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{ "en": "Tomoito's son, the sixteenth-generation kichizaemon Tomonari SUMITOMO, was also a Araragi-ha poet and was on close terms with Mokichi SAITO and Jun KAWADA (who was also an executive at the Sumitomo main office).", "ja": "その子十六代目吉左衛門住友友成はアララギ派の歌人でもあり、斉藤茂吉、川田順（住友本社の重役でもあった）とも交流があった。" }

{ "en": "Incidentally, it was from the third-generation head of the Sumitomo family, Tomonobu SUMITOMO (son of Tomomochi), that the heads of the Sumitomo family began calling themselves \"Kichizaemon.\"", "ja": "なお、住友家当主が「吉左衛門」を名乗るようになったのは、三代当主住友友信（友以の子）からである。" }

{ "en": "The Sumitomo Family in Sumitomo Zaibatsu, specifically since Tomoito SUMITOMO, took the position, \"(He) reigns but does not govern.\"", "ja": "住友財閥における住友家、特に住友友純以降のそれは「君臨すれども統治せず」の立場をとった。" }

{ "en": "All the duties of the successive Kichizaemon as president of the zaibatsu (main company) are the repository of trust in the head of the directors of the main Sumitomo company (Sumitomo Limited Partnership Corporation); therefore, the successive Kichizaemon did not give any specific orders to the individual businesses.", "ja": "財閥本社社長たる歴代吉左衛門の仕事は、究極的には財閥の事実上の最高権力者である住友本社（住友合資会社）総理事の信認に尽きるといってよく、個々の事業に口を差し挟む事はなかった。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, although Kanichi and Moto, who were brothers of the sixteenth-generation Kichizaemon Tomonari, were stockholders of the Sumitomo main company, they were never named as executives of the main company or any of its subsidiary companies.", "ja": "また、16代目吉左衛門友成の兄弟である寛一・元夫は住友本社の株主ではあったが、本社はもちろん傘下事業の役員にも名を連ねることはなかった。" }

{ "en": "This tendency has in fact existed since the Edo period (there were many cases where family heads were not engaged in management because they were in infancy or in poor health, or for other reasons, and consequently the so-called \"ohbanto\" would control the business).", "ja": "この傾向は実は江戸時代から存在していたが（当主が幼少、病弱その他の理由などで、経営に関わらなかったケースが多く、実権はいわゆる「大番頭」が握っていた）。" }

{ "en": "Since the Meiji era, when the Companies Act was established on one hand while, on the other hand, Tomoito SUMITOMO (who had no experience as a businessman since he was from the Miyatake Family of old court nobility) became the family head, this tendency became more prominent.", "ja": "一方で会社法が整備され、他方で旧公家宮武家出身で実業家としての経験がない友純が当主となった明治に入ってからは、一層顕著になった。" }

{ "en": "However, this does not mean there was any kind of tension between the Zaibatsu Family and executives of the Zaibatsu main company or the subsidiary companies, as the Mitsui Zaibatsu had.", "ja": "但し、三井財閥のように、財閥家族と財閥本社役員及び傘下企業の間に一種の緊張関係があった訳ではなかった。" }

{ "en": "As symbolized by the fact that Kichizaemon was called \"Kacho-sama,\" extremely high respect was accorded to the Kichizaemon, from the high-ranking position of head of the directors down to the rank and file, and the successive Kichizaemon elevated the Sumitomo name through the cultural enterprise on one hand while on the other hand trying to raise the corporate morale as the family head and president of the Zaibatsu main company.", "ja": "吉左衛門を「家長様」と呼んでいた事に象徴されるように、上は総理事から下は一般社員までに至る吉左衛門に対する敬愛の念はすこぶる高く、歴代吉左衛門もまた、一方では文化事業を通じて住友の名を高め、他方では家長・財閥本社社長として企業モラルの引き締めの任に当たっていた。" }

{ "en": "In November 1947, in an effort to disperse the power to control business by the Zaibatsu family and to break up the human relationships, the Zaibatsu family was designated and \"zaibatsu douzoku shihairyoku haijo hou '48 [Law for the Termination of Zaibatsu Family Control] was established.", "ja": "財閥家族の企業支配力を分散し、人的関係の切断がはかられたのが、財閥家族の指定であり、そして昭和22年11月に成立した「財閥同族支配力排除法」であった。" }

{ "en": "The Holding Company Liquidation Commission, in accordance with the order by the forces of the Allied Occupation, selected the standards by which to determine the scope of the Zaibatsu family as follows:", "ja": "持株会社整理委員会は、占領軍当局の指令を受けて、財閥家族の範囲を確定する基準を下記のように選択した。" }

{ "en": "According to the above-mentioned standards, in February 1947 the following people among the Sumitomo Family were designated as the Zaibatsu family:", "ja": "以上の基準によって、昭和22年2月、住友家ではつぎのものが財閥家族に指定された" }

{ "en": "Hereinafter the Sumitomo Family since the Meiji era, as well as their relatives and marriages, will be described.", "ja": "ここでは、明治に入ってからの住友家とその親族・姻戚関係について述べる。" }

