saved after buyout\". Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Drinks/Cider/Shepton-Mallet-cider-mill-saved-after-buyout","url_text":"\"Shepton Mallet cider mill saved after buyout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northeast Drinks Group completes purchase of Vermont Cider Company | Vermont Business Magazine\". vermontbiz.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vermontbiz.com/news/2021/april/09/northeast-drinks-group-completes-purchase-vermont-cider-company","url_text":"\"Northeast Drinks Group completes purchase of Vermont Cider Company | Vermont Business Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Rovnik, Naomi (29 March 2018). \"Retailer Conviviality to file for administration\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/bef01404-331b-11e8-ac48-10c6fdc22f03","url_text":"\"Retailer Conviviality to file for administration\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Nicholas. \"C&C Group buys Matthew Clark and Bibendum\". Morningadvertiser.co.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2018/04/04/C-C-Group-buys-Matthew-Clark-and-Bibendum","url_text":"\"C&C Group buys Matthew Clark and Bibendum\""}]},{"reference":"Eoin Burke-Kennedy (10 September 2019). \"C&C to switch listing from Dublin to London next month\". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/c-c-to-switch-listing-from-dublin-to-london-next-month-1.4013545","url_text":"\"C&C to switch listing from Dublin to London next month\""}]},{"reference":"\"C&C hunts for new chief executive as Stephen Glancey retires\". Irish Times. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-irishtimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/c-c-hunts-for-new-chief-executive-as-stephen-glancey-retires-1.4141648?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&mode=amp&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15791848201179&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fagribusiness-and-food%2Fc-c-hunts-for-new-chief-executive-as-stephen-glancey-retires-1.4141648","url_text":"\"C&C hunts for new chief executive as Stephen Glancey retires\""}]},{"reference":"The best apps of 2012. \"C&C to raise sponsorship spend on Scottish sports - European, Business\". Independent.ie. Retrieved 22 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/business/european/cc-to-raise-sponsorship-spend-on-scottish-sports-1992384.html","url_text":"\"C&C to raise sponsorship spend on Scottish sports - European, Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"C&C Group to cut 180 jobs as competition bites\". Just Drinks. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.just-drinks.com/news/cc-group-to-cut-180-jobs-as-competition-bites_id119101.aspx","url_text":"\"C&C Group to cut 180 jobs as competition bites\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_79

Messier 79

["1 Color-magnitude diagram","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 05h 24m 10.59s, −24° 31′ 27.3″Globular cluster in constellation Lepus Messier 79Observation data (J2000 epoch)ClassVConstellationLepusRight ascension05h 24m 10.59sDeclination−24° 31′ 27.3″Distance12.9 kpc (42 kly)Apparent magnitude (V)7.7Apparent dimensions (V)8.7'Physical characteristicsMetallicity [ Fe / H ] {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\left\end{smallmatrix}}}  = –1.55 dexEstimated age11.7 GyrOther designationsM79, NGC 1904, GCl 10, Melotte 34See also: Globular cluster, List of globular clusters Messier 79 (also known as M79 or NGC 1904) is a globular cluster in the southern constellation Lepus. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and is about 42,000 light-years away from Earth and 60,000 light years from the Galactic Center. Like Messier 54 (the other extragalactic globular on Messier's list), it is believed to not be native to the Milky Way galaxy at all, but instead to the putative Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, which is currently experiencing a very close encounter with our galaxy. This is, however, a contentious subject as astronomers are still debating the nature of the Canis Major dwarf galaxy itself. Messier 79 may also be part of the Gaia Sausage. The cluster is being disrupted by the galactic tide, trailing a long tidal tail. Color-magnitude diagram An infrared color-magnitude diagram of Messier 79 This color-magnitude diagram was made using near-infrared images of the cluster in J and K bands. J-band magnitude is plotted along the y-axis and J to K dominant color is plotted along the x-axis. Such a diagram is made rapidly with specialized code for crowded-field photometry. From this, it is evident that most of the bright stars in this cluster are red giants. The elongated branch is the red giant branch. Some of the stars in the diagram, including those extending outward from the red giant branch toward the upper left, are actually foreground stars that are not members of the cluster. Altogether three regions of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram are present here: the low-mass end of the main sequence, the complete red giant branch and the horizontal branch. Compared to optical bands, in infrared bands the lower main sequence is shallower and the horizontal branch is steeper (the blue end is fainter and the red end is brighter). See also List of Messier objects References ^ Shapley, Harlow; Sawyer, Helen B. (August 1927), "A Classification of Globular Clusters", Harvard College Observatory Bulletin, 849 (849): 11–14, Bibcode:1927BHarO.849...11S ^ a b c "M 79". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 17 November 2006. ^ Harris, William E. (December 2010), A New Catalog of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way, arXiv:1012.3224, Bibcode:2010arXiv1012.3224H ^ "Messier 79". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ a b Koleva, M.; et al. (April 2008), "Spectroscopic ages and metallicities of stellar populations: validation of full spectrum fitting", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 385 (4): 1998–2010, arXiv:0801.0871, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.385.1998K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12908.x, S2CID 17571531 ^ López-Corredoira, M.; Momany, Y.; Zaggia, S.; Cabrera-Lavers, A. (2007). "Re-affirming the connection between the Galactic stellar warp and the Canis Major over-density". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 472 (3): L47–L50. arXiv:0707.4440. Bibcode:2007A&A...472L..47L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077813. S2CID 17662347. ^ Myeong, G.C.; Evans, N.W.; Belokurov, V.; Sanders, J.L.; Koposov, S. (2018). "The Sausage globular clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 863 (2): L28. arXiv:1805.00453. Bibcode:2018ApJ...863L..28M. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad7f7. S2CID 67791285. ^ Carballo-Bello, Julio A.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Navarrete, Camila; Catelan, Márcio; Muñoz, Ricardo R.; Antoja, Teresa; Sollima, Antonio (2017), "Tails and streams around the Galactic globular clusters NGC 1851, NGC 1904, NGC 2298 and NGC 2808", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474: 683–695, arXiv:1710.08927, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2767 ^ This diagram was made by Astromundus students attending lectures and a workshop by Peter Stetson, the writer of DAOPHOT, standard code for crowded-field photometry. Date: June 2011, University of Rome Tor Vergata External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Messier 79. Messier 79, SEDS Messier pages Messier 79, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page Messier 79 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images Portals: Astronomy Stars Outer space vteMessier objectsList M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M20 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89 M90 M91 M92 M93 M94 M95 M96 M97 M98 M99 M100 M101 M102 M103 Added M104 M105 M106 M107 M108 M109 M110 See also Caldwell catalogue Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Herschel 400 Catalogue Index Catalogue New General Catalogue Revised New General Catalogue Category Commons Portal vteNew General Catalogue 1500 to 1999 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Astronomical catalog List of NGC objects vteConstellation of Lepus Lepus in Chinese astronomy List of star names in Lepus List of stars in Lepus StarsBayer α (Arneb) β (Nihal) γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν Flamsteed 1 8 10 12 17 19 4 Mon Variable R T RX AF AK HR 1621 1762 HD 31527 32450 33142 33283 Other 2MASS J0523−1403 Gliese 229 WASP-49 WASP-61 Exoplanets HD 33283 b Star clusters Messier 79 Nebulae Abell 7 IC 418 GalaxiesNGC 1964 1979 1993 2139 Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"05h 24m 10.59s, −24° 31′ 27.3″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=5.4029416666667&de=-24.52425&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"globular cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster"},{"link_name":"constellation Lepus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepus_constellation"},{"link_name":"Pierre Méchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9chain"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Galactic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Center"},{"link_name":"Messier 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_54"},{"link_name":"Messier's list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_object"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_Major_Dwarf_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gaia Sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Sausage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myeong_etal-7"},{"link_name":"galactic tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_tide"},{"link_name":"tidal tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_tail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Coordinates: 05h 24m 10.59s, −24° 31′ 27.3″Globular cluster in constellation LepusMessier 79 (also known as M79 or NGC 1904) is a globular cluster in the southern constellation Lepus. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and is about 42,000 light-years away from Earth and 60,000 light years from the Galactic Center.Like Messier 54 (the other extragalactic globular on Messier's list), it is believed to not be native to the Milky Way galaxy at all, but instead to the putative Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, which is currently experiencing a very close encounter with our galaxy. This is, however, a contentious subject as astronomers are still debating the nature of the Canis Major dwarf galaxy itself.[6] Messier 79 may also be part of the Gaia Sausage.[7]The cluster is being disrupted by the galactic tide, trailing a long tidal tail.[8]","title":"Messier 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_color_magnitude_diagram_of_Messier_79.png"},{"link_name":"color-magnitude diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"J and K bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric_system#Photometric_letters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"red giant branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_giant_branch"},{"link_name":"Hertzsprung–Russell diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"horizontal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_branch"}],"text":"An infrared color-magnitude diagram of Messier 79This color-magnitude diagram was made using near-infrared images of the cluster in J and K bands. J-band magnitude is plotted along the y-axis and J to K dominant color is plotted along the x-axis. Such a diagram is made rapidly with specialized code for crowded-field photometry.[9]From this, it is evident that most of the bright stars in this cluster are red giants. The elongated branch is the red giant branch. Some of the stars in the diagram, including those extending outward from the red giant branch toward the upper left, are actually foreground stars that are not members of the cluster.Altogether three regions of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram are present here: the low-mass end of the main sequence, the complete red giant branch and the horizontal branch. Compared to optical bands, in infrared bands the lower main sequence is shallower and the horizontal branch is steeper (the blue end is fainter and the red end is brighter).","title":"Color-magnitude diagram"}]

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[{"title":"List of Messier objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects"}]

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(December 2010), A New Catalog of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way, arXiv:1012.3224, Bibcode:2010arXiv1012.3224H","urls":[{"url":"http://physwww.mcmaster.ca/~harris/mwgc.dat","url_text":"A New Catalog of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.3224","url_text":"1012.3224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1012.3224H","url_text":"2010arXiv1012.3224H"}]},{"reference":"\"Messier 79\". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://messier.seds.org/m/m079.html","url_text":"\"Messier 79\""}]},{"reference":"Koleva, M.; et al. (April 2008), \"Spectroscopic ages and metallicities of stellar populations: validation of full spectrum fitting\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 385 (4): 1998–2010, arXiv:0801.0871, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.385.1998K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12908.x, S2CID 17571531","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society","url_text":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0871","url_text":"0801.0871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.385.1998K","url_text":"2008MNRAS.385.1998K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.12908.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12908.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17571531","url_text":"17571531"}]},{"reference":"López-Corredoira, M.; Momany, Y.; Zaggia, S.; Cabrera-Lavers, A. 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S2CID 17662347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics","url_text":"Astronomy & Astrophysics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.4440","url_text":"0707.4440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...472L..47L","url_text":"2007A&A...472L..47L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20077813","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20077813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17662347","url_text":"17662347"}]},{"reference":"Myeong, G.C.; Evans, N.W.; Belokurov, V.; Sanders, J.L.; Koposov, S. (2018). \"The Sausage globular clusters\". The Astrophysical Journal. 863 (2): L28. arXiv:1805.00453. Bibcode:2018ApJ...863L..28M. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad7f7. S2CID 67791285.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faad7f7","url_text":"\"The Sausage globular clusters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00453","url_text":"1805.00453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...863L..28M","url_text":"2018ApJ...863L..28M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faad7f7","url_text":"10.3847/2041-8213/aad7f7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67791285","url_text":"67791285"}]},{"reference":"Carballo-Bello, Julio A.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Navarrete, Camila; Catelan, Márcio; Muñoz, Ricardo R.; Antoja, Teresa; Sollima, Antonio (2017), \"Tails and streams around the Galactic globular clusters NGC 1851, NGC 1904, NGC 2298 and NGC 2808\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474: 683–695, arXiv:1710.08927, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2767","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.08927","url_text":"1710.08927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstx2767","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/stx2767"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM_Cityhopper

KLM Cityhopper

["1 History","2 Corporate affairs","2.1 Ownership","2.2 Head office","2.3 Corporate design","3 Destinations","4 Fleet","4.1 Current fleet","4.2 Government aircraft","4.3 Historical fleet","5 Services","5.1 In-flight services","6 Incidents and accidents","7 Notable pilots","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Regional airline of the Netherlands KLM Cityhopper IATA ICAO Callsign WA KLC CITY Founded1 April 1991; 33 years ago (1991-04-01)HubsAmsterdam Airport SchipholFrequent-flyer programFlying BlueAllianceSkyTeam (affiliate)Fleet size65Destinations69Parent companyKLMHeadquartersHaarlemmermeer, North Holland, NetherlandsWebsitewww.klmcityhopper.com KLM Cityhopper is the regional airline subsidiary of KLM, headquartered in Haarlemmermeer, North Holland, Netherlands. It is based at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. As a subsidiary of Air France–KLM, it is an affiliate of SkyTeam. The airline operates scheduled European feeder services on behalf of KLM. History The airline was established on 1 April 1991; it started operations the same year. It was formed from the merger of NLM CityHopper and Netherlines. Following the 1991 merger, KLM Cityhopper had Europe's largest fleet composition of Fokker-built aircraft: the Fokker 50, 70 and 100. In 1998, KLM acquired AirUK, which they rebranded KLM uk. A KLM Cityhopper Fokker 50 at Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik painted in the old livery A KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100 in the old livery In November 2002, KLM merged its regional subsidiaries under the KLM Cityhopper name. It had 910 employees as of March 2007. In 2008 the airline announced its fleet renewal programme, starting with an order of up to 17 Embraer E190 aircraft to replace its ageing and inefficient Fokker 50 aircraft and older Fokker 100 jets. Five Fokker 70 jets would also transfer over from Air France subsidiary Regional. Deliveries of the Embraer began in 2009 and by March 2010 KLM Cityhopper had operated its last Fokker 50 flight. The carrier began to phase out its older Fokker 100 jets. Further Embraer jet orders came in 2012 and allowed KLM Cityhopper to remove the last five remaining Fokker 100 aircraft from its operation. A KLM Cityhopper Fokker 70 in the livery replaced in 2014 A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E190 in the post-2014 livery – note the downsweep of the cheatline. In October 2012, KLM reportedly presented a plan to its unions that foresaw splitting the airline into two separate units. According to a report by Dutch newspaper Het Financieele Dagblad, KLM was considering splitting off its European operations that would operate with a lower cost base than today and include its subsidiary KLM Cityhopper. This would effectively mean an intercontinental operation to include only the wide-body fleet of KLM and a European fleet operating the short to medium-haul routes as a separate entity, including the current KLM Boeing 737 fleet and the entire KLM Cityhopper fleet. The plan proved unpopular with unions and the CEO at the time and was parked. KLM then began the process of streamlining its operation, reducing costs and negotiating increased productivity from staff. In 2013, KLM Cityhopper installed brand new slim-line leather seats from British company Acro on its Fokker 70 fleet. At the same time, the seat pitch was adjusted on all Fokker & Embraer aircraft to offer a 3 tier cabin product with a Business Class, Premium Economy zone & Economy zone. Also announced in 2013 was a lease agreement with BOC to take another six Embraer E190 jets, delivery from the end of the year up to April 2014. In turn, the early retirement of 7 Fokker 70 aircraft was announced. On 30 April 2014 KLM Cityhopper took delivery of its 28th Embraer E190 making it the largest operator of the type in Europe. A brand new livery was also launched on the same day with the aircraft arriving into Amsterdam sporting a new drooped cheat line and revised titles. Fondly referred to as "the smiling Dolphin design", the adapted livery was commissioned to better suit the nose profile of modern aircraft such as the Embraer. The new look was created in-house by KLM designers and would be painted on all KLM Cityhopper aircraft and KLM aircraft in time. Since 2014, KLM started to add new "niche" short-haul destinations to its network, with the majority served by KLM Cityhopper. The new routes were Bilbao, Turin, Zagreb, Montpellier, Kraków and Belfast. KLM Cityhopper also increased capacity from Bristol and Leeds-Bradford – upgrading the destinations to an Embraer E190 operation instead of the Fokker 70. On 9 December 2015 KLM announced new KLM Cityhopper services to Southampton, Inverness, Dresden and Genoa. The new flights commenced in spring 2016. In 2015, following a long tendering process with several manufacturers, KLM Cityhopper announced that the Embraer E175+ would replace the Fokker 70 fleet overall. The last Fokker 70 was scheduled to leave on 29 October 2017. The deal with Embraer saw an acceleration of the Fokker 70 withdrawal, starting in December 2015, and the arrival of two more Embraer E190 aircraft, bringing that fleet to 30 in total. 7 Fokker 70s were sold to Air Niugini, with four going to Cypriot carrier Tus Airways and two to Peruvian start-up Wayraperú. On 20 March 2016, the first Embraer E175+ was delivered, operating in tandem on Fokker 70 routes and the Embraer E190 network when required. Its dual-type rating and commonality would allow overnight introduction of the Embraer E175+ as both flight deck & cabin staff trained on the Embraer E190 will be able to operate on the Embraer E175+ after a brief "differences" session. The Embraer E175+ (Enhanced or Mark II) is the second variant of the Embraer E175, differing from the original build. It is not to be confused with the E2. It has an improved angled winglet as well as other aerodynamic improvements and weight savings. KLM Cityhopper has also ordered a high density 88Y configuration with slim, lightweight seats. On 13 January 2016, KLM Cityhopper confirmed 2 out of 17 options for additional aircraft from Embraer – bringing the order total for the E175 to 17. The first E175 was delivered on 20 March 2016. In March 2016, KLM Cityhopper became the largest European operator of the Embraer E170/190 jet family, with 30 Embraer E190s in service as of December 2015 and an order for 17 Embraer E175+ jets. KLM Cityhopper now operates one of the youngest regional jet fleets in the world after the Fokker 70 was retired from operation. On 23 February 2021, KLM Cityhopper received its first E195-E2. Corporate affairs Ownership The Convair Building, KLM Cityhopper's head office KLM Cityhopper is 100% owned by KLM, itself a part of the Air France–KLM Group. Head office KLM Cityhopper's head office is in the Convair Building on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Schiphol-Oost, Haarlemmermeer. In 1999 Schiphol Real Estate (SRE) contracted out a parcel of land to begin construction of the Convair Building. The building also houses the offices of KLM Recruitment Services. Originally the KLM Cityhopper head office was in the airport's Building 70. Corporate design The company identity is identical to that of its parent carrier with the addition of “Cityhopper” after the KLM crown logo and the absence of “The Flying Dutchman” and “Royal Dutch Airlines” on its aircraft livery. A revised font style was introduced in 2010. In May 2014, KLM Cityhopper also introduced a revised livery. Destinations Several of KLM's intra-European routes are operated by both KLM and KLM Cityhopper. Seasonal changes are common with routes switching between the Boeing 737 fleet of KLM to KLM Cityhopper as required, usually in concert with the start/end of IATA timetable seasons. The airline had five fully crewed UK bases in operation, inherited from its purchase of Air UK and subsequent merger of the KLM UK brand. Several hundred British cockpit and cabin crews continued to operate KLM Cityhopper flights from the UK and the Netherlands throughout the carrier's network. All UK bases for cabin crew members were closed in 2017 with the last pilot-only bases closed in May 2020. Fleet A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E175 wearing the latest livery A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E190 wearing the SkyTeam special livery A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E195-E2 in 2022 Current fleet As of October 2023, the KLM Cityhopper fleet consists of the following aircraft: KLM Cityhopper fleet Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes J Y+ Y Total Refs Embraer E175 17 – 20 8 60 88 Embraer E190 30 – 20 8 72 100 One (PH-EZX) painted in the SkyTeam livery. Embraer E195-E2 18 7 20 8 104 132 Deliveries from 2021 to 2024.Order includes further 10 options. Total 65 7 Government aircraft KLM Cityhopper was also responsible for the operation of the state-owned Fokker 70 aircraft, registration PH-KBX. This Fokker was used by the Dutch Government and the royal family and often flown by H.M. King Willem-Alexander himself, but was sold to an Australian-based buyer in 2017. A Boeing 737-700 BBJ Boeing Business Jet, registered PH-GOV, replaced the Fokker 70 and is operated by KLM mainline. Historical fleet A now-retired KLM Cityhopper Fokker 50 When KLM Cityhopper was formed in 1991, its fleet consisted of mostly Fokker types. These have later been phased out and replaced by more efficient Embraer E-Jets, with the last airframe being retired on 28 October 2017. Today the airline's fleet consists entirely of Embraer E-195 E2s, E-190s and E-175s. KLM Cityhopper historical fleet Aircraft Number Introduced Retired Fokker F28-4000 Un­known 1978 1996 Fokker 50 23 1991 2010 Fokker 70 26 1995 2017 Fokker 100 22 1991 2012 Saab 340B 13 1991 1998 Services In-flight services KLM Cityhopper offers passengers complimentary drinks and refreshments on all scheduled flights. Duty-free/tax-free products are not available. Business Class passengers are offered continental breakfast boxes, sandwiches & dinner salads together with bar service. Economy Class passengers are offered sandwiches or a drink and complimentary snack depending on the time of day and duration of the flight. In line with its parent carrier, KLM Cityhopper offers a two-class cabin service on all of its scheduled routes. Rows 1 on all aircraft is reserved for Europe Business Class passengers, and the section can be increased to additional rows subject to demand. These classes are defined by the designation "C" - For Europe Business Class & "M" For Europe Economy - in reservation systems. From 2011, KLM committed to blocking middle seats on its short-haul fleet so that business class passengers would always have an empty seat next to them for extra comfort. This meant that Seats C and E on any business class row on the Fokker fleet were no longer used, and a maximum of three passengers are seated on each row - reducing the maximum capacity of the Fokker 70 on scheduled services to 78 passengers. Seat blocking is not done on the Embraer E190 or E175 fleet which only has four-abreast seating. From 22 April 2013, KLM began charging for hold baggage on all European flights (including all KLM Cityhopper services) unless passengers are on a Business Class ticket or an Elite tier member of the 'Flying Blue' frequent flyer program. The baggage fee will also be waived if the KLM Cityhopper flight is just one leg of an intercontinental trip. Economy Comfort seats can be purchased on all KLM Cityhopper flights, up to row 7 on the Embraer E190, offering economy passengers additional legroom and the convenience of forward-situated seats for quicker disembarkation. The availability of this section fluctuates depending on the number of Business class seats sold on the flight. Incidents and accidents On 4 April 1994, a Saab 340 operating KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 crashed at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, killing three and seriously injuring nine people. A faulty warning light caused the crew to mistakenly believe that the engine suffered from low oil pressure. On final approach at a height of 90 feet (27 m), the captain decided to go around and gave full throttle, however only on the number one engine, leaving the other in-flight idle. Because of this, the aircraft rolled to the right, pitched up, stalled and hit the ground at 80 degrees bank. On 29 May 2024, an airport worker died after being ingested into the engine of an Embraer 190 operating KLM Cityhopper Flight 1341. The incident occurred on the apron at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol during pushback as the aircraft was preparing to depart for Billund. Investigators from the Dutch Safety Board determined that the worker intentionally jumped into the running engine to commit suicide. Notable pilots In 2017 Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands revealed that he had been flying secretly as a copilot twice a month for KLM Cityhopper for the past 21 years, including the state plane. Notes ^ a b c Although KLM Cityhopper has their own IATA code, ICAO code and callsign, all flights operate with KLM designations (IATA: KL, ICAO: KLM, Callsign: KLM). References ^ a b "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 27 March-2 April 1991. 98. "Head Office: Building 70, PO Box 7700, 1117 ZL Schiphol Airport (East), The Netherlands." ^ "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 101. ^ "KLM to retire last Fokker 70 in 2017 | Airframes content from ATWOnline". Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-16. ^ http://www.embraer.com.br/en-US/ImprensaEventos/Press-releases/noticias/Pages/KLM-Cityhopper-Confirms-Options-for-Two-E175s.aspx ^ https://www.klmcityhopper.nl/wie-zijn-wij (in Dutch) ^ "Country: NL – NETHERLANDS Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine." Joint Aviation Authorities Training Organisation. Retrieved on 20 February 2011. "KLM CITYHOPPER BV AOC Num: NL- 2/64 Expiry Date: 01-01-08 Convair Gebouw, Stationsplein 102 1117 BV Schiphol Oost Netherlands." ^ a b "Contact." (Dutch) KLM. Retrieved on 20 February 2011. "KLM Recruitment Services (SPL/GO) Stationsplein 102 (Convair Building) 1117 BV Schiphol-Oost" ^ "Annual Report 1999." (Archive) Schiphol Group. 35 (36/87). Retrieved on 20 February 2011. ^ "KLM Cityhopper Fleet Details and History". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved 2022-10-02. ^ "/// KLM reçoit le 1700e E-Jet construit par Embraer". 30 September 2022. ^ "Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 175". KLM.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 190". KLM.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Luchtvaartnieuws Podcast". 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ a b "KLM Cityhopper orders 21 new Embraer aircraft". Newsroom KLM. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Nederland koopt Boeing 737 als nieuw regeringsvliegtuig". nu.nl. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2018. ^ "KLM Cityhopper Fleet | Airfleets aviation". ^ "Accident Embraer ERJ-190STD PH-EZL,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ "Dode na incident op Schiphol, persoon belandt in motor van toestel KLM Cityhopper". NOS (in Dutch). 2024-05-29. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ "Person killed after falling into KLM aircraft engine at Schiphol Airport | NL Times". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 2024-05-31. ^ "Dutch King Willem-Alexander reveals secret flights as co-pilot". BBC News. Retrieved 2022-03-16. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"Haarlemmermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlemmermeer"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Airport Schiphol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol"},{"link_name":"Air France–KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France%E2%80%93KLM"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"}],"text":"KLM Cityhopper is the regional airline subsidiary of KLM, headquartered in Haarlemmermeer, North Holland, Netherlands. It is based at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. As a subsidiary of Air France–KLM, it is an affiliate of SkyTeam. The airline operates scheduled European feeder services on behalf of KLM.","title":"KLM Cityhopper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal.com-2"},{"link_name":"NLM CityHopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLM_CityHopper"},{"link_name":"Netherlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlines"},{"link_name":"Fokker 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_50"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_70"},{"link_name":"100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"AirUK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirUK"},{"link_name":"KLM uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM_uk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KLM_Cityhopper_F50_PH-KVA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fokker 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_50"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH-KLI_Fokker_100_KLM_Cityhopper_(8600412658).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fokker 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-3"},{"link_name":"Embraer E190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family#E190"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Embraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH-KZV_KLM_Fokker_70.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fokker 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH-EXF_at_STR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embraer E190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family#E190"},{"link_name":"Het Financieele Dagblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Financieele_Dagblad"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Airport"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Airport"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier%E2%80%93M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II_International_Airport_Krak%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Balice"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Airport"},{"link_name":"Leeds-Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Bradford_Airport"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Airport"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Airport"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_Cristoforo_Colombo_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Air Niugini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Niugini"},{"link_name":"Tus Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus_Airways"},{"link_name":"Wayraperú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayraper%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_E2_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The airline was established on 1 April 1991;[1] it started operations the same year. It was formed from the merger of NLM CityHopper and Netherlines. Following the 1991 merger, KLM Cityhopper had Europe's largest fleet composition of Fokker-built aircraft: the Fokker 50, 70 and 100.In 1998, KLM acquired AirUK, which they rebranded KLM uk.[citation needed]A KLM Cityhopper Fokker 50 at Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik painted in the old liveryA KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100 in the old liveryIn November 2002, KLM merged its regional subsidiaries under the KLM Cityhopper name. It had 910 employees as of March 2007.[2]In 2008 the airline announced its fleet renewal programme, starting with an order of up to 17 Embraer E190 aircraft to replace its ageing and inefficient Fokker 50 aircraft and older Fokker 100 jets. Five Fokker 70 jets would also transfer over from Air France subsidiary Regional. Deliveries of the Embraer began in 2009 and by March 2010 KLM Cityhopper had operated its last Fokker 50 flight. The carrier began to phase out its older Fokker 100 jets. Further Embraer jet orders came in 2012 and allowed KLM Cityhopper to remove the last five remaining Fokker 100 aircraft from its operation.A KLM Cityhopper Fokker 70 in the livery replaced in 2014A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E190 in the post-2014 livery – note the downsweep of the cheatline.In October 2012, KLM reportedly presented a plan to its unions that foresaw splitting the airline into two separate units. According to a report by Dutch newspaper Het Financieele Dagblad, KLM was considering splitting off its European operations that would operate with a lower cost base than today and include its subsidiary KLM Cityhopper. This would effectively mean an intercontinental operation to include only the wide-body fleet of KLM and a European fleet operating the short to medium-haul routes as a separate entity, including the current KLM Boeing 737 fleet and the entire KLM Cityhopper fleet.The plan proved unpopular with unions and the CEO at the time and was parked. KLM then began the process of streamlining its operation, reducing costs and negotiating increased productivity from staff.In 2013, KLM Cityhopper installed brand new slim-line leather seats from British company Acro on its Fokker 70 fleet. At the same time, the seat pitch was adjusted on all Fokker & Embraer aircraft to offer a 3 tier cabin product with a Business Class, Premium Economy zone & Economy zone. Also announced in 2013 was a lease agreement with BOC to take another six Embraer E190 jets, delivery from the end of the year up to April 2014. In turn, the early retirement of 7 Fokker 70 aircraft was announced. On 30 April 2014 KLM Cityhopper took delivery of its 28th Embraer E190 making it the largest operator of the type in Europe. A brand new livery was also launched on the same day with the aircraft arriving into Amsterdam sporting a new drooped cheat line and revised titles. Fondly referred to as \"the smiling Dolphin design\", the adapted livery was commissioned to better suit the nose profile of modern aircraft such as the Embraer. The new look was created in-house by KLM designers and would be painted on all KLM Cityhopper aircraft and KLM aircraft in time.Since 2014, KLM started to add new \"niche\" short-haul destinations to its network, with the majority served by KLM Cityhopper. The new routes were Bilbao, Turin, Zagreb, Montpellier, Kraków and Belfast. KLM Cityhopper also increased capacity from Bristol and Leeds-Bradford – upgrading the destinations to an Embraer E190 operation instead of the Fokker 70. On 9 December 2015 KLM announced new KLM Cityhopper services to Southampton, Inverness, Dresden and Genoa. The new flights commenced in spring 2016.In 2015, following a long tendering process with several manufacturers, KLM Cityhopper announced that the Embraer E175+ would replace the Fokker 70 fleet overall. The last Fokker 70 was scheduled to leave on 29 October 2017.[3] The deal with Embraer saw an acceleration of the Fokker 70 withdrawal, starting in December 2015, and the arrival of two more Embraer E190 aircraft, bringing that fleet to 30 in total. 7 Fokker 70s were sold to Air Niugini, with four going to Cypriot carrier Tus Airways and two to Peruvian start-up Wayraperú. On 20 March 2016, the first Embraer E175+ was delivered, operating in tandem on Fokker 70 routes and the Embraer E190 network when required. Its dual-type rating and commonality would allow overnight introduction of the Embraer E175+ as both flight deck & cabin staff trained on the Embraer E190 will be able to operate on the Embraer E175+ after a brief \"differences\" session.The Embraer E175+ (Enhanced or Mark II) is the second variant of the Embraer E175, differing from the original build. It is not to be confused with the E2. It has an improved angled winglet as well as other aerodynamic improvements and weight savings. KLM Cityhopper has also ordered a high density 88Y configuration with slim, lightweight seats.On 13 January 2016, KLM Cityhopper confirmed 2 out of 17 options for additional aircraft from Embraer – bringing the order total for the E175 to 17.[4] The first E175 was delivered on 20 March 2016. In March 2016, KLM Cityhopper became the largest European operator of the Embraer E170/190 jet family, with 30 Embraer E190s in service as of December 2015 and an order for 17 Embraer E175+ jets. KLM Cityhopper now operates one of the youngest regional jet fleets in the world after the Fokker 70 was retired from operation.On 23 February 2021, KLM Cityhopper received its first E195-E2.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KLM_Cityhopper_offices_Schiphol-Oost.jpg"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"Air France–KLM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France%E2%80%93KLM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Ownership","text":"The Convair Building, KLM Cityhopper's head officeKLM Cityhopper is 100% owned by KLM, itself a part of the Air France–KLM Group.[5]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdam Airport Schiphol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol"},{"link_name":"Haarlemmermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlemmermeer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recruit-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recruit-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal.com-2"}],"sub_title":"Head office","text":"KLM Cityhopper's head office is in the Convair Building on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Schiphol-Oost, Haarlemmermeer.[6][7] In 1999 Schiphol Real Estate (SRE) contracted out a parcel of land to begin construction of the Convair Building.[8] The building also houses the offices of KLM Recruitment Services.[7] Originally the KLM Cityhopper head office was in the airport's Building 70.[1]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corporate design","text":"The company identity is identical to that of its parent carrier with the addition of “Cityhopper” after the KLM crown logo and the absence of “The Flying Dutchman” and “Royal Dutch Airlines” on its aircraft livery. A revised font style was introduced in 2010. In May 2014, KLM Cityhopper also introduced a revised livery.","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_UK"},{"link_name":"KLM UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM_uk"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"Several of KLM's intra-European routes are operated by both KLM and KLM Cityhopper. Seasonal changes are common with routes switching between the Boeing 737 fleet of KLM to KLM Cityhopper as required, usually in concert with the start/end of IATA timetable seasons. The airline had five fully crewed UK bases in operation, inherited from its purchase of Air UK and subsequent merger of the KLM UK brand. Several hundred British cockpit and cabin crews continued to operate KLM Cityhopper flights from the UK and the Netherlands throughout the carrier's network. All UK bases for cabin crew members were closed in 2017 with the last pilot-only bases closed in May 2020.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH-EXG_(aircraft)_at_schiphol_pic2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Embraer E175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embraer_ERJ-190-100LR_190LR,_SkyTeam_(KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines)_AN2134184.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embraer E190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KLM_E195-E2_-_PH-NXD.jpg"},{"link_name":"E195-E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_E2_family"}],"text":"A KLM Cityhopper Embraer E175 wearing the latest liveryA KLM Cityhopper Embraer E190 wearing the SkyTeam special liveryA KLM Cityhopper Embraer E195-E2 in 2022","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"As of October 2023, the KLM Cityhopper fleet consists of the following aircraft:[9][10]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_70"},{"link_name":"Dutch Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"King Willem-Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Willem-Alexander"},{"link_name":"Boeing Business Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet"},{"link_name":"Fokker 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_70"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Government aircraft","text":"KLM Cityhopper was also responsible for the operation of the state-owned Fokker 70 aircraft, registration PH-KBX. This Fokker was used by the Dutch Government and the royal family and often flown by H.M. King Willem-Alexander himself, but was sold to an Australian-based buyer in 2017. A Boeing 737-700 BBJ Boeing Business Jet, registered PH-GOV, replaced the Fokker 70 and is operated by KLM mainline.[15]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker50_KLM_PH-KVK_EDDK_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fokker 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_50"}],"sub_title":"Historical fleet","text":"A now-retired KLM Cityhopper Fokker 50When KLM Cityhopper was formed in 1991, its fleet consisted of mostly Fokker types. These have later been phased out and replaced by more efficient Embraer E-Jets, with the last airframe being retired on 28 October 2017. Today the airline's fleet consists entirely of Embraer E-195 E2s, E-190s and E-175s.","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In-flight services","text":"KLM Cityhopper offers passengers complimentary drinks and refreshments on all scheduled flights. Duty-free/tax-free products are not available. Business Class passengers are offered continental breakfast boxes, sandwiches & dinner salads together with bar service. Economy Class passengers are offered sandwiches or a drink and complimentary snack depending on the time of day and duration of the flight.In line with its parent carrier, KLM Cityhopper offers a two-class cabin service on all of its scheduled routes. Rows 1 on all aircraft is reserved for Europe Business Class passengers, and the section can be increased to additional rows subject to demand. These classes are defined by the designation \"C\" - For Europe Business Class & \"M\" For Europe Economy - in reservation systems.From 2011, KLM committed to blocking middle seats on its short-haul fleet so that business class passengers would always have an empty seat next to them for extra comfort. This meant that Seats C and E on any business class row on the Fokker fleet were no longer used, and a maximum of three passengers are seated on each row - reducing the maximum capacity of the Fokker 70 on scheduled services to 78 passengers. Seat blocking is not done on the Embraer E190 or E175 fleet which only has four-abreast seating. From 22 April 2013, KLM began charging for hold baggage on all European flights (including all KLM Cityhopper services) unless passengers are on a Business Class ticket or an Elite tier member of the 'Flying Blue' frequent flyer program. The baggage fee will also be waived if the KLM Cityhopper flight is just one leg of an intercontinental trip.Economy Comfort seats can be purchased on all KLM Cityhopper flights, up to row 7 on the Embraer E190, offering economy passengers additional legroom and the convenience of forward-situated seats for quicker disembarkation. The availability of this section fluctuates depending on the number of Business class seats sold on the flight.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saab 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_340"},{"link_name":"KLM Cityhopper Flight 433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM_Cityhopper_Flight_433"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Airport Schiphol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol"},{"link_name":"Embraer 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"apron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_apron"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Airport Schiphol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol"},{"link_name":"pushback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Billund.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billund_Airport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dutch Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"On 4 April 1994, a Saab 340 operating KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 crashed at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, killing three and seriously injuring nine people. A faulty warning light caused the crew to mistakenly believe that the engine suffered from low oil pressure. On final approach at a height of 90 feet (27 m), the captain decided to go around and gave full throttle, however only on the number one engine, leaving the other in-flight idle. Because of this, the aircraft rolled to the right, pitched up, stalled and hit the ground at 80 degrees bank.\nOn 29 May 2024, an airport worker died after being ingested into the engine of an Embraer 190 operating KLM Cityhopper Flight 1341.[17] The incident occurred on the apron at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol during pushback as the aircraft was preparing to depart for Billund.[18] Investigators from the Dutch Safety Board determined that the worker intentionally jumped into the running engine to commit suicide.[19]","title":"Incidents and accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 2017 Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands revealed that he had been flying secretly as a copilot twice a month for KLM Cityhopper for the past 21 years, including the state plane.[20]","title":"Notable pilots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-designations_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-designations_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-designations_1-2"}],"text":"^ a b c Although KLM Cityhopper has their own IATA code, ICAO code and callsign, all flights operate with KLM designations (IATA: KL, ICAO: KLM, Callsign: KLM).","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Directory: World Airlines\". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"\"KLM to retire last Fokker 70 in 2017 | Airframes content from ATWOnline\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160618194649/http://atwonline.com/airframes/klm-retire-last-fokker-70-2017","url_text":"\"KLM to retire last Fokker 70 in 2017 | Airframes content from ATWOnline\""},{"url":"http://atwonline.com/airframes/klm-retire-last-fokker-70-2017","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KLM Cityhopper Fleet Details and History\". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved 2022-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/KLM-Cityhopper?refresh=1","url_text":"\"KLM Cityhopper Fleet Details and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"/// KLM reçoit le 1700e E-Jet construit par Embraer\". 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu-aero.fr/2022/09/30/klm-recoit-le-1700e-e-jet-construit-par-embraer/","url_text":"\"/// KLM reçoit le 1700e E-Jet construit par Embraer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 175\". KLM.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/our_aircraft/embraer_175.htm","url_text":"\"Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 175\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 190\". KLM.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/on_board/our_aircraft/embraer_190.htm","url_text":"\"Everything you want to know about KLM's Embraer 190\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luchtvaartnieuws Podcast\". 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/user-482218162/aflevering-12","url_text":"\"Luchtvaartnieuws Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"KLM Cityhopper orders 21 new Embraer aircraft\". Newsroom KLM. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.klm.com/klm-cityhopper-orders-21-new-embraer-aircraft/","url_text":"\"KLM Cityhopper orders 21 new Embraer aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nederland koopt Boeing 737 als nieuw regeringsvliegtuig\". nu.nl. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nu.nl/binnenland/4594671/nederland-koopt-boeing-737-als-nieuw-regeringsvliegtuig.html","url_text":"\"Nederland koopt Boeing 737 als nieuw regeringsvliegtuig\""}]},{"reference":"\"KLM Cityhopper Fleet | Airfleets aviation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/KLM%20Cityhopper.htm","url_text":"\"KLM Cityhopper Fleet | Airfleets aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accident Embraer ERJ-190STD PH-EZL,\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/388520","url_text":"\"Accident Embraer ERJ-190STD PH-EZL,\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dode na incident op Schiphol, persoon belandt in motor van toestel KLM Cityhopper\". NOS (in Dutch). 2024-05-29. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2522357-dode-na-incident-op-schiphol-persoon-belandt-in-motor-van-toestel-klm-cityhopper","url_text":"\"Dode na incident op Schiphol, persoon belandt in motor van toestel KLM Cityhopper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Person killed after falling into KLM aircraft engine at Schiphol Airport | NL Times\". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 2024-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://nltimes.nl/2024/05/29/person-killed-falling-klm-aircraft-engine-schiphol-airport","url_text":"\"Person killed after falling into KLM aircraft engine at Schiphol Airport | NL Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch King Willem-Alexander reveals secret flights as co-pilot\". BBC News. Retrieved 2022-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39946532","url_text":"\"Dutch King Willem-Alexander reveals secret flights as co-pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreaming_(band)_-_Scotland