{ "en": "At the beginning of the Meiji era, the Sumitomo enterprise was run by Kichizaemon Tomochika (the twelfth-generation Kichizaemon) and his son Kichizaemon Tomotada (the thirteenth-generation Kichizaemon). Misfortune struck the Sumitomo family, however, with the passing of their male heirs when Tomochika and then Tomotada died in 1890.", "ja": "明治に入って、住友事業は12代目吉左衛門友親と、その子13代目吉左衛門友忠の下で営まれていたが、1890年に友親、友忠が相次いで亡くなり、男系相続者が途絶してしまう非運に見舞われる。" }

{ "en": "At that time the sorinin of the Sumitomo Family, Saihei HIROSE, and the manager of the Osaka main office, Teigo IBA, decided that Tomochika's wife Toku would succeed to the name of the fourteenth-generation Kichizaemon on one hand and that Takamaro TOKUDAIJI, from the Seiga Family, would be adopted as son-in-law to marry Tomotada's younger sister Masu, whereby the bloodline of the Sumitomo Family could be successfully maintained.", "ja": "この時、住友家総理人広瀬宰平と大阪本店支配人伊庭貞剛は、友親の妻・登久に14代目吉左衛門を襲名させる一方、友忠の妹・満寿の婿養子として清華家の徳大寺隆麿を迎え、住友家の命脈をつないだ。" }

{ "en": "Takamaro TOKUDAIJI became the fifteenth-generation Kichizaemon Tomoito SUMITOMO, as a brother of Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI and Kinmochi SAIONJI.", "ja": "これが15代目吉左衛門住友友純で、徳大寺実則、西園寺公望の実弟である。" }

{ "en": "In fact, during the Edo period the imperial bloodline of the Emperor Higashiyama was adopted by the Tokudaiji Family of the Seiga Family, and therefore the Sumitomo Family was entitled to the status of baron because the fifteenth-generation kichizaemon Tomoito was exchanged to the imperial bloodline of the early-modern history when traced back according to the male line.", "ja": "実はこの清華家の徳大寺家は江戸時代に東山天皇の皇胤が養子に入っており、15代目吉左衛門友純をもって住友男爵家は、男系でたどれば近世の天皇の皇胤系に入れ替わった。" }

{ "en": "(Family line according to male line: Higashiyama Emperor - Kanin-no-miya Imperial Prince Naohito - Sukehira TAKATSUKASA - Masahiro TAKATSUKASA - Masamichi TAKATSUKASA - Kinito TOKUDAIJI - Tomoito SUMITOMO)", "ja": "（男系系図：東山天皇━閑院宮直仁親王━鷹司輔平━鷹司政煕━鷹司政通━徳大寺公純━住友友純）" }

{ "en": "Tomoito SUMITOMO and his wife Masu, who was Tomochika's eldest daughter, had four sons (the third son died while still a child) and one daughter.", "ja": "住友友純は、友親の長女・満寿夫人との間に4男1女（3男は早世）をもうけた。" }

{ "en": "However, since the eldest son, Kanichi, was disinherited, the second son, Atsushi, became head of the Sumitomo family, adopting the name Kichizaemon Tomonari to become the sixteenth-generation Kichizaemon.", "ja": "しかしながら、長男の寛一は廃嫡となり、次男の厚が16代目吉左衛門友成として住友家を継いだ。" }

{ "en": "Kichizaemon Tomonari SUMITOMO married Haruko, a second daughter of the duke Hachiro SAIONJI, the former Togu-shoku Goyo-gakari (Kinmochi SAIONJI's daughter's husband, the eighth son of the duke Motonori MORI, a feudal lord of old Nagato-no-kuni, of the Domain of Yamaguchi (Domain of Choshu)).", "ja": "住友吉左衛門友成は元東宮職御用掛の公爵西園寺八郎（西園寺公望の女婿・旧長門国山口藩（長州藩）藩主・公爵毛利元徳の8男）の次女・春子と結婚した。" }

{ "en": "Tomonari and Haruko, as husband and wife, had no sons but had two daughters; the first daughter, Kuniko, married Ikumi (a science faculty professor at Tokyo University), who was the first son of Yukisada SASAKI, a former marquess who had served in the position of the former Isejingu Daiguji.", "ja": "友成・春子夫妻は男子に恵まれなかったものの2女をもうけ、長女・邦子は、旧侯爵・元伊勢神宮大宮司などを歴任した、佐々木行忠の長男行美（東京大学理学部教授）に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "The former marquess Yukisada SASAKI, an authority on Kokushi (national history), was appointed as head of Koten Kokyujo and president of Kokugakuin University in 1942, and then served as the president of Kokushi-henshu-in, Guji of Tokyo Daijingu in 1946 and Daiguji of Ise Jingu in 1951.", "ja": "旧侯爵・佐々木行忠は、昭和17年に皇典講究所長、國學院大學長にあげられ、さらに国史編修院総裁を経て、昭和21年に東京大神宮宮司、同26年には伊勢神宮大宮司に就任した国史の大家。" }

{ "en": "Yukisada's grandfather Takayuki SASAKI was privy councilor and a head of education for Harunomiya (Taisho Emperor).", "ja": "なお行忠の祖父高行は枢密顧問官で明宮（大正天皇）の御教養主任だった。" }

{ "en": "On the other hand, Tomonari and Haruko's second daughter Hiroko married Naoyuki (Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.), the second son of Masao ANZAI, who was formerly the president of Showa Denko K.K.", "ja": "一方友成・春子夫妻の次女・博子は、昭和電工元社長・安西正夫の次男・直之（三井不動産）に嫁いた。" }

{ "en": "Naoyuki's elder brother, in other words Masao's first son Takayuki ANZAI (the president of the former Showa Engineering Co., Ltd.), married Emiko, who was the second daughter of Hidezaburo SHODA, who was the president of the former Nisshin Seifun Group Inc. (the head office of which is now Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.).", "ja": "直之の兄、すなわち正夫の長男・安西孝之（元昭和エンジニアリング社長）は元日清製粉（現日清製粉グループ本社）社長・正田英三郎の次女・恵美子と結婚した。" }

{ "en": "Because Emiko's elder sister, or SHODA's first daughter, is Michiko (of the Imperial Family), the Sumitomo Family is related by marriage to the Imperial Family through the Anzai and Shoda families.", "ja": "恵美子の姉、すなわち正田の長女が美智子(皇室)であるので住友家は安西家・正田家を通じて皇室と姻戚関係でつながっている。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, because the person who married Naoyuki ANZAI's younger sister Kimiko was Kensuke HOTTA (Sumitomo Bank), the first son of Shozo HOTTA, who was Sodanyaku of Sumitomo Bank, Shozo HOTTA, who was the former Iincho of the Sumitomo family council after Shigeru OKAHASHI became related by Keibatsu, there was a Keibatsu blood connection to the Sumitomo Family through the Sodanyaku of Sumitomo Bank, at the soriji rank.", "ja": "また安西直之の妹公子を娶ったのが、住友銀行相談役堀田庄三の長男健介（住友銀行）であるから、岡橋林の跡を継いだ住友家評議員会の前委員長であった堀田庄三は、住友家の相談役、総理事格から、さらに踏み込んで、住友家と閨閥でつながった。" }

{ "en": "Hachiro Saionji's third son, Fujio SAIONJI, married the eldest daughter of Yoshisuke AYUKAWA and became the president of Nissan Kogyo K.K., a subsidiary company of the Nissan Konzern Company Group.", "ja": "なお西園寺八郎の三男・西園寺不二男は鮎川義介の長女を娶り、自らも日産コンツェルン傘下の日産興業社長に就いている。" }

{ "en": "Kinkazu SAIONJI, who was a former member of the House of Councilors and worked to improve ties between China and Japan, is the eldest son of Hachiro SAIONJI and the eldest brother of Haruko and Fujio.", "ja": "元参議院議員で日中友好に努めた西園寺公一は八郎の長男であり、春子や不二男の長兄にあたる。" }

{ "en": "Tomonari SUMITOMO's elder sister Takashi married Tadateru, the third son of Viscount Tadabumi TORI, who was the feudal lord of the domain of the former Mibu (30,000 koku); consequently, Tadateru changed his name to Tadateru SUMITOMO through his adoption as a son-in-law by the Sumitomo Family.", "ja": "住友友成の姉の孝は、旧壬生藩三万石の藩主鳥居忠文子爵三男忠輝（元住友本社取締役）を婿養子に迎えており住友忠輝と改名した。" }

{ "en": "Tomonari SUMITOMO's younger brother, Moto SUMITOMO, married Sueko, the seventh daughter of Earl Tadaie SAKAI, who was the feudal lord of the domain of the former Obama (14,000 koku).", "ja": "弟の住友元夫は、やはり旧小浜藩十万四千石の藩主酒井忠克（さかいただたえ）伯爵の七女寿枝子を娶っている。" }

{ "en": "Sueko's elder sister, Kaeko, married the former earl Yorihiro MATSUDAIRA (Riji of Hongo Gakuen), who was the descendant of the feudal lord of the domain of the former Takamatsu.", "ja": "寿枝子の姉香枝子は、旧高松藩主の末裔旧伯爵の松平頼明（まつだいらよりひろ、本郷学園理事）に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "Sueko's elder sister, Saeko, married a grandchild of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and her daughter Yuriko (niece of Sueko) married Kiyotaka CHINZEI (professor emeritus at Kyoto University), who was included on a list of important figures as a doctor (science) of paleontology.", "ja": "寿枝子の姉・小枝子は三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の孫に嫁ぎ、その娘・由利子（寿枝子の姪にあたる）は古生物学関連人物一覧で博士(理学)の鎮西清高（京都大学名誉教授）に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "Yuriko's elder brother and a nephew of Sueko, Yasuhide IWASAKI (the great-grandchild of Yataro and a professor emeritus at Kumamoto University) was, like CHINZEI, a paleontologist and a doctor of science.", "ja": "また、鎮西と同じく古生物学者で理学博士の岩崎泰頴（弥太郎の曾孫で熊本大学名誉教授）は由利子の兄であり、寿枝子の甥にあたる。" }

{ "en": "As mentioned above, since he devoted himself to painting when he was young, he lost his right to inheritance, and thereafter he lived as a painter and art collector and was on close terms with Ryusei KISHIDA.", "ja": "前述のとおり若くして絵画に傾倒したため廃嫡され、以後画家・美術品収集家として過ごし、岸田劉生とも交流を持った。" }