The Dreaming (Scottish band)

["1 Albums","2 Battle with EMI","3 Reformation","4 References and notes","5 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Dreaming" Scottish band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The DreamingOriginScotlandGenresRockYears active1993–1998, 2007-presentLabelsFreaked RecordsMembersCharlie LoveJohn AndersonCarol AndersonKeith BeacomSarah BarnesScott LyonGraham SheddenStuart GordonWebsiteThe Dreaming/Tinderbox The Dreaming are a celtic rock band based in Scotland. The group were formed in 1993 by two friends Charlie Love (vocals/guitars/mandolins) and John Anderson (guitars). The original membership of the group also consisted of Karen Mathiewson (Fiddle), Keith Beacom (Drums), Anna Towler (Vocals) and Stuart Gordon (Bass Guitar). The group had some noted success between 1992 and 1997 touring with Runrig, Texas, Travis and others with appearances with Van Morrison, The Waterboys, Big Country and others. Albums The Dreaming E.P. The band recorded The Dreaming E.P. which featured the songs "I Want Out", "Fake", "The Haunting" and "For The Children". The self-financed recording sold several thousand copies and attracted initial record company interest. The recording also prompted Runrig's manager, Marlene Ross, to book the unsigned Aberdeen band for the support slot on the "Castle and Canvas Tour 1994". Following on from this appearance The Dreaming where booked to play at the 1st and 2nd Celtic Connections Festival in Glasgow. Let The Feast Of Fools Begin The first full album recorded by the band contained one side of studio tracks, recorded at The Mill Studio, Crathes and one side live, recorded at The Lemon Tree, Aberdeen. The track list was: Side 1 (studio) "Thorn In My Pride", "Girl With Brown Eyes", "Jane", "Rain On The Level", Side 2 (live) "I Want Out", "Broken", "The Haunting", "Happy" and was produced by Pallas guitarist, Niall Mathewson. The song "Rain On The Level" is written about "The Level" in Brighton, which is an open green space in the middle of the town where Charlie slept when busking in England. Live At The Arches Live At The Arches, was recorded in Christmas 1994 in The Arches. A limited release of 1000 which included the tracks - "Thorn In My Pride", "I Want Out", "Satellite", "Rain On The Level", "Happy", "Fake", "The Haunting", "The Road" and "World Song". The Christmas concert also featured Martyn Bennett and The Humpff Family (who do not appear on the recording). War Of Currents In mid of 1995 War Of Currents was released as a second limited pressing live album. This album contained the complete live show recorded in 1993 for Let The Feast Of Fools Begin and was remixed at The Mill Studio in Crathes by Niall Mathewson. Battle with EMI In mid-1995, EMI threatened legal action against The Dreaming because another act by the same name had been signed by the record company. After lengthy proceedings, The Dreaming changed their name to Tinderbox and continued playing and recording until 1998. The other Dreaming disappeared shortly after one tour with Deacon Blue. Reformation Album cover of Tales Of The Evening...The Best Of. (2009).In 2007, The Dreaming reformed and announced a one-off concert at The Lemon Tree in Aberdeen. Following this event, at which the band performed as The Dreaming / Tinderbox, they release a digital best of album under the title "Tales Of The Evening...The Best Of The Dreaming / Tinderbox". This release includes a variety of material from their recording career including previously unreleased tracks. References and notes "Fit Like New York": The history of rock music in Aberdeen and North East Scotland by Peter Innes, ISBN 1-901300-02-1 External links Official Site MySpace Site Bebo The Dreaming / Tinderbox PureVolume The Dreaming / Tinderbox Reverbnation The Dreaming / Tinderbox Facebook Fan Page for The Dreaming / Tinderbox The Dreaming / Tinderbox on iTunes

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"celtic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_rock"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Runrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runrig"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"The Waterboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waterboys"},{"link_name":"Big Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Country"}],"text":"The Dreaming are a celtic rock band based in Scotland. The group were formed in 1993 by two friends Charlie Love (vocals/guitars/mandolins) and John Anderson (guitars). The original membership of the group also consisted of Karen Mathiewson (Fiddle), Keith Beacom (Drums), Anna Towler (Vocals) and Stuart Gordon (Bass Guitar).The group had some noted success between 1992 and 1997 touring with Runrig, Texas, Travis and others with appearances with Van Morrison, The Waterboys, Big Country and others.","title":"The Dreaming (Scottish band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Runrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runrig"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Celtic Connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Connections"},{"link_name":"The Lemon Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_theatres_and_concert_halls#The_Lemon_Tree"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"busking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busking"},{"link_name":"The Arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arches_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"Martyn Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Bennett"},{"link_name":"The Humpff Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Humpff_Family&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Dreaming E.P.\nThe band recorded The Dreaming E.P. which featured the songs \"I Want Out\", \"Fake\", \"The Haunting\" and \"For The Children\".The self-financed recording sold several thousand copies and attracted initial record company interest. The recording also prompted Runrig's manager, Marlene Ross, to book the unsigned Aberdeen band for the support slot on the \"Castle and Canvas Tour 1994\".Following on from this appearance The Dreaming where booked to play at the 1st and 2nd Celtic Connections Festival in Glasgow.Let The Feast Of Fools Begin\nThe first full album recorded by the band contained one side of studio tracks, recorded at The Mill Studio, Crathes and one side live, recorded at The Lemon Tree, Aberdeen. The track list was: Side 1 (studio) \"Thorn In My Pride\", \"Girl With Brown Eyes\", \"Jane\", \"Rain On The Level\", Side 2 (live) \"I Want Out\", \"Broken\", \"The Haunting\", \"Happy\" and was produced by Pallas guitarist, Niall Mathewson.\n\nThe song \"Rain On The Level\" is written about \"The Level\" in Brighton, which is an open green space in the middle of the town where Charlie slept when busking in England.Live At The Arches\nLive At The Arches, was recorded in Christmas 1994 in The Arches. A limited release of 1000 which included the tracks - \"Thorn In My Pride\", \"I Want Out\", \"Satellite\", \"Rain On The Level\", \"Happy\", \"Fake\", \"The Haunting\", \"The Road\" and \"World Song\".The Christmas concert also featured Martyn Bennett and The Humpff Family (who do not appear on the recording).War Of Currents\nIn mid of 1995 War Of Currents was released as a second limited pressing live album. This album contained the complete live show recorded in 1993 for Let The Feast Of Fools Begin and was remixed at The Mill Studio in Crathes by Niall Mathewson.","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Deacon Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_Blue"}],"text":"In mid-1995, EMI threatened legal action against The Dreaming because another act by the same name had been signed by the record company. After lengthy proceedings, The Dreaming changed their name to Tinderbox and continued playing and recording until 1998. The other Dreaming disappeared shortly after one tour with Deacon Blue.","title":"Battle with EMI"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talesoftheevening.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"}],"text":"Album cover of Tales Of The Evening...The Best Of. (2009).In 2007, The Dreaming reformed and announced a one-off concert at The Lemon Tree in Aberdeen. Following this event, at which the band performed as The Dreaming / Tinderbox, they release a digital best of album under the title \"Tales Of The Evening...The Best Of The Dreaming / Tinderbox\". This release includes a variety of material from their recording career including previously unreleased tracks.","title":"Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Fit Like New York\": The history of rock music in Aberdeen and North East Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redfinal.com/fit_like_new_york.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-901300-02-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901300-02-1"}],"text":"\"Fit Like New York\": The history of rock music in Aberdeen and North East Scotland by Peter Innes, ISBN 1-901300-02-1","title":"References and notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashaig

Ashaig

["1 History","1.1 Connection with St Maelrubha","1.2 Archaeological remains","2 Transport","2.1 Airfield","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 57°14′49″N 5°49′44″W / 57.247°N 5.829°W / 57.247; -5.829 Human settlement in ScotlandAshaigScottish Gaelic: AiseagView from the beach at Ashaig towards Beinn na CaillichAshaigLocation within the Isle of SkyeOS grid referenceNG690238Council areaHighlandLieutenancy areaRoss and CromartyCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townISLE OF SKYEPostcode districtIV49Dialling code01471PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish UK ParliamentRoss, Skye and LochaberScottish ParliamentSkye, Lochaber and Badenoch List of places UK Scotland 57°14′49″N 5°49′44″W / 57.247°N 5.829°W / 57.247; -5.829 Ashaig (Scottish Gaelic: Aiseag, referring to a ferry) is a small township, situated adjacent to Upper Breakish and Lower Breakish near Broadford on the island of Skye, Scotland. For administrative purposes, it lies in the Highland Council area. History Connection with St Maelrubha The old burial ground at Ashaig, which is still in use, reflects the site's ancient religious associations. By tradition, it is closely connected with St. Maelrubha (c.642-722), the apostle to Skye, who is said variously to have sailed over from Applecross (on a large flat stone) and to have occupied the small island of Pabay opposite the beach. Also in the burial ground are several Commonwealth War Graves, the majority of these being casualties from the warship HMS Curacoa which sank following a collision with the ocean liner Queen Mary, which it was escorting at the time. There are still to be seen the sacred spring that started when the saint tore a small tree from the ground and a rocky crag above the river, which he is said to have used as a pulpit (Creag an leabhair, "the rock of the book"). The saint's bell, which is supposed to have hung from a tree and to have pealed of its own accord in order to summon the faithful, is no longer in evidence. Archaeological remains The spring is covered by a stone-built well-house. Conservation work in 1994 revealed that it was fed by a channel from an earlier stone-lined spring. One of the lintels of the linking channel bore a lozenge 75 millimetres (3 inches) long, and a cross-marked stone was found near the well-house. A neolithic axe was also found near the spring. Within the burial ground, the remains of a mediaeval church ("Cill Ashik") were still in existence as late as the middle of the 19th century. Transport Ashaig is situated on the A87 road. Airfield Ashaig is the site of Broadford Airfield which was built in 1972. It is no longer used for commercial flights, as these came to an end in 1988. It is currently used by a flying club and emergency services. There is a large and attractive sandy beach at the end of the airstrip, except at high tide. The airfield was featured in the 1980 movie Flash Gordon. References ^ Barron, Hugh (1985). The County of Inverness. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. p. 532. ^ "Tobar Ashik". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 29 June 2010. ^ a b "Skye, Breakish, Cill Ashik". Canmore. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 29 June 2010. ^ "A87 entering Ashaig". Geograph Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 3 January 2015. ^ a b "Flash Gordon: Actor Sam J Jones on the Skye connection". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashaig. Canmore - Ashaig site record vteIsle of SkyeMain settlements Portree Broadford Dunvegan Kyleakin Uig (Snizort) Crofting townshipsand settlements Achachork Aird of Sleat Ardvasar Armadale Ashaig Bernisdale Bornesketaig Boreraig Borreraig Borrodale Borve Bracadale Breakish Brogaig Bualintur Camastianavaig Camuscross Carbost, Loch Harport Carbost, Trotternish Claigan Colbost Drumfearn Drynoch Dunan Duntulm Eabost Edinbane Elgol Ellishadder Eynort Eyre Fasach Feorlig Feriniquarrie Ferindonald Fiskavaig Flashader Flodigarry Galtrigill Garafad Geary Gedintailor Gillen Glendale Halistra Harlosh Harrapool Heaste Heribusta Hungladder Idrigill Isleornsay Kensaleyre Kilbride Kilmaluag Kilmarie Kilmore Kilmuir Kilvaxter Kingsburgh Kylerhea Lealt Lower Breakish Luib Milovaig Mugeary Ollach Ose Peinachorran Peinlich Portnalong Ramasaig Roag Sconser Skeabost Sligachan Staffin Stein Struan Suladale Talisker Tarskavaig Teangue Torrin Totaig Tote Treaslane Trumpan Uig (Duirinish) Uigshader Ullinish Upper Breakish Vatten Mountains and hills Am Basteir Beinn na Caillich Blà Bheinn Bruach na Frìthe Clach Glas Glamaig Healabhal Bheag Healabhal Mhòr Sgùrr a' Ghreadaidh Sgùrr a' Mhadaidh Sgùrr MhicChoinnich Sgùrr na Banachdaich Sgùrr nan Gillean Sgùrr Dearg Sgùrr a' Mhadaidh Ruaidh Marsco Quiraing/Meall na Suiramach Sgùrr Alasdair The Storr History and prehistory Armadale Castle Battle of the Spoiling Dyke Caisteal Maol Battle of the Braes Cill Chriosd Corriechatachan Dùn Ringill Duntulm Castle Dunvegan Castle Fairy Flag Flora MacDonald High Pasture Cave Mugearite Neil Mackinnon Sir Lachlan Mackinnon (clan chief) Sir Rory Mor's Horn Rubha an Dùnain Local culture Isle of Skye Music Festival MacCrimmon pipers Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Skye Camanachd Skye Live Festival Skye Museum of Island Life Talisker whisky Té Bheag "The Skye Boat Song" Peninsulas Duirinish Minginish Sleat Strathaird Trotternish Waternish Surrounding islands Ascrib Islands Crowlin Islands Eilean Bàn Eilean Fladday Eilean Mòr Eilean Tigh Eilean Trodday Fladda-chùain Guillamon Island Harlosh Island Isay Lampay Longay Mingay Oronsay Pabay Raasay Scalpay Rona Soay Staffin Island Tarner Island Wiay Other MV Glenachulish Skye Bridge

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Pichelli

Sara Pichelli

["1 Career","2 Technique and materials","3 Reception","4 Personal life","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]

Italian comics artist (born 1983) Sara PichelliPichelli at Special Edition NYCin Manhattan, 2014Born (1983-04-15) 15 April 1983 (age 41)Porto Sant'Elpidio, ItalyNotable worksRunaways, X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back, Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 2011 Eagle Award for Favorite Newcomer Artist Sara Pichelli (born 15 April 1983) is an Italian comics artist best known for first illustrating the Miles Morales version of Ultimate Spider-Man. After starting her career in animation, Pichelli entered the comic book industry working for IDW Publishing before joining Marvel Comics in 2008 after getting discovered in an international talent search. After having worked on several Marvel titles, such as Namora, Pichelli was hired as the main artist on the second volume of Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, which premiered in September 2011. Pichelli won a 2011 Eagle Award for Favorite Newcomer Artist. Career Pichelli sketching at the New York Comic Con Pichelli was born in Porto Sant'Elpidio, Italy. She began her career in animation, working as a storyboard artist, animator and character designer. She said of this work, "It wasn't really for me. I felt like a tiny cog in a machine." She started working in the comic book industry after meeting comics artist David Messina. Prior to that, she was not particularly interested in comics and preferred animated films and anime. She worked as a layout assistant for Messina and worked on such titles as the Star Trek comic book series produced by IDW Publishing, including such editions as Star Trek: Countdown and Star Trek: Nero. In 2008 she submitted her work to the Chesterquest international talent search and was named one of the finalists by Marvel Comics editor C. B. Cebulski, which led to her working for Marvel. She illustrates for Marvel from her home in Rome. Pichelli started working for Marvel Comics in 2008 with the limited series NYX: No Way Home, followed by a brief run on Runaways with writer Kathryn Immonen in 2009. She worked with Immonen again on the X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back limited series, released in December 2009, which focused on the X-Men character Pixie. Pichelli provided art for one storyline in the I Am An Avenger anthology series, which ran from 2010 to 2011, then joined the team working on Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man starting with the October 2010 issue #15. After that series ended, Pichelli contributed to the 2011 limited series Ultimate Fallout, where she illustrated the first image of the Spider-Man character as portrayed by Miles Morales in the Ultimate Marvel universe. Pichelli took on regular art duties on the relaunched Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man with Morales as the protagonist, starting in September 2011. In August 2018, Pichelli and writer Dan Slott launched a new Fantastic Four series. Technique and materials Pichelli uses a Cintiq 12wx graphic tablet. When illustrating Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, she added more screentones to her illustrations to give what she called "a more 'pop' feeling to the book", as she believed it would be more fitting to that series. In creating the visual look of characters, Pichelli approaches the design by giving thought to the character's personalities, including the background that may have influenced them, and the distinctive traits that the characters exhibit, such as the clothing they wear, their body language and expressions. She followed this approach when creating Miles Morales. Reception There are three or four artists we've got at Marvel who are really starting to pop and sizzle and define a new look and style that's distinctly their own. We look at these people as being the next generation of Marvel superstars, and I think Sara is clearly one of them. Her stuff is bubbly and fun and alive and energetic and exciting. It has all the best traits and qualities of humanity and engagingness I'd want in a Marvel artist. – Tom Brevoort Pichelli won a 2011 Eagle Award for Favorite Newcomer Artist, over fellow nominees Rafael Albuquerque, Fiona Staples, Sean Murphy and Bryan Lee O'Malley. Marvel Comics senior editor Mark Paniccia said of Pichelli: "Every time I see new pages from Sara she continues to grow as an artist. She's amazing now and I can't imagine where she'll be a year from now." Marvel Comics editor Tom Brevoort called her "a real breakout talent" and "a top talent primed to explode in a major way". David Brothers of ComicsAlliance praised her attention to detail and said he particularly likes the way Pichelli draws hair, facial expressions and body language: "The first two add a lot to the atmosphere of the comics she draws, and the third cranks her storytelling up to another level." IGN writer Jesse Schedeen called Pichelli's art in Ultimate Fallout "energetic, cinematic, and just flamboyant enough to offer a change of pace from the rest of the Ultimate Fallout stories". Personal life Pichelli lives in Rome, Italy. Bibliography All-New X-Men #30 (2014) Astonishing X-Men vol. 3, #37 (with Jason Pearson) (2011) I Am An Avenger #4 (with Mike Mayhew, Colleen Coover and Lucy Knisley) (2011) Eternals vol. 4, #8 (with Eric Nguyen) (2009) Girl Comics vol. 2, #3 (with June Brigman, Lea Hernandez, Molly Crabapple, Adriana Melo, Carla Speed McNeil) (2010) Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, #4-7, 11-13 (2013-2014) Marvel Digital Holiday Special #2 (with Nick Dragotta and Sanford Greene) (2009) Namora, one-shot (2010) Origins of Marvel Comics: X-Men, one-shot (with other artists) (2010) Runaways vol. 3, #10-14 (2009) Spider-Man #1-5, 11-14 (2016) Spider-Men #1-5 (miniseries) (2012) Ultimate Comics Fallout #4 (with Salvador Larroca and Clayton Crain) (2011) Ultimate Comics All-New Spider-Man #1-5, 8, 19-22 (2011-2013) Ultimate Comics Spider-Man #15 (2010) Ultimate Spider-Man #150-154, 200 (2011-2014) X-Men: Manifest Destiny #5 (with Michael Ryan, Ben Oliver) (2009) X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back #1-4 (miniseries) (2010) References ^ a b c d e f Quesada, Joe (8 August 2011). "Talk to the Hat: Sara Pichelli's 'Ultimate' Introduction". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ a b Sara Pichelli at the Grand Comics Database ^ Libero, Tempo (6 October 2009). "Appuntamento bis con Star Trek". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza (in Italian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ a b Brothers, David (9 August 2011). "'Ultimate Spider-Man' Artist Sara Pichelli Is A Killer Storyteller". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ a b c d "Sara Pichelli: Eagle Award Winner". Marvel Comics. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Thomas, Brandon (4 September 2009). "Ambidextrous 310: Brand New Flavor: Days Missing, F4, More". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Armitage, Hugh (1 September 2009). "Marvel's Pixie strikes back". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Armitage, Hugh (12 October 2010). "Pirchelli joins 'Ultimate Spider-Man'". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ a b Cavna, Michael (16 August 2011). "Miles Morales: Check out Sara Pichelli inking the new Ultimate Spider-Man". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011. ^ Ching, Albert (2 August 2011). "Identity of the New Ultimate Spider-Man Revealed ". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Gustines, George Gene (March 29, 2018). "The Return of the Fantastic Four". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Welcome back, Fantastic Four! A video on Thursday about some of Marvel Entertainment's upcoming comics included a silhouetted image of the Fantastic Four, signaling their return to a monthly series beginning in August. The series will be written by Dan Slott and drawn by Sara Pichelli. ^ Richards, Ron (August 16, 2011). "Exclusive: Ultimate Spider-Man Interview with Sara Pichelli with Video!". iFanboy. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011. ^ Weiland, Jonah (October 23, 2013). "CBR TV: Sara Pichelli on Designing Miles Morales & Being a Rising Star". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. ^ Armitage, Hugh (1 June 2011). "Walking Dead, Grant Morrison win Eagle Awards". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ "The Eagle Awards Nominees Announced". MTV. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (3 August 2011). "Ultimate Comics: Fallout #4 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ Paniccia, Mark (w). Ultimate Spider-Man, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 26 (November 2011). Marvel Comics. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sara Pichelli. Official website Sara Pichelli at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Sara Pichelli at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Other IdRef

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Cebulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._Cebulski"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quesada0808-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCD-2"},{"link_name":"NYX: No Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYX_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brothers0809-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarvelEagle-5"},{"link_name":"Runaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaways_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Immonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Immonen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarvelEagle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Pixie_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Pixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_(X-Men)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"I Am An Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Avengers_titles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quesada0808-1"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fallout"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Miles Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(Miles_Morales)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarvelEagle-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpostpichelli-9"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pichelli sketching at the New York Comic ConPichelli was born in Porto Sant'Elpidio, Italy. She began her career in animation, working as a storyboard artist, animator and character designer. She said of this work, \"It wasn't really for me. I felt like a tiny cog in a machine.\"[1] She started working in the comic book industry after meeting comics artist David Messina. Prior to that, she was not particularly interested in comics and preferred animated films and anime.[1] She worked as a layout assistant for Messina and worked on such titles as the Star Trek comic book series produced by IDW Publishing,[2] including such editions as Star Trek: Countdown and Star Trek: Nero.[3] In 2008 she submitted her work to the Chesterquest international talent search and was named one of the finalists by Marvel Comics editor C. B. Cebulski, which led to her working for Marvel. She illustrates for Marvel from her home in Rome.[1]Pichelli started working for Marvel Comics in 2008[2] with the limited series NYX: No Way Home,[4][5] followed by a brief run on Runaways with writer Kathryn Immonen in 2009.[5][6] She worked with Immonen again on the X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back limited series, released in December 2009, which focused on the X-Men character Pixie.[7] Pichelli provided art for one storyline in the I Am An Avenger anthology series, which ran from 2010 to 2011,[1] then joined the team working on Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man starting with the October 2010 issue #15.[8] After that series ended, Pichelli contributed to the 2011 limited series Ultimate Fallout, where she illustrated the first image of the Spider-Man character as portrayed by Miles Morales in the Ultimate Marvel universe.[5][9] Pichelli took on regular art duties on the relaunched Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man with Morales as the protagonist, starting in September 2011.[10]In August 2018, Pichelli and writer Dan Slott launched a new Fantastic Four series.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cintiq 12wx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacom_(company)#Cintiq"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpostpichelli-9"},{"link_name":"screentones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richard0816-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Pichelli uses a Cintiq 12wx graphic tablet. When illustrating Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man,[9] she added more screentones to her illustrations to give what she called \"a more 'pop' feeling to the book\", as she believed it would be more fitting to that series.[12]In creating the visual look of characters, Pichelli approaches the design by giving thought to the character's personalities, including the background that may have influenced them, and the distinctive traits that the characters exhibit, such as the clothing they wear, their body language and expressions. She followed this approach when creating Miles Morales.[13]","title":"Technique and materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brevoort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quesada0808-1"},{"link_name":"Eagle Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Award_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rafael Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Albuquerque_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Fiona Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Staples"},{"link_name":"Sean Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Murphy_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Lee O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Lee_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarvelEagle-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brevoort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quesada0808-1"},{"link_name":"ComicsAlliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicsAlliance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brothers0809-4"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There are three or four artists we've got at Marvel who are really starting to pop and sizzle and define a new look and style that's distinctly their own. We look at these people as being the next generation of Marvel superstars, and I think Sara is clearly one of them. Her stuff is bubbly and fun and alive and energetic and exciting. It has all the best traits and qualities of humanity and engagingness [that] I'd want in a Marvel artist.\n\n\n– Tom Brevoort[1]Pichelli won a 2011 Eagle Award for Favorite Newcomer Artist,[14] over fellow nominees Rafael Albuquerque, Fiona Staples, Sean Murphy and Bryan Lee O'Malley.[15] Marvel Comics senior editor Mark Paniccia said of Pichelli: \"Every time I see new pages from Sara she continues to grow as an artist. She's amazing now and I can't imagine where she'll be a year from now.\"[5] Marvel Comics editor Tom Brevoort called her \"a real breakout talent\" and \"a top talent primed to explode in a major way\".[1] David Brothers of ComicsAlliance praised her attention to detail and said he particularly likes the way Pichelli draws hair, facial expressions and body language: \"The first two add a lot to the atmosphere of the comics she draws, and the third cranks her storytelling up to another level.\"[4] IGN writer Jesse Schedeen called Pichelli's art in Ultimate Fallout \"energetic, cinematic, and just flamboyant enough to offer a change of pace from the rest of the Ultimate Fallout stories\".[16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Pichelli lives in Rome, Italy.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-New X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-New_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Astonishing X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Jason Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pearson"},{"link_name":"I Am An Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Colleen Coover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Coover"},{"link_name":"Lucy Knisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Knisley"},{"link_name":"Eternals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternals_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Girl Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Comics"},{"link_name":"June Brigman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brigman"},{"link_name":"Lea Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"Molly Crabapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Crabapple"},{"link_name":"Adriana Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Melo"},{"link_name":"Carla Speed McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Speed_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(2008_team)"},{"link_name":"Namora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namora"},{"link_name":"Origins of Marvel Comics: X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Runaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaways_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(Miles_Morales)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Men"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fallout"},{"link_name":"Salvador Larroca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Larroca"},{"link_name":"Clayton Crain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Crain"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics All-New Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Comics_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Comics_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Manifest Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Manifest_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Michael Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ryan_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ben Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Oliver"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Pixie Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Pixie_Strikes_Back"}],"text":"All-New X-Men #30 (2014)\nAstonishing X-Men vol. 3, #37 (with Jason Pearson) (2011)\nI Am An Avenger #4 (with Mike Mayhew, Colleen Coover and Lucy Knisley) (2011)\nEternals vol. 4, #8 (with Eric Nguyen) (2009)\nGirl Comics vol. 2, #3 (with June Brigman, Lea Hernandez, Molly Crabapple, Adriana Melo, Carla Speed McNeil) (2010)\nGuardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, #4-7, 11-13 (2013-2014)\nMarvel Digital Holiday Special #2 (with Nick Dragotta and Sanford Greene) (2009)\nNamora, one-shot (2010)\nOrigins of Marvel Comics: X-Men, one-shot (with other artists) (2010)\nRunaways vol. 3, #10-14 (2009)\nSpider-Man #1-5, 11-14 (2016)\nSpider-Men #1-5 (miniseries) (2012)\nUltimate Comics Fallout #4 (with Salvador Larroca and Clayton Crain) (2011)\nUltimate Comics All-New Spider-Man #1-5, 8, 19-22 (2011-2013)\nUltimate Comics Spider-Man #15 (2010)\nUltimate Spider-Man #150-154, 200 (2011-2014)\nX-Men: Manifest Destiny #5 (with Michael Ryan, Ben Oliver) (2009)\nX-Men: Pixie Strikes Back #1-4 (miniseries) (2010)","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Pichelli sketching at the New York Comic Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/10.12.13SaraPichelliByLuigiNovi3.jpg/220px-10.12.13SaraPichelliByLuigiNovi3.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Quesada, Joe (8 August 2011). \"Talk to the Hat: Sara Pichelli's 'Ultimate' Introduction\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Quesada","url_text":"Quesada, Joe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809194546/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=33786","url_text":"\"Talk to the Hat: Sara Pichelli's 'Ultimate' Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=33786","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Libero, Tempo (6 October 2009). \"Appuntamento bis con Star Trek\". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza (in Italian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008151518/http://www.ilcittadinomb.it/stories/Cronaca/171875/","url_text":"\"Appuntamento bis con Star Trek\""},{"url":"http://www.ilcittadinomb.it/stories/Cronaca/171875/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brothers, David (9 August 2011). \"'Ultimate Spider-Man' Artist Sara Pichelli Is A Killer Storyteller\". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319053422/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/08/09/sara-pichelli-art-spider-man/","url_text":"\"'Ultimate Spider-Man' Artist Sara Pichelli Is A Killer Storyteller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicsAlliance","url_text":"ComicsAlliance"},{"url":"http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/08/09/sara-pichelli-art-spider-man/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sara Pichelli: Eagle Award Winner\". Marvel Comics. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110808033228/http://marvel.com/news/story/16021/sara_pichelli_eagle_award_winner","url_text":"\"Sara Pichelli: Eagle Award Winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics","url_text":"Marvel Comics"},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/story/16021/sara_pichelli_eagle_award_winner","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Brandon (4 September 2009). \"Ambidextrous 310: Brand New Flavor: Days Missing, F4, More\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002114041/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090904-Ambidextrous.html","url_text":"\"Ambidextrous 310: Brand New Flavor: Days Missing, F4, More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama","url_text":"Newsarama"},{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090904-Ambidextrous.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armitage, Hugh (1 September 2009). \"Marvel's Pixie strikes back\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120922172203/http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a174924/marvels-pixie-strikes-back.html","url_text":"\"Marvel's Pixie strikes back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a174924/marvels-pixie-strikes-back.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armitage, Hugh (12 October 2010). \"Pirchelli joins 'Ultimate Spider-Man'\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101014191756/http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a281552/pichelli-joins-ultimate-spider-man.html","url_text":"\"Pirchelli joins 'Ultimate Spider-Man'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a281552/pichelli-joins-ultimate-spider-man.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cavna, Michael (16 August 2011). \"Miles Morales: Check out Sara Pichelli inking the new Ultimate Spider-Man\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926232049/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/miles-morales-check-out-sara-pichelli-inking-the-new-ultimate-spider-man/2011/08/16/gIQA90qUJJ_blog.html","url_text":"\"Miles Morales: Check out Sara Pichelli inking the new Ultimate Spider-Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/miles-morales-check-out-sara-pichelli-inking-the-new-ultimate-spider-man/2011/08/16/gIQA90qUJJ_blog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ching, Albert (2 August 2011). \"Identity of the New Ultimate Spider-Man Revealed [Spoilers]\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926050456/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/new-ultimate-spider-man-revealed-110802.html","url_text":"\"Identity of the New Ultimate Spider-Man Revealed [Spoilers]\""},{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/comics/new-ultimate-spider-man-revealed-110802.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gustines, George Gene (March 29, 2018). \"The Return of the Fantastic Four\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Welcome back, Fantastic Four! A video on Thursday about some of Marvel Entertainment's upcoming comics included a silhouetted image of the Fantastic Four, signaling their return to a monthly series beginning in August. The series will be written by Dan Slott and drawn by Sara Pichelli.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/29/books/fantastic-four-marvel-return.html","url_text":"\"The Return of the Fantastic Four\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517224303/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/29/books/fantastic-four-marvel-return.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Ron (August 16, 2011). \"Exclusive: Ultimate Spider-Man Interview with Sara Pichelli with Video!\". iFanboy. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912074904/http://ifanboy.com/articles/interviews/exclusive-ultimate-spider-man-interview-with-sara-pichelli-with-video/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Ultimate Spider-Man Interview with Sara Pichelli with Video!\""},{"url":"http://ifanboy.com/articles/interviews/exclusive-ultimate-spider-man-interview-with-sara-pichelli-with-video/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weiland, Jonah (October 23, 2013). \"CBR TV: Sara Pichelli on Designing Miles Morales & Being a Rising Star\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=48676","url_text":"\"CBR TV: Sara Pichelli on Designing Miles Morales & Being a Rising Star\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081140/https://www.cbr.com/cbr-tv-nycc-2013-sara-pichelli-on-designing-miles-morales-being-a-rising-star/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Armitage, Hugh (1 June 2011). \"Walking Dead, Grant Morrison win Eagle Awards\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719033950/http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a322475/walking-dead-grant-morrison-win-eagle-awards.html","url_text":"\"Walking Dead, Grant Morrison win Eagle Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a322475/walking-dead-grant-morrison-win-eagle-awards.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Eagle Awards Nominees Announced\". MTV. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110318030405/http://geek-news.mtv.com/2011/03/14/the-eagle-awards-nominees-announced","url_text":"\"The Eagle Awards Nominees Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"http://geek-news.mtv.com/2011/03/14/the-eagle-awards-nominees-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schedeen, Jesse (3 August 2011). \"Ultimate Comics: Fallout #4 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200817/http://comics.ign.com/articles/118/1186020p1.html","url_text":"\"Ultimate Comics: Fallout #4 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://comics.ign.com/articles/118/1186020p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Watt%27s_House_of_Music_(Melbourne)

Max Watt's House of Music (Melbourne)

["1 Venue history","2 References"]

Max Watt's House of Music is a live music venue on Swanston Street in Melbourne, Australia. The 850-capacity venue is in the basement of the Century Building designed by architect Marcus Barlow. Venue history The venue originally opened in 1940 as the Century Theatre cinema. Over the subsequent decades it underwent various changes in name and focus, from newsreels to European films, before closing as a cinema in 1985. The Hi-fi Bar & Ballroom opened in the former cinema in 1998, and become a major live music venue in Melbourne. In 2015, after being placed in administration, the venue became Max Watt's House of Music under new ownership. The venue also hosts comedy as the Festival Club during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, where the ABC's Comedy Up Late is filmed. References ^ "NEW CENTURY THEATRE". The Age. No. 26, 559. Victoria, Australia. 31 May 1940. p. 14. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Capitol 2 Theatre in Melbourne, AU - Cinema Treasures". cinematreasures.org. Retrieved 15 October 2017. ^ "A decade in the underground: Hi-fi Bar and Ballroom turns 10". FasterLouder. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017. ^ Argoon, Ashley (13 February 2015). "Melbourne music institution goes bust". Herald Sun. Retrieved 15 October 2015. ^ "The Hi-Fi Venues Have A New Australian-Based Owner - Music Feeds". Music Feeds. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2017. ^ "ABC To Broadcast Melbourne Comedy Festival Club Performances". theMusic. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken_Bower_Prize

Bracken Bower Prize

["1 Winners and shortlist","2 References"]

AwardFinancial Times and McKinsey Bracken Bower PrizeAwarded forBest business book proposal by an author under 35Sponsored byFinancial TimesMcKinsey & CompanyLocationLondon / New YorkReward(s)£15,000First awarded2014 The Financial Times and McKinsey Bracken Bower Prize (or simply the Bracken Bower Prize) is an annual award given to the best business book proposal of the year by a young writer, as determined by the Financial Times and McKinsey & Company. It aims to find the "best proposal for a book about the challenges and opportunities of growth by an author aged under 35". Established in 2014, the prize is named after Brendan Bracken, chairman of the Financial Times from 1945 to 1958, and Marvin Bower, managing director of McKinsey from 1950 to 1967. The prize is worth £15,000 and is presented at the same time as the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award. Several previous winners and finalists of the contest have landed book deals with major publishers. Siddarth Shrikanth, finalist for the 2020 prize, secured publishing deals with Duckworth Books and Penguin Random House for his book, The Case for Nature. Winner of the 2019 Prize, Jonathan Hillman had his book on China's global infrastructure expansion, The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future, published by Harper Business. Cambridge University Press published the book by 2018 Prize Winner Andrew Leon Hanna, 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs, which tells the story of three Syrian women entrepreneurs in the Za'atari refugee camp and of refugee entrepreneurs around the world. From the same cohort, finalist Christian Busch had his book, published as The Serendipity Mindset: The Art and Science of Creating Good Luck, released by Riverhead Books. From the 2016 cohort, Kogan Page published Blockchain Babel: The Crypto Craze and the Challenge to Business by finalist Igor Pejic. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt published venture capitalist and Bracken Bower finalist Scott Hartley's book, The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World, a Financial Times Business Book of the Month that was mentioned on the longlist for the FT/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award in 2017. Published in paperback by Mariner Books, it has been acquired by Penguin Random House in India, and translated into Portuguese and Korean. Among the 2015 cohort, Penguin Press agreed to publish Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It, a book about the changing nature of failure in business and life, by 2015 Prize Winners and former derivates trader Christopher Clearfield and University of Toronto professor András Tilcsik. Meltdown won Canada's National Business Book Award in 2019. Irene Yuan Sun's short-listed proposal for a book about China's economic role in Africa was picked up by Harvard Business Review Press. The prize also led to a publishing deal for Saadia Zahidi, the first-ever Bracken Bower Prize winner in 2014; Nation Books acquired a book based on her proposal, Womenomics in the Muslim World, in 2015, and it was retitled Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World. Winners and shortlist Blue Ribbon () = winner | Finalists (F) | Shortlist (S) 2014 Saadia Zahidi, Womenomics in the Muslim World, published as Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World (Bold Type Books, 2018) (F) Alysia Garmulewicz, 3-D Printing, Anything, Anywhere (F) Jenny Palmer, One Level Up 2015 Christopher Clearfield & András Tilcsik, Rethinking the Unthinkable, published as Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It (Penguin Press, 2018) (F) Jonathan Hillman, The Fog of More (F) Irene Yuan Sun, Brave Old World: Why China's Investments in Africa Should Make Us Rethink Economic Development (Harvard Business Press, 2017) (S) Edoardo Campanella (S) Sangu Delle (S) Cerys Hearsey (S) Chizoba Nnaemeka (S) Thomas Roulet, The Power of Being Divisive: Understanding Negative Social Evaluations (Stanford University Press, 2020) (S) Ryan Shaw (S) David Skarbek (S) Alexander Webb 2016 Nora Rosendahl, Mental Meltdown (F) Igor Pejic, Blockchain Babel: The Crypto Craze and the Challenge to Business (Kogan Page, 2019) (F) Scott Hartley, The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017) (S) Sophie Dickins (S) Simon Hedlin (S) Gavin McLoughlin (S) Ross Murdoch (S) Pavan Soni (S) Alexander Webb 2017 Mehran Gul, The New Geography of Innovation (F) Michael Motala, The Peer-to-Peer Social Contract (F) Alexandre Lazarow, Startup Heretic (S) Christian Busch (S) Wendy Bradley (S) Walter Frick (S) Geoffrey Gertz (S) Alexander Goemans (S) Jonathan Hillman (S) Maja Korica (S) Anika Nagpal & Nina Vasan 2018 Andrew Leon Hanna, 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs (Cambridge University Press, 2022) (F) Christian Busch, The Serendipity Factor, published as The Serendipity Mindset: The Art and Science of Creating Good Luck (Riverhead Books, 2020) (F) Piyumi Kapugeekiyana, One Billion in Reserve (S) Maneet Ahuja (S) David Buckmaster, Fair Pay: How to Get a Raise, Close the Wage Gap, and Build Stronger Businesses (Harper Business, 2021) (S) Owen W. Cameron (S) Neil Doig (S) Muris Hadzic (S) Edoardo Maggini (S) Michelle Meagher (S) Joel Modestus & Sreevas Sahasranamam (S) Colette van der Ven 2019 Jonathan Hillman, The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future (Harper Business, 2021) (F) Paulo Savaget (F) Ernesto Zaldivar (S) Alonso de Gortari (S) Maram Ahmed (S) Yaman Kaakeh (S) Vardhan Kapoor (S) Salil Motianey (S) Katya Peremanova (S) Thomas Roulet (S) Siling Tan 2020 Stephen Boyle, New Money (F) Rola Kaakeh, Waiting on Medicines: Our Reliance on Medications to Shape our Future (F) Siddarth Shrikanth, Money Trees: Making the Business Case for Nature (S) Sophie Campbell (S) Portia Crowe (S) Sean Henry Drake (S) Laura Fedoruk (S) Anas Kaakeh (S) Babatunde Onabajo (S) Beniamino Pagliaro (S) John Soroushian (S) Sughra Shah Bukhari (S) Alexander Webb 2021 Ines Lee & Eileen Tipoe, Failing the Class (F) Manuel Hepfer, The Cybersecurity Wake-Up Call (F) Melissa Zhang, Trailblazers (S) Lucy Christie (S) Sri Muppidi (S) Joanna Socha (S) Richard Hudson (S) Vardhan Kapoor (S) Joel Modestus (S) Ben Payton (S) Jonathan Pierre (S) Joe Sullivan (S) Aaron Taylor (S) Benjamin Tur 2022 Âriel de Fauconberg, Before the Dawn (F) Victoria Berquist, The Unstoppable Rise of Private Capital in Public Health (F) Julia Marisa Sekula, Owning the Centre (S) Otilia Barbuta (S) James da Costa (S) Will Hall-Smith (S) Patrick Hinton (S) Anas Kaakeh (S) David Maggs (S) Salil Motianey (S) Drake Pooley References ^ "Financial Times and McKinsey: The Bracken Bower Prize" (PDF). Financial Times. Retrieved 30 October 2015. ^ "Financial Times and McKinsey & Company launch the 2014 Business Book of the Year Award". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ "FT/McKinsey announce the Bracken Bower Prize finalists". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ a b c "Book Trade Announcements - Submissions Invited For The 2016 Bracken Bower Prize". www.booktrade.info. 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ Hill, Andrew (22 October 2018). "Bracken Bower Prize 2018: the shortlist". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ "Announcing a trailblazing new book on securing our natural capital". Penguin Random House India. Retrieved 31 December 2022. ^ "Duckworth signs "rising star" Shrikanth's debut". The Bookseller. Retrieved 31 December 2022. ^ "A gripping account of China's rise as a tech superpower". Financial Times. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2021 — the shortlist". Financial Times. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Resilience through unspeakable pain and strife". today.duke.edu. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ Hill, Andrew (22 October 2018). "Bracken Bower Prize 2018: the shortlist". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ "Books". igorpejic.net. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ "Excerpts from the three proposals". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ Hill, Andrew. "Business Book of the Year 2017 — the longlist". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World". www.hmhco.com/. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "The Fuzzy and the Techie". www.penguin.co.in. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "O Fuzzy E O Techie". www.bei.com.br/. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ a b Clearfield, Author Chris; Tilcsik, András (18 November 2015). "Rethinking the Unthinkable". Rethink Risk–The Blog. Retrieved 16 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help) ^ a b c Hill, Andrew. "FT/McKinsey contest helps business book hopefuls land deals". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "A Win for Women in the Muslim World". McKinsey. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ Zahidi, Saadia (2018). Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World. Bold Type Books. ISBN 978-1568585901. ^ Hill, Andrew (13 November 2015). "Book prize finalists announced". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ "Excerpts from the three proposals". Financial Times. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize". 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016. ^ "The Shortlist for the 2015 Bracken Bower Prize has been announced" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ Sun, Irene Yuan (2017). The next factory of the world : how Chinese investment is reshaping Africa. Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-1-63369-281-7. OCLC 979557541.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Roulet, Thomas (Thomas J.) (September 2020). The power of being divisive : understanding negative social evaluations. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-1-5036-1390-4. OCLC 1143840507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "FT and McKinsey reveal Bracken Bower Prize shortlist". Financial Times. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2017: the shortlist". Financial Times. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2017: excerpts from finalists' proposals". Financial Times. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ Hill, Andrew (22 October 2018). "Bracken Bower Prize 2018: the shortlist". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2018: excerpts from finalists' proposals". Financial Times. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ Hill, Andrew (12 November 2018). "'Bad Blood' wins the FT and McKinsey Business Book of 2018". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ Trickey, Erick (21 November 2018). "25 Million Sparks: Andrew Leon Hanna '19 on his prize-winning book project". Harvard Law Today. Retrieved 6 December 2018. ^ Hanna, Andrew Leon (2022). 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1009181495. ^ Hill, Andrew (25 October 2019). "Bracken Bower Prize 2019 — the shortlist". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ Hill, Andrew (19 November 2019). "Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the finalists". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ Hill, Andrew (4 December 2019). "Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the winner". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ Hill, Andrew (2 November 2020). "Bracken Bower Prize 2020 — the shortlist". www.ft.com. Retrieved 3 November 2020. ^ "Bracken Bower prize 2021: the winners". Financial Times. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2021 — the shortlist". Financial Times. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2022 — the shortlist". Financial Times. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Bracken Bower Prize 2022: the finalists". Financial Times. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"McKinsey & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brendan Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Bracken"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Marvin Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Bower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times_and_McKinsey_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Submissions2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Harper Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Business"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Andrew Leon Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leon_Hanna"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Riverhead Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_Books"},{"link_name":"Kogan Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogan_Page"},{"link_name":"Igor Pejic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//igorpejic.net/"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mariner Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_Books"},{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bei.com.br/o-fuzzy-e-o-techie-por-que-as-ciencias-humanas-v-o-dominar-o-mundo-digital"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=123573877"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Penguin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Press"},{"link_name":"Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(Clearfield_and_Tilcsik_book)"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clearfield-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Submissions2016-4"},{"link_name":"National Business Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Business_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business Review Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review_Press"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-19"},{"link_name":"Saadia Zahidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Zahidi"},{"link_name":"Nation Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_Books"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Submissions2016-4"}],"text":"AwardThe Financial Times and McKinsey Bracken Bower Prize (or simply the Bracken Bower Prize) is an annual award given to the best business book proposal of the year by a young writer, as determined by the Financial Times and McKinsey & Company. It aims to find the \"best proposal for a book about the challenges and opportunities of growth by an author aged under 35\".[1]Established in 2014, the prize is named after Brendan Bracken, chairman of the Financial Times from 1945 to 1958, and Marvin Bower, managing director of McKinsey from 1950 to 1967.[2] The prize is worth £15,000 and is presented at the same time as the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award.[3]Several previous winners and finalists of the contest have landed book deals with major publishers.[4][5] Siddarth Shrikanth, finalist for the 2020 prize, secured publishing deals with Duckworth Books and Penguin Random House for his book, The Case for Nature.[6][7] Winner of the 2019 Prize, Jonathan Hillman had his book on China's global infrastructure expansion, The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future, published by Harper Business.[8] Cambridge University Press published the book by 2018 Prize Winner Andrew Leon Hanna, 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs, which tells the story of three Syrian women entrepreneurs in the Za'atari refugee camp and of refugee entrepreneurs around the world.[9][10] From the same cohort, finalist Christian Busch had his book, published as The Serendipity Mindset: The Art and Science of Creating Good Luck, released by Riverhead Books.From the 2016 cohort, Kogan Page published Blockchain Babel: The Crypto Craze and the Challenge to Business by finalist Igor Pejic.[11][12] Houghton Mifflin Harcourt published venture capitalist and Bracken Bower finalist Scott Hartley's book, The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World, a Financial Times Business Book of the Month that was mentioned on the longlist for the FT/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award in 2017.[13][14] Published in paperback by Mariner Books, it has been acquired by Penguin Random House in India, and translated into Portuguese and Korean.[15][16][17]Among the 2015 cohort, Penguin Press agreed to publish Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It, a book about the changing nature of failure in business and life, by 2015 Prize Winners and former derivates trader Christopher Clearfield and University of Toronto professor András Tilcsik.[18][19][4] Meltdown won Canada's National Business Book Award in 2019. Irene Yuan Sun's short-listed proposal for a book about China's economic role in Africa was picked up by Harvard Business Review Press.[19]The prize also led to a publishing deal for Saadia Zahidi, the first-ever Bracken Bower Prize winner in 2014; Nation Books acquired a book based on her proposal, Womenomics in the Muslim World, in 2015, and it was retitled Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World.[4]","title":"Bracken Bower Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Saadia Zahidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Zahidi"},{"link_name":"Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Fifty-Million-Rising-Generation-Transforming/dp/156858590X"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Meltdown-Systems-Fail-What-About/dp/0735222630"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clearfield-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Roulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Roulet"},{"link_name":"The Power of Being Divisive: Understanding Negative Social Evaluations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Power-Being-Divisive-Understanding-Evaluations/dp/1503608204"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Blockchain Babel: The Crypto Craze and the Challenge to Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Blockchain-Babel-Crypto-craze-Challenge-Business/dp/0749484160"},{"link_name":"Scott Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hartley"},{"link_name":"The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Fuzzy-Techie-Liberal-Digital-World/dp/0544944771"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Nina Vasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Vasan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Andrew Leon Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leon_Hanna"},{"link_name":"25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/25-Million-Sparks-Refugee-Entrepreneurs/dp/1009181491"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Serendipity Factor, published as The Serendipity Mindset: The Art and Science of Creating Good Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Serendipity-Mindset-Science-Creating-Good/dp/0241402093/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr="},{"link_name":"Fair Pay: How to Get a Raise, Close the Wage Gap, and Build Stronger Businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Fair-Pay-Raise-Stronger-Businesses/dp/0062998277"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Digital-Silk-Road-Chinas-Future/dp/0063046288"},{"link_name":"Thomas Roulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Roulet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"}],"text":"Blue Ribbon () = winner | Finalists (F) | Shortlist (S)2014[20]Saadia Zahidi, Womenomics in the Muslim World, published as Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World (Bold Type Books, 2018)[21]\n(F) Alysia Garmulewicz, 3-D Printing, Anything, Anywhere\n(F) Jenny Palmer, One Level Up2015[22][23][24][25]Christopher Clearfield & András Tilcsik, Rethinking the Unthinkable, published as Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It (Penguin Press, 2018) [18][19]\n(F) Jonathan Hillman, The Fog of More\n(F) Irene Yuan Sun, Brave Old World: Why China's Investments in Africa Should Make Us Rethink Economic Development (Harvard Business Press, 2017)[26]\n(S) Edoardo Campanella\n(S) Sangu Delle\n(S) Cerys Hearsey\n(S) Chizoba Nnaemeka\n(S) Thomas Roulet, The Power of Being Divisive: Understanding Negative Social Evaluations (Stanford University Press, 2020)[27]\n(S) Ryan Shaw\n(S) David Skarbek\n(S) Alexander Webb2016[28]Nora Rosendahl, Mental Meltdown\n(F) Igor Pejic, Blockchain Babel: The Crypto Craze and the Challenge to Business (Kogan Page, 2019)\n(F) Scott Hartley, The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017)\n(S) Sophie Dickins\n(S) Simon Hedlin\n(S) Gavin McLoughlin\n(S) Ross Murdoch\n(S) Pavan Soni\n(S) Alexander Webb2017[29][30]Mehran Gul, The New Geography of Innovation\n(F) Michael Motala, The Peer-to-Peer Social Contract\n(F) Alexandre Lazarow, Startup Heretic\n(S) Christian Busch\n(S) Wendy Bradley\n(S) Walter Frick\n(S) Geoffrey Gertz\n(S) Alexander Goemans\n(S) Jonathan Hillman\n(S) Maja Korica\n(S) Anika Nagpal & Nina Vasan2018[31][32][33][34]Andrew Leon Hanna, 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs (Cambridge University Press, 2022)[35]\n(F) Christian Busch, The Serendipity Factor, published as The Serendipity Mindset: The Art and Science of Creating Good Luck (Riverhead Books, 2020)\n(F) Piyumi Kapugeekiyana, One Billion in Reserve\n(S) Maneet Ahuja\n(S) David Buckmaster, Fair Pay: How to Get a Raise, Close the Wage Gap, and Build Stronger Businesses (Harper Business, 2021)\n(S) Owen W. Cameron\n(S) Neil Doig\n(S) Muris Hadzic\n(S) Edoardo Maggini\n(S) Michelle Meagher\n(S) Joel Modestus & Sreevas Sahasranamam\n(S) Colette van der Ven2019[36][37][38]Jonathan Hillman, The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future (Harper Business, 2021)\n(F) Paulo Savaget\n(F) Ernesto Zaldivar\n(S) Alonso de Gortari\n(S) Maram Ahmed\n(S) Yaman Kaakeh\n(S) Vardhan Kapoor\n(S) Salil Motianey\n(S) Katya Peremanova\n(S) Thomas Roulet\n(S) Siling Tan2020[39]Stephen Boyle, New Money\n(F) Rola Kaakeh, Waiting on Medicines: Our Reliance on Medications to Shape our Future\n(F) Siddarth Shrikanth, Money Trees: Making the Business Case for Nature\n(S) Sophie Campbell\n(S) Portia Crowe\n(S) Sean Henry Drake\n(S) Laura Fedoruk\n(S) Anas Kaakeh\n(S) Babatunde Onabajo\n(S) Beniamino Pagliaro\n(S) John Soroushian\n(S) Sughra Shah Bukhari\n(S) Alexander Webb2021[40][41]Ines Lee & Eileen Tipoe, Failing the Class\n(F) Manuel Hepfer, The Cybersecurity Wake-Up Call\n(F) Melissa Zhang, Trailblazers\n(S) Lucy Christie\n(S) Sri Muppidi\n(S) Joanna Socha\n(S) Richard Hudson\n(S) Vardhan Kapoor\n(S) Joel Modestus\n(S) Ben Payton\n(S) Jonathan Pierre\n(S) Joe Sullivan\n(S) Aaron Taylor\n(S) Benjamin Tur2022[42][43]Âriel de Fauconberg, Before the Dawn\n(F) Victoria Berquist, The Unstoppable Rise of Private Capital in Public Health\n(F) Julia Marisa Sekula, Owning the Centre\n(S) Otilia Barbuta\n(S) James da Costa\n(S) Will Hall-Smith\n(S) Patrick Hinton\n(S) Anas Kaakeh\n(S) David Maggs\n(S) Salil Motianey\n(S) Drake Pooley","title":"Winners and shortlist"}]

[]

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Fifty Million Rising: The New Generation of Working Women Transforming the Muslim World. Bold Type Books. ISBN 978-1568585901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568585901","url_text":"978-1568585901"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (13 November 2015). \"Book prize finalists announced\". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/14a6726c-895f-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896.html#axzz3w6vGOScz","url_text":"\"Book prize finalists announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excerpts from the three proposals\". Financial Times. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/b924b14e-8943-11e5-8a12-b0ce506400af.html#rethinking","url_text":"\"Excerpts from the three proposals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bracken Bower Prize\". 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rethinkrisk.net/#!bracken-bower-prize/q370o","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Shortlist for the 2015 Bracken Bower Prize has been announced\" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturedic.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/bbp-shortlist-advert-021115.pdf","url_text":"\"The Shortlist for the 2015 Bracken Bower Prize has been announced\""}]},{"reference":"Sun, Irene Yuan (2017). The next factory of the world : how Chinese investment is reshaping Africa. Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-1-63369-281-7. 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Retrieved 6 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.law.harvard.edu/25-million-sparks-andrew-leon-hanna-19-on-his-prize-winning-book-project/","url_text":"\"25 Million Sparks: Andrew Leon Hanna '19 on his prize-winning book project\""}]},{"reference":"Hanna, Andrew Leon (2022). 25 Million Sparks: The Untold Story of Refugee Entrepreneurs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1009181495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009181495","url_text":"978-1009181495"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (25 October 2019). \"Bracken Bower Prize 2019 — the shortlist\". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/c7c78a74-f586-11e9-b018-3ef8794b17c6","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower Prize 2019 — the shortlist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (19 November 2019). \"Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the finalists\". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/721c1e02-07bd-11ea-9afa-d9e2401fa7ca","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the finalists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (4 December 2019). \"Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the winner\". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/9e834848-12cc-11ea-a225-db2f231cfeae","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower Prize 2019: the winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (2 November 2020). \"Bracken Bower Prize 2020 — the shortlist\". www.ft.com. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/b1c91c12-895a-4630-af2a-e627f14794bf","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower Prize 2020 — the shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bracken Bower prize 2021: the winners\". Financial Times. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/f7bce732-8a6a-4b19-8cc0-489b76220da9","url_text":"\"Bracken Bower prize 2021: the winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bracken Bower Prize 2021 — the shortlist\". Financial Times. 1 November 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Regnault

French submarine Regnault

["1 Design","2 Service history","3 Citations","4 References"]

Regnault Sister ship Lagrange between 1922 and 1923 History France NameRegnault NamesakeHenri Victor Regnault BuilderArsenal de Toulon Laid down1913 Launched25 June 1924 Completed1924 Commissioned1924 Out of service1937 FateStricken and sold for scrap in 1937 General characteristics Class and typeLagrange-class submarine Displacement 920 tonnes (905 long tons) (surfaced) 1,318 tonnes (1,297 long tons) (submerged) Length75.2 m (246 ft 9 in) Beam6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) Draught3.6 m (11 ft 10 in) Propulsion 2 × diesel engines, 2,600 hp (1,939 kW) 2 × electric motors, 1,640 hp (1,223 kW) Speed 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h) (surfaced) 11 knots (20 km/h) (submerged) Range 4,300 nautical miles (8,000 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) 125 nautical miles (232 km) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h) (submerged) Test depth50 m (160 ft) Complement47 Armament 8 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes 2 × 75 mm (3.0 in) deck guns 2 × 8 mm (0.31 in) machine guns The French submarine Regnault (Q113) was a Lagrange-class submarine built for the French Navy built between 1913 and 1924. It was laid down in the Arsenal de Toulon shipyards and launched on 25 June 1924. Regnault was completed in 1924 and served in the French Marine Nationale until 1937. Design The Lagrange-class submarines were constructed as part of the French fleet's expansion programmes from 1913 to 1914. The ships were designed by Julien Hutter, slightly modifying his previous project Dupuy de Lôme, using two Parsons steam turbines with a power of 2,000 hp (1,491 kW). During construction, though, the idea was abandoned and the ships were instead equipped with diesel engines. Lagrange-class submarines were 75.2 m (246 ft 9 in) long, with a beam of 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) and a draught of 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in), and could dive up to 50 m (160 ft). The submarine had a surfaced displacement of 920 tonnes (905 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 1,318 tonnes (1,297 long tons). Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 2,600 hp (1,939 kW) diesel motors built by the Swiss manufacturer Sulzer and two 1,640 hp (1,223 kW) electric motors. The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed it to attain speeds of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) while submerged and 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) on the surface. Their surfaced range was 7,700 nautical miles (14,300 km) at 9 knots (17 km/h), and 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h), with a submerged range of 70 nautical miles (130 km) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h). The ships were equipped with eight 450 mm torpedo tubes (four in the bow, two stern and two external), with a total of 10 torpedoes and two on-board guns. The class was also armed with a 75 mm gun with an ammo supply of 440 shells. The crew of one ship consisted of four officers and 43 of officers and seamen. Service history Regnault was built in the Arsenal de Toulon. It was laid down in 1913, launched on 25 June 1924, and completed in 1924. It was named in honor of the distinguished French nineteenth-century chemist Henri Victor Regnault and was assigned the pennant number Q113. Regnault served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1935. Citations ^ a b c d Couhat, p. 159. ^ Conway, p. 389. ^ a b c d e f g Fontenoy, p. 89. ^ Couhat, pp. 158–159 ^ a b c d e f Conway, p. 212. ^ Couhat, p. 158. ^ Smith, Gordon. "French Navy, World War 1". www.naval-history.net. ^ Jane, p. 198 References Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO Publishing. Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5. Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteLagrange-class submarines Laplace Lagrange Regnault Romazotti Preceded by: Joessel class Followed by: O'Byrne class List of submarines of the French Navy

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lagrange-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Arsenal de Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_de_Toulon"}],"text":"The French submarine Regnault (Q113) was a Lagrange-class submarine built for the French Navy built between 1913 and 1924. It was laid down in the Arsenal de Toulon shipyards and launched on 25 June 1924. Regnault was completed in 1924 and served in the French Marine Nationale until 1937.","title":"French submarine Regnault"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couhat159-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Julien Hutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julien_Hutter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dupuy de Lôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couhat159-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"surfaced displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzer_(manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couhat159-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naval-history-7"}],"text":"The Lagrange-class submarines were constructed as part of the French fleet's expansion programmes from 1913 to 1914.[1][2] The ships were designed by Julien Hutter, slightly modifying his previous project Dupuy de Lôme, using two Parsons steam turbines with a power of 2,000 hp (1,491 kW).[3] During construction, though, the idea was abandoned and the ships were instead equipped with diesel engines.[1][3]Lagrange-class submarines were 75.2 m (246 ft 9 in) long, with a beam of 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) and a draught of 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in), and could dive up to 50 m (160 ft). The submarine had a surfaced displacement of 920 tonnes (905 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 1,318 tonnes (1,297 long tons).[4] Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 2,600 hp (1,939 kW) diesel motors built by the Swiss manufacturer Sulzer and two 1,640 hp (1,223 kW) electric motors.[3][5] The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed it to attain speeds of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) while submerged and 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) on the surface.[3][6] Their surfaced range was 7,700 nautical miles (14,300 km) at 9 knots (17 km/h), and 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h), with a submerged range of 70 nautical miles (130 km) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h).[1][3]The ships were equipped with eight 450 mm torpedo tubes (four in the bow, two stern and two external), with a total of 10 torpedoes and two on-board guns. The class was also armed with a 75 mm gun with an ammo supply of 440 shells. The crew of one ship consisted of four officers and 43 of officers and seamen.[3][5][7]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontenoy89-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"},{"link_name":"Henri Victor Regnault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couhat159-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway212-5"}],"text":"Regnault was built in the Arsenal de Toulon.[5][8] It was laid down in 1913, launched on 25 June 1924,[3][5] and completed in 1924. It was named in honor of the distinguished French nineteenth-century chemist Henri Victor Regnault and was assigned the pennant number Q113.[5] Regnault served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1935.[1][5]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-couhat159_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-couhat159_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-couhat159_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-couhat159_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fontenoy89_3-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conway212_5-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-naval-history_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"French Navy, World War 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyFrench.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ a b c d Couhat, p. 159.\n\n^ Conway, p. 389.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Fontenoy, p. 89.\n\n^ Couhat, pp. 158–159\n\n^ a b c d e f Conway, p. 212.\n\n^ Couhat, p. 158.\n\n^ Smith, Gordon. \"French Navy, World War 1\". www.naval-history.net.\n\n^ Jane, p. 198","title":"Citations"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Smith, Gordon. \"French Navy, World War 1\". www.naval-history.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyFrench.htm","url_text":"\"French Navy, World War 1\""}]},{"reference":"Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-245-5","url_text":"978-0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Cebanu

Pavel Cebanu

["1 References","2 External links"]

Moldovan footballer Pavel CebanuPersonal informationDate of birth (1955-03-28) 28 March 1955 (age 69)Place of birth Reni, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionPosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1973–1985 FC Nistru Chişinău 341 (45) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Pavel Cebanu (born 28 March 1955) is a former Moldovan football (soccer) player who played as a forward. He spent his entire career, from 1973 to 1985, at the Moldovan side FC Nistru Chişinău. He was captain for many years and played 341 games scoring 45 goals. He was the president of the Football Federation of Moldova, for 22 years from 1997 to 2019 and was succeeded by Leonid Oleinicenco. In November 2003, to celebrate UEFA's Jubilee, he was selected as the Golden Player of Moldova by the Football Federation of Moldova as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years. References ^ "Pavel Cebanu". UEFA.org. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Cebanu re-elected in Moldova". UEFA.com. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Moldova's Cebanu still showing the way". UEFA.com. Retrieved 26 June 2016. External links UEFA.com - Moldova's Golden Player Profile - Moldova.sports.md vteUEFA Jubilee Golden Players Pano Koldo Oganesian Prohaska Banishevskiy Aleinikov Van Himst Sušić Stoichkov Šuker Kaiafas Masopust Laudrup Moore Poom Løkin Litmanen Fontaine Khurtsilava Walter Hatzipanagis Puskás Sigurvinsson Giles Spiegler Zoff Kvochkin Starkovs Hasler Narbekovas Pilot Pančev Busuttil Cebanu Cruyff Best Bratseth Lubański Eusébio Hagi Yashin Bonini Law Džajić Popluhár Oblak Di Stéfano Larsson Chapuisat Şükür Blokhin Charles vteFC Zimbru Chișinău – managers Yeryomin (1947–49) Yepishin (1950–51) Bekhtenev (1952) Mazanov (1953) Stupakov (1954–56) Maslov (1956) Novikov (1957) Sevidov (1958–59) Sokolov (1960–63) Glebov (1964) Tsybin (1965) Zolotukhin (1966) Ryazantsev (1967–68) Țincler (1969–70) Sokolov (1971) Shaposhnikov (1972) Chiricenco (1972) Korolkov (1973–74) Polosin (1975–78) Chiricenco (1979) Korolkov (1980–81) Shevchenko (1982–83) Borș (1983–85) Polosin (1985) Țincler (1986) Yemets (1987) Alaskarov (1988–89) Cebanu (1990–91) Georgescu (1991) Caras (1991) Sîrbu (1992–93) Chiricenco (1993–94) Spiridon (1994–96) Caras (1996–97) Altman (1997–99) Skrypnyk (1999–00) Spiridon (2000–01) Vebert (2001) Mandrîcenco (2001–02) Stan (2002–03) Sîrbu (2003) Tropanețt (2003) Niculescu (2003–05) Tabanov (2005–07) Curteiant (2007) Sevidov (2007–08) Caras (2008–09) Tabanov (2009–11) Stroenco (2011–12) Bejenar (2012) Sîrbut (2012) Fistican (2012) Cleșcenco (2013) Kubarev (2013–14) Rusnac (2014–15) Stoica (2015) Rusnac (2015–16) Freitas (2016) Stoican (2016) Rusnac (2016–17) Stoica (2017) Osipenco (2017) Aga (2018) Secu (2018) Colceag (2018–19) Aga (2019) Goian (2020) Bulgaru (2020–21) Goian (2021) Bon (2021–22) Goian (2022) Popescu (2022–) This biographical article relating to Moldovan association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to Soviet association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran%27s_desecration_controversy_of_2005

2005 Quran desecration controversy

["1 History","2 The Newsweek report","3 International reaction","4 Other news reports","5 US military findings","6 FBI documents and other reports","7 The SERE connection","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