{ "en": "The tearoom of \"Murakami-tei,\" which is designated as an important building of the Kamakura City landscape, was transferred from Kanichi's house in Kamakura.", "ja": "また鎌倉市の景観重要建築物「村上邸」の茶室は、鎌倉にあった寛一邸から移築したものである。" }

{ "en": "Their eldest son, Tsutomu SUMITOMO, served as president of the former Sumitomo Business Consulting and Sumitomo Australia Development.", "ja": "長男の住友務は、元住友ビジネスコンサルティングと住友オーストラリア開発の会長を歴任した。" }

{ "en": "The eldest daughter of Tokuro IWASE married Kenzaburo, who was adopted by the eleventh-generation Shichi-zaemon MOGI, a member of the Kikkoman (Corporation) family.", "ja": "岩瀬徳郎の長女は、キッコーマン醤油一族である11代茂木七左衛門の養子賢三郎に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "Meanwhile, Tsutomu SUMITOMO's younger sister Fumiko married Yoshio MIWA, president of the former Mitsuwa Soap Corporation, and Yoshio's younger sister Satoko married Saheiji MOGI, the tenth president of the former Kikkoman Corporation.", "ja": "また、住友務の妹文子は、元ミツワ石鹸社長の三輪善雄に嫁いでいるが、善雄の妹の佐登子は、元キッコーマン醤油10代社長茂木佐平治に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "As a result, the family of Kanichi SUMITOMO, who was a brother of the Kichizaemon, was related to the Mogi Family by marriage twice over.", "ja": "そのため、当主吉左衛門の兄住友寛一一族は、茂木一族と二重結合の閨閥関係にある。" }

{ "en": "The second-generation Souichiro's wife, Chiyoko, is a daughter of Taisuke ITAGAKI, a politician who led Jiyu Minken Undo, the Democratic Rights Campaign.", "ja": "二代目総一郎の妻千代子は、自由民権運動の政治家・板垣退助の娘である。" }

{ "en": "He became the research chief of the Technical Department of Seikosho, the technical manager of Seikousho, the deputy head of Seikousho for Tomonari and a research manager at the same time; subsequently, he was the vice head of Chuo Gijutsu Kenkyusho, Chuo Technical, and then became the Torishimariyaku head of Chuo Gijutsu Kenkyusho, Chuo Technical Laboratory, in November 1962, became Jomu, and then took the position of Senmu in November 1970, Sodanyaku and chairman of Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd. in November 1972.", "ja": "製鋼所技術部研究課長、技術部長、同所長友成代理兼研究部長、中央技術研究所副所長を経て、昭和37年11月取締役中央技術研究所長となり、常務を経て、昭和45年11月専務に就任、同47年11月に相談役、住友精密工業会長となった。" }

{ "en": "Moto SUMITOMO's eldest son, Yoshio SUMITOMO, is also a doctor of engineering, having graduated from the Osaka University graduate school's doctoral course in basic engineering; however, since his uncle, family head Kichizaemon SUMITOMO, had no legitimate son to be an heir, Yoshio was adopted by the family head Kichizaemon.", "ja": "住友元夫の長男住友芳夫（住友金属工業）も、阪大大学院基礎工学研究科博士課程卒業の工学博士であるが、伯父の当主住友吉左衛門に嫡男がいないため、当主吉左衛門の養嗣子となっている。" }

{ "en": "As mentioned above, the Sumitomo Family had a close Keibatsu blood connection with former nobility over the two generations, starting with the previous generation.", "ja": "このように、住友家は先代と二代続いて、旧華族と密接な閨閥関係を結んでいる。" }

{ "en": "Speaking of the connection with the former noble, in addition to the descendant of Kanichi, the elder brother of the family head Kichizaemon, Mitsuko, who was the wife of the fourth child Toru, was a daughter of the former duke Hiromichi TAKATSUKASA.", "ja": "旧華族とのつながりといえば、当主吉左衛門の兄・寛一の子孫のほか、四男融が迎えた妻光子も旧公爵鷹司信輔の娘である。" }

{ "en": "The Takatsukasa family is the highest-ranking regent family of all the court noble families, and has a close connection with the Tokudaiji and Saionji families.", "ja": "鷹司家は、公卿の中でも最高の家柄である摂家であり、徳大寺家や西園寺家とは、代々深いつながりを持っている。" }

{ "en": "For example, Kinto TOKUDAIJI, the father of the family head (two generations ago) Tomoito SUMITOMO, Duke Kinmochi SAIONJI and Duke Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, who was the former grand chamberlain, was adopted from the Takatsukasa Family by the Tokudaiji Family.", "ja": "例えば、先々代の住友友純や西園寺公望公爵、そして元侍従長の徳大寺実則公爵などの父親である徳大寺公純は、もともと鷹司家から徳大寺家へ養子入りした人である。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, as Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI's eldest daughter Junko married Hiromichi TAKATSUKASA (an army major-general and the grand chamberlain), the father of Nobusuke TAKATSUKASA, the Takatsukasa and Tokudaiji families have a finely meshed pattern of strong blood connections.", "ja": "さらに、徳大寺実則の長女順子は、鷹司信輔の父である鷹司煕通（陸軍少将、侍従長）へ嫁ぐ、というように、鷹司家と徳大寺家は網の目のような連綿とした濃い血のつながりがある。" }