2005 Islam-related controversyPart of a series onIslamophobia Issues Airport profiling United States Conspiracy theories Counter-jihad Eurabia Great Replacement Halal-related Love jihad Hijabophobia Netherlands France Karnataka, India Media Muslim immigration bans Orientalism Persecution Quran desecration Status by country Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia–Herzegovina Canada China France Germany Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Myanmar Netherlands Norway Poland Russia  Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Conservative Party United States Stereotypes ExamplesAttacks on mosques: Al-Hidaya Al-Nurayn Bærum Babri Masjid Banya Bashi Bayonne Beit Lahia Bloomington Christchurch Corsica Escondido Gondar Hyderabad Ibrahim Kattankudy Kosovo Manili Malegaon Malmö 2009–10 Palimbang Quebec City Sweden (2014) Zürich Planned attacks California (2001) Singapore Genocide: Bosnian Ethnic cleansing Srebrenica Chechen and Ingush / Crimean Tatars Circassian Pacification of Algeria / Libya Palestinian genocide allegation Rohingya Massacres, torture, expulsion: Abu Ghraib (2000s) Albanians (1912–13) Assam (2014) Ayyadieh (1191) Baghdad (1258) Big Excursion (1989) Bossemptélé (2014) Bukovica (1943) Beirut (1975) Boyo (2021) Cave of the Patriarchs (1994) Granada (1482–92) Gujarat (2002) Guangzhou (878–79) Harmanli (1878) İşkodra and Niş (1877–78) Japan (1937–45) Jerusalem (1099) Karantina (1976) Kulen Vakuf (1941) Kafr Qasim (1956) Lasithi (1897) Mecca (600s) Moriscos (1609) Myanmar (2015) Nellie (1983) Northern Sri Lanka (1990) Norway (2011) Paris (1961) Sri Lanka (2018) Sabra and Shatila (1982) Šahovići (1924) Sétif and Guelma (1945) Shadian (1975) Sohmor (1984) Spain (1500–26) Walisongo (2000) Other incidents: Almondbury bullying incident Bendigo mosque protests Bulli Bai case / Sulli Deals CAA, 2019 Erklärung 2018 Flying imams incident Jerry Klein Haridwar hate speeches Hindutva pop Holy Terror Innocence of Muslims Jyllands-Posten cartoons Kathua rape case Muslim Massacre (video game) Quran desecrations 2005 2010 2011 2019–23 Serbia Strong Persecution of Uyghurs in China Xinjiang internment camps Swiss minaret ban Trojan Horse affair Media Document.no FrontPage Magazine Jihad Watch OpIndia Politically Incorrect Rebel News Stormfront WikiIslam Opposition Amnesty International CAIR Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism Human Rights Watch Islamophobia Watch Muslim American Society Muslims Condemn Southern Poverty Law Center Tell MAMA vte The 2005 Quran desecration controversy began when Newsweek's April 30, 2005, issue contained a report asserting that United States prison guards or interrogators had deliberately damaged a copy of the Quran. A week later, The New Yorker reported the words of Pakistani politician Imran Khan: "This is what the U.S. is doing—desecrating the Quran." This incident caused upset in parts of the Muslim world. The Newsweek article, parts of which were subsequently retracted, alleged that government sources had confirmed that United States personnel at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp had deliberately damaged a copy of the book by flushing it in a toilet in order to torment the prison's Muslim captives. The Newsweek article stated that an official had seen a preliminary copy of an unreleased U.S. government report confirming the deliberate damage. Later on, the magazine retracted this when the (still) unnamed official changed his story. A Pentagon investigation uncovered at least five cases of Quran mishandling by U.S. personnel at the base, but insisted that none of these were acts of desecration. The Pentagon's report also accused a prisoner of damaging a copy of the Quran by putting it in a toilet. In 2007, the American Civil Liberties Union, suing under the Freedom of Information Act, secured the release of a 2002 FBI report containing a detainee's accusation of ill-treatment, including throwing a Quran into a toilet. This specific accusation had been made on several occasions by other Guantanamo detainees since 2002; Newsweek's initial account of a government report confirming it sparked protests throughout the Islamic world and riots in Afghanistan, where pre-planned demonstrations turned deadly. A worldwide controversy followed. The Newsweek affair turned the spotlight on earlier media reports of such incidents. Accusations of Quran desecration as a part of U.S. interrogations at prisons in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as Guantánamo Bay had been made by a number of sources going back to 2002. History There were over a dozen pre-Newsweek reports in the mainstream media alleging U.S. Quran abuse, including the following: Several times in 2002 and in early 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross reported complaints by detainees at Guantanamo Bay prison of desecration of the Quran by U.S. guards in Guantanamo. In 2003, an Afghan former prisoner told The Washington Post that U.S. soldiers tormented him by throwing the Quran in the toilet. It was reported on 27 October 2004 that four British former detainees alleged that guards threw Korans into toilets. The BBC reported on December 30, 2004, that the former Guantánamo prisoner Abdallah Tabarak maintained that "American soldiers used to tear up copies of the Quran and throw them in the toilet." In a book review dated January 16, 2005, the Hartford Courant reported that five British detainees, after their release, claimed that they "had seen other prisoners sexually humiliated, had been hooded, and were forced to watch copies of the Koran being flushed down toilets." The Philadelphia Inquirer reported on January 20, 2005, that there were complaints concerning guards who had "defaced their copies of the Koran and, in one case, had thrown it in a toilet." The Miami Herald reported on March 6, 2005, that three Guantánamo captives — Fawzi al Odah, 27, Fouad al Rabiah, 45, and Khalid al Mutairi, 29 — "separately complained to their lawyer that military police threw their Quran into the toilet." The Miami Herald also reported on March 9, 2005, that Guantánamo Base staff insulted Allah and "threw Qurans into toilets". The Newsweek report On April 30, 2005, Newsweek magazine published an article claiming that an unnamed United States official had seen a government report supporting a "previously unreported" charge. Among the previously unreported cases that sources reportedly told Newsweek: interrogators, in an attempt to rattle suspects, flushed a Quran down a toilet and led a detainee around with a collar and dog leash. The prospect that U.S. personnel may have deliberately defaced the Quran provoked massive anti-U.S. demonstrations throughout the Islamic world, with at least 17 deaths during riots in Afghanistan. The Newsweek article, by reporter Michael Isikoff, was one of over a dozen such reports of similar incidents that had surfaced in prior months in the U.S. and UK media, but the first involving a U.S. government source acknowledging an inquiry into the event. The Isikoff article was later retracted by Newsweek, which nonetheless defended both its reporter and the story, stating "neither we nor the Pentagon had any idea it would lead to deadly riots." The case turned the spotlight on other reports of desecration of the Quran at Guantánamo. The article went largely unnoticed for five days. On May 6, Pakistani politician, Imran Khan, held a press conference. Khan criticized his country's government, saying, "This war on terrorism is self-defeating if, on the one hand, you are demanding that we help them and on the other hand, they are desecrating the book on which our entire faith is based." Khan's press conference was rebroadcast throughout the Muslim world. The Newsweek report cited an anonymous source, said to be a senior government official, who claimed to have seen a confidential investigative report documenting the alleged incident — in which interrogators, "in an attempt to rattle suspects, reportedly flushed a Quran down a toilet." However, on May 16, Newsweek retracted the statement that the abuse had been uncovered by an "internal military investigation." after the source of the story was later unable to confirm where he had seen the information. In its May 23 issue, Newsweek stated that Our original source later said he couldn't be certain about reading of the alleged Quran incident in the report we cited, and said it might have been in other investigative documents or drafts. Top administration officials have promised to continue looking into the charges, and so will we. But we regret that we got any part of our story wrong, and extend our sympathies to victims of the violence and to the U.S. soldiers caught in its midst. The New York Times quoted Isikoff as saying: Neither Newsweek nor the Pentagon foresaw that a reference to the desecration of the Quran was going to create the kind of response that it did. The Pentagon saw the item before it ran, and then they didn't move us off it for 11 days afterward. They were as caught off guard by the furor as we were. We obviously blame ourselves for not understanding the potential ramifications. International reaction On May 10 and continuing the following week, many anti-American protests took place. In Afghanistan, demonstrations that began in the eastern provinces and spread to Kabul were reported to have caused at least seventeen deaths. The United Nations, as a precautionary measure, withdrew all its foreign staff from Jalalabad, where two of its guest houses were attacked, government buildings and shops were targeted, and the offices of two international aid groups were destroyed. Demonstrations also took place in Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan and Indonesia, leading to the death of at least 15 people. White House press secretary Scott McClellan said, "The report had real consequences, people have lost their lives. Our image abroad has been damaged." However, in a press release issued by the United States Department of State on May 12, General Richard B. Myers claimed that the Newsweek story was not a chief cause of the riots: "He has been told that the Jalalabad, Afghanistan, rioting was related more to the ongoing political reconciliation process in Afghanistan than anything else." On May 27, thousands of demonstrators gathered in what The New York Times referred to as "waves of protest" in Pakistan, Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and the Middle East, "mostly centered on Friday prayer gatherings". The New York Times reported that U.S. flags were burned at some demonstrations, and that, although most of the protests were peaceful, overt calls for an "Islamic revolution" were loudly supported by the crowds in Pakistan, further complicating a difficult political situation for General Musharraf. A Red Cross spokesperson Simon Schorno confirmed that U.S. personnel at Camp X-ray had displayed "disrespect" to the Quran, and that U.S. officials knew of this activity. Delegates from the International Committee of the Red Cross informed U.S. authorities, who took action to stop the alleged abuse, said Schorno. He declined to specify the nature of the incidents. "We're basically referring in general terms to disrespect of the Quran, and that's where we leave it", Schorno told The Associated Press. "We believe that since, U.S. authorities have taken the corrective measures that we required in our interventions." The cousin of Shehzad Tanweer, who participated in the 7 July 2005 London bombing, claimed that Tanweer's ideology was reinforced by allegations of Quran abuse, "incidents like desecration of the Koran" had "always been in his mind." Other news reports The New York Times reported on May 1, 2005 that " said ... a protest of guards' handling of copies of the Quran, which had been tossed into a pile and stepped on, a senior officer delivered an apology over the camp's loudspeaker system, pledging that such abuses would stop." Former Guantánamo Bay detainee Moazzam Begg gave an interview in 2005 in which he claimed to have witnessed "incidents that provoked fury, including the placing of Qurans in an area used as a latrine." Six former Guantánamo detainees told the Associated Press that they had seen Koran desecration while in custody at the facility. Two of them claimed to have been abused by having their interrogators throw Korans into buckets of urine. Another claimed that during his interrogation a US soldier threw his Koran in "a bucket of feces". Multiple detainees claimed to have seen guards urinating on the Koran as well as seeing them tear it up and throw pages into dirty water. US military findings On June 3, 2005, a U.S. military investigation by the base commander, Brigadier General Jay Hood, reported four (possibly five) incidents of "mishandling" of the Quran by U.S. personnel at Guantánamo Bay. Hood said his investigation "revealed a consistent, documented policy of respectful handling of the Quran dating back almost two and a half years." CBC News reported: The U.S. Pentagon confirmed Friday a list of abuses involving the Qur'an, Islam's holy book, by American personnel at Guantanamo Bay, but said the incidents were relatively minor. According to the Hood report: a soldier intentionally kicked a Quran; an interrogator intentionally stepped on a Quran; a guard's urine came through an air vent, unintentionally splashing a detainee and his Quran; water balloons thrown by prison guards at one another unintentionally caused a number of Qurans to get wet; and a two-word obscenity was written in English on the inside cover of a Quran (whether US personnel were responsible for this act, however, could not be confirmed). The report laid out the circumstances of these incidents and disciplinary actions taken. It also stressed that such mishandling was rare, and that guards were usually respectful of the Quran, following strict regulations the military laid down for handling the Quran. (The Quran handling policy was codified in a policy letter in January 2003 in response to reports by the Red Cross of Quran abuse.) The Hood report also listed 15 reported incidents of detainees mishandling their own copies of the Quran, including complaints made by other detainees. One of these cases involved a prisoner "attempting to flush a Quran down the toilet and urinating on the Quran." The statement did not provide any explanation about why the detainees might have abused their own holy books. FBI documents and other reports The Newsweek article and the ensuing controversy turned the spotlight on other reports of Qu'ran desecration and spurred additional investigations by others. After a verdict by a federal court on May 25, 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) obtained documents from the FBI interrogations of Guantánamo Bay detainees dating back to August 2002. The documents stated that some detainees had claimed to have witnessed Quran desecration (including "flush a Quran in the toilet"), among other acts, on many occasions by their guards — in a document dated August 1, 2002. The pertinent excerpt reads as follows: rior to his capture, had no information against the United States. Personally, he has nothing against the United States. The guards in the detention facility do not treat him well. Their behavior is bad. About five months ago, the guards beat the detainees. They flushed a Koran in the toilet. The guards dance around when the detainees are trying to pray. The guards still do these things. The ruling of the court forcing the release of this and other documents came under the Freedom of Information Act. The ACLU Executive Director Anthony Romero said, in a news release, that "The United States government continues to turn a blind eye to mounting evidence of widespread abuse of detainees held in its custody." The FBI declared that it could not investigate the matter, as it was up to the Defense Department to do so. For its part, the Pentagon, through its spokesman Lawrence Di Rita, appeared to have transitioned from flat denials to vagueness and unsettled syntax: "There have been instances, and we'll have more to say about it as we learn more, but where a Quran may have fallen to the floor in the course of searching a cell." Scott McClellan, the White House press secretary, told reporters that "past accusations have had credibility issues." James Jaffer, an attorney working for the ACLU, was quoted by the New York Times as stating that errors in the Newsweek story had been used to discredit other investigative efforts conducted by his organization and other groups "that were not based on anonymous sources, but government documents, reports written by FBI agents." Many questioned the veracity of such accounts, noting that the FBI, in 2004, had released a captured Al-Qaeda training manual which Bush Presidency spokesmen claimed shows that Al-Qaeda members are trained to make false accusations once captured. The SERE connection Several reports have alleged a connection between events at Guantanamo Bay and a Department of Defense program "Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape" (SERE). On May 16, 2005, Juan Cole published an email from a former SERE attendee who reported abuse of the Christian holy book in training. The emailer had no direct knowledge of operations at Guantanamo, but noted that this tactic sounded similar to that alleged in the Newsweek story. In July 2005, an article in The New Yorker magazine suggested that the SERE program involved a number of techniques which paralleled those allegedly used at Guantánamo Bay, including the desecration of religious texts. The writer contacted Juan Cole's anonymous source who said that in 1999 he attended a Navy SERE program in California. So the Bible trashing happened when this guy had us all in the courtyard sitting for one of his speeches. They were tempting us with a big pot of soup that was boiling - we were all starving from a few days of chow deprivation. He brought out the Bible and started going off on it verbally - how it was worthless, we were forsaken by God, etc. Then he threw it on the ground and kicked it around. It was definitely the climax of his speech. Then he kicked over the soup pot and threw us back in the cells. The SERE program's chief psychologist, Col. Morgan Banks, issued guidance in early 2003 for "behavioral science consultants" who helped to devise Guantánamo's interrogation strategy—although Banks has emphatically denied that he advocated the use of SERE counter-resistance techniques to break down detainees. However, General James T. Hill, chief of the U.S. Southern Command, confirmed that a team from Guantanamo went "up to our SERE school and developed a list of techniques" for "high-profile, high-value" detainees. According to an op-ed in the November 14, 2005 The New York Times by M. Gregg Bloche and Jonathan H. Marks, two lawyers with no first-hand knowledge of SERE, "General Hill had sent this list -- which included prolonged isolation and sleep deprivation, stress positions, physical assault and the exploitation of detainees' phobias -- to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, who approved most of the tactics in December 2002. Some within the Pentagon warned that these tactics constituted torture, but a top adviser to Secretary Rumsfeld justified them by pointing to their use in SERE training, a senior Pentagon official told us last month." See also 2010 Quran-burning controversy Guantanamo Bay detention camp Creighton Lovelace Christianah Oluwatoyin Oluwasesin Qur'an Desecration Report References ^ Hendrik Hertzberg (May 30, 2005). "Big News Week". New Yorker magazine. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "Guantánamo denounced as a "gulag"". 26 May 2005. ^ "Formica Report Annex #195 Sworn Statement of ". ACLU. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "ICRC told US of Quran abuse in 2002". Al Jazeera. May 21, 2005. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "ICRC told US of Quran abuse in 2002". www.aljazeera.com. ^ "Returning Afghans Talk of Guantanamo (washingtonpost.com)". The Washington Post. May 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. ^ John Mintz (May 14, 2005). "Pentagon Probes Detainee Reports Of Koran Dumping". The Washington Post. pp. A16. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "Four British Guantanamo detainees sue US". The Irish Times. ^ "Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before". www.washingtonpost.com. ^ "Why Muslims distrust the West - The Boston Globe - Boston.com - Op-ed - News". archive.boston.com. ^ "Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before". www.nbcnews.com. 18 May 2005. ^ York, JOHN FREEMAN; Special to The Courant John Freeman is a writer in New (16 January 2005). "GUANTANAMO LIKE ABU GHRAIB". courant.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Lawyers allege abuse of 12 at Guantanamo". www.inquirer.com. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19. Retrieved 2021-04-14. ^ "Captives allege religious abuse | Miami Herald". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. ^ John Barry and Michael Isikoff, Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown Archived 2011-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, Newsweek, May 9, 2005 ^ "Afghan anti-US violence escalates". BBC. 12 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "Karzai condemns anti-US protests". BBC. 14 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ Jacquelyn S. Porth (12 May 2005). "Afghan Riots Not Tied to Report on Quran Handling, General Says: Army investigating allegations of mishandling at Guantanamo Bay facility". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ Richard A. Serrano, John Daniszewski (May 22, 2005). "Dozens Have Alleged Koran's Mishandling". Los Angeles Times. pp. A.1. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "Red Cross 'raised Koran concerns'". BBC. 19 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ Daniel McGrory, Zahid Hussain (July 22, 2005). "Cousin listened to boasts about suicide mission". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "British ex-detainees back claims US interrogators abused Koran". The Birmingham Post. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2016. But in his testimony to Islamic human rights website Cageprisoners.com, Mr Begg said it was 'widely known' that a US Marine had torn up a copy of the Koran in Kandahar. He adds: 'In Bagram, that same year (2002), I saw incidents that provoked fury, including the placing of Qurans (Korans) in an area used as a latrine. ^ "Britons Allege They Saw US Guards Desecrate Quran". Cage Prisoners. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2016-05-04. ^ "More Detainees Claim Quran Abuse". www.cbsnews.com. 28 June 2005. ^ "Dozens Have Alleged Koran's Mishandling". Los Angeles Times. May 22, 2005. ^ "Iraqi, Afghan detainees claim Koran abuse". The Age. May 24, 2005. ^ Jay Hood (June 3, 2005). "Koran Inquiry: Description of Incidents" (PDF). Southcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ a b "U.S. admits abuses to Quran in Guantanamo". CBC. June 4, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ Jay Hood (February 1, 2005). "Excerpts from Joint Task Force Guantanamo Headquarters, Detention Operations Group Standard Operating Procedures" (PDF). Southcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ Jay Hood (June 3, 2005). "HOOD COMPLETES KORAN INQUIRY" (PDF). Southcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-12-24. ^ "FBI records detail Koran claims". May 26, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "FBI cites Koran abuse". SBS News. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-04-14. ^ "Detainees Told FBI of Koran Desecration". Los Angeles Times. May 26, 2005. ^ redacted (August 2, 2002). "Investigation on redacted" (PDF). FBI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-12-19. ^ "Humanitarian | Thomson Reuters Foundation News". news.trust.org. ^ "Al Qaeda Training Manual". March 31, 2005. Archived from the original on March 31, 2005. ^ Juan Cole (May 16, 2005). "Guantanamo Controversies: The Bible and the Koran". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-19. ^ Mayer, Jane (July 6, 2005). "In Gitmo". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 9, 2005. ^ Gregg Bloche, Jonathon H. Marks (November 14, 2005). "Doing Unto Others as They Did Unto Us". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2007-12-19. External links Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown – original May 9, 2005 Newsweek story Newsweek retracts Quran story Government Documents—searchable ACLU archive of documents released under court order via the Freedom of Information Act, featuring recently declassified documents about reported Guantanamo Quran desecration The Editor's Desk – Newsweek's May 23, 2005 apology Human Rights Watch report Did Newsweek Really Err? Molly Ivins: Don't Blame Newsweek Transcript of press conference featuring Guantanamo Commander Brigadier General Jay Hood Gitmo Grovel: Enough Already Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine commentary by Charles Krauthammer Pentagon Details Abuse Of Koran The Experiment New Yorker article about SERE techniques at Guantanamo Bay Report into US Desecration of the Qur`an, published by Cageprisoners in 2005 vteControversies surrounding people captured during the War on TerrorGuantanamo Baydetention camp Suicide attempts Human rights violations Quran desecration controversy Boycott of military tribunals Former captives alleged to have (re)joined insurgency Hunger strikes Force feeding Homicide accusations Juvenile prisoners Seton Hall reports CIA black site operations Enhanced interrogation techniques Ghost detainees Waterboarding Destruction of interrogation tapes Prison and detainee abuse Abu Ghraib Bagram Canadian Afghan detainee issue Black jail Salt Pit Bruce Jessen James Elmer Mitchell Prison uprisingsand escapes Battle of Qala-i-Jangi Battle of Abu Ghraib 2008 Sarposa Prison mass escape Basra prison incident Afghan escapes Iraqi escapes Deaths in custody Dilawar Jamal Nasser Abdul Wahid Habibullah Abed Hamed Mowhoush Manadel al-Jamadi Nagem Hatab Baha Mousa Fashad Mohamed Muhammad Zaidan Gul Rahman Abdul Wali Dasht-i-Leili massacre Tortured Abu Zubaydah Mohamedou Ould Salahi Mohammed al-Qahtani Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Binyam Mohamed Khalid El-Masri Forced disappearances Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman Tariq Mahmood Hassan Ghul Musaad Aruchi Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul Reports and legal developments Ryder Report Fay Report Taguba Report Church Report Detainee Treatment Act Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Military Commissions Act of 2006 Senate Armed Services Committee Report Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture Related media The Road to Guantánamo Taxi to the Dark Side Standard Operating Procedure Torturing Democracy Enemy Combatant The Report

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"deliberately damaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_desecration"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorker20050530-1"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACLU-3"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"}],"text":"The 2005 Quran desecration controversy began when Newsweek's April 30, 2005, issue contained a report asserting that United States prison guards or interrogators had deliberately damaged a copy of the Quran.\nA week later, The New Yorker reported the words of Pakistani politician Imran Khan: \"This is what the U.S. is doing—desecrating the Quran.\" This incident caused upset in parts of the Muslim world.[1]The Newsweek article, parts of which were subsequently retracted, alleged that government sources had confirmed that United States personnel at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp had deliberately damaged a copy of the book by flushing it in a toilet in order to torment the prison's Muslim captives.The Newsweek article stated that an official had seen a preliminary copy of an unreleased U.S. government report confirming the deliberate damage. Later on, the magazine retracted this when the (still) unnamed official changed his story. A Pentagon investigation uncovered at least five cases of Quran mishandling by U.S. personnel at the base, but insisted that none of these were acts of desecration. The Pentagon's report also accused a prisoner of damaging a copy of the Quran by putting it in a toilet. In 2007, the American Civil Liberties Union, suing under the Freedom of Information Act, secured the release of a 2002 FBI report containing a detainee's accusation of ill-treatment, including throwing a Quran into a toilet.[2][3]\nThis specific accusation had been made on several occasions by other Guantanamo detainees since 2002; Newsweek's initial account of a government report confirming it sparked protests throughout the Islamic world and riots in Afghanistan, where pre-planned demonstrations turned deadly. A worldwide controversy followed.The Newsweek affair turned the spotlight on earlier media reports of such incidents. Accusations of Quran desecration as a part of U.S. interrogations at prisons in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as Guantánamo Bay had been made by a number of sources going back to 2002.","title":"2005 Quran desecration controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlJazeera20050521-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost20050514-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Abdallah Tabarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Tabarak"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hartford Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"}],"text":"There were over a dozen pre-Newsweek reports in the mainstream media alleging U.S. Quran abuse, including the following:Several times in 2002 and in early 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross reported complaints by detainees at Guantanamo Bay prison of desecration of the Quran by U.S. guards in Guantanamo.[4][5]\nIn 2003, an Afghan former prisoner told The Washington Post that U.S. soldiers tormented him by throwing the Quran in the toilet.[6][7]\nIt was reported on 27 October 2004 that four British former detainees alleged that guards threw Korans into toilets.[8]\nThe BBC reported on December 30, 2004, that the former Guantánamo prisoner Abdallah Tabarak maintained that \"American soldiers used to tear up copies of the Quran and throw them in the toilet.\"[9][10][11]\nIn a book review dated January 16, 2005, the Hartford Courant reported that five British detainees, after their release, claimed that they \"had seen other prisoners sexually humiliated, had been hooded, and were forced to watch copies of the Koran being flushed down toilets.\"[12]\nThe Philadelphia Inquirer reported on January 20, 2005, that there were complaints concerning guards who had \"defaced their copies of the Koran and, in one case, had thrown it in a toilet.\"[13]\nThe Miami Herald reported on March 6, 2005, that three Guantánamo captives — Fawzi al Odah, 27, Fouad al Rabiah, 45, and Khalid al Mutairi, 29 — \"separately complained to their lawyer that military police threw their Quran into the toilet.\"[14]\nThe Miami Herald also reported on March 9, 2005, that Guantánamo Base staff insulted Allah and \"threw Qurans into toilets\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek20050508gitmo-15"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Michael Isikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Isikoff"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"On April 30, 2005, Newsweek magazine published an article claiming that an unnamed United States official had seen a government report supporting a \"previously unreported\" charge. Among the previously unreported cases that sources reportedly told Newsweek: interrogators, in an attempt to rattle suspects, flushed a Quran down a toilet and led a detainee around with a collar and dog leash.[15] The prospect that U.S. personnel may have deliberately defaced the Quran provoked massive anti-U.S. demonstrations throughout the Islamic world, with at least 17 deaths during riots in Afghanistan.The Newsweek article, by reporter Michael Isikoff, was one of over a dozen such reports of similar incidents that had surfaced in prior months in the U.S. and UK media, but the first involving a U.S. government source acknowledging an inquiry into the event. The Isikoff article was later retracted by Newsweek, which nonetheless defended both its reporter and the story, stating \"neither we nor the Pentagon had any idea it would lead to deadly riots.\" The case turned the spotlight on other reports of desecration of the Quran at Guantánamo.The article went largely unnoticed for five days. On May 6, Pakistani politician, Imran Khan, held a press conference. Khan criticized his country's government, saying, \"This war on terrorism is self-defeating if, on the one hand, you [Musharraf] are demanding that we help them and on the other hand, they are desecrating the book on which our entire faith is based.\" Khan's press conference was rebroadcast throughout the Muslim world.The Newsweek report cited an anonymous source, said to be a senior government official, who claimed to have seen a confidential investigative report documenting the alleged incident — in which interrogators, \"in an attempt to rattle suspects, reportedly flushed a Quran down a toilet.\" However, on May 16, Newsweek retracted the statement that the abuse had been uncovered by an \"internal military investigation.\" after the source of the story was later unable to confirm where he had seen the information. In its May 23 issue, Newsweek stated thatOur original source later said he couldn't be certain about reading of the alleged Quran incident in the report we cited, and said it might have been in other investigative documents or drafts. Top administration officials have promised to continue looking into the charges, and so will we. But we regret that we got any part of our story wrong, and extend our sympathies to victims of the violence and to the U.S. soldiers caught in its midst.The New York Times quoted Isikoff as saying:Neither Newsweek nor the Pentagon foresaw that a reference to the desecration of the Quran was going to create the kind of response that it did. The Pentagon saw the item before it ran, and then they didn't move us off it for 11 days afterward. They were as caught off guard by the furor as we were. We obviously blame ourselves for not understanding the potential ramifications.","title":"The Newsweek report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bbc29959512-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20050514-17"},{"link_name":"Scott McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McClellan"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Myers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateDeptDenials-18"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Camp X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_X-ray"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes20050522-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20050519-20"},{"link_name":"Shehzad Tanweer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehzad_Tanweer"},{"link_name":"7 July 2005 London bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombing"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes20050722-21"}],"text":"On May 10 and continuing the following week, many anti-American protests took place. In Afghanistan, demonstrations that began in the eastern provinces and spread to Kabul were reported to have caused at least seventeen deaths. The United Nations, as a precautionary measure, withdrew all its foreign staff from Jalalabad, where two of its guest houses were attacked, government buildings and shops were targeted, and the offices of two international aid groups were destroyed. Demonstrations also took place in Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan and Indonesia, leading to the death of at least 15 people.[16][17]White House press secretary Scott McClellan said, \"The report had real consequences, people have lost their lives. Our image abroad has been damaged.\" However, in a press release issued by the United States Department of State on May 12, General Richard B. Myers claimed that the Newsweek story was not a chief cause of the riots: \"He has been told that the Jalalabad, Afghanistan, rioting was related more to the ongoing political reconciliation process in Afghanistan than anything else.\"[18]On May 27, thousands of demonstrators gathered in what The New York Times referred to as \"waves of protest\" in Pakistan, Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and the Middle East, \"mostly centered on Friday prayer gatherings\". The New York Times reported that U.S. flags were burned at some demonstrations, and that, although most of the protests were peaceful, overt calls for an \"Islamic revolution\" were loudly supported by the crowds in Pakistan, further complicating a difficult political situation for General Musharraf.A Red Cross spokesperson Simon Schorno confirmed that U.S. personnel at Camp X-ray[citation needed] had displayed \"disrespect\" to the Quran, and that U.S. officials knew of this activity. Delegates from the International Committee of the Red Cross informed U.S. authorities, who took action to stop the alleged abuse, said Schorno. He declined to specify the nature of the incidents.\"We're basically referring in general terms to disrespect of the Quran, and that's where we leave it\", Schorno told The Associated Press. \"We believe that since, U.S. authorities have taken the corrective measures that we required in our interventions.\"[19][20]The cousin of Shehzad Tanweer, who participated in the 7 July 2005 London bombing, claimed that Tanweer's ideology was reinforced by allegations of Quran abuse, \"incidents like desecration of the Koran\" had \"always been in his mind.\"[21]","title":"International reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moazzam Begg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moazzam_Begg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The New York Times reported on May 1, 2005 that \"[Mr. al-Mutairi] said ... a protest of guards' handling of copies of the Quran, which had been tossed into a pile and stepped on, a senior officer delivered an apology over the camp's loudspeaker system, pledging that such abuses would stop.\"\nFormer Guantánamo Bay detainee Moazzam Begg gave an interview in 2005 in which he claimed to have witnessed \"incidents that provoked fury, including the placing of Qurans in an area used as a latrine.\"[22][23]\nSix former Guantánamo detainees told the Associated Press that they had seen Koran desecration while in custody at the facility. Two of them claimed to have been abused by having their interrogators throw Korans into buckets of urine. Another claimed that during his interrogation a US soldier threw his Koran in \"a bucket of feces\".[24]\nMultiple detainees claimed to have seen guards urinating on the Koran as well as seeing them tear it up and throw pages into dirty water.[25][26]","title":"Other news reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoaNews20050603a-27"},{"link_name":"CBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cbc20050604-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoaNews20050603b-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoaNews20050603Complete-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cbc20050604-28"}],"text":"On June 3, 2005, a U.S. military investigation by the base commander, Brigadier General Jay Hood, reported four (possibly five) incidents of \"mishandling\" of the Quran by U.S. personnel at Guantánamo Bay. Hood said his investigation \"revealed a consistent, documented policy of respectful handling of the Quran dating back almost two and a half years.\"[27]CBC News reported:The U.S. Pentagon confirmed Friday a list of abuses involving the Qur'an, Islam's holy book, by American personnel at Guantanamo Bay, but said the incidents were relatively minor.[28]According to the Hood report:a soldier intentionally kicked a Quran;\nan interrogator intentionally stepped on a Quran;\na guard's urine came through an air vent, unintentionally splashing a detainee and his Quran;\nwater balloons thrown by prison guards at one another unintentionally caused a number of Qurans to get wet; and\na two-word obscenity was written in English on the inside cover of a Quran (whether US personnel were responsible for this act, however, could not be confirmed).The report laid out the circumstances of these incidents and disciplinary actions taken. It also stressed that such mishandling was rare, and that guards were usually respectful of the Quran, following strict regulations the military laid down for handling the Quran.[29]\n(The Quran handling policy was codified in a policy letter in January 2003 in response to reports by the Red Cross of Quran abuse.[30])The Hood report also listed 15 reported incidents of detainees mishandling their own copies of the Quran, including complaints made by other detainees.\nOne of these cases involved a prisoner \"attempting to flush a Quran down the toilet and urinating on the Quran.\"The statement did not provide any explanation about why the detainees might have abused their own holy books.[28]","title":"US military findings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Guantánamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detainment_camp#Detention_of_prisoners"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcluFbiSecret-34"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"turn a blind eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_a_blind_eye"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_President"}],"text":"The Newsweek article and the ensuing controversy turned the spotlight on other reports of Qu'ran desecration and spurred additional investigations by others. After a verdict by a federal court on May 25, 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) obtained documents from the FBI interrogations of Guantánamo Bay detainees dating back to August 2002. The documents stated that some detainees had claimed to have witnessed Quran desecration (including \"flush[ing] a Quran in the toilet\"), among other acts, on many occasions by their guards — in a document dated August 1, 2002. The pertinent excerpt reads as follows:[P]rior to his capture, [name redacted] had no information against the United States. Personally, he has nothing against the United States. The guards in the detention facility do not treat him well. Their behavior is bad. About five months ago, the guards beat the detainees. They flushed a Koran in the toilet. The guards dance around when the detainees are trying to pray. The guards still do these things.[31][32][33][34]The ruling of the court forcing the release of this and other documents came under the Freedom of Information Act.[35]The ACLU Executive Director Anthony Romero said, in a news release, that \"The United States government continues to turn a blind eye to mounting evidence of widespread abuse of detainees held in its custody.\"The FBI declared that it could not investigate the matter, as it was up to the Defense Department to do so. For its part, the Pentagon, through its spokesman Lawrence Di Rita, appeared to have transitioned from flat denials to vagueness and unsettled syntax: \"There have been instances, and we'll have more to say about it as we learn more, but where a Quran may have fallen to the floor in the course of searching a cell.\" Scott McClellan, the White House press secretary, told reporters that \"past accusations have had credibility issues.\"James Jaffer, an attorney working for the ACLU, was quoted by the New York Times as stating that errors in the Newsweek story had been used to discredit other investigative efforts conducted by his organization and other groups \"that were not based on anonymous sources, but [on] government documents, reports written by FBI agents.\"Many questioned the veracity of such accounts, noting that the FBI, in 2004, had released a captured Al-Qaeda training manual[36] which Bush Presidency spokesmen claimed shows that Al-Qaeda members are trained to make false accusations once captured.","title":"FBI documents and other reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape"},{"link_name":"Juan Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JuanCole-37"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"James T. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Hill"},{"link_name":"op-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial"},{"link_name":"M. Gregg Bloche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Gregg_Bloche"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nytimes20051114-39"}],"text":"Several reports have alleged a connection between events at Guantanamo Bay and a Department of Defense program \"Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape\" (SERE).On May 16, 2005, Juan Cole published an email from a former SERE attendee who reported abuse of the Christian holy book in training.[37]\nThe emailer had no direct knowledge of operations at Guantanamo, but noted that this tactic sounded similar to that alleged in the Newsweek story.In July 2005, an article in The New Yorker magazine suggested that the SERE program involved a number of techniques which paralleled those allegedly used at Guantánamo Bay, including the desecration of religious texts. The writer contacted Juan Cole's anonymous source who said that in 1999 he attended a Navy SERE program in California.[38]So the Bible trashing happened when this guy had us all in the courtyard sitting for one of his speeches. They were tempting us with a big pot of soup that was boiling - we were all starving from a few days of chow deprivation. He brought out the Bible and started going off on it verbally - how it was worthless, we were forsaken by God, etc. Then he threw it on the ground and kicked it around. It was definitely the climax of his speech. Then he kicked over the soup pot and threw us back in the cells.The SERE program's chief psychologist, Col. Morgan Banks, issued guidance in early 2003 for \"behavioral science consultants\" who helped to devise Guantánamo's interrogation strategy—although Banks has emphatically denied that he advocated the use of SERE counter-resistance techniques to break down detainees. However, General James T. Hill, chief of the U.S. Southern Command, confirmed that a team from Guantanamo went \"up to our SERE school and developed a list of techniques\" for \"high-profile, high-value\" detainees. According to an op-ed in the November 14, 2005 The New York Times by M. Gregg Bloche and Jonathan H. Marks, two lawyers with no first-hand knowledge of SERE, \"General Hill had sent this list -- which included prolonged isolation and sleep deprivation, stress positions, physical assault and the exploitation of detainees' phobias -- to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, who approved most of the tactics in December 2002. Some within the Pentagon warned that these tactics constituted torture, but a top adviser to Secretary Rumsfeld justified them by pointing to their use in SERE training, a senior Pentagon official told us last month.\"[39]","title":"The SERE connection"}]

[]

[{"title":"2010 Quran-burning controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Quran-burning_controversy"},{"title":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"title":"Creighton Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Lovelace"},{"title":"Christianah Oluwatoyin Oluwasesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianah_Oluwatoyin_Oluwasesin"},{"title":"Qur'an Desecration Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAGE_(organisation)#Qur'an_Desecration_Report"}]

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The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/four-british-guantanamo-detainees-sue-us-1.993506","url_text":"\"Four British Guantanamo detainees sue US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before\". www.washingtonpost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/05/18/desecration-of-koran-had-been-reported-before/7ec74a82-5de2-45d8-8cf3-e043e888e8e0/","url_text":"\"Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Muslims distrust the West - The Boston Globe - Boston.com - Op-ed - News\". archive.boston.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/05/27/why_muslims_distrust_the_west/","url_text":"\"Why Muslims distrust the West - The Boston Globe - Boston.com - Op-ed - News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before\". www.nbcnews.com. 18 May 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7889427","url_text":"\"Desecration of Koran Had Been Reported Before\""}]},{"reference":"York, JOHN FREEMAN; Special to The Courant John Freeman is a writer in New (16 January 2005). \"GUANTANAMO LIKE ABU GHRAIB\". courant.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2005-01-16-0501160601-story.html","url_text":"\"GUANTANAMO LIKE ABU GHRAIB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawyers allege abuse of 12 at Guantanamo\". www.inquirer.com. 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But in his testimony to Islamic human rights website Cageprisoners.com, Mr Begg said it was 'widely known' that a US Marine had torn up a copy of the Koran in Kandahar. He adds: 'In Bagram, that same year (2002), I saw incidents that provoked fury, including the placing of Qurans (Korans) in an area used as a latrine.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061226/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-132495778.html","url_text":"\"British ex-detainees back claims US interrogators abused Koran\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-132495778.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Britons Allege They Saw US Guards Desecrate Quran\". Cage Prisoners. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. 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May 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/world/iraqi-afghan-detainees-claim-koran-abuse-20050524-ge07z6.html","url_text":"\"Iraqi, Afghan detainees claim Koran abuse\""}]},{"reference":"Jay Hood (June 3, 2005). \"Koran Inquiry: Description of Incidents\" (PDF). Southcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hood","url_text":"Jay Hood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530003544/http://www.voanews.com/mediaassets/english/2005_06/Other/pdf/PR050603a.pdf","url_text":"\"Koran Inquiry: Description of Incidents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcom","url_text":"Southcom"},{"url":"http://www.voanews.com/mediaassets/english/2005_06/Other/pdf/PR050603a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. admits abuses to Quran in Guantanamo\". CBC. June 4, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_existence_theorem

Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry

["1 Main statement","2 Background","3 Important results","3.1 Riemann's existence theorem","3.2 The Lefschetz principle","3.3 Chow's theorem","3.4 GAGA","3.5 Formal statement of GAGA","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Two closely related mathematical subjects This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In mathematics, algebraic geometry and analytic geometry are two closely related subjects. While algebraic geometry studies algebraic varieties, analytic geometry deals with complex manifolds and the more general analytic spaces defined locally by the vanishing of analytic functions of several complex variables. The deep relation between these subjects has numerous applications in which algebraic techniques are applied to analytic spaces and analytic techniques to algebraic varieties. Main statement Let X be a projective complex algebraic variety. Because X is a complex variety, its set of complex points X(C) can be given the structure of a compact complex analytic space. This analytic space is denoted Xan. Similarly, if F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is a sheaf on X, then there is a corresponding sheaf F an {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\text{an}}} on Xan. This association of an analytic object to an algebraic one is a functor. The prototypical theorem relating X and Xan says that for any two coherent sheaves F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} and G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} on X, the natural homomorphism: Hom O X ( F , G ) → Hom O X an ( F an , G an ) {\displaystyle {\text{Hom}}_{{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}({\mathcal {F}},{\mathcal {G}})\rightarrow {\text{Hom}}_{{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\text{an}}}({\mathcal {F}}^{\text{an}},{\mathcal {G}}^{\text{an}})} is an isomorphism. Here O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} is the structure sheaf of the algebraic variety X and O X an {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\text{an}}} is the structure sheaf of the analytic variety Xan. More precisely, the category of coherent sheaves on the algebraic variety X is equivalent to the category of analytic coherent sheaves on the analytic variety Xan, and the equivalence is given on objects by mapping F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} to F an {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\text{an}}} . (Note in particular that O X an {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\text{an}}} itself is coherent, a result known as the Oka coherence theorem, and also, it was proved in “Faisceaux Algebriques Coherents” that the structure sheaf of the algebraic variety O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} is coherent. Another important statement is as follows: For any coherent sheaf F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} on an algebraic variety X the homomorphisms ε q   :   H q ( X , F ) → H q ( X a n , F a n ) {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{q}\ :\ H^{q}(X,{\mathcal {F}})\rightarrow H^{q}(X^{an},{\mathcal {F}}^{an})} are isomorphisms for all q's. This means that the q-th cohomology group on X is isomorphic to the cohomology group on Xan. The theorem applies much more generally than stated above (see the formal statement below). It and its proof have many consequences, such as Chow's theorem, the Lefschetz principle and Kodaira vanishing theorem. Background Algebraic varieties are locally defined as the common zero sets of polynomials and since polynomials over the complex numbers are holomorphic functions, algebraic varieties over C can be interpreted as analytic spaces. Similarly, regular morphisms between varieties are interpreted as holomorphic mappings between analytic spaces. Somewhat surprisingly, it is often possible to go the other way, to interpret analytic objects in an algebraic way. For example, it is easy to prove that the analytic functions from the Riemann sphere to itself are either the rational functions or the identically infinity function (an extension of Liouville's theorem). For if such a function f is nonconstant, then since the set of z where f(z) is infinity is isolated and the Riemann sphere is compact, there are finitely many z with f(z) equal to infinity. Consider the Laurent expansion at all such z and subtract off the singular part: we are left with a function on the Riemann sphere with values in C, which by Liouville's theorem is constant. Thus f is a rational function. This fact shows there is no essential difference between the complex projective line as an algebraic variety, or as the Riemann sphere. Important results There is a long history of comparison results between algebraic geometry and analytic geometry, beginning in the nineteenth century. Some of the more important advances are listed here in chronological order. Riemann's existence theorem Riemann surface theory shows that a compact Riemann surface has enough meromorphic functions on it, making it an (smooth projective) algebraic curve. Under the name Riemann's existence theorem a deeper result on ramified coverings of a compact Riemann surface was known: such finite coverings as topological spaces are classified by permutation representations of the fundamental group of the complement of the ramification points. Since the Riemann surface property is local, such coverings are quite easily seen to be coverings in the complex-analytic sense. It is then possible to conclude that they come from covering maps of algebraic curves—that is, such coverings all come from finite extensions of the function field. The Lefschetz principle In the twentieth century, the Lefschetz principle, named for Solomon Lefschetz, was cited in algebraic geometry to justify the use of topological techniques for algebraic geometry over any algebraically closed field K of characteristic 0, by treating K as if it were the complex number field. An elementary form of it asserts that true statements of the first order theory of fields about C are true for any algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero. A precise principle and its proof are due to Alfred Tarski and are based in mathematical logic. This principle permits the carrying over of some results obtained using analytic or topological methods for algebraic varieties over C to other algebraically closed ground fields of characteristic 0. (e.g. Kodaira type vanishing theorem.) Chow's theorem Chow (1949), proved by Wei-Liang Chow, is an example of the most immediately useful kind of comparison available. It states that an analytic subspace of complex projective space that is closed (in the ordinary topological sense) is an algebraic subvariety. This can be rephrased as "any analytic subspace of complex projective space that is closed in the strong topology is closed in the Zariski topology." This allows quite a free use of complex-analytic methods within the classical parts of algebraic geometry. GAGA Foundations for the many relations between the two theories were put in place during the early part of the 1950s, as part of the business of laying the foundations of algebraic geometry to include, for example, techniques from Hodge theory. The major paper consolidating the theory was Géometrie Algébrique et Géométrie Analytique by Jean-Pierre Serre, now usually referred to as GAGA. It proves general results that relate classes of algebraic varieties, regular morphisms and sheaves with classes of analytic spaces, holomorphic mappings and sheaves. It reduces all of these to the comparison of categories of sheaves. Nowadays the phrase GAGA-style result is used for any theorem of comparison, allowing passage between a category of objects from algebraic geometry, and their morphisms, to a well-defined subcategory of analytic geometry objects and holomorphic mappings. Formal statement of GAGA Let ( X , O X ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})} be a scheme of finite type over C. Then there is a topological space Xan that as a set consists of the closed points of X with a continuous inclusion map λX: Xan → X. The topology on Xan is called the "complex topology" (and is very different from the subspace topology). Suppose φ: X → Y is a morphism of schemes of locally finite type over C. Then there exists a continuous map φan: Xan → Yan such that λY ∘ φan = φ ∘ λX. There is a sheaf O X a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }} on Xan such that ( X a n , O X a n ) {\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })} is a ringed space and λX: Xan → X becomes a map of ringed spaces. The space ( X a n , O X a n ) {\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })} is called the "analytification" of ( X , O X ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})} and is an analytic space. For every φ: X → Y the map φan defined above is a mapping of analytic spaces. Furthermore, the map φ ↦ φan maps open immersions into open immersions. If X = Spec(C) then Xan = Cn and O X a n ( U ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }(U)} for every polydisc U is a suitable quotient of the space of holomorphic functions on U. For every sheaf F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} on X (called algebraic sheaf) there is a sheaf F a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} on Xan (called analytic sheaf) and a map of sheaves of O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} -modules λ X ∗ : F → ( λ X ) ∗ F a n {\displaystyle \lambda _{X}^{*}:{\mathcal {F}}\rightarrow (\lambda _{X})_{*}{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} . The sheaf F a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} is defined as λ X − 1 F ⊗ λ X − 1 O X O X a n {\displaystyle \lambda _{X}^{-1}{\mathcal {F}}\otimes _{\lambda _{X}^{-1}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }} . The correspondence F ↦ F a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\mapsto {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} defines an exact functor from the category of sheaves over ( X , O X ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})} to the category of sheaves of ( X a n , O X a n ) {\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })} .The following two statements are the heart of Serre's GAGA theorem (as extended by Alexander Grothendieck, Amnon Neeman, and others). If f: X → Y is an arbitrary morphism of schemes of finite type over C and F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is coherent then the natural map ( f ∗ F ) a n → f ∗ a n F a n {\displaystyle (f_{*}{\mathcal {F}})^{\mathrm {an} }\rightarrow f_{*}^{\mathrm {an} }{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} is injective. If f is proper then this map is an isomorphism. One also has isomorphisms of all higher direct image sheaves ( R i f ∗ F ) a n ≅ R i f ∗ a n F a n {\displaystyle (R^{i}f_{*}{\mathcal {F}})^{\mathrm {an} }\cong R^{i}f_{*}^{\mathrm {an} }{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }} in this case. Now assume that Xan is Hausdorff and compact. If F , G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}},{\mathcal {G}}} are two coherent algebraic sheaves on ( X , O X ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})} and if f : F a n → G a n {\displaystyle f\colon {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }\rightarrow {\mathcal {G}}^{\mathrm {an} }} is a map of sheaves of O X a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }} -modules then there exists a unique map of sheaves of O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} -modules φ : F → G {\displaystyle \varphi :{\mathcal {F}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {G}}} with f = φ a n {\displaystyle f=\varphi ^{\mathrm {an} }} . If R {\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}} is a coherent analytic sheaf of O X a n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }} -modules over Xan then there exists a coherent algebraic sheaf F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} of O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} -modules and an isomorphism F a n ≅ R {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }\cong {\mathcal {R}}} . In slightly lesser generality, the GAGA theorem asserts that the category of coherent algebraic sheaves on a complex projective variety X and the category of coherent analytic sheaves on the corresponding analytic space Xan are equivalent. The analytic space Xan is obtained roughly by pulling back to X the complex structure from Cn through the coordinate charts. Indeed, phrasing the theorem in this manner is closer in spirit to Serre's paper, seeing how the full scheme-theoretic language that the above formal statement uses heavily had not yet been invented by the time of GAGA's publication. See also Flat module - Notion of flatness was introduced by Serre (1956). Algebraic and analytic local rings have the same completion, and thereby they become a "flat couple" (couple plat). Notes ^ Hall 2023. ^ Serre 1955. ^ Remmert 1994. ^ Grauert & Remmert 1958. ^ Harbater 2003. ^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII, Théorème 5.1 (« Théorème d’existence de Riemann »). ^ Hartshorne 1977, Appendix B, Theorem 3.1 (Part (b)) and 3.2. ^ Seidenberg 1958, Comments on Lefschetz's Principle. ^ Frey & Rück 1986, The strong Lefschetz principle in algebraic geometry. ^ Kuhlmann 2001. ^ Kawamata, Matsuda & Matsuki 1987. ^ Hartshorne 1970. ^ Serre 1956. ^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII.. ^ Neeman 2007. ^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII, 4. Théorèmes de comparaison cohomologique et théorèmes d’existence. ^ Hartshorne 2010. References Chow, Wei-Liang (1949). "On Compact Complex Analytic Varieties". American Journal of Mathematics. 71 (4): 893–914. doi:10.2307/2372375. JSTOR 2372375. Frey, Gerhard; Rück, Hans-Georg (1986). "The strong Lefschetz principle in algebraic geometry". Manuscripta Mathematica. 55 (3–4): 385–401. doi:10.1007/BF01186653. S2CID 122967192. Grauert, Hans; Remmert, Reinhold (1958). "Komplexe Räume". Mathematische Annalen. 136 (3): 245–318. doi:10.1007/BF01362011. S2CID 121348794. Grothendieck, A. "Sur les faisceaux algébriques et les faisceaux analytiques cohérents". Séminaire Henri Cartan. 9: 1–16. Grothendieck, Alexander; Raynaud, Michele (2002). "Revêtements étales et groupe fondamental§XII. Géométrie algébrique et géométrie analytique". Revêtements étales et groupe fondamental (SGA 1) (in French). arXiv:math/0206203. doi:10.1007/BFb0058656. ISBN 978-2-85629-141-2. Harbater, David (21 July 2003). "Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups§9.Patching and Galois theory (Dept. of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania)" (PDF). In Schneps, Leila (ed.). Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521808316. Hall, Jack (2023). "GAGA theorems". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 175: 109–142. arXiv:1804.01976. doi:10.1016/j.matpur.2023.05.004. S2CID 119702436. Kuhlmann, F.-V. (2001) , "Transfer principle", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press Neeman, Amnon (2007). Algebraic and Analytic Geometry. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511800443. ISBN 9780511800443. Seidenberg, A. (1958). "Comments on Lefschetz's Principle". The American Mathematical Monthly. 65 (9): 685–690. doi:10.1080/00029890.1958.11991979. JSTOR 2308709. Hartshorne, Robin (1970). Ample Subvarieties of Algebraic Varieties. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 156. doi:10.1007/BFb0067839. ISBN 978-3-540-05184-8. Hartshorne, Robin (1977). Algebraic Geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 52. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3849-0. ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9. MR 0463157. S2CID 197660097. Zbl 0367.14001. Hartshorne, Robin (2010). "First-Order Deformations". Deformation Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 257. pp. 5–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1596-2_2. ISBN 978-1-4419-1595-5. Kawamata, Yujiro; Matsuda, Katsumi; Matsuki, Kenji (1987). "Introduction to the Minimal Model Problem". Algebraic Geometry, Sendai, 1985. pp. 283–360. doi:10.2969/aspm/01010283. ISBN 978-4-86497-068-6. Remmert, R. (1994). "Local Theory of Complex Spaces". Several Complex Variables VII. Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 74. pp. 7–96. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09873-8_2. ISBN 978-3-642-08150-7. Serre, Jean-Pierre (1955), "Faisceaux algébriques cohérents" (PDF), Annals of Mathematics, 61 (2): 197–278, doi:10.2307/1969915, JSTOR 1969915, MR 0068874 Serre, Jean-Pierre (1956). "Géométrie algébrique et géométrie analytique". Annales de l'Institut Fourier (in French). 6: 1–42. doi:10.5802/aif.59. ISSN 0373-0956. MR 0082175. Taylor, Joseph L. (2002). Several Complex Variables with Connections to Algebraic Geometry and Lie Groups. American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 9780821831786. External links Kiran Kedlaya. 18.726 Algebraic Geometry (LEC # 30 - 33 GAGA)Spring 2009. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare Creative Commons BY-NC-SA. vteTopics in algebraic curvesRational curves Five points determine a conic Projective line Rational normal curve Riemann sphere Twisted cubic Elliptic curvesAnalytic theory Elliptic function Elliptic integral Fundamental pair of periods Modular form Arithmetic theory Counting points on elliptic curves Division polynomials Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves Mazur's torsion theorem Modular elliptic curve Modularity theorem Mordell–Weil theorem Nagell–Lutz theorem Supersingular elliptic curve Schoof's algorithm Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm Applications Elliptic curve cryptography Elliptic curve primality Higher genus De Franchis theorem Faltings's theorem Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem Hurwitz surface Hyperelliptic curve Plane curves AF+BG theorem Bézout's theorem Bitangent Cayley–Bacharach theorem Conic section Cramer's paradox Cubic plane curve Fermat curve Genus–degree formula Hilbert's sixteenth problem Nagata's conjecture on curves Plücker formula Quartic plane curve Real plane curve Riemann surfaces Belyi's theorem Bring's curve Bolza surface Compact Riemann surface Dessin d'enfant Differential of the first kind Klein quartic Riemann's existence theorem Riemann–Roch theorem Teichmüller space Torelli theorem Constructions Dual curve Polar curve Smooth completion Structure of curvesDivisors on curves Abel–Jacobi map Brill–Noether theory Clifford's theorem on special divisors Gonality of an algebraic curve Jacobian variety Riemann–Roch theorem Weierstrass point Weil reciprocity law Moduli ELSV formula Gromov–Witten invariant Hodge bundle Moduli of algebraic curves Stable curve Morphisms Hasse–Witt matrix Riemann–Hurwitz formula Prym variety Weber's theorem (Algebraic curves) Singularities Acnode Crunode Cusp Delta invariant Tacnode Vector bundles Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem Stable vector bundle Vector bundles on algebraic curves

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"algebraic varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"analytic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry"},{"link_name":"complex manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_manifold"},{"link_name":"analytic spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_space"},{"link_name":"analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"several complex variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Several_complex_variables"}],"text":"In mathematics, algebraic geometry and analytic geometry are two closely related subjects. While algebraic geometry studies algebraic varieties, analytic geometry deals with complex manifolds and the more general analytic spaces defined locally by the vanishing of analytic functions of several complex variables. The deep relation between these subjects has numerous applications in which algebraic techniques are applied to analytic spaces and analytic techniques to algebraic varieties.","title":"Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"projective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_variety"},{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"complex analytic space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analytic_space"},{"link_name":"functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"},{"link_name":"coherent sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_sheaves"},{"link_name":"structure sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_sheaf"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_of_categories"},{"link_name":"Oka coherence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_coherence_theorem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2023-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerre1955-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmert1994-3"},{"link_name":"cohomology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_group"},{"link_name":"formal statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#_Formal_statement_of_GAGA"},{"link_name":"Chow's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chow's_theorem"},{"link_name":"Lefschetz principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_Lefschetz_principle"},{"link_name":"Kodaira vanishing theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira_vanishing_theorem"}],"text":"Let X be a projective complex algebraic variety. Because X is a complex variety, its set of complex points X(C) can be given the structure of a compact complex analytic space. This analytic space is denoted Xan. Similarly, if \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n is a sheaf on X, then there is a corresponding sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n an\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\text{an}}}\n \n on Xan. This association of an analytic object to an algebraic one is a functor. The prototypical theorem relating X and Xan says that for any two coherent sheaves \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}}\n \n on X, the natural homomorphism:Hom\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n F\n \n \n ,\n \n \n G\n \n \n )\n →\n \n \n Hom\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n an\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n an\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n an\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Hom}}_{{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}({\\mathcal {F}},{\\mathcal {G}})\\rightarrow {\\text{Hom}}_{{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\text{an}}}({\\mathcal {F}}^{\\text{an}},{\\mathcal {G}}^{\\text{an}})}is an isomorphism. Here \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n is the structure sheaf of the algebraic variety X and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n an\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\text{an}}}\n \n is the structure sheaf of the analytic variety Xan. More precisely, the category of coherent sheaves on the algebraic variety X is equivalent to the category of analytic coherent sheaves on the analytic variety Xan, and the equivalence is given on objects by mapping \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n an\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\text{an}}}\n \n. (Note in particular that \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n an\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\text{an}}}\n \n itself is coherent, a result known as the Oka coherence theorem,[1] and also, it was proved in “Faisceaux Algebriques Coherents”[2] that the structure sheaf of the algebraic variety \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n is coherent.[3]Another important statement is as follows: For any coherent sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n on an algebraic variety X the homomorphismsε\n \n q\n \n \n  \n :\n  \n \n H\n \n q\n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n F\n \n \n )\n →\n \n H\n \n q\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n a\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{q}\\ :\\ H^{q}(X,{\\mathcal {F}})\\rightarrow H^{q}(X^{an},{\\mathcal {F}}^{an})}are isomorphisms for all q's. This means that the q-th cohomology group on X is isomorphic to the cohomology group on Xan.The theorem applies much more generally than stated above (see the formal statement below). It and its proof have many consequences, such as Chow's theorem, the Lefschetz principle and Kodaira vanishing theorem.","title":"Main statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"holomorphic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"regular morphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_morphism"},{"link_name":"Riemann sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere"},{"link_name":"Liouville's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"Laurent expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_expansion"},{"link_name":"complex projective line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_line"},{"link_name":"Riemann sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere"}],"text":"Algebraic varieties are locally defined as the common zero sets of polynomials and since polynomials over the complex numbers are holomorphic functions, algebraic varieties over C can be interpreted as analytic spaces. Similarly, regular morphisms between varieties are interpreted as holomorphic mappings between analytic spaces. Somewhat surprisingly, it is often possible to go the other way, to interpret analytic objects in an algebraic way.For example, it is easy to prove that the analytic functions from the Riemann sphere to itself are either\nthe rational functions or the identically infinity function (an extension of Liouville's theorem). For if such a function f is nonconstant, then since the set of z where f(z) is infinity is isolated and the Riemann sphere is compact, there are finitely many z with f(z) equal to infinity. Consider the Laurent expansion at all such z and subtract off the singular part: we are left with a function on the Riemann sphere with values in C, which by Liouville's theorem is constant. Thus f is a rational function. This fact shows there is no essential difference between the complex projective line as an algebraic variety, or as the Riemann sphere.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is a long history of comparison results between algebraic geometry and analytic geometry, beginning in the nineteenth century. Some of the more important advances are listed here in chronological order.","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_surface"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"meromorphic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic_function"},{"link_name":"algebraic curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_curve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrauertRemmert1958-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbater2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII,_Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_5.1_(%C2%AB_Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_d%E2%80%99existence_de_Riemann_%C2%BB)-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartshorne1977Appendix_B,_Theorem_3.1_(Part_(b))_and_3.2-7"},{"link_name":"topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"permutation representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation_representation"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"ramification points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"finite extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_extension"},{"link_name":"function field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_field_of_an_algebraic_variety"}],"sub_title":"Riemann's existence theorem","text":"Riemann surface theory shows that a compact Riemann surface has enough meromorphic functions on it, making it an (smooth projective) algebraic curve. Under the name Riemann's existence theorem[4][5][6][7] a deeper result on ramified coverings of a compact Riemann surface was known: such finite coverings as topological spaces are classified by permutation representations of the fundamental group of the complement of the ramification points. Since the Riemann surface property is local, such coverings are quite easily seen to be coverings in the complex-analytic sense. It is then possible to conclude that they come from covering maps of algebraic curves—that is, such coverings all come from finite extensions of the function field.","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon Lefschetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz"},{"link_name":"algebraically closed field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraically_closed_field"},{"link_name":"characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"first order theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_order_theory"},{"link_name":"Alfred Tarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidenberg1958Comments_on_Lefschetz's_Principle-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreyR%C3%BCck1986The_strong_Lefschetz_principle_in_algebraic_geometry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhlmann2001-10"},{"link_name":"Kodaira type vanishing theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira_vanishing_theorem"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawamataMatsudaMatsuki1987-11"}],"sub_title":"The Lefschetz principle","text":"In the twentieth century, the Lefschetz principle, named for Solomon Lefschetz, was cited in algebraic geometry to justify the use of topological techniques for algebraic geometry over any algebraically closed field K of characteristic 0, by treating K as if it were the complex number field. An elementary form of it asserts that true statements of the first order theory of fields about C are true for any algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero. A precise principle and its proof are due to Alfred Tarski and are based in mathematical logic.[8][9][10]This principle permits the carrying over of some results obtained using analytic or topological methods for algebraic varieties over C to other algebraically closed ground fields of characteristic 0. (e.g. Kodaira type vanishing theorem.[11])","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chow (1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChow1949"},{"link_name":"Wei-Liang Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Liang_Chow"},{"link_name":"projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_space"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartshorne1970-12"},{"link_name":"strong topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_topology"},{"link_name":"Zariski topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski_topology"}],"sub_title":"Chow's theorem","text":"Chow (1949), proved by Wei-Liang Chow, is an example of the most immediately useful kind of comparison available. It states that an analytic subspace of complex projective space that is closed (in the ordinary topological sense) is an algebraic subvariety.[12] This can be rephrased as \"any analytic subspace of complex projective space that is closed in the strong topology is closed in the Zariski topology.\" This allows quite a free use of complex-analytic methods within the classical parts of algebraic geometry.","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hodge theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge_theory"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerre1956-13"},{"link_name":"sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"GAGA","text":"Foundations for the many relations between the two theories were put in place during the early part of the 1950s, as part of the business of laying the foundations of algebraic geometry to include, for example, techniques from Hodge theory. The major paper consolidating the theory was Géometrie Algébrique et Géométrie Analytique by Jean-Pierre Serre,[13] now usually referred to as GAGA. It proves general results that relate classes of algebraic varieties, regular morphisms and sheaves with classes of analytic spaces, holomorphic mappings and sheaves. It reduces all of these to the comparison of categories of sheaves.Nowadays the phrase GAGA-style result is used for any theorem of comparison, allowing passage between a category of objects from algebraic geometry, and their morphisms, to a well-defined subcategory of analytic geometry objects and holomorphic mappings.","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"morphism of schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism_of_schemes"},{"link_name":"exact functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_functor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII.-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeeman2007-15"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grothendieck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck"},{"link_name":"Amnon Neeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amnon_Neeman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII,_4._Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8mes_de_comparaison_cohomologique_et_th%C3%A9or%C3%A8mes_d%E2%80%99existence-16"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_space"}],"sub_title":"Formal statement of GAGA","text":"Let \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n be a scheme of finite type over C. Then there is a topological space Xan that as a set consists of the closed points of X with a continuous inclusion map λX: Xan → X. The topology on Xan is called the \"complex topology\" (and is very different from the subspace topology).\nSuppose φ: X → Y is a morphism of schemes of locally finite type over C. Then there exists a continuous map φan: Xan → Yan such that λY ∘ φan = φ ∘ λX.\nThere is a sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n on Xan such that \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X^{\\mathrm {an} },{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} })}\n \n is a ringed space and λX: Xan → X becomes a map of ringed spaces. The space \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X^{\\mathrm {an} },{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} })}\n \n is called the \"analytification\" of \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n and is an analytic space. For every φ: X → Y the map φan defined above is a mapping of analytic spaces. Furthermore, the map φ ↦ φan maps open immersions into open immersions. If X = Spec(C[x1,...,xn]) then Xan = Cn and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n (\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} }(U)}\n \n for every polydisc U is a suitable quotient of the space of holomorphic functions on U.\nFor every sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n on X (called algebraic sheaf) there is a sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n on Xan (called analytic sheaf) and a map of sheaves of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n X\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n :\n \n \n F\n \n \n →\n (\n \n λ\n \n X\n \n \n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{X}^{*}:{\\mathcal {F}}\\rightarrow (\\lambda _{X})_{*}{\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n. The sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n is defined as \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n X\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n ⊗\n \n \n λ\n \n X\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{X}^{-1}{\\mathcal {F}}\\otimes _{\\lambda _{X}^{-1}{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n. The correspondence \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n ↦\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}\\mapsto {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n defines an exact functor from the category of sheaves over \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n to the category of sheaves of \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X^{\\mathrm {an} },{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} })}\n \n.The following two statements are the heart of Serre's GAGA theorem[14][15] (as extended by Alexander Grothendieck, Amnon Neeman, and others).\nIf f: X → Y is an arbitrary morphism of schemes of finite type over C and \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n is coherent then the natural map \n \n \n \n (\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n →\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (f_{*}{\\mathcal {F}})^{\\mathrm {an} }\\rightarrow f_{*}^{\\mathrm {an} }{\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n is injective. If f is proper then this map is an isomorphism. One also has isomorphisms of all higher direct image sheaves \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n i\n \n \n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n ≅\n \n R\n \n i\n \n \n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (R^{i}f_{*}{\\mathcal {F}})^{\\mathrm {an} }\\cong R^{i}f_{*}^{\\mathrm {an} }{\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n in this case.[16]\nNow assume that Xan is Hausdorff and compact. If \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n ,\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}},{\\mathcal {G}}}\n \n are two coherent algebraic sheaves on \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n and if \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }\\rightarrow {\\mathcal {G}}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n is a map of sheaves of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n-modules then there exists a unique map of sheaves of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules \n \n \n \n φ\n :\n \n \n F\n \n \n →\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi :{\\mathcal {F}}\\rightarrow {\\mathcal {G}}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n f\n =\n \n φ\n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f=\\varphi ^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {R}}}\n \n is a coherent analytic sheaf of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\\mathrm {an} }}\n \n-modules over Xan then there exists a coherent algebraic sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules and an isomorphism \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n a\n n\n \n \n \n ≅\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}^{\\mathrm {an} }\\cong {\\mathcal {R}}}\n \n.In slightly lesser generality, the GAGA theorem asserts that the category of coherent algebraic sheaves on a complex projective variety X and the category of coherent analytic sheaves on the corresponding analytic space Xan are equivalent. The analytic space Xan is obtained roughly by pulling back to X the complex structure from Cn through the coordinate charts. Indeed, phrasing the theorem in this manner is closer in spirit to Serre's paper, seeing how the full scheme-theoretic language that the above formal statement uses heavily had not yet been invented by the time of GAGA's publication.","title":"Important results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2023_1-0"},{"link_name":"Hall 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerre1955_2-0"},{"link_name":"Serre 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSerre1955"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmert1994_3-0"},{"link_name":"Remmert 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRemmert1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrauertRemmert1958_4-0"},{"link_name":"Grauert & Remmert 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrauertRemmert1958"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbater2003_5-0"},{"link_name":"Harbater 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarbater2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII,_Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_5.1_(%C2%AB_Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_d%E2%80%99existence_de_Riemann_%C2%BB)_6-0"},{"link_name":"Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrothendieckRaynaud2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartshorne1977Appendix_B,_Theorem_3.1_(Part_(b))_and_3.2_7-0"},{"link_name":"Hartshorne 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHartshorne1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidenberg1958Comments_on_Lefschetz's_Principle_8-0"},{"link_name":"Seidenberg 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSeidenberg1958"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreyR%C3%BCck1986The_strong_Lefschetz_principle_in_algebraic_geometry_9-0"},{"link_name":"Frey & Rück 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreyR%C3%BCck1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhlmann2001_10-0"},{"link_name":"Kuhlmann 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKuhlmann2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawamataMatsudaMatsuki1987_11-0"},{"link_name":"Kawamata, Matsuda & Matsuki 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKawamataMatsudaMatsuki1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartshorne1970_12-0"},{"link_name":"Hartshorne 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHartshorne1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerre1956_13-0"},{"link_name":"Serre 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSerre1956"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII._14-0"},{"link_name":"Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrothendieckRaynaud2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeeman2007_15-0"},{"link_name":"Neeman 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeeman2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrothendieckRaynaud2002EXPOSE_XII,_4._Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8mes_de_comparaison_cohomologique_et_th%C3%A9or%C3%A8mes_d%E2%80%99existence_16-0"},{"link_name":"Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrothendieckRaynaud2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartshorne2010_17-0"},{"link_name":"Hartshorne 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHartshorne2010"}],"text":"^ Hall 2023.\n\n^ Serre 1955.\n\n^ Remmert 1994.\n\n^ Grauert & Remmert 1958.\n\n^ Harbater 2003.\n\n^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII, Théorème 5.1 (« Théorème d’existence de Riemann »).\n\n^ Hartshorne 1977, Appendix B, Theorem 3.1 (Part (b)) and 3.2.\n\n^ Seidenberg 1958, Comments on Lefschetz's Principle.\n\n^ Frey & Rück 1986, The strong Lefschetz principle in algebraic geometry.\n\n^ Kuhlmann 2001.\n\n^ Kawamata, Matsuda & Matsuki 1987.\n\n^ Hartshorne 1970.\n\n^ Serre 1956.\n\n^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII..\n\n^ Neeman 2007.\n\n^ Grothendieck & Raynaud 2002, EXPOSE XII, 4. Théorèmes de comparaison cohomologique et théorèmes d’existence.\n\n^ Hartshorne 2010.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Flat module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_module"},{"title":"Serre (1956)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSerre1956"},{"title":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartshorne2010-17"}]

[{"reference":"Chow, Wei-Liang (1949). \"On Compact Complex Analytic Varieties\". American Journal of Mathematics. 71 (4): 893–914. doi:10.2307/2372375. JSTOR 2372375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Mathematics","url_text":"American Journal of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2372375","url_text":"10.2307/2372375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2372375","url_text":"2372375"}]},{"reference":"Frey, Gerhard; Rück, Hans-Georg (1986). \"The strong Lefschetz principle in algebraic geometry\". Manuscripta Mathematica. 55 (3–4): 385–401. doi:10.1007/BF01186653. S2CID 122967192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01186653","url_text":"10.1007/BF01186653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122967192","url_text":"122967192"}]},{"reference":"Grauert, Hans; Remmert, Reinhold (1958). \"Komplexe Räume\". Mathematische Annalen. 136 (3): 245–318. doi:10.1007/BF01362011. 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Revêtements étales et groupe fondamental (SGA 1) (in French). arXiv:math/0206203. doi:10.1007/BFb0058656. ISBN 978-2-85629-141-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2FBFb0058667","url_text":"\"Revêtements étales et groupe fondamental§XII. Géométrie algébrique et géométrie analytique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0206203","url_text":"math/0206203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0058656","url_text":"10.1007/BFb0058656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85629-141-2","url_text":"978-2-85629-141-2"}]},{"reference":"Harbater, David (21 July 2003). \"Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups§9.Patching and Galois theory (Dept. of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania)\" (PDF). In Schneps, Leila (ed.). Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521808316.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.math.upenn.edu/~harbater/patch35.pdf","url_text":"\"Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups§9.Patching and Galois theory (Dept. of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania)\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n1KIVYYQNH0C&pg=PA313","url_text":"Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521808316","url_text":"9780521808316"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Jack (2023). \"GAGA theorems\". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 175: 109–142. arXiv:1804.01976. doi:10.1016/j.matpur.2023.05.004. S2CID 119702436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Pures_et_Appliqu%C3%A9es","url_text":"Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.01976","url_text":"1804.01976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matpur.2023.05.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.matpur.2023.05.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119702436","url_text":"119702436"}]},{"reference":"Kuhlmann, F.-V. (2001) [1994], \"Transfer principle\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Transfer_principle&oldid=39820","url_text":"\"Transfer principle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"Neeman, Amnon (2007). Algebraic and Analytic Geometry. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511800443. ISBN 9780511800443.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h6JX2fK55EMC","url_text":"Algebraic and Analytic Geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511800443","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9780511800443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511800443","url_text":"9780511800443"}]},{"reference":"Seidenberg, A. (1958). \"Comments on Lefschetz's Principle\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 65 (9): 685–690. doi:10.1080/00029890.1958.11991979. JSTOR 2308709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"The American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1958.11991979","url_text":"10.1080/00029890.1958.11991979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2308709","url_text":"2308709"}]},{"reference":"Hartshorne, Robin (1970). Ample Subvarieties of Algebraic Varieties. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 156. doi:10.1007/BFb0067839. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27arab_Zaraq

Netzach

["1 Jewish Kabbalah","2 References","3 External links"]

Seventh of the ten Sefirot in the Jewish mystical system of Kabbalah The Sefirot in Kabbalah The Sefirot in Jewish Kabbalah Category:Sephirot vte Netzach (Hebrew: נצח, romanized: Nēṣaḥ, lit. 'eminence, everlastingness, perpetuity') is the seventh of the ten sefirot in the Jewish mystical system of Kabbalah. It is located beneath Chesed ('loving-kindness'), at the base of the "Pillar of Mercy" which also consists of Chokhmah ('wisdom'). Netzach generally translates to 'eternity', and in the context of Kabbalah refers to 'perpetuity', 'victory', or 'endurance'. Jewish Kabbalah "A'arab Zaraq" redirects here. For the Therion album, see A'arab Zaraq – Lucid Dreaming. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Within the Sefiroth, Netzach sits geometrically across from Hod. This pairing makes up the third such group, the "tactical" sefirot, meaning that their purpose is not inherent in themselves, but rather as a means for something else. These sefirot mark a turning point. Whereas the first two groups of sefirot deal with God's intrinsic will, and what it is that He desires to bestow upon man, these sefirot are focused on man: What is the most appropriate way for man to receive God's message? How can God's will be implemented most effectively? Netzach refers to actions of God that are Chesed in essence, but are presented through a prelude of harshness. Hod refers specifically to those events where the "wicked prosper." It is retribution —Gevurah, "strength/restraint," in essence, but presented by a prelude of pleasantness. Netzach is "endurance," the fortitude, and patience to follow through on your passions. It is paired with Hod as the righteous attributes related to group interactivity, with Netzach being leadership, the ability to rally others to a cause and motivate them to act; while Hod is community, the ability to do the footwork needed to follow through on ideas and make them happen. Netzach is identified with our right (left leg or foot) when the tree of life is portrayed on the human form, while Hod is on our left (right leg or foot). The angelic order of Netzach is the Elohim, the ruling Archangel of which is Haniel. Its qlippothic counterpart is A'arab Zaraq. References External links Lessons in Tanya Kabbalah 101: Netzach & Hod Archived 2008-05-15 at the Wayback Machine

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Fagnano

Cami Lake

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 54°32′36″S 67°59′00″W / 54.54333°S 67.98333°W / -54.54333; -67.98333Lake in Argentina and Chile Cami LakeFagnano LakeCami LakeFagnano LakeLocationUshuaia Department / Tolhuin Department, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina / Tierra del Fuego Province, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, ChileCoordinates54°32′36″S 67°59′00″W / 54.54333°S 67.98333°W / -54.54333; -67.98333Primary outflowsAzopardo RiverCatchment area3,481 km (2,163 mi)Basin countriesArgentina, ChileMax. length98 km (61 mi)Surface area645 km2 (249 sq mi)Average depth193.8 m (636 ft)Max. depth449 m (1,473 ft)Water volume125 km3 (30 cu mi)Shore length1269 km (167 mi)Surface elevation140 m (460 ft)SettlementsTolhuin1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Fagnano Lake (Spanish: Lago Fagnano), also called Lake Cami (Spanish: Lago Cami), is a lake located on the main island of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, and shared by Argentina and Chile. The 645 km2 lake runs east–west for about 98 kilometres, of which 72.5 km (606 km2) belong to the Argentine Tierra del Fuego Province, and only 13.5 km (39 km2) belong to the Chilean Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. It has a maximum depth of 449 meters. The southern bank is steep compared to the northern, and expands in a considerably wide and flat piedmont from which both levels of the plateaus can be appreciated. From its western end, the Azopardo River drains towards the Almirantazgo Fjord. On its eastern end is the town of Tolhuin. The lake is located in a pull-apart basin developed along the Magallanes–Fagnano Fault zone. According to a Selk'nam myth the lake was created alongside the Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel in places where slingshots fell on earth during Taiyín's fight with a witch who was said to have "retained the waters and the foods". Fagnano Lake, from north to south, in its Chilean part References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Fagnano. ^ "Sistema Nacional Argentino de Información Hídrica". Archived from the original on 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ Lodolo, Emanuele; Menichetti, Marco; Bartole, Roberto; Ben‐Avraham, Zvi; Tassone, Alejandro; Lippai, Horacio (2003). "Magallanes-Fagnano continental transform fault (Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America)". Tectonics. 22 (6): 1076. doi:10.1029/2003TC001500. ^ Montecino Aguirre, Sonia (2015). "Canal de Beagle". Mitos de Chile: Enciclopedia de seres, apariciones y encantos (in Spanish). Catalonia. p. 125. ISBN 978-956-324-375-8. Niemeyer, Hans; Cereceda, Pilar (1983). Geografía de Chile — Tomo VIII: Hidrografía (1º edición, Santiago de Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar ed.). vteHydrography of Magallanes RegionRivers Azopardo Bellavista Geike Grande Grey Las Minas Paine Penitente Rubens San Juan Serrano Yendegaia Waterfalls Salto Grande Lakes Ana Cami/Fagnano Deseado Dickson Geike Greve Grey Nordenskjöld Pehoé Porteño Sarmiento Del Toro Glaciers Alemania Amalia Brüggen Dickson Garibaldi Geike Gran Campo Nevado Grey Holanda Italia Marinelli Romanche Southern Patagonian Ice Field Stoppani Tyndall Authority control databases: National Israel United States This article about a place in Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Rust