{ "en": "As mentioned above, the Sumitomo Family has a family line with a close Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection with former nobles, particularly the highest-ranking sekke--the Seiga Family--and if the Sumitomo Family is the western yokozuna among the old Zaibatsu, the Sumitomo Family also has a close connection with the Mitsui Family, the eastern yokozuna.", "ja": "このように、旧華族、しかも家格が最上位の摂家、清華家の家系と密接な閨閥関係にある住友家の家系であるが、住友家が旧財閥の西の横綱であるとしたらば、東の正横綱、三井家との幾重にも重なり会ったつながりがある。" }

{ "en": "In the Naramitsu Family, the younger sister of Masu was the wife of Motoito SUMITOMO, married Takayasu MITSUI (Morinosuke), who was the president of the former Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and the eighth-generation family head of the \"Mitsui-Nagasakacho Family,\" which was one of the Eleven Families of Mitsui.", "ja": "住友友純の妻満寿の妹楢光の嫁いだ先が、三井十一家の一つ「三井永坂町家」の八代目当主、元三井物産社長三井高泰（守之助）に嫁いでいる。" }

{ "en": "It is said that when Naramitsu married into the Mitsui Family, seven freight cars were hired to send wedding dresses from Osaka to Tokyo.", "ja": "楢光の嫁入りの時は、大阪から東京まで、７台の貨車を借り切って婚礼衣裳を送ったという。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, since Takayasu MITSUI's eldest son Takaatsu (the torishimariyaku of Mitsui & Co., Ltd.) married Reiko, who was younger sister of Hachiroemon MITSUI, the tenth-generation Hokke, being the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and heir, the Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection between the Sumitomo and Mitsui families is not only a simple bond between one family and another family but is also a genuine connection directly connecting the Honke and Soryo-ke families and heirs.", "ja": "しかも三井高泰の長男高篤（元三井物産取締役）は、三井総領家である北家十代の三井八郎右衛門（高棟）の妹礼子を妻にしているので、住友家と三井家の閨閥のつながりは、単に一族と一族との結合ではなく、本家と総領家が直接に結びついた本格的なものである。" }

{ "en": "Tomoko, who was the third daughter of Duke Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, who is the elder brother of the former generation of Kichizaemon, married Koju MITSUI of the Mitsui-Muromachi Family; and because Tsuruko, who was the eldest daughter of the former baron Norimaro Tokudaiji, who was the third son of Sanetsune and started the branch family, that is, the granddaughter of Sanetsune married Takanao MITSUI of the Mitsui-Shinmachi Family, which means Honke of the Sumitomo Family and Honke of the Mitsui Family have quadruple or quintuple Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connections.", "ja": "先代吉左衛門友純の実兄徳大寺実則公爵の三女奉子は、三井・室町家の三井高従に嫁いでおり、さらに実則の三男で分家した旧男爵徳大寺則麿の長女鶴子、つまり実則の孫娘が、やはり三井・新町家の三井高直に嫁いでいるので、住友と三井両本家は、四重、五重の閨閥関係にある。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, the former viscount Tadakazu TORI, who was the elder brother of Tadateru--a husband of the elder sister of the head of family Kichizaemon--married Hiroko, who was the eldest daughter of Hachiro-jiro, the eighth-generation Mitsui-Minami Family.", "ja": "また当主吉左衛門の姉婿忠輝の兄の旧子爵鳥居忠一も三井・南家八代八郎次郎の長女寛子を娶っている。" }

{ "en": "The Sumitomo Family has extensive connections by marriage with former nobles, particularly with the above-mentioned court noble families, as well as with five of the eleven Mitsui families (including the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and the heir); namely, the Hokke, Nagasakacho, Muromachi, Minami, and Shinmachi families.", "ja": "この公卿を中心とした旧華族と、三井総領家である、北家、永坂町家、室町家、南家、新町家と実に三井十一家のうち、総領家を含む三井の五家との閨閥の拡がりがある。" }

{ "en": "Every year on April 25, presidents, chairpersons and sodanyaku of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group gather to attend the \"Shido-sai\" held in \"Ariyoshi-en,\" which was historically a Sumitomo-ke Bettei in Shishigadani in Kyoto Higashiyama, where \"Gozan-no-okuribi\" is performed.", "ja": "例年4月25日に「五山の送り火」が行われる京都東山の麓鹿ヶ谷の住友家別邸だった「有芳園」で開かれる、「祠堂祭」に住友直系グループの社長や会長、相談役といった面々が集合する。" }

{ "en": "There is a small shrine called \"Hosendo\" in a corner of Ariyoshi-en, which covers an area of approximately 9,900 square meters.", "ja": "約3000坪をこえる園内の一隅にある「芳泉堂」と名付けられた小さな祠がある。" }

{ "en": "The year 1940 was the one in which the celebration of the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of the Japanese nation was held, but this year was also the 250th anniversary of the opening of the Besshidozan copper mine; and to enshrine the souls of the deceased successive Sumitomo family heads and the deceased executive officers of the old Sumitomo Honsha this shrine was designed by Eikichi HASEBE and built as a refined space where the tablets of the above-mentioned deceased people are enshrined.", "ja": "これは、昭和15年、日本紀元2600年の祝典が行われた年であったが、また住友では、別子銅山の開抗250年にあたる年で、歴代の住友家当主や旧住友本社幹部物故者の霊を祭るため、長谷部鋭吉の設計によって典雅な持仏堂として建立された。" }