Carla Rust

["1 Selected filmography","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]

German actress Carla RustBorn15 September 1908Bremen German EmpireDied27 December 1977 (1977-12-28) (aged 69)Hindelang, Bavaria West GermanyOccupationFilm actress Carla Rust (15 September 1908 – 27 December 1977) was a German film actress. She appeared as a leading lady in a number of films during the Nazi era. She was married to the actor Sepp Rist. Selected filmography Don't Lose Heart, Suzanne! (1935) The Accusing Song (1936) Madame Bovary (1937) Mrs. Sylvelin (1938) Revolutionshochzeit (1938) The Stars Shine (1938) Love Letters from Engadin (1938) Marionette (1939) Robert and Bertram (1939) Sein Sohn (1942) Weiße Wäsche (1942) Heaven, We Inherit a Castle (1943) Ein fröhliches Haus (1944) The Beautiful Miller (1954) Doctor Solm (1955) Johannisnacht (1956) My Husband's Getting Married Today (1956) Bibliography O'Brien, Mary-Elizabeth. Nazi Cinema as Enchantment: The Politics of Entertainment in the Third Reich. Camden House, 2006. External links Carla Rust at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC This article about a German film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtjagdgeschwader_100

Nachtjagdgeschwader 100

["1 Commanding officers","1.1 I. Gruppe of NJG 100","1.2 II. Gruppe of NJG 100","2 External links","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"]

Nachtjagdgeschwader 100Active1943 – 1945Country Nazi GermanyBranch LuftwaffeTypeNight FighterRoleAir superioritySizeAir Force WingEngagementsWorld War IIInsigniaIdentificationsymbolGeschwaderkennung of8V (4.Staffel)Military unit Nachtjagdgeschwader 100 (NJG 100) was a Luftwaffe night fighter-wing of World War II. The Geschwader did not have a Stab and no Geschwaderkommodore. It had two Gruppen (groups), operating separately. The I. Gruppe of NJG 100 was formed in early 1943 from the II.(Eis)/Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 while II. Gruppe was formed in July 1944 from three Staffeln of Nachtjagdgeschwader 200. Commanding officers Gruppenkommandeure I. Gruppe of NJG 100 Major Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, 1 August 1943 – 5 August 1943 Major Rudolf Schoenert, 5 August 1943 – 31 December 1943 II. Gruppe of NJG 100 Major Paul Zorner, 20 July 1944 – 8 May 1945 External links References to the Nachtjagdgeschwader in European newspapers References Citations ^ a b c Aders 1978, p. 231. Bibliography Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN 978-0-354-01247-8. Hinchliffe, Peter (1998). Luftkrieg bei Nacht 1939–1945 (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01861-7. vte Nachtjagdgeschwader (Night fighter wing) of the Wehrmacht Luftwaffe Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 100 101 102 200 Portal: Aviation

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kalisz_Pomorski

Gmina Kalisz Pomorski

[]

Coordinates: 53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900Gmina in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Kalisz Pomorski Kalisz Pomorski CommuneGmina FlagCoat of armsCoordinates (Kalisz Pomorski): 53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyDrawskoSeatKalisz PomorskiArea • Total480.53 km2 (185.53 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total7,150 • Density15/km2 (39/sq mi) • Urban3,989 • Rural3,161Websitehttp://www.kaliszpom.pl/ Gmina Kalisz Pomorski is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Kalisz Pomorski, which lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie and 89 km (55 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The gmina covers an area of 480.53 square kilometres (185.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,150 (out of which the population of Kalisz Pomorski amounts to 3,989, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 3,161). Villages Apart from the town of Kalisz Pomorski, Gmina Kalisz Pomorski contains the villages and settlements of Biały Zdrój, Borowo, Bralin, Cybowo, Dębsko, Giżyno, Głębokie, Jasnopole, Jaworze, Karwiagać, Krężno, Lipinki, Łowno, Pepłówek, Pniewy, Pomierzyn, Poźrzadło Małe, Poźrzadło Wielkie, Prostynia, Pruszcz, Siekiercze, Sienica, Skotniki, Ślizno, Smugi, Stara Korytnica, Stara Studnica, Suchowo, Tarnice and Wierzchucin. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Kalisz Pomorski is bordered by the gminas of Dobrzany, Drawno, Drawsko Pomorskie, Ińsko, Mirosławiec, Recz, Tuczno, Wierzchowo and Złocieniec. References Polish official population figures 2006 vteGmina Kalisz PomorskiTown and seat Kalisz Pomorski Villages Biały Zdrój Borowo Bralin Cybowo Dębsko Giżyno Głębokie Jasnopole Jaworze Karwiagać Krężno Lipinki Łowno Pepłówek Pniewy Pomierzyn Poźrzadło Małe Poźrzadło Wielkie Prostynia Pruszcz Siekiercze Sienica Skotniki Ślizno Smugi Stara Korytnica Stara Studnica Suchowo Tarnice Wierzchucin vteDrawsko CountySeat: Drawsko PomorskieUrban-rural gminas Gmina Czaplinek Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie Gmina Kalisz Pomorski Gmina Złocieniec Rural gminas Gmina Ostrowice Gmina Wierzchowo

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Its seat is the town of Kalisz Pomorski, which lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie and 89 km (55 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.The gmina covers an area of 480.53 square kilometres (185.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,150 (out of which the population of Kalisz Pomorski amounts to 3,989, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 3,161).","title":"Gmina Kalisz Pomorski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biały Zdrój","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82y_Zdr%C3%B3j,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Borowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borowo,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bralin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bralin,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Cybowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybowo"},{"link_name":"Dębsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bsko,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Giżyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C5%BCyno,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Głębokie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C4%99bokie,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Jasnopole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasnopole"},{"link_name":"Jaworze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaworze,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Karwiagać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karwiaga%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Krężno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99%C5%BCno"},{"link_name":"Lipinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipinki,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Łowno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owno"},{"link_name":"Pepłówek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%C5%82%C3%B3wek,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pniewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pniewy,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomierzyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomierzyn"},{"link_name":"Poźrzadło Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BArzad%C5%82o_Ma%C5%82e"},{"link_name":"Poźrzadło Wielkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BArzad%C5%82o_Wielkie"},{"link_name":"Prostynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostynia,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Pruszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruszcz,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Siekiercze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siekiercze"},{"link_name":"Sienica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienica,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Skotniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotniki,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Ślizno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Alizno"},{"link_name":"Smugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smugi,_Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"Stara Korytnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Korytnica"},{"link_name":"Stara Studnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Studnica"},{"link_name":"Suchowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchowo,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Tarnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnice"},{"link_name":"Wierzchucin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierzchucin,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"}],"text":"Apart from the town of Kalisz Pomorski, Gmina Kalisz Pomorski contains the villages and settlements of Biały Zdrój, Borowo, Bralin, Cybowo, Dębsko, Giżyno, Głębokie, Jasnopole, Jaworze, Karwiagać, Krężno, Lipinki, Łowno, Pepłówek, Pniewy, Pomierzyn, Poźrzadło Małe, Poźrzadło Wielkie, Prostynia, Pruszcz, Siekiercze, Sienica, Skotniki, Ślizno, Smugi, Stara Korytnica, Stara Studnica, Suchowo, Tarnice and Wierzchucin.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dobrzany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Dobrzany"},{"link_name":"Drawno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Drawno"},{"link_name":"Drawsko Pomorskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Drawsko_Pomorskie"},{"link_name":"Ińsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_I%C5%84sko"},{"link_name":"Mirosławiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Miros%C5%82awiec"},{"link_name":"Recz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Recz"},{"link_name":"Tuczno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Tuczno"},{"link_name":"Wierzchowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wierzchowo"},{"link_name":"Złocieniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Z%C5%82ocieniec"}],"text":"Gmina Kalisz Pomorski is bordered by the gminas of Dobrzany, Drawno, Drawsko Pomorskie, Ińsko, Mirosławiec, Recz, Tuczno, Wierzchowo and Złocieniec.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescer

Coalescer

["1 Mechanical coalescers","2 Electrostatic coalescers","3 References"]

Machine that induces coalescence of droplets in an emulsion This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Coalescer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A coalescer is a device which induces coalescence in a medium. They are primarily used to separate emulsions into their components via various processes, operating in reverse to an emulsifier. Coalescers are of two main types: mechanical and electrostatic. Mechanical coalescers use filters or baffles to make droplets coalesce, while electrostatic coalescers use DC or AC electric fields (or combinations). Mechanical coalescers Mechanical coalescers, which are the more common type of coalescers, operate by physically altering a droplet by mechanical means. They are commonly applied in the global oil and gas industries for the removal of water or hydrocarbon condensate. While coalescers by definition function as a separation tool for liquids, they are also used, and mistakenly referred to, as filters. In the area of compressed air purification, coalescing filters are used to separate liquid water and oil from compressed air using a coalescing effect. Coalescence (physics) shows how coalescing filters operating at lower temperatures and high pressures work better. These filters additionally remove particles. The most commonly used media in this case is borosilicate micro-fiber. In the Oil and Gas, Petrochemical and Oil Refining industries, liquid-gas coalescers are widely used to remove water and hydrocarbon liquids to less than 0.011 mW (plus particulate matter to less than 0.3 μm in size) from natural gas to ensure natural gas quality and protect downstream equipment such as compressors, gas turbines, amine or glycol absorbers, molecular sieves, PSA's, metering stations, mercury guard beds, gas fired heaters or furnaces, heat exchangers or gas-gas purification membranes. In the natural gas industry, gas/liquid coalescers are used for recovery of lube oil downstream of a compressor. All liquids will be removed but lube oil recovery is the primary reason for installing a coalescer on the outlet of a compressor. Liquids from upstream of the compressor, which may include aerosol particles, entrained liquids or large volumes of liquids called "slugs" and which may be water and/or a combination of hydrocarbon liquids should be removed by a filter/coalescing vessel located upstream of the compressor. Efficiencies of gas/liquid coalescers are typically 0.3 μm (0.3 micron) liquid particles, with efficiencies to 99.98%. Liquid-liquid coalescers can also be used to separate hydrocarbons from water phases such as oil removal from produced water. They have been also used in pyrolysis gasoline (benzene) removal from quench water in ethylene plants, although in this application, the constant changing of cartridges can lead to operator exposure to BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene), as well as disposal issues and high operating costs from frequent replacement. Electrostatic coalescers Electrostatic coalescers use electrical fields to induce droplet coalescence in water-in-crude-oil emulsions to increase the droplet size. The squared dependence of droplet diameter in Stokes' law, increase the settling speed and destabilizes the emulsion. The effects on the water droplet arise from the very different dielectric properties of the conductive water droplets dispersed in the insulating oil. Water droplets have a permittivity that is much higher than the surrounding oil. Furthermore, water with dissolved salt is also a very good conductor. When an uncharged droplet is subjected to an AC electric field, the field will polarize the droplet, creating an electric field around the droplet to counteract the external field. As the water droplet is very conductive, the induced charges will reside on the surface. The droplet has no net charge but one positive and one negative side. Inside the droplet, the electric field is zero. When two droplets with induced dipoles get close to each other, they will experience a force pulling the droplets closer until they coalesce. In oil production, co-produced water is mixed with the oil in choke valves and process equipment producing water-in-oil emulsions. The amount of water increases during the production life of the reservoir. The emulsions are destabilized using gravitational separators, and the settling rates are increased by applying heat, demulsifiers, and AC electric fields. The AC electric field gives rise to attractive forces between water droplets and increases the probability of coalescence at contact. According to Stokes' law, the settling rate increases proportionally with the square of the drop diameter. By promoting coalescence of small water droplets, the settling rate can be greatly increased. The water content is normally reduced to less than 0.5 vol% if this is the final treatment stage before the crude oil is exported. Typical electrostatic coalescers are large settling tanks containing electrodes and operate under laminar-flow conditions with bare electrodes that may be vulnerable to short circuiting. An alternative to this type of coalescer is a flow through pre-coalescer that is installed upstream in a separator tank. In the Compact Electrostatic Coalescer, droplet coalescence is achieved by applying AC electric fields (50–60 Hz) to water-in-oil emulsions under turbulent-flow conditions. The turbulence increases the collision frequency between the water drops. The electrodes are insulated to prevent short circuiting, and permit water contents of up to 40% as well as water slugs. The equipment is a separate flow-through electrostatic treatment section installed upstream of a gravity separator to improve the performance. By keeping the treatment and settling sections separate, a compact electrostatic coalescer can be obtained that can also be retrofitted. Liquid-liquid coalescers are also widely used in the oil refining industry to remove the last traces of contaminants like amine or caustic from intermediate products in oil refineries, and also for the last stage dewatering of final products like kerosene (jet fuel), LPG, gasoline and diesel to less than 15 mW free water in the hydrocarbon phase. These coalescers are often electrostatic type, in which a DC electrical field encourages the water droplets to coalesce, thus settling by gravity. References ^ "Basics of Coalescing Filtration". www.balstonfilters.com. ^ http://www.betong.net/ikbViewer/Content/19748/Einar%20E%20Johnsen%20-%20Glitne.pdf Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine | Compact Electrostatic Coalescer Conference Paper

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Mechanical coalescers use filters or baffles to make droplets coalesce, while electrostatic coalescers use DC or AC electric fields (or combinations).","title":"Coalescer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration"},{"link_name":"Coalescence (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"borosilicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate_glass"},{"link_name":"liquid-gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_gas"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"gas turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine"},{"link_name":"molecular sieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_sieve"},{"link_name":"BTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTX_(chemistry)"}],"text":"Mechanical coalescers, which are the more common type of coalescers, operate by physically altering a droplet by mechanical means. They are commonly applied in the global oil and gas industries for the removal of water or hydrocarbon condensate. While coalescers by definition function as a separation tool for liquids, they are also used, and mistakenly referred to, as filters.In the area of compressed air purification, coalescing filters are used to separate liquid water and oil from compressed air using a coalescing effect. Coalescence (physics) shows how coalescing filters operating at lower temperatures and high pressures work better.[1] These filters additionally remove particles. The most commonly used media in this case is borosilicate micro-fiber.In the Oil and Gas, Petrochemical and Oil Refining industries, liquid-gas coalescers are widely used to remove water and hydrocarbon liquids to less than 0.011 mW (plus particulate matter to less than 0.3 μm in size) from natural gas to ensure natural gas quality and protect downstream equipment such as compressors, gas turbines, amine or glycol absorbers, molecular sieves, PSA's, metering stations, mercury guard beds, gas fired heaters or furnaces, heat exchangers or gas-gas purification membranes.In the natural gas industry, gas/liquid coalescers are used for recovery of lube oil downstream of a compressor. All liquids will be removed but lube oil recovery is the primary reason for installing a coalescer on the outlet of a compressor. Liquids from upstream of the compressor, which may include aerosol particles, entrained liquids or large volumes of liquids called \"slugs\" and which may be water and/or a combination of hydrocarbon liquids should be removed by a filter/coalescing vessel located upstream of the compressor. Efficiencies of gas/liquid coalescers are typically 0.3 μm (0.3 micron) liquid particles, with efficiencies to 99.98%.Liquid-liquid coalescers can also be used to separate hydrocarbons from water phases such as oil removal from produced water. They have been also used in pyrolysis gasoline (benzene) removal from quench water in ethylene plants, although in this application, the constant changing of cartridges can lead to operator exposure to BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene), as well as disposal issues and high operating costs from frequent replacement.","title":"Mechanical coalescers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field"},{"link_name":"Stokes' law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_law"},{"link_name":"demulsifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demulsifier"},{"link_name":"laminar-flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow"},{"link_name":"Compact Electrostatic Coalescer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Electrostatic_Coalescer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"}],"text":"Electrostatic coalescers use electrical fields to induce droplet coalescence in water-in-crude-oil emulsions to increase the droplet size. The squared dependence of droplet diameter in Stokes' law, increase the settling speed and destabilizes the emulsion. The effects on the water droplet arise from the very different dielectric properties of the conductive water droplets dispersed in the insulating oil. Water droplets have a permittivity that is much higher than the surrounding oil. Furthermore, water with dissolved salt is also a very good conductor. When an uncharged droplet is subjected to an AC electric field, the field will polarize the droplet, creating an electric field around the droplet to counteract the external field. As the water droplet is very conductive, the induced charges will reside on the surface. The droplet has no net charge but one positive and one negative side. Inside the droplet, the electric field is zero. When two droplets with induced dipoles get close to each other, they will experience a force pulling the droplets closer until they coalesce.In oil production, co-produced water is mixed with the oil in choke valves and process equipment producing water-in-oil emulsions. The amount of water increases during the production life of the reservoir. The emulsions are destabilized using gravitational separators, and the settling rates are increased by applying heat, demulsifiers, and AC electric fields. The AC electric field gives rise to attractive forces between water droplets and increases the probability of coalescence at contact. According to Stokes' law, the settling rate increases proportionally with the square of the drop diameter. By promoting coalescence of small water droplets, the settling rate can be greatly increased. The water content is normally reduced to less than 0.5 vol% if this is the final treatment stage before the crude oil is exported.Typical electrostatic coalescers are large settling tanks containing electrodes and operate under laminar-flow conditions with bare electrodes that may be vulnerable to short circuiting. An alternative to this type of coalescer is a flow through pre-coalescer that is installed upstream in a separator tank. In the Compact Electrostatic Coalescer,[2] droplet coalescence is achieved by applying AC electric fields (50–60 Hz) to water-in-oil emulsions under turbulent-flow conditions. The turbulence increases the collision frequency between the water drops. The electrodes are insulated to prevent short circuiting, and permit water contents of up to 40% as well as water slugs. The equipment is a separate flow-through electrostatic treatment section installed upstream of a gravity separator to improve the performance. By keeping the treatment and settling sections separate, a compact electrostatic coalescer can be obtained that can also be retrofitted.Liquid-liquid coalescers are also widely used in the oil refining industry to remove the last traces of contaminants like amine or caustic from intermediate products in oil refineries, and also for the last stage dewatering of final products like kerosene (jet fuel), LPG, gasoline and diesel to less than 15 mW free water in the hydrocarbon phase. These coalescers are often electrostatic type, in which a DC electrical field encourages the water droplets to coalesce, thus settling by gravity.","title":"Electrostatic coalescers"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leweston_School

Leweston School

["1 History","2 Notable alumni","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°54′36″N 2°31′13″W / 50.910015°N 2.520247°W / 50.910015; -2.520247 Private day and boarding school in Sherborne, Dorset, EnglandLeweston SchoolAddressLewestonSherborne, Dorset, DT9 6ENEnglandCoordinates50°54′36″N 2°31′13″W / 50.910015°N 2.520247°W / 50.910015; -2.520247InformationTypePrivate day and boarding schoolMottoGaudere et Bene Facere('Rejoice and Do Well')Religious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1891FounderSisters of Christian InstructionDepartment for Education URN113920 TablesHeadJohn Paget-TomlinsonStaff155GenderCo-educational throughout the whole schoolAge3 months to 18HousesCampionFisherMayneMooreColour(s)Blue and whiteWebsitehttp://www.leweston.co.uk/ Trinity Chapel Leweston School is an independent day and boarding school near Sherborne in Dorset, England. The school is co-educational in the Nursery and Preparatory School and follows the co-educational diamond model in the Senior School and Sixth Form. The School consists of a Nursery (3 months - 4years), Prep School (4–11 years), Senior School (11–16 years) and Sixth Form (16–18 years). Leweston's values are based upon a supportive Catholic ethos. In 2017, Leweston announced that it was moving to a diamond model for the delivery of STEM subjects in Years 9 to 11 whilst becoming co-educational in all years during a four-year transitional period from 2018 to 2021. Leweston School is operated by a charitable foundation and company, 'Leweston School Trust', which is registered charity no. 295175. The Trust, registered company no. 02041443, was incorporated on 28 July 1986 to provide pre-primary education, primary education and general secondary education. Prior to 27 December 2007, the Trust's legal name was St Antony's Lewiston School Trust. The Trust's primary aim is to provide an independent Roman Catholic education. As of 2023, it listed 12 trustees and 180 employees. Ian Lucas was listed as Chairman of the Governors. The 2018 financial report stated that its strategic vision was based on providing "high quality, competitively priced education". History Leweston School was founded in Sherborne as St Antony's school in 1891 by the Sisters of Christian Instruction, Sacred Heart nuns from Belgium with Jesuit principles. They operated a school for girl boarders. The senior school moved to the Leweston Manor estate in 1948 and became known as St Antony's-Leweston School; in 1993 the Preparatory school followed. The manor building was Grade II listed in 1951 as "Saint Antony's Convent (formerly listed as Leweston Manor)". At the time, a convent still existed there, but the primary use of the building was as the school. The listing states that the interior was "largely remodelled c.1930" and that the additions completed in the mid 20th century were "not of special interest". The main school building is a Palladian manor house built in the late eighteenth century. The first owner during the 20th century, in 1906, was George Hamilton Fletcher of the White Star shipping line who sold the property to Eric Hamilton Rose in the 1920s. Rose dubbed it Leweston Manor; he and his wife Rosamond arranged for major renovations to be completed. It was sold in 1948 to the nuns of St Antony's School, who sold the freehold in 1990; it has since remained a Roman Catholic school, renamed Leweston School in 2007. The current owner has maintained the historic integrity of the manor and chapel. The school grounds occupy 46 acres (190,000 m2), and include the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, a Grade I listed building, constructed in 1616 by Sir John Fitzjames. The Trinity Chapel is the oldest building on the school site and is used regularly for smaller services. Most of this chapel's interior is from the 17th century, including the two-decker pulpit, but the original altar is missing; the current altar was added in the 1930s. There is another chapel situated in the main school. It is modern, completed in 1970, with a triangular plan. Notable alumni Dido Harding, Baroness Harding of Winscombe - businesswoman and Conservative life peer Erin Pizzey - Equality activist and founder of world's first domestic violence shelter Kristin Scott Thomas - Actress Serena Scott Thomas - Actress References ^ Leweston School Trust Overview ^ LEWESTON SCHOOL TRUST ^ Leweston School Trust ^ "MR IAN LUCAS | Leweston School, Sherborne, Dorset". www.leweston.co.uk. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ Report and Consolidated Financial Statements ^ a b c "Rejoice and Do Well". Dorset Life. October 2007. ^ ST ANTONY'S CONVENT ^ "Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ About Us ^ a b Leweston Manor: The uniquely charming house where Georgian architecture meets Art Deco interiors ^ English Heritage - Images of England, accessed 28 April 2009. ^ School website - Chapel Archived 8 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 18 April 2008. ^ "TalkTalk boss Dido Harding is stepping down". Management Today. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. ^ "Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Erin Pizzey, women's refuge founder and writer". The Independent. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ a b Trim, Liam (20 August 2022). "Little Mix Perrie Edwards among famous Dorset schools alumni". dorsetlive. Retrieved 28 January 2023. External links Official site Profile on the Independent Schools Council website vteEducation in Dorset (including Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole)Primary Atlantic Academy Portland St Mark's CE Primary School St Peter's RC School Secondary All Saints CE Academy Atlantic Academy Portland Avonbourne Boys' Academy Avonbourne Girls' Academy Beaminster School The Bishop of Winchester Academy The Blandford School The Bourne Academy Budmouth Academy Corfe Hills School The Cornerstone Academy Ferndown Upper School Gillingham School Glenmoor Academy The Grange School The Gryphon School Highcliffe School LeAF Studio Lytchett Minster School Magna Academy Oak Academy Poole High School The Purbeck School Queen Elizabeth's School St Aldhelm's Academy St Edward's RC & CE School St Peter's RC School Shaftesbury School The Sir John Colfox Academy Sturminster Newton High School The Thomas Hardye School Twynham School Wey Valley Academy Winton Academy The Woodroffe School Grammar Bournemouth School Bournemouth School for Girls Parkstone Grammar School Poole Grammar School Independent (preparatory) Castle Court School Dumpton School Hanford School Port Regis School Sherborne Preparatory School Independent Bournemouth Collegiate School Bryanston School Canford School Clayesmore School Leweston School Milton Abbey School Ringwood Waldorf School Sherborne School Sherborne School for Girls Talbot Heath School Further education colleges Bournemouth and Poole College Kingston Maurward College Weymouth College Higher education Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Arts University Bournemouth Bournemouth University Defunct Beaminster Grammar School Cranborne Chase School Durnford School Foster's School Homefield School The Old Malthouse School St George's School Swanage Grammar School Uplands School Weymouth College (independent) vteDiocese of PlymouthRoman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth Bishops of Plymouth I: George Errington II: William Vaughan III: Charles Graham IV: John Keily V: John Barrett VI: Francis Grimshaw VII: Cyril Restieaux VIII: Christopher Budd IX: Mark O'Toole Churches Plymouth Cathedral - Cathedral Church of Saint Mary and Saint Boniface Church of St Mary and St Petroc, Bodmin Holy Trinity Church, Dorchester Sacred Heart Church, Exeter St Mary Immaculate Church, Falmouth Our Lady and St Nectan's Church, Hartland Church of Our Lady and St Andrew, Portland St Paul's Church, Tintagel Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, Torquay Our Lady Help of Christians and St Denis Church, Torquay St Joseph's Church, Weymouth Patronal Feasts of the Diocese Saint Boniface (5 June) Schools Leweston School Notre Dame Catholic School St Boniface's Catholic College St Cuthbert Mayne School St Edward's Roman Catholic/Church of England School See also: Buckfast Abbey St Mawgan Monastery Sclerder Abbey Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District Catholicism portal Cornwall portal Devon portal Authority control databases ISNI

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The school is co-educational in the Nursery and Preparatory School and follows the co-educational diamond model in the Senior School and Sixth Form. The School consists of a Nursery (3 months - 4years), Prep School (4–11 years), Senior School (11–16 years) and Sixth Form (16–18 years). Leweston's values are based upon a supportive Catholic ethos. In 2017, Leweston announced that it was moving to a diamond model for the delivery of STEM subjects in Years 9 to 11 whilst becoming co-educational in all years during a four-year transitional period from 2018 to 2021.Leweston School is operated by a charitable foundation and company, 'Leweston School Trust', which is registered charity no. 295175. The Trust, registered company no. 02041443, was incorporated on 28 July 1986 to provide \npre-primary education, primary education and general secondary education.[1] Prior to 27 December 2007, the Trust's legal name was St Antony's Lewiston School Trust.[2]\nThe Trust's primary aim is to provide an independent Roman Catholic education. As of 2023, it listed 12 trustees and 180 employees.[3] Ian Lucas was listed as Chairman of the Governors.[4] The 2018 financial report stated that its strategic vision was based on providing \"high quality, competitively priced education\".[5]","title":"Leweston School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejoice_and_Do_Well-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"White Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrylife.co.uk-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejoice_and_Do_Well-6"},{"link_name":"Grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrylife.co.uk-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejoice_and_Do_Well-6"}],"text":"Leweston School was founded in Sherborne as St Antony's school in 1891 by the Sisters of Christian Instruction, Sacred Heart nuns from Belgium with Jesuit principles. They operated a school for girl boarders. The senior school moved to the Leweston Manor estate in 1948 and became known as St Antony's-Leweston School; in 1993 the Preparatory school followed.[6]The manor building was Grade II listed in 1951 as \"Saint Antony's Convent (formerly listed as Leweston Manor)\". At the time, a convent still existed there, but the primary use of the building was as the school. The listing states that the interior was \"largely remodelled c.1930\" and that the additions completed in the mid 20th century were \"not of special interest\".[7]The main school building is a Palladian manor house built in the late eighteenth century. The first owner during the 20th century, in 1906, was George Hamilton Fletcher of the White Star shipping line who sold the property to Eric Hamilton Rose in the 1920s.[8] Rose dubbed it Leweston Manor; he and his wife Rosamond arranged for major renovations to be completed. It was sold in 1948 to the nuns of St Antony's School, who sold the freehold in 1990; it has since remained a Roman Catholic school, renamed Leweston School in 2007.[9] The current owner has maintained the historic integrity of the manor and chapel.[10][6]The school grounds occupy 46 acres (190,000 m2), and include the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, a Grade I listed building, constructed in 1616 by Sir John Fitzjames.[11] The Trinity Chapel is the oldest building on the school site and is used regularly for smaller services.[12]Most of this chapel's interior is from the 17th century, including the two-decker pulpit, but the original altar is missing; the current altar was added in the 1930s. There is another chapel situated in the main school. It is modern, completed in 1970, with a triangular plan.[10][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dido Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_Harding"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Erin Pizzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Pizzey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kristin Scott Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Serena Scott Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Scott_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"}],"text":"Dido Harding, Baroness Harding of Winscombe - businesswoman and Conservative life peer[13]\nErin Pizzey - Equality activist and founder of world's first domestic violence shelter[14]\nKristin Scott Thomas - Actress[15]\nSerena Scott Thomas - Actress[15]","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[{"image_text":"Trinity Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ChapelOfTheHolyTrinity.jpg/220px-ChapelOfTheHolyTrinity.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Swastya_Kalyan_Yojana

Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana

["1 Program","2 Coverage and Phases","3 See also","4 References"]

Universal health care program in Odisha, IndiaBiju Swastya Kalyan YojanaStateOdishaChief MinisterNaveen PatnaikMinistryHealth & Family welfare departmentLaunched15 Aug 2018Websitehealth.odisha.gov.in Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana is a universal health coverage scheme launched by Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik. The program extends coverage to approximately 70 lakh families, with the state government allocating a budget of 250 crore rupees. Services: Free health services are available in all state government health care facilities, starting from the subcenter level up to the district headquarter hospital level, with Swasthya Mitras deployed at help desk. Annual health coverage of Rs 5 lakhs per family and 7 lakhs per female members of the family. A health card that contains details about members of the household is provided to families with a Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana (BKKY) card. The Rashtriya Swathya Bima Yojana card is available to families with an annual income of $50,000 in rural environments and 60,000 in urban environments. After BJD party lost the Odisha 2024 Assembly Election, BJP Odisha president Manmohan Samal has said that BSKY will be discontinued soon and will be replaced by Ayushman Bharat Scheme. Program Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana is for both Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line( APL) families. The Ayushman Bharat Yojana covers only Below Poverty Line (BPL) card holders. People will get treatment in premier hospitals outside Odisha. A legal citizen of Odisha living outside the state would also get benefits. More than 1.1 crore patients have benefited from this scheme. The annual income should be 3 lakhs for the treatment of cancer, heart, and kidney diseases. All premier hospitals, including Tata Memorial, CMC Vellore, and Narayana Hrudalaya, are covered by this scheme. A patient referred to a hospital outside Odisha would get conveyance of Rs 2000. Coverage and Phases First Phase: The inaugural phase of the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana (BSKY) was dedicated to ensuring universal access to healthcare services in public health facilities across Odisha. Regardless of income or residential status, all individuals were entitled to free-of-cost healthcare services. This phase provided health assurance coverage to 70 lakh families, encompassing over 70% of the state's population. Families were guaranteed coverage of up to ₹5 lakh annually, with an increased amount of ₹7 lakh for families with female members. Second Phase: Building upon the success of its initial phase, BSKY extended its coverage to include cashless healthcare services in private health facilities for all ration card holders. The government launched Smart Health Cards under the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana, covering 3.5 crore people out of the state's 4.3 crore population. These cards, introduced on August 20, 2021, function akin to debit cards, facilitating hassle-free access to quality healthcare services at premier facilities. Notably, Odisha becomes the first state in India to implement such a system, aiming to benefit 96 lakh families in a phased manner. Smart Health Cards provide financial coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh per annum for families, with women members eligible for enhanced coverage up to Rs 10 lakh annually. Third Phase: The third phase of BSKY marked a significant milestone in Odisha's healthcare initiatives. This phase expanded coverage to include all rural families in the state, with the exception of income tax payees and government employees who were previously excluded from the scheme. The primary objective of this phase was to provide cashless care in private hospitals for critical ailments, thereby eliminating the financial barriers to accessing high-quality healthcare services. By extending coverage to previously underserved populations, BSKY aimed to safeguard families from the burden of exorbitant healthcare expenses, ensuring that no family in Odisha would be left vulnerable due to financial constraints. See also Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Odisha Government Schemes List References ^ NijuktiKhabar.in. "Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana Hospitals list - 208 Hospitals Name and Place Details". Archived from the original on 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2018-12-28. ^ "Naveen Patnaik launches health scheme in rain-hit Independence Day programme". The Economic Times. 15 August 2018. ^ "Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana is better than the Centre's Ayushman Bharat: Naveen Patnaik - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Odisha modifies guidelines of Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana; all govt hospitals covered". odishatv.in. ^ Correspondent, Special (2018-08-15). "Odisha CM launches health scheme for 70 lakh families". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ "Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana Health Cards launched in Odisha: All you need to know!". Jagranjosh.com. 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ Service, Express News (2021-08-15). "Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik announces smart health cards for 3.5 crore people". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ Barik, Satyasundar (2023-12-29). "Naveen Patnaik govt. to cover 90% of Odisha's population under cashless care in private hospitals". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-01-30. vte Insurance in IndiaCompaniesAgriculturePublic sector Agriculture Insurance Company of India General Bajaj Allianz Bharti AXA Aditya Birla Capital Cholamandalam MS Edelweiss HDFC ERGO Future Generali ICICI Lombard Kotak Mahindra GI Reliance General Royal Sundaram SBI General Shriram General TATA AIG Public sector National Insurance New India Assurance Oriental Insurance United India Insurance Life Aegon Aviva Bajaj Allianz Bharti AXA Birla Sun Life Canara HSBC Life Edelweiss Exide HDFC Life ICICI Prudential Max Life Peerless PNB MetLife Reliance Life Kotak Life Sahara Life SBI Life Sriram Life Tata AIA Public sector Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) Health Care (Religare) ManipalCigna Health Max Bupa Star Health Public sector Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Reinsurance GIC-Re Repository CDSL NSDL Policy Agricultural insurance in India National Health Policy Government schemes Ayushman Bharat Yojana Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana Legislations Insurance Act, 1938 Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 Other CISR Insurance Institute of India Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Insurance Repository in India Category vteGovernment Schemes in India List of schemes Welfare schemes for women Poverty alleviation programmes Subsidies Social security Food security ActiveSchemes Antyodaya Anna Atal Pension Ayushman Bharat Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Direct Benefit Transfer DigiLocker Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan Heritage City Development and Augmentation Integrated Child Development Services Income declaration JAM Yojana Khelo India Pravasi Suraksha Midday Meal Scheme Local Area Development National Infrastructure Pipeline National Pension System National Social Assistance Scheme National Service Scheme Post Office Passport Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA) Adarsh Gram Gramin Awaas Awas Digital Health Mission Gram Sadak Jan Dhan Krishi Sinchai Matsya Sampada Matritva Vandana Shram Yogi Mandhan Ujjwala Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Garib Kalyan Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana Jeevan Jyoti Bima Kisan Samman Nidhi Suraksha Bima Sansad Adarsh Gram Saubhagya Soil Health Card UDAN Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Unnat Jeevan Missions Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation Indradhanush Education Climate Resilient Agriculture Manuscripts Health Anganwadi Auxiliary nurse midwife Accredited Social Health Activist Solar Translation Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Remunerative Approach for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Smart Cities Mission TB-Mission 2020 Projects Agriculture MMP Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Operation Flood Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Mission Identity Aadhaar Business identification Passport Permanent account Ration card Unorganised Workers Voters State AP Annadatha Sukhibhava TG Mission Bhagiratha T App Folio GJ Jyotigram Vibrant Gujarat MP Global Investors Summit Ladli Laxmi MH Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Magnetic Maharashtra OR Ahar Biju Krushak Kalyan Madhu Babu Pension RJ Bhamashah UP Global Investors Summit TN Global Investors Meet Closed/SubsumedSchemes Bharat Nirman National Urban Renewal Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Rural Livelihood Finance Development Fund Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Tuberculosis Control Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Voluntary Disclosure of Income