{ "en": "The people who are allowed to attend \"Shido-sai\" are limited to those who are related to the Sumitomo Family and members of \"Hakusui-kai,\" which is a group for the presidents of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group and graduates of Hakusui-kai (former presidents).", "ja": "「祠堂祭」に参列を許されるのは、住友家ゆかりの者と、住友直系グループの社長会「白水会」のメンバーと、白水会卒業生（元社長）だけに限定されている。" }

{ "en": "That is, \"Shido-sai\" is a day on which the family head of the Sumitomo Family and the highest-ranking executive officers such as presidents, chairpersons and sodanyaku of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group gather once a year for the \"memorial service for the deceased.\"", "ja": "つまり「祠堂祭」は、住友家当主と住友直系企業グループの社長や会長、相談役らの最高経営責任者が、年に1度「物故者慰霊祭」のために、一堂に会する日である。" }

{ "en": "Amanohashidate is a scenic spot in Miyazu Bay, near Miyazu City in Kyoto Prefecture.", "ja": "天橋立（あまのはしだて）は、京都府宮津市の宮津湾にある景勝地である。" }

{ "en": "Amanohashidate is a sand spit (geologically, a sand bar) 3.2km long (Daitenkyo, Shotenkyo), lined with about 7,000 pine trees, and ranging in width from 20m to 170m at its base.", "ja": "天橋立は、約7,000本のマツ林が続く長さ3.2km（大天橋、小天橋）、幅20から付根が170mほどの砂嘴（さし）である（地学上では砂州）。" }

{ "en": "Miyazu Bay opens into the Aso Sea via Monju-no-kirido and Monju-no-suiro.", "ja": "阿蘇海からは、文珠切戸（もんじゅのきりど）と文珠水路（もんじゅのすいろ）によって、宮津湾へ開く。" }

{ "en": "Daitenkyo and Shotenkyo are connected by a drawbridge (in the picture on the right, between the land in the foreground and the sand spit), below which tour boats and other small boats pass.", "ja": "大橋立と小橋立は可動橋で結ばれ（右写真手前の陸と砂嘴の間）、その下を遊覧船など小型船が通る。" }

{ "en": "It got its name from the fact that if you look at it upside-down, it looks like a bridge across the sky.", "ja": "人が逆さになって見ると、天に架かる橋のように見えることからこの名がついた。" }

{ "en": "The name came from people looking through their legs from Kasamatsu Park on the north side, a view that is traditionally considered very beautiful (the view from Kasamatsu Park is also called a \"slanted number 1\").", "ja": "北側の傘松公園から「股のぞき」で見るのが名称の由来でもあり、伝統的に美しいとされている（この傘松公園からの眺望は、「斜め一文字」とも呼ばれる）。" }

{ "en": "Because it looks like a dragon climbing into the sky), is also popular, drawing just as many tourists as the north side.", "ja": "龍が天に登る姿に見えることから）も人気が高く、北側と観光客を二分するほどになっている。" }

{ "en": "There are other vantage points: the view from the east side is called Sesshukan (", "ja": "その他にも展望台があり、東側からの眺めを「雪舟観」（せっしゅうかん。" }

{ "en": "from \"Amanohashidate-zu\" by Sesshu, shown at left); and the view from the west is called \"Ichijikan\" (", "ja": "左に掲げた雪舟筆「天橋立図」が描かれたことから）、西からの眺めを「一字観」（いちじかん。" }

{ "en": "Since it has been famous from ancient times, examples can be found in literature, such as the poem by KOSHIKIBU no Naishi in the Hyakunin-isshu, \"By Mt. Oe the road to Ikuno is long, I have not yet seen Amanohashidate\"; and in the Tango no Kuni Fudoki it is written that Izanagi had a ladder to climb to heaven, but it fell over while he was sleeping and became Amanohashidate.", "ja": "古くから名所として知られており、一例として百人一首の小式部内侍の歌「大江山いく野の道の遠ければまだふみもみず天橋立」が見られるほか、丹後国風土記には、イザナギが天に昇るためのはしごが、イザナギが寝ている間に倒れて天橋立になったとの記述がある。" }

{ "en": "Since the Edo period it has been counted as one of Japan's three scenic views, along with Matsushima (current Miyagi Prefecture) and Miyajima (current Hiroshima Prefecture).", "ja": "江戸時代から松島（現在の宮城県）、宮島（現在の広島県）とともに日本三景の一つに数えられた。" }

{ "en": "On November 22, 1952, it was designated by the national government as a place of special scenic beauty, and has also been selected as one of the top 100 white sand beaches and green pine groves of Japan (Hakushaseisho Hyakusen).", "ja": "1952年（昭和27年）11月22日に国の特別名勝に指定され、また日本の白砂青松100選にも指定されている。" }