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal health coverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_coverage"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Odisha"},{"link_name":"Naveen Patnaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Patnaik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana is a universal health coverage scheme launched by Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik. The program extends coverage to approximately 70 lakh families, with the state government allocating a budget of 250 crore rupees. Services:Free health services are available in all state government health care facilities, starting from the subcenter level up to the district headquarter hospital level, with Swasthya Mitras deployed at help desk.[1]\nAnnual health coverage of Rs 5 lakhs per family and 7 lakhs per female members of the family.[2]A health card that contains details about members of the household is provided to families with a Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana (BKKY) card. The Rashtriya Swathya Bima Yojana card is available to families with an annual income of $50,000 in rural environments and 60,000 in urban environments.After BJD party lost the Odisha 2024 Assembly Election, BJP Odisha president Manmohan Samal has said that BSKY will be discontinued soon and will be replaced by Ayushman Bharat Scheme.","title":"Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Below Poverty Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line"},{"link_name":"Above Poverty Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_Poverty_Line"},{"link_name":"Ayushman Bharat Yojana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayushman_Bharat_Yojana"},{"link_name":"Below Poverty Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana is for both Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line( APL) families. The Ayushman Bharat Yojana covers only Below Poverty Line (BPL) card holders. People will get treatment in premier hospitals outside Odisha. A legal citizen of Odisha living outside the state would also get benefits.[3] More than 1.1 crore patients have benefited from this scheme. The annual income should be 3 lakhs for the treatment of cancer, heart, and kidney diseases. All premier hospitals, including Tata Memorial, CMC Vellore, and Narayana Hrudalaya, are covered by this scheme. A patient referred to a hospital outside Odisha would get conveyance of Rs 2000.[4]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"First Phase: The inaugural phase of the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana (BSKY) was dedicated to ensuring universal access to healthcare services in public health facilities across Odisha. Regardless of income or residential status, all individuals were entitled to free-of-cost healthcare services. This phase provided health assurance coverage to 70 lakh families, encompassing over 70% of the state's population. Families were guaranteed coverage of up to ₹5 lakh annually, with an increased amount of ₹7 lakh for families with female members.[5]Second Phase: Building upon the success of its initial phase, BSKY extended its coverage to include cashless healthcare services in private health facilities for all ration card holders. The government launched Smart Health Cards under the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana, covering 3.5 crore people out of the state's 4.3 crore population. These cards, introduced on August 20, 2021, function akin to debit cards, facilitating hassle-free access to quality healthcare services at premier facilities. Notably, Odisha becomes the first state in India to implement such a system, aiming to benefit 96 lakh families in a phased manner. Smart Health Cards provide financial coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh per annum for families, with women members eligible for enhanced coverage up to Rs 10 lakh annually. [6][7]Third Phase: The third phase of BSKY marked a significant milestone in Odisha's healthcare initiatives. This phase expanded coverage to include all rural families in the state, with the exception of income tax payees and government employees who were previously excluded from the scheme. The primary objective of this phase was to provide cashless care in private hospitals for critical ailments, thereby eliminating the financial barriers to accessing high-quality healthcare services. By extending coverage to previously underserved populations, BSKY aimed to safeguard families from the burden of exorbitant healthcare expenses, ensuring that no family in Odisha would be left vulnerable due to financial constraints.[8]","title":"Coverage and Phases"}]

[]

[{"title":"Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swasthya_Bima_Yojana"},{"title":"Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Suraksha_Bima_Yojana"},{"title":"Odisha Government Schemes List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_Government_Schemes_List"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Winner_(author)

David Winner (writer)

["1 References"]

English writer and journalist David Winner (born 5 December 1956) is an English writer and journalist. He lives in Kilburn, London. His best-known books are Those Feet: An Intimate History of English Football (2005), and Brilliant Orange: The Neurotic Genius of Dutch Football (2000). Brilliant Orange was shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year in 2000. The book explains why the football players of the Netherlands play beautifully but lose their most important matches. Winner connects football to other elements of Dutch life and culture, such as their flat flooding-prone land, unusual taste in art, and their experiences in World War 2. Around the World in 90 Minutes (plus extra time and penalties) (2007) was based on his journey to 13 countries during the four weeks of the 2006 World Cup. His quirky travel book Al Dente: Madness, Beauty & the Food of Rome (2012) was described by Pen Vogler in The Observer, as being "like a fusion of Coleridge's Table Talk and Marinetti's The Futurist Cookbook, peopled with eccentric film-makers, anorexic saints and wafer-making nuns". He recently wrote a biography of footballer Dennis Bergkamp, co-written with Jaap Visser, and based on interviews with Bergkamp. The English edition, "Dennis Bergkamp, Stillness and Speed", was long-listed for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year 2013. The Dutch edition, published by Uitgeverij Carrera, is entitled "Dennis Bergkamp: de biografie". He most recently was the ghostwriter of Rio Ferdinand's 2014 autobiography #2Sides. Winner also co-wrote The Coming of The Greens (1988) (with Jonathon Porritt), a study of environmentalism in the United Kingdom and biographies for children of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Raoul Wallenberg, Peter Benenson (founder of Amnesty International) and Eleanor Roosevelt. Together with Lex van Dam he translated a book about Johan Cruyff, The Netherlands best-ever footballer titled Ajax, Barcelona, Cruyff, The ABC of an Obstinate Maestro by Frits Barend and Henk van Dorp. Winner supports Arsenal football club. References ^ "Bloomsbury profile". Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2009. ^ "Al Dente: Madness, Beauty and the Food of Rome by David Winner – review". TheGuardian.com. 11 March 2012. ^ Shaffi, Sarah. "Rio Ferdinand to release "revealing autobiography"". The Bookseller. Retrieved 10 June 2019. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Other IdRef This article about an English writer, poet or playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Scourge_(1846)

USS Scourge (1846)

["1 Acquisition","2 Service","3 After the war","4 References"]

Gunboat of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Scourge. SS Bangor, USS Scourge History United States NameSS Bangor OrderedBangor Steam Navigation Co. BuilderBetts, Harlan, and Hollingsworth Launched29 May 1845 FateSold to U.S. Government on 30 December 1846 History United States NameUSS Scourge Acquired30 December 1846 Commissioned1846 Decommissioned1848 FateSold to revolutionaries of Venezuela on 7 October 1848 and seized by State of Venezuela in 1848 General characteristics TypeGunboat Displacement231 long tons (235 t) Length120 ft (37 m) Beam23 ft (7.0 m) Draft9 ft (2.7 m) PropulsionSteam engine Speed10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) Complement50 officers and enlisted Armament 1 × 32-pounder gun 2 × 24-pounder carronades USS Scourge was a steamer warship in service during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). She was the third United States Navy ship of that name. Acquisition The ship was launched on 29 May 1845 by Betts, Harlan, and Hollingsworth of Wilmington, Delaware as merchant steamer Bangor. She was powered by twin screws and was the first iron-hulled, sea-going merchant vessel in the United States. She ran between Bangor and Boston in 1845 and 1846. On 1 September 1846 Bangor caught on fire and was run aground. She was rebuilt and continued the Bangor-Boston route and she was bought by the U.S. Government on 30 December 1846 for the Mexican War. Once equipped, she was renamed Scourge. Service USS Scourge joined the forces of Commodore Matthew C. Perry in the Gulf of Mexico on March 29, 1847. She was part of the "Mosquito Flotilla" and was immediately assigned to take part in a concerted sea-land attack upon the port of Alvarado. On 7 March 1847, commanded by Lt Charles G. Hunter USS Scourge took part in the attack on the city of Vera Cruz, Mexico. On 30 March, USS Scourge anchored near the port of Alvarado. Lt Hunter demanded unconditional surrender of the port next morning and Alvarado surrounded the same day, letting Hunter know that the Mexican troops left the town before his arrival. USS Scourge ran up the river, capturing four vessels on her way. Among them was schooner Relampago. Next morning USS Scourge arrived to city of Flacotalpam, its authorities complied with Lt Hunter's demand to surrender the city too. During the course of capturing Alvarado and Tlacotalpan Lt Hunter was found by the Court Martial guilty of disobeying orders and treating his superior with contempt and relieved of the command of USS Scourge. On 18 April, USS Scourge commanded by Lt S. Lockwood took part in the capture of the city of Tuxpan. In June, USS Scourge took part in the Second Battle of Tabasco. Previous to the attack on Tabasco, Lt Lockwood became one of the first officers to protect a vessel's exposed machinery by using sandbags. On 30 June, the village of Tamultay, Mexico, which was reported to be the headquarters of General Echegaray, was taken by U.S. naval land forces with support from USS Scourge and USS Vixen. In March 1848, USS Scourge (under the command of Lt A. Taylor) captured the Mexican merchant vessel San Pablo. USS Scourge also participated in the captures of La Peña, Palma Sola, and Hospital Hill. After the war Scourge was sold in New Orleans, Louisiana to the Venezuelan revolutionaries on 7 October 1848. She was seized by State of Venezuela later that year. References ^ Wiggins, Kennard R. America's Anchor : A Naval History of the Delaware River and Bay, Cradle of the United States Navy. Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4766-7197-0. OCLC 1076408626. ^ Blume, Kenneth J. (2012). Historical dictionary of the U.S. maritime industry. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8108-7963-8. ^ Hannings, Bud. The U.S.-Mexican War : a complete chronology. Jefferson, North Carolina. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-7864-7648-0. ^ a b Taylor, Fitch W. (Fitch Waterman) (1848). The broad pennant: or, A cruise in the United States flag ship of the Gulf squadron, during the Mexican difficulties. Leavitt, Trow, & Co. p. 385. ^ a b c Cooney, David M. (1965). A chronology of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1965. pp. 65–67. ^ a b Richmond enquirer. (Richmond, Va.), 27 July 1847. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. ^ Taggart, Robert (1983). Evolution of the vessels engaged in the waterborne commerce of the United States. National Waterways Study, U.S. Army Engineer Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources. p. 51.

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She was the third United States Navy ship of that name.","title":"USS Scourge (1846)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betts, Harlan, and Hollingsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts,_Harlan,_and_Hollingsworth"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mexican War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"}],"text":"The ship was launched on 29 May 1845 by Betts, Harlan, and Hollingsworth of Wilmington, Delaware as merchant steamer Bangor.[1] She was powered by twin screws and was the first iron-hulled, sea-going merchant vessel in the United States. She ran between Bangor and Boston in 1845 and 1846. On 1 September 1846 Bangor caught on fire and was run aground.[2] She was rebuilt and continued the Bangor-Boston route and she was bought by the U.S. Government on 30 December 1846 for the Mexican War. Once equipped, she was renamed Scourge.","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mosquito Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarado,_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Vera Cruz, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(city)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"port of Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarado,_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Tlacotalpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacotalpan"},{"link_name":"Court Martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Tuxpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxpan"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"attack on Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"sandbags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbag"},{"link_name":"USS Vixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vixen_(1846)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"USS Scourge joined the forces of Commodore Matthew C. Perry in the Gulf of Mexico on March 29, 1847. She was part of the \"Mosquito Flotilla\" and was immediately assigned to take part in a concerted sea-land attack upon the port of Alvarado.On 7 March 1847, commanded by Lt Charles G. Hunter USS Scourge took part in the attack on the city of Vera Cruz, Mexico.[3]\nOn 30 March, USS Scourge anchored near the port of Alvarado. Lt Hunter demanded unconditional surrender of the port next morning and Alvarado surrounded the same day, letting Hunter know that the Mexican troops left the town before his arrival. USS Scourge ran up the river, capturing four vessels on her way. Among them was schooner Relampago. Next morning USS Scourge arrived to city of Flacotalpam, its authorities complied with Lt Hunter's demand to surrender the city too.[4][5] During the course of capturing Alvarado and Tlacotalpan Lt Hunter was found by the Court Martial guilty of disobeying orders and treating his superior with contempt and relieved of the command of USS Scourge.[4]\nOn 18 April, USS Scourge commanded by Lt S. Lockwood took part in the capture of the city of Tuxpan.\nIn June, USS Scourge took part in the Second Battle of Tabasco.[6] Previous to the attack on Tabasco, Lt Lockwood became one of the first officers to protect a vessel's exposed machinery by using sandbags.\nOn 30 June, the village of Tamultay, Mexico, which was reported to be the headquarters of General Echegaray, was taken by U.S. naval land forces with support from USS Scourge and USS Vixen.[5][6]\nIn March 1848, USS Scourge (under the command of Lt A. Taylor) captured the Mexican merchant vessel San Pablo.[5]USS Scourge also participated in the captures of La Peña, Palma Sola, and Hospital Hill.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"State of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Scourge was sold in New Orleans, Louisiana to the Venezuelan revolutionaries on 7 October 1848. She was seized by State of Venezuela later that year.[7]","title":"After the war"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_W._Barron

Clarence W. Barron

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Books","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

Clarence W. BarronBornClarence Walker BarronJuly 2, 1855Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedOctober 2, 1928 (1928-10-03) (aged 73)Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.OccupationFinancial journalistSpouse Jessie Waldron ​(m. 1900)​Children2 adopted daughters (Jane & Martha) External image Photo of Clarence W. Barron from The Wall Street Journal site. Clarence Walker Barron (July 2, 1855 – October 2, 1928) was an American financial editor and publisher who founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine. He was one of the most influential figures in the history of Dow Jones. As a career newsman described as a "short, rotund powerhouse", he died holding the posts of president of Dow Jones and de facto manager of The Wall Street Journal. He is considered the founder of modern financial journalism. Early life and education Barron was born in Boston and graduated from Boston English High School in 1873. Career Barron began his journalism career as a reporter for the Boston Daily News from 1875 to 1878 and the Boston Evening Transcript from 1878 to 1887. At the Transcript, Barron gradually focused on financial news. He founded the Boston News Bureau in 1887 and the Philadelphia News Bureau in 1897, supplying financial news to brokers. Barron sought to improve objectivity in financial journalism to reflect what he called "the public interest, the financial truth for investors and the funds that should support the widow and the orphan." In 1902, Barron purchased Dow Jones & Company for $130,000, following the death of co-founder Charles Dow. In 1912, he appointed himself president of Dow Jones and its newspaper The Wall Street Journal. Under Barron, The Wall Streeet Journal gained new printing presses and expanded reporting staff, with circulation increasing from 7,000 in 1912 to over 18,000 in 1920 to beyond 50,000 by 1930. In 1913, he gave testimony to the Massachusetts Public Service Commission regarding a slush fund held by the New Haven Railroad. In 1920, he investigated Charles Ponzi, inventor of the Ponzi scheme, for The Boston Post. His aggressive questioning and commonsense reasoning helped lead to Ponzi's arrest and conviction. Barron also established the financial advertising agency Doremus & Co. in 1903. In 1921, he founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine, and served as its first editor. He priced the magazine at 10 cents an issue and saw circulation explode to 30,000 by 1926, with high popularity among investors and financiers. Personal life Barron married Jessie M. Waldron in 1900 and adopted her daughters, Jane and Martha. Mrs. Barron died in 1918. After Jane married Hugh Bancroft in 1907, Jane Barron became a prominent member of the Boston Brahmin Bancroft family. Martha Barron married H. Wendell Endicott, heir apparent to the Endicott Shoe Company. Mr. and Mrs. Barron and the Endicotts are buried in a joint family plot at the historic Forest Hills Cemetery in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston. Barron was a prominent lay member of the Massachusetts New Church (Swedenborgians). Barron died in 1928 in Battle Creek, Michigan. Legacy After his death, Barron's responsibilities were split between his son-in-law Hugh Bancroft, who became president of Dow Jones, and his friend Kenneth C. Hogate, who became the managing editor of the Journal. They Told Barron (1930) and More They Told Barron (1931), two books edited by Arthur Pound and S. T. Moore were published that showed his close connections and his role as a confidant to top financiers from New York City society, such as Charles M. Schwab. As a result, he has been called "the diarist of the American Dream." (Reutter 148) This has led to allegations that he was too close to those he covered. The Bancroft family remained the majority shareholder of Dow Jones & Company until July 31, 2007, when Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. won the support of 32 percent of the Dow Jones voting shares controlled by the Bancroft family, enough to ensure a comfortable margin of victory. Books The Boston Stock Exchange (1893) The Federal Reserve Act: A discussion of the principles and operations of the new Banking Act as originally published in the Wall Street Journal and the Boston News Bureau, including a description of the financial, commercial and industrial characteristics of each of the Federal Reserve Districts and the Federal Reserve Act fully indexed, with pertinent legislation (1914): a.k.a. "Twenty-Eight Essays on the Federal Reserve Act". The Audacious War (1915) The Mexican Problem (1917) War Finance, As Viewed From the Roof of the World in Switzerland (1919) A World Remaking; or, Peace Finance (1920) Lord's Money (1922) My Creed (unk.) They Told Barron (1930) More They Told Barron (1931) See also William Peter Hamilton Notes ^ Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Mary Bancroft Dead at 93; U.S. Spy in World War II", The New York Times, January 19, 1997. (The subject of this Times obituary was Barron's step-granddaughter.) ^ a b "Clarence W. Barron". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 3, 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i Geisst, Charles R. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Business History. New York: Facts On File. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4381-0987-9. ^ Goebel, Greg (February 1, 2008). "The Confidence Artists". VectorSite. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2024. ^ Sold to BBDO in 1974, Doremus became a unit of Omnicom in 1986. "Doremus & Co.", Advertising Age Encyclopedia, September 15, 2003. ^ Fisher, Kenneth L. (24 August 2007). 100 Minds That Made the Market. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13951-6. Retrieved 23 April 2023. ^ "Church On The Hill". Retrieved 23 April 2023. References Roberts, John B. Rating the First Ladies. ISBN 0-8065-2608-4 Reutter, Mark. Making Steel. ISBN 0-252-07233-2 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Clarence W. Barron Works by Clarence W. Barron at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Clarence W. Barron at Internet Archive Extensive biography, heavily credited Mention by Pulitzer Prizes News Luminary: Clarence W. Barron Columbia Encyclopedia entry Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dow Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Barron's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"}],"text":"Clarence Walker Barron (July 2, 1855 – October 2, 1928) was an American financial editor and publisher who founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine.He was one of the most influential figures in the history of Dow Jones. As a career newsman described as a \"short, rotund powerhouse\",[1] he died holding the posts of president of Dow Jones and de facto manager of The Wall Street Journal. He is considered the founder of modern financial journalism.","title":"Clarence W. Barron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston English High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"}],"text":"Barron was born in Boston and graduated from Boston English High School in 1873.[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Evening Transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"printing presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"slush fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slush_fund"},{"link_name":"New Haven Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Charles Ponzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ponzi"},{"link_name":"Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"The Boston Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geisst-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Doremus & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doremus_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barron's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)"}],"text":"Barron began his journalism career as a reporter for the Boston Daily News from 1875 to 1878 and the Boston Evening Transcript from 1878 to 1887.[3] At the Transcript, Barron gradually focused on financial news.[3] He founded the Boston News Bureau in 1887 and the Philadelphia News Bureau in 1897, supplying financial news to brokers.[3] Barron sought to improve objectivity in financial journalism to reflect what he called \"the public interest, the financial truth for investors and the funds that should support the widow and the orphan.\"[3]In 1902, Barron purchased Dow Jones & Company for $130,000, following the death of co-founder Charles Dow.[3] In 1912, he appointed himself president of Dow Jones and its newspaper The Wall Street Journal.[3] Under Barron, The Wall Streeet Journal gained new printing presses and expanded reporting staff, with circulation increasing from 7,000 in 1912 to over 18,000 in 1920 to beyond 50,000 by 1930.[3]In 1913, he gave testimony to the Massachusetts Public Service Commission regarding a slush fund held by the New Haven Railroad. In 1920, he investigated Charles Ponzi, inventor of the Ponzi scheme, for The Boston Post. His aggressive questioning and commonsense reasoning helped lead to Ponzi's arrest and conviction.[3][4]Barron also established the financial advertising agency Doremus & Co. in 1903.[5] In 1921, he founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine, and served as its first editor. He priced the magazine at 10 cents an issue and saw circulation explode to 30,000 by 1926, with high popularity among investors and financiers.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bancroft_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Boston Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Bancroft family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_family"},{"link_name":"Endicott Shoe Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_Shoe_Company"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain"},{"link_name":"Swedenborgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Battle Creek, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"}],"text":"Barron married Jessie M. Waldron in 1900 and adopted her daughters, Jane and Martha. Mrs. Barron died in 1918. After Jane married Hugh Bancroft in 1907, Jane Barron became a prominent member of the Boston Brahmin Bancroft family. Martha Barron married H. Wendell Endicott, heir apparent to the Endicott Shoe Company. Mr. and Mrs. Barron and the Endicotts are buried in a joint family plot at the historic Forest Hills Cemetery in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.Barron was a prominent lay member of the Massachusetts New Church (Swedenborgians).[6][7]Barron died in 1928 in Battle Creek, Michigan.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Schwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab"},{"link_name":"shareholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"News Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"}],"text":"After his death, Barron's responsibilities were split between his son-in-law Hugh Bancroft, who became president of Dow Jones, and his friend Kenneth C. Hogate, who became the managing editor of the Journal.They Told Barron (1930) and More They Told Barron (1931), two books edited by Arthur Pound and S. T. Moore were published that showed his close connections and his role as a confidant to top financiers from New York City society, such as Charles M. Schwab. As a result, he has been called \"the diarist of the American Dream.\" (Reutter 148) This has led to allegations that he was too close to those he covered.The Bancroft family remained the majority shareholder of Dow Jones & Company until July 31, 2007, when Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. won the support of 32 percent of the Dow Jones voting shares controlled by the Bancroft family, enough to ensure a comfortable margin of victory.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Federal Reserve Act: A discussion of the principles and operations of the new Banking Act as originally published in the Wall Street Journal and the Boston News Bureau, including a description of the financial, commercial and industrial characteristics of each of the Federal Reserve Districts and the Federal Reserve Act fully indexed, with pertinent legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ia600301.us.archive.org/13/items/federalreserveac00barruoft/federalreserveac00barruoft.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Audacious War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/audaciouswar00barruoft/audaciouswar00barruoft.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Mexican Problem (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mexican_Problem_(1917)"},{"link_name":"War Finance, As Viewed From the Roof of the World in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ia904602.us.archive.org/18/items/warfinanceasview00barruoft/warfinanceasview00barruoft.pdf"},{"link_name":"A World Remaking; or, Peace Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ia800309.us.archive.org/28/items/worldremakingor00barr/worldremakingor00barr.pdf"}],"text":"The Boston Stock Exchange (1893)\nThe Federal Reserve Act: A discussion of the principles and operations of the new Banking Act as originally published in the Wall Street Journal and the Boston News Bureau, including a description of the financial, commercial and industrial characteristics of each of the Federal Reserve Districts and the Federal Reserve Act fully indexed, with pertinent legislation (1914): a.k.a. \"Twenty-Eight Essays on the Federal Reserve Act\".\nThe Audacious War (1915)\nThe Mexican Problem (1917)\nWar Finance, As Viewed From the Roof of the World in Switzerland (1919)\nA World Remaking; or, Peace Finance (1920)\nLord's Money (1922)\nMy Creed (unk.)\nThey Told Barron (1930)\nMore They Told Barron (1931)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Bancroft Dead at 93; U.S. Spy in World War II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/nyregion/mary-bancroft-dead-at-93-us-spy-in-world-war-ii.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Clarence W. 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Thomas, Jr., \"Mary Bancroft Dead at 93; U.S. Spy in World War II\", The New York Times, January 19, 1997. (The subject of this Times obituary was Barron's step-granddaughter.)\n\n^ a b \"Clarence W. Barron\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 3, 2024.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Geisst, Charles R. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Business History. New York: Facts On File. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4381-0987-9.\n\n^ Goebel, Greg (February 1, 2008). \"The Confidence Artists\". VectorSite. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2024.\n\n^ Sold to BBDO in 1974, Doremus became a unit of Omnicom in 1986. \"Doremus & Co.\", Advertising Age Encyclopedia, September 15, 2003.\n\n^ Fisher, Kenneth L. (24 August 2007). 100 Minds That Made the Market. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13951-6. Retrieved 23 April 2023.\n\n^ \"Church On The Hill\". Retrieved 23 April 2023.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"William Peter Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peter_Hamilton"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miogeosyncline

Geosyncline

["1 History","2 Geosynclinal theory","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]

Obsolete geological concept to explain orogens Development of a mountain range by sedimentation of a geosyncline and isostatic uplifting. This is the "collapse" of the geosyncline. A geosyncline (originally called a geosynclinal) is an obsolete geological concept to explain orogens, which was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before the theory of plate tectonics was envisaged. A geosyncline was described as a giant downward fold in the Earth's crust, with associated upward folds called geanticlines (or geanticlinals), that preceded the climax phase of orogenic deformation. History The geosyncline concept was first conceived by the American geologists James Hall and James Dwight Dana in the mid-19th century, during the classic studies of the Appalachian Mountains. Émile Haug further developed the geosyncline concept, and introduced it to Europe in 1900. Eduard Suess, a leading geologist of his time, disapproved the concept of geosyncline, and in 1909 he argued against its use due to its association with outdated theories. This did not prevent further development of the concept in the first half of the 20th century by Leopold Kober and Hans Stille, both of whom worked on a contracting Earth framework. The continued development of the geosyncline theory by Stille and Kober following the publication of Eduard Suess' Das Antlitz der Erde from 1885 to 1909 was not unchallenged, as another school of thought was led by Alfred Wegener and Émile Argand. This competing view rejected the premise of planetary contraction, and argued that orogeny was the result of continental drift. These two views can be called "fixist", in the case of geosyncline theory, and "mobilist" for the support of continental drift. Even as continental drift became generally accepted, the concept of geosynclines persisted in geological science. In 1970, John F. Dewey and John M. Bird adapted the geosyncline to plate tectonics. The term continued to have usage within a plate tectonics framework in the 1980s, although as early as 1982, Celâl Şengör argued against its use, in light of its association with discredited geological ideas. Geosynclinal theory Dana and Stille supposed that the collapse of geosynclines into orogens was result of the Earth's contraction over time. In Stille and Kober's view, geosynclines and orogens were the unstable parts of the Earth's crust, in stark contrast with the very stable kratogens. Stille theorized that the contractional forces responsible for geosynclines also formed epeirogenic uplifts, resulting in a pattern of undulation in the Earth's crust. According to this view, regular, episodic global revolutions caused geosynclines to collapse, forming orogens. According to Kober and Stille, developing geosynclinal depressions were accompanied by uplifted geanticlines, which then eroded, providing sediments that filled the geosynclinal basin. According to Stille, geosynclines were formed from crustal folding rather than faulting; if faults were present in geosynclines, they were the product of later processes, such as the final collapse of the geosyncline. Gustav Steinmann interpreted ophiolites using the geosyncline concept. He theorized that the apparent lack of ophiolite in the Peruvian Andes was indebted either to the Andes being preceded by a shallow geosyncline, or because the Andes represented just the margin of a geosyncline. Steinmann contributed this correlation to the distinction between Cordilleran and Alpine-type mountains. According to Stille, a type of geosyncline called a "eugeosyncline" was characterized by producing an "initial magmatism", which in some cases corresponded to ophiolitic magmatism. With respect to oceanic basins, Kober held them to be separate and distinct from geosynclines. He nonetheless believed that mid-ocean ridges were orogens, although Stille disagreed, asserting that they were places of extensional tectonics, as exemplified by Iceland. Meanwhile, Argand argued that geosynclines, sufficiently attenuated through stretching, could become oceans basins, as a material called "sima" surfaced. Hans Stille's classification Geosyncline type Geosyncline subtype Associated magmatism Resulting mountain type Orthogeosyncline Eugeosyncline Initial magmatism Alpinotype Miogeosyncline - Parageosyncline - Germanotype See also Syncline – Structural geology term for a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the structure Anticline – In geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape Isostasy – State of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle References ^ a b c d Şengör (1982), p. 11 ^ Selley, Richard C., Applied Sedimentology, Academic Press, 2nd edition, 2000, p. 486 ISBN 978-0-12-636375-3 ^ Adolph Knopf, The Geosynclinal Theory, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 59:649-670, July 1948 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 25 ^ a b c Şengör (1982), p. 26 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 43 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 23 ^ Şengör (1982), p. 24 ^ Şengör (1982), p. 30 ^ Dewey, John F.; Bird, John M. (1970). "Plate tectonics and geosynclines". Tectonophysics. 10 (5–6): 625–638. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(70)90050-8. ^ Şengör (1982), p. 44 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 28 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 29 ^ a b c d Şengör & Natal'in (2004), p. 682 ^ a b Şengör (1982), p. 33 ^ Şengör (1982), p. 36 ^ Şengör (1982), p. 37 Bibliography King, Philip B. (1977) The Evolution of North America, Revised edition, Princeton University Press, pp 54–58 Kay, Marshall (1951) North American Geosyncline: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 48, 143pp. Şengör, Celâl (1982). "Classical theories of orogenesis". In Miyashiro, Akiho; Aki, Keiiti; Şengör, Celâl (eds.). Orogeny. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-103764. External links Media related to Geosyncline at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases: National Germany Japan

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geosinclinal,_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"geological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"orogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"},{"link_name":"plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen11-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Earth's crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"orogenic deformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen11-1"}],"text":"Development of a mountain range by sedimentation of a geosyncline and isostatic uplifting. This is the \"collapse\" of the geosyncline.A geosyncline (originally called a geosynclinal) is an obsolete geological concept to explain orogens, which was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before the theory of plate tectonics was envisaged.[1][2] A geosyncline was described as a giant downward fold in the Earth's crust, with associated upward folds called geanticlines (or geanticlinals), that preceded the climax phase of orogenic deformation.[1]","title":"Geosyncline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"James Dwight Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen11-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Émile Haug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Haug"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen25-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen26-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen26-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen43-6"},{"link_name":"Leopold Kober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Kober"},{"link_name":"Hans Stille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Stille"},{"link_name":"contracting Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracting_Earth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen23-7"},{"link_name":"Eduard Suess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Suess"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener"},{"link_name":"Émile Argand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Argand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen23-7"},{"link_name":"continental drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen24-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen30-9"},{"link_name":"John F. Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Dewey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Celâl Şengör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen43-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen44-11"}],"text":"The geosyncline concept was first conceived by the American geologists James Hall and James Dwight Dana in the mid-19th century, during the classic studies of the Appalachian Mountains.[1][3] Émile Haug further developed the geosyncline concept, and introduced it to Europe in 1900.[4][5] Eduard Suess, a leading geologist of his time, disapproved the concept of geosyncline, and in 1909 he argued against its use due to its association with outdated theories.[5][6] This did not prevent further development of the concept in the first half of the 20th century by Leopold Kober and Hans Stille, both of whom worked on a contracting Earth framework.[7]The continued development of the geosyncline theory by Stille and Kober following the publication of Eduard Suess' Das Antlitz der Erde from 1885 to 1909 was not unchallenged, as another school of thought was led by Alfred Wegener and Émile Argand.[7] This competing view rejected the premise of planetary contraction, and argued that orogeny was the result of continental drift.[8] These two views can be called \"fixist\", in the case of geosyncline theory, and \"mobilist\" for the support of continental drift.[9]Even as continental drift became generally accepted, the concept of geosynclines persisted in geological science. In 1970, John F. Dewey and John M. Bird adapted the geosyncline to plate tectonics.[10] The term continued to have usage within a plate tectonics framework in the 1980s, although as early as 1982, Celâl Şengör argued against its use, in light of its association with discredited geological ideas.[6][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth's contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracting_Earth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen26-5"},{"link_name":"kratogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen28-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen29-13"},{"link_name":"epeirogenic uplifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epeirogenic_movement"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen29-13"},{"link_name":"eroded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"sediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen11-1"},{"link_name":"faulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen25-4"},{"link_name":"Gustav Steinmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Steinmann"},{"link_name":"ophiolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiolite"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN682-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN682-14"},{"link_name":"ophiolitic magmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiolite"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN682-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen33-15"},{"link_name":"mid-ocean ridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge"},{"link_name":"extensional tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen28-12"},{"link_name":"sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen33-15"}],"text":"Dana and Stille supposed that the collapse of geosynclines into orogens was result of the Earth's contraction over time.[5] In Stille and Kober's view, geosynclines and orogens were the unstable parts of the Earth's crust, in stark contrast with the very stable kratogens.[12][13] Stille theorized that the contractional forces responsible for geosynclines also formed epeirogenic uplifts, resulting in a pattern of undulation in the Earth's crust. According to this view, regular, episodic global revolutions caused geosynclines to collapse, forming orogens.[13] According to Kober and Stille, developing geosynclinal depressions were accompanied by uplifted geanticlines, which then eroded, providing sediments that filled the geosynclinal basin.[1] According to Stille, geosynclines were formed from crustal folding rather than faulting; if faults were present in geosynclines, they were the product of later processes, such as the final collapse of the geosyncline.[4]Gustav Steinmann interpreted ophiolites using the geosyncline concept. He theorized that the apparent lack of ophiolite in the Peruvian Andes was indebted either to the Andes being preceded by a shallow geosyncline, or because the Andes represented just the margin of a geosyncline.[14] Steinmann contributed this correlation to the distinction between Cordilleran and Alpine-type mountains.[14] According to Stille, a type of geosyncline called a \"eugeosyncline\" was characterized by producing an \"initial magmatism\", which in some cases corresponded to ophiolitic magmatism.[14]With respect to oceanic basins, Kober held them to be separate and distinct from geosynclines.[15] He nonetheless believed that mid-ocean ridges were orogens, although Stille disagreed, asserting that they were places of extensional tectonics, as exemplified by Iceland.[12] Meanwhile, Argand argued that geosynclines, sufficiently attenuated through stretching, could become oceans basins, as a material called \"sima\" surfaced.[15]","title":"Geosynclinal theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Şengör, Celâl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Miyashiro, Akiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiho_Miyashiro"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-103764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-103764"}],"text":"King, Philip B. (1977) The Evolution of North America, Revised edition, Princeton University Press, pp 54–58\nKay, Marshall (1951) North American Geosyncline: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 48, 143pp.\nŞengör, Celâl (1982). \"Classical theories of orogenesis\". In Miyashiro, Akiho; Aki, Keiiti; Şengör, Celâl (eds.). Orogeny. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-103764.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Development of a mountain range by sedimentation of a geosyncline and isostatic uplifting. This is the \"collapse\" of the geosyncline.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geosinclinal%2C_2016.svg/280px-Geosinclinal%2C_2016.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Syncline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncline"},{"title":"Anticline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline"},{"title":"Isostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostasy"}]

[{"reference":"Dewey, John F.; Bird, John M. (1970). \"Plate tectonics and geosynclines\". Tectonophysics. 10 (5–6): 625–638. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(70)90050-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2870%2990050-8","url_text":"10.1016/0040-1951(70)90050-8"}]},{"reference":"Şengör, Celâl (1982). \"Classical theories of orogenesis\". In Miyashiro, Akiho; Aki, Keiiti; Şengör, Celâl (eds.). Orogeny. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-103764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r","url_text":"Şengör, Celâl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiho_Miyashiro","url_text":"Miyashiro, Akiho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-103764","url_text":"0-471-103764"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouell%C3%A9_Department

Ouellé Department

["1 History","2 Notes"]

Coordinates: 7°18′N 4°01′W / 7.300°N 4.017°W / 7.300; -4.017This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ouellé Department" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Department in Iffou, Ivory CoastOuellé Department Département de OuelléDepartmentLocation (dark green) in Iffou region (light green) in Ivory Coast. Ouellé Department has retained the same boundaries since its creation in 2020.Country Ivory CoastRegionIffou2020Established via a division of Daoukro DeptDepartmental seatOuelléGovernment • PrefectNana SoroArea • Total1,578 km2 (609 sq mi)Population (2021 census) • Total56,501 • Density36/km2 (93/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Ouellé Department is a department of Iffou Region, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 56,501 and its seat is the settlement of Ouellé. The sub-prefectures of the department are Ouellé, Akpassanou, and Ananda. History Ouellé Department was created in 2020 by taking 3 sub-prefectures from the Daoukro Department. Ouellé Department is the most recently created department in Ivory Coast. Notes ^ a b "Le premier préfet du département de Ouellé présenté à la population". Agence Ivoire Presse, 22 January 2021. ^ Citypopulation.de Population of the regions and departments of Ivory Coast ^ Government of Côte d'Ivoire. Communiqué du conseil des ministres du 23 septembre 2020. vteDepartments of Ivory CoastAbidjan Autonomous District Abidjan (2) Bas-Sassandra DistrictGbôklé Region Fresco (77) Sassandra (38) Nawa Region Buyo (96) Guéyo (78) Méagui (104) Soubré (41) San-Pédro Region San-Pédro (37) Tabou (42) Comoé DistrictIndénié-Djuablin Region Abengourou (1) Agnibilékrou (6) Bettié (73) Sud-Comoé Region Aboisso (3) Adiaké (51) Grand-Bassam (55) Tiapoum (92) Denguélé DistrictFolon Region Kaniasso (81) Minignan (68) Kabadougou Region Gbéléban (100) Madinani (67) Odienné (34) Samatiguila (88) Séguélon (105) Gôh-Djiboua DistrictGôh Region Gagnoa (24) Oumé (35) Lôh-Djiboua Region Divo (21) Guitry (79) Lakota (30) Lacs DistrictBélier Region Didievi (61) Djékanou (98) Tiébissou (57) Toumodi (47) Iffou Region Daoukro (19) M'Bahiakro (33) Ouellé (109) Prikro (64) Moronou Region Arrah (71) Bongouanou (11) M'Batto (84) N'Zi Region Bocanda (53) Dimbokro (20) Kouassi-Kouassikro (102) Lagunes DistrictAgnéby-Tiassa Region Agboville (5) Sikensi (65) Taabo (107) Tiassalé (45) Grands-Ponts Region Dabou (54) Grand-Lahou (25) Jacqueville (56) La Mé Region Adzopé (4) Akoupé (60) Alépé (52) Yakassé-Attobrou (94) Montagnes DistrictCavally Region Bloléquin (59) Guiglo (26) Taï (108) Toulépleu (58) Guémon Region Bangolo (7) Duékoué (22) Facobly (99) Kouibly (62) Tonkpi Region Biankouma (9) Danané (18) Man (31) Sipilou (106) Zouan-Hounien (66) Sassandra-Marahoué DistrictHaut-Sassandra Region Daloa (17) Issia (27) Vavoua (48) Zoukougbeu (95) Marahoué Region Bonon (110) Bouaflé (12) Gohitafla (111) Sinfra (40) Zuénoula (50) Savanes DistrictBagoué Region Boundiali (15) Kouto (83) Tengréla (44) Poro Region Dikodougou (75) Korhogo (29) M'Bengué (103) Sinématiali (90) Tchologo Region Ferkessédougou (23) Kong (101) Ouangolodougou (89) Vallée du Bandama DistrictGbêkê Region Béoumi (8) Botro (74) Bouaké (13) Sakassou (36) Hambol Region Dabakala (16) Katiola (28) Niakaramandougou (85) Woroba DistrictBafing Region Koro (82) Ouaninou (87) Touba (46) Béré Region Dianra (97) Kounahiri (69) Mankono (32) Worodougou Region Kani (80) Séguéla (39) Yamoussoukro Autonomous District Attiégouakro (72) Yamoussoukro (49) Zanzan DistrictBounkani Region Bouna (14) Doropo (76) Nassian (63) Téhini (91) Gontougo Region Bondoukou (10) Koun-Fao (70) Sandégué (89) Tanda (93) Transua (43) Defunct departments Centre (1961–69) Centre-Ouest (1963–69) Est (1963–69) Nord (1961–69) Ouest (1961–69) Sud (1961–69) vte Departments and sub-prefectures of Iffou Region, Lacs DistrictRegional seat: DaoukroDaoukro Department Daoukro* Ettrokro* N'Gattakro Samanza M'Bahiakro Department Bonguéra Kondossou M'Bahiakro* Ouellé Department Akpassanou Ananda Ouellé* Prikro Department Anianou Famienkro Koffi-Amonkro Nafana Prikro* * also a commune 7°18′N 4°01′W / 7.300°N 4.017°W / 7.300; -4.017