{ "en": "Although it was designated a part of the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park on June 1, 1955, it indepedently became Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park on August 3, 2007.", "ja": "1955年6月1日には若狭湾国定公園の一部として国定公園に指定されていたが、2007年8月3日に丹後天橋立大江山国定公園として独立した。" }

{ "en": "Kyoto Prefecture and Miyazu City have made suggestions to the Agency for Cultural Affairs as candidate for the tentative (UNESCO) World Heritage Site list, and named their suggestion \"Amanohashidate: The Origin of Japan's Cultural Scenery\".", "ja": "京都府、宮津市などは「天橋立－日本の文化景観の原点」という名で、文化庁に対し世界遺産暫定一覧表記載資産候補としての提案をしている。" }

{ "en": "To get to Kasamatsu Park on the north side, take the Tango Kairiku Kotsu Bus or Tour Boat to Ichinomiya and walk toward Fuchu Station.", "ja": "北側の傘松公園へは丹後海陸交通のバス・観光船などで一の宮へ行き徒歩で府中駅へ。" }

{ "en": "Via Trans-Kyoto Expressway, Tamba interchange to National Route 27, Ayabe Ankokuji interchange to Trans-Kyoto Expressway, Miyazu Amanohashidate interchange to National Route 178, to Kyoto Prefectural Route 2, to Amanohashidate", "ja": "京都縦貫自動車道→（丹波インターチェンジ）→国道27号→（綾部安国寺インターチェンジ）→京都縦貫自動車道→（宮津天橋立インターチェンジ）→国道178号→京都府道2号線→天橋立" }

{ "en": "Via Chugoku Expressway, Yoshida Junction to Maizuru Wakasa Expressway, Ayabe Junction to Trans-Kyoto Expressway, Miyazu Amanohashidate IC to National Route 176, to Kyoto Prefectural Route 2, to Amanohashidate", "ja": "中国自動車道→（吉川ジャンクション）→舞鶴若狭自動車道→（綾部ジャンクション）→京都縦貫自動車道→（宮津天橋立IC）→国道176号→京都府道2号線→天橋立" }

{ "en": "This is because dams were built on the rivers after the war, reducing the amount of sediment carried from the mountains to the sea, and destroying the balance of sediment deposits and erosion on Amanohashidate.", "ja": "これは、戦後、河川にダムなどが作られ、山地から海への土砂供給量が減少し、天橋立における土砂の堆積・侵食バランスが崩れたためである。" }

{ "en": "To prevent further erosion, the administration has installed many small erosion barriers on the sand bar in an attempt to stop the sand from washing away (in the picture from the south (Hiryukan), it is the part on the right where the beach is serrated).", "ja": "これ以上の侵食を防ぐため、行政では砂州上にそれと直交して小型の堆砂堤を多数設置し、流出する土砂をそこで食い止めようとしている（写真南側よりの眺め（飛龍観）の向かって右側の砂浜がノコギリ状になっている部分）。" }

{ "en": "The Story of Amanohashidate: Its Culture, History, and Preservation - Yuichi IWAGAKI (July 2007, Gihodo Shuppan) ISBN 978-4-7655-1721-8", "ja": "天橋立物語その文化と歴史と保全-岩垣雄一著（2007年7月、技報堂出版）ISBN978-4-7655-1721-8" }

{ "en": "The name 'Muromachi' was derived from the Muromachi-dono, which was built by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Ashikaga Shogun, to serve as the public residence of the Shogun (commonly known as Hana no Gosho, this residence is located in what is now Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City).", "ja": "「室町」という呼称は、3代将軍足利義満が将軍の公邸として造営した室町殿（通称・花の御所、現在の京都市上京区）に由来している。" }

{ "en": "There are two views regarding the year of Muromachi Bakufu's establishment--in November 1336, when the administrative policies of Bakufu were set up (being clearly indicated as Kenmu Shikimoku), or in 1338, when Takauji ASHIKAGA was assigned as Seii Taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") by Emperor Komyo of Jimyoin-to faction (持明院統); however, the former view is more convincing.", "ja": "室町幕府の成立時期には、幕府の施政方針が建武式目として確立・明示された1336年（建武(日本)3）11月、足利尊氏が持明院統の光明天皇に征夷大将軍へ補任された1338年（暦応1）の2説があるが、前者が有力説である。" }

{ "en": "Regarding the time when the bakufu ended, it virtually ended in 1573 when the fifteenth shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, was banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA.", "ja": "幕府の終期については、1573年に15代将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって京都から追放されたことで事実上崩壊した。" }

{ "en": "Furthermore, the period until the unification of Hokucho and Nancho is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the period after the Onin War (1467) or the Meio Incident (1493) is called the Age of Civil War (Japan).", "ja": "なお、北朝と南朝が合体するまでを南北朝時代_(日本)、応仁の乱（1467年）あるいは明応の政変（1493年）以降を戦国時代(日本)と呼ぶ。" }

{ "en": "Because procedures for the removal of Seii Taishogun were not implemented even after Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's banishment from Kyoto, he was still treated as a shogun by the powers opposed to Nobunaga.", "ja": "足利義昭が京都から追放された後も、征夷大将軍の解任手続は行われなかったために、依然として信長に反対する勢力からは将軍として扱われている。" }

{ "en": "\"Kugyo-Bunin\" treated Yoshiaki as a Shogun until February 9 1588, when he followed Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, chief adviser to the Emperor, and visited the Imperial Palace, vowed loyalty to Hideyoshi and was granted status as Ju-sangu.", "ja": "『公卿補任』では、義昭が関白豊臣秀吉に従って参内して、秀吉への忠誠を誓って准三宮の待遇を受けた天正16年1月13日_(旧暦)（1588年2月9日）までを将軍扱いとしている。" }

{ "en": "Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).", "ja": "また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝(日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代(日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝(日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満（南北朝合一以前）は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった（皇国史観）。" }

{ "en": "As for law, Takauji enacted Kenmu Shikimoku as a basic law (in 1336).", "ja": "法としては、建武式目を尊氏が制定し、基本法としている（1336年）。" }

{ "en": "As a detailed law, Goseibai-shikimoku (Joe-shikimoku) of the Kamakura period was applied, and when necessary an additional law called 'Kenmu-irai-tsuika' was issued to supplement the above.", "ja": "そして、具体的な法令としては鎌倉時代の御成敗式目（貞永式目）を適用し、必要に応じて「建武以来追加」と呼ばれる追加法を発布して補充している。" }

{ "en": "Also, a government structure was assigned with the shogun at the top, along with Samurai-dokoro, government office, monchu-jo, hyojo-shu, hikitsuke-shu as the control with the role of supporting the shogun.", "ja": "また、将軍の補佐役の管領に侍所、政所、問注所、評定衆、引付衆がそれぞれ設置され、将軍を頂点に政治機構が構成される。" }

{ "en": "Muromachi Bakufu was a united government of Shugo daimyos, and the control originating from the chamberlain position of the Ashikaga clan did not have the actual power that the regents of Kamakura Bakufu had; consequently, government by bakufu was in principle conducted through a council system.", "ja": "室町幕府は守護大名による連合政権であり、足利家の執事職を起源とする管領は鎌倉幕府の執権ほどは実権が無く、幕政は原則的に合議制であった。" }

{ "en": "The major Shugo daimyos referred to as Sankan--the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan and Hatakeyama clan--assumed the position of control and supported the Shogun, while the Akamatsu clan, Isshiki clan, Yamana clan and Kyogoku clan, as Shishiki, assumed by turns the position of Shoshi, the chief of Samurai-dokoro.", "ja": "将軍を補佐する管領には細川氏、斯波氏、畠山氏の三管とよばれる有力守護大名が交替で、侍所長官である所司には赤松氏、一色氏、山名氏、京極氏の四職が交替で就任した。" }

{ "en": "Major posts of the bakufu and shugos governing several lands were held by the Ashikaga family such as the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan, Yamana clan, Isshiki clan, Hatakeyama clan, Shibukawa clan, Imagawa clan, Uesugi clan (cognate), etc.", "ja": "幕府要職や複数国守護のほとんどが細川氏、斯波氏、山名氏、一色氏、畠山氏、渋川氏、今川氏、上杉氏（外戚）など足利一門によって占められているのが特徴である。" }

{ "en": "The collapse of the public ownership system of manors = transfer to the system of ownership by Shugo daimyos and the development of a monetary economy are part of the characteristics of Muromachi Bakufu.", "ja": "室町幕府の特徴としては、荘園公領制の崩壊＝守護領国制への移行や貨幣経済の進展などがあげられる。" }

{ "en": "In the Kamakura period, individual Gokenin directly paid homage to the Shogun (although there were exceptions such as being hired by a strong Gokenin), and shugos were mere supervisors of Gokenin within their lands.", "ja": "鎌倉時代においては（有力御家人の被官のような例外はあるが）個々の御家人が直接将軍と主従関係を結んでおり、守護は国内の御家人の監督者に過ぎなかった。" }

{ "en": "However, during the Muromachi period the Shugo daimyos directly hired samurais in their lands, who became their vassals, and exercised unified control over their lands (since there are exceptions or differences by region, please refer to the item 'System of Ownership by Shugo Daimyos' for details).", "ja": "しかし室町時代においては、守護大名がその領国の武士と主従関係を結び、被官化し、一元支配するようになったのである（例外、あるいは地域差が存在するので、詳細は「守護領国制」の項目を参考の事）。" }

{ "en": "Subsequently, even Shugo daimyos with power exceeding that of Shogun Muromachi were born.", "ja": "そして室町将軍すら上回るほどの実力を蓄えた守護大名すら生まれるのである。" }

{ "en": "Against such circumstances, Shogun Muromachi hired samurais of various regions over the Shugo daimyos' heads, and formed 'Hoko-shu' as mentioned above, which not only strengthened the direct military power of the shogun but also deterred the control of Shugo daimyos over their lands.", "ja": "それに対して室町将軍も、守護大名の頭越しに各地の武士と主従関係を結び、上記の「奉公衆」を編成し、将軍直轄の軍事力を強化するのみならず、守護大名の領国支配に楔を入れたのである。" }

{ "en": "However, while there were cases in which the bakufu subdued individual Shugo daimyos, there was no case where a Shugo daimyo and Shogun Muromachi were fully in conflict with each other.", "ja": "しかし個々の守護大名を幕府が討伐した例はあるものの、守護大名と室町将軍が全面的に対立する事は無かった。" }