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Iffou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iffou_Region"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Ouellé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouell%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"sub-prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Ouellé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouell%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Akpassanou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpassanou"},{"link_name":"Ananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda"}],"text":"Department in Iffou, Ivory CoastOuellé Department is a department of Iffou Region, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 56,501 and its seat is the settlement of Ouellé. The sub-prefectures of the department are Ouellé, Akpassanou, and Ananda.","title":"Ouellé Department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daoukro Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoukro_Department"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prefect-1"}],"text":"Ouellé Department was created in 2020 by taking 3 sub-prefectures from the Daoukro Department.[3][1] Ouellé Department is the most recently created department in Ivory Coast.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prefect_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prefect_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Le premier préfet du département de Ouellé présenté à la population\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aipci.net/cote-divoire-aip-le-premier-prefet-du-departement-de-ouelle-presente-a-la-population/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Citypopulation.de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citypopulation.de/en/ivorycoast/admin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Communiqué du conseil des ministres du 23 septembre 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gouv.ci/doc/1600894198COMMUNIQUE-DU-CONSEIL-DES-MINISTRES-DU-MERCREDI-23-SEPTEMBRE-2020.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Departments_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Departments of Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Abidjan Autonomous District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan_Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Departments_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_with_census_codes_(2020-).svg"},{"link_name":"Bas-Sassandra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Sassandra_District"},{"link_name":"Gbôklé Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%B4kl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco_Department"},{"link_name":"Sassandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassandra_Department"},{"link_name":"Nawa Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa_Region"},{"link_name":"Buyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyo_Department"},{"link_name":"Guéyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9yo_Department"},{"link_name":"Méagui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9agui_Department"},{"link_name":"Soubré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubr%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"San-Pédro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San-P%C3%A9dro_Region"},{"link_name":"San-Pédro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San-P%C3%A9dro_Department"},{"link_name":"Tabou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabou_Department"},{"link_name":"Comoé District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Indénié-Djuablin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%A9ni%C3%A9-Djuablin"},{"link_name":"Abengourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abengourou_Department"},{"link_name":"Agnibilékrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnibil%C3%A9krou_Department"},{"link_name":"Bettié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Sud-Comoé Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Como%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Aboisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboisso_Department"},{"link_name":"Adiaké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiak%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Grand-Bassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Bassam_Department"},{"link_name":"Tiapoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiapoum_Department"},{"link_name":"Denguélé District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengu%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Folon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folon_Region"},{"link_name":"Kaniasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniasso_Department"},{"link_name":"Minignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minignan_Department"},{"link_name":"Kabadougou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabadougou"},{"link_name":"Gbéléban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%A9l%C3%A9ban_Department"},{"link_name":"Madinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinani_Department"},{"link_name":"Odienné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odienn%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Samatiguila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatiguila_Department"},{"link_name":"Séguélon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gu%C3%A9lon_Department"},{"link_name":"Gôh-Djiboua District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B4h-Djiboua_District"},{"link_name":"Gôh Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B4h"},{"link_name":"Gagnoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnoa_Department"},{"link_name":"Oumé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oum%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Lôh-Djiboua Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4h-Djiboua"},{"link_name":"Divo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divo_Department"},{"link_name":"Guitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitry_Department"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_Department"},{"link_name":"Lacs District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacs_District"},{"link_name":"Bélier Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lier_Region"},{"link_name":"Didievi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi%C3%A9vi_Department"},{"link_name":"Djékanou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A9kanou_Department"},{"link_name":"Tiébissou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9bissou_Department"},{"link_name":"Toumodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toumodi_Department"},{"link_name":"Iffou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iffou"},{"link_name":"Daoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoukro_Department"},{"link_name":"M'Bahiakro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Bahiakro_Department"},{"link_name":"Ouellé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Prikro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikro_Department"},{"link_name":"Moronou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moronou_Region"},{"link_name":"Arrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrah_Department"},{"link_name":"Bongouanou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongouanou_Department"},{"link_name":"M'Batto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Batto_Department"},{"link_name":"N'Zi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Zi_Region"},{"link_name":"Bocanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocanda_Department"},{"link_name":"Dimbokro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimbokro_Department"},{"link_name":"Kouassi-Kouassikro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouassi-Kouassikro_Department"},{"link_name":"Lagunes District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagunes_District"},{"link_name":"Agnéby-Tiassa Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A9by-Tiassa"},{"link_name":"Agboville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agboville_Department"},{"link_name":"Sikensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikensi_Department"},{"link_name":"Taabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taabo_Department"},{"link_name":"Tiassalé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiassal%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Grands-Ponts Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grands-Ponts"},{"link_name":"Dabou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabou_Department"},{"link_name":"Grand-Lahou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Lahou_Department"},{"link_name":"Jacqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueville_Department"},{"link_name":"La Mé Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Adzopé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzop%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Akoupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoup%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Alépé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9p%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Yakassé-Attobrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakass%C3%A9-Attobrou_Department"},{"link_name":"Montagnes District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnes_District"},{"link_name":"Cavally Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavally_Region"},{"link_name":"Bloléquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blol%C3%A9quin_Department"},{"link_name":"Guiglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiglo_Department"},{"link_name":"Taï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Department"},{"link_name":"Toulépleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toul%C3%A9pleu_Department"},{"link_name":"Guémon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Bangolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangolo_Department"},{"link_name":"Duékoué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C3%A9kou%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Facobly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facobly_Department"},{"link_name":"Kouibly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouibly_Department"},{"link_name":"Tonkpi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkpi"},{"link_name":"Biankouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biankouma_Department"},{"link_name":"Danané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danan%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Department"},{"link_name":"Sipilou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipilou_Department"},{"link_name":"Zouan-Hounien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouan-Hounien_Department"},{"link_name":"Sassandra-Marahoué District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassandra-Marahou%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Haut-Sassandra Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Sassandra"},{"link_name":"Daloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daloa_Department"},{"link_name":"Issia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issia_Department"},{"link_name":"Vavoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavoua_Department"},{"link_name":"Zoukougbeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoukougbeu_Department"},{"link_name":"Marahoué Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marahou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonon_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bouaflé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouafl%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Gohitafla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gohitafla_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinfra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfra_Department"},{"link_name":"Zuénoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%C3%A9noula_Department"},{"link_name":"Savanes District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanes_District"},{"link_name":"Bagoué Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Boundiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundiali_Department"},{"link_name":"Kouto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouto_Department"},{"link_name":"Tengréla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengr%C3%A9la_Department"},{"link_name":"Poro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poro_Region"},{"link_name":"Dikodougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikodougou_Department"},{"link_name":"Korhogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korhogo_Department"},{"link_name":"M'Bengué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Bengu%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Sinématiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A9matiali_Department"},{"link_name":"Tchologo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchologo"},{"link_name":"Ferkessédougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkess%C3%A9dougou_Department"},{"link_name":"Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Department"},{"link_name":"Ouangolodougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouangolodougou_Department"},{"link_name":"Vallée du Bandama District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_du_Bandama_District"},{"link_name":"Gbêkê Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%AAk%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Béoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9oumi_Department"},{"link_name":"Botro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botro_Department"},{"link_name":"Bouaké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouak%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Sakassou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakassou_Department"},{"link_name":"Hambol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambol"},{"link_name":"Dabakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabakala_Department"},{"link_name":"Katiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiola_Department"},{"link_name":"Niakaramandougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niakaramandougou_Department"},{"link_name":"Woroba District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woroba_District"},{"link_name":"Bafing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafing_Region"},{"link_name":"Koro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_Department"},{"link_name":"Ouaninou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouaninou_Department"},{"link_name":"Touba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touba_Department"},{"link_name":"Béré Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Region"},{"link_name":"Dianra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianra_Department"},{"link_name":"Kounahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kounahiri_Department"},{"link_name":"Mankono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankono_Department"},{"link_name":"Worodougou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worodougou"},{"link_name":"Kani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani_Department"},{"link_name":"Séguéla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gu%C3%A9la_Department"},{"link_name":"Yamoussoukro Autonomous District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro"},{"link_name":"Attiégouakro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atti%C3%A9gouakro_Department"},{"link_name":"Yamoussoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro_Department"},{"link_name":"Zanzan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzan_District"},{"link_name":"Bounkani Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounkani"},{"link_name":"Bouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouna_Department"},{"link_name":"Doropo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doropo_Department"},{"link_name":"Nassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassian_Department"},{"link_name":"Téhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9hini_Department"},{"link_name":"Gontougo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gontougo"},{"link_name":"Bondoukou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondoukou_Department"},{"link_name":"Koun-Fao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koun-Fao_Department"},{"link_name":"Sandégué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%C3%A9gu%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Tanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_Department"},{"link_name":"Transua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transua_Department"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Department_(Ivory_Coast)"},{"link_name":"Centre-Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-Ouest_Department"},{"link_name":"Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est_Department"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Department_(Ivory_Coast)"},{"link_name":"Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_Department_(Ivory_Coast)"},{"link_name":"Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Department_(Ivory_Coast)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iffou_Region_subdivisions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iffou_Region_subdivisions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iffou_Region_subdivisions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Iffou Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iffou"},{"link_name":"Lacs District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacs_District"},{"link_name":"Daoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoukro"},{"link_name":"Daoukro Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoukro_Department"},{"link_name":"Daoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoukro"},{"link_name":"Ettrokro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettrokro"},{"link_name":"N'Gattakro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Gattakro"},{"link_name":"Samanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iffou_region_locator_map_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.jpg"},{"link_name":"M'Bahiakro Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Bahiakro_Department"},{"link_name":"Bonguéra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongu%C3%A9ra"},{"link_name":"Kondossou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondossou"},{"link_name":"M'Bahiakro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Bahiakro"},{"link_name":"Ouellé Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Akpassanou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpassanou"},{"link_name":"Ananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Ouellé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouell%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Prikro Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikro_Department"},{"link_name":"Anianou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anianou"},{"link_name":"Famienkro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famienkro"},{"link_name":"Koffi-Amonkro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffi-Amonkro"},{"link_name":"Nafana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafana,_Lacs"},{"link_name":"Prikro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikro"},{"link_name":"7°18′N 4°01′W / 7.300°N 4.017°W / 7.300; -4.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ouell%C3%A9_Department&params=7_18_N_4_01_W_"}],"text":"^ a b \"Le premier préfet du département de Ouellé présenté à la population\". Agence Ivoire Presse, 22 January 2021.\n\n^ Citypopulation.de Population of the regions and departments of Ivory Coast\n\n^ Government of Côte d'Ivoire. Communiqué du conseil des ministres du 23 septembre 2020.vteDepartments of Ivory CoastAbidjan Autonomous District\nAbidjan (2)\nBas-Sassandra DistrictGbôklé Region\nFresco (77)\nSassandra (38)\nNawa Region\nBuyo (96)\nGuéyo (78)\nMéagui (104)\nSoubré (41)\nSan-Pédro Region\nSan-Pédro (37)\nTabou (42)\nComoé DistrictIndénié-Djuablin Region\nAbengourou (1)\nAgnibilékrou (6)\nBettié (73)\nSud-Comoé Region\nAboisso (3)\nAdiaké (51)\nGrand-Bassam (55)\nTiapoum (92)\nDenguélé DistrictFolon Region\nKaniasso (81)\nMinignan (68)\nKabadougou Region\nGbéléban (100)\nMadinani (67)\nOdienné (34)\nSamatiguila (88)\nSéguélon (105)\nGôh-Djiboua DistrictGôh Region\nGagnoa (24)\nOumé (35)\nLôh-Djiboua Region\nDivo (21)\nGuitry (79)\nLakota (30)\nLacs DistrictBélier Region\nDidievi (61)\nDjékanou (98)\nTiébissou (57)\nToumodi (47)\nIffou Region\nDaoukro (19)\nM'Bahiakro (33)\nOuellé (109)\nPrikro (64)\nMoronou Region\nArrah (71)\nBongouanou (11)\nM'Batto (84)\nN'Zi Region\nBocanda (53)\nDimbokro (20)\nKouassi-Kouassikro (102)\nLagunes DistrictAgnéby-Tiassa Region\nAgboville (5)\nSikensi (65)\nTaabo (107)\nTiassalé (45)\nGrands-Ponts Region\nDabou (54)\nGrand-Lahou (25)\nJacqueville (56)\nLa Mé Region\nAdzopé (4)\nAkoupé (60)\nAlépé (52)\nYakassé-Attobrou (94)\nMontagnes DistrictCavally Region\nBloléquin (59)\nGuiglo (26)\nTaï (108)\nToulépleu (58)\nGuémon Region\nBangolo (7)\nDuékoué (22)\nFacobly (99)\nKouibly (62)\nTonkpi Region\nBiankouma (9)\nDanané (18)\nMan (31)\nSipilou (106)\nZouan-Hounien (66)\nSassandra-Marahoué DistrictHaut-Sassandra Region\nDaloa (17)\nIssia (27)\nVavoua (48)\nZoukougbeu (95)\nMarahoué Region\nBonon (110)\nBouaflé (12)\nGohitafla (111)\nSinfra (40)\nZuénoula (50)\nSavanes DistrictBagoué Region\nBoundiali (15)\nKouto (83)\nTengréla (44)\nPoro Region\nDikodougou (75)\nKorhogo (29)\nM'Bengué (103)\nSinématiali (90)\nTchologo Region\nFerkessédougou (23)\nKong (101)\nOuangolodougou (89)\nVallée du Bandama DistrictGbêkê Region\nBéoumi (8)\nBotro (74)\nBouaké (13)\nSakassou (36)\nHambol Region\nDabakala (16)\nKatiola (28)\nNiakaramandougou (85)\nWoroba DistrictBafing Region\nKoro (82)\nOuaninou (87)\nTouba (46)\nBéré Region\nDianra (97)\nKounahiri (69)\nMankono (32)\nWorodougou Region\nKani (80)\nSéguéla (39)\nYamoussoukro Autonomous District\nAttiégouakro (72)\nYamoussoukro (49)\nZanzan DistrictBounkani Region\nBouna (14)\nDoropo (76)\nNassian (63)\nTéhini (91)\nGontougo Region\nBondoukou (10)\nKoun-Fao (70)\nSandégué (89)\nTanda (93)\nTransua (43)\nDefunct departments\nCentre (1961–69)\nCentre-Ouest (1963–69)\nEst (1963–69)\nNord (1961–69)\nOuest (1961–69)\nSud (1961–69)vte Departments and sub-prefectures of Iffou Region, Lacs DistrictRegional seat: DaoukroDaoukro Department\nDaoukro*\nEttrokro*\nN'Gattakro\nSamanza\nM'Bahiakro Department\nBonguéra\nKondossou\nM'Bahiakro*\nOuellé Department\nAkpassanou\nAnanda\nOuellé*\nPrikro Department\nAnianou\nFamienkro\nKoffi-Amonkro\nNafana\nPrikro*\n* also a commune7°18′N 4°01′W / 7.300°N 4.017°W / 7.300; -4.017","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Archive

The Black Archive

["1 History","2 Published titles","3 Forthcoming titles","4 References","5 External links"]

Series of critical monographs about Doctor Who stories The Black ArchiveEditorPhilip Purser-Hallard, Stuart Douglas, Paul Driscoll, Kara DennisonCategoriesMedia studiesFrequencyBi-MonthlyFirst issue1 March 2016; 8 years ago (2016-03-01)CompanyObverse BooksCountryUnited KingdomBased inEdinburgh, ScotlandLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.blackarchive.co.uk The Black Archive is a series of critical monographs about selected individual Doctor Who stories, from the series' earliest history to the present day. Rather than focusing on behind-the-scenes production history as much Doctor Who fan scholarship has done, the series aims to analyse and explore the stories as broadcast. It has been described by Sci-Fi Bulletin as "a fascinating series of short books", and by Doctor Who Magazine as "a grandly ambitious thing to attempt with something as exhaustively detailed as Doctor Who. But they actually manage it." The series is edited by Stuart Douglas, Paul Driscoll, Kara Dennison and Philip Purser-Hallard, and is published by Obverse Books. Previous editors have included James Cooray Smith and Paul Simpson. The series showcases the criticism of prominent Doctor Who critics and authors such as Simon Bucher-Jones, James Cooray Smith, Simon Guerrier, Una McCormack, James F. McGrath, Fiona Moore, Jonathan Morris, Kate Orman, Ian Potter and Dale Smith, as well as of less established and new writers. It is named after the museum of alien artifacts seen in the Doctor Who stories "The Day of the Doctor" and "The Zygon Inversion". History The series was launched in March 2016 with the release of the first four books (on Rose (2005), The Massacre (1966), The Ambassadors of Death (1970) and "Dark Water" / "Death in Heaven" (2014)), to generally positive reviews. James Cooray Smith's book on The Massacre was singled out for particular praise for its placing the serial in its historical context, both that of its 1570s setting and that of its writing and production in the 1960s. Subsequent titles were published every two months and continued to gain consistently positive reviews. In 2018, the series moved to a monthly publication schedule: the books for that year were announced early in 2017. The tenth volume, on the 2003 Doctor Who webcast Scream of the Shalka, reprinted the detailed episode breakdown treatment for "Blood of the Robots", the commissioned but unmade sequel story by Simon Clark. The 25th book, on the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie, included a foreword by, and a new interview with, scriptwriter Matthew Jacobs, and others include new interviews with scriptwriter Chris Boucher and director Farren Blackburn. John Toon's Black Archive on Full Circle won the 2019 Sir Julius Vogel Award for Best Professional Production/Publication. and the same author's Black Archive on Paradise Towers won the 2023 Award in the same category. Published titles The Black Archive #1: Rose by Jon Arnold (March 2016) The Black Archive #2: The Massacre by James Cooray Smith (March 2016) The Black Archive #3: The Ambassadors of Death by L M Myles (March 2016) The Black Archive #4: Dark Water / Death in Heaven by Philip Purser-Hallard (March 2016) The Black Archive #5: Image of the Fendahl by Simon Bucher-Jones (May 2016) The Black Archive #6: Ghost Light by Jonathan Dennis (July 2016) The Black Archive #7: The Mind Robber by Andrew Hickey (September 2016) The Black Archive #8: Black Orchid by Ian Millsted (November 2016) The Black Archive #9: The God Complex by Paul Driscoll (January 2017) The Black Archive #10: Scream of the Shalka by Jon Arnold (March 2017) The Black Archive #11: The Evil of the Daleks by Simon Guerrier (May 2017) The Black Archive #12: Pyramids of Mars by Kate Orman (July 2017) The Black Archive #13: Human Nature / The Family of Blood by Naomi Jacobs and Philip Purser-Hallard (September 2017) The Black Archive #14: The Ultimate Foe by James Cooray Smith (November 2017) The Black Archive #15: Full Circle by John Toon (January 2018) The Black Archive #16: Carnival of Monsters by Ian Potter (February 2018) The Black Archive #17: The Impossible Planet / The Satan Pit by Simon Bucher-Jones (March 2018) The Black Archive #18: Marco Polo by Dene October (April 2018) The Black Archive #19: The Eleventh Hour by Jon Arnold (May 2018) The Black Archive #20: Face the Raven by Sarah Groenewegen (June 2018) The Black Archive #21: Heaven Sent by Kara Dennison (July 2018) The Black Archive #22: Hell Bent by Alyssa Franke (August 2018) The Black Archive #23: The Curse of Fenric by Una McCormack (September 2018) The Black Archive #24: The Time Warrior by Matthew Kilburn (October 2018) The Black Archive #25: Doctor Who (1996) by Paul Driscoll (November 2018) The Black Archive #26: The Dæmons by Matt Barber (December 2018) The Black Archive #27: The Face of Evil by Thomas L Rodebaugh (January 2019) The Black Archive #28: Love & Monsters by Niki Haringsma (February 2019) The Black Archive #29: The Impossible Astronaut / Day of the Moon by John Toon (March 2019) The Black Archive #30: The Dalek Invasion of Earth by Jonathan Morris (April 2019) The Black Archive #31: Warriors' Gate by Frank Collins (May 2019) The Black Archive #32: The Romans by Jacob Edwards (June 2019) The Black Archive #33: Horror of Fang Rock by Matthew Guerrieri (July 2019) The Black Archive #34: Battlefield by Philip Purser-Hallard (August 2019) The Black Archive #35: Timelash by Phil Pascoe (September 2019) The Black Archive #36: Listen by Dewi Small (October 2019) The Black Archive #37: Kerblam! by Naomi Jacobs and Thomas L Rodebaugh (November 2019) The Black Archive #38: The Sound of Drums / Last of the Time Lords by James Mortimer (December 2019) The Black Archive #39: The Silurians by Robert Smith? (January 2020) The Black Archive #40: The Underwater Menace by James Cooray Smith (April 2020) The Black Archive #41: Vengeance on Varos by Jonathan Dennis (April 2020) The Black Archive #42: The Rings of Akhaten by William Shaw (April 2020) The Black Archive #43: The Robots of Death by Fiona Moore (May 2020) The Black Archive #44: The Pandorica Opens / The Big Bang by Philip Bates (June 2020) The Black Archive #45: The Deadly Assassin by Andrew Orton (July 2020) The Black Archive #46: The Awakening by David Evans-Powell (August 2020) The Black Archive #47: The Stones of Blood by Katrin Thier (September 2020) The Black Archive #48: Arachnids in the UK by Sam Maleski (October 2020) The Black Archive #49: The Night of the Doctor by James Cooray Smith (November 2020) The Black Archive #50: The Day of the Doctor by Alasdair Stuart (December 2020) The Black Archive #51: Earthshock by Brian J Robb (February 2021) The Black Archive #52: The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos by James F McGrath (April 2021) The Black Archive #53: The Hand of Fear by Simon Bucher-Jones (June 2021) The Black Archive #54: Dalek by Billy Seguire (August 2021) The Black Archive #55: Invasion of the Dinosaurs by Jon Arnold (October 2021) The Black Archive #56: The Haunting of Villa Diodati by Philip Purser-Hallard (December 2021) The Black Archive #57: Vincent and the Doctor by Paul Driscoll (February 2022) The Black Archive #58: The Talons of Weng-Chiang by Dale Smith (April 2022) The Black Archive #59: Kill the Moon by Darren Mooney (June 2022) The Black Archive #60: The Sun Makers by Lewis Baston (August 2022) The Black Archive #61: Paradise Towers by John Toon (October 2022) The Black Archive #62: Kinda by Frank Collins (December 2022) The Black Archive #63: Flux edited by Paul Driscoll (essays by seven authors) (February 2023) The Black Archive #64: The Girl Who Died by Tom Marshall (April 2023) The Black Archive #65: The Myth Makers by Ian Potter (June 2023) The Black Archive #66: The Greatest Show in the Galaxy by Dale Smith (August 2023) The Black Archive #67: The Edge of Destruction by Simon Guerrier (October 2023) The Black Archive #67: The Happiness Patrol by Mike Stack (December 2023) The Black Archive #69: Midnight by Philip Purser-Hallard (February 2024) The Black Archive #70: Ascension of the Cybermen / The Timeless Children by Ryan Bradley (April 2024) The Black Archive #71: The Aztecs by Doris V Sutherland (June 2024) Forthcoming titles Silence in the Library / Forest of the Dead by Dale Smith Orphan 55 by Matthew Kresal A Christmas Carol by Jamie Beckwith and Leslie McMurtry Silver Nemesis by James Cooray Smith References ^ Doctor Who Magazine issue 498 p75. ^ As of August 2022, the earliest Doctor Who story to have a Black Archive title announced is The Edge of Destruction (1964), while the most recent is Flux (2021). ^ Interview: Philip Purser-Hallard takes us to the Black Archive by Kara Dennison, (Re)Generation Who. ^ Review: Doctor Who: Books: The Black Archive 3: The Ambassadors of Death by Paul Simpson. ^ a b Doctor Who Magazine issue 499 p72. ^ The Black Archive #1 - Rose by Kieron Moore, Starburst. ^ Review: The Black Archives (Dark Water/Death in Heaven) by Elizabeth Sandifer. ^ Review: Doctor Who: Books: The Black Archive 2: The Massacre by Paul Simpson. ^ Black Archive 2: The Massacre by Philip Bates ^ The Black Archive 10: Scream of the Shalka Reviewed ^ Doctor Who Books - The Black Archive 9: The God Complex ^ Post on the official Black Archive Facebook page. ^ Doctor Who Books - The Black Archive 10: Scream of the Shalka ^ Sir Julius Vogel Award Results - 2019 ^ "Sir Julius Vogel Award Winners – 2023 – SFFANZ Inc". Retrieved 26 November 2023. External links Obverse Books Black Archive website vteDoctor WhoProgrammeEpisodes 1963–1989 episodes 1996 film 2005–present episodes Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Radio stories Unmade serials Production Producers Script editors Writers Music theme music composers soundtrack releases Releases Home video Other home video Miscellaneous History United States and Canada Australia Whoniverse Fandom Popular culture Merchandise Awards and nominations Plot devicesCharacters The Doctor Doctors Time Lord Companions Supporting characters The Master Cast Creatures Cyberman Dalek Davros Great Intelligence Ice Warrior Judoon Sontaran Silurian Slitheen Weeping Angel Zygon Villains Robots Concepts Cardiff Rift Regeneration Sonic screwdriver TARDIS Time War Torchwood Institute UNIT Items Locations Gallifrey Skaro Related mediaSpin-offs K-9 and Company Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K9 Class Spin-off companions Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwmreview-5"},{"link_name":"Obverse Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_Books"},{"link_name":"James Cooray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cooray_Smith"},{"link_name":"Simon Bucher-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bucher-Jones"},{"link_name":"James Cooray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cooray_Smith"},{"link_name":"Simon Guerrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Guerrier"},{"link_name":"Una McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_McCormack"},{"link_name":"James F. McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._McGrath"},{"link_name":"Fiona Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Moore"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Morris_(author)"},{"link_name":"Kate Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Orman"},{"link_name":"Ian Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Potter_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Dale Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Smith_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Doctor"},{"link_name":"The Zygon Inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zygon_Inversion"}],"text":"The Black Archive is a series of critical monographs about selected individual Doctor Who stories, from the series' earliest history to the present day.[1][2] Rather than focusing on behind-the-scenes production history as much Doctor Who fan scholarship has done, the series aims to analyse and explore the stories as broadcast.[3] It has been described by Sci-Fi Bulletin as \"a fascinating series of short books\",[4] and by Doctor Who Magazine as \"a grandly ambitious thing to attempt with something as exhaustively detailed as Doctor Who. But they actually manage it.\"[5]The series is edited by Stuart Douglas, Paul Driscoll, Kara Dennison and Philip Purser-Hallard, and is published by Obverse Books. Previous editors have included James Cooray Smith and Paul Simpson. The series showcases the criticism of prominent Doctor Who critics and authors such as Simon Bucher-Jones, James Cooray Smith, Simon Guerrier, Una McCormack, James F. McGrath, Fiona Moore, Jonathan Morris, Kate Orman, Ian Potter and Dale Smith, as well as of less established and new writers. It is named after the museum of alien artifacts seen in the Doctor Who stories \"The Day of the Doctor\" and \"The Zygon Inversion\".","title":"The Black Archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_(Doctor_Who_episode)"},{"link_name":"The Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massacre_of_St_Bartholomew%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"The Ambassadors of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambassadors_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Dark Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Water_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Death in Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwmreview-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Scream of the Shalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_of_the_Shalka"},{"link_name":"Simon Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Clark_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(film)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Chris Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Boucher_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Farren Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farren_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Sir Julius Vogel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The series was launched in March 2016 with the release of the first four books (on Rose (2005), The Massacre (1966), The Ambassadors of Death (1970) and \"Dark Water\" / \"Death in Heaven\" (2014)), to generally positive reviews.[6][7] James Cooray Smith's book on The Massacre was singled out for particular praise for its placing the serial in its historical context, both that of its 1570s setting and that of its writing and production in the 1960s.[5][8][9]Subsequent titles were published every two months and continued to gain consistently positive reviews.[10][11] In 2018, the series moved to a monthly publication schedule: the books for that year were announced early in 2017.[12] The tenth volume, on the 2003 Doctor Who webcast Scream of the Shalka, reprinted the detailed episode breakdown treatment for \"Blood of the Robots\", the commissioned but unmade sequel story by Simon Clark.[13] The 25th book, on the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie, included a foreword by, and a new interview with, scriptwriter Matthew Jacobs, and others include new interviews with scriptwriter Chris Boucher and director Farren Blackburn.John Toon's Black Archive on Full Circle won the 2019 Sir Julius Vogel Award for Best Professional Production/Publication.[14] and the same author's Black Archive on Paradise Towers won the 2023 Award in the same category.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_(Doctor_Who_episode)"},{"link_name":"Jon Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massacre_of_St_Bartholomew%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"James Cooray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cooray_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Ambassadors of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambassadors_of_Death"},{"link_name":"L M Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L_M_Myles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dark Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Water_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Death in Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Philip Purser-Hallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Purser-Hallard"},{"link_name":"Image of the Fendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_the_Fendahl"},{"link_name":"Simon Bucher-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bucher-Jones"},{"link_name":"Ghost Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Light_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Dennis_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Mind Robber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mind_Robber"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hickey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Orchid_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Ian Millsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Millsted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The God Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Complex"},{"link_name":"Paul Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Driscoll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scream of the Shalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_of_the_Shalka"},{"link_name":"The Evil of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_of_the_Daleks"},{"link_name":"Simon Guerrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Guerrier"},{"link_name":"Pyramids of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"Kate Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Orman"},{"link_name":"Human Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Nature_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Family of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"Naomi Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Foe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Foe"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"John Toon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Toon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Ian Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Potter_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Planet"},{"link_name":"The Satan Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satan_Pit"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Dene October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dene_October&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Face the Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_the_Raven"},{"link_name":"Sarah Groenewegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Groenewegen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heaven Sent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Sent_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Kara Dennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara_Dennison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hell Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Bent_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Alyssa Franke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alyssa_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Curse of Fenric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Fenric"},{"link_name":"Una McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_McCormack"},{"link_name":"The Time Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Matthew Kilburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Kilburn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Dæmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D%C3%A6mons"},{"link_name":"Matt Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Barber_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Face of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"Thomas L Rodebaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_L_Rodebaugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Love & Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_%26_Monsters_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Niki Haringsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niki_Haringsma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Day of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Dalek Invasion of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalek_Invasion_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Morris_(author)"},{"link_name":"Warriors' Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors%27_Gate"},{"link_name":"Frank Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Collins_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Romans_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Edwards_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horror of Fang Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_of_Fang_Rock"},{"link_name":"Matthew Guerrieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Guerrieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Timelash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelash"},{"link_name":"Phil Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phil_Pascoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Dewi Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewi_Small&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kerblam!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerblam!"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Drums"},{"link_name":"Last of the Time Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Time_Lords"},{"link_name":"James Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Mortimer_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Silurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_and_the_Silurians"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Smith%3F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Underwater Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underwater_Menace"},{"link_name":"Vengeance on Varos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_on_Varos"},{"link_name":"The Rings of Akhaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rings_of_Akhaten"},{"link_name":"William Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Shaw_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Robots of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robots_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Fiona Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Pandorica Opens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pandorica_Opens"},{"link_name":"The Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Philip Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Bates_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Deadly Assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Assassin"},{"link_name":"Andrew Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Orton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awakening_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"David Evans-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Evans-Powell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Stones of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"Katrin Thier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Thier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arachnids in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnids_in_the_UK"},{"link_name":"Sam Maleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Maleski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Doctor"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Alasdair Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alasdair_Stuart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Earthshock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthshock"},{"link_name":"Brian J Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_J_Robb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Ranskoor_Av_Kolos"},{"link_name":"James F McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._McGrath"},{"link_name":"The Hand of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hand_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Dalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek_(Doctor_Who_episode)"},{"link_name":"Billy Seguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Seguire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"The Haunting of Villa 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Do_Better

Better Do Better

["1 History","2 Design","3 Track listings","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"]

2006 single by Hard-Fi "Better Do Better"Single by Hard-Fifrom the album Stars of CCTV Released10 April 2006 (2006-04-10)RecordedStaines, 2004Genreindie rock, post-punk, alternative rockLength4:41LabelAtlantic, NecessarySongwriter(s)Richard ArcherProducer(s)Wolsey White, Richard ArcherHard-Fi singles chronology "Cash Machine" (2005) "Better Do Better" (2006) "Suburban Knights" (2007) "Better Do Better" is the fifth single from English band Hard-Fi, taken from their 2005 debut album, Stars of CCTV. It was released on 10 April 2006, when it reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, sharing a similar chart success with all the other singles released from Stars of CCTV. The video was directed by Richard Skinner with Alex Smith acting as cinematographer. The Maxi CD version of the single contains exclusive U-MYX software to create a mix of "Hard to Beat". The song features in the Torchwood episode "Small Worlds". History Compared to the rest of the Stars of CCTV album, this song has a much darker feel which is most probably due to what the song is about and features saxophones and trumpets played by Kellie Santin and Nick Etwell. The track is about a relationship that's over. However it appears as if the girlfriend of Richard Archer wants to get back together after having an affair. The lyrics suggest he will have none of this "I'll tell you how it's gonna be, don't you never, ever come near me". While at times the speaker shows reflective emotions about the initial break up, he also seems quite angry and aggressive towards his ex, with the line "Your face makes me wanna be sick." The B-side "Polish Love Song" was recorded in one take backstage at the Kansas City Grand Emporium. The song pleads the case for illegal immigrant workers coming from Eastern Europe. Design The single was created, designed and photographed by Aaron Hinchion and Matt Gibbins of communications agency ALBION. The CD cover opens up to give a bigger insight to the story told in the music. For Better Do Better it was about placing the phone in the appropriate context. The phone sits on a pub table and shows us that Tina is being deleted from the contacts list. The Tina mentioned on some of the sleeves formed a subplot throughout all the single releases, most notably on the cover for Better do Better, which probably suggests the girl in the song is "Tina". She later became a bit of a talking point both in the music press and on the fan forums. The Hard-Fi CCTV camera icon also appeared subtly on every cover in different forms. Like all of the Hard-Fi releases, various formats carried subtle changes to differentiate them on the shelf. Making them all collectable. Better Do Better's delete message was in various stages of completion on the CD cover and 7-inch sleeve. Track listings CD single Better Do Better Polish Love Song Maxi CD Better Do Better Polish Love Song Better Do Better (Video) Hard To Beat (U-MYX Format) 7-inch Better Do Better Better Do Better (Wrongtom Wild Inna 81 Version) Charts Chart (2005) Peakposition UK Singles Chart 14 UK Download Chart 28 References ^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. 8 April 2006. p. 25. ^ Hard-Fi - Better Do Better ^ a b Hard-Fi - Better Do Better ^ "Hard-Fi : Lyrics". Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2008. ^ Hard-fi - Better Do Better External links Better Do Better at Discogs "Better Do Better" on YouTube vteHard-Fi Richard Archer Steve Kemp Ross Phillips Kai Stephens Studio albumsand singlesStars of CCTV (2005) "Cash Machine" "Tied Up Too Tight" "Hard to Beat" "Living for the Weekend" "Better Do Better" Once Upon a Time in the West (2007) "Suburban Knights" "Can't Get Along (Without You)" "I Shall Overcome" Killer Sounds (2011) "Good for Nothing" "Fire in the House" " Bring It On" Other albums In Operation (2006) Hard-Fi: Best of 2004–2014 (2014) Related topics Discography Necessary Records

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[]

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